THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

RIVERSIDE 


'/^ 


Mr. 


Warner's 

u_aHt| 

DICTIONARY 

OF 

AU  1  rlUKo— 

ANCIENT       AND        MOD 

E  R  N 

Charles  Dudley  Warner 

EDITOR 

HAMILTON  WRIGHT  MABIE 

LUCIA    GILBERT    RUNKLE 

GEORGE  HENRY  WARNER 

ASSOCIATE       EDITORS 

if 

Two  Volumes 

VOL.     I. 

The    Werner    Compa 

ny 

AKRON,   OHIO 

^. 

„ i 

Copyright  1896 
By  R.  S.  Peale  and  J.  A.  Hill 

Copyright  1902 
By  J.  A.  Hill 


All  Rights  Reserved 


MADE    BV 

THE   WERNER    COMPANY 

AKRON,    OHIO 


THE  ADVISORY  COUNCIL 


CRAWFORD  H.  TOY.  A.  M.,  LL.  D., 

Professor  of  Hebrew,     Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

THOMAS  R.  LOUNSBURY,  LL.  D.,  L.  H.  D., 

Professor  of  English  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  of 

Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

WILLIAM  M.  SLOANE,  Ph.  D.,  L.  H.  D., 

Professor  of  History  and  Political  Science, 

Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J. 

BRANDER  MATTHEWS,  A.  M.,  LL.  B., 

Professor  of  Literature,    Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 

JAMES  B.  ANGELL,  LL.  D., 

President  of  the        University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

WILLARD  FISKE,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D., 

Late   Professor  of   the   Germanic   and   Scandinavian   Languages 
and  Literatures,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

EDWARD  S.  HOLDEN,  A.  M.,  LL.  D., 

Director  of  the  Lick  Observatory,  and  Astronomer, 

University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

ALCEE  FORTIER,  Lit.  D., 

Professor  of  the  Romance  Languages, 

Tulane  University,  New  Orleans,  La. 

WILLIAM  P.  TRENT,  M.  A., 

Dean  of  the  Department  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  Professor  of 
English  and  History, 

University  of  the  South,  Sewanee,  Tenn. 

PAUL  SHORE Y,  Ph.  D., 

Professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  Literature, 

University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 

WILLIAM  T.  HARRIS,  LL.  D., 

United  States  Commissioner  of  Education, 

Bureau  of  Education,  Washington,  D.  C. 

MAURICE  FRANCIS  EGAN,  A.  M.,  LL.  D., 

Professor  of  Literature  in  the 

Catholic  University  of  America,  Washington,  D.  C. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  DICTIONARY. 


^^HE  first  object  of  the  Dictionary  is  to  afford  a  handy,  con- 
^!^  densed  reference  to  the  names  of  the  authors  written  of 
and  quoted  in  Noted  Books  or  Current  Literature,  and  to 
enable  the  reader  to  get  at  a  glance  the  main  facts  of  the  lives 
of  such  authors  and  the  titles  of  their  principal  works.  But  be- 
sides these,  some  thousands  of  additional  names  have  been  selected, 
which  will  be  of  service  to  the  reader  in  many  departments  of 
intellectual  activity.  It  has  not  been  any  part  of  the  plan  to  at- 
tempt a  comprehensive  list  of  those  who  have  written  books ; 
but,  following  the  idea  of  similar  works  to  present  names,  in 
many  departments,  fairly  representative  of  literary  history. 
While  this  general  and  cosmopolitan  plan  has  been  adhered  to, 
considerable  prominence  has  been  given  to  American  names,  and 
to  writers  who  have  won  distinction  in  works  on  law,  art,  travel, 
and  exploration,  and  indeed  in  all  liberal  pursuits. 

A  literary  dictionary,  within  the  space  at  the  editor's  command, 
can  only  give  a  clue  to  the  great  maze  of  literature  ;  but  in  doing 
this  is  promoted  the  object  of  the  whole  work,  which  is  to  encour- 
age, stimulate,  and  assist  the  general  reader,  not  only  in  the  ac- 
quisition of  knowledge  and  the  widening  of  his  mental  horizon, 
but  in  the  rational  enjoyment  of  life.  The  ^^  promotion  and  dif- 
fusion of  knowledge  among  mankind'^  has  been  held  to  be  an 
object  worthy  of  the  highest  human  effort.  To  have  contributed 
to  this  effort  has  been  the  purpose  of  those  engaged  in  this  work. 

In  preparing  it  the  best  authorities  in  many  languages  have 
been  consulted  ;  but  those  familiar  with  dictionaries  and  cyclopaedias 
know  how  liable  they  are  to  err.  If  we  have  erred  as  to  dates  or 
names  in  this,  it  has  probably  been  from  having  to  make  a  choice 
between  several  authorities  disagreeing  and  of  good  standing. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 
OF  AUTHORS 


ANCIENT  AND  MODERN 


Aar,  Alexis  (ar),  pseudonym  of  Anselm 
Rumpelt.  A  German  poet ;  born  at  Chem- 
nitz, Saxony,  Feb.  10,  1853.  His  collection  en- 
:itled  <Will  o'  the  Wisps  >  (1878)  manifests  a 
noteworthy  talent  in  the  field  of  historical 
lyrics. 

Aarestrup,  Emll  (a're-strop).  A  Danish  poet 
[iSoo-56).  He  was  not  duly  appreciated  until 
ifter  his  death,  but  is  now  acknowledged  as 
3ne  of  the  foremost  lyric  poets  of  Denmark, 
xing  ranked  by  critics  next  to  Christian  Win- 
her.  <  Collected  Poems,*  with  critical  sketch  by 
J.  Brandes  (Copenhagen,  1877). 

Aasen,  Ivar  Andreas  fa'sen).  A  Norwe- 
gian philologist  and  poet;  born  in  1813;  died  in 
896.  His  great  aim  was  to  construct  from 
;he  older  elements  of  the  various  Norwegian 
dialects  a  new  national  language  (<<Lands- 
naaP>),  as  a  substitute  for  Danish,  in  pur- 
suance of  which  end  he  published  several 
valuable  philological  works.  As  a  poet  he 
Droduced  *  Symra,*  a  collection  of  lyrics  (3d 
;d.,  1875) ;  <Ervingen,>  a  drama  (4th  ed.,  1887). 

Abba,  Giuseppe  Cesare  (ab'ba).  An  Ital- 
an  poet;  bcrn  in  1838  at  Cairo  Montenotte. 
tie  took  part  in  the  expedition  of  Garibaldi 
nto  Sicily  in  i86q,  which  he  celebrated  in  his 
Doem  <  Arrigo.>  Among  his  other  works  are 
I  tragedy,  <  Spartaco,>  a  historical  novel,  and 
yric  poems. 

Abbe,  Cleveland.  A  distinguished  Ameri- 
:an  meteorologist;  born  in  New  York  city, 
Dec.  3,  1838.  He  studied  astronomy  in  Ger- 
nany,  and  was  director  of  the  Cincinnati  Ob- 
servatory from  1868  to  1870.  Since  1871  he  has 
Deen  professor  of  meteorology  in  the  National 
Weather  Bureau.  Among  his  chief  publica- 
;ions  are:  < Treatise  on  Meteorological  Ap- 
paratus >;  <  Preparatory  Studies  for  Deductive 
*lethods  in  Meteorology  >;  <  Solar  Spots  and  Ter- 
estrialTemperature>;<  Atmospheric  Radiation'; 
Physical  Basis  of  Long  Range  Forecasting.' 

Abbot,  Ezra.  An  American  Greek  scholar; 
3om  at  Jackson,  Me.,  April  28,  1819;  died  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  21,  1884.  Besides  his 
valuable  work  as  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
American  edition  of  Smith's  <  Bible  Dictionary,' 
hie    wrote    <The    Authorship    of    the    Fourth 


Gospel'  (1880),  in  which  was  announced  the 
important  discovery  of  Tatian's  «  Diatessaron,'> 
and  which  took  high  rank ;  compiled  <  Litera- 
ture of  the  Doctrine  of  a  Future  Life'  (1864), 
etc.  He  was  one  of  the  American  committee 
of  New  Testament  revisers. 

Abbot,  Francis  Ellingwood.  An  American 
philosophical  writer  and  journalist ;  born  at 
Boston,  1836.  Besides  notable  magazine  arti- 
cles,  he   wrote:    <  Scientific   Theism'    (1886); 

<  The  Way  Out  of  Agnosticism'  (1890);  etc. 
Pie  was  for  a  number  of  years  editor  of  the 
liberal  journal,  Tiie  Index.     Died  Oct.  23,  1903. 

Abbot,  Willis  John.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  author ;  born  in  Connecticut  in  1863. 
He  is  connected  with  the  New  York  press. 
With  tlie  exception  of  a  ^Life  of  Carter  Har- 
rison,' his  works  consist  piincipally  of  popular 
histories  for  young  people,  among  which  are : 
<Blue  Jackets  of  1776' ;  <Blue  Jackets  of  i8l2>; 

<  Blue  Jackets  of  '61 ' ;  <  Battle  Fields  and  Camp 
Fires  > ;  <  American  Ships  and  Sailors.' 

Abbott,  Charles  Conrad.  An  American  writer 
on  archaeology  and  natural  history ;  born  at 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  1843.  He  has  discovered  palaeo- 
lithic human  remains  in  the  Delaware  valley, 
and  shown  the  likelihood  of  the  early  exist- 
ence of  the  Eskimo  race  as  far  south  as  New 
Jersey.  His  principal  works  are  :  <  Primitive  In- 
dustry' (1881);  <A  Naturalist's  Rambles  about 
Home'  (1884);  <  Cyclopaedia  of  Natural  History' 
(1886);  <  Upland  and  Meadow'  (1886);  <  Waste- 
land Wanderings '(1887)  ;  <  Rambles  of  an  Idler. >< 

Abbott,  Edward.  An  American  clergyman, 
editor,  and  author,  son  of  Jacob  Abbott ;  bom 
in  Farmington,  Me.,  July  15,  1841.  .He  was 
the  editor  of  the  Congregationalist  from  1869 
to  1878,  and  of  the  Literary  World  from  1878. 
Among  his  works  are:  < Dialogues  of  Christ'; 

<  Paragraph  History  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution' (1875);  <  Revolutionary  Times '  (1876); 

<  Long  Look  Series  of  Juvenile  Tales.'    D.  1908. 

Abbott,  J^.cob.  An  American  writer;  bom 
in  Hallowell,  Me.,  Nov.  14,  1803;  died  at 
Farmington,  Me.,  Oct.  31,  1879.  His  works, 
comprising  over  200  titles,  chiefly  of  stories 
for  the  young,  were  widely  read  in  his  own 
day.    Among  the  best  known  ar^ :  <  The  Rollo 

(I) 


ABBOTT  —  ABRAN  YI 


Books >  (28  vols.);  'The  Franconia  Stories > 
(10  vols.);  <The  Marco  Paul  Series'  (6  vols.). 
Abbott,  Jobn  Stevens  Cabot.  An  Ameri- 
can biographer  and  historical  writer;  born  at 
Brunswick,  Me.,  Sept.  18,  1805;  died  at  Fair 
Haven,  Conn.,  June  17,  1877.  Brother  of  the 
preceding;  author  of  <The  Mother  at  Home' 
(1833);  'History  of  Napoleon*;  <  History  of 
the  Civil  War>  (1863-66);  'History  of  Fred- 
erick the  Great*  (1871);  <The  French  Revolu- 
tion   of    1789*;    < Napoleon    at    St.    Helena*; 

<  History  of  Napoleon  HI.'  (1868);  and  numer- 
ous other  works  on  kindred  themes. 

Abbott,  Lyman.  An  American  author ;  born 
at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  Dec.  18, 1835.  At  first  a  lawyer, 
he  was  ordained  minister  of  the  Congregational 
Church  in  i860.  After  a  pastorate  of  five  years 
in  Indiana  he  came  to  New  York,  and  rose 
rapidly  to  distinction  through  his  contributions 
to  periodical  literature.  He  is  pastor  of  Plym- 
outh Church,  Brooklyn,  being  the  immediate 
successor  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher.  He  was 
associated  with  Mr.  Beecher  in  the  editorship 
of  the  Christian  Union,  and  is  now  editor  of 
The  Outlook,  formerly  the  Christian  Union. 
His  writings  include  <  Jesus  of  Nazareth*  (i86g); 
a  <Life  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher*  (1883);  <  In 
Aid  of  Faith*  (1886);  <  Christianitv  and  Social 
Problems'  (1896)  ;<  The  Evolution  of  Christian- 
ity * ;  '  Signs  of  Promise ' ;  <  An  Evolutionist's 
Theology  ;,  <  New  Streams    in  Old  Channels  * ; 

<  Personality  of  God  * ;  <  Industrial  Problems.* 

Abbt,  Tbomas  (apt).  A  German  essayist; 
born  at  Ulm,  1738;  died  1766.  Fired  with  ad- 
miration for  Frederick  the  Great  and  his  gen- 
erals, he  wrote  his  best-known  work,  <On 
Death  for  One's  Fatherland*  (1761).  In  1762 
he  became  associated  in  Berlin  with  Nicolai 
and  Moses  Mendelssohn  in  the  publication  of 
the  <  Literary  Letters,*  from  which  Lessing  had 
just  retired.  After  a  tour  through  Southern 
Germany,  Switzerland,  and  France,  he  wrote 
the  work  which  securely  established  his  fame, 
<Of  Merit*  (1765). 

A  Beckett,  Arthur  William.  An  English 
dramatist;  born  at  Hammersmith,  Oct.  25,  1844. 
Son  of  the  following,  and  since  1891  editor  of 
the  London  Sunday  Times ;  he  has  written  sev- 
eral comedies,  including   <  About    Town  *   and 

<  Long  Ago.*  His  <  Papers  from  Pump-handle 
Court  *  were  a  feature  in  Punch,  whose  staff  he 
joined  in  1874. 

A  Beckett,  Gilbert  Abbott.  An  English 
humorist  (181 1-56).  An  original  founder  of 
Punch  (l84l),and  author  of  the  <  Comic  Black- 
stone,*  one  of  the  cleverest  burlesques  in  the 
language  (London,  1845);  he  also  published  a 
< Comic  History  of  England*  (1848);  <  Quizzi- 
ology  of  the  British  Drama*  (1846),  and  more 
than  50  plays,  some  of  which  still  keep  the 
.  sUge. 

1  Becket,  Thomas.    See  Thomas. 

Abfilard,  Pierre  fa-ba-lar').  A  noted  French 
scholastic  philosopher  and  theologian;  born 
uear  Nantes,  1079;  died  April  21,  1142.    Lect- 


uring on  theology,  he  attracted  students  from 
all  parts  of  Europe.  Several  of  his  disciples 
afterward  became  famous;  for  example,  Pope 
Celestin  II.,  Peter  Lombard,  Berengarius,  and 
Arnold  of  Brescia.  The  story  of  his  romantic 
and    tragic    love   for    Heloise    is    told    in    his 

<  Story  of  My  Misfortunes  * ;  in  her  first  <  Let- 
ter* to  him  on  receipt  of  the  < Story*;  and  in 
the  two  <  Letters  *  from  her  that  followed.  The 
poets  have  taken  the  loves  of  this  unfortunate 
pair  as  the  theme  of  their  elegies  in  every 
age  since  the  death  of  the  lovers. 

Abonyi,  Lajos  (ob'on-ye).  A  Hungarian 
novelist;  born  Jan.  9,  1833.  His  subjects  are 
taken  from  popular  life  and  national  history: 
♦Tales  by  the  Fireside*;  <The  Poor  Lad's 
Cloth*;  <The  Widow's  Cow*;  <  Lena's  In- 
heritance.* 

About,  Edmond  (a-bo').  A  distinguished 
French  novelist ;  born  in  Dieuze,  Lorraine,  Feb. 
14,  1828;  died  in  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1885.  One  of 
the  few  younger  authors  of  note  who  adhered 
to  the  second  empire,  he  enjoyed  the  special 
favor  of  Napoleon  III.,  and  in  1870  accompanied 
the  army  of  Marshal  MacMahon  as  reporter 
for  Le  Soir.  In  that  paper,  after  the  war, 
and  from  1875  as  editor-in-chief  of  the  XIX. 
Siecle,  he  was  the  champion  of  the  moderate 
republicans.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Academy  in  1884.  Among  his  best  works  are : 
'Contemporaneous  Greece*  (1854);  'Tolla 
Feraldi*  (1855) ;  <  The  King  of  the  Mountains* 
(1856);  <The  Marriages  of  Paris*  (6  tales, 
1856) ;  <  The  Man  with  the  Broken  Ear*  (1861) ; 

<  A  Notary's  Nose*  (1862);  <Madelon*  (1863); 
<The  Infamous  One*  (1866-69)  ;  'Romance  of 
a  Good  Man*  (1880),  directed  against  Zola 
and  his  school ; '  The  Roman  Question  *  (1859) ,  a 
political  treatise  ;  <  The  Money  Question*  (1865). 

Abraham  a  Sancta-Clara  (a'bra-ham  a 
sank'ta-kla'ra).  A  celebrated  German  pulpit 
orator  and  satirist ;  born  at  Krahenheinstetten, 
Baden,  July  4,  1644;  died  in  Vienna,  Dec.  i, 
1709.  His  family  name  was  Megerle.  He  was 
appointed  preacher  to  the  imperial  court,  1669, 
and  thereafter  was  one  of  the  celebrities  of 
Vienna.  His  sermons  were  characterized  by 
force,  broad  humor,  and  impartial  denunciation 
of  the  follies  of  all  classes,  but  especially  of 
the  courtiers.  A  good  specimen  of  his  man- 
ner, both  in  its  elevation  of  thought  and  in  its 
grotesqueness,  is  seen  in  his  'Judas  the  Arch- 
Knave*  (1686-95). 

Abraham  ben  Meir  ibn  Ezra  (a'bra-ham 
ben  ma-er'  'b'n  ez'ra).  A  noted  Jewish-Arabic 
poet  and  scholar ;  born  at  Toledo,  Spain,  1092 ; 
died,  1 167.  He  wrote  150  liturgical  poems 
which  are  still  used  in  the  Jewish  worship, 
besides  works  on  Hebrew  grammar  and  philos- 
ophy, a  treatise  on  chess,  '  Sefer  Mozna'im,*  a 
'  Book  of  Weights,*  etc.  He  was  one  of  the 
earliest  Biblical  critics. 

Abr&nyi,  Emil  (o'bran-ye).  A  Hungarian 
poet;  born  in  Buda-Pesth,  1851.  Brother  of  the 
following.  He  is  a  representative  of  the  cos- 
mopolitan tendency  in  poetry,  his  verse  being 


ABRANYI  — ACU5JA  DE  FIGUEROA 


published  under  the  collective  title  <  Home  of 
Freedom*  (1888).  He  translated  into  Hunga- 
rian, Byron's  <  Manfred  *  and  <  Don  Juan.  > 

Abra,nyl,  Kornel  (o'bran-ye).  A  Hunga- 
rian poet,  novelist,  and  publicist ;  born  in  Buda- 
Pesth,  Dec.  31,  1849.  As  a  member  of  the 
Hungarian  Diet  and  as  editor  of  the  Pesti 
Naplo,  he  is  an  important  political  figure  in 
Hungary.  His  poems  are  mainly  of  a  political 
tendency,  and  his  novels  deal  with  the  prob- 
lem of  matrimony.  <  The  Infallible,*  a  comedy, 
and  the  fictions  <  The  Husband's  Philosophy ' ; 
■<Who  Is  the  Stronger?';  <The  Only  Remedy 
against  Deceit,*  and  <  Memoirs  *  are  best  known. 

Abulfaraj  (a'bol-fa-raj')  or  Abulfaragius 
(ab'ul-fa-ra'ji-us).  A  Syriac  and  Arabic  writer; 
bom  at  Malatia,  Armenia,  1226;  died  at  Mara- 
gha,  Persia,  1286.  His  full  name  was  Gregory 
Abulfaraj  ibn  al  Harun ;  his  father  was  a  Jew. 
Of  numerous  writings,  the  best  now  known 
are  a  universal  history  in  Syriac  from  the  time 
of  Adam  down  to  his  own  date,  and  an  auto- 
biography. 

Abulfeda,  Ismail  ibn  Ali  (ii-bol-fa'da).  A 
celebrated  Arabian  historian  and  scholar  (1273- 
1331).  Prince  of  Hamah,  and  patron  of  men  of 
letters.  He  compiled  an  abridged  <  History  of 
the  Human  Race,*  portions  of  which  have  been 
translated  into  Latin  and  published  under  the 
titles  of  <  Moslem  Annals,*  etc. 

Abu-Nuvas  (a'bo-no'vas).  An  Arabic  poet; 
died  815.  He  flourished  at  the  court  of  the 
caliphs  of  Bagdad,  writing,  in  the  style  of  Anac- 
reon,  some  of  the  most  notable  songs  of  love 
and  wine  in  all  Arabic  literature. 

Accius  or  Attius,  Lucius  (ak'shi-us).  A 
Latin  tragic  poet ;  born  about  170  B.  C.  He 
took  most  of  his  themes  from  Grecian  history 
and  mythology  ;  but  in  some  instances  he  dram- 
atized scenes  from  the  history  of  Rome,  for 
example,  in  his  tragedy  of  <  Brutus':  but  only 
fragments  of  his  works  remain. 

Accolti,  Bernardo  (ak-kol'te).  An  Italian 
poet  (I465-I535,l-  Greatly  admired  by  his  con- 
temporaries, especially  for  his  brilliant  gift  as  an 
improviser,  he  was  styled  «The  Only  (one)  of 
Arezzo»  (L'Unico  Aretino).  Leo  X.  esteemed 
him  highly,  and  made  him  apostolic  secretar}', 
cardinal,  and  papal  legate  at  Ancona.  He 
drew  up  the  Papal  Bull  against  Luther  (1520). 

Achard,  Louis  Amed€e  (ash-ar').  A  French 
novelist  and  publicist  (1814-75).  Originally  a 
merchant,  he  became  a  contributor  to  several 
papers  in  Paris  in  1838.  After  the  revolution 
of  1848  he  was  for  a  time  active  as  a  political 
writer  in  support  of  the  royalist  cause.  From 
1848  to  1872  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes 
brought  out  a  new  story  from  his  pen  almost 
every  year.  He  depicts  pre-eminently  conHicts 
in  family  life  and  society.  < Parisian  Letters* 
( 1838,  under  the  pseudonym  «  Grimm  " )  made 
his  reputation ;  his  other  works  are :  <  Belle 
Rose*  (1847);  <The  Royal  Chase*  (1849-50); 
< Castles  in  Spain*  (1854),  a  collection  of 
stories;   'The  Shirt  of  Nessus*  (1855);  etc. 


Achilles  Tatius  (a-kil'ez  ta'shi-us).  A  Greek 
writer  of  romances ;  born  at  Alexandria ;  flour- 
ished in  the  5th  century  of  our  era.  He 
wrote  <The  Loves  of  Clitophon  and  Leu- 
cippe,*  an  erotic  story  in  florid  style,  and 
without  much  regard  to  unity  or  consistency 
of  plot.  That  the  story  was  very  popular  in 
its  day  is  proved  by  the  number  of  copies  of 
it  that  are  still  in  MS.  An  English  transla- 
tion by  Anthony  Hodges  was  published  in 
1638. 

Achsharumov,  Nikolei  Dmitriyevicli  (ach- 
sha-ro'mof).  A  Russian  novelist  and  critic; 
born  in  St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  15,  1819.  Among 
his  successful  novels  are:  <  The  Double* 
(1850);  <The  Gambler*;  <The  False  Name*; 
<An  Unusual  Case*;  and  < The  Model.*  As 
a  critic  he  attracted  attention  by  his  com- 
ments on  the  writings  of  Herbert  Spencer, 
Tolstoy,  Turgeniev,  Dostoievski,  etc. 

Ackermann,  Louise  Victorine  (ak'er-man). 
A  French  poet;  born  in  Paris,  Nov.  30,  1813; 
died  near  Nice,  Aug.  3,  1890.  Maiden  name 
Choquet.  Her  philological  studies  took  her  to 
Berlin,  where  she  married  the  theologian  Paul 
Ackermann.  After  his  death  in  1846  she  lived 
in  retirement  in  an  old  convent  near  Nice. 
Her  poems  are  for  the  most  part  pessimistic 
but  passionate.  Principal  works :  <  Tales  in 
Verse*  (1855),  chiefly  Oriental  and  Ancient 
Greek    subjects;    < Tales    and    Poems*    (1803); 

<  Philosophical  Poems*  (1872);  < Thoughts  of  a 
Lonely  Woman*  (1883). 

Aclocque,  Charles  Paul  Jacques  (ak-lok'). 
A  French  novelist  and  journalist;  jjorn  in 
1832.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
Parisian  journals  and  the  author  of  several 
romances.  His  best-known  works  are:  < Bre- 
ton Legends*  (1862);  <  Contraband  Love* 
(1866);  <Love  by  Double  Entry*  (1868),  In 
collaboration  with  his  brother  he  has  written 
<The  Eccentric  Huntsmen*  (1876)  and  other 
works. 

Acosta,  Jose  d'  (a-kos'ta).  A  Spanish  Jesuit 
historian ;  born  at  Medina  del  Campo,  Old  Cas- 
tile, 1540 ;  died  at  Salamanca,  Feb.  15,  i6oo. 
Besides    various    theological   works,   he   wrote 

<  Natural  and  Moral  History  of  the  Indies* 
(1590),  which  was  translated  into  several  Euro- 
pean languages.  He  visited  Peru  and  Rome, 
resided  for  some  time  in  Mexico,  and  was  head 
of  the  Jesuits'  College  at  Valladolid  and  of 
the  college  at  Salamanca. 

Acufla,  Manuel  (a-kon'ya).  A  Mexican  poet 
(1849-731,  the  principal  theme  of  whose  poems 
was  disappointed  love,  which  is  said  to  have 
induced  him  to  die  by  his  own  hand. 

Acufla  de  Figueroa,  Francisco  (a-kon'yii 
de  fe-ga-ro'ii).  A  Uruguayan  poet;  born  at 
Montevideo,  in  1791 ;  died  there,  Oct.  6,  18O2. 
His  works  are,  in  the  best  sense,  a  classic  in 
Spanish-American  literature,  owing  to  the  per- 
fection  of   his   verse    in    the    collection   styled 

<  Poetic  Mosaic,*  which  comprises  odes,  satires, 
epigrams,   heroic    poems,    and    even    Bihdicai 


ADAM  — ADAMS 


hymns  and  psalms.  In  most  respects  flawless 
as  metrical  compositions,  these  pieces  have 
been  criticized  as  wanting  in  the  ardor  usually 
associated  with  the  southern  temperament  A 
diary  in  verse,  called  <The  Siege  of  Monte- 
video,* contains  many  fine  passages. 

Adam.  Juliette.    See  Lamber. 

Adam  de  la  Hale  (a-doh'  de  la  al).  A  French 
poet  and  composer;  born  at  Arras,  about 
1235 ;  died  at  Naples,  about  12S7.  Nicknamed 
the  Hunchback  of  Arras,  although  he  was  not 
deformed.  His  satirical  extravaganza,  <The 
Play  of  Adam,  or  The  Play  in  the  Arbor  > 
(1262),  constitutes  the  earliest  comedy  in  the 
vulgar  tongue;  while  the  pastoral  drama  <The 
Play  of  Robin  and  of  Marion*  may  be  looked 
upon  as  the  earliest  specimen  of  comic  opera. 

Adami,  Friedricli  (a-da'me).  A  German 
author;  born  at  Suhl,  Oct.  18,  1816;  died  in 
Berlin,  Aug.  5,  1893.  Besides  numerous  dra- 
matic pieces,  prologues,  stories,  and  short  nov- 
els, he  wrote  a  very  popular  biography  of 
< Louise,  Queen  of  Prussia'  (13th  ed.,  1890)  and 
•The  Book  of  Emperor  William*  (1887-90). 

Adams,  Abigail.  Wife  of  John  Adams, 
second  President  of  the  United  States;  born 
at  Weymouth,  Mass.,  Nov.  23,  1744;  died  at 
Quincy,  Mass.,  Oct.  28,  1818.  Her  letters,  con- 
tained in  <  Familiar  Letters  of  John  Adams 
and  his  Wife  Abigail  Adams,  during  the  Rev- 
olution,* evince  keen  political  sagacity,  and 
throw  valuable  light  upon  the  men  and  the 
public  affairs  of  the  time. 

Adams,  Bertba  Leith  (Mrs.  Laffan).  An 
English  novelist;  her  first  work,  'Mabel  Mere- 
dith's Love  Stor)%>  was  published  in  All  the 
Year  Round.  This  was  followed  in  1877  by 
<Winstowe,*  ^Madelon  Lemoine,*  and  <Aunt 
Hepsy's  Foundling,*  the  last  being  her  best- 
known  work. 

Adams,  Brooks.  An  American  essayist  and 
politician;  born  at  Quincy,  Mass.,  1848.  He 
is  the  son  of  Charles  Francis  Adams,  and  a 
lawyer  by  profession.  Besides  contributions  to 
magazines,  he  has  written  *The  Emancipation 
of  Massachusetts*  (1887)  and  <The  Law  of 
Civilization  and  Decay.' 

Adams,  Charles.  An  American  historical 
and  religious  writer;  born  in  New  Hampshire 
in  1808;  died  in  1890.  He  was  a  Methodist 
clergyman.  Among  his  numerous  works  are : 
<  Evangelism  in  the  Middle  of  the  19th  Cen 
tury*  (1851);  < Women  of  the  Bible*  (1851); 
•Life  of  Cromwell*  (1867);  <The  Earth  and 
its  Wonders*  (1869);  <Life  Sketches  of  Mac- 
aulay*  (1880). 

Adams,  Charles  Follen.  An  American  dia- 
lect poet;  born  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  April  21, 
1842.  Published  <  Leedle  Yawcob  Strauss  and 
Other  Poems*  (1878) ;  <  Dialect  Ballads*  (1887). 

Adams.  Charles  Francis.  An  eminent 
American  statesman,  publicist,  and  miscella- 
neous writer;  bom  at  Boston,  Aug.  18,  1807; 
died  at  Boston,  Nov.  21,  1886.    He  was  candi- 


date for  Vice-President  in  1848,  twice  elected  to 
Congress,  was  minister  to  England  from  1861 
to  1868,  and  member  of  the  Geneva  Arbitra- 
tion Commission  of  1871.  His  chief  literary 
work  was  < Life  and  Works  of  John  Adams* 
(10  vols.,  1850-56),  his  grandfather.  He  also 
edited  the  writings  of  his  father,  John  Quincy 
Adams. 

Adams,  Charles  Francis  (Jr.).  A  prominent 
American  publicist,  lawyer,  and  politician  ;  born 
at  Boston,  Alay  27, 1835.  He  serv'ed  in  the  Union 
army  during  the  Civil  War.  Besides  notable 
articles  in  the  North  American  Review  on  rail- 
road management,  he  has  published:  <  Chapters 
of  Erie  *  (1S71) ;  <  Three  Episodes  of  Massachu- 
setts History*  (1892) ;  < Essays  on  Educational 
Topics*  (1879).  He  was  for  several  years  pres- 
ident of  the  Union  Pacific  Railway,  but  resigned 
in  i8go. 

Adams,  Charles  Kendall.  An  American 
historian  and  educator ;  born  at  Derby,  Vt., 
Jan.  24,  1835.  He  became  president  of  Cornell 
University  (1885),  of  the  American  Historical 
Association  (1890),  of  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin (1892).  He  wrote:  < Democracy  and 
Monarchy  in  France*  (1872);  <  Christopher 
Columbus,  His  Life  and  Work*  (1892);  be- 
sides many  valuable  papers  on  historical  and 
educational  topics  in  reviews.     He  died  in  1902. 

Adams,  Francis  Colburn.  An  American 
writer ;  prominent  in  the  South  about  the  time 
of  the  Civil  War.  He  was  a  resident  of 
Charleston,  S.  C,  and  wrote  extensively  under 
several  pseudon>-ms.  Among  his  works  are : 
<  Alanuel  Pereira,  or  the  Sovereign  Rule 
of  South  Carolina'  (1S53);  <  Uncle  Tom  at 
Home*  (1853);  ^Life  and  Adventures  of  Ma- 
jor Potter*  (1858);  <An  Outcast,  a  Novel* 
(1S61);  <The  Story  of  a  Trooper*  (1865);  <The 
Von  Toodleburgs*  (1868). 

Adams,  George  Burton.  An  American  his- 
torical writer ;  born  in  Vermont  in  1851.  He 
is  a  professor  of  history  at  Yale  University. 
He  is  the  author  of  '  Civilization  during  the 
Middle  Ages*  (1S83)  and  <  The  Growth  of  the 
French  Nation ' ;  <  European  History.* 

Adams,  Hannah.  An  American  literary  pio- 
neer; born  at.Medfield,  Mass.,  1755;  died  at 
Brookline,  Mass.,  Nov.  15,  1832.  Her  principal 
works  were  :  an  <  Autobiography  * ;  <  History  of 
New  England*  (1799);  Hfistory  of  the  Jews' 
(1812);  besides  several  writings  on  topics  con- 
nected with  religion. 

Adams,  Henry.  An  American  historian  ; 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  16,  1838;  grand- 
son of  J.  Q.  Adams.  He  was  for  some  time 
editor  of  the  North  American  Review,  and 
professor  of  history  in  Harvard  College.  He 
wrote  biographies  of  eminent  public  men :  <  The 
Life  of  Albert  Gallatin*  (1879);  <John  Ran- 
dolph* (1882);  —  and  studies  of  particular  epi- 
sodes of  American  history :  <  Documents  Relat- 
ing to  New  England  Federalism*  (1877).  His 
principal  work  is  the  <  History  of  the  United 
States  from  1801  to  1817,*  which  constitutes  an 
authoritative  history  of  that  period. 


ADAMS  — ADE 


Adams,  Henry  Carter.  An  American  writer 
on  political  economy ;  born  at  Davenport,  Iowa, 
Dec.  31,  1852.  He  has  been  instructor  at  Iowa 
and  Cornell  Universities,  and  is  now  professor 
in  the  University  of  Michigan.  At  one  time 
he  was  statistician  to  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission.  His  chief  works  are:  < Taxation 
in  the  United  States,  lySg-iSiG)  (1884):  'Public 
Debts'  (1887);  <  Economics  and  Jurisprudence.* 

Adams,  Herbert  Baxter.  An  American  his- 
torian; born  near  Amherst,  Mass.,  April  16, 
1850.  After  a  course  of  study  at  Amlierst, 
Heidelberg,  and  Berlin,  he  was  appointed  in- 
structor in  history  at  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity, and  is  now  professor  there.  He  is  the  ed- 
itor of  <  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in 
Historical  and  Political  Science,*  and  author 
of  <The  Study  of  History  in  American  Col- 
leges and  Universities*  and  'Jefferson  and 
Higher  Education  in  Virginia.*     Died  in  1901. 

Adams,  Jobn.  An  eminent  American 
statesman  and  publicist ;  second  President  of 
the  United  States;  born  at  Braintree  (now 
Quincy),  Mass.,  Oct.  19,  1735 ;  died  there,  July 
4,  1826.  In  the  days  preceding  the  outbreak 
of  the  Revolution,  he  frequently  defended  in 
tiie  public  prints  the  right  of  the  colonies  to 
throw  off  the  English  yoke.  His  most  im- 
portant contribution  to  the  literature  of  the 
science  of  government  is  his  <  Defence  of  the 
Constitution  and  Government  of  the  United 
States*  (1787).  The  <  Familiar  Letters*  of  John 
Adams  and  his  wife  are  of  great  value  for  the 
history  of  the  American  Revolution. 

Adams,  Jolin  Quincy.  An  American 
statesman  and  publicist ;  sixth  President  of 
tlie  United  States;  born  at  Braintree,  Mass., 
July  II,  1767;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb. 
21,  1848.  Before  he  reached  the  Presidency 
he  had  served  as  his  country's  representative 
i  a  England,  France,  Prussia,  and  Holland ;  in 
las  youth,  too,  he  had  accompanied  his  father, 
John  Adams,  when  he  was  American  minister 
at  London.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  press,  of  articles  on  political  topics.  He 
translated  Wieland's  <Oberon*  into  English 
(1797);  published  'Letters  on  Silesia*  (1S03). 
The  'Diary  of  J.  Q.  Adams,*  with  his  'Me- 
moirs,* in  12  vols.,  was  published  in  1874-77, 
edited  by  his  son. 

Adams,  Myron.  An  American  clergyman 
and  writer,  a  native  of  New  York  State ;  born 
in  1841 ;  died  in  December  1895.  He  was  pas- 
tor of  a  Congregational  church  in  Rochester, 
N.  Y.  His  chief  works  are :  '  The  Creation 
of  the  Bible*;  'The  Continuous  Creation,  an 
Application  of  the  Evolutionary  Philosophy  to 
the  Christian  Religion.* 

Adams,  Nebemiah.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  author;  born  in  Salem,  Mass.,  Feb. 
19,  1806;  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  6,  1878. 
He  will  be  chiefly  remembered  as  the  author 
of  a  work  entitled  '  A  South  Side  View  of 
Slavery*  (1854),  which  was  severelv  criticized 
by  the  antislavery  party.  Among  liis  other 
publications    are:     'Under    the    Miiizenmast* 


(1871);  'Walks  to  Emmaiis*  (1879);  'Remarks 
on  Unitarian  Belief*;  'Life  of  John  Eliot* 

Adams,  Oscar  Fay.  An  American  com- 
piler and  miscellaneous  writer  of  the  present 
day.  Besides  various  compilations,  including 
a  'Dictionary  of  American  Authors*  (1897),  he 
has  written:  'Dear  Old  Story-Tellers *  (1889); 
'  The  Story  of  Jane  Austen's  Life  *  (1891) ;  '  The 
Presumption  of  Sex,  and  Other  Papers*  (1892). 

Adams,  Sarah  Flower.  An  English  hymn- 
writer;  born  at  Great  Harlow,  Essex,  Feb.  22, 
1805 ;  died  August  1848.  In  1834  she  was  mar- 
ried to  William  Bridges  Adams,  a  noted  in- 
ventor. She  was  the  author  of  'Vivia  Per- 
petua,*  a  dramatic  poem  (London,  1841) ;  and 
of  many  lyrics  and  hymns,  the  most  popular 
of  which  is  '  Nearer,  My  God,  to  Thee  > 
(i860). 

Adams,  William.  A  prominent  American 
clergyman  and  religious  writer ;  born  at  Col- 
chester, Conn.,  Jan.  25,  1807 ;  died  at  Orange 
Mountain,  N.  J.,  Aug.  31,  iSSo.  Pie  was  long 
pastor  of  the  Madison  Square  Presbyterian 
Church,  New  York,  and  was  president  of  the 
Union  Theological  Seminary  in  New  York  city 
from  1873  to  1880.  Among  his  publications 
are  :  '  In  the  World,  not  of  the  World*  (1866); 
'The  Three  Gardens*  (1867);  'Conversations  of 
Jesus  Christ  with  Representative  Men*  (1868). 

Adams,  William  Davenport.  An  English 
journalist  and  critic ;  born  in  1851.  He  has 
published :  <  A  Dictionary  of  English  Litera- 
ture* (1878);  'The  Witty  and  Humorous  Side 
of  the  English  Poets*  (1880);  'By-Ways  in 
Bookland*  (1888);  'A  Book  of  Burlesque  > ; 
'  With  Poet  and  Player.*     Died  July  27,  1904. 

Adams,  William  Taylor.  See  Optic,  Oliver. 

Addison,  Joseph.  A  celebrated  English 
essayist  and  poet;  born  at  Milston,  Wiltshire, 
May  I,  1672 ;  died  in  London,  June  17,  1719. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford.  He  was  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  in  1706,  and  in  1709  secre- 
tary to  Wharton,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
where  he  formed  a  friendship  with  Swift.    In 

1716  he  married  the  Countess  of  Warwick ;   in 

1717  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State,  but  re- 
signed in  1718.  He  wrote  41  original  papers 
in  the  Tatler,  and  34  with  Steele ;  274  in  the 
Spectator,  embodying  his  famous  creation,  the 
character  of  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley ;  51  essays 
in  the  Guardian,  which  succeeded  the  Spec- 
tator; 24  to  a  revived  Spectator,  and  2  to 
Steele's  '  Lover.*  His  tragedy  '  Cato  *  was  acted 
at  Drury  Lane  in  1713;  although  it  is  weak 
and  incongruous,  it  was  greatly  admired  and 
variously  translated.  Besides  Latin  poems,  oc- 
casional addresses,  and  political  essays,  the  fol- 
lowing works  deserve  mention :   '  Letter  from 

Italy,*  a  poem  (1703);  'The  Campaign*  (1704). 

Ade,  George.  An  American  journalist  and 
author ;  born  in  Illinois  in  1866.  He  has  pub- 
lished :  '  Artie,  a  Story  of  the  Streets  and 
Town*;  'Pink  Marsh*  (1897),  a  dialect  story; 
and  the  plays,  'The  Sultan  of  Sulu*  (1902); 
<  The  Sho-Gun  > ;  '  The  College  Widow  *  (1904); 
'  Marse Covington*  (1906). 


ADELUNG  —  AGASSIZ 


Adelung,  Johann  Ohristopli  (a'de-long).  An 
eminent  German  philologist  and  lexicographer  ; 
bom  at  Spantekow,  Aug.  8,  1732;  died  in 
Dresden,  Sept.  10,  1806.  His  life  was  devoted 
to  an  exhaustive  investigation  of  his  native 
language,  which  he  traced  to  its  remotest 
origins  with  a  patience  and  a  thoroughness  that 
have  remained  unsurpassed,  the  principal  result 
being  <  A  Grammatical  and  Critical  Dictionary 
of  the  High  German  Tongue. >  Science  is 
further  indebted  to  him  for  <  Mithridates,  or 
Universal  Language  Lore,>  in  which  all  living 
tongues  are  directly  or  indirectly  represented; 
iind  for  a  series  of  text-books  that  are  still 
authoritative,  and  to  all  appearances  will  long 
continue  so. 

Adenet  Le  Roi  (ad-na'  le-rwa').  A  French 
troubadour  of  the  13th  century,  wliose  surname 
is  interpreted  as  meaning  king  (leader)  of  the 
minstrels,  which  function  he  performed  at  the 
court  of  Henri  HI.,  Duke  of  Brabant.  His 
work  consists  of  remodelings  of  three  famous 
Chansons  de  Gestes  and  of  the  romance  of 
adventure,  <  Cleomades,>  his  last  and  most  im- 
portant effort. 

Adler,  Felix  (a'dler).  An  American  lecturer 
and  scholar;  born  at  Alzey,  Germany,  1851. 
The  son  of  an  eminent  Jewish  rabbi,  he  emi- 
grated when  young  to  the  United  States,  where 
and  at  Berlin  and  Heidelberg  he  was  educated. 
After  being  for  some  time  professor  at  Cornell 
University',  he  founded  in  New  York  (1876)  the 
Society  of  Ethical  Culture,  of  which  he  is  lecturer. 
Similar  societies  have  been  established  elsewhere 
in  the  United  States  and  in  other  countries.  He 
is  also  an  effective  writer  and  speaker.  He  has 
published:  <  Creed  and  Deed  >  (1878);  <  The 
Moral  Instruction  of  Children  >  (1892);  <  Religion 
of  Duty  > ;  and  <  Essentials  of  Spirituality*  (1905). 

Adler,  Hermann  (a'dler).  A  German  writer ; 
born  in  Hanover,  May  29,  1839.  He  has  lived 
most  of  his  life  in  England,  where  he  has  held 
many  positions  of  high  trust  connected  with 
his  race,  having  been  since  1891  chief  rabbi  of 
the  British  empire,  and  has  been  active  in  gen- 
eral benevolence.  Besides  sermons,  lectures, 
etc.,  he  has  written :  <  The  Jews  in  England  > ; 
<  The  Chief  Rabbis  of  England  > ;  <  Ibn  Gabirol^ 
the  Poet  Philosopher,*  etc. 

Adlersfeld,  Eufemia  von.     See  Ballestrem. 

Adolpbus,  Jolin.  An  English  historical  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  Aug.  7,  1768;  died 
July  16,  1845.  He  was  admitted  an  attorney 
in  1790,  but  after  a  few  years  abandoned  his 
profession  and  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
His  principal  work  is  a  <  History  of  England 
from  the  Accession  of  George  HI.  to  the 
Conclusion  of   Peace  in  1783*  (1802). 

.Sllanus,  Claudius  (e-li-a'nus).  A  Roman 
sophist  who  flourished  in  the  first  half  of  the 
second  century.  Of  his  works,  written  in  Greek, 
three  are  extant :  <  Peasants'  Letters,*  pur- 
porting to  be  written  by  peasants  in  Attica; 
< Various  Histories,*  or  narratives,  in  14  books; 
<Of  the  Nature  of  Animals,'  anecdotes  of  ani- 
mals. 


iEscliines  (es'ki-nSa).  A  great  Athetaaii 
orator  (389-314  B.  C),  rival  of  Demosthenes. 
Only  three  of  his  'Orations*  have  come  down 
to  our  time.  He  was  specially  brilliant  in  his 
extemporaneous  efforts.  In  his  more  studied 
orations  his  great  merit  was  the  clearness  and 
fullness  of  the  narrative  part. 

.ffischylus  (es'ki-lus).  The  greatest  of  the 
Greek  dramatists;  born  at  Eleusis,  Attica,  S25 
B.  C. ;  died  at  Gela,  Sicily,  456  B.  C.  Of  his 
very  numerous  works  (72  or  even  90  dramas), 
seven  tragedies  only  remain :  <  The  Suppli- 
ants,* one  of  his  earliest  productions ;  <  The 
Persians,*  founded  on  the  contemporary  tri- 
umph of  Greece  over  the  invading  Persian 
hosts;  <The  Seven  against  Thebes,*  the  only 
extant  member  of  a  tetralogy,  the  other  members 
of  which  were  <  Laius,*  <  Qidipus,*  and  <  The 
Sphinx.  *  The  grand  tragedy,  <  Prometheus 
Bound,*  is  the  sole  survivor  of  a  trilogj-,  the 
other  two  members  of  which  were  <  Prometheus 
the  Fire-Bearer*  and  'Prometheus  Loosed.*  In 
portrayal  of  grandeur  of  action  and  sublimity 
of  heroic  character,  the  'Prometheus*  is  almost 
without  an  equal  in  the  history  of  dramatic  lit- 
erature. The  remaining  three  tragedies, '  Aga- 
memnon,* <  Choephori,*  and  <  Eumenides,*  are 
specially  precious,  constituting  the  only  com- 
plete trilogy'  that  is  extant  from  any  ancient 
Greek  tragic  poet. 

.£50p  (e'sop).  A  Greek  fabulist  who  lived 
in  the  7th  century  B.  C.  According  to  tradi- 
tion, he  was  a  captive  of  war  and  for  part 
of  his  life  a  slave.  Many  of  his  fables  have 
been  traced  to  Egyptian  and  Indian  sources. 
Socrates,  during  his  imprisonment,  put  into 
verse  a  portion  of  the  ^^isopian  fables.  A  more 
complete  collection  of  them  was  by  Babrius,  a 
Greek  fabulist.  In  the  lapse  of  time  v\hat 
might  be  called  the  .(Esopian  canon  was  much 
obscured,  and  spurious  fables  were  incorporated 
into  it. 

Afzelius,  Arvid  August  (af-tsa'li-os).  A 
Swedish  writer  and  poet  (1785-1871),  esteemed 
particularly  for  his  researches  in  old  Norse 
history  and  literature ;  translated  the  poetical 
Edda,  and  with  Geijer  edited  a  famous  collec- 
tion of  old  Swedish  folksongs  (Stockholm,  1814- 
17,  3  vols.).  As  a  poet  he  is  best  known  by  his 
'  Romances.* 

Agai,  Adolf  (a'goy).  A  Hungarian  humor- 
ist ;  born  1836.  Editor  of  Borzsem  Janko  (John 
Peppercorn),  the  best  Hungarian  comic  paper. 
His  sketches  from  society,  character  draw- 
ings of  national  types,  and  personal  reminis- 
cences, constitute  a  rare  mine  of  witty  ideas 
and  sound  humor,  clothed  in  brilliant  lan- 
guage. 

Agassiz,  Alexander  (a-ga-se').  An  Amer- 
ican zoologist  and  geologist,  son  of  J.  L.  R. 
Agassiz ;  born  in  Neuchatel,  Switzerland,  Dec. 
I7>  1835.  He  came  to  this  country  with  his 
father  in  1849 ;  graduated  from  Harvard  in 
1855 ;  and  received  the  degree  of  B.  S.  from 
the  Lawrence  Scientific  School  in  1857.  In 
1859  he  went  to  California  as  assistant  on  the 


AGASSIZ  — AIDE 


United  States  Coast  Survey.  From  i860  to 
1865  he  was  assistant  curator  of  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Harvard  Univer- 
sity ;  and  from  1866  to  1869,  superintendent  of 
the  Calumet  and  Hecla  mines,  Lake  Superior. 
On  the  death  of  his  father  in  1873,  he  was  ap- 
pointed curator  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology,  holding  that  position  until  he  resigned 
in  1885.  His  chief  works  are  :  <  List  of  Echino- 
derms'  (1863);  <  Exploration  of  Lake  Titicaca> 
(1875-76) ;  <  Three  Cruises  of  the  Blake,  a  Con- 
tribution to  American  Thalassography  >  (1880). 

Agassiz,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  (Gary).  An  Ameri- 
can scientific  writer,  wife  of  J.  L.  R.  Agassiz ; 
born  in  Massachusetts  in  1822.  She  is  part 
author,  with  Alexander  Agassiz,  of  <  Seaside 
Studies  in  Natural  History  >  (1865);  <  Marine 
Animals  of  Massachusetts  Bay>  (1871).  She 
also  wrote  a  life  of  her  husband. 

Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe.  An  eminent 
Swiss  naturalist ;  born  at  Motier,  Switzerland, 
May  28,  1807 ;  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec. 
14,  1873.  He  studied  medicine  and  comparative 
anatomy  in  the  universities  of  Ziirich,  Heidel- 
berg, and  Munich.  He  gave  many  years  to 
study  of  fossil  fishes,  and  his  first  great  work 
bore  that  title  (1834).  His  next  special  re- 
searches were  directed  toward  the  explanation 
of  glaciers,  and  he  published  <  Studies  of  Gla- 
ciers >  (1844).  In  1846  he  made  a  lecturing  tour 
of  the  United  States,  and  in  1848  became  pro- 
fessor of  geology  at  Harvard,  and  in  1859  cu- 
rator of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 
His  contributions  to  the  development  of  the 
facts  and  principles  of  natural  science  in  his 
special  departments  are  very  numerous  and  of 
highest  authority.  Chief  among  his  works  writ- 
ten in  English  are:  'Principles  of  Zoology'; 
'The  Structure  of  Animal  Life';  'Scientific 
Results  of  a  Journey  in  Brazil.* 

Agathias  (a-ga'thi-as).  A  Greek  poet  and 
historian;  about  536-581.  He  collected  a 'Cycle' 
of  contemporary  poems,  in  which  were  a  few 
of  his  own  composition.  We  have  still  loi  of 
his  'Epigrams,'  and  the  whole  of  his  <  History' 
of  the  years  553-558. 

Agathon  (ag'a-thon).  A  Greek  tragic  poet 
(448-402  B.  C).  He  was  a  close  friend  of  Eurip- 
ides and  of  Plato ;  and  the  famous  '  Sympo- 
sium' of  Plato  immortalizes  the  banquet  given 
on  the  occasion  of  Agathon's  dramatic  triumph, 
416  B.C. 

Agoult,  Countess  d'.    See  Stern,  Daniel. 

Agrippa,  Heinricli  Cornelius  (a-grip'a).  A 
German  philosopher  (1486-1535);  born  at  Co- 
logne. He  was  of  all  professions  in  turn, — 
university  professor,  soldier,  magistrate,  physi- 
cian, court  historiographer  to  Charles  V.  His 
most  notable  writings  are  :  '  Of  the  Nobleness 
and  Pre-eminence  of  the  Female  Sex';  'Oc- 
cult Philosophy ' ;  '  Uncertainty  and  Vanity  of 
the  Sciences  and  Arts.' 

Aguilar,  Grace  (a-ge-liir').  An  English 
novelist;  born  at  Hackney,  June  2,  1816;  died 
in  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Sept.  16,  1847.     She 


was  the  daughter  of  Jewish  parents  of  Spanish 
origin.  Her  first  books  were  in  defense  of  the 
Jewish  religion  : '  The  Spirit  of  Judaism '  ( 1842) ; 
'The  Jewish  Faith'  (1846);  and  'Women  of 
Israel'  (1846).  She  is  now  best  known  by  her 
domestic  and  sentimental  novels,  only  one  of 
which,  .' Home  Influence'  (1847),  appeared  in 
her  lifetime.  Among  others  are :  '  The  Vale 
of  Cedars'  (1850)  and  'The  Days  of  Bruce' 
(1852). 

Aguilera,  Ventura  Ruiz  (a-ge-la'ra).  A 
Spanish  poet ;  born  in  Salamanca,  Nov.  2,  1820 ; 
died  in  Madrid,  July  i,  1881.  Studied  but  did  not 
practice  medicine ;  afterwards  went  to  Madrid, 
where  he  pursued  journalism,  and  later  on  be- 
came director  of  the  archaeological  museum. 
Among  his  works  are :  '  National  Echoes ', 
'Elegies'  (considered  masterpieces  and  trans- 
lated into  nearly  all  European  languages) ; 
'The  Book  of  the  Fatherland'  (1869);  'Christ- 
mas Legend'  {1872);  Complete  Works  (Ma- 
drid, 18/3). 

Ahlgren,  Ernst  (al'gren),  pseudonym  of 
Victoria  Benedictsson.  A  Swedish  novelist 
(1850-88):  author  of  'From  Schonen'  (1884), 
a  collection  of  tales  descriptive  of  native  types ; 
'Money'  (1885)  and  'Dame  Marianne'  (1887), 
novels;  'Folk-Life'  (1887),  a  collection  of  sto- 
ries ;  and  others.  She  ranks  very  high  among 
the  recent  female  writers  of  Sweden. 

Ahlquist,  August  Engelbert  (al'qvist).  A 
Finnish  poet  and  philologist ;  born  at  Kuopio, 
Aug.  7,  1826 ;  died  at  Helsingfors,  Nov.  20,  1889. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  Finnish  lan- 
guage and  literature  at  the  University  of  Hel- 
singfors in  1862.  His  poems  appeared  under 
the  title  '  Sparks  '  (4th  ed.,  1881) ;  besides  which 
he  wrote  several  grammatical  and  philologi- 
cal works,  and  translated  Schiller  and  others 
into  Finnish. 

AMwardt,  Theodor  Willielm  (al'vart).  A 
German  Orientalist ;  born  at  Greifswald,  July  4, 
1828.  He  is  the  first  living  authority  on  old 
Arabic  poetry.  His  chief  works  are :  '  On  the 
Poetry  and  Poetics  of  the  Arabians'  (1856); 
'  The  Divans  of  the  Six  Ancient  Arabic  Poets ' 
(1870). 

Aicard,  Jean  (a-kar').  A  French  poet; 
born  in  Toulon,  Feb.  4,  1848.  His  '  Poems  of 
Provence'  (1874)  and  'The  Child's  Song' 
(1876),  were  both  crowned  by  the  Academy. 
Noteworthy  among  his  other  works  are : 
'Mii'tte  and  Nor^'  (1880),  an  idyl  in  Provengal, 
which  caused  him  to  be  ranked  with  Mistral, 
the  modern  troubadour ;  '  On  the  Border  of  the 
Desert'  (1888),  poems,  enthusiastic  traveling 
impressions  from  Algiers ;  '  Father  Lebonnard ' 
(1890),  adrama  ; '  The  King  of  Camargue'  a  nov- 
el of  Provence;  '  The  Black  Diamond' (1895). 

Aide,  Hamilton  (a-e-da').  An  English  nov- 
elist and  poet ;  born  in  Paris,  France,  in  183O- 
He  was  educated  at  Bonn,  and  became  an 
officer  in  the  British  army.  His  poems  in- 
clude: '  Eleanore  and  Other  Poems'  (1856); 
'The  Romance  of  the  Scarlet  Leaf  and  Other 


8 


AIKIN-AKSAKOP 


Poems>  (1865),  and  <  Songs  without  Music > 
(1882).  Among  a  long  list  of  novels  are: 
<Rita,>  an  autobiography  (1859);  <  Carr  of  Car- 
lyon>;  <  The  .Marstons>  (1868);  <  Poet  and 
Peer>  (1880);  <The  Cliff  Mystery >  (18S8); 
<  Voyage  of  Discovery,>  depicting  American 
society  (1S92J  ;  <  Elizabeth's  Pretenders>  (1895). 

Alliln,  Lucy.  An  English  poet  and  histori- 
cal writer  (17S1-1864);  daughter  of  John  Aikin 
(1747-1822),  a  physician  and  author,  from  whom 
she  received  a  thorough  classical  education; 
subsequently  devoted  herself  to  the  study  of 
English  history  and  literature.  Her  works  in- 
clude :  'Epistles  on  Women  >  (iSlo);  <  Lori- 
mer>  (1814),  a  talc;  <  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of 
Elizabeth  >  (1818)  ;  <  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of 
James  I.'  (1822);  'Memoirs  of  the  Court  and 
Reign  of  Charles  I.>  (1833);  <  Life  of  Addison  > 
(1843)- 

Allanan,  William.  An  American  religious 
writer;  born  in  Ireland  in  1S24.  He  was  a 
Presl'Vterian  clergyman.  Among  his  works 
are :  <  The  Moral  Power  of  the  Sea  >  ( 1864);  <  Life 
at  Home>  (1870);  <A  Bachelor's  Talks  about 
Married  Life  >  (1884);  <  Heavenly  Recognitions.> 

Aimard,  Gustave  (a-mar').  A  French  nov- 
elist (1818-83).  He  came  to  America  as  a  boy 
and  spent  a  number  of  years  among  the  In- 
dians; and  afterwards  traveled  through  Spain, 
Turkey,  and  the  Caucasus,  and  returned  to  Paris 
in  1848.  His  stories,  in  imitation  of  Cooper's 
Indian  tales,  although  abounding  in  improba- 
bilities, hold  the  attention  of  the  reader : 
<The  Trappers  of  Arkansas>  (185S);  <The 
Great  Chief  of  the  Aucas>  (1858);  <The  Pi- 
rates of  the  Prairie >  (i8sq);  < The  White 
Scalpers  >  (1873);  <  The  Rat  Hunters  >  (1876). 

Almwell.  Walter.    See  Simonds,  William. 

Ainslie,  Hew.  A  Scottish  poet ;  born  in  the 
parish  of  Dailly,  Ayrshire,  April  5,  1792 ;  died 
at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  March  li,  1878.  He 
emigrated  to  Americ'a  when  thirty,  and  is 
remembered  for  the  good  verse  in  his  <  A  Pil- 
grimage to  the  Land  of  Burns*  (1S20),  and  for 
various  songs  and  ballads,  the  most  popular 
being  <The  Rover  of  Loch  Ryan.> 

Ainsworth,  William  Francis.  An  English 
naturalist  and  writer  cif  travels;  born  at  Exe- 
ter, Nov.  9,  1807;  died  Nov.  27,  1896.  He 
accompanied  Chesney's  Euphrates  expedition 
as  physician  and  naturalist,  and  was  sent  in 
1838  by  the  Geographical  Society  and  the 
Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Christian  Knowl- 
edge, to  make  investigations  in  Asia  Minor 
and  Kurdistan.  His  chief  works  are :  <  Re- 
searches in  Assyria,  Babylonia,  etc.>  (1838); 
•  Travels  and  Researches  in  Asia  Minor,  Meso- 
potamia, etc.>  (1842);  'Travels  in  the  Track 
of  the  10,000  Greeks  >  (1844);  <  Wanderings  in 
Every  Clime  >  (1870);  <A  Personal  Narrative 
of  the  Euphrates  Expedition  >  (2  vols.,  1888). 
He  was  for  a  time  proprietor  and  editor  of  the 
New  Monthly  Magazine. 

Ainswortli,  William  Harrison.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist ;  born  in  Manchester,  Feb.  4,  1805 ; 


died  in  Reigate,  Jan.  3,  1882.  Educated  in 
Manchester,  he  went  to  London,  edited  Bent- 
ley's  Magazine  in  1840,  Ainsworth's  Maga- 
zine 1842-53,  and  the  New  Monthly  Magazine. 
He  wrote  250  novels  and  enjoyed  enormous 
popularity.  His  books  are  still  read  for  their 
vivacious  narrative  and  powerful  descriptions. 
The  most  widely  known  among  them  is  prob- 
ably <Jack  Sheppard>  (1839). 

Aird,  Tliomas.  A  Scottish  poet  (1802-76); 
studied  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  where 
he  formed  an  intimacy  with  Carlyle  which  was 
maintained  to  his  death.  As  a  contributor  to 
Blackwood's  Magazine  he  earned  the  good- 
will and  praise  of  Professor  Wilson,  became 
editor  of  the  Weekly  Journal  in  1832,  and  of 
the  Dumfriesshire  and  Galloway  Heralcf 
(Dumfries)  in  1835,  retiring  from  it  in  1863 
His  principal  works  are  :  <  Religious  Charac 
teristics,*  a  series  of  prose  essays  (1827); 
<  The  Captive  of  Fez,'  a  narrative  poem 
(1830);  <The  Old  Bachelor  in  the  Scottish  Vil- 
lage* (1846),  a  prose  delineation  of  Scottish 
character,  which  became  very  popular. 

Airy,  Sir  George  Biddell.  A  celebrated 
English  astronomer;  born  at  Alnwick,  North- 
umberland, July_  27,  1801 ;  died  Jan.  4,  1892. 
Soon  after  graduation  from  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  as- 
tronomy and  director  of  the  observatory.  Here 
he  introduced  improvements  and  inventions 
that  led  to  his  selection  as  director  of  the 
Greenwich  Observatory.  It  was  due  to  his 
efforts  that  the  observations  taken  at  Green- 
wich from  1750  to  1830  were  compiled.  Among 
his  works  are :  <  Reduction  of  Observations  of 
the  Moon>  (1S37);  <  Sound  and  Atmospheric 
Vibrations*  (1871);  ^Treatise  on  Magnetism* 
(1871). 

Akenside,  Mark.  An  English  poet;  born 
at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Nov.  9,  1721 ;  died  in 
London,  June  23,  1770.  Studied  at  first  theol- 
ogy, then  medicine  in  Edinburgh  and  in  Ley- 
den,  where  he  took  his  degree,  1744.  Having 
practiced,  not  very  successfull)',  at  Northamp- 
ton and  later  (1745-47)  at  Hampstead,  he  soon 
after,  through  the  aid  of  a  friend,  became 
prosperous  and  eminent  in  London,  and  in 
1761  was  appointed  physician  to  the  queen. 
His  literary  fame  rests  on  the  *  Pleasures  of  the 
Imagination,*  a  didactic  poem  (1744,  remodeled 
and  enlarged  1757  and  1765)- 

Aksa,kof,  Konstantin  Sergeyevich  (ak-sa'- 
kof).  A  Russian  poet  and  prose  writer  (1817- 
60),  son  of  the  following.  From  1846  he 
was  the  leader  of  the  Slavophile  party,  and 
one  of  the  most  active  contributors  to  all 
periodicals  of  that  tendency.  Works :  <  The 
Life  of  the  Old  Slavs  in  General  and  of  the 
Russians  in  Particular*  (1852);  <  Prince  Lupo- 
vickij,*  a  comedy  (1857);  <01eg  before  Con- 
stantinople,* a  dramatic  parody  (1858) ;  <  Lyrics.' 

Aks^kof,  Sergey  Timofeyevich.  A  Russian 
author  (1791-1859),  distinguished  for  a  rare 
charm  of  diction  and  warmth  of  feeling,  espe- 
cially apparent  in  his  principal  work,  <  Family 


ALAM  AN  —  ALBERTI 


Chronicle  and  Reminiscences'  (1856),  a  mas- 
terly description  of  Russian  family  life ;  <  The 
Childhood  of  Bragoff,  the  Grandson  >  (1858), 
a  sequel  to  the  former. 

Alaman,  L^cas  (a-la-man').  A  Mexican  his- 
torian and  statesman ;  born  at  Guanajuato,  Oct. 
18,  1792;  died  in  Mexico,  June  2,  1853.  He  is 
best  known  by  his  *  History  of  the  Mexican 
Republic)  (1844-49)  and  *  History  of  Mexico  > 
(1849-52).  He  periormed  important  political 
services  for  Mexico,  among  others  as  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  1823-25;  and  established  many 
important  public  works,  including  the  Mexi- 
can Museum. 

Alamanni,  Luigl  (a-la-man'ne).  An  Italian 
poet;  born  in  Florence,  Oct.  28,  1495;  died  at 
Amboise,  France,  April  18,  1556.  At  first  in 
great  favor  with  Cardinal  CJiuliano  de'  Medici, 
he  became  implicated  in  a  conspiracy  against 
the  life  of  his  patron,  1522,  and  had  to  flee  to 
Venice  and  thence  to  France.  On  the  expul- 
sion of  the  Medici  in  1527  he  returned  to  Flor- 
ence; but  on  their  restoration  in  1532  again 
took  refuge  in  France,  where  Francis  I.  and 
Henry  II.  intrusted  him  with  embassies  to 
Charles  V.  and  the  republic  of  Genoa.  His 
fame  rests  chiefly  on  the  didactic  poem  on 
agriculture,  < Cultivation)  (i533).  one  of  the 
best  imitations  of  Virgil's  <Georgics.> 

Alanus  ab  InsuliB  (a-la'nus  ab  in'su-lis) 
or  Alain  de  Lille  (a-lan'  ti6  lei).  A  noted 
French  scholastic  philosopher  (li  14-1203).  Of 
his  voluminous  theological  writings  the  best 
known  is  the  treatise  on  <The  Articles  of  the 
Faith.*  His  poem  <Anti-Claudianus,  or  On  the 
Duties  of  a  Good  and  Perfect  Man'  is  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  poetic  compositions  of  the 
Middle  Ages. 

Alarcon  (y  Ariza),  Pedro  Antonio  de  (a-lar- 
k5n').  A  distinguished  Spanish  novelist,  poet, 
and  politician  ;  born  in  Guadix,  March  10,  1833 ; 
died  at  Valdemoro,  near  Madrid,  July  19,  1891. 
His  critical  contributions  to  papers,  political 
and  literary,  his  description  of  the  Moroccan 
campaign,  but  especially  his  novels  and  short 
stories,  are  among  the  best  of  their  kind,  and 
present  a  picture  of  modern  Spanish  society 
as  true  to  life  as  it  is  variegated.  His  clever 
essay  <The  Poet's  Christmas  >  went  through 
over  100  editions.  An  imposing  number  of  his 
stories    appeared    under    the    collective    titles 

<  Love    and    Friendship  > ;    <  National    Tales  > ; 

<  Improbable  Stories.*  Among  them  <  The 
Three-Cornered  Hat  >  and  <  The  Scandal  >  de- 
serve special  mention. 

Alarcon  y  Menddza,  Don  Juan  Ruiz  de 

(a-lar-kon  e  man-do'tha).  A  noted  Spanish 
dramatist ;  bom  at  Tasco,  Mexico,  about  1580 
or  1590;  died  in  Madrid,  Aug.  4,  1639.  Little 
is  known  about  his  early  life,  but  he  came  to 
Spain  in  1600  and  became  royal  attorney  in 
Seville.  From  1608  to  161 1  he  was  in  Mexico; 
then  he  took  up  his  residence  in  Madrid,  where 
he  was  appointed  reporter  of  the  royal  council 
of  the  Indies,  about  1628.    The  last  great  dram- 


atist of  the  old  Spanish  school,  he  may  be 
considered  also  as  the  creator  of  the  so-called 
character  comedy.  Elevated  sentiment,  har- 
mony of  verse,  and  correctness  of  language 
distinguish  his  works,  the  principal  of  which 
are:  <The  Weaver  of  Segovia >;  < Suspicious 
Truth,*  the  model  for  Comeille's  *  Liar*;  <  Walls 
Have  Ears*;  <The  Proof  of  Promises*;  <The 
Anti-Christ*  Complete  edition  of  his  works 
by  Hartzenbusch  (Madrid,  1866). 

Albee,  John.  An  American  miscellaneous 
writer;  bom  at  Bellingham,  Mass.,  1833.  His 
best  known  works  are  :  <  Prose  Idyls  * ;  <  St. 
Aspenquid  of  Agamenticus*  (1879),  an  In- 
dian idyl;  < Literary  Art*  (1881),  a  conversa- 
tion; <  Poems*  (1883);  <New  Castle,  Historic 
and  Picturesque*  (1S84),  descriptive  of  New 
Castle  or  Great  Island,  on  the  coast  of  New 
Hampshire,  his  place  of  residence. 

Alberdingk-Thijm,  Josepiius  Albertus  (al- 
ber-dink-tim).  A  Dutch  poet  and  art  critic 
(1820-89),  brought  up  to  be  a  merchant,  and 
for  a  time  head  of  a  publishing  firm ;  soon  de- 
voted himself  entirely  to  art  and  literature,  and 
was  appointed  professor  of  art  history  at  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  in  Amsterdam  in 
1876.  As  a  prose  writer  he  excels  in  the  his- 
torical tale  and  literary  sketch  in  narrative 
style,  of  which  his  <  Portraits  of  Joost  van  den 
Vondel*  (1876)  is  a  masterly  specimen.  Be- 
sides this  the  < Collected  Tales  in  Prose*  (1879- 
83,  3  vols.)  are  noteworthy. 

Albergati  Capacelli,  Francesco  (al-ber-ga'- 
te  ka'pa-chel'le).  An  Italian  dramatist  (1728- 
1804).  Of  an  old  patrician  family,  he  devoted 
his  time  and  fortune  to  the  promotion  of 
dramatic  art.  Having  killed  his  wife  in  a  fit 
of  jealousy  in  1785,  he  had  to  take  refuge  in 
various  cities,  and  only  returned  to  his  estate 
at  Zola  after  a  number  of  years.  He  excelled 
as  a  comedy  writer.  Voltaire  was  his  ideal ; 
next  to  whom  he  esteemed  Goldoni.  His  com- 
edies <The  Wise  Friend*  and  <The  Slander- 
ous Gossip  *  hold  the  Italian  stage  to  this  day. 

Albert,  Paul  (al-bar').  A  French  literary 
historian  (1827-80);  succeeded  Lomenie  as 
professor  of  French  Literature  at  the  College 
of  France.  His  works  include :  <  French  Lit- 
erature* (1872-82);  < Poets  and  Poetry*  (1881); 
< Moral  and  Literary  Varieties*  (1881). 

Albert!,  Konrad  (al-ber'te),  pseudon}Tn  of 
Konrad  Sittenfeld.  A  German  novelist  and 
critic ;  born  at  Breslau,  July  9,  1862.  He  is 
an  uncompromising  exponent  of  the  naturalist 
school,  and  his  occupation  is  that  of  dramatic 
critic.  His  novels  are  :  <Who  Is  the  Stronger* 
(1888);  <The  Old  and  tlie  Young*  (1889); 
<  Rosa  of  Hildesheim*  (1895),  an  historical 
romance;  and  <  The  Beautiful  Theotaki  *  (1899). 

Albert!,  Leone  Battista.  An  eminent  Ital- 
ian architect,  philosopher,  writer  on  art,  and 
poet ;  bom  in  Venice,  Feb.  18,  1404 ;  died  in 
Rome,  April  1472.  He  excelled  simultaneously 
in  Latin  comedy  with  his  <  Philodoxios,*  long 
accepted  as  an  ancient  classic,  in  criticism  with 


lO 


ALBERTI  — ALCUIN 


his  <0n  Painting,'  in  architectural  theory  with 
his  <  Building  Art,>  and  in  theology  and  law 
with  his  interesting  and  sensible  essays;  more- 
ever,  he  painted  well,  designed  and  built  many 
noble  structures,  and  penned  some  of  the  most 
delightful  Latin  and  Italian  poetry  in  the  fif- 
teenth-century anthology. 

Albert!,  Lulgl  (al-ber'te).  An  Italian  dram- 
atist and  poet ;  born  in  Florence,  1822.  Of 
his  numerous  comedies  (collected,  Florence, 
1875),  *  I'eter  the  Workman  >  is  considered  the 
best.  A  fantastic  drama,  <Asmodeo*  (1885), 
gave  rise  to  lively  literary  discussions  on  its 
first  performance  in  1887. 

Albertl,  Sophie.   See  Verena. 

Albertus  Magnus  (al-ber'tus  mag'nus).  («A1- 
bert  the  Great,"  Count  von  Bollstadt.)  A 
famous  German  scholastic  philosopher;  born 
at  Lauingen,  Suabia,  1193;  died  at  Cologne, 
Nov.  15,  12S0.  He  became  Bishop  of  Ratisbon 
in  1260.  One  of  the  greatest  scholars  of  his 
age,  he  taught  philosophy  and  theology  at 
Cologne  and  Paris,  the  celebrated  Thomas 
Aquinas  being  among  his  pupils.  So  great 
was  his  knowledge  that  he  was  accounted  a 
magician  by  his  contemporaries.  He  intro- 
duced Aristotle's  philosophy  to  the  compre- 
hension of  his  age.  His  works,  which 
constitute  an  encyclopaedia  of  the  learning  of 
the  times,  though  treating  chiefly  of  physical 
science,  fill  twenty-one  volumes.  They  ap- 
jieared  in  1651. 

Alberus,  Erasmus  (al'bcr-os).  A  German 
poet  and  scholar  (1500-53).  He  studied  the- 
ology in  Wittenberg;  was  active  as  a  teacher 
and  preacher  in  many  places;  a  friend  of  Lu- 
ther, and  one  of  the  stanchest  champions  of 
the  Reformation.  His  most  noteworthy  works 
are  :  <  The  Book  of  Virtue  and  Wisdom  >  (1550), 
containing  49  rhymed  fables  with  a  strong 
satirical  element ;  <  The  Barefooted  Friars'  Owl- 
glass  and  Alkoran*  (1542),  a  satire  in  prose, 
with  a  preface  by  Luther. 

Albery,  James.  An  English  dramatist; 
born  in  1832;  died  Aug.  16,  1889.  He  studied 
architecture,  but  entered  upon  a  commercial 
career.  He  early  devoted  himself  to  play- 
writing,  but  it  was  not  until  1870  that  he 
achieved  success  with  <The  Two  Roses.' 
Among  his  other  comedies  are  :  <  Pink  Dom- 
inoes >;  <The  Denhams>;  and  <  Featherbrain.' 

Alcaeus  (al-se'us).  One  of  the  foremost 
Greek  lyric  poets;  native  of  IMitylene;  flour- 
ished in  the  sixth  century  B.C.  Of  his  poems 
we  have  only  fragments;  some  were  hymns  to 
the  gods,  others  battle  songs,  still  others  were 
in  praise  of  liberty;  very  many  were  love 
songs  of  pronounced  erotic  character.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  literary  model  of  Hor- 
ace. 

Alcantara-Chaves,  Pedro  Carlos  de  (al- 
kan'ta-ra  cha'ves).  A  Portuguese  dramatist; 
bom  in  Lisboh  in  1829.  Among  his  best  known 
works  are  :  *  Garibaldi '  and  <  Sin  and  Forgive- 


ness.' He  has  also  published  a  volume  of  lyric 
poetry. 

Alca,zar,  Baltasar  de  (al-ka'thar).  A 
Spanish  poet;  born  at  Seville  in  1530 ;  died  at 
Ronda,  Jan.  15,  1606.  His  light  poems,  not 
very  numerous,  received  flattering  notice  from 
Cervantes  and  others.  He  had,  in  his  time, 
many  imitators,  but  few  equals.  His  best 
known  poem  is  'The  Jovial  Supper.' 

Alciphron  (al'si-fron).  A  Greek  rhetori- 
cian  who  flourished  in  the  second  century  of 
the  Christian  era,  and  attained  celebrity  through 
his  series  of  more  than  a  hundred  imaginary 
letters  purporting  to  be  written  by  the  very 
dregs  of  the  Athenian  population,  including 
courtesans  and  petty  rogues.  Their  importance 
in  literature  is  due  almost  wholly  to  the  insight 
they  afford  into  the  social  conditions  and  man- 
ners and  morals  of  the  day.  The  letters  from 
the  courtesans  (hetairai)  are  based  upon  inci- 
dents in  Menander's  lost  plays,  and  the  new 
Attic  comedy  was  likewise  drawn  upon  for 
material. 

Alcman  (alk'man).  One  of  the  earliest  and 
greatest  of  Greek  lyric  poets,  belonging  to  the 
7th  century  B.  C.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been 
a  native  of  Lydia,  and  to  have  been  taken  as 
a  slave  to  Sparta.  Only  small  fragments  of 
his  odes  remain.  He  used  the  broad,  homely 
Doric  dialect.  His  poems  were  love  ditties, 
hymns,  paeans,  processional  chants,  etc. 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson  (al'kot).  An  Ameri- 
can philosophical  writer  and  educator,  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  transcendental  school  of 
philosophy  in  New  England ;  bom  at  Wolcott, 
Conn.,  Nov.  29,  1799;  died  at  Bostori,  March  4, 
1888.  From  1834-37  his  private  school  in  Bos- 
Ion,  conducted  on  the  plan  of  adapting  the 
instruction  to  the  individuality  of  each  pupil, 
attracted  attention.  He  was  on  terms  of  friend- 
ship with  Emerson,  Hawthorne,  Channing, 
Thoreau,  Margaret  Fuller,  and  many  other 
noted  persons.  After  1840  he  lived  in  Concord, 
Mass.,  and  was  the  projector  and  dean  cf  the 
Concord  school  of  philosophy.  Lectures  on 
speculative  and  practical  subjects  occupied  his 
later  years.  His  chief  works  are  :  <  Orphic  Say- 
ings,' contributed  to  the  Dial  (1840);  < Tablets' 
(1868);  < Concord  Days'  (1872);  < Table-Talk' 
(1877);     <  Sonnets     and     Canzonets'     (1882); 

<  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  his  Character  and 
Genius'  (1882);  <New  Connecticut'  (1886). 

Alcott,  Louisa  May.  An  American  author, 
daughter  of  the  preceding;  born  in  German- 
town,  Pa.,  Nov.  29,  1832 ;  died  in  Boston,  Mass., 
March  6,  1S88.  She  wrote  at  an  early  age; 
her  < Flower  Fables'  (1855)  and  < Moods'  (1865, 
revised  ed.,  1881)  made  little  impression;   but 

<  Hospital  Sketches'  (1869),  <  Little  Women' 
(1S6S),  <  Little  Men'  (1871),  and  many  others 
of  like  character  and  popularity,  made  her 
famous. 

Alcuin  (al'kwin).  An  eminent  English 
scholar ;  bom  at  or  near  York,  about  735 ;  died 
at  Tours,  France,  May   19,  804.    One  of  the 


ALDANA  —  ALECSANDRI 


II 


most  learned  men  of  his  time,  teacher  and 
intimate  adviser  of  Charlemagne.  <  Lives  of 
the  Saints  > ;  <  Poems  on  the  Saints  of  the 
Church  at  York,>  and  a  treatise  <0n  Gram- 
mar, >  are  among  his  celebrated  works.  In  Prof. 
West's  <Alcuin>  (1893)  a  full  account  of  his 
\ife  and  work  is  given. 

Aldana,  Rain6n  (al-da'na).  A  Mexican 
poet  (1832-82).  Besides  four  dramas,  among 
which  are  <  Honor  and  Happiness  >  and  <  No- 
bility of  Heart,>  he  produced  lyric  poems  and 
sonnets,  and  contributed  many  literary  articles 
to  journals. 

Alden,  Henry  Mills.  An  American  editor, 
poet,  and  prose  writer ;  born  at  Mt.  Tabor,  Vt., 
Nov.  II,  1836.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams 
College  and  Andover  Theological  Seminary; 
settled  in  New  York  in  1861,  became  man- 
aging editor  of  Harper's  Weekly  in  1864,  and 
editor  of  Harper's  Monthly  Magazine  in  1868, 
which  post  he  now  holds.  He  has  published  : 
<The  Ancient  Lady  of  Sorrow,>  a  poem  (1872); 

<  God  in  His  World  >  (1890);  <  A  Study  of  Death  > 
(1895)  ;  <  Pictorial  History  of  the  Rebellion.* 

Alden,  Isabella,  An  American  writer  of 
juvenile  books ;  born  in  New  York  iix  1841. 
She  has  written  extensively  under  the  name  of 
"  Pansy,"  the  series  called  the  <  Pansy  Books ' 
numbering  about  sixty  titles. 

Alden,  Joseph.  An  American  educator,  edi- 
tor, and  writer  of  juvenile  literature  ;  born  at 
Cairo,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  4,  1807  ;  died  in  New  York 
city,  Aug.  30,  1885.  During  his  career  he  was 
professor  of  Latin,  rhetoric,  and  political  econ- 
omy at  Williams  College,  and  of  mental  and 
moral  philosophy  at  Lafayette  College.  He 
was  president  of  Jefferson  College,  Cannons- 
burg,  Pa.,  from  1857  to  1862,  and  principal 
of  the  Normal  School  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  from 
1867  to  1881.  He  was  also  editor  of  the  New 
York  Observer.  Besides  books  for  young  peo- 
ple he  wrote  :  <  Citizens'  Manual ' ;  <  Christian 
Ethics' (1866);  <  Science  of  Government' (1866); 

<  Elements  of   Intellectual   Philosophy'  (1866). 

Alden,  William  Livingston.  An  American 
humorous  writer  and  journalist ;  bom  at  Wil- 
liamstown,  Mass.,  Oct.  9,  1837.  He  introduced 
the  sport  of  canoeing  into  the  United  States. 
He  was  for  a  time  United  States  consul-general 
at  Rome.  Among  his  principal  writings  may  be 
named:  <  Domestic  Explosives' (1877);  <  Shoot- 
ing Stars'  (1878);  <The  Canoe  and  the  Flying 
Proa'  (1878);  <  Moral  Pirates'  (1880);  <The 
Comic  Liar'  (1882);  <  Cruise  of  the  Ghost' 
(1882);  <Life  of  Christopher  Columbus'  (1882); 
*  A  New  Robinson  Crusoe  '  (1888).    Died  1908. 

Aldrich,  Anne  Reeve.  An  American  poet 
and  novelist ;  born  in  New  York,  April  25, 
1866;  died  there,  June  29,  1892.  She  was  the 
author  of:  < The  Rose  of  Flame'  (1889);  <The 
Feet  of  Love,'  a  novel  (1890);  and  <  Songs 
about  Life,  Love,  and  Death'  (1892). 

Aldrich,  James.  An  American  poet ;  born 
at  Mattituck,  L.  I.,  July  14,  1810;  died  in  New 
York,  Sept.  9,   1856.    Of  his  poems  the  best 


known    is    <A    Death-Bed,'    to    which    Foe's 
comment  called  particular  attention. 

Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey.  A  distinguished 
American  poet,  essayist,  and  writer  of  fiction; 
born  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Nov.  11,  1836.  He 
spent  his  early  youth  in  Louisiana,  but  at  the 
age  of  seventeen  entered  a  mercantile  house 
in  New  York.  Removing  to  Boston  in  1866, 
he  became  editor  of  Every  Saturday,  and  in 
1881  editor  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly.  He  has 
become  almost  equally  eminent  as  a  prose 
writer  and  poet.  Among  his  prose  works  the 
best  known  are :  <  The  Story  of  a  Bad  Boy » 
(1870);  <  Marjorie  Daw  and  Other  People* 
(1873);  <  Prudence  Palfrey'  (1874);  <The  Queen 
of  Sheba, '  a  romance  of  travel  (1877);  <The 
Stillwater  Tragedy'  (1880).  Of  his  poems, 
fomierly  published  in  separate  collections,  most 
are  included  in  < Complete  Poems'  (1882)  and 

<  Household  Edition'  (1895).    Died  Mar.  19, 1907. 

Aleandro,  Girolamo,  the  Younger,  (al-a- 
an'drS).  An  Italian  poet  and  antiquary;  born 
in  Friuli,  1574;  died  in  Rome,  1629.  He  was 
distinguished  for  the  accuracy  of  his  taste  in 
literature!  The  <  Tears  of  Penitence,'  a  series 
of  tenderly  conceived  odes,  was  completed 
when  he  was  sixteen  years  old.  A  later  work 
is  the  <  Penitential  Psalms';  but  the  most  solid 
memorial  of  his  talent  is  a  volume  on  <  Ancient 
Marble  Tablets.' 

Aleardi,  Aleardo,  Count  (a-la-ar'de).  An 
Italian  poet  and  patriot ;  born  near  Verona, 
Nov.  4,  1812;  died  there,  July  17,  1878.  He 
studied  first  philosophy  and  natural  science, 
and  then  jurisprudence.  His  political  prin- 
ciples, as  revealed  in  his  poem  <Arnaldo' 
(1842),  brought  him  under  suspicion,  and  pub- 
lic office  under  the  (Austrian)  government  was 
denied  him.  Others  of  his  works  are  :  <  Primal 
Histories'  (1857),  a  poem  on  the  intellectual, 
ethical,  and  social  evolution  of  man  ;  <An  Hour 
in  My  Youth,'  a  piece  inspired  at  once  with 
tenderest  love  of  nature  and  intense  devotion 
to    Italian    independence;  'Letters   to    Mary'; 

<  Raffaele  and  the  Fornarina';  <  The  Maritime 
Cities  of  Italy ';  and  <  A  Political  Ode,'  directed 
against  Pope  Pius  IX.  (1862). 

Alecsandrescu,  Grigoic  (a-lek-san-dres'ko). 
A  Rumanian  poet  and  statesman  (1812-86). 
After  serving  three  years  as  an  officer  in  the 
army  he  became  a  writer  and  a  politician.     His 

<  Satires '  and  <  Fables '  enjoyed  wide  popularity. 
His  poem  <The  Year  1840'  was  like  a  bugle 
call,  and  aroused  the  enthusiasm  of  the  Wal- 
lachians  and  Servians  to  the  highest  pitch.  His 
collected  works,  <  Meditations,  Elegies,  Epistles, 
Satires,  and  Fables,'  were  published  at  Bucha- 
rest, 1863. 

Alecsandri,  Basile  (a-lek-san'dre).  A  Ru- 
manian poet  (1821-90).  He  pursued  literary 
studies  in  Paris,  1834-39 ;  edited  a  patriotic  jour- 
nal. Literary  Dacia,  at  Bucharest ;  was  after- 
ward director  of  the  French  Theatre  at  Jassy,  for 
which  he  composed  a  series  of  comedies.  He 
excels  in    the  description  of   natural   scenery. 


ALEMAN  —  ALFIERI 


His  war  poems  (1877-78)  had  a  powerful  Jnflu- 
ence  on  public  opinion  in  tlie  Danubian  princi- 
palities. Other  works  are  a  poem,  <  In  Praise  of 
the  Latin  Race  >  (1874);  <  Rumanian  Folk- 
Soiigs,>  and  the  drama  <  Prince  Despot'  (1880). 
Aleman,  Matteo  (a-la-man').  A  Spanish 
novelist;  born  in  Seville  about  1550;  died  in 
i.Iexico  after  1609.  For  some  time  an  official 
in  the  royal  treasury,  he  either  resigned  or 
was  dismissed  in  consequence  of  an  annoying 
lawsuit,  and  about  1608  went  to  Mexico.  His 
fame  rests  on  the  satirical  romance,  <The  Life 
and  Deeds  of  the  Picaroon  Guzman  de  Al- 
farache,>  which,  like  its  forerunner  and  model, 
the  <Lazarillo  de  Tormes>  by  Mendoza,  is  one 
of  the  most  famous  representatives  of  the 
« picaresque  >>  novel.  Its  first  part,  under  the 
title  of  <  Watch-Tower  of  Human  Life,>  ap- 
peared in  1599  in  three  editions,  and  up  to 
1605  attained  to  26  more  editions  of  over 
50,000  copies.  This  immense  success  induced 
a  literary  freebooter  to  publish  a  spurious  sec- 
ond part  in  1603,  which  was  followed  by  the 
genuine  in  1605.  The  work  was  translated 
into  every  European  language,  and  in  1623 
even  into  Latin.  The  best  edition  of  the  ori- 
ginal is  in  voh  iii.  of  Aribau's  <  Library  of 
Spanish  Authors'  (Madrid,  1846). 

Alembert,   Jean   Baptiste  le  Rond  d'    (a- 

loh-bar').  An  eminent  French  philosopher, 
mathematician,  and  man  of  letters ;  born  in 
Paris,  Nov.  16,  1717;  died  there,  Oct.  9,  1783. 
His  treatises  on  mathematical  and  physical 
problems  brought  him  celebrity  while  yet 
under  middle  age.  For  the  great  French  <  En- 
cyclopedia* he  wrote  the  admirable  <  Pre- 
liminary Discourse  >  or  introduction.  Among 
his  works  of  more  or  less  popular  or  lilerary 
character  may  be  named  <  Literary  and  Phil- 
osophical Miscellanies*  and  < Elements  of  Phi- 
losophy.* 

Alencar,  Jos6  MartiniSo  de  (a-len-kar').  A 
noted  Brazilian  novelist;  born  at  Fortaleza, 
May  I,  1829;  died  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Dec.  12, 
1877.  A  lawyer  by  profession,  he  was  also 
active  as  a  conservative  politician,  and  in  1868- 
69  was  minister  of  justice.  His  novels,  in  the 
style  of  Cooper,  treat  subjects  from  Brazilian 
history,  and  city  and  country  life,  chiefly  based 
on  Indian  traditions,  and  contain  masterly  de- 
scriptions of  tropical  nature. 

Alexander,  Archibald.  An  American  theo- 
logical and  philosophical  writer;  born  near 
Lexington,  Rockbridge  county,  Va.,  April  17, 
1772;  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Oct.  22,  1851. 
He  was  a  Presbyterian  minister,  president  of 
Hampden  Sidney  College,  Virginia,  and  pro- 
fessor at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  His 
principal  works  were  :  <  Evidences  of  Christian- 
ity* (1823) ;  <  Treatise  on  the  Canon  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments*  (1826);  < Outlines  of 
Moral  Science*  (1852).  He  was  a  distinguished 
preacher. 

Alexander,  Sir  James  Edward.  A  British 
general  and  explorer;  born  in  Scotland,  1803; 
died  April  2,  1885.    He  served  in  the  East,  in 


Africa,  and  the  Crimean  war,  and  explored  Cen- 
tral Africa.  He  wrote  :  <  Travels  through  Rus- 
sia and  the  Crimea*  (1830) ;  <  Expedition  of  Dis- 
covery into  the  Interior  of  Africa*  (1838);  etc. 

Alexander,  Mrs.,  pseudonym  of  Annie 
Hector.  An  Irish  novelist ;  born  in  Dublin  in 
1825.  She  began  to  write  at  an  early  age,  and 
is  a  prolific  and  popular  novelist.  Her  books 
include:  <The  Wooing  O't*  (1873);  <  Ralph 
Wilton's  Weird*  (1875);  <Her  Dearest  Foe* 
(1876);  <The  Freres*  (1882);  <A  Golden 
Autumn*  (1897);  and  <A  Winning  Hazard* 
(1897). 

Alexander,  Mrs.  Cecil  Frances  (Humphrey). 
An  Irish  poet;  bom  in  County  Wicklow  in 
1818 ;  died  in  Londonderry,  Oct.  12,  1895.  She 
was  very  active  in  religious  and  charitable 
works.  She  is  best  known  as  a  writer  of 
hymns  and  religious  poems.  Among  the  most 
noted  are  the  hymns  <  Roseate  Hue  of  Early 
Dawn  *  and  <  All  Things  Bright  and  Beautiful.* 
Her  most  famous  poem  is  <  The  Burial  of 
Moses.* 

Alexander  of  Hales.  A  noted  English  phi- 
losopher and  theologian ;  born  at  Hales, 
Gloucestershire ;  died  in  Paris,  1245.  One  of 
the  greatest  of  the  schoolmen,  he  was  among 
the  first  to  study  Aristotle  from  the  point  of 
view  of  the  Arabic  commentators.  His  chief 
work  was  <The  Sum  of  Theology*  (1475).  He 
was  called  « The  Irrefutable  Doctor,**  « The 
Doctor  of  Doctors,**  ^*  The  Fountain  of  Life.** 

Alexis,  Wilibald  (a-lek'sis),  pseudonym  of 
Wilhelm  Haring.  A  notable  German  novelist ; 
born  at  Breslau,  June  29,  1798 ;  died  at  Arn- 
stadt,  Dec.  16,  1871.  The  writings  of  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott  made  so  profound  an  impression 
upon  his  imagination  that  almost  all  his  work 
plainly  shows  the  influence  of  the  author  of 
<V/averley.*  Plis  first  important  work,  indeed, 
—  a  romance,  <Walladmor,*  —  purported  to  be 
a  translation  from  Scott,  as  did  his  second, 
<Avalon  Castle.*  The  finest  products  of  his 
genius  are  historical  tales  of  Prussia,  with 
Frederick  the  Great  as  hero,  and  among  them 
<  Cabanis  *  stands  prominently  forth.  •  The 
False  Waldemar  *  and  <  Peace  is  the  First 
Civic  Duty*  are  also  excellent  novels.  As-  a 
poet  he  is  pleasing  and  not  infrequently  im- 
pressive, but  his  stanzas  are  wanting  in  true 
originality.  His  popularity  as  a  writer  of 
fiction  was  due  to  a  capacity  for  presenting 
the  interesting  phase  of  historical  themes, 
and  to  his  fecundity  of  plot  and  incident;  but 
his  best  stories  are  marred  by  over-elaboration, 
and  by  tricks  of  style. 

Alfieri,  Vittorlo,  Count  (al-fe-a're).  A  cele- 
brated Italian  dramatist ;  born  at  Asti  in  Pied- 
mont, Jan.  17, 1749 ;  died  at  Florence,  Oct.  8, 1803. 
He  came  into  his  vast  paternal  inheritance  at 
the  age  of  14 ;  and  two  or  three  years  afterward 
began  a  series  of  travels  which  extended  over 
nearly  all  the  European  countries,  returning  to 
Turin,  1772.  He  was  the  hero  of  many  roman- 
tic adventures,  and  his  first  bent  toward  literature 
was  given  him  by  his  desire  to  lessen  the  tedium 


ALFONSO  X.  — ALISON 


13 


of  illness  for  a  lady  of  whom  he  was  enamored. 
His  success  determined  his  after  career.  He 
elaborated  the  slender  sketch  of  a  dramatic 
dialogue  into  a  tragedy  in  five  acts,  <Cleopa- 
tra,>  which  was  put  on  the  stage  in  Turin,  1775. 
Conscious  of  his  imperfect  acquaintance  with 
literature  and  the  niceties  of  his  native  lan- 
guage, he  now  began  the  study  of  Latin  and 
of  the  Tuscan  dialect.  At  Florence  he  formed 
an  attachment  for  the  Countess  of  Albany, 
which  ended  only  with  his  life.  His  tragedies, 
<Cleopatra,>  <Polinice,>  <Antigone,>  <Agide,> 
<Brato,>  and  several  others,  are  founded  on 
classic  themes,  and  formed  on  the  Hellenic 
model.  <Saul,>  founded  on  Hebrew  sacred 
history,  but  elaborated  according  to  the  canons 
of  Grecian  dramaturgy,  was  by  far  the  most 
popular  of  Alfieri's  dramas.  The  <Filippo> 
presents,  in  lineaments  that  could  be  drawn 
only  by  the  hand  of  a  master,  the  sombre 
character  of  Philip  H.  of  Spain.  He  wrote  in 
all  twenty-one  tragedies  and  six  comedies,  and 
composed  many  sonnets ;  among  his  odes  are 
five  on  <  American  Independence.*  His  prose 
works  comprise  an  essay  on  <  Tyranny,*  a  vol- 
ume of  <  Essays  on  Literature  and  Govern- 
ment,* and  <  Memoirs  of  his  Life.* 

Alfonso  X.,  the  Wise.  King  of  Leon  and 
Castile.  A  Spanish  poet,  historian,  and 
scholar  (1252-84).  Of  his  poetical  composi- 
tions many  are  still  extant;  among  them  a 
poem  on  <  The  Chase,*  one  on  chemistry,  some 
love  songs,  and  <  Canticles  of  Saint  Mary.* 
He  was  a  student  of  astronomy,  and  reformed 
the  Ptolemaic  planetary  tables,  called  after 
him  <  Alfonsine  Tables.*  From  his  hand  we 
have  also  a  history  of  the  Crusades,  <  The  Great 
Conquest  Over  Sea,*  and  a  <  General  Chron- 
icle *  of  Spain ;  and  he  had  commenced  a 
<  Great  and  General  History  *  of  the  world  be- 
fore Ms  death.  He  was  the  first  to  codify  the 
laws  of  the  kingdoms  of  Spain.  He  had  all 
accessible  classic  and  Arabic  works  on  phi- 
losophy and  the  sciences  translated  into  Cas- 
tilian. 

Alford,  Henry.  An  English  poet  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  philologist,  critic,  artist,  and 
preacher;  born  in  London,  Oct.  7,  1810;  died  at 
Canterbury,  Jan.  12,  1871.  He  became  dean  of 
Canterbury  in  1856.  An  accomplished  man,  his 
literary  work  attracted  attention  in  several  de- 
partments. Besides  sermons  and  university 
lectures,  he  wrote :  <  The  School  of  the  Heart, 
and  Other  Poems*  (1835),  his  most  popular 
volume  of  verse ;  <  The  Queen's  English  * 
(i866).  He  was  best  known  by  his  celebrated 
edition  of  the  Greek  New  Testament  (1844-52), 
which,  incorporating  the  results  of  German 
Biblical  scholarship,  formed  a  landmark  in 
New  Testament  study  in  England  and  Amer- 
ica. He  was  the  first  editor  of  the  Contem- 
porary Review. 

Alfred  the  Great.  King  of  England, 
translator  of  several  works  of  antiquity  into 
the  English  tongue  of  his  day  (849-901).  One 
of   his   biographers   credits   him  with    having 


translated  into  Sajcon  nearly  the  whole  ex- 
tant Latin  literature :  it  is  certain  that  he 
did,  himself,  translate  many  of  the  monuments 
of  the  Christian  religion,  as  Gregory  the 
Great's  <  Pastoral  Care,*  selections  from  the 
writings  of  St.  Augustine,  and  Boethius's  <  Con- 
solations of  Philosophy  * ;  he  also  translated 
Bede's  <  Church  History  of  the  English 
Nation.* 

Algarotti  Francesco,  Count  (al-ga-rot-tC). 
An  Italian  litterateur  (1712-64).  Frederick 
the  Great  held  him  in  high  regard  and  made 
him  a  count  of  Prussia.  He  was  an  accom- 
plished critic  of  the  arts  of  painting,  sculpture, 
and  architecture.  Among  his  works  is  <  The 
Plurality  of  Worlds*  (1733),  an  exposition,  for 
ladies'  use,  of  Newton's  philosophy.  He  is  at 
his  best  in  his  letters,  especially  his  <  Poetical 
Epistles*  (1759). 

Alger,  Horatio.  An  American  writer  of 
juvenile  books;  born  at  Revere,  Mass.,  Jan.  13, 
1834.  Graduated  from  Harvard  in  1852,  settled 
in  New  York  in  1866,  and  became  interested  in 
the  condition  of  self-supporting  boys,  described 
in  his  series  of  more  than  fifty  books,  includ- 
ing <  Ragged  Dick,*  <  Tattered  Tom,*  <Luck 
and  Pluck,*  which  became  very  popular. 
Other  works :  <  Nothing  to  Do :  A  Tilt  at  our 
Best  Society,*  a  poem  (1857) ;  <  Helen  Ford,*  a 
novel  (  i860) ;  a  series  of  juvenile  biographies 
of  Webster,  Lincoln,  Garfield,  etc.;  and  <T]ie 
Young  Salesman*  (1896).  He  died  in  1899. 

Alger,  William  Rounseville.  An  Ameri- 
can Unitarian  clergyman  and  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  at  Freetown,  Mass.,  Dec.  30, 
1822.  His  chief  works  are :  <  History  of  the 
Doctrine  of  a  Future  Life*  (1863);  < Genius  of 
Solitude*  (1865);  and  < Friendships  of  Women > 
(1867).  He  occupied  pulpits  in  New  York, 
Denver,  Boston,  and  San  Francisco.    D.  in  1905. 

Alighieri.    See  Dante. 

Alls,  Hippolyte  Percher  (a-le').  A  French 
novelist  and  journalist;  born  at  Couleuvre, 
Oct.  7,  1857.  He  has  contributed  to  various 
Paris  j.oumals,  and  is  the  author  of  several 
naturalistic  novels,  among  which  are :  <  Hara- 
Kiri*  (1882);  <A  Daughter  of  the  Soil*  (1885); 
<Some  Foolish  People*  (1889). 

Alishan,  Leon  M.  An  Armenian  poet  and 
historian ;  born  in  Constantinople,  July  30, 
1820.  He  studied  in  Venice,  where  he  took 
orders  in  1840,  and  was  appointed  professor 
in  the  College  Raphael,  of  which  he  became 
director  in  1848.  Having  taken  charge  of  the 
Armenian  college  in  Paris  in  1858,  he  re- 
turned to  Venice  in  1865  as  director  of  Saint 
Lazare.  He  is  regarded  by  his  countrymen 
as  their  leading  poet.  Among  his  numerous 
writings  are:  'Poems  Complete*  (1857-67); 
'Popular  Songs  of  the  Armenians*  (1867); 
'Historical  Monographs*  (1870);  'History  and 
Geography  of  Armenia*  (1885),  which  was 
seized  and  suppressed  by  the  Turkish  authorities. 

Alison,  Archibald.  A  Scottish  writer ;  bom 
in  Edinburgh,  Nov.  13,  1757 ;  died  there.  May 


14 


ALISON  — ALLEN 


17,  1839.  The  charm  of  his  pulpit  oratory 
drew  general  attention  to  his  published  ser- 
mons ;  and  by  his  *  Essay  on  the  Nature  and 
Principles  of  Taste  >  and  kindred  themes,  he 
won  an  acknowledged  but  inconspicuous  posi- 
tion in  literature. 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald.  A  Scottish  histo- 
rian, son  of  the  above ;  born  at  Kenley,  Shrop- 
shire, Dec.  29,  1792;  died  at  Glasgow,  May  23, 
1867.  He  studied  at  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1814. 
His  principal  work  is  a  <  History  of  Europe,> 
covering  the  period  from  1789  to  1815,  which 
was  received  with  remarkable  favor,  and  trans- 
lated into  the  leading  languages  of  Europe, 
and  even  into  Arabic.  The  work  contains  a 
vast  amount  of  information  and  many  inter- 
esting descriptions ;  but  is  prolix  in  style,  often 
inaccurate,  and  so  strongly  partisan  that  it 
has  been  said  to  have  been  designed  «to 
prove  that  Providence  was  on  the  side  of  the 
Tories.'* 

Allan,  William.  An  American  military 
writer ;  born  in  Virginia  in  1837 ;  died  in  1889. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  ser\'ed  as  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  Confederate  army.  His  works 
are:  < Jackson's  Valley  Campaign >  (1862);  < Bat- 
tle Fields  of  Virgmia>  (1867);  <Army  of 
Northern  Virginia.* 

Allen,    Alexander    Viets    Griswold.     An 

American  ecclesiastical  historian  ;  born  at  Otis, 
Mass.,  May  4,  1841.  Professor  of  ecclesiastical 
history  at  the  Episcopal  Theological  School, 
Cambridge,  Mass.  He  has  written  :  <  The  Con- 
tinuity of  Christian  Thought*  (1883);  <The 
Greek  Theology  and  the  Renaissance  of  the 
19th  Century*  (1884,  the  Bohlen  lectures  for 
that  year),  and  a  <  Life  of  Jonathan  Edwards  * 
( ibSg)  ;  <  freedom  in  the  Church  >  (.1906),  etc. 

Allen,  Elizabeth  Akers.  An  American 
poet;  born  (Elizabeth  Chase)  at  Strong,  Me., 
Oct.  9,  1832.  She  was  married  in  i860  to  Paul 
Akers,  the  sculptor,  who  died  in  1861,  and  in 
1865  to  E.  M.  Allen  of  New  York.  Her  first 
volume,  <  Forest  Buds,*  appeared  under  the 
pen-name  of  "  Florence  Percy  **  (1855).  Other 
works :  <  The  Silver  Bridge  and  Other  Poems  * 
(1866);  a  volume  of  < Poems*  (1866),  which 
contains  <Rock  Me  to  Sleep,  Mother';  (her 
authorship  of  this  popular  ballad,  once  dis- 
puted, is  proved  in  the  New  York  Times, 
May  27,  1867 ;)  <  The  High-Top  Sweeting  and 
Other  Poems*  (1891). 

Allen,  Ethan.  An  American  Revolutionary 
hero ;  born  at  Litclifield,  Conn.,  Jan.  10,  1737 ; 
died  near  Burlington,  Vt.,  Feb.  12,  1789.  His 
services  in  the  war  of  independence,  as  colonel 
of  the  "  Green  Mountain  Boys,**  capturing 
Fort  Ticonderoga  « in  the  name  of  the  great 
Jehovah  and  the  Continental  Congress,**  his 
attack  on  Montreal,  sufferings  as  a  prisoner  in 
England,  skillful  diplomacy  in  behalf  of  Ver- 
mont, etc.,  are  well  known.  He  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  his  captivity  (1799),  <A  Vindication 
of  Vermont*  (1784),  and  <Allen'i  Theology,  or 


the    Oracles  of  Reason*   (1784),  in   which  he 
declared  reason  to  be  the  only  oracle  of  man. 

Allen,  Fred  Hovey.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  writer;  born  in  New  Hampshire  in 
1845.  He  has  written  the  text  of  several  pop- 
ular art  works,  among  which  are  included ; 
< Great  Cathedrals  of  the  World*;  < Modern 
German  Masters*  (1886);  (The  Dor^  Album*; 
<  Discovery  and  Conquest  of  Peru  * ;  <  Discov- 
ery and  Conquest  of  Mexico ;  <  Heart  of  Europe.' 

Allen,  Grant  (Charles  Grant  Blairf:ndie 
Allen).  An  English  naturalist,  essayist,  and 
novelist ;  bom  in  Alwington,  Canada,  Feb.  24, 
1848  ;  died  in  London,  Eng.,  Oct.  28,  1899. 
He  graduated  from  Oxford,  and  was  professor  at 
Queen's  College,  Jamaica,  until  he  settled 
in  England.  He  early  became  a  follower  of 
Charles  Darwin  and  Herbert  Spencer,  and 
wrote  scientific  essays  in  a  picturesque  and 
attractive  style.  From  1883  he  produced 
a  large  number  of  novels,  many  of  which 
are  based  on  a  psychological  theme.  Amor.^f 
the  best  of  them  are:  <Babylon'  (1885, 
<The  Devil's  Die  '  (1888),  and  <Under  Sealed 
Orders'  (1896). 

Allen,  James  Lane.  An  American  novelist ; 
born  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  in  1848.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Transylvania  University,  taught  there 
for  a  time,  and  became  subsequently  professor 
of  Latin  and  English  in  Bethany  College. 
His  fame  rests  mainly  upon  his  powerful 
and  popular  novels  of  manners  and  people  in  the 
blue-grass  region  and  elsewhere,  the  best  known 
being  <  Summer  in  Arcady*  (1896);  *The  Choir 
Invisible*;  <A  Kentucky  Cardinal*;  <  After- 
math * ;  <  The  Bride  of  the  Mistletoe  *  ( IQ09). 

Allen,  Joel  Asaph.  An  American  natural- 
ist ;  born  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  July  19,  1838. 
From  1865  to  1869  he  was  a  member  of  vari- 
ous scientific  expeditions  to  Brazil,  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  Florida.  In  1*870  he  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  in  ornithology  at  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
and  in  1885  curator  of  ornithology  and  mam- 
malogy in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History  in  New  York  city.  He  is  part  author 
with  E.  Coues  of  <  Monographs  of  North 
American  Rodentia*  (1877);  and  has  also  pub- 
lished among  other  works,  '  History  of  North 
American  Pinnipeds  *;  <  Mammals  of  Patagonia.' 

Allen,  Joseph  Henry.  An  American  Uni- 
tarian minister,  educator  and  writer  ;  bom  at 
Northboro,  Mass.,  Aug.  21,  1821  ;  died  at 
Cambridge,  March  20,  1898.  His  chief  works 
were  :  '  Ten  Discourses  on  Orthodoxy  >  (2d  ed., 
1889);  (Hebrew  Men  and  Times>(2d  ed.,  1879); 
(Outline  of  Christian  History*  ( 1884) ;  (Our  Liber- 
al Movement  in  Theology'  (1889);  (Positive 
Religion,  Essays,  Fragments,  and  Hints'  (1891 ). 
He  was  editor  of  the  well-known  Allen  and 
Greenough  series  of  Latin  classics,  and  of  the 
Unitarian  Review  ;  senior  editor  of  the  (History 
of  Unitarianism.  >  He  had  parishes  at  Jamaica 
Plain,  Mass.,  Washington,  D.  C,  and  Bangor, 
Me. ;  and  lectured  for  several  years  on  ecclesi- 
astical history  in  Harvard  University. 


ALLEN  —  ALMQUIST 


»5 


AU^n,  Karl  Ferdinand.  A  Danish  histo- 
rian ;  born  at  Copenhagen,  April  23,  181 1 ;  died 
there,  Dec.  27,  1871.  He  became  professor  of 
history  and  northern  archaeology  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Copenhagen  in  1862.  His  principal 
works,  <  Handbook  of  the  History  of  the 
Fatherland'  (1840),  very  democratic  in  tone, 
and  'History  of  the  Three  Northern  King- 
doms* (1864-72),  produced  a  marked  impres- 
sion, as  did  also  minor  writings  relating  to 
Schleswig. 

Allen,  Paul.  An  American  miscellaneous 
writer  and  journalist ;  born  at  Providence,  R.  I., 
Feb.  15,  1775 ;  died  at  Baltimore,  Aug.  18, 
1826.  He  studied  law  originally,  but  became 
a  journalist,  and  edited  newspapers  in  Phila- 
delphia and  Baltimore.  He  wrote  :  <  Poems  > 
(1801)  ;<  Lewis  and  Clark's  Travels  >  (1814) ; 
<Life  of  Alexander  L>  (1818),  etc. 

Allen,  William.  An  American  preacher  and 
miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
Jan.  2,  1784 ;  died  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  July 
16,  1868.  He  became  president  of  Dartmouth 
University  in  1817  ;  was  president  of  Bowdoin 
College,  1820-39.  Of  numerous  works,  both  in 
prose  and  verse,  the  best  known  is  <  American 
Biographical  and  Historical  Dictionary'  (3d 
ed.,  1857). 

Allen,  Willis  Boyd.  An  American  writer; 
born  in  Maine  in  1855.  Besides  a  collection 
of  verse,  entitled  <  In  the  Morning,'  he  has 
written  a  large  number  of  works  for  young 
people,  among  which  are  :  <  The  Red  Mountain 
of  Alaska  > ;  <  Pine  Cones  >  (1885) ;  <  Silver  Rags  > 
(1886);  <  Kelp  >  (188S);  <  The  Mammoth  Hunters.' 

Allibone,  Samuel  Austin  (al'i-bon).  An 
American  bibliographer ;  born  at  Philadelphia, 
April  17,  1816 ;  died  at  Lucerne,  Switzerland, 
Sept.  2,  1889.  He  was  at  one  time  librarian 
of  the  Lenox  Library,  New  York.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  <  Dictionary  of  English  Litera- 
ture, and  British  and  American  Authors  >  (3  vols., 
1854-71 ;  Supplement  by  Dr.  John  Foster  Kirk, 
2  vols.,  1891) ;  <  Poetical  Quotations ' ;  <  Prose 
Quotations,'  etc.  It  took  twenty  years  to  write 
the  Dictionary,  which  is  familiar  in  libraries 
the  world  over  wherever  English  is  spoken. 

Allies,  Jabez.  An  English  antiquary  and 
one  of  the  earliest  writers  on  folklore ;  born  at 
Lulsley,  Worcestershire,  Oct.  22,  1787 ;  died  at 
Cheltenham,  Jan.  29,  1856.  He  devoted  nearly 
his  entire  life  to  the  study  of  Roman  and 
Saxon  antiquities  in  Worcestershire,  the  re- 
sults being  embodied  in  his  monumental  work, 
<The  Ancient  British,  Roman,  and  Saxon  An- 
tiquities and  Folklore  of  Worcestershire  '  (1852). 

AUingham,  William.  An  Irish  poet;  born 
at  Ballyshannon,  March  19,  1828 ;  died  at 
Hampstead,  near  London,  Nov.  18,  1889.  Hav- 
ing for  some  years  been  an  officer  in  the 
Customs,  he  became  assistant  editor  of  Eraser's 
Magazine  in  187 1  and  succeeded  Froude  as 
editor  in  1874,  when  he  also  married  Helen 
Paterson,  the  illustrator  and  water-color  artist. 
His  graceful   poems  excel   in   descriptions  of 


Irish  scenery  and  life ;  some  of  them  were 
illustrated  by  Rossetti,  Kate  Greenaway,  and 
other  distinguished  artists.  Prominent  among 
his  works  is  <  Lawrence  Bloomfield  in  Ireland ' 
(1864),  a  narrative  poem  on  contemporary  Irish 
life. 

Allmers,  Hermann  (al'mers).  A  German 
poet ;  born  at  Rechtenfleth,  near  Bremen,  Feb. 
II,  1821.  He  wrote:  <Book  of  the  Marshes' 
(1857),  a  faithful  portrayal  of  nature  and  men 
in  his  native  country;  <  Poems'  (i860);  <  Ro- 
man Sauntering  Days'  (1869),  subtle  delinea- 
tions of  Italian  life;  <Electra'  (1872),  a  drama, 
continuing  and  concluding  the  plot  of  Goethe's 

<  Iphigenia.' 

Allston,  Washington.  An  eminent  American 
painter,  poet,  and  romancer ;  born  at  Wacca- 
maw,  S.  C,  Nov.  5,  1779 ;  died  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  July  9,  1843.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1800 ;  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy,  Lon- 
don, and  in  Rome,  and  returned  to  Boston  in 
1809.  He  is  the  author  of:  <The  Sylph  of  the 
Seasons  and  Other  Poems'  (1813);  <Monaldi,' 
a  romance  (1841),  and  <  Lectures  on  Art  and 
Poems'  (1850).    See  his  <Life'  by  Flagg. 

Almeida,  Nicolao  Tolentino  de  (al-ma'e-da). 
A  Portuguese  poet  (1741-1811),  noted  for  his 
satires,  ridiculing  the  manners  of  his  day.  One 
of  them,  on  the  ex-Minister  Pombal,  procured 
for  him  a  position  as  secretary  in  the  Ministry 
of  the  Interior.  <  Poetical  Works '  (Lisbon, 
1802;  new  ed.,  1861). 

Almeida- Garrett,  Joao  Baptista  de  Silva 
Leitao  de  (al-ma'e-da  gar-ret').  A  distin- 
guished Portuguese  poet,  dramatist,  and  pol- 
itician;  born  in  Oporto,  Feb.  4,  1799;  died  in 
Lisbon,  Dec.  10,  1854.  He  studied  law  at  Coim- 
bra,  and  joining  the  democratic  movement  in 
1820,  became  minister  of  public  instruction  when 
scarcely  twenty-one,  but  on  the  restoration  in 
1823  was  banished  and  went  to  England.  He 
subsequently  returned,  and  experienced  many 
vicissitudes  owing  to  his  political  activity.  As 
a  man  of  letters  he  endeavored  to  free  Por- 
tuguese poetry  from  the  shackles  of  pseudo- 
classicism  and  to  inspire  it  with  new  life  by 
basing  it  on  national  forms  and  traditions. 
His  efforts  were  also  directed  towards  the 
creation  of  a  purely  national  drama.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are:  <Catao,'  a  tragedy  (1820), 
among  the  best  in  Portuguese  literature;  <Ca- 
moes,'  a  romantic  epic  (1825),  glorifying  the 
life    and    death    of    Portugal's    greatest    poet; 

<  Dona  Branca,'  a  satirical  epic  (1826),  scour- 
ging monasticism ;  <  Adozinda,'  a  lyrical  epic 
(1828);  <Bernal  Francez,'  a  cycle  of  romances 
(1829);  <Auto  de  Gil  Vicente'  (1838),  pro- 
nounced  the    first    purely   Portuguese    drama; 

<  O  Arco  de  Sant'  Anna,'  a  historical  novel 
(1846);  <  Romancerio,'  a  collection  of  Portu- 
guese ballads  (3  vols.,  1851-53). 

Almquist,  Karl  Jonas  Ludvig  (alm'kvist). 
A  notable  Swedish  poet,  novelist,  and  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  bom  in  Stockholm,  Nov.  28, 
1793;  died  in  Bremen,  Sept.  26,  1866.  A  writer 
of    great    versatility,    author    of    a    series    of 


i6 


ALPUCHK  — AMES 


educational  works,  treatises  on  the  mental,  moral, 
and  political  sciences,  on  philology,  religion, 
mathematics,  philosophy,  and  national  econ- 
omy, etc.,  of  novels  and  tales,  dramas,  poems, 
lyric  and  epical.  <  The  Book  of  the  Rose,>  a 
collection  of  dramatic  and  lyric  pieces,  is  his 
best  known  work.  <  It's  All  Right  >  and  <  The 
Palace,>  novels,  <  Araminta  May  >  and  *■  Skall- 
nora's  Will,>  tales,  are  also  popular. 

Alpuche,  Wenceslao  (al-pb'che).  A  Mexican 
poet  (1804-41).  His  first  poems,  published 
when  he  was  little  more  than  a  youth,  brought 
him  great  popularity.  The  best  among  his 
works  are:  < Hidalgo >  and  the  odes:  'Inde- 
pendence* and  <The  Return  from  Exile.> 

Alsop,  Richard  (al'sop).  An  American  poet 
and  scholar;  bom  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  Jan. 
23,  1761 ;  died  at  Flatbush,  L.  I.,  Aug.  20,  1815. 
In  conjunction  with  Theodore  Dwight  he 
edited  from  1791  to  1795  the  Echo,  a  satirical 
journal.  Among  his  works  are  :  <  The  Charms 
of  Fancy  > ;  <  A  Monody  on  the  Death  of  Wash- 
ington' (1800);  and  the  translations  entitled 
<The  Enchanted  Lake  of  the  Fairy  Morgana* 
(1808),  and  Molina's  <  Geographical,  Natural, 
and  Civil  History  of  Chili.> 

Altamirano,  Ignacio  Manuel  (al-ta-me-ra-' 
no).  A  Mexican  poet,  orator,  and  journalist ; 
born  in  Guerrero,  about  1835;  died  in  Italy, 
Feb.  1893.  He  wrote  <Clemencia' ;  <  Julia >,  etc. 
He  held  political  office,  rose  to  the  rank  of 
colonel  in  the  army  during  the  French  invas- 
ion, and  was  of  pure  Indian  blood,  said  to 
have  been  descended  from  the  ancient  Aztec 
monarchs. 

AltarocliG,  Marie  Michel  (iil-ta-rosh').  A 
French  poet  and  journalist  (iSii-84),  studied 
law  in  Paris,  then  turned  to  journalism  and 
in  1834-48  was  editor-in-chief  of  the  Charivari, 
which  owed  to  his  witty  articles  a  good  deal 
of  its  brilliant  success.  In  1850-52  he  managed 
several  theatrical  enterprises.  His  works  in- 
clude: < Political  Songs  and  Verses'  (1835); 
< Democratic  Tales'  (1837);  < Adventures  of 
Victor  AugeroP  (1838),  an  imitation  of  Lou- 
vet's  famous  <Faublas>  romance. 

Alvarez  do  Oriente,  Fernan  (iil'va-  reth  do 
6-re-en-te).  A  Portuguese  poet  (i54a-99)  of 
the  school  of  Camoens.  His  life-work,  <  Lusi- 
tania  Transformed,'  is  a  pastoral  romance  in 
the  manner  of  Sannazaro's  <  Arcadia,'  com- 
posed of  prose  and  poetry  and  containing 
elegies,  sonnets,  and  idyls  of  such  beauty  as  to 
have  caused  some  of  them  to  be  ascribed  to 
Camoens. 

Alvin,  Louis  Joseph  (al-van')-  A  Belgian 
poet  and  art  critic  (1806-87);  became  secretary 
(1830),  then  chief,  of  a  department  in  the  min- 
istry of  public  instruction,  member  of  the  Bel- 
gian Academy  in  1845,  ^"^^  chief  librarian  of 
the  royal  library  in  Brussels  in  1850.  Among 
his  works  are :  *■  Sardanapalus,'  a  tragedy 
(1834);  <The  Anonymous  Pamphleteer,'  a  com- 
edy (1835);  <  Re-Contemplations '  (1856),  a  sa- 
tirical imitation  of  the  romantic  style. 


Alxinger,  Johann  Baptist  von  (alk'sing-er). 

An  Austrian  poet  (1755-97),  especially  esteemed 
for  his  chivalrous  epics  in  the  manner  of  Wie- 
land:  <  Doolin  von  Mainz'  (1787)  and<BIiom- 
beris'  (1791). 

Amalie,  Marie  Friederike  Auguste  (a- 
ma'le-e).  A  German  dramatist  (1794-1870),  who 
wrote  under  the  pseudonym  '<  Amalie  Heiter." 
She  was  Duchess  of  Saxony,  sister  of  King 
John  of  Saxony.  Comedies  and  dramas  of  sim- 
ple conception,  but  careful  delineation  of  char- 
acter, and  well  adapted  for  the  stage,  have  given 
her  eminence,  among  them  :  <  The  Uncle ' ;  <  The 
Prince's  Fiancde ' ;  <  Primogeniture ' ;  <  The 
Young  Lady  from  the  Country ';  and  <  The 
Agriculturist.' 

Ambros,  August  Wilhelm  (am'bros).  A  no- 
table Austrian  writer  on  music  ;  born  at  Mauth, 
Bohemia,  Nov.  17,  1816;  died  in  Vienna,  June 
28,  1876.  He  was  trained  for  the  civil  service 
and  served  in  it  with  distinction ;  but  his  apti- 
tude for  music,  and  particularly  for  the  criti- 
cism and  literature  of  music,  led  him  in  another 
direction,  and  he  rose  to  eminence  as  the 
author  of  <  The  Limits  of  Music  and  Poetry,* 
besides  numerous  essays  and  studies  connected 
with  art.  His  masterpiece,  however,  he  left 
unfinished :  <  The  History  of  Music,'  a  work 
which  cost  him  many  years  of  labor  and  which 
he  carried  only  to  the  fourth  volume.  He  at- 
tempted musical  composition,  but  in  it  won  no 
popularity.  r — 

Ambrose,  Saint  (am'broz).  One  of  the 
fathers  of  the  Latin  Church ;  born  at  Treves, 
Tiaul,  probably  340;  died  at  Milan,  April  4, 
397.  He  became  bishop  of  Milan  in  374.  His 
writings  include  :  <  Of  the  Duties  of  the  Clergy ' 
T  (in  imitation  of  Cicero's  <  Of  Duties ') ;  <  Hex- 
i  aemeron ' ;  hymns,  etc.  He  is  supposed  to  have 
oeen  the  author  of  the  style  of  singing  known 
as  the  <  Ambrosian  Chant'  Works,  Milan,  6 
vols.,  1875-86. 

Ambrosius,  Johanna  (am-bro'zi-bs).  A  Ger- 
man poet  and  story  writer ;  born  at  Lengwe- 
then.  East  Prussia,  Aug.  3,  1854.  Daughter  of 
an  artisan,  and  married  in  1874  to  a  peasant's 
son  by  the  name  of  Voigt,  she  led  the  hard 
life  of  a  peasant  woman  till  in  middle  age 
she  vprote  verses,  which  were  published  in  a 
weekly  newspaper ;  their  success  led  to  the  pub- 
lication of  other  poems  and  stories  of  hers, 
which  have  had  extremely  wide  circulation. 

Ames,  Charles  Gordon.  An  American  Uni- 
tarian clergyman  and  writer;  bom  at  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  Oct.  3,  1828.  He  has  published 
< George  Eliot's  Two  Marriages'  (1886);  <As 
Natural  as  Life  > ;  <  Studies  of  the  Inner  King- 
dom'; and  is  distinguished  as  a  preacher. 

Ames,  Mrs.  Eleanor  Maria  (Easterbrook). 
An  American  writer;  bom  in  1830.  She  is  a 
resident  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  Under  the  pseu- 
donym of  «  Eleanor  Kirk "  she  wrote :  <  Up 
Broadway  and  Its  Sequel'  (1870);  < Informa- 
tion for  Authors'  (1888);  < Perpetual  Youth.' 

Ames,  Fisher.  A  famous  American  orator 
and  statesman;  bom  at  Dedham,  Mass^  AprU 


^.. 


y 


AMES  — AMYOT 


ir 


g,  1758;  died  there,  July  4,  1808.  Admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1781,  he  became  a  Member  of  Con- 
gress in  1789,  where  he  gained  a  national 
reputation  by  his  oratory.  Two  of  his  finest 
efforts  were  in  support  of  John  Jay's  treaty 
with  Great  Britain,  and  a  eulogy  on  Wash- 
ington before  the  Massachusetts  Legislature. 
He  was  elected  president  of  Idarvard  College 
m  1804,  but  declined.  A  brilliant  talker,  he 
was  distinguished  in  conversation  for  wit  and 
nnagination,  while  his  character  was  spotless. 
His  works  consist  of  orations,  essays,  and  let- 
ters, 2  vols.,  1854. 

Ames,  Mary  Clemmer.  An  American  writer ; 
born  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  1839;  died  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  Aug.  18,  1884.  She  was  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  Springfield  Repub- 
lican, and  afterwards  to  the  New  York  Inde- 
pendent. Married  to  and  divorced  from  the 
Rev.  Daniel  Ames,  she  became  in  1883  the 
wife  of  Edward  Hudson  at  Washington. 
Among  her  works  are  the  novels  <  Victoria  > 
(1864) ;  <  Eirene  >  (1870),  and  <  His  Two  Wives> 
(1874);  a  volume  of  <  Poems  >  (1882);  and 
biographies  of  Alice  and  Phoebe  Gary. 

Ames,  Nathaniel.  An  American  physician 
and  humorist ;  born  in  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  in 
1708;  died  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  July  li,  1764. 
He  was  a  resident  of  Dedham,  Mass.  From 
1725  to  1764  he  published  an  Astronomical 
Diary  and  Almanac,  which  enjoyed  great 
popularity  on  account  of  its  wit. 

Amicis,  Edmondo  de  (a-me'ches).  A  dis- 
tinguished Italian  writer ;  born  at  Oneglia  in 
Liguria,  Oct.  21,  1846.  From  1865  till  the  oc- 
cupation of  Rome  by  the  Italian  army  he  was 
in  the  military  service  of  King  Victor  Eman- 
uel's government ;  then  he  returned  to  civil 
life  at  Turin,  devoting  himself  wholly  to  lit- 
erature, in  which  he  had  already  won  distinc- 
tion by  several  graphic  sketches  of  camp  life. 
Among  his  writings  of  this  kind  the  most 
noteworthy  are:  <Army  Life>  (1869)  and 
<  Recollections  of  i870-7i.>  Of  novels  we  have 
from  his  pen :  <  The  College  Friends  > ;  <  A 
Great  Day>;  <The  Paternal  Home>  (1872), 
and  <Cuore>  (Hearts),  published  in  English 
as  <  The  Heart  of  a  Schoolboy.'  His  works  of 
travel  —  including  <  Spain  >;  <  Recollections  of 
London  > ;  <  Holland  > ;  <  Constantinople  > ;  <  Rec- 
ollections of  Paris*;  <  Morocco  >  —  have  had  a 
very  wide  circulation,  and  have  been  trans- 
lated into  several  languages.  He  has  published 
fj?  also  a  volume  of  <  Verses.*    Died  March  11, 1908. 

Amiel,  Henri  Frederic  (a-me-el')-  A  dis- 
tinguished Swiss  essayist,  philosophical  critic, 
and  poet ;  born  at  Geneva,  Sept.  27,  1821 ; 
died  there,  March  11,  1881.  He  was  for  five 
years  a  student  in  German  universities,  and 
on  his  return  home  became  professor  of  phi- 
losophy in  the  Geneva  Academy.  He  is 
author  of  several  works  on  the  history  of  liter- 
ature, as  <  The  Literary  Movement  in  Roman- 
ish  Switzerland*  (1849);  < Study  on  Mme.  de 
Stael  *  (1878);  and  of  several  poems,  among 
them   < Millet   Grains*   (1854).    But    his   fame 


rests  principally  on  the  '  Journal,^ jwhich' ap- 
peared after  the  author's  death. 

Ammen,  Daniel.  A  distinguished  American 
admiral  and  author ;  born  May  15,  1820,  in 
Ohio.  He  entered  the  United  States  Navy 
July  7,  1836.  He  was  executive  officer  of  the 
North  Atlantic  blockading  squadron  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  From  1861  to 
1865  he  rendered  signal  service  in  the  attacks 
on  Port  Royal,  Fort  Macallister,  Fort  Fisher, 
and  both  the  ironclad  attacks  on  Fort  Sumter. 
On  June  4,  1878,  he  was  retired  with  the  rank 
of  rear-admiral.  He  was  the  designer  of  the 
Ammen  life-raft  and  harbor  defense  ram. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  The  Atlantic  Coast ' 
(1883);     <The    Old    Navy    and    the    New>; 

<  Navy  in  the  Civil  War  >  (1883).      Died  in  1898. 

Amory,  Thomas  (am'o-ri).  An  English  me- 
moir writer;  born  1691  (?);  died  Nov.  25,  1788. 
He  has  been  called  the  "  English  Rabelais.** 
He  wrote  :  <  Memoirs  Containing  the  Lives  of 
Several  Ladies  of   Great   Britain,  etc.*  (1755) ; 

<  Life  of  John  Buncle,  Esq.*  (1756-66);  etc. 

Amory,  Thomas  Coffin.  An  American  lawyer, 
politician,  biographer,  and  poet;  born  in  Bos- 
ton, 1812 ;  died  1889.  He  held  municipal  office 
in  Boston  for  many  years.  He  wrote  :  <  Life 
of  James  Sullivan,  with  Selections  from  his 
Writings*  (2  vols.,  1859);  'Military  Services 
and  Public  Life  of  Major-General  John  Sulli- 
van *  (1868) ;  <  General  Sullivan  Not  a  Pensioner 
of  Luzerne  >  (2d  ed.  1875) ;  <  The  Transfer  of 
Erin*  (1877);  <  Life  of  Sir  Isaac  Coffin*  (1886); 
and  two  poems :  <  The  Siege  of  Newport  * 
(1888)  and  <  Charles  River  >  (1888). 

Ampere,  Jean  Jacques  Antoine  (on-par'). 
A  French  literary  historian  (1800-64),  son  of 
the  physicist  Andr^  M.  Amp&re.  He  became 
professor  in  Marseilles,  then  at  the  Sorbonne, 
and  in  1833  at  the  College  of  France  in  Paris, 
being  elected  member  of  the  Academy  in  1847. 
His  best  work  is  <  Literary  History  of  France 
before  the  XII.  Century*  (1840). 

Amyntor,  Gerhard  von  (a-min'tor),  pseudo- 
nym of  Dagobert  von  Gerhardt.  A  German 
novelist  and  poet ;  born  at  Liegnitz,  Silesia, 
July  12,  1831.  He  entered  the  army  in  1849, 
took  part  in  the  campaigns  of  1864  and  1870-71 
as  a  major,  was  severely  wounded  in  the  for- 
mer and  resigned  in  1872 ;  settled  in  Potsdam 
in  1874.  His  principal  works  are  :  <  Peter  Qui- 
dam's  Rhine-Journey*  (1877),  an  epic;  <  Songs 
of  a  German  Night  Watchman*  (1878);  <  The 
New  Romancero  >  (1880),  poems  ;  <The  Priest* 
(1881),   an   epic;  novels:   <  It  Is  You*  (1882); 

<  A  Problem  *  (1884) ;  <  Praise  of  Woman  *  (1885) ; 
and  <Gerke  Suteminne  >  (1887),  a  historical 
romance. 

Amyot,  Jacques  (a-me-o')-  A  French  author 
(1513-93),  famous  for  his  translations  from  the 
Greek,  which,  owing  to  their  elegant  style,  are 
considered  classical  literature.    They  are  :  the 

<  Theagenes    and    Chariclea*    of     Heliodorus : 

<  Seven    Books    of     Diodorus    Siculus  * ;     the 

<  Daphnis  and  Chloe  *  of  Longus ;  the  *  Parallel 


i8 


ANACREON  —  ANDERSON 


Livei  >  and  the  <  Morals  >  of  Plutarch.  The 
most  noteworthy  among  these  is  the  translation 
of  <  Plutarch's  Lives,*  which  was  used  by  Cor- 
neille  as  a  source  for  his  antique  tragedies, 
and  by  Shakespeare  (in  its  English  version  by 
Sir  Thomas  North)  for  some  of  his  plays. 

Anacreon  (a-nak're-on).  A  renowned  lyric 
poet  of  Greece;  born  at  Teos  in  Ionia,  562  (?) 
B.  C;  died  477  B.  C.  He  enjoyed  the  pat- 
ronage of  Polycrates,  autocrat  of  Samos  ;  and 
while  at  his  court,  composed  most  of  the  odes 
in  praise  of  wine  and  women  which  won  for 
him  pre-eminence  among  singers.  A  few  of 
his  authentic  compositions  have  come  down 
to  us  :  under  his  name  as  many  as  68  extant 
poems  circulate,  but  the  authorship  of  many 
of  these  is  extremely  doubtful. 

Anagnos,    Mrs.    Julia    Rowana     (Howe) 

(a-nag'nos).  An  American  poet  and  litterateur, 
daughter  of  Julia  Ward  Howe ;  born  in  1844 ; 
died  in  1886.  In  1870  she  married  M.  Anagnos, 
superintendent  of  the  Perkins  Institute  for  the 
Blind,  Boston,  Mass.  She  wrote  <  Stray  Chords  > 
(1883)  and  <  Philosophise  Qu3estor>  (1885). 

Anaxagoras  (an-aks-ag'6-ras).  A  famous 
Greek  philosopher  of  the  Ionic  school ;  born 
at  Clazomenas,  500  (?)  B.C.;  died  428  B.C. 
He  explained  eclipses  and  advanced  physical 
science.  In  philosophy,  he  taught  that  the  uni- 
verse is  regulated  by  an  eternal  self-existent 
and  infinitely  powerful  principle,  called  by  him 
mind ;  matter  he  seems  to  have  asserted  to  be 
eternal,  what  is  called  generation  and  destruc- 
tion being  merely  the  temporary  union  and 
separation  of  ever  existing  elements;  he  dis- 
proved the  doctrine  that  things  may  have 
arisen  by  chance.  Fragments  of  his  <  Treatise 
on  Nature'  are  still  in  existence. 

Anaximander  (an-aks-i-man'der).  A  Greek 
philosopher  of  the  Ionian  school;  born  at 
Miletus,  about  611  B.C.;  died  about  547  B.C. 
He  was  a  friend  and  pupil  of  Thales  of  Miletus, 
and  is  said  to  have  written  the  first  philo- 
sophical work  in  Greek  prose.  His  system  of 
philosophy  declared  that  the  principle,  or  sub- 
stance, out  of  which  all  things  arise  and  to 
which  they  return,  is  <*  immortal  and  imperish- 
able,'>  being  in  nature  intermediate  between 
air  and  water.  He  is  reputed  to  have  in- 
vented the  sun-dial. 

Anaximenes  (an-aks-im'e-nez).  A  Greek 
philosopher  of  the  Ionian  school ;  born  at 
Miletus,  and  lived  in  the  6th  century  B,  C.  He 
was  probably  a  pupil  of  Anaximander.  He 
held  that  air  is  the  original  substance,  from 
which,  by  thickening  and  thinning,  all  other 
elements,  as  fire,  water,  earth,  are  produced. 
But  little  is  known  of  him,  there  being  extant 
but  a  single  fragment  of  his  lost  work  <0n 
Nature.' 

Ancelot,  Jacques  Arsene  Polycarpe  (ons- 
15').  A  French  dramatist  (1794-1854),  whose 
first  success  was  the  tragedy  <  Louis  IX. > 
(1819).  In  1841  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Academy.     His  works  include:  <Fiesco' 


(1824),  a  successful  imitation  of  Schiller's  play; 
< Maria  Padilla>  (1838);  <  Marie  of  Brabant,' 
an  epic  (1825);  <Six  Months  in  Russia,'  a 
medley  of  prose  and  verse  (1827);  <The  Man 
of  the  World,'  a  novel  (1827);  <  Familiar  Epis- 
tles' (1842),  satires  of  great  elegance  of  style. 
His  wife  Marguerite  Louise  Virginie,  n^e  Char- 
don  (1792-1875),  was  frequently  his  co-laborer 
and  also  the  author  of  plays  and  novels.  Of 
the  former,  <  Marie,  or  the  Three  Epochs ' 
(1836)  is  the  best;  of  the  latter,  <Ren^e  de 
Varville'  (1S53)  and  <The  Banker's  Niece' 
(1853)  found  most  favor. 

Anczyc,  Vladislav  Ludvig  (an'tsich).  A 
Polish  dramatist  (1823-83),  who  lived  mostly  at 
Cracow,  and  wrote  national  plays  which  be- 
came very  popular.  The  best  among  them 
are:  <The  Peasant- Aristocrats'  (1851);  <The 
Inhabitants  of  Lobsov'  (1854);  The  Raftsmen' 
(1875);  <The  Peasants'  Emigration'  (1876);  be- 
sides which  he  wrote  ^Tyrtaeus,'  a  poetical  tale 
(1883),  and  many  juvenile  works,  partly  under 
the  pseudonym  "  Kasimir  Goralczyk." 

Andersen,  Hans  Christian  (an'der-sen).  An 
eminent  Danish  poet  and  story  writer;  born 
at  Odense,  April  2,  1805 ;  died  Aug.  4,  1875. 
Having  lost  his  father  early  in  childhood,  the 
boy  received  his  elementary  education  in  a 
charity  school.  He  traveled  in  Germany,  1828, 
making  the  acquaintance  of  Chamisso  and 
Tieck ;  then  he  made  tours  in  France,  Italy, 
and  the  East.  His  impressions  of  Italy  are 
embodied  in  <The  Improvvisatore '  (1835),  the 
work  which  first  gave  him  fame  at  home  and 
abroad.  In  the  same  year  appeared  <0.  T.,'  a 
novel  of  life  and  nature  in  the  North.  <Only 
a  Fiddler'  (1837)  is  founded  on  the  experi- 
ences of  the  author's  early  life.  <The  Poet's 
Bazar'  (1842)  is  inspired  by  the  impressions 
of  Oriental  travel.  He  is  seen  at  his  very 
best  in  <The  Picture  Book  without  Pictures.' 
Among  his  dramatic  compositions  are :  <  The 
Mulatto,'  a  romantic  play  which  was  received 
with  high  popular  favor ;  <  The  Flowers  of 
Happiness,'  a  comedy ;  <  Raphaella,'  a  roman- 
tic drama ;  <  Ahasuerus,'  designed  to  emphasize 
certain  problems  of  philosophy;  <The  Two 
Baronesses,'  a  comedy  of  Danish  life.  In  the 
English-speaking  world  Andersen's  great  fame 
will  ever  rest  upon  his  stories  for  children, 
the   celebrated    <  Wonder  Tales.' 

Andersen,  Karl.  A  Danish  poet;  born  in 
Copenhagen,  Oct.  26,  1828 ;  died  there,  Sept. 
I,  1883.  Among  his  epic  and  lyrical  produc- 
tions are:  < Strife  and  Peace'  (1858);  < Pic- 
tures of  Travel'  (1864);  <On  the  Arno  and  the 
Ganges'  (1865);  < Light  and  Shade'  (1868); 
< Romances  and  Songs'  (1880).  In  the  prose 
tale,  <Over  Cliff  and  Surf  (1883),  he  de- 
scribed admirably  nature  and  life  in  Iceland, 
where  he  spent  his  youth;  but  his  most  popu- 
lar work  is  < Genre  Pictures'  (1876-81),  seven 
collections  of  scenes  from  daily  life. 

Anderson,  Mary.  See  Navarro,  Mary  (An- 
derson) de. 


ANDERSON  —  ANDRIEUX 


«9 


Anderson,  Rasmus  BJbrn.  An  American 
author;  born  in  Albion,  Wis.,  Jan.  12,  1846,  of 
Norwegian  parents.  He  was  educated  at  Nor- 
wegian Lutheran  College,  Decorah,  Iowa;  be- 
coming professor  of  Scandinavian  languages 
in  the  University  of  Wisconsin  in  1875-84,  and 
United  States  minister  to  Denmark  in  1885.  1 1  is 
books  include  :  <  America  not  Discovered  l)y 
Christopher  Columbus  >  (1874) ;  <  Norse  Mythol- 
ogy >  (1875);  <  Viking  Tales  of  the  North  >  (1877), 

<  Translation  of    the    Younger  Edda>   (1880); 

<  First   Chapter    of     Norwegian     Immigration, 
1821-40.  > 

Anderson,  Robert.  An  English  dialect  poet ; 
born  in  Carlisle,  Feb.  i,  1770 ;  died  there,  Sept. 
26,  1833.  He  was  a  mill  hand  who  produced 
delightfully  humorous  and  gracefully  pathetic 
verse  in  his  native  Cumbrian  dialect ;  typical 
examples  being  <  The  Impatient  Lass,'  <  Lucy 
Gray,>  and  <  The  Lass  abuin  Thirty.' 

Andrea,  Johann  Valentin  (an-dra'e).  A 
German  theologian  and  satirist  (i 586-1654).  He 
traveled  as  the  tutor  of  young  noblemen  through 
France,  Switzerland,  and  Italy  in  1607-14;  be- 
came court  preacher  at  Stuttgart  in  1639,  and 
abbot  of  Adelberg  in  1650.  The  chief  among 
his  writings,  partly  in  Latin,  partly  in  German, 
full  of  ingenious  thought,  are:  < Turbo'  (1616), 
a  dramatic  satire  on  the  scholarship  of  his  day ; 
<Menippus'  (1617),  100  satirical  dialogues; 
< Spiritual  Pastime'  (1619). 

Andreini,  Giovanni  Battista  (an-dra-e'ne). 
An  Italian  comedian  and  poet ;  born  in  Flor- 
ence, 1578 ;  died  in  Paris  about  1650.  From 
his  sacred  drama  <Adam'  (1613),  Milton  is 
by  some  supposed  to  have  derived  the  idea  of 

<  Paradise  Lost.' 

Andrews,  Charles  McLean.  An  American 
historical  and  descriptive  writer ;  born  in  Con- 
necticut, 1863.  He  is  professor  at  Bryn  Mawr 
College.  He  has  written  :  <  Historical  Develop- 
ment of  Modern  Europe ' ;  <  River  Towns  of 
Connecticut ' ;  <  The  Old  English  Manor.' 

Andrews,  Christopher  Columbus.  An  Amer- 
ican diplomat  and  writer;  born  at  Hillsbor- 
ough, N.  H.,  Oct.  27,  1829.  He  was  brevetted 
major-general  in  the  Civil  War,  was  minister 
to  Sweden  from  1869  to  1877,  and  consul-gen- 
eral to  Brazil  from  1882  to  1885.  Among  his 
numerous  works  are  :  <  Minnesota  and  Dakota' 
(1857);  *  Practical-Treatise  on  the  Revenue  Laws 
of  the  United  States '  ( 1858);  <  History  of  the  Cam- 
paign of  Mobile '  (1867) ;  <  Brazil,  its  Condition 
and  Prospects '  (1887);  <  Administrative  Reforms.' 

Andrews,  Elisha  Benjamin.  An  American 
historical  and  economical  writer;  born  at  Hins- 
dale, N.  H.,  Jan.  10,  1844.  After  serving  in  the 
Civil  War,  finishing  his  college  and  theological 
education,  preaching  about  a  year  at  Beverly, 
Mass.,  being  president  of  a  university  in  Ohio, 
professor  in  Newton  Theological  Institute  and 
Brown  and  Cornell  Universities,  he  became 
president  of  Brown  University  (1889).  He  went 
as  one  of  the  United  States  commissioners  to 
the  monetary  conference  at  Brussels  in  1892. 


He  has  written  :  <  Institutes  of  our  Constitutional 
History,  EngHsh  and  American'  (1887);  'Insti- 
tutes of  General  History'  (1889);  < Institutes  of 
Economics'  (1889);  <  History  of  the  United 
States ' ;  <  History  of  the  Last  Quarter-Century 
in  the  U.S.';  *  History  of  U.S.  in  Our  Own  Times.' 

Andrews,  Ethan  Allen,  ^.n  American  ed- 
ucator and  lexicographer;  born  at  New  Britain, 
Conn.,  April  7,  1787;  died  there,  March  24, 
1858.  He  was  professor  of  ancient  languages 
at  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  1822-28; 
edited  the  Religious  Magazine  with  Jacob  Ab- 
bott, whom  he  succeeded  as  principal  of  the 
Young  Ladies'  School  in  Boston ;  but  his  chief 
work  was  compiling  classical  text-books.  He 
edited  the  well-known  < Latin-English  Lexicon' 
(1850),  based  on  Freund ;  and  <  Andrews  and 
Stoddard's  Latin  Grammar'  (with  Solomon 
Stoddard ;  65th  ed.  1857)  was  for  many  years 
the  leading  one  in  America. 

Andrews,  James  Pettit.  An  English  his- 
torian and  antiquary;  born  near  Newbury, 
Berkshire,  about  1737;  died  in  London,  Aug. 
6,  1797.  His  principal  works  were:  <A  Collec- 
tion of  Anecdotes,  etc..  Ancient  and  Modern* 
(1789);  <  History  of  Great  Britain,  etc.'  (1794- 
95) ;  <  Henry's  History  of  Britain,  Continued ' 
(1796) ;  etc. 

Andrews,  Jane.  An  American  juvenile-story 
writer;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1833;  died  in 
1887.  Among  her  stories  for  children,  which 
have  enjoyed  great  popularity,  are :  <  Seven 
Little  Sisters  who  Live  on  the  Round  Ball 
that  Floats  in  the  Air'  (1876);  <The  Stories 
Mother  Nature  Told';  <The  Seven  Little 
Sisters  Prove  their  Sisterhood'  (1878);  <Ten 
Boys  on  the  Road  from  Long  Ago  to  Now' 
(1S85);  <Only  a  Year  and  What  it  Brought' 
(1887). 

Andrews,  Stephen  Pearl.  An  American 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Templeton, 
Mass.,  March  22,  1812;  died  at  New  York, 
May  21,  1886.  He  was  a  prominent  abolition- 
ist, practiced  law  in  the  South,  and  settled 
in  New  York  in  1847.  He  paid  much  atten- 
tion to  phonographic  reporting,  and  also  to 
the  development  of  a  universal  philosophy 
which  he  called  "  Integralism,"  and  of  a  uni- 
versal language,  <<  Alwato."  Besides  numerous 
works    relating   to    these    subjects,    he    wrote : 

<  Comparison  of  the  Common  Law  with  the 
Roman,  French,  or  Spanish  Civil  Law  on 
Entails,  etc' ;  <  Love,  Marriage,  and  Divorce ' ; 

<  French,  with  or  without  a  Master ' ;  <  The 
Labor  Dollar'  (1881);  < Transactions  of  the 
Colloquium'  (a  society  founded  by  himself 
and  his  friends  for  philosophical  discussion, 
1882-83).  He  contributed  to  the  London  Times 
and  other  papers,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and 
the  American  Ethnological  Society. 

Andrieux,  Frangois  Jean  Stanislas  (oh- 
dre-e).  A  French  poet  and  dramatist ;  born  in 
Strasbourg,  May  6,  1759;  died  in  Paris,  May 
9,  1833.  Practicing  law  in  Paris  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Revolution,  he  became  a  zealous 


20 


ANDRONICUS  —  ANSTEY 


adherent  of  the  latter,  and  in  1798  was  elected 
to  the  Council  of  the  Five  Hundred.  In  1795 
he  was  elected  a  member,  and  in  1S23  secre- 
tary for  life,  of  the  Academy.  His  forte  is 
the  poetical  tale,  in  which  he  aims  at  classical 
purity  of  language  and  prosody.  The  most 
noted  are:  <The   Miller  of  Sanssouci>  (i797); 

<  Fenelon's  Walk  > ;  and  <  The  Trial  of  the  Senate 
of  Capua.>  Of  his  dramatic  work  may  be  men- 
tioned the  comedies   <The   Heedless'  (17S7) ; 

J^Ioli&re  with  his  Friends  >  (1S04) ;  <  The  Come- 
dian>  (1816);  and  the  tragedy  < Junius  Brutus> 
(1794)- 

Andronicus,  Livius  (an-dro-ni'cus).  An  early 
Roman  dramatic  poet  and  actor;  bom  at  Ta- 
rentum,  about  2S4  B.C.;  died  about  204.  A 
Greek  by  birth,  captured  in  war  and  sold  as  a 
slave  in  Rome,  he  was  afterward  freed,  and 
became  a  teacher  of  Latin  and  Greek.  His 
plays,  mostly  tragedies,  with  a  few  comedies, 
were  translated  from  the  Greek.  They  were 
first  played  in  Rome,  240  B.  C. 

Aneurin.  A  famous  Welsh  bard  of  the  6th 
centur}-.  Of  his  epic  and  songs  we  possess  tlic 
<Godolin,>  which  is  believed  to  be  a  descrip- 
tion of  one  of  the  last  great  battles  of  the 
native  Britons  with  the  Saxon  invaders.  The 
poem  as  it  has  come  down  to  us  contains 
nearly  i,oco  lines,  but  it  is  not  complete  and 
lacks  unity.  The  sense  is  obscure,  and  sev- 
eral passages  are  capable  of  various  interpreta- 
tions. 

Angell,  James  Burrill.  An  American  edu- 
cator, diplomatist,  and  writer ;  born  at  Scituate, 
R.  I.,  Jan.  7,  1S29.  He  was  graduated  from 
Brown  University  in  1849,  and  professor  of  mod- 
ern languages  there  from  1S53  to  i860.  From 
1S60  to  1866  he  was  editor  of  the  Providence 
Journal.  He  was  president  of  the  University 
of  Vermont  from  1S66  to  1S71.  In  1871  he  be- 
came president  of  the  University  of  Michigan. 
He  was  minister  to  China  from  1880  to  1881, 
and  from  1S97-180S  to  Turkey.  Among  his 
^Yorks  are :  <  Manual  of  French  Literature  > 
(1857);  'Progress  of  International  Law >  (1875). 

Angelo,  Michel.    See  Michel  Angelo. 

Angelus  Sileslus  (iin'je-lus  si-le'shi-us),pseu- 
donjTn  of  Johannes  Scheffler.  A  German  mystic 
and  sacred  poet  (1624-77),  brought  up  in  the 
Lutheran  faith,  but  in  1653  embraced  Catholi- 
cism, in  1661  was  ordained  priest,  and  in  1664 
became  councilor  of  the  Prince-Bishop  of 
Breslau.  His  poems,  some  of  which  are  ex- 
quisite   sacred    lyrics,    appeared    collected    as 

<  Spiritual  Joys>  (1657)  and  <  Cherubic  Wan- 
derer* (1675). 

Angely,  Louis  (an'je-li).  A  German  dram- 
atist (1787-1835).  He  was  for  several  vears  a 
favorite  comic  actor  in  Berlin,  and  skillfully 
adapted  to  local  conditions  a  number  of  French 
comedies,  among  which  the  most  popular  were  : 
'Schoolboy  Pranks >;  <The  Journey  at  Com- 
mon Expense  >;  <Of  Seven  the  Ugliest  >;  <The 
Artisans'  Festival  >;  <  Seven  Girls  in  Uniform.> 


Anicet-Bourgeois,  Auguste  (a-ne-sa'  bbr- 
zhwa').  A  French  dramatist ;  born  in  Paris, 
Dec.  25,  1806;  died  there,  Jan.  12,  1871.  He 
wrote  about  200  comedies,  vaudevilles,  melo- 
dramas, often  in  collaboration  with  Barbier, 
Ducange,  Feval,  Labiche,  and  others ;  while  on 
the  other  hand  he  is  the  real  and  sole  author 
of  some  of  the  best  plays  ascribed  to  the  elder 
Dumas  (for  instance  '  Teresa,'  <  Ang&le,>  <  Cathe  • 
rine  Howard').  Among  his  own  productions 
the  following  deserve  mention :  <  The  Venetian  > 
(1834);  <The  Poor  GirP  (1838);  <SteUa>  (1S43). 

Annunzio,  Gabriele  d'  (iin-non'tse-o).  An 
Italian  novelist  and  poet ;  bom  on  the  yacht 
Irene  in  the  Adriatic,  near  Pescara,  in  1864. 
Educated  at  Prato ;  went  to  Rome  in  1880 ; 
and  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  Italian 
writers  of  the  day.  He  abandoned  Italian 
traditions  for  the  modem  French  realism. 
His  poems  and  novels  are  brilliant  but 
sensual,  the  later  works  pessimistic.  They 
include:  'Pleasure'  (1889);  <The  Triumph  of 
Death'  (1894);  and  'Maidens  of  the  Crag' 
(1895).  Among  his  poems  are:  'The  New 
Song'  (Rome,  18S2); '  Interludes  of  Verse '  ( 18S3); 
and  <  Marine  Odes  '   (1893)  ;  <  The  Fire  '  (1900 1. 

Ansbach,  Elisabeth,  Margravine  of.  See 
Craven,  Lady. 

Anslo,  Roinier  (ans'15).  A  Dutch  poet; 
born  at  Amsterdam,  1622  or  1626;  died  at 
Pemgia,  May  16,  1669.  He  is  an  imitator  of 
Vondel,  and  one  of  the  foremost  Dutch  poets 
of  his  time.  He  went  to  Italy  and  lived  for 
many  years  in  Rome,  where  he  wrote  his  finest 
poems.  His  most  famous  work  is  'The  Plague 
at  Naples,'  and  the  next  in  importance  '  The 
Eve  of  St.  Bartholomew,'  both  epics. 

Anspach,  Frederick  Rlnehart.  An  Amer- 
ican clergjTnan  and  religious  writer;  bom  in 
central  Pennsylvania,  Jan.  1815;  died  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  Sept.  i5,  1867.  He  was  educated 
at  Pennsylvania  College  and  the  Lutheran  Theo- 
logical Seminar)-.  His  works  include:  'Sons 
of  the  Sires'  (1S54);  'Sepulchres  of  the  De- 
parted' (1854);  'the  Two  Pilgrims'  (1857). 

Anstey,  Christopher.  An  English  poet 
(1724-1S05).  He  was  a  gentleman  of  fortune, 
and  wrote  'The  New  Bath  Guide'  (1766),  hu- 
morous letters  in  rhyme  describing  life  at  that 
fashionable  watering-place.  These  became  fa- 
mous, and  Smollett  borrowed  largely  from  the 
v.-ork  for  '  Humphrey  Clinker.'  He  also  -wrote 
'An  Election  Ball  and   Other  Verses'  (1776). 

Anstey,  F.,  pseudon)Tn  of  Thomas  Anstey 
Guthrie.  An  English  humorist ;  bom  in  Ken- 
sington in  1856.  He  graduated  from  Cam- 
bridge in  1S75,  '"'as  called  to  the  bar  in  iSSo, 
and  joined  Punch  staff  in  1887.  He  is  the 
author  of:  'Vice  Versa'  (1SS2);  'The  Giant's 
Robe'  (1883);  'The  Black  Poodle'  (1S84); 
'The  Tinted  Venus'  (1885);  'The  Pariah' 
(1889);  'Voces  Populi'  (1890);  'Mr.  Punch's 
Pocket  Ibsen'  (1893);  and  'Puppets  at  Large' 
(1S97). 


ANTAR  —  APULEIUS 


21 


Antar  (an'tar)  or  Antarah,  ben  Shedad  el 
Absl.  A  famous  Arab  poet;  bom  about  the 
middle  of  the  sixth  century  A.  D.,  died  about 
615  A.  D.  He  is  the  author  of  one  of  the  seven 
celebrated  ^<  suspended  poems.'^  He  lauds  the 
beauty  of  his  mistress,  and  rehearses  the  story 
of  his  adventures  in  Arabia.  Portions  were 
translated  into  English  verse  by  Terrick  Ham- 
ilton (1S20.) 

Antheunis,  Gentll  Tbeodoor  (an'te-nes).  A 
Flemish  poet;  born  at  Oudenaarde,  Sept.  9, 
1S40.  At  first  a  teacher  in  his  native  place 
and  at  Dendermonde,  he  afterwards  became  a 
justice  of  the  peace  in  Brussels.  His  lyrics 
excelling  in  euphony  and  tender  sentiment, 
have  frequently  been  set  to  music.  They  ap 
Ijeared  in  collections  :  *  From  the  Heart*  (1S75) 

<  Songs  and  Poems  >  (1874)  '>   *  Life,  Love,   and 
.Song>  (1879). 

Anthon,  Cbarles.  A  celebrated  American 
ilassical  scholar ;  born  in  New  York  city,  Nov. 
39.  1797;  died  July  29,  1867.  He  was  for  many 
years  professor  of  ancient  languages  at  Colum- 
bia College.  A  beautiful  edition  of  Horace 
first  made  him  famous  among  scholars.  His 
best  known  work  was  an  edition  of  Lem- 
priere's  <  Classical  Dictionary*  (1841).  He  was 
also  the  editor  of  over  fifty  classical  text-books. 

Antlmaclius  (an-tim'a-kus).  A  Greek  epic 
and  elegiac  poet;  flourished  about  400  B.  C. 
He  was  called  "  The  Colophonian,**  from 
Colophon,  his  native  place.  His  chief  works 
were  the  epic  <  Thebais,*  and  an  elegy  on 
his  dead  love  Lyde.  The  Alexandrine  critics 
greatly  admired  him,  esteeming  him  next  to 
Homer. 

Antipater  of  Sidon  (an-tip'a-ter).  A  Greek 
poet ;  lived  about  100  B.  C.  Famous  during 
his  life  as  an  improvisator,  he  is  best  known 
by  a  collection  of  witty  epigrams,  which  may 
be  found  in  the  <  Greek  Anthology.* 

Antona-Traversi,  Camillo  (an-to'na  tra- 
ver'si).  An  Italian  literary  historian  and  dram- 
atist ;  born  in  Milan,  Nov.  27,  1857.  Besides 
numerous  essays  and  studies  on  Boccaccio, 
Ugo  Foscolo,  and  Leopardi,  he  produced  sev- 
eral comedies,  including  <  George's   Sacrifice  * ; 

<  Albert's  Marriage  * ;  *  Stop  and  Recommence.* 

Antonides  van  der  Goes,  Joannes  (an-to- 
ne'des  van  der  gos).  A  Dutch  poet;  born  at 
Goes,  May  3.  1647 ;  died  at  Rotterdam,  Sept.  18, 
1684.  The  most  distinguished  disciple  of  Von- 
del,  and  a  violent  opponent  of  the  one-sided 
French  classicism,  he  exercised  a  wholesome 
influence  upon  his  native  literature.  When 
only  nineteen,  his  tragedy,  <  Trazil,  or  the  Con- 
quest of  China*  (1664),  attracted  universal  at- 
tention and  won  him  the  lifelong  friendship 
of  Vondel.  His  most  famous  work  is  <De 
Y-Stroom>  (1671),  an  epic  on  the  river  Y, 
glorifying  the  great  international  commerce  of 
Amsterdam,  and  is  a  masterly  delineation  of  the 
life  in  that  city. 

Antoninus,  Marcus  Aurelius.  See  Aure- 
lius. 


Anton  Ulrich,  Duke  of  Brunswick-Wolfen- 
blittel  (an'ton  ol'rich).  A  German  novelist  and 
poet  (1633-1714),  a  zealous  patron  of  art  and 
science,  author  of  two  voluminous  novels,  highly 
famed  in  their  time.  They  were  *■  The  Serene 
Syrian  Aramena*  (1669-73)  and  <The  Roman 
Octavia*  (1677).  He  also  composed  numerous 
sacred  poems. 

Anzengruber,  Ludwig  (an'tsen-gro-ber).  An 
Austrian  dramatist  and  novelist;  born  in  Vi- 
enna, Nov.  29,  1839;  died  there,  Dec.  10,  i88g'. 
His  great  merit  lies  in  the  creation  of  a  gen- 
uine Austrian  national  drama,  by  which  he 
sprang  at  once  into  fame  in  his  native  country  ; 
afterivards  he  wrote  stories  of  village  life  with 
equal  success.  Of  his  dramatic  works  the  most 
noteworthy  are :  <  The  Parson  of  Kirchfeld 
(1870);  <The  Perjured  Peasant*  (1871).  Of  his 
narrative  productions,  <  The  Stigma,*  a  novel 
(1876);  <The  Sternstein  Farm,*  a  village  story 
{1885),  deserve  particular  mention. 

Apel,  Johann  August  (a'ple).  A  German 
novelist  and  poet  (1771-1816)  chiefly  known  by 
his  tales,  collected  as  < Ghost-Book*  (4  vols., 
1810-14)  and  <  Wonder-Book  *  (4  vols.,  1815-17). 
He  also  wrote  several  dramas.  His  son  Guido 
Theodor  (iSii-67)  attempted  dramatic  and  epic 
poetry. 

Apollonius  of  Rhodes  (ap-o-lo'ni-us).  A 
Greek  grammarian  and  poet;  born  280  B.C. 
His  one  poetic  composition,  <  Argonautics,* 
gives  but  scant  proof  of  its  author's  poetic  in- 
spiration, though  it  has  a  few  passages  of  high 
artistic  beauty.  It  was  widely  read  by  the 
Romans;  both  Virgil  and  Ovid  borrowed  a 
little  from  Apollonius 

Appleton,  Thomas  Gold.  An  American 
writer;  born  in  Boston,  March  31,  1812;  died 
in  New  York,  April  17,  1884.  He  was  a  patron 
of  art,  and  an  amateur  painter  of  merit ;  he 
aided  libraries  and  museums  of  Boston.  Author 
of  <  Nile  Journal  *  (Boston,  1876) ;  <  Syrian  Sun- 
shine* (1877);  and  a  volume  of  poems,  <  Faded 
Leaves.* 

Apthorp,  William  Foster.  An  American 
musical  and  dramatic  critic;  born  in  Massa- 
ehusetts  in  1848.  He  is  on  the  staff  of  the 
Boston  Evening  Transcript.  His  chief  work 
is  <  Musicians  and  Music  Lovers,  and  Other 
Essays.*  He  is  also  the  translator  of  Zola's 
'Jacques  Damour,*  and  of  < Hector  Berlioz* 
(1879);  <  The  Opera  Past  and  Present.  > 

Apuleius,  Lucius  (ap-ii-le'us).  A  famous 
Latin  satirist  and  writer  of  fiction ;  lived  in 
the  2d  century,  and  was  a  native  of  northern 
Africa.  Having  inherited  an  ample  fortune, 
he  devoted  himself  to  study  and  travel ;  at- 
tending first  the  schools  of  Carthage,  then  the 
Athenian  schools  of  philosophy.  His  principal 
work  is  <  Metamorphosis  *  or  *  The  Golden  Ass,> 
which  includes  the  charming  epilogue  of  <  Cupid 
and  Pysche  * ;  well  known  also  is  his  witty 
<  Apology,'  a  defense  against  a  charge  of  sor- 
cery brought  by  the  sons  of  a  widow  twice 
his  age  whom  he  had  married. 


22 


AQUINAS  —  ARBOLED  A 


Aquinas,  Thomas,  St.    See  Thomas. 

Arago,  Dominique  Fran5ois  (ar-a-go').  An 
eminent  French  astronomer  and  physicist ;  born 
near  Ferpignan,  Feb.  26,  1786;  died  in  Paris, 
Oct.  2,  1853.  His  biographical  notices  of  dis- 
tinguished men  of  science  hold  a  high  place 
in  literature  for  clearness  of  thought  and 
beauty  of  style.  Elected  to  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  after  the  revolution  of  1830,  he  elo- 
quently took  part  with  the  advanced  repub- 
licans. After  the  fall  of  Louis  Philippe  in  1848, 
he  effected  as  Minister  of  War  and  of  Marine 
manv  salutary  reforms,  such  as  the  abolition 
of  flogging  in  the  navy  and  of  negro  slavery 
in  the  colonies.  His  scientific  observations 
and  discoveries  were  numerous  and  important. 
English  translations  of  separate  portions  of  his 
works  have  been  published,  notably  his  <  Auto- 
biography > ;  <  Popular  Lectures  on  Astronomy  > ; 
<  Meteorological  Essays  > ;  and  <  Biographies  of 
Scientific  Men.> 

Arago,  Etienne  Vincent.  A  French  poet, 
journalist,  and  pla}  wright ;  born  at  Perpignan, 
Feb.  9,  1802;  died  in  Paris,  March  6,  1892. 
Brother  of  the  preceding.  He  wrote,  mostly 
in  collaboration  with  others,  a  number  of  com- 
edies, vaudevilles,  and  melodramas ;  and  under 
the  pseudonym  of  Jules  Ferney,  made  himself 
known  through  his  feuilletons  in  the  Siecle. 
By  far  his  best  production,  however,  is  <Spa, 
its  Origin,  History,  Waters,  etc.»  (1851),  an 
epic  in  seven  cantos.  Besides  this,  <  A  Voice 
from  Exile'  (i860)  and  <  The  Blue  and  the 
White'  (1862),  a  historical  romance  of  the 
wars  in  the  Vendee,  deserve  mention. 

Arago,  Jacques  Etienne.  A  French  writer 
of  travels ;  born  at  Estagel,  March  10,  1790 ; 
died  in  Brazil,  January  1855.  Brother  of  the 
preceding.  Till  1837  his  literary  work  con- 
sisted in  the  production  of  light  theatrical 
pieces.  He  then  lost  his  sight  and  made  a 
royage  around  the  globe,  which  afforded  ma- 
terial for  two  charming  books :  <  Promenade 
ground  the  World'  (1838)  and  <A  Blind  Man's 
Voyage  round  the  World.'  He  had  some  pain- 
ful experiences  on  this  side  of  the  globe,  which 
ire  detailed  in  the  <  Travels  of  a  Blind  Man 
in  California  (1851). 

Arany,  Janos  (or'ony).  An  eminent  Hun- 
garian poet;  born  at  Nagy-Szalonta,  March  I, 
1817;  died  in  Buda-Pesth,  Oct.  22,  1882.  Edu- 
cated in  the  college  at  Debreczin,  1832-36,  he 
was  employed  as  a  teacher  in  his  native  place ; 
in  1840  was  appointed  notary  there;  and  won 
immediate  success  with  his  first  epical  produc- 
tion in  1845.  During  the  Hungarian  revolution 
he  held  a  government  position ;  then  lived  in 
needy  circumstances  in  his  native  town  until 
1854,  when  he  obtained  a  professorship  at 
Nagy-Koros.  Thence  he  was  called  to  Buda- 
Pesth  in  i860  as  director  of  the  Kisfaludy 
Society;  founded  the  literary  weekly  Koszoni 
(The  Wreath);  and  in  1865  was  appointed  sec- 
retary of  the  Hungarian  Academy,  of  which 
he  had  been  a  member  since  1859.  Owing  to 
his  feeble  health  he   resigned  in   1878.    As  a 


national  poet  he  ranks  immediately  after  Petofi 
and  Vorosmarty,  his  epical  creations  deserving 
to  be  acknowledged  as  ornaments  not  only  of 
Hungarian  but  of  modern  poetry  in  general. 
He  is  a  master  of  the  ballad  and  a  translator  of 
highest  merit,  as  proven  by  his  versions  of  Tasso, 
Goethe,  Shakespeare,  and  above  all,  his  trans- 
lation of  Aristophanes  (3  vols.,  1880).    Works : 

<  The  Lost  Constitution,'  a  humorous  epic 
(1845,  prize  of  Kisfaludy  Society),  depicting 
the  doings  at  the  county  elections ;  <  The  Taking 
of  Murdny'    (1848,  prize);    <  Katalin '    (1850); 

<  Toldi,'  an  epical  trilogy  (1851-54-80),  exalting 
the  deeds  of  the  Hungarian  Samson ;  <  The 
Gipsies  of  Nagy-Ida>  (1852);  < Buda's  Death* 
(1864,  prize),  <  Prose  Writings'  (1879). 

Arany,  L^szlO.  A  Hungarian  poet ;  born 
at  Nagy-Szalonta,  March  24,  1844.  Son  of  the 
preceding;  member  of  the  Academy  since 
1872;  author  of  <  Elfrida,'  a  poetical  tale  (1868, 
prize);  <The  Battle  of  the  Huns'  (1874);  *The 
Hero  of  Disenchantment,'  a  humorous  epic 
(1873),  which  won  a  prize  and  ranks  among 
the  best  productions  of  Hungarian  literature. 

Aratus  (a-ra'tus).  A  Greek  poet  and  as- 
tronomer; bom  at  Soli,  Cilicia,  flourishing 
about  290-260  B.  C.  His  chief  work  was  an 
astronomical  poem  entitled  'Pheenomena'  (As- 
pects of  the  Heavens),  in  1,154  verses;  the 
plan  being  in  imitation  of  Hesiod,  while  the 
style  is  borrowed  from  Homer.  Greatly  ad- 
mired in  antiquity,  it  was  translated  into  Latin 
by  Cicero  and  others.  He  was  a  friend  of 
the  poets  Theocritus  and  Callimachus. 

Araujo  Porto-Alegre,  Manoel  de  (a-rou'zho 
por'to  a-la'gre).  A  Brazilian  poet ;  born  at  Rio 
Pardo,  Nov.  29,  1806 ;  died  in  Lisbon,  Portugal, 
Dec.  30,  1879.  He  frequented  the  Academy  of 
Arts  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  1826-28;  studied  paint- 
ing in  Paris  and  architecture  there  and  in 
Italy  until  1837,  when  he  returned  to  Rio  and 
was  made  professor  at  the  Academy  of  Arts, 
later  at  the  Military  Academy.  He  was  Bra- 
zilian consul-general  at  Stettin  in  1859-65,  but 
lived  mostly  in  Berlin,  afterwards  at  Lisbon. 
His  principal  works  are :  <  Colombo,'  an  epic, 
celebrating  the  discovery  of  America ;  and  <  Bra- 
silianas,'  a  lyric  cycle,  abounding  in  splendid 
descriptions  of  nature. 

Arblay,  Madame  d'.    See  Burney. 

Arbois  de  Jubainville.  Henri  d'  (ar-bwa' 
de  zhiibah'vel).  A  distinguished  French  archre- 
ologist;  bom  at  Nancy,  Dec.  5,  1827.  He  is 
the  most  eminent  authority  in  France  on  Gal- 
lic antiquity  and  the  Celtic  languages.  Of  his 
works  the  most  noteworthy  are :  <  History  of 
the  Dukes  and  Counts  of  Champagne'  (1859- 
69);  <The  First  Inhabitants  of  Europe'  (1877); 
<  A  Course  of  Celtic  Literature  >  (5  vols.,  1883). 

Arboleda,  Julio  (ar-bo-la'xHa).  A  South 
American  poet,  orator,  journalist,  and  revolu- 
tionist; born  in  Colombia,  June  9,  1817;  died 
about  1872.  Having  assumed  the  supreme 
power  in  New  Granada,  he  was  assassinated. 
He    was    one    of    the    best-known    poets    of 


ARBUTHNOT  —  ARGYLE 


23 


Spanish  America.  Of  his  principal  work, 
<  Gonzalo  of  Oy6n,>  only  such  parts  as  hap- 
pened to  exist  in  duplicate  were  published,  the 
manuscript  having  been  destroyed  by  a  bitter 
personal  enemy. 

Arbuthnot,  John.  A  Scottish  humorist; 
born  near  Arbuthnot  Castle,  Kincardineshire, 
Scotland,  April  29,  1667 ;  died  in  London,  Feb. 
27,  1735-  He  was  physician  to  Queen  Anne. 
His  literary  fame  rests  mainly  on  <  The  His- 
tory of  John  Bull*  (1712),  at  first  attributed  to 
Swift,  but  proved  to  have  been  the  work  of 
Arbuthnot.  Primarily  designed  to  satirize  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough,  and  to  oppose  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession, 
th\s  work  was  the  means  of  fastening  the  so- 
briquet and  the  typical  character  of  John  Bull 
upon  the  English  nation ;  but  owing  to  its 
ardent  and  extreme  Tor3'ism  it  is  now  little 
read,  and  known  chiefly  by  brilliant  extracts. 
It  is  said  to  have  suggested  to  Swift  the  com- 
position of  <  Gulliver's  Travels.*  He  also  wrote 
a  number  of  serious  works  which  have  been 
highly  valued. 

Archeuholz,  Johann  Willielm  von  (ar'chen- 
holts).  A  German  historian  (1743-1812).  He 
took  part  in  the  closing  campaigns  of  the 
Seven  Years'  War  and  retired  as  captain,  1763  ; 
traveled  extensively  in  Europe,  lived  in  Eng- 
land the  greater  part  of  1769-79,  and  settled 
in  Hamburg  in  1792.  His  book  on  <  England 
and  Italy*  (1785),  extensively  translated,  ob- 
tained a  phenomenal  success.  A  sequel  to  it 
was  < Annals  of  British  History*  (1789-98,  20 
vols.).  His  < History  of  the  Seven  Years'  War* 
(1789,  augmented  1793,  13th  ed.  1892)  is  still  the 
most  popular  account  of  that  war. 

Archer,  Thomas.  An  English  novelist  and 
essayist.  His  works  deal  with  the  conditions 
of  the  working  classes  and  with  social  evils. 
Among  the  best  known  are:  <A  Fool's  Para- 
dise* (1870);  'Profitable  Plants*  (1874). 

Archer,  William.  A  Scottish  critic ;  born 
at  Perth,  Sept.  23,  1856.  He  graduated  at 
Edinburgh  University,  1876,  and  was  called  to 
the  bar,  1883.  He  has  long  been  dramatic 
critic  for  various  London  papers,  and  has  pub- 
lished books  on  the  drama,  including :  <  Eng- 
lish Dramatists  of  To-day'  (1882);  < Masks  or 
Faces :  a  Study  in  the  Psychology  of  Acting  * 
(1888);  <  Henry  Irving,*  a  critical  study  (1883); 
<,William  Ch.  Macready,  a  Biography*  (1890). 
He  is  the  English  translator  of  Ibsen's  dramas 
(1890-91). 

Archilochus  (ar-kil'o-kus).  An  eminent 
Greek  poet ;  flourished  in  the  7th  century  B.  C. 
Of  his  life  nothing  is  definitely  known.  He 
was  classed  by  the  ancients  with  the  greatest 
poets,  Homer,  Pindar,  Sophocles;  but  of  his 
works  only  a  few  fragments  have  come  down 
to  us.  His  lyrics,  in  iambic  verse,  were  often 
pomted  with  the  bitterest  satire ;  besides  satires 
he  wrote  hymns,  elegies,  and  epodes. 

Arene,  Paul  Auguste  (a-ran').  A  French 
writer  of  stories  and  travels;  born  at  Sisteron, 


June  26,  1843;  died  at  Antibes,  Dec.  16,  1896. 
At  first  engaged  in  teaching  at  Marseilles  and 
in  Paris ;  but  from  1865  on  he  devoted  himself 
to  literature,  and  became  favorably  known 
through  his  brilliant  descriptions  of  his  Pro- 
ven9al  home.  Notable  among  various  collec- 
lections  of  stories  are :  <  The  Perfumed  Beggar 
Woman*  (1876);  <In  the  Kindly  Sun*  (1879); 

<  The  True  Temptation  of  St.  Anthony  * ; 
'Christmas  Stories.*  He  also  wrote  two  nov- 
els,—<  John  of  the  Figs*  (1868)  and  <The 
Golden  Goat*  (1889);  several  comedies,  partly 
in  conjunction  with  others,  especially  Alphonse 
Daudet,    whose    collaborator    he    was    in    the 

<  Letters  from  my  Mill.*  Equally  charming  as 
his  stories  are  the  pictures  of  travel :  <  Twenty 
Days  in  Tunis*  (1884);  <From  the  Alps  to  the 
Pyrenees*  (1891)  ;  <  Select  Tales*  (1896). 

Aretino,  Pietro  (a-ra-te'no).  An  Italian 
satirical  poet  and  dramatist ;  born  at  Arezzo, 
April  20,  1492;  died  in  Venice,  Oct.  21,  1556. 
He  had  already  won  some  fame  as  a  writer 
of  satires,  when  he  settled  in  Rome  in  1517, 
where  his  bent  for  witty  effusions  led  to  his 
banishment  in  1524.  Turning  to  Florence,  he 
won  the  favor  of  John  de'  Medici,  and  at 
Milan  ingratiated  himself  with  Francis  I.  of 
France,  through  whose  intercession  he  was 
allowed  to  return  to  Rome.  Of  his  works  only 
his  five  comedies  in  prose,  and  *  Orazia,*  a 
tragedy  in  verse,  numbering  among  the  best 
in  Italian  literature,  are  of  lasting  merit.  His 
'  Letters  *  are  a  valuable  contribution  to  the 
history  of  the  times. 

Argensola,  Bartolomeo  Leonardo  de  (ar- 
Hen-so'la).  A  Spanish  poet  and  historian 
(1565-1631).  His  verse  lacks  native  force,  but 
shows  considerable  depth  of  sentiment,  while 
in  form  it  displays  exquisite  finish.  His  history 
of  <The  Conquest  of  the  Moluccas  >  is  a  model 
of  correct  and  idiomatic  Spanish  prose. 

Argensola,  Lupercio  Leonardo  de.  A  nota- 
ble .Spanish  poet  ;  born  at  Barbastro,  Aragon, 
Dec.  14,  1559  ;  died  at  Naples  in  March  1613. 
Brother  of  the  preceding.     His  three  tragedies, 

<  Isabella,*  '  Alexandra,*  and  <  Phyllis,*  brought 
him  fame  while  still  a  young  man  ;  but  his  forte 
was  lyric  poetry,  in  which  he  won  distinction. 
His  ballads  and  songs  are  notable  for  vigor  of 
thought  and  richness  of  pictorial  fancy.  Some 
of  his  <  Sonnets  *  are  masterpieces  ;  and  his 
<Epistles,*  both  in  substance  and  form,  are 
models  of  that  specie?  of  composition. 

Argyle  or  Argyll,  George  Douglas  Camp- 
bell (ar-gil^),  eighth  Duke  of.  An  English 
philosophical,  scientific,  and  political  writer, 
and  statesman ;  born  in  Ardencaple  Castle, 
Dumbartonshire,  April  30,  1823  ;  died  at  Lon- 
don, April  24,  1900.  He  was  Lord  Privy 
Seal  (i860)  and  Postmaster-General  (1855), 
being  reappointed  to  both  offices  in  i860,  to 
the  former  again  in  1880  ;  was  Secretary  for 
India  (1868-74).  He  wrote:  <The  Reign  of 
Law*  (1866),  a  striking  work  upholding  theism  ; 
'Primeval  Man*  (1869)  ;  <Iona*  (1870)  ;  <  The 
Eastern  Question  >  (2  vols.,  1879);  <  The  Unity 


24 


ARICI  —  ARMSTRONG 


of  Nature  (2d  ed.,  1884);  'Geology  and  the 
Deluge  >  (1885);  <  Scotland  as  It  Was  and  as  It 
ls>  (2  vols.,  1887);  and  <The  Unseen  Founda- 
tions of  Society.* 

Ariel,  Cesare  (a-re'che).  An  Italian  poet; 
bom  in  Brescia,  July  2,  1782;  died  there,  July 
2,  1836.  He  laid  the  foundation  of  his  suc- 
cess with  a  poem  on  <The  Cultivation  of  the 
Olive  >  (1808),  which  won  for  him  a  profes- 
sorship of  history  and  literature;  it  still  ranks 
among  the  best  specimens  of  Italian  didactic 
poetry.  He  wrote  many  'yric  pieces,  but  his 
chief  distinction  is  as  a  poet  of  bucolic  and 
pastoral  themes.  He  left  in  an  incomplete 
state  an  epic  on  <The  Destruction  of  Jerusa- 
lem.* 

Arlosto,  Ludovico  (a-re-os'to).  A  cele- 
brated Italian  poet;  born  at  Reggio,  Sept.  8, 
1474;  died  at  Ferrara,  June  6,  1533.  He  was 
one  of  the  three  great  epic  poets  of  Italy, 
and  styled  <<  The  Divine »  by  his  countrymen. 
He  early  abandoned  the  study  of  law  for  that 
of  the  classics.  Having  attracted  attention 
through  two  comedies,  he  entered  the  service 
of  Cardinal  Ippolito  d'Este,  who  intrusted  him 
with  several  diplomatic  -missions ;  after  whose 
death  in  1520  he  was  employed  by  the  reign- 
ing duke  of  Ferrara,  Alfonso,  the  cardinal's 
brother.  His  imperishable  fame  rests  mainly 
on  his  great  romantic-heroic  poem  <  Orlando 
Furioso  * ;  of  which  Orlando's  love  for  the  fair 
Angelica,  and  his  madness  induced  by  her 
treachery,  form  the  theme.  It  is  really  a  con- 
tinuation of  Bojardo's  <  Orlando  Innamorato,' 
a  knowledge  of  which  is  most  helpful  to  a 
thorough  appreciation  of  the  Furioso.  Of  his 
other  poetical  efforts  the  most  noteworthy  are 
his  seven  epistolary  satires,  conceived  in  the 
spirit  of  Horace,  which  contain  sundry  bits  of 
autobiographical  information  and  rank  among 
the  treasures  of  Italian  literature. 

Aristides  or  Aristeides  (ar-is-tl'dez).  A 
Greek  writer  who  lived  m  the  2d  century  B.C. 
He  was  the  father  of  Greek  prose  romance. 
He  wrote  a  series  of  love  stories  in  six  or 
more  books,  entitled  <  Milesiaca '  (Milesian 
Tales),  from  the  place  in  which  their  scene 
was  laid. 

Aristocles.    See  Plato. 

Aristophanes  (ar-is-tof'a-nez).  The  greatest 
of  the  Greek  writers  of  comedy  (B.  C.  448  ?- 
380?);  bom  at  Athens.  His  comedy  <The 
Knights  >  is  said  to  have  been  put  on  the  stage 
when  the  author  was  but  20  years  old.  Of  his 
44  plays  only  eleven  have  come  down  to  us. 
These  are:  <The  Knights >;  <The  Clouds,>— 
prized  by  him  above  all  the  rest,— wherein  he 
ridicules  the  Sophists  and  with  them  Socrates; 
<The  \Vasps,>  in  which  the  Athenians  are 
lashed  for  their  litigiousness ;  <  The  Acharnians  > ; 
<The  Peace  >  and  <The  Lynstrate,>  arguments 
for  concord  among  Grecian  States ;  <  The  Birds,> 
a  satire  against  the  "Greater  Athens »  idea; 
in  <The  Thesmophoriazusse  >  the  Athenian 
women  carry  off  to  court  the  poet  Euripides 
in  punishment  of  his  misogyny ;  <  The  Frogs,> 


directed  against  Euripides,  as  the  cause  of  the 
degeneration  of  dramatic  art ;  in  <  The  Eccle- 
siazus?e>  or  < Ladies  in  Parliament,*  he  reduces 
to  absurdity  the  overweening  expectation  of  the 
righting  of  all  wrongs  through  political  reforms ; 
in  the  <  Plutus  >  the  blind  god  of  wealth  is  made 
to  see  and  the  good  old  times  come  back 
again. 

Aristotle  (ar'is-totl).  The  most  renowned  of 
Greek  philosophers ;  born  at  Stagira,  Mace- 
donia, 384  B.C.;  died  at  Chalcis,  Euboea,  322 
B.  C.  He  was  for  twenty  years  a  student  of 
philosophy  in  the  school  of  Plato  at  Athens, 
but  at  the  same  time  a  teacher,  in  the  mean 
time  mastering  and  digesting  all  the  accessible 
results  of  philosophical  and  scientific  research 
and  speculation  in  his  time.  After  Plato's 
death,  he  opened  a  school  of  philosophy  at 
the  court  of  Hermias,  king  of  Atarneus  in 
Mysia,  who  had  been  his  fellow  student  in 
Plato's  Academy,  and  whose  adopted  daughter 
he  afterwards  married.  At  the  invitation  of 
Philip  of  Macedon  he  undertook  the  education 
of  his  son,  Alexander.  When  Alexander  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne,  the  philosopher  returned 
to  Athens  and  opened  a  school  in  the  Lyceum, 
so  called  from  the  neighboring  temple  of  the 
Lycian  Apollo.  From  being  held  in  the  cov- 
ered walk  {peripatos)  of  the  Lyceum  the  school 
obtained  the  name  of  the  Peripatetic.  He 
taught  in  the  Lyceum  for  13  years,  and  to  that 
period  we  owe  the  composition  of  most  of  his 
numerous  writings.  The  number  of  his  sep- 
arate treatises  is  given  by  Diogenes  Laertius 
as  146 :  only  46  separate  works  bearing  the 
name  of  the  philosopher  have  come  down  to 
our  time. 

Ari  Thorgilsson  (a're  t5r'gils-son).  The 
father  of  Icelandic  literature  (1067-II48).  He 
was  the  first  Icelander  to  use  his  mother 
tongue  as  a  literary  medium,  in  writing  his 
<  Islendingabok,*  a  concise  history  of  Iceland 
from  its  settlement  (about  870)  until  1120. 
This  work  was  finished  between  1134  and  1138. 

Arlincourt,  Victor  Vicomte  d'  (ar-laii-kor'). 
A  French  poet  and  novelist  (1789-1856).  His 
chief  poetical  work  is  •  Charlemagne,  or  the 
Caroleid*  (1818),  an  epic;  and  of  his  novels 
the  most  successful  was  *Le  Solitaire'  (1821), 
which  was  translated  into  all  European  lan- 
guages. Among  several  pamphlets,  written  in 
support  of  the  Legitimist  cause  in  1848,  one 
entitled  <God  Wills  It>  went  through  64  edi- 
tions. 

Armitage,  Thomas.  An  American  clergy- 
man; born  at  Pontefract,  England,  Aug.  2, 
1819;  died  Jan.  21,  1896.  He  was  an  import- 
ant influence  in  the  Baptist  Church  in  New 
York  city,  and  the  prime  mover  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  American  Bible  Union  in  1850. 
He  was  president  of  that  body  from  1856  to 
1875.  Among  his  works  are:  < Jesus,  His  Self-  | 
Introspection  > ;  and  <  History  of  the  Baptists '  { 
(1887). 

Armstrong,  Edmund  John.  An  Irish  poet; 
born  in  Dublin,  July  23,  1S41 ;  died  at  Kings- 


ARMSTRONG  —  ARNOLD 


2^ 


town,  Feb.  24,  1865.  His  most  elaborate  poem 
is  <Tlie  Prisoner  of  Mount  Saint  Micliael> 
(1863),  a  romantic  tale  of  passion  and  crime, 
the  scene  being  suggested  by  the  author's 
rambles  in  France  in  1862.  Next  in  import- 
ance is  <Ovoca,>  an  idyllic  poem,  partly  dra- 
matic, partly  narrative  in  form. 

Armstrong,  George  Francis.  An  Irish  poet ; 
born  in  the  county  of  Dublhi,  May  5,  1845. 
Brother  of  the  preceding.  Professor  of  his- 
tory and  English  literature  at  Queen's  College, 
Cork,  since  1871.  His  works  include  :  <  Poems, 
Lyrical  and  Dramatic  >  (1869);  <  Ugone,>  a 
tragedy  ( 1870) ;  <  Tragedy  of  Israel,>  a  trilogy 
comprising  <King  Saul>  (1872),  <  King  David  > 
(1874),  and  <King  Solomon >  (1876);  <Essays> 
(1877);  and  <  Mephistopheles  in  Broadcloth* 
(1888),  a  satire  in  verse. 

Armstrong,  Jolin.  An  American  author 
and  soldier;  born  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  Nov.  25, 
1758;  died  at  Red  Hook,  N.  Y.,  April  I,  1843. 
Served  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution  on  the  staff 
of  General  Gates;  was  United  States  minister 
to  France,  1804-10,  afterwards  to  Spain ;  and 
Secretary  of  War,  1813-14.  Author  of  <  Newburg 
Letters,*  begun  in  camp  1783,  anonymously, 
and  intended  to  arouse  Congress  to  redress 
army  grievances.  They  gave  General  Washing- 
ton displeasure.  He  also  wrote  'Notices  of  the 
War  of  i8i2>  (1836). 

Arnaboldi,  Alessandro  (ar-na-bol'di).  An 
Italian  poet ;  born  in  Milan,  Dec.  19,  1827 ; 
studied  law  in  Pavia  and  entered  the  govern- 
ment service,  but  resigned  in  1873  owing  to  an 
optic  infirmity,  and  has  since  lived  in  retire- 
ment near  Milan.  On  the  publication  of  a 
volume  of  <  Verses'  (1872),  he  was  hailed  by 
his  countrymen  as  the  peer  of  Manzoni  and 
Leopardi,  while  Dall'  Ongaro  even  styled  him 
the  greatest  living  poet  of  Italy.  A  second 
collection  of  his  poems  appeared  as  <  New 
Verses  >  (1888). 

Arnason,  J6n  (ar'na-son).  An  Icelandic  writer ; 
born  at  Hof,  Akagastrond,  Nov.  13,  1819 ;  died 
at  Reykjavik,  Aug.  17,  1888.  He  was  for  many 
years  librarian  of  the  National  Library,  and 
devoted  himself  assiduously  to  the  collection  of 
Icelandic  folk  tales.  He  has  hence  been  called 
the  <'Grimm  of  Iceland.**  His  principal  liter- 
ary work  is  <  Popular  Legends  and  Tales  of 
Iceland*  (1862-64). 

Arnault,  Antoine  Vincent  (ar-no').  A  French 
poet  and  dramatist  (1766-1834).  He  came  into 
public  notice  through  his  tragedy  <  Marius  at 
Mintumae*  (1791);  but  more  especially  deserves 
remembrance  for  his  satirical  fables,  in  which 
he  guarded  successfully  against  imitation  of  La- 
fontaine,  and  for  his  graceful  poems,  of  which 
'The  Leaf*  has  become  most  widely  known. 
His  'Souvenirs  of  a  Sexagenarian*  (1833)  con- 
tain excellent  delineations  of  character,  and 
many  interesting  disclosures  about  the  history 
of  the  time  up  to  1804. 

Arnflt,  Ernst  Moritz  (arnt).  A  German 
poet,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  patriot ;  born  at 


Schoritz,  Isle  of  Riigen,  Dec.  2n,  1769;  died  in 
Bonn,  Jan.  29,  i860.  On  the  publication,  in 
1S06,  of  the  first  series  of  his  *  Spirit  of  the 
Times,*  which  kindled  patriotic  enthusiasm 
throughout  the  German  lands,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  take  refuge  in  Sweden.  Some  years 
later  he  was  the  editor  at  Cologne  of  a  polit- 
ical journal.  The  Watchman.  In  1848  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Assembly,  he  belonged 
to  tlie  so-called  imperial  part}',  advocating  the 
union  of  Germany  under  the  leadership  of 
Prussia.  On  his  ninetieth  birthday  (1859)  the 
whole  nation  united  in  paying  him  homage. 
His  influence  was  due  to  his  devotion  to  the 
national  cause.  Many  of  his  poems  have  be- 
come national  lyrics,  intimately  linked  with  the 
stirring  events  to  which  they  owe  their  origin. 
Among  them  are :  '  What  is  the  German's 
Fatherland  ?  *  and  '  The  Song  of  the  Field 
Marshal.* 

Arnetii,  Alfred  von  (ar'net).  An  Austrian 
historian;  born  in  Vienna,  July  10,  1819;  died 
there,  July  31,  1897.  He  was  member  of  the 
House  of  Lords  after  1869,  and  president  of 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  after  1879.  Hie  life 
of  'Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy*  (1858-59)  is  note- 
worthy as  the  first  authoritative  work  on  that 
great  leader.  Next  in  importance  is  the  '  His- 
tory of  Maria  Theresa*  (1863-79). 

Arnim,  Achlm  von  (ar'nim).  A  noted  Ger- 
man poet  and  novelist;  born  in  Berlin,  Jan. 
26,  1781 ;  died  at  Wiepersdorf,  Jan.  31,  1831. 
He  is  the  main  representative  of  the  younger 
generation  of  the  Romantic  school.  Settling 
at  Heidelberg  in  1806  after  extensive  travels, 
he  formed  a  close  friendship  with  Clemens 
Brentano,  and  edited  with  him  'The  Boy's 
Wonder-Horn,*  a  collection  of  old  German 
legends  and  songs,  which  was  received  with 
much  favor.  In  181 1  he  married  Brentano's  sis- 
ter Bettina,  and  thereafter  lived  alternately  in 
Berlin,  and  on  his  estate  Wiepersdorf  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg.  He  was  at  his  best  as 
a  story-teller.  Ft  is  principal  works  are  :  '  Pov- 
erty, Riches,  Guilt,  and  Penitence  of  Countess 
Dolores,*  a  novel  (1810);  and  'The  Crown- 
Guardians,*  a  fantastic  historical  romance  (1S17), 
a  glowing  picture  of  life  towards  the  wane  of 
the  15th  century.  Among  his  short  stories, 
published  mostly  in  collections,  the  following 
deserve  mention  :  <  The  Mad  Invalid  at  Fort 
Ratonneau*;  'The  Three  Loving  Sisters  and 
the  Happy  Dyer*;  'Prince  All-god  and  Singer 
Demi-god.*  His  complete  works,  with  an  in- 
troduction by  W.  Grimm,  were  edited  by  his 
wife  (1839-46). 

Arnim,  Bettina  von.    See  Brentano. 

Arnold.  ArtHur.  An  English  traveler,  jour- 
nalist, and  statesman ;  born  in  Sussex,  May  28, 
1833.  From  1863  to  1866  he  was  a  member  of 
a  commission  to  examine  into  the  causes  of  the 
"  Cotton  Famine,**  and  published  a  treatise  on 
that  subject.  In  1885  he  became  president  of 
the  Free  Land  League.  Among  his  works  are  : 
'  From  the  Levant  * ;  '  Through  Persia  by  Cara- 
van >  (1877) ; '  Social  Politics  * ;  and  '  Free  Land.* 


26 


ARNOLD  —  ARNULFI 


Arnold,  Edwin,  Sir.  A  distinguished  Eng- 
lish poet  and  journalist;  born  in  Rochester, 
June  10,  1832.  He  graduated  from  Oxford  in 
1854;  taught  for  a  while  in  Birmingham;  and 
became  principal  of  the  Sanskrit  College  at 
I'oona  in  the  Bombay  Presidenc)-,  where  he 
rendered  important  service  to  the  government 
jluring  the  great  rebellion  in  India.  Returning 
to  London  in  1861,  he  joined  the  editorial  staff 
of  the  Daily  Telegraph.  He  has  twice  visited 
the  United  States  on  lecture  tours.  Of  his  ori- 
ginal poetry,  inspired  by  Oriental  themes  and 
legends,  the  most  famous  work  is  <  The  Light 
of  Asia,  a  Poetic  Presentation  of  the  Life  and 
Teaching  of  Gautama >  (1876).  <  Indian  Idylls > 
(1883);  <  Pearls  of  the  Faith  >;  <  Sa'di  in  the 
Garden  >;  <The  Light  of  the  World  >;  <  Poti- 
phar's  Wife  and  Other  Poems  > ;  <  India  Re- 
visited) and  <Japonica'  are  among  his  many 
works.     He  died  at  London,  Mar.  24,  1904. 

Arnold,  Edwin  Lester.  An  English  novelist 
and  writer  of  travels ;  son  of  Sir  Edwin  Ar- 
nold. He  has  written :  <  A  Summer  Holiday 
in  Scandinavia >  (1877);  <  On  the  Indian  Hills, 
or  Coffee-Planting  in  Southern  India  >  (1881) ; 
•Bird  Life  in  England >  (1887);  <  England  as 
She  Seems>  (1888);  — the  novels  <Phra,  the 
Phoenician)  (1890);  <The  Story  of  Ulla>  (1895). 

Arnold,  George.  An  American  poet ;  born 
in  New  York,  June  24,  1834;  died  at  Straw- 
berry Farms,  N.  J.,  Nov.  3,  1865.  Author  of 
<  McArone  Papers,*  contributed  to  Vanity  Fair 
(1860-65).  His  poetry  is  of  merit:  < Drift  and 
Other  Poems  >  (1866);  <  Poems  Grave  and  Gay> 
(1867).  Collected  edition,  with  memoir,  by 
William  Winter  (new  ed.  1889). 

Arnold,  Hans,  pseudonym  of  Bertha  von 
Billow.  A  German  story-writer ;  born  at  Warm- 
brunn,  Silesia,  Sept.  30,  1850.  Among  her 
stories  which  enjoy  great  popularity  are  :  <  Merry 
Tales  >  (1891) ;  <  Once  in  May  and  Other  Stories  > 
(1892).  She  also  wrote  some  good  comedies, 
viz.:  < Theory  and  Practice >  (1890);  <Two 
Peaceful  Ones>  (1892). 

Arnold,  Isaac  Newton.  An  American  law- 
yer, politician,  and  author;  born  at  Hartwick, 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  30,  1815;  died  at  Chicago,  111., 
April  24,  1884.  Pie  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  1861  to  1865.  His  works  are  :  <  Life 
of  Abraham  Lincoln*  (1866);  <  Life  of  Benedict 
Arnold*  (1880);  <  Recollections  of  the  Early 
Chicago  and  Illinois  Bar*  (1880). 

Arnold,  Joliann  Georg  Daniel.  An  Alsatian 
dialect  poet ;  born  in  Strassburg,  Feb.  18,  1780 ; 
died  there,  Feb.  18,  1829.  His  lyrics  (in  High 
German)  are  meritorious,  but  he  is  at  his  best 
in  <  Pentecost  Monday*  (1816),  a  comedy  in 
Strassburg  dialect  and  rhymed  Alexandrine 
verse,  pronounced  by  Goethe  « an  incompar- 
able monument  of  ancient  Strassburg  custom 
and  language,  a  work  which  in  clearness  and 
completeness  of  intuition  and  ingenious  delin- 
eation of  detail  can  scarcely  be  equaled.** 

Arnold,  Matthew.  An  eminent  English  poet, 
critic,  and  essayist ;  born  at  Laleham,  Dec.  24, 


1822;  died  in  Liverpool,  April  15,  1888.  He 
graduated  at  Oxford  in  1844,  and  was  profes- 
sor of  poetry  there  from  1857  to  1867.  The 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  by 
the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  1869,  and  by 
Oxford  in  1870.  He  was  government  inspector 
of  schools  from  1851,  and  repeatedly  visited 
the  Continent  to  inquire  into  and  report  upon 
systems  of  education.  In  1883-84  he  made  a 
lecturing  tour  through  the  United  States.  His 
works  include  :  <  The  Strayed  Reveler  and  Other 
Poems*  (1848);  <Empedocles  on  Etna*  (1853); 
<Merope,*  a  tragedy  (1857);  <New  Poems* 
(1868).  His  prose  writings  comprise:  'Essays 
in  Criticism*  (1865,  2d  series  1888);  < Lectures 
on  the  Study  of  Celtic  Literature*  (1867); 
< Culture  and  Anarchy*  (1869);  < Friendship's 
Garland*  (1871),  a  humorous  work;  <  Liter- 
ature and  Dogma*  (1873);  *  Last  Essays  on 
Church  and  Religion*  (1877);  < Mixed  Essays* 
(1879);  <  Irish  Essays*  (1882);  and  < Discourses 
on  America*  (1885);  <  Civilization  in  the  U.  S.* 

Arnold,  Thomas.  A  notable  English  edu- 
cator and  historical  writer;  born  at  Cowes, 
Isle  of  Wight,  June  13,  1795;  died  at  Oxford, 
June  12,  1842.  Studied  at  Winchester  school ; 
was  student  and  fellow  of  Oxford  1811-19.  He 
was  head-master  of  the  school  at  Rugby  1828- 
41.  As  an  educator,  he  was  remarkable  for 
the  training  of  the  character  of  his  pupils  to  a 
lofty  and  noble  standard.  In  1841  he  became 
professor  of  modern  history  at  Oxford.  His 
writings  include :  an  annotated  edition  of 
Thucydides  (1830);  < Sermons*  (1829-34);  < His- 
tory of  Rome*  (1838);  <  Lectures  on  Modern 
History*  (1842). 

Arnold,  Thomas.  An  English  writer  on 
literature  and  editor  of  old  texts,  son  of  Dr. 
Arnold  of  Rugby  and  brother  of  Matthew 
Arnold  ;  bom  at  Laleham,  Nov.  30,  1823  ;  died 
at  Dublin,  Nov.  12,  1900.  He  became  a  Roman 
Catholic,  and  spent  a  number  of  years  in  New 
Zealand  and  Tasmania.  Among  his  works 
are  :  <  A  manual  of  English  Literature* ;  'Select 
English  Works  of  Wyclif  >  (3  vols.,  1869);  'Se- 
lections from  the  Spectator  >  ;  <  Beowulf  *  ( text, 
translation,  and  notes) ;  '  Henry  of  Huntingdon*  ; 
<  Symeon  of  Durham  *;  <  Chronicles  oi  the  Abbey 
of  Bury  St.  Edmunds.  * 

Arnould,  Arthur  (ar-no').  A  French  novel- 
ist, dramatist,  and  journalist ;  born  in  Paris  in 
1833;  died  there,  Nov.  25,  1895.  At  an  early 
age  he  devoted  himself  to  journalism,  and 
soon  attracted  attention  by  his  hostility  to  the 
Empire.  In  1870  he  founded  La  Marseillaise 
and  the  famous  Journal  du  Peuple.  After  the 
fall  of  the  Empire  he  became  a  member  of 
the  Commune,  and  with  its  downfall  barely 
escaped  with  his  life.  Besides  essays  and 
dramas,  he  is  the  author  of  a  history  of  the 
Commune  and  over  30  novels,  the  best  known 
being  <  Zo^  *  and  <  Princess  Belladonna.* 

Arnulfi,  Alberto  (ar-nol'fi).  A  Piedmontese 
dialect  poet ;  born  in  Turin,  July  13,  1849 ;  died 
in  Rome,  March  27,  1888.  He  is  the  author  of 
'Turin  Blots*   (1879),  a  collection  of  satirical 


AROLAS  —  ASNYK 


27 


sonnets,  under  the  pseudonym  of  ^*  Fulberto 
Alami "  ;  and  of  <  Drolleries,'  a  comedy.  In 
conjunction  with  Eraldo  Baretti  he  wrote  <  The 
Dukes  of  Nemi>  (1887),  a  drama  depicting 
Roman  society  at  the  downfall  of  the  temporal 
power. 

Arolas,  Juan  de  (a-ro'las).  A  Spanish  poet 
(1805-49).  His  first  poems  were  amatory,  but 
the  works  on  which  his  fame  rests  are  poems 
of  chivalry  and  romance.  A  specimen  of  his 
best  work  is  to  be  found  in  <  The  Sylph  of 
the  Aqueduct,'  a  traditional  Spanish  legend 
told  in  various  metres. 

Arouet.    See  Voltaire. 

Arrebo,  Anders  Cliristensen  (ar-e-bo').  A 
Danish  poet  (1587-1637).  Bishop  of  Drontheim, 
Norway,  when  only  thirty-one,  but  deposed 
in  1622  owing  to  his  objectionable  life;  he  was 
afterwards  rehabilitated  as  preacher  in  Vord- 
ingborg.  As  the  pioneer  of  the  renaissance 
movement,  he  is  considered  the  father  of  mod- 
ern poetry  in  Denmark.  His  rhymed  transla- 
tion of  the  <  Psalms  of  David  >  (1623),  but 
especially  his  <Hexsemeron>  (1641),  an  imita- 
tion of  a  once  famous  poem  of  the  French 
poet  Du  Bartas  on  the  Creation,  are  highly 
esteemed. 

Arrlanus,  Flavins  (ar-i-a'nus).  A  Greek 
philosopher  and  historian  (95-180) ;  born  at 
Nicomedia.  He  aimed  to  imitate  Xenophon 
in  the  direction  of  his  studies ;  and  as  Xeno- 
phon recorded  the  sayings  of  Socrates,  so  Arri- 
anus  became  the  reporter  of  the  <  Discoveries 
of  Epictetus.'  These  were  comprised  in  eight 
books,  but  only  the  first  four  remain.  He  next 
wrote  <Epictetus's  Handbook,'  a  compendium 
of  that  teacher's  moral  doctrine.  He  wrote 
also  an  <  Anabasis,'  a  history  of  Alexander's 
conquests  in  Asia ;  this  is  still  extant  complete. 

Arrington,  Alfred  W.  An  American  law- 
yer, author,  and  poet ;  bom  in  Iredell  County, 
N.  C,  Sept.  18,  1810;  died  in  Chicago,  111., 
Dec.  31,  1867.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Mis- 
souri bar  in  1834.  He  practiced  throughout 
the  Southwest  and  later  in  Chicago.  Among 
his  works  are :  <  The  Rangers  and  Regulators 
of  the  Tanaha'  (1856);  <  Sketches  of  the  South- 
west';<  Poems,  with  Memoir'  (1869). 

Arrivabene,  Ferdinando  (ar-re-va-ba'ne).  An 
Italian  poet  and  litterateur  (1770-1834).  While 
confined  as  a  political  prisoner  at  Sebenico, 
he  wrote  and  published  a  poem,  <  The  Tomb 
of  Sebenico,'  which  made  a  stir  throughout 
Italy.  Of  works  on  the  history  of  literature,  he 
wrote  <The  Age  of  Dante'  (1827)  and  others. 
The  Academy  of  Brescia  crowned  his  work 
<0n  the  Humanity  of  the  Judge'  (1817). 

Arrom,  Cecilia  de.    See  Caballero. 

Arthur,  Timotby  Shay.  An  American 
author ;  born  at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  in  1809 ;  died 
at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  March  6,  1885.  In  1852 
he  founded  Arthur's  Home  Magazine.  He  was 
a  voluminous  vsriter  of  tales  of  domestic  life. 
His  works  are  over  100  in  number,  and  have 


had  a  large  sale  in  England  as  well  as  in  this 
country.  His  most  popular  work  was  the  fa- 
mous <  Ten  Nights  in  a  Bar-Room.'  Among 
his  other  publications  were :  <  Tales  for  Rich 
and  Poor ' ;  <  Tales  of  Married  Life ' ;  <  Lights 
and  Shadows.' 

Arwidson,  Adolf  Ivar  (ar'veds-son).  A 
Swedish  poet  (1791-1858),  chiefly  known  through 
his  collection  of  <01d  Swedish  Folksongs' 
(1834-42),  which  forms  a  supplement  to  that  of 
Geijer  and  Afzelius.  His  own  poems  were 
published  under  the  title  of  <  Youth's  Hoarfrost ' 
(1832). 

Asbjbrnsen,  Peter  Kristen  (as-byern'sen). 
A  Norwegian  folklorist ;  born  in  Christiania, 
Jan.  15,  1812;  died  there,  Jan.  6,  1885.  While 
pursuing  botanical  and  zoological  studies,  and 
subsequently  during  various  travels  at  govern- 
ment expense,  he  eagerly  collected  folk  tales  and 
legends,  aided  by  his  lifelong  friend  Jorgen 
Moe,  with  whom  he  published  <  Norwegian 
Folk  Tales'  (1842-44,  5th  ed.  1874)  and  <Nor- 
wegian  Gnome  Stories  and  Folk  Legends' 
(1845-48,  3d  ed.  1870),  pronounced  by  Jacob 
Grimm  the  best  fairy  tales  in  existence. 

Ascham,  Roger.  An  English  scholar  and 
prose  writer;  born  at  Kirby  Wiske,  near 
Northallerton,  in  1515 ;  died  in  London,  Dec. 
30,  1568.  Graduated  at  Cambridge,  and  strug- 
gled with  poverty  until  patrons  came  to  his 
relief.  He  was  famous  for  his  general  knowl- 
edge and  acquirements  in  Greek  and  Latin, 
and  is  classed  with  Spenser,  Sir  Thomas  More, 
and  Sir  Philip  Sidney.  Though  he  wrote  Latin 
with  ease  and  elegance  at  a  time  when  cus- 
tom favored  the  use  of  that  language  for  im- 
portant works,  he  urged  and  practiced  the 
writing  of  English,  and  his  beautiful  style  in 
his  own  language  has  given  him  the  name  of 
the  « Father  of  English  Prose."  In  1548-50 
he  was  tutor  of  the  Princess  (afterward  Queen) 
Elizabeth,  by  whom  he  was  much  beloved. 
His  most  noted  works  are  :  <  Toxophilus,'  a  trea- 
tise on  archery  (his  favorite  exercise),  in  the 
form  of  a  dialogue  (1545);  and  <  The  Schole- 
master,'  a  treatise  on  education  (1570). 

Asmus,  Georg  (as'mos).  A  German  poet; 
born  at  Giessen,  Nov.  27,  1830 ;  died  in  Bonn, 
May  31, 1892.  Employed  as  an  engineer  in  1854- 
62,  lie  came  to  America  to  conduct  some  min- 
ing operations  in  the  copper  region  of  Lake 
Superior;  then  lived  in  New  York  until  1884, 
when  he  returned  to  Europe.  Among  the 
German  population  of  America  he  had  an 
enormous  success  with  his  <  American  Sketch- 
Booklet'  (1875),  an  epistle  in  verse,  written  in 
Upper-Hessian  dialect  and  overflowing  with 
delicious  humor.  It  was  followed  by  <  New 
American  Sketch-Booklet'  (1876).  Besides  these 
he  wrote  *Camp  Paradise'  (1877),  a  story,  and 
a  collection  of  miscellaneous  poems  (1891). 

Asnyk,  Adam  (as'nik).  A  Polish  poet ;  born 
at  Kalisz,  Sept.  11,  1838  ;  died  at  Cracow,  Aug. 
2,  1897.  Studied  in  Warsaw,  Breslau,  and  Hei- 
delberg, where  he  took  his  degree  of  Ph.  D.  in 


28 


ASSOLLANT — AUBANEL 


lived  in  Cracow.  Besides  numerous  lyrics, 
counted  among  the  most  finished  of  their 
kind,  he  wrote  the  historical  tragedy  <Kiejstut> 
(1878),  based  on  an  incident  in  Lithuanian 
history;  and  the  comedies  < Job's  Friends > 
(1879),  <Lerche  Brothers,'  and  <  Prize-Comedy  > 
{1888).  His  <  Poems >  appeared  collected  in 
1888,  3  vols. 

Assonant,  Alfred  (a-so-lori').  A  French  nov- 
elist and  political  writer;  born  at  Aubusson, 
March  20,  1827;  died  in  Paris,  March  4,  18S6. 
He  taught  for  a  number  of  years  in  Paris  and 
other  cities,  then  set  out  for  America:  and 
liaving  traveled  extensively  over  the  United 
States,  published  on  his  return  <  Scenes  from 
Life  in  the  United  States'  (1858),  a  series  of 
tales  which  attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention. 
Among  his  numerous  novels  are  :  <  Two  Friends 
in  1792 >  (1859),  a  story  of  tlie  Reign  of  Terror; 
<Brancas>  (1859),  a  picture  of  the  corruption 
under  Louis  Philippe  ;  <  Gabrielie  de  Chenevert  > 
(186=^),  portra3ing  the  provincial  nobility  before 
the  Revolution;  <Pendragon>  (1881) ;  <Planta- 
g€net>  (1885). 

Astor,  Jolin  Jacob.  An  American  writer; 
I'orn  1864  in  New  York  City.  He  published  in 
1894  an  imaginative  work,  entitled  <  A  Journey 
in  Other  Worlds.' 

Astor,  William  Waldorf.  An  American  ro- 
mancer ;  born  in  New  York,  March  31,  1848. 
He  is  the  great-grandson  of  John  Jacob  Astor, 
and  graduated  at  Columbia  Law  School.  He 
was  LTnited  States  minister  to  Italy,  1882-85, 
and  now  resides  in  London,  and  is  the  pro- 
prietor of  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette.  He  is  the 
author  of  *  Valentino,'  a  historical  romance 
(1S86),  and  <Sforza,'  a  story  of  Milan  (1889). 

Athanasius,  Saint  (ath-a-na'shi-us).  One  of 
the  fathers  of  the  Christian  Church ;  born  at 
Alexandria  about  296  A.  D.;  died  there,  May 
2,  373.  He  distinguislied  himself  by  his  elo- 
quence at  the  Synod  of  Nice  (325),  where  his 
efforts  were  instrumental  in  securing  the  ac- 
ceptance of  the  Nicene  Creed.  The  creed 
which  bears  his  name  was  supposed  to  have 
been  formulated  by  him,  but  the  term  Ath- 
anasian  was  not  applied  to  it  until  some  cen- 
turies after  his  death.  He  became  Patriarch 
of  Alexandria  in  328,  being  afterward  deposed 
and  reinstated  five  times.  His  chief  works, 
including  <  Orations  against  the  Arians'  and 
<  Festal  Letters,'  appeared  in  an  English  trans- 
lation by  Archibald  Robertson  (Nev/  York, 
1892). 

Atlieiiseus  (ath-e-ne'us).  A  Greek  writer  of 
the  third  century,  reputed  to  have  been  born 
at  Naucratis  in  the  Nile  Delta,  and  to  have 
lived  at  Alexandria  and  afterwards  at  Rome. 
He  is  famous  for  one  work,  his  <  Feast  of  the 
Learned,'  a  series  of  books  giving  with  little 
connection  or  literary  art  a  vast  assemblage 
of  quotations  from  nearly  800  writers  and  2,400 
distinct  writings,  covering  practically  every'  de- 
partment of  ancient  learning.  It  has  been 
valued  by  scholars  of  all  succeeding  times  as  a 
treasure-house  of  quotation  and  anecdote.    * 


Ather stone,  Edwin.  An  English  poet ;  bom 
at  Nottingham,  England,  about  1788 ;  died 
Jan.  29,  1872.  He  was  the  author  of  <  The  Last 
Days  of  Herculaneum'  and  <The  Fall  of 
Nineveh.'  In  addition  to  these  poems  he  wrote 
'Israel  in  Egypt'  and  <The  Handwriting  on 
the  Wall.' 

Atkinson,  Edward.  An  American  political 
economist  and  statistician ;  born  at  Brookline, 
Mass.,  Feb.  10,  1827.  Besides  numerous  pam- 
phlets and  articles  in  periodicals,  he  has  written  : 
<Our  National  Domain'  (1879);  <The  Distri- 
bution of  Products'  (1885);  <The  Margin  of 
Profits'  (1887) ;  <  Bi-Metallism  in  Europe '  (1888); 

<  The  Industrial  Progress  of  the  Nation  (1889)  •. 

<  Science  of  Nutrition '  (1892).  Died  Dec.  11, 1905. 

Attar,  Ferid  eddin  (at-tar').  A  celebrated 
Persian  poet;  born  near  Nishapur  in  11 19; 
died  about  1229.  (?)  Son  of  a  spicer,  he  fol- 
lowed his  father's  trade  (whence  his  surname 
of  Attar),  but  afterward  became  a  dervish  and 
one  of  the  greatest  m.ystics  of  Persia.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  killed  by  a  Mongol  soldier 
during  the  invasion  by  Jenghiz  Khan.  Of  his 
extant  political  works  the  most  famous   are  : 

<  The  Book  of  Council,'  a  series  of  didactic 
poems  on  ethics;  <The  Parliament  of  Birds' 
(1184-87).      His    principal    work    in    prose    is 

<  Biographies  of  the  Saints.' 

Atterbom,  Per  Daniel  Amadeus  (jit'ter-bom). 
An  eminent  Swedish  poet ;  born  in  the  parish 
of  Asbo,  East-Gothland,  Jan.  19,  1790 ;  died  in 
Upsala,  July  21,  1855.  He  was  early  influenced 
by  German  literature,  and  having  visited  Ger- 
many and  Italy  in  1S17-19,  he  fomied  ties  of 
friendship  with  Schelling  and  Thorwaldsen ; 
he  became  instructor  to  Crown  Prince  Oscar 
in  1820,  and  professor  at  the  university  in  Up- 
sala in  1828.  Although  unquestionably  the 
foremost  among  the  lyric  poets  of  the  roman- 
tic school  in  Sweden,  it  must  be  acknowledged 
that  his  rare  talent  was  much  impaired  by  his 
groping  in  Schelling's  and  Hegel's  philosophy. 
His  most  celebrated  work  is  <  The  Isle  ot 
Blessedness'  (1823),  a  romantic  drama  in  the 
manner  of  Tieck;  but  he  also  wrote :  <  The 
I'lowers,'  a  cycle  of  lyrics ;  <  The  Blue  Bird,'  a 
play;  and  <  Swedish  Seers  and  Poets,'  a  volume 
of  criticism. 

Atwood,  Isaac  Morgan.  An  American 
clergyman ;  born  in  New  York  State  in  1838. 
He  is  an  important  leader  of  the  Universalist 
Church,  and  president  of  the  Theological  Sem- 
inary at  St.  Lawrence  University.  His  chief 
works  are:  <  Have  We  Outgrown  Christianity' 
(1870);  <  Latest  Word  of  Universalism  >  (1878); 
•Manual  of  Revelation'  (1888);  < Walks  about 
Zion>  (18S1);  <  Balance  Sheet  ol  Bible  Criticism.' 

Aubanel,  Theodore  (o-ba-nel').  A  Proven9al 
poet  and  dramatist;  born  in  Avignon,  March 
26,  1829;  died  there,  Oct.  31,  18S6.  His  lyrics 
are  collected  under  the  title  *  The  Pomegranate 
Opening  >  (i860);  but  he  is  especially  noteworthy 
as  a  dramatist,  as  seen  in  his  strikingly  real- 
istic dramas  :  <  The  Shepherd ' ;  *■  The  Bread  of 
Sin'  (1S78);  <The  Elopement.' 


AUBERT — AUGIER 


29 


Aubert,  Joachim  Marie  Jean  Jacques  Al- 
exandre Jules  (6-bar').  A  distinguished  French 
general  and  military  writer ;  bom  in  1804 ;  died 
in  1890.  Was  prominent  in  several  campaigns, 
and  was  made  commander  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  in  i860.  He  is  best  known  to  the  public 
as  a  journalist  and  historical  writer.  Among  his 
works  are  :  <  Gauls  and  Germans  > ;  <  The  Invas- 
ion) (1870);  <  History  of  the  War  of  1870-71* 
(1873)- 

Aubignac,  Fran90i3  Hedolln,  Abh6  d'  (o-ben- 
yak').  A  French  essayist  and  miscellaneous 
prose-writer ;  born  in  Paris,  Aug.  4,  1604 ;  died 
at  Nemours,  July  20,  1676.  <The  Practical 
Side  of  the  Theatre '  is  his  best-known  work,— 
an  attempt  to  handle  the  theory  and  technique 
of  the  drama  after  the  theory  of  Scaliger.  It 
is  in  harmony  with  the  Corneille  school. 

Aubign^,  Tli6odoro  Agrippa  d'  (o-be-nya). 
A  French  poet,  historian,  and  statesman  (l55i~ 
1630).  After  the  death  of  Henri  IV.,  his  friend 
and  patron,  he  fled  from  religious  persecution 
in  France  to  Geneva.  His  greatest  work  is 
<The  Tragics*  (1616),  in  which  are  portrayed 
the  horrors  of  wars  of  religion.  His  satires, 
too,  have  reference  to  the  religious  strifes  of  the 
time ;  famous  among  them  is  <  The  Catholic 
Confession  of  the  Sieur  de  Sancy.>  His  <  Uni- 
versal History*  is  one  of  the  most  authoritative 
sources  for  the  history  of  the  latter  half  of 
the  i6th  century. 

Audouard,  Olympe  (o-do-ar').  A  French 
writer  (1830-90) ;  married  to  a  notary  in  Mar- 
seilles, but  soon  after  divorced,  she  traveled  in 
Egypt,  Turkey,  and  Russia;  and  having  con- 
ducted various  journals  in  Paris  since  i860, 
made  a  successful  lecture  tour  through  Amer- 
ica in  1868-69.  After  her  return  she  became 
interested  in  spiritism.  She  was  an  ardent 
advocate  of  woman's  rights.  Among  her  novels 
and  books  of  travel  may  be  mentioned  :  <  How 
Men  Love*  (1861);  <The  Mysteries  of  the 
Seraglio  and  of  the  Turkieh  Harems*  (1863); 
<The  Mysteries  of  Egypt  Unveiled*  (1865); 
'War  to  Man*  (1866);  <  Across  America*  (1869- 
71);  <  Parisian  Silhouettes*    (1882). 

Audsley,  George  Asbdown  (ads'li).  A  Scot- 
tish architect  and  writer  on  art;  born  at  Elgin, 
Scotland,  1838.  His  present  home  is  at  Plain- 
field,  N.  J.  He  has  published,  with  his  brother 
William  James  Audsley,  < Color  in  Dress* 
<i863);  <  Dictionary  of  Architecture  and  the 
Allied  Arts*  (1880,  10  vols.),  etc. ;  alone,  <  Hand- 
book of  Christian  Symbolism*  (1865);  <The 
Ornamental  Arts  of  Japan*  (2  vols.,  1882-86); 
etc. 

Audubon,  John  James.  An  eminent  Amer- 
ican naturalist;  born  in  New  Orleans,  May  4, 
1780;  died  in  New  York,  Jan.  27,  1851.  An 
artist,  but  above  all  a  lover  of  animated  nature, 
the  best  years  and  efforts  of  his  life  were  de- 
voted to  <  Birds  of  America*  and  to  <  American 
Ornithological  Biography,*  in  which  his  skill 
with  the  brush,  the  effective  simplicity  of  his 
literary   style,  and  his  mastery  of  his  subject, 


have  equal  claims  to  admiration.  Another 
series  of  studies,  <  The  Quadrupeds  of  America,' 

<  Synopsis  of  the  Birds  of  North  America,*  and 

<  Biography  of  American  Quadrupeds,*  have 
added  to  a  fame  which  no  subsequent  labor 
in  the  same  field  has  tended  to  discredit. 

Aue.    See  Hartmann  von  Aue. 

Auer,  Adelbeid  von  (ou'er),  pseudonym  of 
Charlotte  von  Cosel.  A  German  novelist; 
born  in  Berlin,  Jan.  6,  1818.  She  is  author  of 
a  great  many  stories  of  real  life,  among 
them:  <  Footprints  in  Sand*  (1868);  <A  Sister 
of  Charity*  (1870);  <  In  the  World's  Labyrinth > 
(187S);  <  Castles  in  the  Air  >  (1882);  all  written 
in  the  tone  and  spirit  of  a  moderate  conserva- 
tive. 

Auerbacb,  Berthold  (ou'er-bach).  An  emi- 
nent German  novelist ;  born  at  Nordstetten, 
Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  28,  1812;  died  at  Cannes, 
France,  Feb.  8,  1882.  He  began  to  write  while  a 
student  in  Heidelberg,  and  under  the  pseudonym 
<' Theobald  Chauber**  produced  a  <  Biography 
of  Frederick  the  Great*  (1834-36).  A  series  of 
novels  from  the  history  of  Judaism,  under  the 
collective  title  <  The  Ghetto,*  of  which  <  Spinoza* 
(1837)  and  <Poet  and  Merchant'  (1839)  were 
printed  in  separate  editions,  was  followed  by 
a  translation  of  the  works  of  Spinoza,  with  a 
critical  biography  (1841);  and  by  <The  Edu- 
cated Citizen,  a  Book  for  the  Thinking  Human 
Mind  *  (1842),  intended  to  bring  philosophical 
problems  within  the  comprehension  of  the  un- 
initiated. His  next  work,  <  Black  Forest  Vil- 
lage Stories*  (1843),  was  received  with  universal 
favor,  translated  into  nearly  all  European  lan- 
guages, and  established  his  fame.  To  this  class 
of  tales  belong  also  <The  Professor's  Lady' 
(1847);  'Little  Barefoot*  (1856);  < Joseph  in 
the  Snow*  (i860);  <  Edelweiss*  (1861);  <  After 
Thirty  Years,*  new  village  stories  (1876).  His 
first  effort  in  the  field  of  the  novel,  <  New  Life ' 
(1851),  met  with  little  favor;  but  <On  the 
Heights*  (1865)  constituted  the  crowning  suc- 
cess of  his  literary  career.     It  was  followed  by 

<  The  Villa  on  the  Rhine  *  (1868) ;  <  Waldfried, 
a  Family  History*  (1874);  and  <The  Head  For- 
ester *  (1879) ;  <  Brigitta'  (18S0). 

Auersperg,  Count  Anton  Alexander  von. 
See  Grun,  Anastasius. 

Auffenberg,  Joseph  von,  Baron  (ouf'fen- 
berg).  A  German  dramatist  (1798-1857),  whose 
historical  tragedies  had  a  temporary  success. 
Among  them  are:  <Pizarro*  (1823);  <The 
Spartans  * ;  <  The  Lion  of  Kurdistan  *  (after 
Scott's  <  Talisman  *).  Of  a  trip  to  Spain  in 
1832  he  published  a  sprightly  description  under 
the  title  <  Humorous  Pilgrimage  to  Granada 
and  Cordova'  (1833). 

Augier,  £mile  (o-zhe-a').  A  distinguished 
French  dramatist;  born  at  Valence,  Sept.  17, 
1820;  died  at  Croissy,  Oct.  25,  1889.  With  his 
first  play,  <The  Hemlock*  (1844),  he  won 
popular  favor,  as  it  commenced  a  needed  re- 
action against  the  overstrained  romanticism 
of  the  time.    He  lashed  the  dominant  vices  of 


30 


AUGUSTINE  —  AUSTIN 


modem  society  in  a  series  of  plays:  <The 
Marriage  of  01ympia>  (1855);  <The  Poor  Lion- 
esses >  (1858);  <  The  Brazen-Fronted  >(l86l);  and 
'Giboyer's  Boy>  (1862).  <The  Fourchambaults  > 
(1878)  is  esteemed  his  best  work. 

Augustine,  Saint  (Aurelius  Augustinus). 
The  most  illustrious  of  the  Latin  fathers  of 
the  Church,  and  of  patristic  writers;  born  in 
Tagasta,  Numidia,  Nov.  13,  354 ;  died  at  Hippo, 
Aug.  28,  430.  His  most  celebrated  works  are 
his  <  Confessions ' ;  <  Grace  of  Christ  >;  <City 
of  God  > ;  and  <  Original  Sin.>  We  owe  to  him 
also  reflections  on  music,  mankind,  and  other 
themes. 

Aulnoy,  Marie  Catherine,  Comtesse  d'  (61- 
nwa'J.  A  French  writer;  born  about  1650; 
died  in  Paris,  1705.  She  is  now  remembered 
chiefly  by  her  <  Fairy  Tales,*  in  which  she  suc- 
cessfully imitated  Perrault.  Of  her  novels  only 
<  Hippolyte,  Count  of  Douglas'  (1690)  deserves 
mention.  She  also  wrote  <  Memoirs  of  the  Court 
of  Spain >  (l6qo). 

Aumale,  Due  d',  Henri  Eugdne  Piiixrppe, 
Louis  d'Orleans  (diik  do-mal').  A  French  bio- 
graphical and  military  writer  and  prince  of  the 
blood ;  born  in  Paris,  Jan.  16,  1822 ;  died  at 
Zucco,  Sicily,  May  7,  1897.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  Algiers,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  Assembly  and  the  Academy.  He  was  ex- 
pelled from  France  in  1886,  the  sentence  being 
revoked  in  1889.  He  has  written  :  <  Histories  of 
the  Princes  of  Cond^  >  (1869);  <  Military  Insti- 
tutions of  France'  (1897);  etc. 

Aurbacher,  Ludwig  (our'ba-cher).  A  Ger- 
man author  (1784-1847),  well  remembered  by 
his  <  Volksbiichlein  >  (1827-29);  a  collection  of 
popular  tales,  ranking  among  the  best  produc- 
tions of  this  kind  in  German  literature. 

Aureli,  Mariano  (o-ral'-e).  An  Italian  dram- 
atist and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Bo- 
logna, Dec.  24,  1820.  In  his  youth  he  studied 
law,  music,  and  design,  but  the  love  of  letters 
finally  triumphed.  After  the  war  of  1848-49,  in 
which  he  took  part,  he  became  a  lecturer  and 
instructor  in  the  government  schools.  His 
works  include:  <Ernestina>  (1845),  a  novel; 
•Charles  I.  and  Oliver  Cromwell >  (1875),  a 
historical  dnima ;  <  Justice  and  Rigor'  (1876), 
a  comedy ;  and  others. 

Aurelius,  Marcus  (mar'kus  a-re'li-us).  The 
Roman  emperor;  born  in  Rome,  April  20,  121 
A.  D. ;  died  in  Pannonia,  March  17,  180.  On 
account  of  his  devotion  to  literature  and  phi- 
losophy he  is  often  styled  « The  Philosopher," 
but  he  is  known  in  history  as  Marcus  Aurelius 
Antoninus.  During  his  reign,  his  empire  was 
visited  by  earthquake,  famine,  plague,  and 
frequent  wars;  yet,  amid  the  turmoil,  he  cher- 
ished always  his  love  of  peace,  truth,  and 
humanity.  He  founded  in  Athens  chairs  of 
philosophy  for  the  Platonic,  Stoic,  Peripatetic, 
and  Epicurean  sects.  His  <  Meditations,'  con- 
taining the  inmost  thoughts  and  purest  aspi- 
rations of  one  of  the  noblest  souls  that  ever 
lived,  has  always  been  highly  prized. 


Auriac,  Jules  Berlioz  d'  (do-re-iik').  A 
French  novelist;  born  at  Grenoble  in  1820. 
Educated  for  the  law,  he  was  for  some  years 
a  magistrate  in  his  native  city,  but  finally 
abandoned  this  profession  to  devote  himself 
entirely  to  letters,  and  became  a  regular  con- 
tributor to  the  Journal  Pour  Tous.  From  a 
long  list  of  his  works  may  be  cited :  <  The 
White  Spirit'  (1866);  <The  Foresters  of  Michi- 
gan' (1866);  <A  Duel  in  the  Desert'  (1884). 

Auringer,   Obadiah    Cyrus.     An  American 

poet ;  born  at  Glens  Falls,  N.  Y.,  June  4,  1849. 
He  served  for  some  years  in  the  United  States 
navy.  Since  1875  he  has  been  a  fanner  in  his 
native  place.  Among  his  works  are  :  <  Voices 
of  a  Shell ' ;  <  Scythe  and  Sword  '  (1887) ;  <  Epi- 
sode of  Jane  McCrea ' ;  <  The  Book  of  the 
Hills,'  and  '  The  Christ'  (iqoo). 

Ausonius,  Decimus  Magnus  (a-so'ni-us).  A 
Roman  poet  of  the  4th  century  (310-94);  born 
at  Bordeaux.  He  stood  in  high  favor  with  the 
emperors  Valentinian  and  Gratian.  One  of  his 
most  ambitious  poems  is  a  fulsome  eulogy  of 
Gratian.  He  wrote  a  number  of  <  Idyls,'  <  Ele- 
gies,' and  <  Epistles.'  He  is  at  his  best  in  <  The 
Moselle,'  one  of  his  idyls,  in  which  he  de- 
scribes a  voyage  on  that  river  and  the  Rhine. 

Austen,  Jane.  An  English  novelist ;  born 
in  Steventon,  Hampshire,  Dec.  16,  1775 ;  died 
in  Winchester,  July  18,  1817.  Her  books  re- 
ceived little  attention  during  her  life,  but  are  ac- 
corded high  place  to-day.  They  describe  with 
great  fidelity  ordinary  English  middle-class  life, 
rural  scenes,  and  characters  familiar  to  her. 
Long  after  her  death  Walter  Scott,  and  still 
later  Macaulay,  paid  just  tribute  to  her  genius. 
Her  best-known  works  are :  <  Sense  and  Sensi- 
bility' <i8li);  <  Pride  and  Prejudice.' 

Austin,  Alfred.  An  English  poet,  critic,  and 
journalist ;  born  at  Headingly,  near  Leeds, 
May  30,  1835.  He  graduated  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  London  in  1853,  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1857,  and  became  editor  of  the  National 
Review  1883-93.  He  was  appointed  poet  lau- 
reate of  England  in  1896.  He  is  the  author  of 
political  books,  novels,  and  many  volumes  of 
verse.  The  latter  include :  <  The  Season :  a 
Satire'  (1862);  <The  Human  Tragedy'  (1862); 
<The  Golden  Age:  a  Satire'  (1871);  <The 
Tower  of  Babel,'  a  drama  (1874);  *  Savonarola,' 
a  tragedy  (1881);  and  <  Veronica's  Garden,'  in 
prose  and  verse  (1895).  Some  of  his  happiest 
effects   are   attained   in   <  Prince   Lucifer '    and 

<  The  Garden  that  I  Love,'  although  opinion 
is  very  much  divided  on  the  subject  of  his 
merits  as  a  poet,  particularly  in  such  works 
as  <Fortunatus  the  Pessimist'  (1891). 

Austin,  George  Lowell.  An  American  phy- 
sician and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  Law- 
rence, Mass.,  Sept.  II,  1849;  died  in  Melrose^ 
June  5,  1893.  Among  his  works  are  <  Perils  of 
American  Women,'  <  Water-Analysis  >  (1882); 

<  Under  the  Tide  ' ;  <  Life  of  Franz  Schubert  > ; 

<  Popular  History  of  Massachusetts  > ;  <  Life  of 
Wendell  Phillips'  (1888). 


AUSTIN  —  AVICEBRON 


3t 


Austin,  Henry.  An  American  lawyer  and 
legal  writer;  bom  in  Mass.,  Dec.  21,  1858. 
He    has    written    several    valuable    books    on  : 

<  American  Farm  and  Game  Laws  > ;  <  Ameri- 
can Fish  and  Game  Laws>;  <  Liquor  Law  in 
New  England.' 

Austin,  Henry  Willard.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  poet;  born  in  Massachusetts  in 
185S.    He  is  the  author  of  <  Vagabond  Verses.> 

Austin,  James  Trecothic.  An  American 
lawyer  and  biographer;  born  in  Boston,  Mass., 
Jan.  7,  1784;  died  there,  May  8,  1870.  He 
graduated  from  Harvard  in  1802,  and  was 
attorney-general  of  Massachusetts  from  1832 
to  1843.  He  was  a  pronounced  opponent  of 
the  abolition  movement.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  <Life  of  Elbridge  Gerry  >  (1828). 

Austin,  Jane  Goodwin.  An  American  nov- 
elist ;  born  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  Feb.  25,  1831 ; 
died  in  Boston,  March  30,  1894.  She  was  edu- 
cated and  thenceforward  lived  in  Boston.  Her 
reputation  rests  on  excellent  stories  describing 
the  Pilgrim  Fathers  and  the  early  colonists  of 
Massachusetts,  and  including  <  Fairy  Dreams  > 
(i860);  <Moonfolk>  (1874);  <  Mrs.  Beauchamp 
Brown  >  (1880) ;  <  A  Nameless  Nobleman  >  (1881) ; 
<The  Desmond  Hundred  >  (1882);  <  Nantucket 
Scraps)  (1882);  <Standish  of  Standish>  (1889); 

<  Betty  Alden>  (1891);  and  <  David  Alden's 
Daughter  and  Other  Stories'  (1892). 

Austin,  William.  An  American  descriptive 
and  story  writer ;  born  in  Charlestown,  Mass., 
March  2,  1778;  died  there,  June  27,  1841.  Grad- 
uated from  Harvard  in  1798,  and  afterwards 
became  prominent  as  a  lawyer.  A  two-years' 
residence    in    England    (1802-4)    resulted    in 

<  Letters  from  London,'  containing  descriptions 
of  many  distinguished  residents  of  that  city. 
He  is  the  author  of  <  Peter  Rugg,  the  Missing 
Man'  (1824-26),  a  legendary  tale  published  in 
the  New  England  Galaxy,  which  a||racted 
much  attention. 

Autran,  Joseph  (6-tron').  A  French  poet; 
born  in  Marseilles  in  June  1813;  died  there, 
March  6,  1877.  His  verse  is  admired  for  its 
purity  of  form  and  refined  sentiment.  He 
attracted  attention  in  1832  with  an  ode  to  La- 
martine,  <The  Departure  for  the  East.'  His 
works  include  :  <  The  Sea,'  poems  (1835) ;  <  Mil- 
ianah,'  an  epic  (1842);  < Rural  Life'  (1856); 
and  <The  Daughter  of  ^schylus,'  drama  (1848), 
which  won  a  prize  from  the  French  Academy. 

Avdyeyev,  Michael  Vassilyevich  (av-dya'- 
yef).  A  Russian  novelist  (1821-76),  whose  first 
effort  was  <Tamarin'  (1852),  a  trilogy;  and 
whose  second  novel,  <The  Cliff'  (1862),  created 
a  great  sensation,  its  theme  being  free  love. 

Avellaneda  y  Arteaga,  Gertrudis  Gomez  de 

(a-va-lya-na'tha  e  ar-ta-a'ga).  A  distinguished 
Spanish  poet,  dramatist,  and  novelist ;  bom  at 
Puerto  Principe,  Cuba,  March  23,  1814;  died 
in  Madrid,  Feb.  2,  1873.  Under  the  pseudo- 
nym «  Peregrina  "  she  contributed  to  Andalusian 
iouroals  many  < Lyric  Poems'  (1851-54),  and 
afterward   wrote   a   series   of  spirited  novels : 


<Two    Women';    <The    Baroness    ue    Joux'; 

<  Dolores' ;  and  others.  She  gained  sti'l  higher 
distinction  with  the  tragedies  <  Alfonso  Munio,* 
the  hero  of  which  was  her  own  ancestor,  and 

<  The  Prince  of  Viana.'  Her  later  compositions 
have  a  tone  of  melancholy,  but  are  not  inferior 
to  those  that  went  before  them  either  hi  grace 
of  style  or  in  forcefulness  of  thought;  among 
these    are :     Biblical    dramas,    as    <  Saul '    and 

<  Balthasar ' ;  the  spiritual  song,  <  At  the  Cross ' ; 
and  <The  Last  Accent  of  my  Harp'  (1850). 
But  she  did  not  abandon  dramatic  composition : 
in  the  later  years  of  her  life  she  composed  16 
plays  which  have  a  place  on  the  Spanish  stage. 

Avenel,  Paul  (av-nel').  A  French  poet  and 
novelist;  bom  at  Chaumont,  Oct.  9,  1823.  Ed- 
ucated for  commerce,  he  turned  to  literature 
and  was  active  in  connection  with  several  peri- 
odicals. Besides  a  number  of  vaudevilles,  he 
wrote  :  <The  Peasant  Woman  from  the  Abruzzi' 
(1861),  a  drama  ;  <The  King  of  Paris'  (i860), 
a  historical  romance;  <The  Calicoes'  (1866), 
scenes  of  real  life.  Among  several  collections 
of  poems  may  be  mentioned  ^Alcove  and 
Boudoir,'  interdicted  1855  and  republished  1885. 
He  died  April  19,  1902. 

Averkiyev,  Dmitry  Vassilyevich  (a-ver-ke'- 
yef).  A  Russian  dramatist  and  critic ;  born 
Oct.  12,  1836.  He  wrote  over  twenty  dramas 
and  comedies,  besides  numerous  literary  crit- 
icisms. Among  the  former,  mostly  taken  from 
old  Russian  life,  the  best  are  :  <  In  Old  Kashira' 
(1872),  a  historical  tragedy  ;  and  <  Frol  Skobejeff ' 
(1868),  a  comedy. 

Averroes  or  Averrhoes  (a-ver'o-ez),  properly 
Ibn  Rushd.  An  eminent  Spanish- Arabian  phi- 
losopher and  physician ;  born  at  Cordova, 
Spain,  in  1 126;  died  in  Morocco,  Dec.  10,  1198. 
Through  translations  of  his  works  into  Latin 
and  Hebrew,  he  exerted  a  profound  influence 
for  centuries  upon  both  Christian  and  Jewish 
thought. 

Avery,  Benjamin  Parke.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  diplomatist ;  born  in  New  York  city 
in  1829 ;  died  in  Pekin,  China,  Nov.  8,  1875. 
He  went  to  California  in  1849  and  became 
connected  with  several  papers  on  the  Pacific 
coast,  among  them  being  the  San  Francisco 
Bulletin.  In  1872  he  was  appointed  editor  of 
the  Overland  Monthly.  From  1874  to  1875  he 
was    minister    to    China.     His    chief    work    is 

<  Califomian  Pictures  in  Prose  and  Verse '  (1877). 

Avianus,  Flavins  (a-vi-a'nus).  A  Roman 
fabulist  of  the  latter  end  of  the  4th  century. 
He  wrote  42  ^sopic  fables  in  elegiac  metre, 
which  were  used  as  a  text-book  in  mediaeval 
schools. 

Avicebron  or  Avencebrol  (a-ve-tha-br5n'), 
properly  Solomon  ben  Jehuda  ibn  Gabirol.  A 
celebrated  Hebrew  poet  and  philosopher ;  born 
at  Cordova,  about  1028 ;  died  about  1058.  Of 
his  poetical  works,  <  The  Royal  Crown '  is  the 
most  famous ;  of  the  philosophical,  <  The  Fount- 
ain of  Life,'  written  in  Arabic,  but  known 
only  through  a  Latin  translation  (re-edited, 
Miinster,  1895). 


32 


AVICENNA— AZULAI 


Avicenna.    See  Ibn  Sina. 


Ayala,  Adelardo  Lopez  de  (a-ya'la).  A 
.'ipanish  dramatist ;  born  at  Guadalcanal,  Ba- 
dajoz,  March  1829;  died  Dec.  30,  1879.  After 
studying  law  in  Seville,  he  went  to  Madrid, 
where  he  devoted  himself  entirely  to  poetry 
and  speedily  won  national  fame.  His  first 
drama,  <A  Statesman)  (1S51),  met  with  imme- 
diate success,  and  was  followed  in  the  same 
year  by  <The  Two  Noblemen  >  and  <  Penalty 
and  Pardon.>  To  the  modern  comedy  of  man- 
ners, his  specific  domain,  he  first  contributed 

<  The  Glass  Roof,>  and  in  1S61  attained  to  wide 
reputation  with  <  Percentage.*  Of  his  other 
works  the  most  noteworthy  arc :  <  The  Mod- 
ern Don  Juan>  (1S63);  and  <Consuelo>  (187S), 
a  drama.  He  has  also  written  beautiful  son- 
nets.   ■ 

Ayala,  Pedro  Lopez  de.  A  Spanish  histo- 
rian, poet,  and  statesman  (1332-1407).  In  great 
favor  with  the  Castilian  kings  Peter  tlie  Cruel, 
Henry  II.,  John  I.,  and  Henry  HI.,  he  was  in- 
vested with  the  highest  dignities  of  State.    His 

<  Chronicles  of  the  Kings  of  Castile  >  contains 
the  history  of  that  kingdom  from  1350  to  1396. 
Of  his  poetical  works,  the  <  Rhyme-Work  of  the 
Palace,*  a  didactic  poem  on  social  and  political 
questions,  stands  foremost. 

Aylmer-Gowing,  Mrs.  Emilia.  An  English 
poet  and  reciter;  born  in  Bath,  October  1846. 
She  was  educated  partly  in  Brighton,  partly 
in  Paris,  where  she  received  the  attention  of 
Lamartine.  After  a  short  career  on  the  stage 
she  successfully  produced  two  dramas  :  <  A  Life 
Race>  and  <A  Crown  for  Love.*  Her  <  Bal- 
lads and  Poems*  and  <The  Cithern*  have 
become  popular,  as  well  as  two  novels :  <  The 
Jewel  Reputation*  and  <An  Unruly  Spirit.* 
in  1891  siie  published  <  Ballads  of  the  Tower 
and  Other  Poems.* 

Ayrer,  Jacob  (I'rer).  A  German  dramatist; 
died  in  Nuremberg,  March  26,  1605.  Next  to 
Hans  Sachs  the  most  prolific  dramatist  of  Ger- 
many in  the  l6th  century;  in  1595-1605  he 
wrote  more  than  100  plays,  of  which  the  <  Opus 
Theatricum*  (Nuremberg,  1618)  contains  30 
tragedies  and  comedies,  and  36  Shrovetide 
plays  and  vaudevilles.  In  his  dramas  the  in- 
fluence of  the  English  stage  is  apparent. 

Ayres,  Anne.  An  American  author ;  born  in 
England  in  1816 ;  died  in  February  1896.  She 
was  the  first  member  of  an  American  sister- 
hood in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  She 
v.Tote  :  <  Evangelical  Sisterhood*  (1867);  <  Life 
of  Augustus  Muhlenberg.* 

Ayton  or  Aytoun,  Sir  Robert  (a'ton).  A 
Scottish  poet ;  born  in  his  father's  castle  of 
Kinaldie  in  1570 ;  died  in  London  in  Febru- 
ary 1638.  His  Latin  and  English  verses  made 
him   famous   at  the    courts   of  James   I.  and 


Charles  I.,  where  he  held  posts  of  ?.onor  and 
was  knighted  in  1612.  He  also  wrote  in  Greek 
and  French.  Ayton  is  supposed  to  have  been 
the  author  of  <Auld  Lang  Syne,*  which  was 
remodeled  by  Burns. 

Aytoun,  William  Edmonstoune.  A  Scottish 
humorist;  born  in  Edinburgh.  June  21,  1813; 
died  at  Blackhills,  near  Elgm,  Aug.  4,  1S65. 
Pie  joined  the  editorial  staff  of  Blackwood's 
Magazine  in  1S44,  and  to  his  death  continued 
an  unwearying  and  fertile  contributor  to  its 
pages.  Professor  of  literature  in  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  1S45-64.  After  John  Wilson's 
death  (1854),  he  was  considered  the  m-ost  im- 
portant man  of  letters  in  Scotland  during  his 
life,  famous  for  his  humor,  satire,  and  criticism. 
His  most  celebrated  work  is  <  Lays  of  the 
Scottish  Cavaliers*  (1848,  29th  ed.  1883),  a 
series  of  ballads  replete  with  genuine  poetry, 
glorifying  the  champions  of  the  Stuart  cause. 
Noteworthy  is  his  critical  and  annotated  col^ 
lection  of  the  < Ballads  of  Scotland*  (1858,  4th 
ed.  1870).  With  Theodore  Martin  he  wrote 
the  famous  < Bon  Gaultier  Ballads*  (1844,  13th 
ed.  1877),  and  translated  <  Poems  and  Ballads 
of  Goethe*  (1S5S). 

Azarias,  Brother.  See  Mullany,  Patrick 
Francis. 

Azeglio,  Massimo  Taparelli,  Marchese  d' 
(ad-zal'yo).  A  distinguished  Italian  writer, 
statesman,  and  artist ;  born  in  Turin,  Oct.  15, 
1798;  died  in  Milan,  Jan.  15,  1866.  Of  his  liter- 
ary productions  the  most  noteworthy  are  the 
two  historical  romances  <  Ettore  Fieramosca  * 
(1833)  and  <Nicol6  de'  Lapi*  (1841);  but  firpt 
in  importance  is  his  autobiography  <  My  Recol- 
lections* (1867),  translated  into  English  by 
Count  Maffei.  Supplements  to  these  are  : 
'Letters  to  his  Wife,  Luisa  Blondel*  (1870); 
<to  Giuseppe  Torelli  *  (1870);  <to  Carlo  di  Per- 
sano*  (187S);  and  <to  Emanuele  d'Azeglio* 
(i8S3)j^)ut  especially  <  Italy  from  1847  to  1865, 
Political  Correspondence  of  M.  d'Azeglio* 
(Paris,  1S66). 

Azevedo,  Manoel  Antonio  Alvares  de  (a- 
za-va'do).  A  Brazilian  poet;  born  in  Sao  Paulo, 
1831 ;  died  1852.  While  studying  law  in  1848- 
51,  he  produced  an  abundance  of  romantic 
poetry  in  the  vein  of  Byron,  Heine,  and  Musset, 
which  made  him  the  most  widely  read  poet 
of  Brazil  after  Gon^-alves  Dias.  His  'Com- 
plete Works*  (1863)  contain  also  prose  writ- 
ings and  three  dramatic  pieces. 

Azulai,  Eayim  David  (hii'gem  da'ved  a-zb- 
li').  A  Jewish  bibliographer;  born  in  Jerusa- 
lem; died  at  Leghorn,  Italy.  He  lived  in  the 
i8th  century.  Most  of  his  life  was  spent  at 
Leghorn.  Of  his  numerous  works,  the  best 
known  is  <  Shem-ha-Gedolim  *  (The  Names  of 
the  Great),  a  bibliography  containing  the  names 
of  over  1,300  Jewish  authors,  and  more  than 
2,200  of  their  works. 


BABBAGE  —  BACHERACHT 


33 


B 


Babbage,  Charles  (bab'aj).  A  celebrated 
English  mathematician ;  born  near  Teign- 
mouth,  Devonshire,  Dec.  26, 1792 ;  died  in  Lon- 
don, Oct.  18,  1871.  He  was  professor  of  math- 
ematics at  Cambridge  (1828-39)  and  one  of  the 
founders,  secretaries,  and  vice-presidents  of  the 
Astronomical  Society.  He  is  best  known  as 
the  inventor  of  the  only  partially  successful 
calculating  machine.  His  principal  work  was 
<  On  the  Economy  of  Machinery  >  (1832),  which 
was  translated  into  several  languages.  Among 
his  other  writings  were :  <  Passages  from  the 
Life  of  a  Philosopher)  (1864)  and  <  Chapter  on 
Street  Nuisances'  (1864). 

Baber  or  Babar,  Zehlr-Eddin  Mohammed, 

surnamed  (ba'ber).  Conqueror  of  India  and 
founder  of  the  Mogul  dynasty ;  born  1483 ; 
died  at  Agra,  Dec.  28,  1530.  He  was  a  lineal 
descendant  of  Jenghiz  Khan  and  Timur,  and 
at  the  age  of  12  years  succeeded  his  father 
as  king  of  Ferghana,  a  district  to  the  east  of 
Samarcand.  In  1521,  gathering  an  army  of  12,- 
000  followers,  he  invaded  India,  then  preparing 
to  revolt  against  the  intolerable  exactions  of 
Ibrahim,  emperor  at  Delhi ;  and  in  six  years 
made  himself  absolute  master  of  the  whole 
country.  He  wrote  a  volume  of  <  Memoirs ' 
which  shows  him  to  have  been  a  man  of  well- 
cultivated  intellect,  a  sagacious  observer,  and  a 
wise  statesman. 

Babeuf  or  Baboeuf,  Francois  Noel  (ba-bef). 
A  French  communist,  who  called  himself  Caius 
Gracchus;  born  at  Saint-Quentin,  1760 ;  died  in 
Paris,  May  27,  1797.  He  founded  in  Paris  a 
journal  called  the  Tribune  of  the  People  (1794), 
in  which  he  advocated  his  system  of  communism, 
known  as  <<  Baboeuvism  >'  and  contemplating  ab- 
solute equality  and  community  of  property.  His 
followers  were  called  <<  Baboeuvists.'*  Betrayed 
in  a  conspiracy  against  the  Directory,  aiming  to 
put  his  theories  into  practice,  he  was  guillotined. 
His  principal  works  were  :  <  Perpetual  Register 
of  the  Survey  of  Lands  >  (1780)  ;  <0f  the  Sys- 
tem of  Population'  (1794). 

Babo,  Joseph  Marius  von  (ba'bo).  A  Ger- 
man dramatist  (1756-1822);  author  of  a  series 
of  plays  of  chivalry  in  imitation  of  Goethe's 
'  Gotz,>  among  which  <  Otto  von  Wittelsbach  > 
(1781)  had  the  greatest  success.  Two  come- 
dies, 'Homely  Happiness*  (1792)  and  <  The 
Pulse'  (1804),  also  found  much  favor. 

Babrius  (ba'bri-us).  A  Greek  writer  of  fables 
in  verse ;  variously  referred  to  the  time  imme- 
diately preceding  the  Augustan  age,  and  to  the 
third  century  of  our  era;  his  name  also  shows 
variants,  as  Babrias,  Gabrius.  Till  1842  only 
a  few  fragments  of  Babrius  were  known  to  be 
extant;  but  in  that  year,  in  the  Laura  of  Mt. 
Athos  was  discovered  a  MS.  containing  123  of 
his  fables.    In  1846  Sir  George  Cornewall  Lewis 


published  them  together  w'th  the  pre-existing 
fragments,  and  in  1859  or  i860  appeared  a  good 
English  version  by  James  Davies.  The  fables 
have  also  been  edited  by  W.  G.  Rutherford 
(1883),  and  by  F.  G.  Schneidewin  (1S80).  . 

Baccalar  y  SafLa,  Vicente,  MaroLuls  of  St. 
Philip  (bak'a-lar  e  san'ya).  A  Spanish  his- 
torian and  statesman;  born  in  Sardinia;  died 
in  Madrid,  1726.  He  served  the  King  of  Spain 
with  less  disinterestedness  than  distinction  dur- 
ing the  revolt  of  his  native  isle,  and  was  ennobled 
after  writing  a  very  rhetorical  <  History  of  the 
Kingdom  of  the  Jews,'  as  well  as  <  Memoirs  for 
a  History  of  Philip  V.,'  the  latter  work  cover- 
ing the  period  between  1699  and  1725. 

Bache,  Alexander  Dallas  (bach).  A  dis- 
tinguished American  scientist  and  educator, 
great-grandson  of  Benjamin  Franklin  ;  bom  at 
Philadelphia,  July  19,  1806;  died  at  Newport, 
Feb.  17, 1867.  Graduating  from  West  Point  at 
the  head  of  his  class  {1825),  he  became  profes- 
sor of  natural  philosophy  and  chemistry  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  (1828)  ;  organizer 
and  first  president  of  Girard  College  (1836) ; 
superintendent  of  the  United  States  Coast  Sur- 
vey (1843),  his  services  in  that  position  being 
invaluable  ;  active  member  of  the  sanitary  com- 
mission during  the  Civil  War ;  a  regent  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  (1846-67)  ;  president 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences  (1863). 
He  wrote  <  Observations  at  the  Magnetic  and 
Meteorological  Observatory  at  the  Girard  Col- 
lege,'a  scientifically  valuable  work  ;  a  helpful 
report  on  education  in  Europe  (1839)  ;  and  a 
long  series  of  notable  annual  reports  of  the 
United  States  Coast  Survey. 

Bache,  Franklin  (bach).  A  distinguished 
American  physician  and  chemist ;  bom  at  Phil- 
adelphia, Oct.  25,  1792  ;  died  there,  March  19, 
1864.  He  was  professor  of  chemistry  at  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy  (1831)  and 
the  Jefferson  Medical  College  (1841).  Besides 
writing  *  A  System  of  Chemistry  for  Students  of 
Medicine'  (1819),  he  was  one  of  the  authors  of 
Wood  and  Bache's  <  Dispensatory  of  the  United 
States'  (1833),  an  acknowledged  authority. 

Bacher,  Julius  (bach'er).  A  German  story- 
writer  and  dramatist ;  born  in  Ragnit,  East  Prus- 
sia, Aug.  8,  1810.  He  was  a  practicing  physi- 
cian, who  turned  man  of  letters  and  attained 
reputation  with  *■  The  First  Love  of  Charles 
XII.'  (1850),  a  tragedy;  'Princess  Sidonie' 
(1870),  a  novel;  and  various  other  pieces. 

Bacheracht,  Therese  von  (ba'ciher-adht).  A 
German  novelist  (1804-52),  who  chose  her  sub- 
jects mostly  from  the  life  of  the  upper  classes, 
and  was  distinguished  for  her  careful  delinea- 
tion of  character.  The  best  among  her  nov- 
els are:  <Falkenberg'  (i843.t;  <Lydia>  (1844); 


34 


•3/';;HMAN— BACULARD  D'ARNAUD 


'  Ileinrich  Burkart'  (1846).  Much  credit  is  due 
her  for  the  pubh'cation  of  W.  von  Humboldt's 
^Letters  to  a  Friend*  (1847). 

Bachman,  John  (bak'man).  An  American 
clergyman  and  naturalist ;  bom  in  Dutchess 
county,  N.  Y.,  Fel).  4,  1790;  died  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  Feb.  25,  1874.  He  was  associated  with 
Audubon  in  the  <  Quadrupeds  of  North  Amer- 
ica,' writing  the  principal  part  of  the  work, 
which  Audubon  and  his  sons  illustrated. 

Baclc,  Sir  George.  An  English  admiral  and 
Arctic  explorer;  born  in  Stockport,  Cheshire, 
Nov.  6,  1796;  died  in  London,  June  23,  1878. 
Having  accompanied  PVanklin  in  several  ex- 
peditions, he  discovered  the  Great  Fish  or 
Back  River  (1833-35),  commanded  the  Terror  in 
an  Arctic  expedition  (1836-37),  and  became— I 
admiral  (1857).  He  wrote:  < Narrative  of  the 
Arctic  Land  Expedition  to  the  Mouth  of  the 
Great  Fish  River  >;  <  Narrative  of  an  Expedi- 
tion in  H.  M.  S.  Terror  >;  etc. 

Backstrbm,  Per  Joban  Edvard  (bak'strem). 
A  Swedisli  dramatist  and  lyric  poet;  born  in 
Stockholm,  Oct.  27,  1841 ;  died  there,  Feb.  13, 
1886.  His  principal  work  is  <  Dagvard  Frey* 
(1876),  a  tragedy;  besides  this  the  dramas  <A 
Crown  >  (1869),  <  Eva's  Sisters  >  (1869),  <The 
Prisoner  of  Kallo'  (1S70),  met  with  success. 
His  lyrics  were  published  in  three  collections 
(i860,  1870,  1876). 

Bacon,  Delia.  An  American  writer  (l8ll- 
59),  daughter  of  Leonard  Bacon.  She  is  best 
remembered  for  her  <  Philosophy  of  the  Plays 
of  Shakespeare*  (1857);  to  which  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne  (without  concurring)  wrote  a  preface, 
and  which  lirought  into  prominence  the  Bacon- 
Shakespeare  controvers}'. 

Bacon,  Francis.  The  English  philosopher ; 
born  in  London,  Jan.  22,  1561 ;  died  April  9, 
1626.  His  immortal  < Essays*  were  published 
in  1597,  and  in  the  same  year  appeared  <On 
the  Colors  of  Good  and  Evil.*  The  two  books 
of  <The  Advancement  of  Learning*  appeared 
in  1605 ;  and  in  1620  the  <  Novum  Organum,* 
written,  like  very  many  of  Bacon's  works,  in 
Latin.  The  < Novum  Organum*  is  <<an  essay 
toward  the  science  of  a  better  use  of  reason  in 
the  investigation  of  things.**  His  histories  of 
<  Henry  VIL,*  of  <  Henry  VIIL,*  and  of  <  Eliz- 
abeth,* are  of  unequal  value  and  authority : 
ihe  first  is  eminently  faithful  and  trustworthy; 
the  other  two  are  probably  biased  by  the  au- 
thor's desire  to  stand  well  at  court.  His  <New 
Atlantis*  is  one  of  the  world's  great  Utopian 
speculations. 

Bacon,  Leonard.  An  American  clergyman ; 
born  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  Feb.  19,  1802;  died  in 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  24,  1881.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1820,  after  which  he  studied 
theology  at  Andover,  Mass.  In  1825  he  be- 
came pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  Church 
m  New  Haven,  a  position  which  he  held  offi- 
cially, though  not  always  actively,  until  his 
death.  He  was  professor  of  didactic  theology 
in  Yale  (1866-71).    He  was  throughout  his  life 


an  active  opponent  of  slavery.  In  1847  he 
jomed  with  Drs.  Storrs  and  Thompson  to  found 
the  New  York  Independent,  in  the  joint  edi- 
torship of  which  he  continued  for  16  years. 
Besides  a  vast  number  of  reviews  and  pam- 
phlets, he  published  many  theological  and  his- 
torical works. 

Bacon,  Leonard  Woolsey.  An  American 
Congregational  minister  and  religious  writer,  son 
of  Leonard  Bacon  ;  born  at  New  Haven,  1830. 
Among  his  writings  are  :  <  The  Vatican  Council  * 
(1872) ;  <  Church  Music  Papers  >  (1876) ;  <  Sunday 
Evening  Essays  *  (1877).     Died  May  12,  1907. 

Bacon,  Roger.  An  English  philosopher,  one 
of  the  greatest  medieval  scholars.  He  was 
born  of  good  family  in  Somersetshire,  about 
1214;  died  about  1294.  He  studied  at  Oxford, 
taking  orders  there  1233 ;  proceeded  to  Paris, 
returned,  and  entered  the  Franciscan  Order 
1250.  f  His  discoveries  in  chemistry  and  phys- 
ics brought  upon  him  accusations  of  magic, 
and  he  was  imprisoned  at  Paris,  1257.  At  the 
request  of  Pope  Clement  IV.  in  1265  he  drew 
up  his  <  Opus  Majus.*  He  gained  his  liberty  a 
little  later,  but  suffered  a  further  imprisonment 
of  ten  years  under  Nicholas  II.,  and  was  not 
finally  liberated  till  1292,  two  years  before  his 
death.  (He  was  learned  in  several  languages 
and  wrote  elegant  Latin.  His  wide  knowledge 
gained  for  him  the  name  of  Doctor  Admirabi- 
lis.  His  chief  work,  the  <Opus  Majus,*  shows 
great  learning  and  remarkably  advanced  think- 
ing, considering  the  age  in  which  he  lived. 
He  treats  of  the  unity  of  the  sciences,  of  the 
necessity  of  a  true  linguistic  science  for  the 
understanding  either  of  philosophy,  science,  or 
the  Scriptures;  he  treats  also  of  mathematics, 
as  <<the  alphabet  of  philosophy,**  and  of  ge- 
ography and  astronomy  as  related  thereto,  of 
perspective,  and  of  experimental  science,  fore- 
shadowing the  inductive  method.  The  portion 
relating  to  geography  was  read  by  Columbus, 
who  was  strongly  influenced  by  it. 

Bacon,  Tliomas  Scott.  An  American  theo- 
logical writer;  born  at  Saratoga,  N.  V.,  Feb.  I, 
1825.  Originally  a  lawyer,  he  became  an  Epis- 
copalian clergyijian  (1854).  Besides  sermons, 
addresses,  reviews,  etc.,  he  has  written :  <  Both 
Sides  of  the  Controversy  between  the  Roman 
and  the  Reformed  Church*  (1858) ;  <The  Reign 
of  God,  not  the  Reign  of  Law*  (1879);  <The 
Beginnings  of  Religion*  (1887) ;  <  Primitive  and 
Catholic  Doctrine  as  to  Holy  Scripture*;  etc. 

Bacsanyi,  J^nos  (bo'chan-ye).  A  Hunga- 
rian poet,  prose-writer,  and  journalist;  born  at 
Tapolcza,  May  11,  1763;  died  at  Linz,  May  12, 
1845.  With  Baroti  and  Kazinczy,  he  founded 
a  journal,  the  Magyar  Museum  (1788),  and  was 
editor  of  the  Magyar  Minerva.  Having  trans- 
lated Napoleon's  proclamation  to  the  Hunga- 
rians (1809),  he  was  obliged  to  flee  to  Paris, 
whence  he  was  extradited  after  Napoleon's 
fall,  but  was  compelled  to  live  at  Linz. 

Baculard  d'Arnaud,  Francois  (ba-kii-lar' 
dar-n5').  A  French  novelist  and  dramatist 
(1718-1805),  protdgd  of  Voltaire,  for  two  year> 


BADEAU  — BAHR 


35 


literary  correspondent,  in  Paris,  of  Frederick  the 
Great,  who  afterwards  called  him  to  Berlin. 
Thence  he  went  to  Dresden,  and  on  his  return 
to  France  wrote  a  considerable  number  of  sen- 
timental novels  in  the  taste  of  the  times.  Of 
his  dramas,  in  which  the  sombre  and  horrible 
element  prevails,  onlj-  <  The  Count  of  Com- 
minges'  (1765)  was  performed. 

Badeau,  Adam.  An  American  soldier  and 
author ;  born  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  29,  1831 ; 
died  in  Ridgewood,  N.  J.,  March  19,  1895.  He 
served  in  the  United  States  army  during  the 
Civil  War,  was  military  secretary  to  General 
Grant  in  1864-69,  tlien  secretary  of  legation  in 
London,  and  from  1870  till  1881  consul-general 
there,  and  in  1882-84  in  Havana.  He  accom- 
panied General  Grant  on  his  tour  around  the 
world  in  1877-78.  Author  of  :  <  The  Vagabond  > 
(New  York,  1858) ;  <>Iilitary  History  of  U.  S. 
Grant'  (3  vols.,  1867-81);  < Conspiracy:  a  Cu- 
ban Romance*  (1885);  < Aristocracy  in  Eng- 
land' (1886);  and  < Grant  in  Peace'  (1886). 

Baden-Powell,  Sir  George  Smyth  (ba'den- 
pou'l).  An  English  politician  and  political 
writer ;  born  at  Oxford,  Dec.  24,  1847.  He  has 
been  member  of  various  important  commissions, 
among  others  that  on  United  States  and  Cana- 
dian fisheries  (1886-87),  the  Bering  Sea  inquiry 
(1891) ;  of  the  Joint  Commission  (Washington, 
1892).  He  has  written:  <New  Homes  for  the 
Old  Country'  (1872),  a  storehouse  of  informa- 
tion about  Australia;  'Protection  and  Bad 
Times'  (1879);  <  State  Aid  and  State  Interfer- 
ence' (1882);  <The  Truth  about  Home  Rule' 
(1888);  <The  Land  Systems  of  India'  (1892); 
etc.     He  died  Nov.  20,  1898. 

Baena,  Antonio  (ba-ya'na).  A  Portuguese- 
Brazilian  historian  and  geographer;  born  in 
Portugal  about  1795 ;  died  in  Pari,  March  28, 
1850.  He  was  an  officer  in  tiie  Portuguese,  after- 
ward in  the  Brazilian,  army.  He  studied  the 
geography '  and  history  of  the  Amazon  valley. 
His  principal  works  were  :  <  The  Ages  of  Pari' 
(1838),  a  historic  compend  stopping  at  1823,  and 

<  Chorographic  Essay  on  the  Province  of  Pard ' 
(1839),  a  geographical  and  statistical  work 
giving  the  details  of  explorations  made  by  him- 
self. 

Baer,  Karl  Ernst  von  (bar).  A  noted  Rus- 
sian naturalist,  famous  especially  as  an  embry- 
ologist ;  born  at  Piep,  Esthonia,  Feb.  28,  1792 ; 
died  at  Dorpat,  Nov.  28,  1876.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  zoology  at  Konigsberg  (1819),  and 
librarian  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  St. 
Petersburg  (1834).     His  principal  works  were: 

<  History  of  the  Development  of  Animals'  (2 
vols.,  1828-37) ;  <  Researches  into  the  Develop- 
ment of  Fishes'  (1835). 

Baffin,  William.  A  noted  English  navigator 
and  explorer ;  born  probably  in  London,  1584 ; 
died  at  the  siege  of  Ormuz,  Jan.  23,  1622.  In 
the  second  of  two  arctic  expeditions,  he  dis- 
covered Baffin's  Bay.  Of  these  voyages  he 
wrote  two  accounts,  in  the  first  giving  a  new 
method  of  computing  longitude  at  sea.    These 


accounts  have  been  recently  edited  by  Clem- 
ents   R.    Markham    for   the  Hakluyt   Societv, 

<  Voyages  of  William  Baffin'  (1881). 

Bagby,  George  William.  An  American  phy- 
sician, journalist,  and  humorist ;  bom  in  Buck- 
ingham County,  Va.,  Aug.  13,  1828;  died  at 
Richmond,  Va.,  Nov.  29,  1883.  He  wrote  under 
the  pseudonym  ^'  Mozis  Addums."  He  was 
editor  of  the  Lynchburg  Express  (1853)  and 
Southern  Literary  Messenger  (1859),  State  Li- 
brarian of  Virginia  (1870-78),  and  contributor 
to  various  magazines.  He  wrote :  <  John  M. 
Daniel's  Latch-Key>  (1868);  <What  I  Did 
with  My  Fifty  Millions'  (1875);  <  Meekins's 
Twinses'  (1877). 

Bage,  Robert  (baj).  An  English  novelist; 
born  at  Darley,  Derbyshire,  Feb.  29,  1728 ;  died 
at  Tamworth,  Sept.  I,  1801.  He  only  began  to 
write  at  the  age  of  fifty -three.  Among  his 
works  were:  <  Mount  Henneth'  (1781) ;  <  Bar- 
ham  Downs'  (1784);  <  Hermsprong,  or  Man  as 
He  is  Not'  (1796) ;  etc. 

Bagehot,  Walter  (baj'ot).  An  English  writer 
on  political  economy  and  government;  born 
in  Langport,  Somersetshire,  Feb.  3,  1826;  died 
there,  March  24,  1877.  After  graduating  from 
University  College,  London,  he  studied  law 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar;  but  never  en- 
tered practice,  being  drawn  rather  to  the  study 
of  economics  and  political  science.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are:  <The  English  Constitution* 
(1867);  <  Physics  and  Politics,'  in  which  the 
life  and  growth  of  nations  are  studied  in  the 
light  of  Darwin's  theory  (1863);  and  <  Lombard 
Street:  a  Description  of  the  Money  Market.* 
His  complete  works,  edited  by  Forrest  Morgan, 
were  published  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  1889. 

Baggesen,  Jens  (bag'e-sen).  A  noted  Dan- 
ish poet ;  born  at  Korsor,  Zealand,  Feb.  15, 
1764;  died  in  Hamburg,  Oct.  3,  1826.  He  be- 
came involved  in  a  great  literary  feud  with 
Oehlenschlager.  His  first  poetic  effort,  <  Comic 
Tales'  (1785),  at  once  attracted  attention;  but 
<The    Labyrinth'    (1792),  afterwards    entitled 

<  Wanderings  of  a  Poet,'  a  description  of  his 
traveling  impressions,  equally  distinguished  for 
its  overflowing  humor  and  finished  style,  is  his 
most  important  work,  a  landmark  in  Danish 
prose  literature. 

Babr,  Hermann  (bar).  An  Austrian  dram- 
atist, novelist,  and  critic ;  born  in  Linz,  July  19, 
1S63.  He  took  a  firm  stand  in  opposition  to 
the  '<  naturalism,'*  <<  modernism,"  and  "  sym- 
bolism" of  the  dominant  school  of  French 
novelists,  and  published  two  collections  of  his 
strictures  on  these  phases  of  literature,  under 
the  titles  <A  Critique  of  Modernism'  (1890) 
and  <The  Overthrow  of  Naturalism'  (1891). 
He  is  author  of  several  dramas,  among  them 

<  The  New  Men '  (1888) ;  <  The  Mother » (1891);  of 

<  The  Domestic  Woman  '  (1893),  ^  comedy ;  and 
of  some  novels  and  romances,  among  them  <Dora, 
Stories  of  Vienna '  ( 1893) ;  <  The  Apostle  >  (1901). 

Balir,  Jobann  Cbristian  (bar).  A  distin- 
guished German  philologist ;  born  at  Darmstadt, 


36 


BAHRDT  — BAILY 


June  13, 1798 ;  died  at  Heidelberg,  Nov.  29,  1872. 
He  was  professor  of  classical  literature  at  the 
University  of  Heidelberg.  Besides  editing  sev- 
eral of  Plutarch's  <  Lives,'  making  a  Latin  trans- 
lation of  Herodotus,  with  notes,  etc.,  his  prin- 
cipal work  was  <  History  of  Roman  Literature  > 
{2  vols.,  1828;  4th  ed.  1868-73). 

Balirdt,  Karl  Friedrich  (bart).  A  German 
theologian;  born  at  Bischofswerda,  Saxony, 
Aug.  25,  1741 ;  died  near  Halle,  April  23,  1792. 
He  was  condemned  to  imprisonment  in  1789  for 
publishing  <The  Religious  Edict:  a  Comedy.* 
As  a  theologian,  he  was  noted  for  extreme 
rationalism.  He  wrote  :  <  Letters  on  Systematic 
Theology'  (2  vols.,  1770-72);  < Newest  Revela- 
tions of  God>  (1773) ;  while  in  prison,  <  History 
of  his  Life>  (4  vols.,  1790),  etc. 

Bahya  ben  Joseph  ben  Fakoda  (ba'he-ya 
ben  yo'sef  ben  pa-ko'da).  A  noted  Jewish 
poet  and  religious  writer;  lived  at  Saragossa, 
Spain,  in  the  nth  century.  He  is  best  known 
by  his  celebrated  religious  work,  <  Duties  of  the 
Heart,'  written  by  .him  in  Arabic  and  trans- 
lated into  Hebrew.  It  abounds  in  spiritual 
meditations  and  exhortations,  and  occupies 
among  the  Jews  a  position  similar  to  that  held 
among  Christians  by  the  <  Imitation  of  Christ.' 
It  was  translated  into  Spanish  (1610)  and  Eng- 
lish (1894). 

Baif,  Jean  Antoine  de  (ba-ef).  A  French 
poet  (1532-89),  one  of  the  literary  league  known 
as  the  "  Pl^iade,"  and  the  chief  advocate  of  its 
plan  of  reducing  French  poetry  to  the  metres 
of  the  classic  tongues ;  also  a  spelling  reformer, 
in  favor  of  the  phonetic  system.  His  most 
meritorious  works  were  translations  of  Greek 
and  Roman  dramas.  Among  his  original  pro- 
ductions, <  The  Mimes,  Precepts,  and  Proverbs ' 
(6  editions,  1576-1619)  are  the  most  noteworthy. 

Bailey,  Gamaliel.  An  American  journalist ; 
born  at  Mt.  Holly,  N.  J.,  Dec.  3,  1807 ;  died  at 
sea,  on  his  way  to  Europe,  June  5,  l859-  With 
J.  G.  Birney,  he  founded  the  anti-slavery  jour- 
nal, the  Cincinnati  Philanthropist  (1836),  the 
office  of  which  was  destroyed  by  a  mob,  though 
it  continued  to  be  published  till  1847.  He  es- 
tablished the  well-known  newspaper,  the  Wash- 
ington National  Era  (1847),  in  which  the  famous 
novel  *  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  >  appeared  first. 

Bailey,  James  Montgomery.  An  American 
author;  born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  25,  1841 ; 
died  in  Danbury,  Conn.,  March  4,  1894.  He 
served  in  the  17th  Connecticut  regiment  during 
the  war ;  returned  to  Danbury,  founded  the  Dan- 
bury  News  in  1870.  His  articles  in  this  paper 
were  widely  quoted.  He  wrote  :  <  Life  in  Dan- 
bury' (Boston,  1873) ;  <They  All  Do  It,'  (1877); 
and  <The  Danbury  Boom'  (1880). 

Bailey,  Nathan.  An  English  lexicographer 
and  classical  scholar';  died  at  Stepney,  June  27, 
1742.  He  was  a  school-teacher  at  Stepney,  and 
a  Seventh-day  Baptist.  Besides  educational 
books,  he  was  the  author  of  a  <  Universal  Ety- 
mologicai  English  Dictionary'  (1721),  the  first 
English    dictiouaiy   with    any    pretensions   to 


being  complete,  and  the  basis  of  Dr.  Johnson's 
better  known  work.  He  wrote  also  a  <  Domestic 
Dictionary'  (1736). 

Bailey,  Fhilip  James.  An  English  poet; 
born  in  Basford,  Nottinghamshire,  April  22, 
1816.  He  was  educated  in  Glasgow,  and  stud- 
ied law  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  being  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1840.  In  his  twentieth  year  he  began 
<Festus,>  a  lyrico-dramatic  poem  on  the  Faust 
legend.  The  poem  was  published  in  1839,  and 
attracted  unusual  attention.  The  eleventh 
edition  was  published  in  1889.  His  other 
works— <The  Angel  World'  (1850)  ;  <The 
Mystic'  (1855);  <The  Age'  a  colloquial  satire 
(1858);  and  <The  Universal  Hymn'  (1867)— 
did  not  increase  his  reputation.  Died  at  Not- 
tingham, Sept.  6,  1902. 

Bailey,  Samuel.  An  English  writer  on  phi- 
losophy and  political  economy;  bom  at  Shef- 
field, 1791 ;  died  there,  Jan.  18,  1870.  He  was 
chairman  of  the  Sheffield  Banking  Company 
and  several  times  president  of  the  Sheffield 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society.  Besides 
works  on  political  economy,  he  wrote :  <  On 
the  Formation  and  Publication  of  Opinions' 
(3d  ed.  1831);  <The  Pursuit  of  Truth  and  the 
Progress  of  Knowledge '  (2d  ed.  1844) ;  <  Let- 
ters from  an  Egyptian  Kafir  in  Search  of  Re- 
ligion' (1837,  anonymously);  <Maro,  or  Poetic 
Sensibility'  (1846,  anonymously);  < Theory  of 
Reasoning'  (2d  ed.,  1852);  < Philosophy  of  the 
Human  Mind'   (three  series,  1855,  1858,  1863); 

<  The  Received  Text  of  Shakespeare's  Dra- 
matic Writings'  (2  vols.,  1861-62);  etc. 

Baillie,  Joanna.  A  Scottish  poet ;  bom  ii 
Bothwell,  Lanarkshire,  Sept.  11.  1762;  died  at 
Hampstead,  England,  Feb.  23,  1851.  At  an 
early  age  she  removed  to  London  and  settled 
at  Hampstead,  where,  with  her  sister  Agnes, 
she  passed  the  remainder  of  her  life.  The  first 
volume  of  her  <  Plays  on  the  Passions '  was 
published  in  1798;  one  of  them,  <The  Family 
Legend,'  was  successfully  presented  at  Edin- 
burgh under  the  patronage  of  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
Miss  Baillie  published  many  short  poems  and 
songs  of  great  beauty.  She  enjoyed  the  close 
friendship  of  Scott,  Jeffrey  (who  at  first  had 
severely  criticized  her  work),  Lucy  Aikin,  Mrs. 
Siddons,  and  other  eminent  persons.  For  her 
benevolent  deeds  at  Hampstead,  the  poor  gave 
her  the  name  of  "  Lady  Bountiful." 

Bailly,  Jean  Sylvain  (ba-ye').  A  distin- 
guished French  astronomer  and  statesman ; 
born  in  Paris,  Sept.  15,  1736 ;  died  there,  Nov. 
12,  1793.  The  first  president  of  the  States- 
General  or  National  Assembly  (1789),  and 
mayor  of  Paris  (1789).  He  was  the  advocate  of 
order  and  moderation,  and  having  offended  the 
Jacobins,  he  died  on  the  guillotine.    He  wrote . 

<  History  of  Astronomy '  (4  vols.,  1775-83),  which 
became  very  popular ;  <  Memoirs  of  the  Revolu 
tion'.  (3  vols.,  1804);  etc. 

Baily,  Francis  (ba'le).  An  English  astron- 
omer; born  at  Newbury,  Berkshire,  April  28, 
1774;  died  in  London,  Aug.  30,  1844.  He  re- 
formed the  <  Nautical  Almanac,'  and  was  tiie 


BAIN  —  BAKER 


37 


author  of  the  'Astronomical  Society's  Cata- 
logue of  Stars.'  He  wrote  also  a  <  Life  of 
Flamsteed'  (1835);  < Journal  of  a  Tour  in  Un- 
settled Parts  of  North  America'  (1856,  edited 
by  De  Morgan);  etc. 

Bain,  Alexander  (ban).  A  distinguished 
Scotch  philosophical  writer ;  born  at  Aberdeen, 
1818.  He  became  professor  of  natural  philos- 
ophy in  the  Andersonian  University,  Glasgow, 
(1845);  examiner  in  logic  and  moral  philoso- 
phy for  the  University  of  London  (1857-62, 
1864-69);  professor  of  logic  (1860-80)  at,  and 
lord  rector  (1881)  of,  the  University  of  Aber- 
deen. He  belongs  to  the  Spencerian  or  ex- 
periential school  of  philosophy,  and  teaches 
physiological  psychology.  His  chief  works  are: 
<The  Senses  and  the  Intellect'  (1855);  <The 
Emotions  and  the  Will'  (1859),  the  two  form- 
ing a  complete  course  of  mental  philosophy; 

<  English   Composition   and   Rhetoric'    (1866); 

<  Mental  and  Moral  Science'  (1868);  <  Logic' 
(2  vols.,  1870);  <Mind  and  Body'  (1873);  < Ed- 
ucation as  a  Science'  (1879) ;  < James  Mill  and 
John  Stuart  Mill'  (1882);  <  Practical  Essays' 
(1884);  etc.     He  died  Sept.  6,  1902. 

Balrd,  Charles  Washington.  An  American 
historian  and  religious  writer,  son  of  Robert 
Baird ;  born  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Aug.  28,  1828 ; 
died  in  Rye,  N.Y.,  Feb.  10,  1881.  Besides  works 
on  the  Presbyterian  liturgies  (which  he  was  the 
first  to  collect  and  investigate)  and  local  his- 
tories, he  wrote :  <  History  of  the  Huguenot 
Emigration  to  America'  (2  vols.,  1885).  It  is 
interesting  especially  to  the  genealogist. 

Baird,  Henry  Carey.  An  American  writer 
on  political  economy,  nephew  of  Henry  C. 
Carey  ;  bom  at  Bridesburg,  Pa.,  1825.  He  was 
apublisher  at  Philadelphia  ;  died  there —  1901. 
A  protectionist,  his  economical  views  generally 
are  similar  to  those  of  his  distinguished  uncle. 
He  wrote  numerous  economic  pamphlets. 

Baird,  Henry  Martyn.  An  American  au- 
thor; born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  17,  1832. 
He  graduated  from  the  University  of  the  City 
of  New  York  in  1850,  and  after  spending  some 
years  in  Europe,  took  a  course  in  theology  at 
Union  and  Princeton.  In  1859  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  the  Greek  language  and  literature 
in  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York.  His 
principal  works  are  the  <  History  of  the  Rise  of 
the  Huguenots'  (1879);  <The  Huguenots  and 
Henry  of  Navarre'  (1886);  and  <The  Hugue- 
nots and  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes ' 
1895).     Died  Nov.  11,  1906. 

Baird,  Robert.  An  American  historian  and 
iivine ;  born  in  Fayette  County,  Pa.,  JDct.  6, 
[798;  died  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  March  15,  1863. 
Among  his  works  were:  <  History  of  the  Wal- 
lenses,  Albigenses,  and  Vaudois ' ;  <  History  of 
the  Temperance  Societies'  (1836);  'Religion 
in  America'  (1844);  etc.  He  was  correspond- 
ing secretary  of  the  American  and  Foreign 
Christian  Union  (1849-55,  1861-63). 

Baird,  Spencer  Fullerton.  A  distinguished 
American   naturalist;   bonj    at   Reading,  Pa., 


Feb.  3,  1823 ;  died  at  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.,  Aug. 
19,  1887.  He  became  professor  of  natural  sci- 
ences at  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  1845 ; 
United  States  commissioner  of  fish  and  fisher- 
ies, 187 1 ;  secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, 1878.  A  very  prolific  writer,  among  his 
more  important  works  may  be  named :  a  <  Cat- 
alogue of  North  American  Reptiles'  (1853); 
'Birds  of  North  America'  (with  Cassin  and 
Lawrence,  i860) ;  '  Mammals  of  North  America* 
(1858);  'History  of  North  American  Birds' 
(with  Brewer  and  Ridgeway,  1874-84) ;  etc.  His 
writings  cover  nearly  every  branch  of  natural 
history. 

Bajza,  Joseph  (boy'za).  A  Hungarian  poet 
and  critic  (1804-58).  He  devoted  himself  to 
the  field  of  history,  and  edited  a  'Historical 
Library'  (1843-45)  and  the  'New  Plutarch' 
(1845-47).  Since  1831  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Hungarian  Academy,  and  since  1836  of  the 
Kisfaludy  Society.  He  ranks  among  the  best 
lyric  poets  of  Hungary.  His  '  Poems '  were 
published  in  1835,  and  his  <  Collected  Works ' 
(2d  ed.,  in  6  vols.,  by  Toldy)  in  1861. 

Baker,  George  Augustus.  An  American 
writer  of  verse  and  stories ;  bom  in  New  York, 
N.  Y.,  in  August  1849.  He  graduated  from  Co- 
lumbia College  Law  School,  and  has  written : 
'  Point  Lace  and  Diamonds,'  light  society  verse 
(New  York,  1875) ;  '  Bad  Habits  of  Good  So- 
ciety' (1876);  'Mrs.  Hephaestus  and  Other 
Stories'  (1887);  and  comedies. 

Baker,  Mrs.  Harriette  Newell  (Woods) 
(pseudonyms  "  Madeline  Leslie "  and  "  Aunt 
Hatty").  An  American  writer  of  juvenile 
stories  ;  bom  at  Andover,  1815  ;  died  at  Brook- 
lyn, April  23,  1893.  Several  of  her  works  have 
been  translated  into  French  and  German.  She 
has  written:  'Tim  the  Scissors-Grinder'  (1861, 
sequel  in  1862),  her  most  popular  work ;  '  Up 
the  Ladder'  (1862) ;  'The  Two  Homes'  (1862) ; 
'The  Organ-Grinder'  (1863) ;  'White  and  Black 
Lies'  (1864);  'Worth  and  Wealth'  (1864); 
'Tim's  Sister'  (1864);  'Wheel  of  Fortune' 
(1865);  'Courtesies  of  Wedded  Life'  (1869); 
'Paul  Barton'  (1869);  'Fashion  and  Folly' 
(1869);  'Lost  but  Found'  (1869);  'Ingleside' 
(1886);  'This  and  That'  (1887);  etc.  She  is 
daughter  of  Rev.  Leonard  Woods  and  wife  of 
Rev.  S.  R.  Baker. 

Baker,  Samuel  White,  Sir.  An  English 
traveler  and  author;  born  in  London,  Eng.,  June 
8,  1821;  died  atSandford  Orleigh,  Dec.  30,  1893. 
At  an  early  age  he  went  to  Ceylon,  and  estab- 
lished a  sanitarium  at  Newera  EUia  6,200  feet 
above  sea  level;  in  1 86 1  undertook  to  explore 
the  sources  of  the  Nile,  discovered  and  named 
Lake  Albert  Nyanza,  and  reached  Gondokoro 
in  1865  In  1866  he  was  knighted.  He  after- 
wards traveled  in  India,  Syria,  Japan,  and 
America.  His  books  include:  'The  Rifle  and 
Hound  in  Ceylon'  (1856);  'Eight  Years' 
Wanderings  in  Ceylon'  (1855);  'The  Albert 
Nyanza'  (1866);  <  The  Nile  Tributaries  of 
Abyssinia)  (1867);  <Ismailia>  (1874);  'Cyprus' 
(1879);  'Wild  Beasts  and  their  Ways'  (1890); 


38 


BAKER  — BALFOUR 


and  'Cast  up  by  the   Sea,*  a  popular  tale  of 
adventure  (1869). 

Baker,  William  Mumford.  An  American 
descriptive  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  June  27,  1825 ;  died  in  South 
Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  20,  1883.  He  graduated 
from  Princeton  in  1846,  and  became  pastor  of 
churches  in  Texas  and  in  South  Boston,  Mass. 
His  most  important  book  was  *■  Inside :  A 
Chronicle  of  Secession  >  (New  York,  1866).  He 
also  wrote  many  stories,  including  <llis  Maj- 
esty Myself >  (Boston,  1879). 

Baki  (ba'ke).  The  greatest  lyric  poet  of 
Turkey;  died  about  1600.  His  *  Divan*  con- 
tains almost  exclusively  odes  in  praise  of  the 
Sultan. 

Balaguer,  Victor  (ba-la-gar').  A  noted 
Spanish-Catalan  poet,  novelist,  and  historian ; 
born  in  Barcelona,  Dec.  11,  1S24.  As  a  poet 
he  first  attracted  notice  by  his  dramas,  taken 
partly  from  antiquity,  partly  from  Catalan  his- 
tory ;  among  them  are  :  <  Sappho  > ;  ^  Don  En- 
rique the  Magnificent';  <Juan  de  Padilla>; 
*  Coriolanus.*  Of  his  lyrics  the  best  are  em- 
bodied in  the  collection  <  The  Troubadour  of 
Montserrat>  (1850).  He  also  wrote  widely  read 
historical  romances  and  tales,  among  which 
<Don  Jian  de  Serravalle'  deserves  especial 
mention.  Other  works  are :  <  Historical  and 
Political  Studies*  (1876);  <  History  of  Cata- 
lonia* (1886-89),  and  <  Political  and  Literary 
History  of  the  Troubadours'  (1878-80).  A 
complete  edition  of  his  works  appears  in  the 
<  Collection  of  Castilian  Writers.'    Died  in  1901. 

Balbl,  Gasparo  (bal'be).  A  Venetian  mer- 
chant and  writer  of  travels ;  lived  in  the  i6th 
centurv.  He  visited  Aleppo,  spent  the  years 
1579-88  in  India,  and  published  <  Journey  in  the 
East  Indies'  (1590).  It  contained  the  first  Eu- 
ropean description  of  India  beyond  the  Ganges. 

Balbo,  Count  Cesare  (bal'bo).  An  Italian 
statesman,  historian,  and  pul;licist;  born  at 
Turin,  Nov.  21,  1789 ;  died  there,  June  3,  1853. 
A  moderate  and  liberal  patriot,  he  became 
promirent  in  the  revolutionary  disturbances  of 
1848,  being  premier  of  Sardinia  in  that  year. 
He  wrote:  <  Life  of  Dante'  (1839);  <  Hopes  of 
Italy'  (1843),  advocating  Italian  independence; 
< History  of  Italy'  (1849),  which  takes  high 
rank. 

Balboa  or  Balvoa,  Miguel  Cabello  de  (biil- 
bo'a).  A  Spanish  historian;  born  in  Archi- 
dona,  about  1525 ;  died,  probably  in  Peru,  after 
1586.  At  first  a  soldier,  he  became  afterward 
a  priest  and  went  to  America  (about  1566),  re- 
siding at  Bogota,  later  in  Lima  and  Cuzco. 
He  left  in  manuscript  a  history,  which  was 
published  1840,  when  it  appeared  in  a  French 
translation  entitled  <  History  of  Peru.'  It  treats 
of  the  origin  of  the  Incas. 

Balbuena,  Don  Bernardo  de  (bal-bwa'na). 
A  Spanish  poet ;  born  at  Val  de  Peiias  in  1568 ; 
died  in  Porto  Rico  in  1627.  At  an  early  age 
he  went  to  Mexico,  where  he  completed  his 
theological  studies  and  acquired  reputation  as 


a  poet.  Of  his  works  only  the  following  are 
extant:  <The  Greatness  of  Mexico*  (1604),  a 
poetic  description  of  that  city ;  <  The  Age  of 
Gold  in  the  Forests  of  Eryphile'  (1608),  a  pas- 
toral romance  in  prose,  interspersed  with  lyrics  ; 
♦Bernardo,  or  the  Victory  of  Roncesvalles * 
(1624),  an  epic  treating  of  the  national  hero 
Bernardo  del  Carpio. 

Baldovini,  Francesco  (bal-do-ve'ne).  An 
Italian  poet;  born  at  Florence,  Feb.  27,  1635; 
died  Nov.  18,  1716.  He  wrote  <  Lament  of 
Cecco  of  Varlungo,  etc.*  (1694),  etc. 

Balducci,  Francesco  (bal-do'che).  A  lead- 
ing Italian  Anacreontic  poet;  born  at  Palermo; 
died  at  Rome,  1642.  He  wrote  < Sicilian  Songs* 
in  the  Sicilian  dialect,  etc. 

Baldwin,  John  Denison.  An  American  jour- 
nalist, politician,  poet,  and  writer  on  archae- 
ology; born  at  North  Stonington,  Conn.,  Sept. 
2S,  1809 ;  died  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  July  8,  1883. 
After  studying  law  and  theology,  he  entered 
journalism,  was  long  editor  and  proprietor  of 
the  Worcester  Spy,  and  became  member  of 
Congress  (1863-69).  He  wrote  :  <  Ra)'mond  Hill 
and  Other  Poems*  (1847);  'Prehistoric  Nations* 
(1869);  'Ancient  America*  (1872). 

Bale,  John.  An  English  theologian  and 
dramatist;  born  at  Cove,  Suffolk,  Nov.  21,  1495; 
died  at  Canterbury,  probably  1563.  Originally 
a  Catholic,  he  became  Protestant  bishop  of 
Ossory,  Ireland  (1552).  Besides  numerous  con- 
troversial works,  he  wrote  in  Latin  a  '  Cata- 
logue of  the  Illustrious  Writers  of  Great 
Britain*  (1548-59),  the  first  history  of  English 
literature,  and  a  number  of  interludes  and  mo- 
ralities (/.  e.,  religious  plays)  in  the  interest  of 
Protestantism,  the  most  important  of  these 
being  the  historical  drama  'King  John.*  On 
account  of  his  bad  temper  he  was  known  as 
"  Bilious  Bale."    Select  works,  Cambridge,  1849. 

Balestier,  Charles  Wolcott  (bal-es-ter').  An 
American  journalist  and  novelist;  born  in 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  13,  1861;  died  in  Dres- 
den, Germany,  Dec.  6,  1891.  He  engaged  in 
publishing  and  in  journalism,  and  was  a 
writer  of  much  promise.  His  novels  include : 
'  A  Fair  Device  *  (New  York,  1884) ;  (and 
posthumously)  'An  Average  Woman*  (1892); 
'Benefits  Forgot*  (1894);  and  'Naulahka:  a 
Story  of  East  and  West,'  in  collaboration  with 
Rudyard  Kipling  (1892). 

Balfour,  Alexander  (bal'for).  A  Scotch  poet 
and  novelist;  born  at  Monikie,  Forfarshire, 
March  I,  1767 ;  died  Sept.  12,  1829.  He  wrote : 
'Campbell,  or  the  Scottish  Probationer*  (1819) ; 
'Contemplation  and  Other  Poems*  (1820); 
'Farmer's  Three  Daughters*  (1822);  'The 
Foundling  of  Glenthorn,  or  the  Smuggler's  Cave  * 
(1823);  'Highland  Mary*  (1827). 

Balfour,  Arthur  James.  An  English  author 
and  statesman ;  born  July  25,  1848.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, from  which  he  graduated  in  1873.  He 
has    been  lord  rector  of  Glasgow  University. 


BALL  — BANCROFT 


39 


and  is  Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  is  a  leader  of  the  Conservative 
party,  was  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland  in  1887, 
and  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  1891-92,  and 
again  in  1895.  He  is  the  author  of  'A  Defence 
of  Philosophic  Doubt  >  (1879) ;  <  Essays  and  Ad- 
dresses' (1893).  His  <  Foundations  of  Belief  > 
(1895)  attracted  wide-spread  attention  and  in- 
terest both  in  Europe  and  America. 

Ball,  Robert  Stawell,  Sir.  A  British  astron- 
omer; born  in  Dublin,  July  I,  1840.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  Royal 
astronomer  of  Ireland  in  1874,  and  since  1892 
has  been  Lowndean  professor  of  astronomy  at 
Cambridge.  Entrland.  He  was  kniehted  in  1886. 
Autlior  of  scientihc  works  and  popular  books  on 
astronomy,  including  :  <  Story  of  the  Heavens  > 
(1885);  <  Time  and  Tide:  a  Romance  of  the 
Moon  >  (1888)  ;  <  Starland  >  (1889) ;  and  <  In  Starry 
Realms '  (1892);  <  The  Earth's  Beginning  >  1901. 

Ballantine,  James.  A  Scotch  poet ;  born  in 
Edinburgh,  June  11,  1808;  died  Dec.  18,  1877. 
Iti  addition  to  achieving  distinction  as  an  art- 
ist, he  wrote  various  noted  poems,  including 
<The  Gaberlunzie's  Wallet>  (1843) ;  <One  Hun- 
dred Songs'  (1865);  and  two  or  three  collec- 
tions of  verse. 

Ballantyne,  Robert  Michael.  A  Scotch 
writer  of  juvenile  literature  ;  born  in  Edinburgh, 
1825;  died  in  Rome,  Italy,  Feb.  8,  1894.  He 
si)ent  his  youth  in  Canada  in  the  service  of  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company.  In  1856  he  adopted 
literature  as  a  profession.  He  has  been  very 
popular  in  England  as  a  writer  of  stories  for 
boys.  Among  the  best  known  are:  <  Deep 
Down  > ;  <  Coral  Island  > ;  <  The  World  of  Ice  > ; 
*Ungava>;  < The  Dog  Crusoe';  and  others. 

Ballestrem,  Countess  Eufemia  von  (bal'les- 
tiam).  A  German  novelist  and  poet,  born  at 
Ratibor,  Aug.  18,  1859.  Married  to  Major  von 
Adlersfeld  in  1884,  she  has  lived  at  Karlsruhe 
since  1889.  Of  her  novels  may  be  mentioned  : 
<Lady  Melusme>  (1878);  <The  Falconers  of 
Falcon  Court*  (1890).  A  collection  of  b'rics, 
'  Drops  in  the  Ocean'  (187S),  a  romantic  poem, 
'  Raoul  the  Page'  (1881),  and  the  drama  <A 
Meteor '  (iSSo),  bear  witness  to  her  poetic  talent. 

Ballon,  Hosea  (ba-lo').  An  American  Uni- 
vcrsalist  divine,  journalist,  and  historian  ;  born 
at  Halifax,  Vt.,  Oct.  18,  1796;  died  at  Somer- 
%-ille,  Mass.,  May  27,  1861.  He  was  the  first 
president  of  Tufts  College  (1854-61),  and  was 
very  successful  as  editor  of  the  Universalist 
Magazine.  He  wrote:  < Ancient  History  of 
L!niversalism>  (1829)   and  a  hymn-book  (1837). 

Ballon,  Maturin  Mnrray.  An  American 
journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  son  of 
Hosea  Ballou ;  born  at  Boston,  April  14,  1820 ; 
died  1895.  Besides  editing  Ballou's  Pictorial, 
The  Flag  of  Our  Union,  Ballou's  Monthly,  etc., 
and  making  a  valuable  compilation  of  quota- 
tions, he  wrote:  'History  of  Cuba'  (1854); 
♦Biography  of  Hosea  Ballou';  <  Life  Work  of 
Hosea  Ballou.'  Becoming  in  later  life  an  ex- 
tensive traveler,  he  wrote  a  number  of  books 


of  travel,  including :  <  Due  West ' ;  <  Due  South ' 
(1885);  <Due  North';  <  Under  the  Southern 
Cross ' ;  <  Footprints  of  Travel ' ;  etc.  In  1872 
he  became  one  of  the  founders  and  the  editor- 
in-chief  of  the  Boston  Globe. 

Balucki,  Mictiael  (ba-16ts'ke).  A  Polish 
dramatist  and  novelist ;  born  in  Cracow,  Sept. 
29,  1837.  He  wrote  at  first  under  the  pseu- 
donym <^  Elpidon,"  and  is  most  popular  as  a 
story-teller  of  satirical  tendency,  ridiculing  the 
shortcomings  and  prejudices  of  Polish  society. 
Of  his  novels  may  be  mentioned  :  <  The  Awak- 
ened' (1864);  <The  Old  and  the  Young' 
(1866);  <Life  among  Ruins'  (1870);  <The 
Jewess'  (1871);  <For  Sins  not  Committed,' 
(1879);  <250,000'  (1883).  The  best  among  his 
comedies  are  :  <  The  Chase  after  a  Man  '  (1869)  ; 

<  The  Emancipated  '  (1873) ;  <  Amateur  Theatre  • 
(1879);  <The  Open  House'  (1883).  He  ako 
wrote  good  lyric  poetry,  and  essays  on  Polish 
literature.     He  died  Oct.  17,  1901. 

Balzac,  Honore  de  (bal-zak').  The  greatest 
of  French  novelists  ;  born  in  Tours,  May  16, 1799 ; 
died  in  Paris,  Aug.  18,  1850.  He  gave  to  his 
works  the  general  title  <  The  Human  Comedy,' 
in  which  are  embraced  the  sub-series:  < Scenes 
of  Private  Life, '  27  stories  and  sketches  (among 
them :  <  The  Woman  of  Thirty  Years,'  <  The 
Grenadier  Woman');  < Scenes  of  Paris  Life' 
(among  them:  <  Pere  Goriot,'  <C€sar  Birotteau,' 

<  Cousin   Betty');   'Scenes  of    Political    Life'; 

<  Scenes  of  Military  Life ' ;  and  so  on.  Accord- 
ing to  Larousse's  Dictionary,  Balzac's  novels 
amount  in  all  to  97  titles ;  but  this  does  not 
include  all  miscellaneous  studies  and  short  sto- 
ries contributed  to  periodicals. 

Balzac,  Jean  Louis  Guez  de.  A.  noted 
French  essayist  and  letter- writer ;  born  at  An- 
gouleme  in  1597;  died  on  his  estate  (Balzac) 
near  there,  Feb.  18,  1654.  His  influence  upon 
French  prose  is  usually  compared  to  that  of 
Malherbes  upon  poetry ;  the  euphony  and  sym- 
metry of  his  phraseology,  the  elegance  of  his 
metaphors,  served  for  a  long  time  as  models. 
Under  Richelieu  he  became  royal  councilor,  and 
historiographer  of  France,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  influential  members  of  the  Academy  from 
its  foundation,  likewise  a  sort  of  oracle  of  the 
Hotel Rambouillet.  Besides  his  <  Letters'  (1624), 
which  are  elaborate  epistles  with  a  definite  at- 
tempt at  style,  he  wrote;  <  The  Prince'  (1631), 
a  glorification  of  absolute  monarchy ;  •  The 
Dotard'  (1648);  <  The  Christian  Sociates' 
(1652);  and  <Aristippus>  (1658),  the  latter  in- 
tended to  portray  the  ideal  statesman. 

Ban,  Matbias  (ban).  A  Servian  dramatist; 
born  in  Ragusa,  Dec.  18,  1818.  He  has  been  a 
tutor,  journalist,  and  critic ;  but  his  best  work 
was  done  for  the  theatre,  <  Dobrila  and  Mi- 
lenko'  being  a  masterpiece  in  tragedy,  as  is 
in  a  less  degree  <The  Muscovite.'  His  poems, 
notably  <Odes  to  the  Sultan,'  are  virile  and 
correct.     He  died  in  1903. 

Bancroft,  George.  An  eminent  American 
historian  and  statesman;  born  in  Worcester, 
Mass.,  Oct.  3,  1800 ;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C, 


40 


BANCROFT  —  BANVILLE 


Jan.  17.  iSqi.  After  graduation  from  Har\-ard 
in  1S17,  he  studied  at  Gottingen  and  Heidel- 
bei)?.  He  taught  Greek  at  Har\-ard ;  founded 
the  Round  Hill  School  at  Northampton,  Mass. ; 
was  collector  of  the  port  of  Boston  in  1838; 
and  in  1S45  was  appointed  Secretar\-  of  the 
Na\"i-  in  Polk"s  Cabinet  His  principal  literary 
work  is  the  <  Historj-  of  the  United  States,*  the 
first  volume  of  which  appeared  in  1834.  The 
last  revised  edition  is  in  6  volumes  (New  York, 
1SS4-55).      His    minor    publications    include: 

<  Poems*  iCambridge,  1S23) ;  a  translation  of 
Heeren's  <  Politics  of  Ancient  Greece  >  (Boston, 
18241;  < Literary  and  Historical  Miscellanies* 
(New  York,  1855):  and  <  Abraham  Lincoln,*  an 
address  (Washingfton,  1S66). 

Bancroft.  Hubert  Howe.  An  American  his- 
torian :  bom  in  Granville,  Ohio,  May  5,  1S32.  In 
1852  he  went  to  California  to  establish  a  book 
business,  and  began  to  collect  documents,  maps, 
books,  and  MSS.  for  a  complete  <  Histors-  of  the 
Pacific  States  >  from  Mexico  to  Alaska.  In  1893 
this  library  numbered  60,000  vols,  to  which  many 
additions  have  been  made.  His  histories  are  still 
in  preparation.  *  Literary-  Industries  *  (vol.  40, 
San  Francisco,  1S90)  describes  his  work.  He  also 
wrote  <  Resources  of  Mexico  * ;  <  The  New  Pacific* 

Bandeller,  Adolph  Francis  Alphonse  (ban- 
de-ler',i.  A  Swiss- American  archaeologist;  bom 
at  Bern,  Switzerland,  Aug.  6,  1S40.  In  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  Amer- 
ica, he  has  been  engaged  in  explorations  in_ 
New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Mexico,  and  Central  and 
South  America.  He  has  written:  <The  Art  of 
War  and  Mode  of  Warfare*  (1877);  'Archjeo- 
logical  Tour  in  Mexico*  (1S85);  etc;  and  <  The 
Delight  Makers,*  a  novel  of  Pueblo  Indian  life. 

Bandello,  Matteo  (ban-del'lo).  An  Italian 
novelist ;  bom  at  Castekiuovo,  Piedmont,  about 
14S0;  died  after  1561.  In  Rome  he  became  a 
Dominican  friar,  then  entered  a  monasters-  in 
Milan,  but  led  on  the  whole  a  roving  life, 
sojourning  in  various  cities  and  at  several  of 
the  petty  courts  of  Italy  until  1525,  when  he 
went  to  France.  Made  bishop  of  Agen  by 
Henrj-  IL  in  1550,  he  resigned  that  dignity  in 
1^:5.  His  tales,  214  in  number,  present  vivid 
delineations  of  the  loose  manners  of  those 
times,  and  have  frequently  served  as  a  source 
to  many  succeeding  story-writers  and  dram- 
atists;  <'Mr.  Miinchhausen*  (iQOl)  <  Uncle  Sam, 
Trustee*  <'i902);  <  Proposal  under  Difficulties* 
■  19051 ;  *  Alice  in  Municipaland  *  (1907). 

Bangs,  Jolm  Kendrick.  An  American  hu- 
r,.3rist  and  novelist;  bom  in  1862.  He  was 
nne  of  the  founders  of  Life,  and  he  has  long 
been  famed  for  his  light  verse  and  humorous 
stories,  among  which  may  be  mentioned :  <  New 
Waggings  of  Old  Tales  with  F.  D.  Sherman* 
(Boston,  18S7);  < Coffee  and  Repartee*  (New 
York,  1886) ;  '  Mr.  Bonaparte  of  Corsica*  (1895); 

<  Water  Ghost  and  Other  Stories*  (1S961;  <The 
Mantel-Piece  Minstrels*  (1896);  < The  Bicyclers 
and  Other  Farces'  (18961;  <A  Houseboat  on 
the  Styx*  (1896),  <  A  Rebellious  Heroine*  (1896), 
and  <The  Pursuit  of  the  Houseboat*  (1897). 


Banlm,  Jolin.  An  Irish  novelist,  dramatist, 
and  poet ;  bom  in  Kilkenny,  April  3, 179S ;  died 
there,  Aug.  13,  1S42.  Removed  to  Dublin  in 
1S20  to  devote  himself  to  literature.  His  best 
work  is  contained  in  the  <0'Hara  Tales*  (2 
series,  London,  1825-27).    His  chief  novels  are 

<  The  Nowlans,*  '  Bo}-ne  Water,*  and  *  The 
Croppy.*  His  brother  Michael  was  associated 
in  his  work,  and  <  The  Bit  o'  Writin'  and  Other 
Tales*  (1S3S)  is  ostensibly  a  joint  composition. 
A  traged}%  < Damon  and  P3thias,*  was  repre- 
sented in  London  in  1S21. 

Banim,  Michael.  An  Irish  novelist;  bom 
in  Kilkenny,  Aug.  5, 1796;  died  in  Booterstown, 
Aug.  30,  1S74.  He  claimed  to  have  written  13 
out  of  the  24  books  of  fiction  confusedh-  asso- 
ciated with  the  names  of  John  and  Michael 
Banim,  and  called  himself  the  author  of  <  Cro- 
hoore  of  the  BiH  Hook,*  one  of  the  most 
popular  of  the  *0'Hara  Tales*;  <The  Ghost 
Hunter*  (1833);  <Father  Council*  (1842V,  and 

<  The  Town  of  the  Cascades  *  (2  vols.,  1S64). 

Banks,  Louis  Albert.  An  American  Meth- 
odist minister  and  religious  writer;  bom  in 
Oregon,  1855.  Among  his  works  are :  <  The 
Saloon-Keepers  Ledger,*  a  series  of  tem- 
perance addresses;  < White  Slaves*;  < Honey- 
combs of  Life  * ;  <  The  Healing  of  Souls.* 

Banvard,  Jolm.  An  American  artist,  poet, 
and  dramatist;  bom  in  New  York  about  1S20; 
died  iSqi.  He  was  best  known  bj"  his  pano- 
rama of  the  Mississippi  River,  covering  three 
miles  of  canvas,  which  was  exhibited  in  the 
chief  cities  of  Europe  and  America.  He  wrote 
a  great  mraiber  of  poems;  several  plays; 
<Banvard,  or  the  Adventures  of  an  Artist* 
(1849) ;  <  Pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land*  (1852); 
etc. 

Banvard,  Joseph.  An  American  Baptist  di- 
vine and  historical  writer,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding; bom  in  New  York,  iSio;  died  1S87. 
Among  his  writings  were :  <  Ph"mouth  and  the 
Pilgrims*  (1851);  < Romance  of  American  His- 
tory-* (1852);  < Memoir  of  Webster*  (1853); 
a  historical  novel,  <Priscilla*  (1S541;  <  Soldiers 
and  Patriots  of  the  Revolution*  (1876);  etc 

Banville,  Theodore  Faullaia  de  (bon-vel'). 
A  French  poet  and  novelist ;  bom  at  Moulins, 
March  14,  1823 ;  died  in  Paris,  March  13,  1891. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  naval  officer,  and  came 
early  in  life  to  Paris,  where  he  devoted  him- 
self exclusivel}'  to  literature,  contributed  to 
many  journals  and  reviews,  and  lived  in  close 
friendship  with  some  of  the  foremost  artists 
and  men  of  letters  of  the  day.  First  known 
as  a  poet  through  two  volumes  entitled  <The 
Caiy-atides*  (1842)  and  <The  Stalactites*  (1846), 
he  established  his  reputation  with  the  <Odes 
Funambulesques  *  (1857),  a  sort  of  great  h-ri- 
cal  parody,  published  under  the  pseudonj-m 
« Bracquemond  ** ;  which  immediately  found 
great  favor,  and  were  followed  by  <New  Odes 
Funambulesques*  (1868,  afterwards  reprinted 
as  <Occidentales*) ;  <  Russian  Idvls*  (1872); 
< Thirty-six   Merry   Ballads*    (1873);   etc    His 


BAOUR-LORMIAN  —  BARBIER 


4' 


dramatic  efforts  did  not  meet  with  equal  suc- 
cess, only  <  Gringoire  '  (lb66j  holding  the  stage 
for  some  time.  As  a  prose  writer  he  is  favor- 
ably known  by  a  number  of  humorous  and 
highly  finished  tales  and  sketches,  like  <The 
Poor  Mountebanks  >  (1853);  <The  Parisians  of 
Paris>  (1866);  <Tales  "for  \Vomen>  (1881); 
',The  Soul  of  Paris'  (189OJ;  etc.  Of  consider- 
able literary  interest  are  <Mv  Recollections' 
(1882)  ;  'Marcelle  Rabe>  dSgi). 

Baour-Lormian,  Louis  Pierre  Marie  Fran- 
cois (ba-br'16r-myoh'j.  A  French  poet  and 
dramatist  (1772-1854),  who  first  attracted  wide 
notice  through  his  <  Poems  of  Ossian'  ('1801), 
an  extremely  clever  imitation  of  Caledonian 
verse ;  and  afterwards  won  success  with  a  tra- 
gedy, <Omasis,  or  Joseph  in  Eg>-pt>  (1807). 
Of  his  other  works  may  be  mentioned  :  '  Politi- 
cal and  Moral  Vigils'  (181 1 1,  in  the  manner  of 
Young;  'Duranti,  or  The  League  in  the  Prov- 
ince' (1828J,  a  historical  novel;  and  'Legends, 
Ballads,  and  Fabliaux'  C1829).  But  his  best 
work  is  probably  a  poetical  translation  of  the 
Book  of  Job,  completed  after  he  had  lost  his 
eyesight. 

Baralt,  Rafael  Maria  (ba-ralt').  A  Vene- 
zuelan poet  and  historian ;  bom  in  Maracaibo, 
Venezuela,  July  2,  1814 ;  died  in  Madrid,  Jan.  2, 
i860.  He  was  educated  in  Bogotd  and  at 
Caracas ;  ser\-ed  in  the  Venezuelan  army,  and 
went  to  Spain  in  1843,  where  he  held  posts  of 
honor  and  attained  literar}'  fame.  He  wrote : 
'Ancient  and  Modem  History  of  Venezuela' 
(1841J;  and  'Odes  to  Columbus  and  to  Spain.' 

Barante,  Aimable  Guillaume  Prosper  Bru- 
giere,  Baron  de  (bar-ant').  A  French  his- 
torian and  statesman ;  bom  in  Riom,  Auvergne, 
June  10,  1782 ;  died  at  his  estate  near  Thiers, 
Nov.  22,  1866.  In  politics  he  was  usually  Legit- 
imist, but  his  public  career  on  the  whole  was  a 
failure.  In  letters  his  achievements  are  :  <  View 
of  French  Literature  in  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tur>-'  (8th  ed.  1857 j ;  'Historj-  of  the  Valois 
Dukes  of  Burgundy,  1364-1477 '  (■8th  ed.  1858), 
this  being  his  masterpiece ;  '  Stor}-  of  Joan  of 
Arc'  (4tli  ed.  1880);  and  various  works  on 
periods  of  the  great  French  Revolution. 

Barattani,  Felipe  fbar-at-a'ne).  An  Ital- 
ian poet  and  dramatist;  bom  at  Filottrano, 
Ancone,  March  l,  1S25.  He  has  won  most  ap- 
plause for  'Lj-ric  Tragedies'  (1858),  in  which 
his  poetical  capacities  are  most  happily  ex- 
ploited; 'Stella'  (1866),  a  drama  in  verse;  and 
'  The  Sons  of  Alexander  VI.,'  a  powerful  met- 
rical play. 

Baratynsky,  Jevgen ;  Abramovich  (ba-ra- 
tin'ske).  A  Russian  poet  (iSoo-44);  served  in 
the  army,  and  afterwards  lived  on  an  estate 
near  Moscow  until  1843,  when  he  set  out  to 
travel ;  the  year  following  he  suddenly  died  in 
Naples.  His  best-known  works  are:  <Eda' 
(1826),  a  delineation  of  Finland  character  and 
nature ;  and  '  The  Gipsy,'  a  picture  from  Rus- 
sian high  life. 

Barbauld,  Anna  Lsetitia.  An  English  poet 
aad    essa)-ist;     bom    in     Kibworth-Harcourt, 


Leicestershire,  in  1743 ;  died  in  Stoke  Newing- 
ton,  March  9,  1825.  She  was  the  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  John  Aikin,  and  in  1774  married  the  Rev. 
Rochemont  Barbauld.  She  was  well  educated, 
and  numbered  among  her  friends  many  famous 
authors,  including  Sir  Walter  Scott  and  Words- 
worth. Her  first  poems  (1773 J  went  through 
four  editions  in  one  year.  She  wrote :  <  Early 
Lessons  for  Children'  (about  1774);  'Devo- 
tional Pieces'  (i775j ;  '  H>-mns  in  Prose  for 
Children'  (1776), translated  in  many  languages; 
'  Eighteen  Hundred  and  Eleven,'  her  longest 
effort  fi8ii);  and  prepared  an  edition  of  the 
best  English  novels  in  fifty  volumes. 

Barbey  d'Aur^villy,  Jules  fbar-ba'  do-re- 
ve-ye).  A  French  critic  and  novelist;  bom  at 
Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte,  Manche,  Nov.  2, 1808 ; 
died  in  Paris,  April  24,  1889.  As  a  contribu- 
tor to  the  Pays  in  Paris,  where  he  settled  in 
185 1,  he  created  a  sensation  by  the  unreserved 
tone  and  peculiar  style  of  his  literax}-  criti- 
cisms ;  in  1858  he  founded  the  Reveil  with 
Granier  de  Cassagnac  and  Escudier.  Works : 
'On  Dandyism  and  G.  BmmmeP  C1845);  'The 
Prophets  of  the  Past'  (1851);  'Goethe  and 
Diderot'  f  1880) ;  'Polemics  of  Yesterday' 
(1889) ;  '  Nineteenth  Centurj- :  The  Works  and 
the  Men'  ('1861-92).  Of  his  novels  the  best 
are  :  'The  Bewitched'  (1854);  and  'The  Cheva- 
lier des  Touches'  (1S64). 

Barbier,  Henri  Augnste  fbar-be-a).  A  French 
poet ;  bom  in  Paris,  April  29,  1805 ;  died  at 
Nice,  Feb.  13,  1882.  He  studied  law,  but  fol- 
lowed his  inclination  for  literature :  and  hav- 
ing first  written  a  historical  novel  (1830,  with 
Ro3'er),  depicting  French  mediaeval  society-, 
was  led,  through  the  July  revolution,  to  enter 
his  proper  sphere,  that  of  the  poetical  satire ; 
in  which  he  obtained  a  brilliant  success  with 
'The  lambes'  ('1831,31st  ed.  1882),  a  series  of 
poignant  satires,  political  and  social,  lashing 
the  moral  depravit}-  of  the  higher  classes, — 
notably  the  ignoble  scramble  for  office  under 
the  new  government,  the  subject  of  '  The 
Quarrj-'  the  most  famous  among  these  satires. 
His  next  works,  'Lamentation'  (1S33),  bewail- 
ing the  misfortunes  of  Italy,  and  '  Lazarus ' 
(1837),  in  which  he  describes  the  misen,-  of  the 
English  and  Irish  laborer,  show  a  considerable 
falling  off;  and  in  those  that  followed,  the 
poet  of  '  The  lambes '  is  scarcely  to  be  recog- 
nized.   He  was  elected  to  the  Academy  in  1869. 

Barbier,  Jules.  A  French  dramatist;  bom 
in  Paris,  March  8,  1S22.  Having  won  success 
with  his  first  effort,  'A  Poet'  C1847),  a  drama 
in  verse,  he  produced  'The  Shades  of  Moliere' 
(1847)  ; '  Andrd  Chenier'  (1849) ;  'WOly  Nilly,' 
a  comedy  (1849);  and  thereafter  in  collabora- 
tion, mostly  with  Michel  Carrd,  a  number  of 
dramas  and  vaudevilles,  also  many  librettos 
for  comic  operas.  After  the  war  of  1870-71 
he'  published  '  The  Sharpshooter,  War  Songs ' 
(1871),  a  collection  of  patriotic  poems;  and 
later  two  other  volumes  of  Ij-rics, 'The  Sheaf' 
(1882)  and  'Faded  Flowers'  (1890);  besides 
'Plays  in  Verse'  (1879).     Died  Jan.,  1901. 


42 


BARBIERA  —  BARLOW 


Barblera,  Raphael  (barb-ya'ra).  An  Italian 
poet  and  journalist;  bom  in  Venice,  1851.  His 
contributions  to  periodical  literature  are  par- 
ticularly valuable,  and  a  volume  of  <  Poems ' 
has  been  received  with  pleasure,  while  works 
on  Italian  literature  and  numerous  anthologies 
indicate  good  taste,  <The  Calendar  of  the 
Muses  >  (188S)  being  an  instance. 

Barbierl,  Giuseppe  (bar-be-a're).  An  Ital- 
ian poet  and  pulpit  orator;  born  in  Bassano, 
17S3;  died  at  Padua  in  1852.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  the  tasteful  eloquence  of  his  ser- 
mons. In  <  Little  Poems,>  <  Sennons  on  Feast 
Days,>  and  <The  Euganean  Hills,>  he  displays 
the  resources  of  his  well-stored  mind  with  the 
utmost  elegance. 

Barbour,  John.  A  Scottish  poet ;  born  about 
1316;  died  in  Aberdeen,  March  13,  1395.  He 
was  educated,  it  is  thought,  at  Oxford  and 
Paris ;  and  was  a  cleric  in  the  King's  house- 
hold. Barbour  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  poets 
of  Scotland ;  and  his  great  epic,  <  The  Bruce,* 
tells  the  story  of  Robert  Bruce  and  the  battle 
of  Bannockburn.  It  was  written  in  1375  and 
brought  him  favor  from  the  King.  First 
printed  in  Edinburgh  in  1571 ;  best  modem 
edition  by  Skeat  (Early  Eng.  Text  Soc'y).  He 
also  wrote  <  Legends  of  the  Saints,*  of  33,533 
verses ;  and  a  fragment  on  the  Trojan  war. 

Barclay,  Alexander.  A  British  author ;  born 
about  1475 ;  died  in  Croydon,  June  1552.  The 
best  authorities  call  him  a  Scotchman,  and 
suppose  him  to  have  been  educated  at  either 
Cambridge  or  Oxford,  or  possibly  at  both  those 
universities.  He  traveled  extensively,  spoke 
many  languages,  and  was  long  a  priest  in  the 
College  of  Ottery  St.  Mary  in  Devonshire. 
Afterward  he  was  a  priest  and  monk  of  EI3', 
and  joined  the  Franciscans  at  Canterbury.  His 
*  Eclogues,'  undated  but  written  at  Ely,  are 
the  first  in  the  English  language.  Of  more 
value  is  his  translation  {1509)  of  Sebastian 
Brandt's  <Ship  of  Fools,'  which  had  appeared 
in  Basel  in  1494.  It  had  great  influence  on 
English  literature. 

Barclay,  John.  A  Scottish  poet;  born  in 
Pont-a-Mousson,  France,  Jan  28,  1582;  died  in 
Rome,  Aug.  12,  1621.  Educated  in  the  Jesuit 
college  of  his  native  town ;  went  to  England 
in  1603,  and  attained  the  favor  of  James  I. 
He  wrote  important  books  in  Latin.  <  Argenis,' 
a  romance  (Paris,  1621),  unites  classical  with 
modern  fiction.  F^ndlon  was  indebted  to  it  for 
<  Telemachus.'  It  has  always  won  the  admi- 
ration of  literary  men,  especially  Richelieu  and 
Coleridge.  Another  romance,  <  Satyricon  >  (Lon- 
don, 1603),  partly  autobiographical,  attacks  the 
Jesuits  and  Puritans.  Other  works  include : 
'  Sylvae,'  Latin  poems  (1606);  <  Apologia' 
(i6ii),and  <  Icon  Animorum'  (1614). 

Barettl,  Giuseppe  Marcantonio  (ba-ret'te). 
An  Italian  critic  and  poet  ( 1719-89 ),  who, 
after  a  roaming  life  in  Italy,  settled  in  Lon- 
don in  1751.  whither  he  returned  again  about 
1766,  having  left  England  in  1760  and  founded 


in  Venice  the  critical  periodical  Frusta  Lette* 
raria  (Literary  Scourge),  which  contained  his 
most  important  work  and  is  considered  as 
epoch-making  in  Italian  literature.  Of  his 
writings  in  English,  the  <  Account  of  the  Man- 
ners and  Customs  of  Italy'  (1768-69)  attracted 
much  attention.  His  <  Dictionary  of  the  Eng- 
lish and  Italian  Languages'  (1760,  lately  1873) 
is  still  highly  esteemed. 

Barham,  Richard  Harris.  An  English  poet ; 
born  in  Canterbury,  Dec.  6,  1788;  died  in  Lon- 
don, June  17,  1845.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  and  Oxford;  took  orders  in  1813;  was 
rector  of  two  country  churches,  and  later  of 
one  in  London.  Under  the  name  of  "  Thomas 
Ingoldsby  "  he  wrote  the  <  Ingoldsby  Legends,* 
prose  and  verse  (London,  1840-47),  which  were 
accorded  a  high  place  in  humorous  literature, 
and  are  now  classics.  He  also  wrote :  <  My 
Cousin  Nicholas,'  a  novel  (1841);  and  <Life  of 
Theodore  Hook'  (1849). 

Baring-Gould,  Sabine.  An  English  anti- 
quary and  novelist ;  born  in  Exeter  in  1834.  He 
graduated  from  Cambridge  in  1856,  and  has 
been  since  1S81  rector  of  Lew-Trenchard  in 
Devon.  He  is  author  of  <  Iceland :  Its  Scenes 
and  Sagas'  (1864) ;  <The  Book  of  Werewolves' 
(1865);  <  Curious  Mytlis  of  the  Middle  Ages' 
(series  I  and  2,  1866-67) '.  'Lives  of  the  Saints' 
(1872-79);  <  Yorkshire  Oddities'  (2  vols.,  1874); 
and  < Germany  Past  and  Present'  (2  vols., 
1879).  He  has  written  religious  books,  and  of 
late  years  novels  which  have  become  popular. 
They  include :  <  Mehalah  :  a  Story  of  the  Salt 
Marshes'  (2  vols.,  London,  1880);  <John  Her- 
ring' (2  vols.,  1883);  <Red  Spider'  (1887); 
<Grettis  the  Outlaw'  (1890);  and  <The  Broom 
Squire'  (1896). 

Barker,  Matthew  Henry.  An  English  nov- 
elist; born  at  Deptford  in  1790;  died  in  Lon- 
don, June  29,  1846.  He  followed  the  sea,  and 
under  the  name  of  <<  The  Old  Sailor "  wrote 
spirited  sea  tales,  very  popular  in  their  day. 
They  include:  < Land  and  Sea  Tales'  (Lon- 
don, 1836);  <Life  of  Nelson'  (1836);  < Topsail- 
sheet  Blocks'  (3  vols.,  1838;  new  ed.  1881); 
and  <  The  Victory,  or  llie  Wardroom  Mess ' 
(1844). 

Barlseus  or  Baerle,  Kaspar  van  (bar-li'iis). 
A  Dutch  poet,  historian,  and  learned  writer ; 
born  in  Antwerp,  Feb.  12,  1584;  died  in  Am- 
sterdam, Jan.  14,  1648.  His  <  Poems,'  mostly 
Latin,  are  not  fiery,  but  his  <  History  of  Brazil 
under  Maurice  of  Nassau  >  is  decidedly  so ;  and 
he  composed  also  numerous  fine  orations,  the 
influence  he  exercised  upon  thought  being  very 
considerable. 

Barlow,  Jane.  An  Irish  poet  and  story- 
writer  ;  born  in  county  Dublin  about  1857.  She 
is  the  daughter  of  Prof.  Barlow  of  Dublin  Uni- 
versity, a  writer  of  liistorical  and  philosophical 
works.  Her  popular  books  include :  <  Irish 
Idylls'  (1892);  <Bogland  Studies';  < Kerrigan's 
Quality';  <  Walled  Out,  or  Eschatology  in  a 
Bog ' ;  <  The  Mockers  of  the  Shallow  Waters ' 
(1893);  < Strangers  at  LisconneP  (1895). 


BARLOW  — BARR 


43 


Barlow,  Joel.  An  American  poet  and  states- 
man;  born  in  Reading,  Conn.,  March  24,  1754; 
died  near  Cracow,  Poland,  Dec.  24,  1812.  He 
published  political  works  and  poems,  which 
contain  many  philosophical  and  political  dis- 
sertations. <The  Vision  of  Columbus >  (Hart- 
ford, 1787)  was  extended  into  <  The  Columbiad,> 
a  long  epic  (Phila.,  1807).  He  also  wrote  <The 
Conspiracy  of  Kings'  (London,  1792);  and  the 
celebrated  poem  <  Hasty  Pudding.> 

Barnard,  Lady  Ann.  A  Scotch  poet;  born 
at  Lindsay  in  Fifeshire,  1750 ;  died  1825.  She  is 
famous  for  <  Auld  Robin  Gray,>  a  ballad  which 
has  attained  great  popularity  throughout  Scot- 
land.   She  also  wrote  other  poems. 

Barnard,  Charles.  An  American  dramatist ; 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  13,  1838.  He  is  a 
journalist  and  dramatist.  His  most  popular 
play  is  <The  County  Fair>  (1888).  Author 
of    <The    Tone-Masters  >    (New    York,   1871)-, 

<  Knights  of  To-day  >  (1881);  <The  Whistling 
Buoy>  (1887);  dramas,  and  books  on  garden- 
ing and  electricity. 

Barnard,  Henry.  A  prominent  American 
educator;  born  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Jan.  24, 
181 1.  He  was  president  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  (1856-59)  and  St.  John's  College, 
Annapolis,  Md.  (1865-66);  founded  the  Amer- 
ican Journal  of  Education  (1855)  ;  was  United 
.States  Commissioner  of  Education  (1867-70). 
Among  his  numerous  writings  may  be  named  : 

<  Hints    and    Methods    for    Teachers'    (1857); 

<  Pestalozzi  and  Pestalozzianism  >  (1861) ;  <  Ger- 
man Educational   Reformers*    (1862).     D.  1900. 

Barnard,  John.  A  noted  American  Con- 
gregational divine ;  born  at  Boston,  Nov.  6, 
1681 ;  died  at  Marblehead,  Mass.,  Jan.  24,  1770. 
He  was  one  of  the  earliest  New  England  dis- 
senters from  Calvinism.  Ordained  colleague 
minister  of  Marblehead  (1716) ;  he  took  great 
interest  in  the  local  fisheries  and  commerce. 
He  wrote  <  History  of  the  Strange  Adventures 
of  Philip  Ashton>  (1725),  etc. 

Barnes,  Albert.  An  American  Presbyterian 
minister  and  religious  writer;  born  at  Rome, 
N.  Y.,  Dec.  I,  1798;  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec. 
24,  1870.  For  thirty-seven  years  pastor  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Philadelphia;  he 
was  best  known  by  his  <  Notes  *  on  the  New 
Testament  (of  which  over  a  million  volumes 
are  said  to  have  circulated),  Isaiah,  Job, 
Psalms,  etc.  He  wrote  also  <The  Church  and 
Slavery*  (1S57);  *  Life  at  Threescore  and 
Ten*  (1869);  etc.  His  heterodox  views  cau.sed 
the  formation  of  the  New  School  of  Presby^ 
terian  theology  (1837). 

Barnes,  Barnahe.  An  English  poet;  born 
in  Yorkshire  about  1569;  died  in  St.  Mary-le- 
Bow,  Durham,  in  December  1609.  He  was 
the  son  of  the  Bishop  of  Durham ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford;  and  went  to  Normandy  in 
1591  with  the  Earl  of  Essex.  His  fame  rests 
on  a  collection  of  sonnets,  madrigals,  and 
odes,  called  <  Parthenophil  and  Parthenope  * 
(London,  about  1593).    Other  books  :  <A  Divine 


Century    of    Spiritual     Sonnets*    (1595);    and 
<The  Devil's  Charter,*  a  tragedy  (1607). 

Barnes,  William.  An  English  poet  and 
philologist;  born  in  Dorsetshire,  Feb.  22,  1800; 
died  in  Winterbourne  Came,  in  October  1886. 
He  wrote  many  books  on  philology;  and  three 
series  of  <  Poems  of  Rural  Life  in  the  Dorset- 
shire Dialect*  (London,  1844,  1846,  and  1863), 
and  <  Poems  of  Rural  Life*  (1866).  His 
« fad  **  was  the  disuse  of  all  but  the  Anglo- 
Sa.xon  elements  of  the  English  language. 

Barnl,  Jules  Romain  (bar-ne).  A  French 
scholar  and  philosophical  writer  and  critic ; 
born  in  Lille,  June  i,  1818 ;  died  in  Mers,  dept. 
Somme,  July  4,  1878.  His  efforts  to  propagate 
the  Kantian  philosophy  through  the  medium 
of  <  Observations  on  the  Sense  of  the  Sublime 
and  Beautiful*  (1836),  < Foundations  of  Ethical 
Metaphysic*  (1848),  and  <  Kantian  Philosophy* 
(1850),  earned  him  distinction;  as  did  also,  in 
another  but  contiguous  field,  a  <  History  of 
Moral  and  Political  Ideas  in  France  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century*  (1866). 

Barnum,  Mrs.  Frances  Courtenay  (Bay- 
lor). An  American  novelist;  born  in  Arkan- 
sas, 1848.  Her  home  is  in  Savannah.  She 
has  written :  <  On  Both  Sides,*  an  international 
novel;  < Behind  the  Blue  Ridge*;  <Juan  and 
Juanita,*  a  story  for  boys  and  girls;  < Claudia 
Hyde.*  She  has  also  been  a  frequent  contrib- 
utor to  magazines,  and  a  writer  of  short  stories. 

Barnum,  Phineas  Taylor.  A  famous  Amer- 
ican showman  ;  born  at  Bethel,  Conn.,  July  5, 
1810;  died  at  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  April  7,  1891. 
After  various  unsuccessful  business  ventures,  he 
finally  established  BaVnum's  Museum  in  Ncv/ 
York  (1841),  which  was  twice  burned.  He  in- 
troduced Tom  Thumb,  Jenny  Lind,  Commo- 
dore Nutt,  Admiral  Dot,  the  Woolly  Horse, 
Jumbo,  etc.,  to  tlie  American  public.  In  1871 
he  established  his  great  circus.  He  was  mayor 
of  Bridgeport,  and  four  times  member  of  the 
Connecticut  Legislature.  His  benefactions  were 
large  and  frequent.  He  wrote  :  <  Humbugs  of 
the  World*  (1865);  < Struggles  and  Triumphs* 
(1869);  <Lion  Jack,  a  Story*  (1876);  < Auto- 
biography* (1855,  new  editions  1869  and  later). 
He  was  a  lecturer  on  temperance  and  other 
popular  subjects. 

Barr,  Amelia  Edith.  An  Anglo-American 
novelist;  born  in  Ulverton,  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, March  29,  1831.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  William  Huddleston,  and  in  1850 
married  Robert  Barr.  She  came  to  America 
in  1854,  and  lived  for  some  years  in  Texas; 
but  after  her  husband's  death  removed  to  New 
York,  where  her  first  book,  <  Romance  and 
Reality,*  was  published  in  1872.  She  is  a  pro- 
lific writer,  and  her  novels  are  v,pry  popular. 
They  include:  <Jan  Vedder's  Wife*  (New 
York,  1885);  <A  Daughter  of  Fife*  (1885); 
<  A  Bow  of  Orange  Ribbon*  (1886) ;  <  A  Border 
Shepherdess*  (1887);  < Friend  Olivia*  (1890). 

Barr,  Robert.  A  Scottish  author;  born  in 
Glasgow  about  1855.    He  spent  his  childhood 


44 


BARRACAND  —  BARROW 


in  Canada,  drifted  into  journalism,  joined  the 
staff  of  Detroit  Free  Press,  and  wrote  under 
the  name  of  "Luke  Sharp.»  He  went  to 
London  in  l88l  and  founded  The  Idler  with 
Jerome  K.  Jerome,  but  retired  to  devote  him- 
self to  fiction.  He  is  author  of  a  number  of 
novels:  <  In  the  Midst  of  Alarms'  (1894) ;  <The 
Face  and  the  Mask'  (1895) ;  <One  Day's  Court- 
ship' (1896);  <A  Woman  Intervenes'  (1896); 
and  others. 

Barracand,  L^on  Henri  (bar-a-kan).  A 
French  poet  and  novelist ;  born  at  Romans, 
Drome,  May  2,  1844.  He  gave  up  the  law 
when  a  very  young  man  in  order  to  write 
verses ;  but  he  was  not  much  known  as  a  poet 
until  <Dananiel'  (1886)  appeared,  under  the 
pseudonym  of  <<  Ldon  Grandet,"  followed  by  a 
sequel,  < Doctor  Gal'  (1870).  He  had  already, 
however,  attracted  attention  by  some  fictions, 
and  has  steadily  risen  in  importance  as  a  nov- 
elist;—<Yolande'  (1867);  <  Hilaire  Gervais' 
(1885);  <The  Second  Lieutenant's  Manuscript' 
(1887);  and  <The  Cousin'  (1888),  being  per- 
haps best  known.  His  <  Lamartine  and  the 
Muse'  (1883)  was  crowned  by  the  French 
Academy. 

Barrantes,  Vicente  (bar-ran'tes).  A  Span- 
ish miscellaneous  writer,  novelist,  and  poet; 
born  at  Badajoz,  March  24,  1829.  He  first  stud- 
ied theology,  but  in  1848  settled  in  Madrid  to 
pursue  literature ;  held  responsible  government 
offices;  became  member  of  the  Academy  in 
1872.  Among  his  works  are  the  stories  <  Al- 
ways Late'  (1851);  <Juan  de  Padilla';  <The 
Widow  of  Padilla';  and  a  series  of  historical 
studies,  dealing  with  strictly  local  Philippine 
Island  and  Estremaduran  topics.  His  'Tales 
and  Legends'  are  well  chosen  and  well  writ- 
ten ;  but  a  work  on  <  The  Defects  and  Dangers 
of  Universal  Suffrage,'  partly  fiction  and  partly 
satire,  is  weak. 

Barrds,  Maurice  (bar-as').  A  French  nov- 
elist and  publicist;  born  at  Charmes-sur-Mo- 
selle,  Aug.  17,  1862.  His  political  career  has 
been  successful,  but  less  important  than  his 
work  in  literature,  he  being  conspicuous  in 
the  << decadent"  school  owing  to  his  fictions: 
<  Under  the  Eye  of  the  Barbarians,'  a  study  in 
egoism ;  <  The  Sensation  of  Paris ' ;  and  <  The 
Latin  Quarter'  (all  in  1888),  in  all  of  which  the 
artificialities  of  an  over-refined  culture  are 
apparent. 

Barrett,  Benjamin  Fisk.  An  American  Swe- 
denborgian  theologian ;  born  at  Dresden,  Me., 
June  24,  1808 ;  died  at  Germantown,  Pa.,  Aug. 
6,  1892.  Settled  in  Philadelphia,  he  edited  the 
New  Church  Monthly  and  founded  the  Swe- 
denborgian  Publication  Society  in  1885.  He 
wrote  a  number  of  works  on  Swedenborgian- 
ism,  including  a  <Life  of  Swedenborg';  <Swe- 
denborg  and  Channing  > ;  etc. 

Barrie,  James  Matthew.  A  Scottish  author ; 
bom  in  Kirriemuir,  Forfarshire,  May  9,  i860. 
He  graduated  from  Edinburgh  University  in 
1882,  and  went  to  London  in  1885  to  engage 
in  journalism.    His  peculiar  talent  for  depicting 


Scottish  village  life  and  rustic  characters  with 
fidelity,  pathos,  humor,  and  poetic  charm,  has 
brought  him  fame.  <  Better  Dead'  (1887)  and 
<When  a  Man's  Single'  (1888)  were  followed 
by  <Auld  Licht  Idylls'  (1888)  and  <A  Win- 
dow in  Thrums'  (1889),  which  first  made  him 
widely  known;  <  An  Edinburgh  Eleven'  (1890); 

<  My  Lady  Nicotine,'  humorous  essays  on 
smoking  (1890);  <The  Little  Minister'  (1891) ; 

<  Sentimental  Tommy'  (1896);  'Margaret 
Ogilvy'  (1896),  a  biography  of  his  mother. 
He  has  also  written  numerous  short  sketches 
and  three  comedies:  'Walker,  London'  (1892); 
'Jane  Annie'  (1893);  and  'The  Professor's 
Love  Story.> 

Barrldre,  Jean  Fran§oi8  (ba-re-ar').  A 
French  historical  writer;  born  in  Paris,  May 
12,  1786;  died  there,  Aug.  22,  1868.  His  ener- 
gies were  first  directed  to  periodical  literature ; 
but  he  subsequently  produced  '  The  Court  and 
the  City  under  Louis  XIV.,  Louis  XV.,  and 
Louis  XVI.,'  besides  editing  a  numerous  series 
of  memoirs  of  personages  connected  with  the 
Grand  Monarch. 

Barridre,  Theodore  (ba-re-ar').  A  French 
dramatist,  bom  in  Paris,  1823 ;  died  there,  Oct. 
16,  1877.  In  collaboration  with  others  he  sup- 
plied the  French  stage  with  a  great  number  of 
dramas  and  comedies,  some  of  which  met  with 
much  favor,  especially  'Bohemian  Life'  (1848, 
with  Murger) ;  'The  Maids  of  Marble'  (1853, 
with  Thiboust),  a  counterpart  to  Dumas's 
'La  Dame  aux  Camdlias';  and  'The  Spurious 
Men  of  Honor'  (1856,  with  Capendu),  a  scath- 
ing satire  and  his  masterpiece. 

Barrili,  Antonio  Giulio  (bar-re'le).  An  Ital- 
ian novelist;  born  in  Savona,  1836.  Engaging 
in  journalism  when  only  eighteen,  he  assumed 
the  management  of  II  Movimento  in  i860,  and 
became  proprietor  and  editor  of  II  Caffaro  in 
Genoa  in  1872.  He  had  taken  part  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1859  and  1866  (with  Garibaldi  in  Ty- 
rol) and  in  the  Roman  expedition  of  1867,  and 
sat  in  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1876-79. 
One  of  the  most  prolific  writers  of  modem 
Italy.  Among  his  numerous  stories  are  :  '  Elm- 
tree  and  Ivy'  (1868);  'The  Vale  of  Olives' 
(1871) ;  'As  in  a  Dream';  'The  Devil's  Portrait' 
(1882);  'The  Eleventh  Commandment';  'A 
Whimsical  Wooing'  (the  last  three  translated 
into  English  and  published  by  Geo.  Gotts- 
berger  Peck,  New  York). 

Barros,  JoSo  de  (bar'ros).  The  foremost 
Portuguese  historian;  bom  at  Vizeu,  1496; 
died  near  Lisbon,  Oct.  20,  1570.  His  principal 
work,  'Asia,'  a  history  of  Portuguese  discover- 
ies and  conquests  in  East  India,  1415-1539,  was 
afterwards  continued  by  Diogo  de  Couto.  He 
also  wrote  the  '  Chronicle  of  Emperor  Clari- 
mundo,'  a  historical  romance,  distinguished  for 
great  beauty  of  style. 

Barrow,  Frances  Elizabeth  (Mease).  An 
American  author  ;  bom  in  Charleston,  S.  C, 
Feb.  22,  1822  ;  died  in  New  York,  May  7,  1894. 
She  was  educated  in  New  York,  where  she  was 
married  to  James  Barrow.     She  wrote  under 


BARROW  —  BARTRAM 


45 


the  name  of  «Aunt  Fanny »  numerous  books 
for  children;  among  them  <Six  Nightcaps,> 
which  has  been  translated  into  French,  Ger- 
man, and  Swedish.  Another,  <The  Letter  G> 
(1864),  was  widely  known  and  very  popular. 
She  also  wrote  a  novel,  <  The  Wife's  Stratagem.* 
Barrow,  Sir  John.  A  notable  English 
writer  on  travels ;  bom  at  Dragley  Beck,  Lan- 
cashire, June  19,  1764;  died  in  London,  Nov. 
23,  1848.  His  numerous  and  extended  jour- 
neys   are    recounted    in    <  Travels    to    China,' 

<  Voyage  to  Cochin-China,'  <  Travels  in  the 
Interior  of  Southern  Africa,'  and  various  dia- 
ries, with  an  accuracy  beyond  question,  and 
a  conscientious  devotion  to  science  equaled  only 
by  the  modesty  of  his  own  disparagement  of 
the  results  of  his  investigations. 

Barrows,  Jolin  Henry.  An  American  Pres- 
byterian minister,  president  of  Oberlin  Col- 
lege;  born  at  Medina,  Mich.,  July  11,  1847; 
died  at  Oberlin,  Mich.,  June  2,  1902.  He 
wrote :  <  The  Gospels  are  True  Histories  > 
(1891);  <Henry  Ward  Beecher,  the  Pulpit 
Jupiter'  (1893);  <Life  of  Henry  Ward  Beech- 
er'; etc. 

Barry,  Jolin  Daniel.  An  American  novelist ; 
born  1866.  He  has  written  :  <  A  Daughter  of  Thes- 
pis' ;  <  The  Intriguers ';  <Mademoiselle  Blanche  >; 

<  The  Princess  Margarethe,  a  Fairy  Tale ' ;  <  The 
Leading  Woman;  Our  Best  Society.' 

Bartli^leniy,  Auguste  Marseille  (bar-tal- 
me').  A  French  satirist;  bom  in  Marseilles, 
1796;  died  there,  Aug.  23,  1867.  In  collabora- 
tion with  his  friend,  Joseph  M€ry,  he  wrote 
several  satirical  epics,  directed  against  the 
Bourbon  dynasty,  which  appealed  to  a  large 
circle  of  readers.  The  great  historical  epic 
< Napoleon  in  Egypt'  (1828)  describes  the  po- 
etical side  of  that  wonderful  campaign  with 
great  skill. 

Barth^lemy,  Jean  Jacques.  A  French  an- 
tiquarian ;  born  at  Cassis,  Provence,  Jan.  20, 
1716;  died  in  Paris,  April  30,  1795.  He  won 
European  fame  with  his  <  Travels  of  Young 
Anacharsis  in  Greece'  (1788),  a  fascinating 
picture  of  domestic  and  social  life  in  ancient 
Greece,  which  was  translated  into  many  lan- 
guages, into  English  by  Beaumont  (1791).  As 
a  romancer  he  tried  his  hand  with  <  The  Loves 
of  Carites  and  Polydorus'  (1760),  purporting 
to  be  translated  from  the  Greek. 

Barth6lemy-Saint-Hilaire,  Jules  (bar-tal- 
me'  san-te-lar').  A  French  scholar  and  man 
of  letters  ;  bom  in  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1805  ;  died 
there  Nov.  25,  1895.  He  wrote  for  leading 
periodicals,  and  his  best-known  work  is  proba- 
bly the  <  Commentaiy  on  Aristotle'  (1837-70). 
He  also  published:  <  The  Vedas'  ( 1854) ;  <  Ma- 
homet and  the  Koran  >  ( 1865);  and  <  Philosophy 
in  Relation  to  Science  and  Religion  >  (1889). 

Barthet,  Armand  (bar-ta').  A  French  poet 
and  novelist  (1820-74),  best  remembered  as 
the  author  of  <The  Sparrow  of  Lesbia'  (1849), 
a  comedy  in  verse,  written  for  thfe  famous 
Rachel. 


Bartlett,  John.  An  American  publisher  and 
compiler  of  books  of  reference ;  born  at  Plym- 
outh, Mass.,  June  14,  1820.  Since  1878  a  mem- 
ber of  the  publishing-house  of  Little,  Brown 
&  Co..  Boston.  He  has  compiled :  <  Familiar 
Quotations'  (1855),  a  ninth  edition  of  which 
appeared  in  1891 ;  <  The  Shakspere  Phrase 
Book'  (l88l);-<A  Shakspere  Concordance' 
(1894),  etc.    Died  Dec.  3,  1905. 

Bartlett,  John  Russell.  An  American  au- 
thor ;  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  23,  1805 ; 
died  there.  May  28,  1886.  He  was  Secretary 
of  State  of  Rhode  Island  from  1855  to  1872. 
Besides  many  books  of  local  interest,  he  pre- 
pared a  <  Dictionary  of  Americanisms,'  which 
is  widely  known  as  a  work  of  reference. 

Bartlett,  Samuel  Colcord.  American  educator 
and  Congregational  divine;  born  at  Salisbury,  N. 
H.,  Nov.  25,  i8i7;diedat  Hanover,  N.H.,  Dec. 
16,  1898.  Was  president  of  Dartmouth  College 
(1877-92).  He  wrote  <From  Egypt  to  Palestine' 
(1879),  and  several  religious  works. 

Bart6k,  Ludwig  von  (bar-tok').  A  Hunga- 
rian poet  and  dramatist;  born  in  1851.  He  is 
widely  known  as  a  versifier  of  taste,  <  Carpa- 
thian Songs '  being  his  happiest  verse.  As  a 
playwrigiit  he  is  even  more  distinguished ;  the 
comedy  of  <The  Most  Beautiful'  (1880),  and 
the  historical  tragedy  <Margareta  Kendi,'  as 
well  as  <  Anna  Thuran,'  a  historical  drama, 
having  been  frequently  acted. 

Bartol,  Cyrus  Augustus  (bar-tol').  An 
American  Unitarian  divine  and  essayist;  born 
at  Freeport,  Me.,  April  30,  181 3  ;  died  in  Bos- 
ton, Dec.  16,  1900.  He  was  prominent  as  a  radi- 
cal in  religious  thought,  and  pastor  of  the  West 
Church,  Boston,  after  1861.  He  has  written  : 
<  Pictures  of  Europe'  (1855  );  <Radical  Problems' 
(1872)  ;  and  several  ethical  and  religious  works. 

Bartoli,  Adolfo  (bar-to'le).  An  Italian  his- 
torian of  literature ;  born  in  Fivizzano,  Nov. 
19.  1833.  He  has  long  been  a  recognized  ar- 
biter of  taste  and  the  elegancies  in  connection 
with  his  country's  literature ;  his  <  First  Two 
Centuries  of  Italian  Literature'  (1870-80)  and 
'History  of  Italian  Literature'  (1878-89)  being 
masterpieces.       He  died  May  16,  1894. 

Barton,  Bernard.  An  English  poet;  bom 
in  Carlisle,  Jan.  31,  1784 ;  died  in  Woodbridge, 
Feb.  19,  1849.  Educated  at  a  Quaker  school  in 
Ipswich.  He  is  called  the  « Quaker  Poet," 
and  is  best  known  because  of  his  friendship 
with  Charles  Lamb.  His  life  was  spent  in 
Woodbridge.  He  published  many  volumes  of 
verse,  now  neglected.  They  include  :  <  Metrical 
Effusions'  (London,  1812) ;  'Devotional  Verses' 
(1826);  and  'Household  Verses'  (1845). 

Bartram,  John  (bar'tram).  A  celebrated 
American  botanist ;  born  in  Chester  county, 
Pa.,  March  23,  1699 ;  died  at  Kingsessing,  near 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept.  22,  1777.  He  was  called 
the  «  father  of  American  botany,"  and  founded 
at  Kingsessing  the  first  botanical  garden  in 
America.  Linnaeus  termed  him  "the  greatest 
natural  botaniBt  in  the  world."     He  published 


46 


BASCOM  —  BAUDELAIRE 


<  Observations  on  the  Inhabitants,  Climate,  Soil, 
Diverse  Productions,  Animals,  etc.,  made  in  his 
travels  from  Pennsylvania  to  Lake  Ontario,* 
and  a  similar  volume  on  eastern  Florida  (1766). 

Bascom,  Jolin.  An  American  educator  and 
philosophical  writer;  born  at  Geneva,  N.  Y., 
1827.  He  was  president  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  (1S74-87).  He  has  written  a  num- 
ber of  philosophical  works,  among-  them  :  <  Phi- 
losophy of  English  Literature  >  (1874),  lectures 
before  the  Lowell  Institute;  < Comparative 
Psychology)  (1878);  <Sociology>  (1887J,  etc. 

Basedow  or  Bassedau  (biis'e-dou).  A  cele- 
brated German  pedagogue ;  born  in  Hamburg, 
Sept.  II,  1723;  died  in  Magdeburg,  July  25, 
1790.  He  became  one  of  the  most  acute  think- 
ers of  his  day,  the  problem  of  education  en- 
listing his  intellectual  powers  particularly;  and 
in  the  famous  < Elementary  Treatise*  (1774), 
he  inaugurated  a  pedagogical  revolution,  the 
work  being  analogous  to  that  of  Comenius 
in  the  <  Pictured  (or  Painted)  World.*  The 
German,  however,  was  strictly  scientific  and 
modern,  the  numerous  works  he  subsequently 
prepared  being  elaborations  of  the  original 
treatise,  and  all  of  vital  importance  in  the 
history  of  education. 

Bashkirtseflf,  Marie  (bash-kerts'ef).  A  Rus- 
sian author ;  born  in  Russia  in  1S60 ;  died  in 
Paris  in  1884.  She  came  of  a  noble  and 
wealthy  family,  went  to  Italy  to  study  singing, 
and  to  Paris  to  study  art.  Her  fame  rests  on 
her  private  <  Journal,*  which  seems  to  have 
been  written  with  ultimate  publication  in  view. 

Basile,  Giovan  Batista  (bii-sel'e).  Count  of 
Torone.  An  Italian  poet  and  writer  of  fairy 
tales;  died  before  1634.  His  most  prominent 
works  are  written  in  Neopolitan  dialect,  of 
which  they  are  the  most  valuable  literary 
monument.  <The  Pentameron*  (1637)  is  a  col- 
lection of  50  folk-tales,  distributed  over  five 
days,  which  became  a  great  favorite  and  was 
widely  translated. 

Basselin  or  Bachelin,  Olivier  (bas-lan').  A 
French  poet,  born  in  the  Val-de-Vire,  Nor- 
mandy, about  1350;  died  there  (?)  about  1419. 
His  career  has  been  investigated  with  some 
pains  because  of  the  assertion  that  the  vocabu- 
lary of  theatrical  and  poetical  literature  is  in- 
debted to  him  for  the  word  <*  vaudeville  ** ;  it 
would  appear  he  was  a  cloth  fuller  or  presser, 
with  a  mill  in  his  native  vale,  which  brought 
him  in  quite  a  revenue.  He  was  much  given 
to  versified  narration  and  iteration  of  convivial 
themes,  in  rhymed  fragments  dubbed  vaux-de- 
vire   in   honor   of   the   poet's   purlieus.     In   the 

<  Book  of  New  Songs  and  Vaux-de-Vire  * 
(1610)  appears  a  collection  of  these  Bacchana- 
lian stanzas,  the  most  touching  of  which  is 
addressed  by  the  singer  <  To  My  Nose,*  the 
rubescence  thereof  being  tastefully  and  exqui- 
sitely celebrated. 

Bassett.  James  (bas'et).  A  Presbyterian  mis- 
sionary in  Persia;  born  at  Glenford,  near  Ham- 
ilton, Canada,  Jan.  31,  1834.    He  served  in  the 


Civil  War,  1862-63.  A  missionary  in  Persia 
since  1871,  he  wrote  a  volume  of  hymns  in 
Persian  (Teheran,  1875  and  1884).  Among 
his  other  works  are :  <  Among  the  Turcomans ' 
(iSSoj  ;  (  Persia,  the  Land  of  the  Imam*  (1886). 
The  establishment  of  a  U.S.  legation  in  Persia 
was  largely  owing  to  his  efforts  and  writings. 
Bastiat,  Frederic  (bast-ya').  A  French  po- 
litical economist;  born  at  Bayonne,  1801 ;  died 
at  Rome,  1850.  He  is  most  celebrated  for  the 
'Economic  Harmonies*  (1849).  For  a  long 
time  he  edited  the  great  economic  journal 
Libre  Echange,  and  strove  to  spread  free-trade 
doctrines.  <  On  the  Influence  of  French  and 
English  tariffs  on  the  Future  of  the  Two  Na- 
tions* is  one  of  his  free-trade  studies,  and  he 
also  wrote  various  manuals  of  political  econ- 
omy. 

Bates,  Arlo.  An  American  author;  born  in 
East  Machias,  Me.,  Dec.  16,  1S50.  He  gradu- 
ated from  Bowdoin  in  1876,  when  he  engaged 
in  literary  work  in  Boston.  He  is  now  pro- 
fessor of  English  literature  at  the  Institute  of 
Technology.  He  is  author  of  poems  and  novels, 
including  :  <  The  Pagans  *  (New  York,  1884)  ;  <  A 
Lad's  Love  * ;  <  The  Wheel  of  Fire  *  (1885) ;  <  The 
Philistines*  (1888) ;  <  Berries  of  the  Brier* (1886), 
poems  ;  <  Talks  on  Writing  English  * ;  and  <  Talks 
on  the  Study  of  Literature*  (1897);  *  Love  in 
a  Cloud*  (1900J  ;  <The  Diary  of  a  Saint*  (1901). 

Bates,  Charlotte  Fiske,  An  American  poet 
and  miscellaneous  prose-writer;  born  in  New 
York  city,  Nov.  30,  1838.  She  was  educated  in 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  where  she  still  resides.  She  as- 
sisted Longfellow  in  compiling  <Poems  of  Places*; 
edited  the  <  Cambridge  Book  of  Poetry  and 
Song*  (Boston,  1882);  has  contributed  to  maga- 
zines and  has  published  <  Risk  and  Other  Poems  • 
(1879);  <  The  Art  and  Literature  of  Business.* 

Bates,  Clara  Doty.  An  American  author  ; 
born  in  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  1838 ;  died  1895.  She 
lived  in  Chicago  and  published  many  juvenile 
books.  Also  '  From  Heart's  Content  *  (Chicago, 
1892). 

Bates,  Mrs.  Harriet  Leonora  (Vose),  better 
known  as  « Eleanor  Putnam.**  An  American 
story  and  sketch  writer,  wife  of  Arlo  Bates; 
born  1856;  died  1886.  She  wrote:  <A  Wood- 
land Wooing*;  <01d  Salem*  (1886);  with  her 
husband,  <  Prince  Vance ' ;  etc. 

Bates,  Katharine  Lee.  An  American  story- 
writer,  poet,  and  educator ;  born  in  Falmouth, 
Mass.,  Aug.  12,  1859.  She  fills  the  chair  of  Eng- 
lish literature  in  Wellesley  College ;  has  edited 
collections  of  ballads,  etc. ;  has  written  juvenile 
stories,  including  <Rose  and  Thorn*  (Boston. 
1889) ;  also  <  The  English  Religious  Drama  * 
(New  York,  1893)  ;  and  <  The  College  Beautiful 
and  Other  Poems  *  (1887);*  I'ennyson's  Princess*. 

Baudelaire,  Charles  (bod-lar').  A  French 
poet  and  critic ;  born  in  Paris,  April  5^  1821 ; 
died  there,  Aug.  31,  1867.  His  works  include 
a  translation  of  Poe  (1856) ;  the  collection  ol. 
poems  < Flowers  of  Evil*  (1857);  < Th^ophile 
Gautier*    (1859);  <  Artificial  Paradises,  Opium 


B  AUDISSIN  —  BAYARD 


47 


and  Hashish>  (i860);  <  Little  Prose  Poems'; 
besides  essays  and  sketches. 

Baudlssin,  Wolf  Heinrich,  Count  von  (bou'- 
dis-sen).  A  German  litterateur  (1789-1878), 
one  of  the  chief  contributors  to  the  famous 
German  translation  of  Shakespeare  edited  by 
Schlegel  and  Tieck,  of  which  he  rendered : 
*  Comedy  of  Errors  > ;  <  Love's  Labour's  Lost  > ; 

<  All's  Well  that  Ends  Well  > ;  <  Taming  of  the 
Shrew  > ;  <  Much  Ado  about  Nothing  > ;  *■  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor >;  <  Measure  for  Measure'; 

<  Titus  Andronicus  > ;  <  King  Lear ' ;  <  Antony  and 
Cleopatra';  <Troilus  and  Cressida';  < Othello'; 
and  <  Henry  VIII. >  Under  the  title  <Ben  Jon- 
son  and  his  School'  (1836)  he  published  trans- 
lations of  old  English  dramas. 

Bauer,  Bruno  (hour).  A  German  biblical 
critic  and  scholar;  born  in  Eisenberg,  Sept.  9, 
1809;  died  in  Rixdorf,  April  13,  1882.  He  has 
carried  the  <<  new  movement "  in  rational  the- 
ology very  far,  his  <  Critical  Exposition  of  the 
Religion  of  the  Old  Testament'  (1838)  and 
'Critique  of  the  Gospels'  (1850)  being  extreme 
in  their  various  expositions. 

Bauer,  Klara.    See  Detlef. 

Bauerle,  Adolf  fboi'er-le).  An  Austrian 
dramatist  and  novelist  (1784-1859),  who  culti- 
vated with  much  success  the  field  of  popular 
comedy  and  local  farce  in  Vienna,  where  in 
1804  he  founded  the  Vienna  Theatre-Gazette, 
until  1847  the  most  widely  read  paper  in  the 
Austrian  monarchy  and  now  a  valuable  source 
for  the  history  of  the  stage  in  Vienna.  Of  his 
numerous  plays  the  following  became  known 
also  outside  of  Austria :  <  Leopold's  Day ' 
(1814);  (The  Enchanted  Prince'  (1818);  'The 
Counterfeit  Prima  Donna'  (18 18) ;  <A  Deuce  of 
a  Fellow'  (1820) ;  < The  Friend  in  Need.'  Un- 
der the  pseudonym  <*  Otto  Horn  "  he  wrote  the 
novels  <Therese  Krones'  (1855)  and  <  Ferdi- 
nand Raimund'  (1855),  full  of  the  personal 
element  and  local  anecdote. 

Bauernfeld,  Eduard  von  (bou'ern-feld).  An 
Austrian  dramatist;  born  in  Vienna,  Jan.  13, 
1802 ;  died  there,  Aug.  9,  1890.  He  studied  law 
and  entered  the  government  service  in  1826,  but 
resigned  after  the  revolutionary  events  of  1848, 
to  devote  himself  exclusively  to  his  literary 
pursuits.  A  brilliant  conversationalist,  he  soon 
became  a  universal  favorite  in  Vienna  society. 
Intimate  from  childhood  with  the  genial  painter 
Moritz  von  Schwind  and  the  composer  Franz 
Schubert,  he  also  kept  up  a  lifelong  intercourse 
with  Grillparzer.  Among  his  comedies,  distin- 
guished for  their  subtle  dialogue  and  sprightly 
humor,  particularly  the  descriptions  of  fash- 
ionable society  have  made  his  great  reputa- 
tion. The  best-known  and  most  successful 
were  :<  Reckless  from  Love'  (1831)  ;< Love's 
Protocol'  (1831);  (Confessions'  (1834);  (Do- 
mestic and  Romantic'  (1835) ;  (Qf  Age'  (1846) ; 
•The  Categorical  Imperative'  (1851) ;  (From 
Society'  (1866);  (Modern  Youth'  (1868). 

Baumbach,  Rudolf  (boum'bach).  A  German 
poet;    born    at    Kranichfeld,   Saxe-Meiningen, 


Sept.  28,  1840.  After  studying  natural  science 
in  Wiirzburg,  Leipsic,  Freiburg,  and  Heidel- 
berg, he  lived  as  a  tutor  in  Austria,  last  at  Tri- 
este (since  1870),  where  he  devoted  himself 
afterwards  exclusively  to  writing.  In  1885  he 
returned  to  Meiningen.  He  has  most  success- 
fully cultivated  the  poetical  tale,  based  upon 
ancient  popular  legends.  Epics :  ( Zlatorog,'  a 
Slovenic  Alpine  legend  (1875,  37th  ed.  1892); 
(Horand  and  Hilda'  (1879);  (Lady  Fair' 
(1881);  (The  Godfather  of  Death'  (1884); 
(Emperor  Max  and  his  Huntsmen'  (i888j. 
Lyrics :  ( Songs  of  a  Traveling  Journeyman  > 
(187S);  (Minstrel's  Songs'  (1882);  (From  the 
Highway'  (1882);  (Traveling  Songs  from  the 
Alps'  (1883) ;  (Adventures  and  Pranks  Imitated 
from  Old  Masters'  (1883) ;  (Jug  and  Inkstand' 
(1887) ;  (Thuringian  Songs'  (1891).  He  is  also 
an  excellent  prose-writer,  author  of  (False 
Gold'  (1878),  a  historical  romance  of  the  17th 
century ;  ( Summer  Legends  >  (1881 )  ;  ( Once  upon 
a  Time  '  (1889)  ;  (  New  Fairy  Tales '   (1894). 

Baur,  Ferdinand  Christian  (hour).  A  Ger- 
man theologian  of  eminence ;  born  in  Schmi- 
den,  near  Stuttgart,  June  21,  1792;  died  at  Tu- 
bingen, Dec.  2,  i860.  The  profundity  not  only 
of  his  learning  but  of  his  intellectual  insight 
made  him  the  founder  of  a  new  school  of 
theolog)',  the  classics  of  which  are  his  ( History 
of  the  Doctrine  of  the  Atonement'  (1838)  and 
( The  Christian  Dogma  of  the  Trinity  and 
Incarnation'  (1843),  although  every  one  of  his 
numerous  works  is  of  great  authority. 

Baxter,  Eichard.  A  celebrated  English 
divine  and  author;  born  at  Rowton,  Shrop- 
shire, Nov.  12,  1615 ;  died  in  London,  Dec.  8, 
1691.  His  early  education  was  neglected,  and 
he  was  never  a  student  at  any  university,  but 
by  private  study  became  eminent  for  learning. 
Among  his  numerous  works,  the  most  cele- 
brated is  (The  Saints'  Everlasting  Rest,'  pub- 
lished in  1650. 

Baxter,  Sylvester.  An  American  journalist 
and  magazinist;  born  in  Massachusetts,  1850. 
Attached  to  the  Boston  Herald,  he  has  been 
prominent  in  pushing  the  metropolitan  park 
system  and  advocating  a  ((  Greater  Boston."  He 
has  written  (  The  Cruise  of  a  Land  Yacht,  a  Boy's 
Book  of  Mexican  Travel '  ;  (  Old  Marblehead.' 

Baxter,  William.  An  American  clergjTnaTi, 
educator,  poet,  and  novelist;  born  at  Leeds, 
England,  1820.  President  of  Arkansas  College, 
Fayetteville ;  when  it  was  burned  in  the  Civil 
War,  he  removed  to  Cincinnati.  He  has  writ- 
ten :  ( The  Loyal  West  in  the  Time  of  the 
Rebellion  > ;  ( Pea  Ridge  and  Prairie  Grove,  or 
Scenes  and  Incidents  of  the  War  in  Arkansas' 
(1864).  His  (War  Lyrics,'  originally  published 
in  Harper's  Weekly,  were  very  popular  at  the 
time  of  their  publication. 

Bayard,  Jean  Frangois  Alfred  (ba'ard  or 
ba-yar').  A  French  dramatist  (1796-1853),  one 
of  the  principal  collaborators  of  Scribe,  and  a 
most  prolific  and  skillful  writer  for  the  stage; 
who,  jointly  with  others,  produced  225  plays 


48 


BAYLE  —  BE  AUMARCHAIS 


for  tlie  theatres  of  Paris.  The  favorites 
among  them  were:  <The  Queen  of  Sixteen' 
(1828);  <My  Place  and  my  Wife>  (1830); 
•The  Gamin  of  Paris >  (1836);  <The  First 
Arms  of  Richelieu  >  (1839);  < A  Parisian  House- 
hold >  (1844);  <The  Husband  in  the  Country  > 
(1844);  <A  Son  of  Good  Family >  (1853).  He 
is  also  the  author  of  the  comic  opera  <The 
Daughter  of  the  Regiment' {1840),  well  known 
through  Donizetti's  music. 

Bayer,  Karl  Robert  Emerich  von.    See  Byr. 

Bayle,  Pierre  (bal).  A  distinguished  French 
philosopher  and  critic ;  born  at  Carlat,  Langue- 
doc,  Nov.  18,  1647;  died  in  Rotterdam,  Dec. 
28,  1706.  Son  of  a  Reformed  Church  minister, 
he  was  converted  to  Catholicism  vi'hile  studying 
theology  at  the  Jesuit  College  in  Toulouse,  but 
within  two  years  his  family  prevailed  upon 
him  to  resume  the  Protestant  faith.  "Withdraw- 
ing to  Geneva,  he  studied  the  philosophy  of 
Descartes,  acted  for  some  years  as  tutor  at 
Coppet,  Rouen,  and  in  Paris,  and  in  1675  was 
appointed  to  the  chair  of  philosophy  at  the 
Protestant  University  of  Sedan.  The  latter 
being  suppressed  in  1681,  he  accepted  a  call  to 
Rotterdam  as  professor  of  philosophy  and  his- 
tory, but  was  removed  in  1693  on  account  of 
his  liberal  opinions,  after  a  bitter  controversy 
with  his  colleague  and  foniier  friend  Jurieu, 
whose  envy  had  been  aroused  by  the  great 
success  of  Bayle's  critical  writings.  He  then 
devoted  all  his  time  and  strength  to  the  com- 
pletion of  the  great  work,  identified  with  his 
name,  the  <  Historical  and  Critical  Dictionary  > 
(1697),  which  brought  him  into  conflict  with 
the  consistory;  while  some  of  his  subsequent 
writings  awakened  new  enmities  and  theologi- 
cal controversies  which  embittered  the  remain- 
ing years  of  his  life. 

Baylor,  Frances  Courtenay.    See  Barnum. 

Bayly,  Ada  Ellen.    See  Lyall,  Edna. 

Bayly,  Thomas  Haynes.  An  English  poet 
and  novelist ;  born  in  Bath,  Oct.  13,  1797 ;  died 
in  Cheltenham,  April  22,  1839.  He  wrote  36 
dramas,  including:  < Perfection > ;  <The  Ayl- 
mers>;  <The  Legend  of  Killarney>;  and  other 
novels  and  many  fanciful  poems,  after  the 
style  of  Moore. 

Baz&n,  Emilia  Pardo  (ba-than').  A  Span- 
ish novelist;  born  in  Coruna  in  1852.  She  has 
published  works  on  history  and  philosophy, 
and  is  the  author  of  *  Studies  in  Darwinism  > ; 
<  Saint  Francis  of  Assisi  > ;  and  many  novels. 
These,  translated  into  English  by  Mary  J.  Ser- 
rano, have  become  very  popular,  and  include : 
<A  Christian  Woman*  (New  York  and  Lon- 
don, 1891) ;  'Homesickness*  (1891) ;  <The  Swan 
of  Vilamorta>  (1891)  ;  and  <The  Wedding 
Trip>  (1891). 

Bazancourt,  C€sar  L^cat,  Baron  de  (baz- 
iii'i-kor').  A  French  writer  of  fiction  and  works 
on  military  science;  born  in  Paris,  1810;  died 
there,  Jan.  25,  1865.  The  novelty  of  his  theories 
of  warfare  and  the  merits  of  his  style  imparted 


very  general  interest  to  <  The  Crimean  Expedi- 
tion' and  <The  Campaign  in  Italy  in  1859.* 
He  has  also  written  <  Georges  de  Montagnard ' 
and  <The  Princess  Pallianci,'  novels;  as  well 
as  <The  Secrets  of  the  Sword,>  a  manual  of 
fencing. 

Beaconsfield,  Benjamin  Disraeli,  Lord. 
An  eminent  English  statesman  and  novelist; 
born  in  London,  Dec.  21,  1804;  died  April  19, 
1881.  The  first  volume  of  his  novel  <  Vivian 
Grey  >  appeared  in  1826,  the  second  volume  in 
1827.  This  was  followed  by  <  The  Young  Duke  > 
(1831);  <Contarini  Fleming)  (1832);  <The 
Wondrous  Tale  of  Alroy>  (1833);  <  The  Rise  of 
Iskander>;  <  The  Revolutionary  Epic>  (1834); 
<  Henrietta  Temple>  (1837);  <Venetia>  (1837); 
<Alarcos>  (1839);  <Coningsby)  (1844);  <SibyP 
(1845);  <Tancred>  (1847);  <Lothair>  (1870); 
<Endymion>  (1880);  etc. 

Beard,  George  Miller.  An  American  phy- 
sician and  medical  and  hygienic  writer;  born  at 
Montville,  Conn.,  May  8,  1839;  died  in  New 
York,  Jan.  23,  1883.  He  made  a  specialty  of 
the  study  of  stimulants  and  narcotics,  hypnot- 
ism, spiritualism,  etc.  Among  his  works  were : 
<Our  Home  Physician'  (1869);  < Eating  and 
Drinking'  (1871) ;  < Stimulants  and  Narcotics' 
(1871) ;  <  American  Nervousness'  (1881) ;  <  Sea- 
Sickness'  (1882);  etc. 

Beardsley,  Eben  Edwards.  An  American 
Episcopal  clergyman,  historian,  and  biographer; 
born  at  Stepney,  Conn.,  1808;  died  at  New 
Haven,  Dec.  22,  1891.  He  became  a  pastor  in 
New  Haven  in  1848.  He  wrote:  < History  of 
the  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut'  (4th 
ed.  1883) ;  and  lives  of  <  Samuel  Johnson,  First 
President  of  King's  College,  New  York'  (1874); 
<  William  Samuel  Johnson,  President  of  Colum- 
bia College'  (1876);  and  < Samuel  Seabury, 
First  Bishop  of  Connecticut'  (1881). 

Beattie,  James  (be'ti  or  Sc.  ba'ti).  A  Scot- 
tish poet;  born  in  Laurencekirk,  Kincardine- 
shire, Oct.  25,  1735;  died  in  Aberdeen,  Aug. 
18,  1803.  He  studied  in  Aberdeen,  and  was 
professor  of  moral  philosophy  in  Marischal 
College  from  1760  till  his  death.  He  wrote 
metaphysical  essays  and  poems.  <The  Min- 
strel' is  his  chief  work.  The  first  book  {1771) 
passed  through  four  editions  before  the  second 
part  appeared  (1774). 

Beaumarchais,  Pierre  Augustin  Caron  de 
(bo-miir-sha').  A  French  dramatist;  born  in 
Paris,  Jan.  24,  1732;  died  there.  May  18,  1799. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  Parisian  watchmaker 
named  Caron,  learned  his  father's  trade,  and 
by  his  vehement  attack  on  a  rival  who  pirated 
his  patent  attracted  attention  at  court.  His 
handsome  appearance  and  manners  procured 
advancement.  He  taught  the  daughters  of 
Louis  XV.  to  play  the  harp ;  married  a  rich 
widow.  His  first  plays,  < Eugenie'  (1767)  ^'^^ 
<The  Two  Friends'  (1770),  had  only  moder- 
ate success.  His  great  plays  are :  <  Tlie  Bar- 
ber of  Seville*  (l775)  and  <The  Marriage  of 
Figaro'  (1784),  which  had  unprecedented  suc- 
cess.   The  < Memoirs  of  Sieur  Beaumarchais* 


BEAUMONT  —  BECKER 


49 


by  himself  (1774-78;  new  ed.  by  Sainte-Beuve, 
1873),  have  never  been  surpassed  for  their 
satire  and  logic.  Beaumarchais  is  a  figure  in 
Goethe's  drama  <Clavigo.>  His  < Theatre*  has 
been  edited  by  Saint-Marc  Girardin  (Paris, 
1861) ;  his  '  Complete  Works,>  by  Moland  (l774) 
and  by  Fournier  (1875);  the  <  Barber  of  Se- 
ville,>  by  Austin  Dobson  (Oxford,  1884). 

Beaumont,  Francis.  An  English  dramatist ; 
born  in  1584,  at  Grace-Dieu,  Leicestershire,  the 
family  seat;  died  in  London,  March  6,  1615-16. 
He  wrote  first  <  Salmacis  and  Hermaphrodi- 
tus,>  a  poem  on  Ovid's  legend   (1602);   and  a 

<  Masque  of  the  Inner  Temple,'  represented  at 
court  in  1612-13.  From  early  youth  he  was 
associated  with  John  Fletcher.  Their  differ- 
ences are  best  appreciated  by  comparing  Beau- 
mont's <  Triumph  of  Love  >  with  Fletcher's 
'  Triumph  of  Death,>  included  in  <  Four  Plays 
or  Moral  Representations  in  One*  (1647). 
Their  plays  written  together  include  :  <  Philas- 
ter>;  <The  Maid's  Tragedy*;  <King  and  No 
King>;  <  The  Scornful  Lady>;  <The  Knight 
of  the  Burning  Pestle  > ;  Cupid's  Revenge ' ;  and 
*  The  Coxcomb.*    Their  first  collected  edition, 

<  Comedies  and  Tragedies.*  appeared  in  1647 ; 
more  complete  in  1679. 

Beaunolr,  Alexandre  Louis  Bertrand  (bon- 
war')  [true  name  Robinoir].  A  French  dram- 
atist (1746-1823).  His  more  than  200  comedies 
were  very  popular.  Among  the  best  of  them 
are  :  <  Love  Goes  A-Begging  * ;  <  Jennie,  or  The 
Losers  Don't  Pay.* 

Bebel,  Ferdinand  August  (ba'bel).  A  Ger- 
man socialist ;  born  in  Cologne  in  1840.  In  his 
youth  he  was  an  apprentice,  and  while  learn- 
ing and  practicing  the  turner's  trade,  he  acquired 
a  practical  knowledge  of  the  difficulties  and 
disabilities  of  the  workingmen.  He  settled  in 
Leipzig  in  i860,  joined  various  labor  organiza- 
tions, and  became  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Volkstaat  and  of  the  better-known  Vorwarts. 
Membership  in  the  North  German  Reichstag 
was  followed  by  his  election  to  the  German 
Reichstag,  of  which  he  was  a  member  from 
1871  to  1881,  and  which  he  entered  again  in 
1883.  He  is  the  leader  of  his  party  in  the 
Reichstag.  Bebel's  earnestness,  large  sympathy, 
and  wide  range  of  knowledge  impress  his 
hearers,  although  his  appearance  and  manner 
in  the  Reichstag  do  not  at  lirst  win  them.  These 
qualities  are  also  characteristic  of  his  numerous 
pubiislied  books,  among  which  are  :  <  Our  Aims  * 
(1874);  <  The  Gei-man  Peasant  War  >  (1876) ;  <  The 
Life  and  Theories  of  Charles  Fourier*  (1888)  ; 

<  Women  in  Socialism,  the  Christian  Point  of 
View  in  the  Woman  Question  *  (1893)  ;<  Social 
Democracy  and  Universal  Suffrage  *  (1895). 

Bebel,  Heinrlch  (ba'bel).  A  notable  Ger- 
man humanist  (1472-1518).  He  was  an  alum- 
nus of  Cracow  and  Basel  Universities,  and 
from  1497  professor  of  poetry  and  rhetoric  at 
Tubingen.  His  fame  rests  principally  on  his 
•Facetiae*  (1506),  a  curious  collection  of  bits 
of  homely  and  rather  coarse-grained  humor  and 
anecdote,  directed   mainly  against  the  clergy ; 

4 


and  on  his  <  Triumph  of  Venus,*  a  keen  satire 
on  the  depravity  of  his  time. 

BeccadelU,  Antonio  degU  (bek'a-del'e).  An 
Italian  humanist  and  poet  (1394-1471);  born 
at  Palermo.  His  book  of  epigrams,  <Her- 
maphroditus*  (1432),  shows  abundant  wit  and 
fancy,  but  oversteps  the  bounds  of  decency. 

Beccarl,  Agostlnl  (bek-ar'e).  An  Italian 
pastoral  poet;  born  in  Ferrara,  1540  (?) ;  died 
there  (?)  1590.  He  wrote  < The  Sacrifice*  (1554) 
before  his  fifteenth  birthday,  this  piece  being  a 
pastoral  in  rather  stilted  metre  and  quite  sopho- 
moric  in  flavor ;  but  as  the  maiden  essay  of 
the  kind  in  literature,  and  as  the  model  upon 
which  Tasso  constructed  his  *Aminta,*  it  is  not 
to  be  overlooked. 

Bechsteln,  Ludwlg  (bech'stin).  A  German 
poet  and  novelist  (1801-60),  chiefly  remembered 
for  <The  Legend  Treasure  and  the  Legend- 
ary Cycles  of  Thuringia*  (1835-38);  <  German 
Fairy-Tale  Book*  (1845,  41st  ed.  1893);  and 
others.  Among  his  epical  poems  are :  •  The 
Children  of  Haymon*  (1830);  <The  Dance 
of  Death*  (1831);  <New  Natural  History  of 
Pet  Birds*  (1846),  a  humorous  didactic  poem; 
and  <Thuringia's  Royal  House*  (1865).  Of  his 
numerous  novels,  chiefly  historical,  the  best- 
known  is  < Journeys  of  a  Musician*  (1836-37). 

Beck,  Karl  (bek).  An  Austrian  poet;  bom  at 
Baja,  Hungary,  May  i,  1817 ;  died  in  Vienna, 
April  10,  1879.  His  poems  reflect  the  passion- 
ate temperament  of  his  Hungarian  country- 
men in  sonorous  verses  of  consummate  finish. 
Among  his  works  are:  'Nights*  (1838);  <The 
Poet  Errant*  (1838)  ;  <Jank6*  (1842), a  romance 
in  verse;  <  Songs  of  the  Poor  Man*  (1847); 
<Jadwiga*  (1863),  a  tale  in  verse;  < Mater 
Dolorosa*  (1854),  a  novel. 

Becke,  Louis.  An  Australian  author;  born 
in  Port  Macquarrie,  Australia,  about  1850.  He 
went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  and  has 
spent  his  life  trading  in  the  South  Pacific. 
His  publications  are :  •  By  Reef  and  Palm  * 
(1895);  <  South  Sea  Stories*  (1896);  <The  Ebb- 
ing of  the  Tide*  (1896);  and  with  W.  Jeffrey, 
<A  First-Fleet  Family*  (1896). 

Becker,  August  (bek'er).  A  German  poet 
and  novelist  (1828-91);  author  of  <  Young 
Friedel,  the  Minstrel*  (1854),  a  lyrical  epic, 
and  the  novels  :  <The  Rabbi's  Bequest*  (1866) ; 
•Proscribed*  (1868);  <The  Carbuncle*  (1870) ; 
<  My  Sister*  (1876),  descriptive  of  the  doings 
of  Lola  Montez  and  the  events  of  1848  in 
Bavaria;  <  Painter  Fairbeard*  (1878);  <  The 
Sexton  of  Horst*  (1889)  ;  <Gray  Jane*  (1890). 

Becker,  Karl  Frledrlch.  A  German  his- 
torical writer ;  born  in  Berlin,  1777 ;  died  there, 
March  15,  1806.  He  wrote  various  popular 
works  on  historical  topics,  the  best-known 
being  <The  World's  History  for  Children  and 
their  Teachers*  (1801-5),  a  truly  successful 
undertaking. 

Becker,  Nlkolaus.  A  German  peet  (1809- 
45),  known   as  the  author  of  the   Rhine-song 


5<^ 


6ECKFORD  —  BEECHER 


<  Tlicy  never  shall  obtain  it,  the  free,  the  Ger- 
man Rhine,'  wliich  became  immensely  popular 
throughout  Germany,  and  provoked  Alfred  de 
Musset's  'We  have  had  it,  your  German  Rhine,> 
and  Lamartine's  more  conciliatory  <Peace- 
Marscillal»e>  (1S41). 

Becliford.  William.  A  noted  English  man 
of  letters ;  born  at  Fonthill,  Wiltshire,  Sept.  29, 
1759 ;  died  at  Bath,  May  2, 1844.  Heir  to  a  large 
fortune,  h«  traveled  extensively,  and  after  his 
return  home  built  a  costly  residence  at  Font- 
hill,  where  ht  amassed  many  art  treasures.  He 
is  famous' as  the  author  of  <  Vathek,>  an  Oriental 
romance  of  great  power  and  lu.xurious  imagina- 
tion, written  originally  in  French  (1781  or  1782), 
and  translated  into  English  by  himself,  although 
another  translation  (by  Henley)  had  been 
published  anonymously  and  surreptitiously  in 
I784(?).  Among  his  other  writings  are:  < Bio- 
graphical Memoirs  of  Extraordinary  Painters' 
(1780),  a  satirical  burlesque  ;  <  Dreams,  Waking 
Thoughts,  and  Incidents'  (1783),  a  series  of  let- 
ters from  various  parts  of  Europe ;  <  Italy,  with 
Sketches  ^l  Spain  and  Portugal'  (1S34). 

Becque,  Henri  Fran§ois  (bek).  A  French 
dramatist ;  born  in  Paris,  April  9,  1S37,  the  pio- 
neer realism  on  the  Parisian  stage,  where  he  pro- 
duced <  The  Prodigal  Son'  (1S68)  ;  The  Abduc- 
tion >  (1871)  ;  <  The  Ravens  '  ( 1S82)  ;  <  The  Paris- 
ian' (1885) ;<  Literary  Quarrels'  (1891).    D.  1899. 

Becquer,  Gustavo  Adolfo  (bek'ker).  A 
Spanish  poet  and  novelist;  born  in  Seville, 
Feb.  17,  1836;  died  in  Madrid,  Dec.  22,  1870. 
His  lyrics,  chiefly  elegiac,  show  much  feeling, 
and  his  tales  and  legends  are  among  the  best 
creations  of  modem  Spanish  prose. 

3ecIdoes,  Thomas  Lovell.  An  English  poet; 
born  in  Rodney  Place,  Clifton,  July  20,  1803; 
died  in  Basle,  Jan.  20,  1849.  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford  and  Gottingen,  and  lived  a  strange 
wandering  life  as  a  doctor  and  politician  in 
Germany  and  Switzerland,  with  occasional  visits 
to  England.  <The  Bride's  Tragedy'  (1822) 
was  quite  remarkable  and  attracted  attention; 
but  his  best  is  <  Death's  Jest-Book,'  on  which 
he  was  at  work  from  1825  until  his  death.  It 
was  published  posthumously  by  T.  F.  Kelsau 
(1850),  who  also  edited  his  other  poems  with 
memoir  (185 1 ). 

Bede  or  Bseda.  The  greatest  figure  in  an- 
cient English  literature;  was  born  near  Monk- 
wearmouth,  Durham,  about  673;  died  in  the 
monastery  of  Jarrow,  May  26,  735.  Left  an 
orphan  at  the  age  of  six,  he  was  educated  in 
the  Benedictine  Abbey  at  Monkwearmouth 
and  entered  the  monastery  of  Jarrow,  where  he 
was  ordained  priest  in  his  thirtieth  year.  His 
industry  was  enormous.  «  First,"  says  Green, 
<<  among  English  scholars,  first  among  English 
theologians,  first  among  English  historians,  it 
is  in  the  monk  of  Jarrow  that  English  liter- 
ature strikes  its  roots.  C  In  the  six  hundred 
(^  scholars  who  gathered  around  him  for  instruc- 
tion he  is  the  father  of  our  national  education." 
Bede   wrote   homilies,  lives   of  [.saints,  hymns, 


epigrams,  works  on  g'i'ammar  and  chronology, 
and  the  great  <  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Eng- 
land' in  five  books,  gleaned  from  native  chron- 
icles and  oral  tradition.  This  was  translated 
from  Latin  into  Anglo-Saxon  by  King  Alfred. 
The  first  editions  were  issued  from  Strassburg 
in  the  15th  century. 

Bede,  Cuthbert,  pseudon3'm  of  Edward 
Bradley.  An  English  author;  born  in  Kid- 
derminster in  1827;  died  in  Lenton,  Dec.  12, 
1S89.  He  graduated  at  Durham  University, 
and  was  rector  of  Denton,  Stretton,  and  finally 
Lenton  from  1883  until  his  death.  He  con- 
tributed to  Punch  and  other  London  period- 
icals, and  published  the  <  Adventures  of  Mr. 
Verdant  Green,  an  Oxford  Freshman'  (Lon- 
don, 1855),  a  humorous  picture  of  college  life. 
His  other  works  include :  <  Mr.  Verdant  Green 
Married  and  Done  For'  (1S56) ;  <The  White 
Wife,'  a  collection  of  Scottish  legends  (1864) ; 
'Little  Mr.  Bouncer  and  his  Friend  Verdant 
Green'  (1873-74);  and  many  books  of  travels. 

Beeclier,  Catherine  Esther.  An  American 
author  and  educator,  daughter  of  Lyman,  and 
sister  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher;  born  in  East- 
hampton,  L.  I.,  Sept.  6,  1800 ;  died  in  Elmira, 
N.  v..  May  12,  1878.  From  1822  to  1832  she 
conducted  a  school  in  Hartford,  Conn.;  and 
afterwards  taught  for  two  years  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  The  remainder  of  her  life  was  devoted 
to  training  teachers  and  supplying  them  to 
needy  fields,  especially  in  the  Western  and 
Southern  States.  She  wrote  numerous  works 
on  education  and  on  the  woman  question, 
among  which  are :  <  The  Religious  Training 
of  Children  in  the  School,  the  Family,  and 
the  Church'  (1864);  < Woman's  Profession  as 
Mother  and  Educator,  with  Views  in  Opposi- 
tion to  Woman  Suffrage'  (1871). 

Beecher,  Charles.  An  American  clergyman 
and  author,  brother  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher; 
born  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Oct.  7,  1815.  He 
graduated  from  Bowdoin  College  in  1834,  and 
has  had  charge  of  Congregational  and  Pres- 
byterian churches ;  especially  in  Fort  Wayne, 
Ind.,  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  Georgetown,  Mass. 
Among  his  published  works  are :  <  David  and 
his  Throne'  (1855);  < Spiritual  Manifestations' 
(1879) ;  and  <  The  Autobiography  and  Corre- 
spondence of  Lyman  Beecher'  (1S63). 

Beecher,  Edward.  An  American  clergyman 
and  author,  brother  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher; 
born  in  Easthampton,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  27,  1803; 
died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  July  28,  1895.  He 
graduated  at  Yale,  studied  theology  a-  Andover 
and  New  Haven;  was  pastor  of  various  Con- 
gregational churches,  especially  at  Park  Street, 
Boston  (1826-30),  and  Salem  Street,  Boston 
(1844-55).  He  was  president  of  Illinois  Col- 
lege, Jacksonville  (1830-44),  and  for  some  years 
professor  of  Exegesis  in  the  Chicago  Theologi- 
cal Seminary.  He  wrote  many  re'igious  books, 
including  ^The  Conflict  of  Ages'  (1853)  and 
<The  Concord  of  Ages'  (i860);  in  which  he 
explained  the  existence  of  sin  and  misery  in 
the  world  as  the  results  of  a  pre-existent  state, 


BEECHER—  BELCIKOVSKI 


5« 


to  be  harmonized   at  last   in  an   eternal   con- 
cord of  good. 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward.  An  American  clergy- 
man; born  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Jime  24,  1813; 
died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  March  8,  1887.  He 
was  the  son  of  Lyman  Beecher;  graduated 
from  Amherst  in  1834;  studied  in  Lane  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio ;  and 
began  clerical  duty  as  pastor  of  a  church  in 
Lawrenceburg,  Ind.,  removirig  to  Indianapo- 
lis in  1839.  From  1847  until  his  death  he  was 
pastor  of  Plymouth  Congregational  Church  in 
Brooklyn.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Independent  and  of  the  Christian  Union  (now 
the  Outlook).  He  was  also  a  prominent  anti- 
slavery  orator,  as  well  as  a  famous  lecturer. 
Among  his  numerous  publications  are :  <  Star 
Papers;  or  Experiences  of  Art  and  Nature > 
(1855);  <P>eedom  and  War>  (1863);  <Eyes 
and  Ears>  (1864);  and  a  novel,  <  Norwood,  or 
Village  Life  in  New  England>  (1867).  His 
<  Sermons '  were  edited  by  Dr.  Lyman  Abbott 

(2   vols.,  1868). 

Beecher,  Lyman.  An  American  clergyman ; 
born  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Oct.  2,  1775;  died 
in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  June  10,  1863.  His  ances- 
tors were  Puritans.  He  graduated  from  Yale 
ill  1796,  and  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  East  Hampton,  L.  I. ;  then  of  a 
Congregational  church  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  in 
1810;  and  then  of  the  Hanover  Street  Congre- 
gational Church  in  Boston,  Mass.  In  1832  he 
became  president  of  Lane  Theological  Semi- 
nary, near  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  His  influence 
tliroughout  the  country  was  very  great,  espe- 
cially on  the  questions  of  temperance  and  of 
slavery.  His  <  Six  Sermons  on  Intemperance  > 
had  a  great  effect,  and  have  been  frequently  re- 
published and  translated  into  many  languages. 
His  sermon  on  the  death  of  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton in  1804,  with  his  <  Remedy  for  Duehng> 
(1S09),  did  much  toward  breaking  up  the  prac- 
tice of  dueling  in  the  United  States.  His  col- 
lected <  Sermons  and  Addresses  ^  were  published 
in  1852. 

Beecher,  Thomas  Kinnicutt.  An  American 
clergyman,  son  of  Lyman,  and  brother  of  Henry 
Ward  Beecher ;  born  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Feb. 
10,  1824.  He  became  pastor  in  Brooklyn  in 
1852,  and  in  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  in  1854.  He  has 
been  a  very  successful  lecturer  and  an  effective 
writer  on  current  topics.  He  had  published  in 
book  form  <  Our  Seven  Churches '  (1870).  D.  1900. 

Beers,  Ethel  Lynn.  An  American  poet; 
born  in  Goshen,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  13,  1S27 ;  died  in 
Orange,  N.  J.,  Oct.  10,  1879.  Slie  was  a  de- 
scendant of  John  Eliot,  the  apostle  to  the  In- 
dians. She  has  published  <All  Quiet  along 
the  Potomac,  and  Other  Poems'  (1879). 

Beers,  Henry  Augustin.  An  American 
author;  born  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  July  2,  1847. 
He  graduated  from  Yale  in  1859,  became  tutor 
there  in  187 1,  and  professor  of  English  litera- 
ture in  1880.  He'  has  published  among  other 
works :  <  A  Century  of  American  Literature  > 
C1878) ;  <The  Thankless  Muse,>  poems  (1886) ; 


<  From  Chaucer  to  Tennyson  >  ( 1890) ;  <  Initial 
Studies  in  American  Letters  >  (1892);  <A  Sub- 
urban Pastoral,  and  Other  Tales'  (1894) ;  (The 
Ways  of  Yale  >  (1895);  <  Points  at  Issue  >  (1904). 

Beers,  Jan  van  (barz).  A  Flemish  poet 
(1821-88);  from  i860  professor  at  the  Athenasum 
in  Antwerp.  His  principal  works,  full  of  sen- 
timent and  melodious  quality,  are :  <  Youth's 
Dreams  >  (1853);  <  Pictures  of  Life>  (1858); 
'Sentiment  and  Life>  (1869). 

Beethoven,  Ludwig  van  (ba'to-ven).  A 
German  composer  of  Dutch  extraction ;  born 
at  Bonn,  1770 ;  died  at  Vienna,  1827.  His  music 
is  world-famous.  In  his  <  Correspondence  >  and 
in  the  noted  <  Brentano  Letters  >  he  is  a  writer 
of  personal  impressions  of  great  interest  and 
charm. 

Beets,  Nicolaas  (bats).  A  Dutch  poet, 
novelist,  and  critic ;  born  in  Haarlem,  Sept. 
13,  1814.  His  early  lyrics,  and  the  poetical 
tales  <Jos^>  (1834);  <Kuser'  (1835);  <Guy  the 
Fleming*  (1837),  are  in  the  vein  of  Byron. 
He  showed  a  maturer  talent  in  <  Ada  of  Hol- 
land* (1840),  and  the  lyric  cycles  <  Cornflow- 
ers* (1853),  <The  Children  of  the  Sea'  (1861), 
and  others ;  but  is  chiefly  esteemed  as  a  prose- 
writer  of  rare  excellence,  author  of  <  Camera 
Obscura*  (1839,  i8th  ed.  1888),  a  series  of  tales 
and  sketches  of  Dutch  types.  His  pseudonym 
was  "  Hildebrand."     Died  at  Utrecht,  Mar.,  1903. 

Behn,  Aphra.  An  English  novelist  and 
dramatist ;  born  in  Wye,  Kent,  in  July  1640 ; 
died  in  London,  April  16,  1689.  She  is  buried 
in  the  Poet's  Corner  of  Westminster  Abbey. 
Her  life  was  adventurous  and  inttresting.  She 
early  went  to  the  West  Indies,  returned  to 
London  about  1658,  and  gaining  entrance  to 
court,  pleased  Charles  II.  by  her  wit.  He 
sent  her  to  Antwerp  as  a  spy.  She  was  the 
first  woman  in  England  to  live  by  her  pen. 
Her  plays  and  poems  are  superior  to  her  nov- 
els ;  but  they  are  all  stamped  with  indelicacy, 
and  do  not  deserve  the  praise  bestowed  on 
them  by  Dryden,  Otway,  and  others.  Her  dra- 
mas   long    held    the    stage.      They    include : 

<  Abdelazar,  or  the  Moor's  Revenge ' ;  <  The 
Forced  Marriage*;  and  many  others.  Among 
her  novels,  <  Oroonoko,  or  the  Royal  Slave  * 
(founded  on  the  adventures  of  a  West-Indian 
native  prince  of  that  name)  alone  has  any 
merit. 

Behrens,  Bertha.    See  Heimburg. 

Bekker,  Elisabeth  (bek'er).  A  Dutch  novel- 
ist; born  at  Vlissingen,  July  24,  1738;  died  in 
The  Hague,  Nov.  5,  1804.  Married  to  Adrian 
Wolff,  a  Reformed  Church  minister  at  Beem- 
ster,  who  died  in  1777,  she  lived  afterwards  in 
closest  friendship  with  Agathe  Deken,  who 
also  collaborated  in  her  most  important  works, 
to  wit:  < History  of  Sara  Burgerhart'   (1782); 

<  History  of  William  Leevend*  (1784-85) ;  *  Let- 
ters of  Abraham  Blankaart*  (1787-89);  *  Cor- 
nelia Wildschut*  (1793-96). 

Belcikovski,  Adam  (bel-che-kov-ske).  A 
Polish  dramatist ;  born  in  Cracow,  1839.    Am(*?ig 


52 


BELINSKY  —  BELLMAN 


his  numerous  historical  dramas  and  comedies 
are:  <  King  Don  Juan'  (1869);  <Hunyadi> 
(1870);  <Francesca  da  Rimini  >  (1873);  <The 
Oath>  (1878) ;  <King  Boleslav  the  Bold>  (1882). 
He  also  wrote  valuable  essays  on  Polish  liter- 
ature. 

Bellnsky,  Viss&rion  Grig6ryevicli  (bel-in'- 
ske).  A  Russian  literary  critic  (1811-48).  He 
wrote  an  excellent  <  View  of  Russian  Literature 
since  the  i8th  Century.' 

Bell,  Acton.    See  Bronte,  Anne. 

Bell,  Currer.    See  Bronte,  Charlotte. 

Bell,  Ellis.    See  Bronte,  Emily. 

Bell,  Lilian.  An  American  novelist;  born 
in  Chicago,  1867.  She  has  written  <The  Love 
Affairs  of  an  Old  Maid>  and  <A  Little  Sister 
to  the  Wilderness ' ;  <  Caroline  Lee.* 

Bell,  Robert.  An  Irish  author  and  editor; 
born  in  Cork,  Jan.  16,  1800 ;  died  in  London, 
April  12,  1867.  Educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  he  went  to  London  in  1828.  He  be- 
came editor  of  magazines  and  useful  editions 
of  books.  He  is  best  known  for  his  annotated 
edition  of  English  poets  from  Chaucer  to  Cow- 
per  (24  vols.,  1854-57).  He  wrote :  <  History 
of  Russia'  (3  vols.,  London,  1836);  <Life  of 
Canning'  (1846);  < Wayside  Pictures  through 
France,  Belgium,  and  Holland'  (1849);  two 
novels ;  three  comedies ;  and  a  collection  of 
< Early  Ballads'  (1864). 

Bellamy,  Edward.  An  American  writer; 
bom  in  Chicopee  Falls,  Mass.,  March  29,  1850  ; 
died  there  May  22,  1898.  He  was  educated  in 
Germany  ;  admitted  to  the  bar ;  was  on  the  staff 
of  the  Evening  Post  of  New  York  in  1871-72  ; 
<ind  on  his  return  from  the  Sandwich  Islands  in 
(877,  he  founded  the  Springfield  News.  He  is 
best  known  by  his  novel  *  Looking  Backward  > 
(1888),  a  socialistic  work,  of  which  an  immense 
number  of  copies  were  sold  in  two  years.  His 
other  books  are  :  <  Six  to  One :  a  Nantucket 
Idyl '  (1878) ;  <  Dr.  Heidenhoff's  Process '  (1880) ; 
<Miss  Ludington's  Sister'  (1884) ;  <Equality> 
(1S97)  ;  and    <  The  Wonder  Children'  (1906). 

Bellamy,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Whitfield  (Croom). 
An  American  novelist,  writing  under  the  pseu- 
donym «  Kamba  Thorpe  "  ;  born  at  Quincy, 
Fla.,  1839.  She  has  written :  <  Four  Oaks ' 
(1867) ;  <  Little  Joanna'  (1876) ;  <01d  Man  Gil- 
bert > ;  <  The  Luck  of  the  Pendennings.'    D.  1900. 

Bellamy,  Jacobua  (bel'a-mi).  A  Dutch 
poet;  born  at  Vlissingen,  Nov.  12,  1757;  died 
in  Utrecht,  March  11,  1786.  First  known 
through  his  Anacreontic  *  Songs  of  my  Youth ' 
(1782),  which  were  followed  by  the  inspired 
•Patriotic  Songs'  (1783),  he  is  now  chiefly  re- 
membered for  his  poetical  romance  <  Roosje ' 
(1784),  which  in  touching  simplicity  and  ardent 
feeling  is  unequaled  in  Dutch  literature. 

Bellamy,  Joseph.  An  American  clergyman 
and  educator;  born  in  Cheshire,  Conn.,  in  1719; 
died  in  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  March  6,  1790.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1735 ;  in  1740  became  pas- 
tor of  the  church  in  Betlilehem,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  death.    About  1742  he  estab* 


lished  a  divinity  school,  in  which  many  cel- 
ebrated clergymen  were  trained.  Among  his 
published  works,  besides  his  <  Sermons '  are  : 
<True  Religion  Delineated'  (1750);  <The 
Nature  and  Glory  of  the  Gospel'  (1762);  and 
<The  Half-Way  Covenant'  (1769). 

Bellay,  Joachim  du  (be-la').  A  distin- 
guished French  poet  and  prose-writer;  born 
at  the  Chateau  de  Lir^,  near  Angers,  about 
1524;  died  in  Paris,  Jan.  i,  1560.  Next  to  Ron- 
sard  the  most  prominent  member  of  the 
famous  <*  Pl^iade."  He  had  few  of  the  advan- 
tages of  a  school  education,  but  by  his  own 
industry  became  acquainted  with  the  poets  of 
antiquity  and  of  France.  His  first  volume  of 
poems  was  a  collection  of  his  <  Sonnets  to 
Olive.'  His  'Antiquities  of  Rome'  was  done 
into  English  verse  by  Edmund  Spenser,  <The 
Ruins  of  Rome'  (1591).  His  principal  work 
is  a  <  Defense  and  Illustration  of  the  French 
Language'  (1549),  in  which  he  depreciates  the 
old  forms  of  French  poetry  and  sets  up  the 
classic  poets  of  antiquity  as  models.  After  his 
death  were  published  more  of  his  sonnets,  also 
odes,  and  some  translations. 

Belleau,  R€my  (bel-lo').  A  noted  French 
poet;  born  at  Nogent-le-Rotrou,  1528;  died  in 
Paris,  March  16,  1577.  One  of  the  «Pldiade,'> 
and  ranked  by  some  as  its  best  poet,  in 
preference  to  Bellay.  His  poems  are  graceful 
and  melodious,  and  show  less  affectation  of 
sentiment  than  those  of  many  of  his  contem- 
poraries. He  made  an  elegant  and  spirited 
translation  of  <The  Odes  of  Anacreon'  (1576). 
His  <Bergerie'  (1572),  a  compound  of  prose 
and  verse,  is  of  unequal  merit ;  but  it  contains 
some  passages — e.  g.,  the  'April'  —  which  are 
of  consummate  beauty.  A  curious  work  is  his 
fanciful  <  Loves  and  New  Exchanges  of  Pre- 
cious Stones'  (1566):  it  is  perhaps  his  best 
performance. 

Belli,  Giuseppe  Gioachino  (bel'le).  A  noted 
Roman  humorist  and  satirical  poet  (1791-1863). 
He  wrote  in  the  popular  dialect  of  the  Traste- 
vere ;  and  in  early  life  scourged  with  stinging, 
irreverent,  and  often  vulgar  satire,  the  tyranny 
of  the  popes  and  the  scandalous  lives  of  the 
clergy.  Becoming  afterward  a  zealous  convert 
to  the  faith  of  the  Roman  Church,  he  en- 
deavored to  call  in  and  destroy  the  wicked 
indiscretions  of  his  youth.  In  his  last  years  he 
published  a  beautiful  translation  of  the  Roman 
Breviary.  His  published  sonnets  amount  to 
more  than  2,000;  his  other  published  Italian 
verses  fill  four  considerable  volumes;  while 
two  thirds  of  his  vast  remains  have  never 
been  gathered  and  edited.  Of  this  last,  much 
is  clothed  in  language  too  coarse  to  bear  the 
light  of  modem  culture. 

Bellman,  Carl  Michael  (bel'man).  A  noted 
Swedish  poet;  born  in  Stockholm,  Feb.  4,  1740; 
died  there,  Feb.  11,  1795.  His  poems  were  often 
improvisations,  and  the  airs  of  his  songs  were 
largely  of  his  own  composition.  As  singer  of 
the  rollicking  life  of  a  capital  city  he  is  un- 
surpassed.   A  colossal  bronze  bust  of  Belhaan 


BELLOWS  —  BENJAMIN 


53 


by  Bystrom  was  erected  in  the  Zoological 
Garden  at  Stockholm  in  1829,  and  there  a  pop- 
ular festival  is  held  yearly  in  his  honor. 

Bellows,  Henry  Whitney.  A  prominent 
Unitarian  divine  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  at  Walpole,  N.  H.,  June  11,  1814;  died  in 
New  York,  Jan.  30,  1882.  He  became  pastor  of 
All  Souls  Church,  New  York,  1839;  was  chief 
founder  and  long  editor  of  the  Christian  In- 
quirer (1846);  president  and  chief  originator  of 
the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  during 
the  Civil  War  (1861-65).  He  wrote:  < Public 
Life  of  Washington  >  (1866) ;  <  Relation  of  Pub 
lie  Amusements  to  Public  Morality  > ;  <  The  Old 
World  in  its  New  Face'  (2  vols.,  1868-69),  a 
record  of  travel  in  Europe.  He  was  an  effect- 
ive preacher  and  public  speaker. 

Belloy,  Pierre  Laurent  de  (bel-wa.'),  prop- 
erly Buirette.  A  French  dramatist ;  bom  1727 ; 
died  1775.  He  won  success  with  the  tragedies 
'The  Siege  of  Calais*  (1765)  and  < Gaston  and 
Bayard  >  (1771),  and  was  elected  to  the  Acad- 
emy in  1771. 

Belmontet,  Louis  (bel-mon-ta').  A  French 
poet  and  publicist  (1799-1879) ;  studied  and 
practiced  law  in  Toulouse,  until  involved  in 
difficulties  with  the  magistracy  on  account  of 
some  satirical  poems,  when  he  went  to  Paris 
and  there  produced  his  principal  works :  <  The 
Sad  Ones'  (1824),  a  cycle  of  elegies;  <The 
Supper  of  Augustus'  (1828);  and  with  Soumet, 
<A  Festival  of  Nero'  (1829),  a  tragedy  which 
exceeded  100  performances.  Subsequently  he 
became  an  ardent  partisan  of  Bonapartism, 
pleading  its  cause  as  a  journalist  and  poetically 
extolling  the  Napoleonic  dynasty  in  many  en- 
thusiastic odes. 

Belot,  Adolphe  (be-15').  A  French  novelist 
and  dramatist  (1829-90);  traveled  extensively 
and  settled  at  Nancy  as  a  lawyer.  He  won 
reputation  with  a  witty  comedy,  <The  Testa- 
ment of  C^sar  Girodot'  (1859,  with  Villetard); 
and  being  less  successful  with  his  following 
dramatic  efforts,  devoted  himself  to  fiction. 
Of  his  novels  may  be  mentioned :  <  The  Venus 
of  Gordes'  (1867,  with  Ernest  Daudet) ;  <The 
Drama  of  the  Rue  de  la  Paix'  (1868);  <Arti- 
cle  47'  (1870):   all  of  which  were  dramatized. 

Bembo,  Pietro  (bem'bo).  A  celebrated  Ital- 
ian humanist;  born  in  Venice,  May  20,  1470; 
died  in  Rome,  Jan.  18,  1547.  In  1513  he  be- 
came secretary  of  Latin  letters  to  Pope  Leo 
X. ;  the  Venetian  republic  appointed  him  in 
1530  State  historiographer.  His  poetical  works, 
Latin  and  Italian,  are  marked  rather  by  ele- 
gance of  style,  purity  of  idiom,  and  correctness 
of  taste,  than  by  force  or  originality  of  thought 
or  liveliness  of  fancy.  His  works  include  a 
<  History  of  Venice  1487-1513,'  and  a  number 
of  poems,  dialogues,  and  essays.  There  are  16 
books  of  his  <i Latin  Letters'  written  in  the 
name  of  Leo  X. 

Bender,  Prosper  (bend'er).  An  American 
descriptive  writer;  bom  at  Quebec,  1844.  Ori- 
ginally a  Canadian  physician,  he  removed  to 


Boston,  Mass.  (1883),  and  practices  medicine 
there.  He  has  written :  <  Old  and  New  Can- 
ada,';  'Literary  Sheaves'  (1881). 

Benedict,  David.  A  Baptist  divine  and  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Norwalk,  Conn.,  1779 ;  died 
1874.  He  was  pastor  at  Pawtucket,  R.  L,  for 
twenty-five  years,  and  preached  till  over  ninety 
years  of  age.  Among  his  chief  works  were : 
'History  of  All  Religions';  'Fifty  Years 
among  the  Baptists';  'History  of  the  Do- 
natists' ;  etc. 

Benedict,  Frank  Lee.  A  popular  American 
novelist  and  poet;  born  in  New  York,  1834. 
Among  his  numerous  novels  may  be  named: 
'John  Worthington's  Name';  'Miss  Van  Kort- 
land'  (1870);  'Her  Friend  Lawrence'  (1879); 
<  The  Price  She  Paid  >  ( 1883)  ;  '  A  Late  Remorse.' 

Benedictoff,  Vladimir  Grigdrjevich  (be-ne- 
dik'tof).  A  Russian  poet  (1810-73),  whose 
lyrics  excel  in  deep  sentiment  and  ideal  en- 
thusiasm ;  some,  like  '  Two  Apparitions,'  '  The 
Lake,'  'The  Mountain  Peaks,'  may  be  ranked 
with  the  finest  of  any  literature. 

Benedictsson,  Victoria.    See  Ahlgren. 

Benediz,  Roderick  Julius  (be'ne-diks).  A 
German  dramatist;  born  in  Leipsic,  Jan.  21, 
181 1 ;  died  there,  Sept.  26,  1873.  His  first  com- 
edy,'The  Moss-Covered  Pate'  (1841),  was  re- 
ceived throughout  Germany  with  extraordinary 
popular  favor.  Its  successor,  '  Doctor  Wasp,' 
was  no  less  successful.  Of  the  long  catalogue 
of  his  comedies,  nearly  every  one  was  received 
with  marked  favor  in  Germany  and  in  foreign 
countries  wherever  they  were  presented.  The 
secret  of  this  success  is  found  in  the  ever 
lively  action,  and  in  the  author's  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  stage  with  its  immemorial 
yet  ever  fresh  and  telling  effects.  His  'Col- 
lected Dramatic  Works'  were  published  in  27 
volumes. 

Beniczky-Bajza,  Illona  (ben-is'ske  bi'tsa). 
A  Hungarian  novelist ;  bom  in  Buda-Pesth, 
in  June  1840.  Daughter  of  the  critic  Joseph 
Bajza,  and  one  of  the  most  prolific  writers  of 
Hungary.  Her  most  noteworthy  works  are : 
'Prejudice  and  Enlightenment'  (1872);  'It  is 
She'  (1888);  'Martha'  (1890);  'The  Mountain 
Fairy'  (1890). 

Benjamin,  Park.  An  American  journalist, 
poet,  and  lecturer;  born  at  Demerara,  British 
Guiana,  Aug.  14,  1809;  died  in  New  York, 
Sept.  12,  1864.  He  studied  law  originally.  His 
poems,  of  a  high  order  of  merit,  have  never 
been  collected.  'The  Contemplation  of  Na- 
ture,' read  on  taking  his  degree  at  Washington 
College,  Hartford,  1829;  the  satires  'Poetry' 
(1843);  'Infatuation'  (1845);  'The  Nautilus'; 
'  To  One  Beloved ' ;  and  '  The  Old  Sexton,'  are 
among  his  works.  He  was  associated  edito- 
rially with  Epes  Sargent  and  Rufus  W.  Gris- 
wold. 

Benjamin,  Park.  An  American  lawyer,  edi- 
tor, and  miscellaneous  writer,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding; bom  in  New  York,  May  11,  1849.    A 


54 


BENJAMIN  —  BENTON 


graduate  of  the  United  States  Naval  Academy 
{1867),  he  served  on  Admiral  Farragut's  flag- 
ship, but  resigned  in  1869.  As  a  lawyer  he  has 
been  a  patent  expert.  He  edited  the  Scientific 
American  (1872-78).  He  has  written  :  <  Shak- 
ings; Etchings  from  the  Naval  Academy  > 
(1867) ;  <The  Age  of  Electricity)  (1886) ;  <The 
Intellectual  Rise  in  Electricity,  a  History';  etc. 

Benjamin.  Samuel  Green  Wheeler.  An 
American  traveler,  artist,  and  miscellaneous 
ivriter;  bom  at  Argos,  Greece,  Feb.  13,  1837. 
lie  was  United  States  minister  to  Persia  (1883- 
85).  Among  his  numerous  works,  both  in  prose 
and  verse,  are:  <  Art  in  America  >;  <  Contem- 
porary Art  in  Europe  >  (1877);  <  Constantino- 
ple >  (i860);  <  Persia  and  the  Persians'  (1886); 
<The  Choice  of  Paris'  (1870),  a  romance; 
< Sea-Spray >  (1887),  a  book  for  yachtsmen;  etc. 

Bennett,  Charles  Wesley.  An  American 
Methodist  divine  and  educator;  bom  at  East 
Bethany,  N.  V.,  July  18,  1828;  died  at  Evans- 
ton,  111.,  April  17,  1891.  He  was  principal  of 
Genesee  Wesley  an  Seminary  (1869-71),  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  logic  at  Syracuse  Uni- 
versity (1871-85),  professor  of  historical  the- 
ology at  Garrett  Biblical  Institute,  Evanston 
(1885-91).  He  wrote  <  National  Education  in 
Italy,  P>ance,  Germany,  England,  and  Wales' 
(1878);  and  <  Christian  Art  and  Archaeology  of 
che  First  Six  Centuries'  (1888). 

Bennett,  William  Cox.  An  English  song- 
writer; born  in  Greenwich,  Oct.  14,  1820;  died 
in  Blackheath,  March  4,  1895.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  watchmaker,  had  comparatively  little  ed- 
ucation, and  is  known  for  his  songs  and  bal- 
lads :  <  Queen  Eleanor's  Vengeance  and  Other 
Poems'  (1856);  <War  Songs'  (1857);  <  Our 
Glorv  Roll  and  Other  National  Poems'  (1867)  ; 
<Songs  for  Sailors'  (1872);  <Sea  Songs'  (1878). 

Benoit  de  Sainte-Maure  (be-nwa'  de  sant- 
m5r).  A  French  trouv^re  and  chronicler  of 
the  I2th  century ;  bom  in  Touraine.  He  wrote 
in  about  42.000  octosyllabic  verses  a  <  Chron- 
icle of  the  Dukes  of  Normandy'  to  the  year 
1 135.  To  him  is  usually  ascribed  the  <  Romance 
of  Troy,'  founded  on  the  story  of  the  siege  of 
Troy  as  written  by  Dictys  Cretensis  and  Dares ; 
it  was  translated  into  the  languages  of  west- 
em  Europe.  Boccaccio,  Chaucer,  and  Shakes- 
peare would  seem  to  be  indebted  to  Benoit 
for  the  story  of  the  loves  of  Troilus  and 
Briseis  (Cryseyde  or  Cressida  being  originally 
called  Briseida). 

Bensel,  James  Berry.  A  well-known  Ameri- 
can poet  and  novelist ;  born  in  New  York, 
1856;  died  1886.  He  lived  the  most  of  his  life 
at  Lynn,  Mass.,  and  was  a  contributor  to  maga- 
zines. He  wrote:  <King  Kophetua's  Wife' 
(1884),  a  novel;  <In  the  King's  Garden  and 
Other  Poems'  (1886). 

Benson,  Carl.    See  Bristed,  Charles  Astor. 

Benson,  E.  F.  An  English  novelist,  bom 
18 — .  His  greatest  success  was  <Dodo'  (1893), 
a  novel  of  London  society ;  he  ha§  also  written 


<  Limitations';  <The  Babe,  B.  A.^;  <The  Rubi- 
con'; and  <The  Vintage'  (1897). 

Benson,  Eugene.  An  American  artist  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Hyde  Park, 
N.Y.,  1840.  Residing  in  Rome,  Italy,  he  has 
contributed  to  American  magazines.  He  has 
written:  <Gaspara  Stampa'  (1881),  a  biogra- 
phy with  selections  from  her  sonnets ;  <  Art  and 
Nature  in  Italy'  (1SS2). 

Bensserade,  Isaac  de  (bans-rad).  A  French 
poet  (1613-91),  chiefly  remembered  as  author 
of  the  ballets,  much  in  vogue  then,  in  which 
the  king  and  his  courtiers  took  part;  also  by 
his  dainty  lyrics, —  especially  the  sonnet  on 
<Job,'  which,  in  rivalry  with  Voiture's  sonnet 
to  <  Urania,'  incited  a  literary  feud  in  1651. 

Bentham,  Jeremy.  An  English  writer  on 
ethics  and  jurisprudence  (1748-1832).  He  was 
educated  for  the  bar  and  studied  the  theory 
of  law.  Treatises  on  Government  (1776),  Usury 
(1787),  Civil  and  Penal  Legislation  (1813),  Fal- 
lacies (1824),  and  others;  formed  his  collected 
works  (II  vols.,  1843).  His  guiding  principle 
was  the  doctrine  of  utility. 

Bentivoglio,  Guido  (ben-te-vSl'yo).  An  Ital- 
ian historian,  memoirist,  and  cardinal ;  born  in 
Ferrara,  1579;  died  near  Rome(?),  1644.  His 
ecclesiastical  career  was  exceedingly  brilliant; 
but  almost  at  the  hour  when  his  election  to 
the  papacy  as  successor  to  Urban  VIII. 
seemed  inevitable,  he  suddenly  died.  In  his 
<  History  of  the  War  in  Flanders'  and  'Me- 
moirs' he  evinces  decided  literary  abilities. 

Bentley,  Richard.  An  English  critic  and 
essayist;  born  in  Oulton,  Yorkshire,  Jan.  27, 
1662;  died  July  1742.  He  is  pronounced  by 
some  authorities  the  best  classical  scholar  Eng- 
land has  produced.  His  writings  are:  'Latin 
Epistle  to  John  Mill,  Containing  Critical  Ob- 
servations on  the  Chronicle  of  Joannes  Malala' 
(1691);  the  very  celebrated  'Dissertation  on 
the  Epistles  of  Phalaris'  (1697);  and  editions 
of  Horace  and  Terence,  besides  commentaries 
on  the  classics,  all  of  great  value. 

Benton,  Joel.  A  well-known  American  poet 
and  critic;  bom  at  Amenia,  Dutchess  County, 
N.  Y.,  1832.  He  has  written :  <  Under  the  Ap- 
ple Boughs,'  a  collection  of  verse ;  <  Emerson 
as  a  Poet'  (1883),  and  a  large  number  of  poems. 

Benton,  Thomas  Hart.  An  American  states- 
man and  author;  born  near  Hillsborough, 
Orange  county,  N.  C,  March  14,  1782;  died  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  April  10,  1858.  Before  he 
was  eight  years  old,  his  father  died,  and  his 
early  opportunities  for  study  were  few.  He 
took  a  partial  course  at  the  University  of 
North  Carolina.  The  family  removed  to  the 
yet  unsettled  territory  south  of  Nashville,  Kj'., 
and  in  1811  he  v/as  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
Nashville.  He  became  a  member  of  the  State 
Legislature.  Fie  sen-ed  in  the  United  States 
army  (1810-11  and  1812-13)  and  attained  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  He  settled  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  in  1815,  and  established  a  news- 
paper, the  Missouri  Inquirer,  which  he  edite4 


BENTZEL-STERNAU  —  BERGH 


55 


for  many  years.  He  was  elected  United  States 
Senator  from  Missouri  in  1820,  and  continued 
to  hold  that  office  for  the  next  thirty  years. 
He  was  a  champion  of  the  rights  of  settlers  on 
the  public  lands;  and  of  a  gold  and  silver  cur- 
rency rather  than  paper  money  as  a  medium  of 
exchange  (hence  called  <<01d  Bullion").  He 
was  a  steadfast  opponent  of  the  Nullification 
doctrine,  of  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Com- 
promise, and  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill.  He 
was  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  strenuous  ad- 
vocates of  the  building  of  a  Pacific  Railroad. 
His  chief  publications  are  his  <  Thirty  Years' 
View'  of  the  workings  of  the  national  govern- 
ment (1854-56),  and  his  < Abridgment  of  the  De- 
bates of  Congress,*  covering  the  period  from  the 
foundation  of  the  government  to  the  year  1850. 

Bentzel-Sternau,  Count  Karl  Christian 
Ernst  von  (bents'el  star'nou).  A  German 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  in 
Mentz,  April  9,  1767;  died  at  Mariahalden, 
Switzerland,  Aug.  13,  1843.  He  is  esteemed  as 
a  humorist  in  the  manner  of  Jean  Paul ;  and  his 
satirical  romances,  <The  Golden  Calf  (1802-3), 
<The  Stone-Guest  >  (1808),  <  Old  Adam>  (1819- 
20),  <The  Master  of  the  Chair,>  together  form 
a  series. 

Bentzon,  Therese  (bants-6n'),  pseudonym  of 
Marie  Ther^se  Blanc.  A  French  novelist  and 
litterateur;  born  at  Seine-Port,  Sept.  21,  1840. 
She  has  been  for  many  years  on  the  editorial 
staff  of  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  to 
which  she  has  contributed  notable  transla- 
tions and  reviews  of  many  American,  English, 
and  German  authors.  Her  literary  essays  on 
these  contemporaneous  writers  were  collected 
in  'Foreign  Literature  and  Customs'  (1882) 
and  <  Recent  American  Novelists'  (1885).  Her 
first  work  to  attract  attention  was  <A  Divorce' 
(1871),  published  in  the  Journal  des  Debats. 
Two  other  novels,  <A  Remorse'  (1879)  and 
<  Tony  >  (1889),  were  crowned  by  the  French  Acad, 
emy.  Other  stories  are  :  <  Georgette  '  and  <  Jac- 
queline '  (1893).  The  fruit  of  her  first  visit  to  the 
United  States  was  <  Condition  of  Woman  in  the 
United  States  >  (1895);  <  Tales  from  All  Countries.' 

Bebthy,  Zolt^n  (be'te).  A  Hungarian  poet 
and  critic ;  born  at  Komorn,  Sept.  4,  1848. 
Since  1882  he  has  been  professor  of  aesthetics 
at  the  University  of  Buda-Pesth.  His  numer- 
ous tales  show  unusual  talent  for  psychological 
delineation;  among  them  are:  < Judge  Martin' 
(1872);  <The  Nameless  Ones'  (1875);  <KA- 
lozdi  B^la'  (1875),  a  novel.  His  dramaturgic 
studies  and  criticisms  appeared  under  the 
title  <  Playwrights  and  Actors'  (1881).  He  has 
also  Avritten  an  excellent  history  of  Hungarian 
literature  (6th  ed.  1891). 

Beranger,  Pierre  Jean  de  (ba-rofi-zha').  A 
French  poet;  born  in  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1780; 
died  there,  July  16,  1857.  His  father  took  him 
to  Paris  in  1802;  but  they  soon  quarreled, 
and  he  began  life  in  tliat  garret  which  became 
famous.  In  1804  Tucien  Bonaparte  helped  him 
out  oi  his  distress,  by  giving  him  a  clerkship 
in  the  Imperial  University.   Meanwhile  he  had 


composed  many  convivial  and  political  songs, 
but  it  did  not  occur  to  him  to  write  them 
down  until  1812.  They  were  so  universally  sung 
that  he  could  have  dispensed  with  the  printing- 
press.  When  his  poems  were  published  in 
1815,  he  was  recognized  as  the  champion  of 
the  faction  opposed  to  the  Bourbons.  His  pop- 
ularity with  the  working-classes  was  immense, 
and  he  made  the  song  a  powerful  political 
weapon.  His  republicanism  and  enthusiasm  for 
Napoleon  suited  the  multitude.  Two  volumes 
published  in  1821  led  to  his  imprisonment:  and 
another  in  1825  caused  a  second  incarceration. 

<  New  Songs '  appeared  in  1830,  and  his  <  Auto- 
biography' in  1840.  In  1848  he  was  elected 
to  Parliament,  but  begged  to  be  released. 
His  songs  are  full  of  wit,  light-heartedness, 
and  musical  grace,  ranging  in  theme  from 
epicurean  trivialties  to  passionate  and  burning 
social  and  political  satire.  Among  the  best 
are  the  <  King  of  Yvetot';  <The  Old   Flag'; 

<  The  Old  Corporal ' ;  <  Roger  Bontemps ' ;  <  My 
Grandmother';  <  Little  Red  Man';  <  Little 
Gray  Man ' ;  and  <  The  Marquis  of  Carabas.' 

Berchet,  Giovanni  (bar-sha  o?  berk'et).  An 
Italian  poet ;  born  in  Milan,  Dec.  23,  1783 ;  died 
in  Turin,  March  23,  1851.  He  was  a  leader  in 
the  school  of  poets  and  thinkers  who  sought 
to  restore  Italian  literature  to  its  ancient  emi- 
nence by  a  purely  national  development.  Com- 
ing under  suspicion  of  Carbonarism,  he  had 
to  quit  his  country,  and  lived  several  years 
abroad.  His  songs  and  romantic  ballads  — 
< Italian  Poems'  (1848) — made  him  the  favor- 
ite popular  singer  of  Italy.  His  best  perform- 
ance is  <The  Fugitives  of  Parga.', 

BereziK,  Arp&d  (bar-sek').  A  Hungarian 
dramatist ;  born  at  Temesvar,  1842  or  1852.  He 
studied  at  the  University  of  Pesth,  and  almost 
immediately  upon  his  graduation  became  dis- 
tinguished for  his  writings.  Dramatic  criticism 
and  comedy  are  his  congenialities ;  <  Public 
Affairs,'  <  The  Veterans,'  and  <  In  the  Czechs' 
Country,'  three  very  diverting  plays,  bringing 
him  his  greatest  fame. 

Bergerat,  Augusta  tmile  (berzh-rii').  A 
French  journalist,  playwright,  and  novelist; 
born  in  Paris,  April  29,  1845.  Son-in-law  of 
Th^ophile  Gautier,  and  since  1884  particularly 
known  as  the  amusing  chronicler  of  the  Fi- 
garo under  the  pseudonym  of  «  Caliban."  His 
feuilletons  for  that  paper  were  published  col- 
lectively as  <  Life  and  Adventures  of  Sieur 
Caliban'  (1886);  < The  Book  of  Caliban'  (1887); 
'Caliban's  Laughter'  (1890);  etc.  He  also 
wrote  tv/o  novels:  <FaubIas  in  Spite  of  Him- 
self (1884);  <The  Rape'  (1886);  besides  two 
volumes  to  the  memory  of  his  father-in-law. 
<Thdophile  Gautier,  Painter'  (1877).  and  <Th. 
Gautier,  Conversations,  Souvenirs,  and  Corre- 
spondence' (1879). 

Bergh,  Henry.  A  noted  American  philan- 
thropist and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  in  New 
York,  1823 ;  died  there,  March  12,  1888.  He  was 
founder  and  president  of  llie  American  Soci- 
ety for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals 


56 


BERGH  —  BERNARD  AKI3 


(1866),  founder  of  the  American  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children  (1881).  sec- 
retary of  legation  and  acting  vice-consul  at  St. 
Petersburg  (1862-64).  He  wrote  :  <  Love's  Alter- 
natives >  {1881),  a  play;  < Married  Off>  (1859), 
a  poem;  <The  Streets  of  New  York>;  <The 
Ocean  Paragon* ;  etc. 

Bergh,  Pieter  Theodoor  Helvetius  van  den 
(berg).  A  Dutch  dramatist  and  poet  (1799- 
1873) ;  attracted  attention  with  his  comedy 
<The  Nephew  >  (1837),  considered  one  of  the 
best  in  modern  Dutch  literature,  but  did  not 
justify  expectations  by  his  subsequent  dramatic 
efforts.  He  also  published  a  collection,  <  Prose 
and  Poetry  >  (3d  ed.  1863). 

Bergk,  Theodor  (berk).  A  German  classical 
philologist;  born  in  Leipsic,  May  22,  1812; 
died  at  Ragaz,  Switzerland,  July  20,  1881.  He 
became  an  indisputable  authority  on  Hellenic 
poetry,  producing  two  works  of  surpassing  im- 
portance in  that  department  of  scholarship : 
<  Greek  Lyric  Poets  >  (4th  ed.  1878-82),  and 
•History  o'f  Greek  Literature >  (1872);  the  lat- 
ter not  quite  completed  at  his  death,  but  brought 
to  perfection  with  the  aid  of  his  posthumous 
papers.  He  contributed  much  of  value,  like- 
wise, to  our  knowledge  of  special  departments 
of  classical  learning. 

Bergsbe,  Jbrgen  Vilhelm  (berg'se).  A  Dan- 
ish novelist,  poet,  and  naturalist;  born  in 
Copenhagen,  Feb.  8,  1835.  While  suffering 
partial  blindness  caused  by  excessive  use  of 
the  microscope  in  his  memorable  biological 
researches  at  Messina,  he  turned  to  literary 
composition ;  and  soon  appeared  the  first  of  a 
cycle  of  novels,  <  From  the  Piazza  del  Popolo> 
(1866),  which  had  an  extraordinary  success. 
The  following  j-ear  he  published  his  first  vol- 
ume of  poems,  <  Now  and  Then.>  Of  his  many 
novels,  the  one  which  excels  for  fineness  of 
touch  is  'Who  Was  He?>  All  his  stories  are 
characterized  by  rich  imagination,  fine  observa- 
tion, and  great  originality ;  his  poetry  is  in- 
ferior in  these  respects  to  his  prose. 

Berkeley,  George,  Bishop.  A  celebrated 
Irish  clerg)-man  and  author;  born  near  Kil- 
kenny, March  12,  1685;  died  at  Oxford,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  14,  1753.  He  resided  in  America,  at 
Newport,  R.  I.,  for  about  three  years,  begin- 
ning 1728.  His  estate  of  Whitehall  at  Newport 
he  conveyed  to  Yale  College  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  scholarships.  Among  his  published 
works  are  the  celebrated  <  Commonplace  Book, 
1703-6*;  'Essay  towards  a  New  Theory  of 
Vision*  (1709);  <The  Principles  of  Human 
Knowledge*  (1710);  'Dialogues  between  Hylas 
and  Philonous*  (1713);  <Alciphron,  or  the  Mi- 
nute Philosopher*  (1732);  <  The  Analyst*  (1735); 
<Siris*  (1744:  on  Tar-Water);  and  others. 

Berlichingen,  Gbtz  (Gottfried)  von,  of  the 
Iron  Hand  (iier'lidh-ing"en).  A  famous  Ger- 
man knight  and  autobiographer ;  born  in  Jagst- 
hausen  in  the  present  kingdom  of  WUrtem- 
berg,  1480 ;  died  July  23, 1562.  He  became  very 
popular  with  the  masses ;  this  and  other  facts 
concerning  him  being  apparent  in  his  'Auto- 


biography* (late  ed.  1886),  a  work  drawn  upon 
by  Goethe  for  the  play  bearing  his  name. 

Berlioz,  Hector  (bar-le-6z').  A  great  French 
musical  composer  and  critic ;  born  near  Gre- 
noble, Dec.  II,  1803;  died  in  Paris,  March  8, 
1869.  In  1830  his  cantata  'Sardanapalus*  won 
for  him  the  "prize  of  Rome,**  which  afforded 
him  the  means  of  spending  18  months  in  Italy. 
He  had  already  made  his  mark  in  Paris  with 
the  overtures  <  Waverley  *  and  <  The  Vehm 
Judges  * ;  and  among  the  fruits  of  his  studies 
in  Italy  were  the  overture  to  'King  Lear*  and 
the  symphony  '  The  Return  to  Life.*  Then  fol- 
lowed the  long  series  of  his  musical  works. 
Among  his  literary  works  are  'A  Musical  Tour 
in  Italy  and  Germany*;  'Orchestra  Soirees*; 
and  'Treatise  on  Instrumentation*  (1844). 

Bernard,  Cliarles  de  (ber-nar').  [Properly 
Bernard  du  Grail  de  La  Villette.]  A  French 
novelist;  born  in  Besan9on,  Feb.  25,  1804;  died 
at  Neuilly,  March  6,  1850.  He  was  a  disciple 
of  Balzac,  whom  he  resembles  in  his  power  of 
realistic  description  and  psychological  analysis ; 
but  he  possesses  a  purer  and  more  nervous 
style,  and  above  all  is  content  with  a  less 
minute  elaboration  of  story  and  characters. 
His  first  piece,  '  The  Gerfalcon,*  made  a  hit 
with  its  clever  description  of  the  literary  cliques. 
Everywhere  he  evinces  clear  insight  into  the 
foibles  of  society.  Of  his  novels,  the  following 
may  be  named  as  only  second  in  rank  to  his 
masterpiece  '  The  Gerfalcon  * :  <A  Magistrate's 
Adventure  * ;  <  The  Gordian  Knot  * ;  '  Wings  of 
Icarus  * ;  '  The  Lion's  Skin  * ;  <  The  Country 
Gentleman.* 

Bernard  of  Clairvaux  or  St.  Bernard  (ber- 
nard'  —  klar-vo').  A  French  theologian,  church 
father,  and  saint;  born  at  Fontaines,  near 
Dijon,  1091 ;  died  at  Clairvaux,  Jan.  12,  1153 
His  five  books  on  <  Reflection  *  are  written  in 
a  clear  and  cheerful  style ;  and  the  hymn, 
'  Jesu !  the  Very  Thought  of  Thee,*  is  in  use 
in  all  the  churches  of  our  day. 

Bernard  of  Cluny  (klii-ne').  A  French  monk 
and  poet  who  flourished*  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, and  is  noted  for  his  work  'On  Con- 
tempt of  the  World*  (1597);  but  very  little  is 
known  of  the  author's  life. 

Bernard  de  Ventadour  (ber-nar'  di  ven-ta- 
dor').  A  French  troubadour  poet;  born  in 
Ventadour  (?)  about  1125  (?);  died  in  the  mon- 
astery at  Dalon  about  1 197  (?).  Love  songs  'To 
Eleonore,*  and  various  amatory  lays  to  courtly 
dames,  form  the  riches  of  his  delicate  verse. 

Bernardakis,  Demetrios  (ber-nar'dak-is"). 
A  Greek  poet,  dramatist,  and  scholar;  born  at 
Santa  Marina,  Lesbos,  Dec.  2,  1834.  After  a 
course  of  study  at  Athens  and  in  German 
universities,  he  was  (with  one  considerable  in- 
termission) professor  of  history  and  philology 
in  the  University  of  Athens  from  1861  to  1882, 
when  he  went  back  to  Lesbos.  He  is  author 
of  a  spirited  Pindaric  ode  for  a  jubilee  occas- 
ion, of  several  dramas,  and  of  a  satire,  'The 
Battle  of  Cranes  and  Mice  * ;  he  has  also  written 


BERN  ARDES  —  BESANT 


57 


»  'Universal  History >;  a  < Church  History*; 
and  a  spirited  tractate,  <  Confutation  of  a  False 
Atticism,'  directed  against  the  would-be  Attic 
purists.     He  died  in  1907. 

Bernardes,  Diogo  (ber-nar'des).  A  Portu- 
guese poet;  born  in  Ponte  de  Lima,  about 
1530 ;  died  in  1605.  He  was  called  in  his  day 
"  the  Sweet  Singer  of  the  Lima,'*  a  streamlet 
immortalized  in  his  verse.  He  left  his  native 
valley  in  1550  and  attached  himself  to  the 
mastersinger  Si.  de  Miranda,  who  lived  retired 
on  his  estate  Quinta  da  Tapada,  a  devotee  of 
the  Muses.  Here  Bernardes  composed  verses 
in  all  kinds,  elegies,  sonnets,  odes,  songs,  full  of 
tender  sympathies  and  perfect  melody.  Here 
he  wrote:  <The  Lima*;  < Various  Rimes  — 
Flowers  from  Lima's  Banks';  < Various  Rimes 
Vo  the  Good  Jesu.> 

Berneck,  Gustave  von.    See  Ouseck. 

Berners,  Juliana.  An  English  prioress  and 
writer;  said  to  have  been  bom  in  Essex,  and 
flourished  in  the  fifteenth  century.  She  was  at 
the  head  of  a  convent  in  Sopewell,  and  is 
celebrated  for  her  work  on  fishing,  hunting, 
and  like  pastimes,  entitled  <  Book  of  St.  Albans ' 
(i486). 

Bernhard,  Karl  (bam'har),  pseudonym  of 
Nicolai  de  Saint  Aubain.  A  celebrated  Danish 
novelist ;  born  in  Copenhagen,  Nov.  18,  1798 ; 
died  there,  Nov.  25,  1865.  His  induction  into 
the  republic  of  letters  was  under  the  auspices 
of  his  noted  kinswoman,  Madame  Gyllembourg. 
The  poet  Heiberg  was  his  uncle ;  the  nephew 
has  almost  overshadowed  the  older  writer 
through  the  brilliance  of  <  The  Favorite  of 
Fortune,*  <Two  Friends,*  <For  and  Against,* 
and  many  other  novels,  all  founded  either  on 
historical  occurrences  or  the  author's  observa- 
tions of  contemporary  life. 

Bernhardi,  Theodor  von  (bern-har'de).  A 
German  historian  and  diplomat ;  born  in  Ber- 
lin, Nov.  6,  1802;  died  at  Kunersdorf,  Silesia, 
Feb.  12,  1887.  His  diplomatic  career  was  im- 
portant, and  afforded  him  special  facilities  for 
compiling  a  <  History  of  Russia  and  of  Euro- 
pean Politics  during  the  Years  1814-31'  (1863- 
77);  'Frederick  the  Great  as  a  Military  Com- 
mander* (1881);  and  similar  works,  all  of  value. 

Bernhardy,  Gottfried.  A  German  classical 
philologist ;  born  in  Landsberg-on-the-Warthe, 
March  20,  1800;  died  in  Halle,  May  14,  1875. 
He  lectured  very  brilliantly  at  the  leading 
universities,  his  principal  works  being  <  Greek 
Syntax  Scientifically  Considered*  (1829),  a  his- 
torical study  of  the  subject;  'Outlines  of  Ro- 
man Literature*  (5th  ed.  1872);  'Outlines  of 
Greek  Literature*  (part  i.,  5th  ed.  1892;  part 
ii.,  2d-3d  ed.  1876-80;  part  iii.  wanting),  and  a 
supplement  to  the  first-named  treatise,  entitled 
<  Paralipomena  [Omissions]  in  [the  Work  on] 
Greek  Syntax*  (1854-62);  although  he  has  writ- 
ten many  other  important  books. 

Bernstein,  Aaron  (bem'stin).  A  German 
publicist  and  novelist  (1812-84);  born  at 
Dantzic.     He  was  in  politics  a  radical  and  in 


religion  a  reformer,  and  his  life  was  a  con- 
tinued battle  against  obscurantism  and  con- 
servatism. Yet  he  wrote  some  charming  stories 
of  life  among  the  Jews,  among  them  '  Mendel 
Gibbor*  (i860).  H^  wrote  also  some  notable 
historical  sketches,  as  'The  People's  Years* 
and  '  The  Years  of  Reaction.* 

Berriau,  William  (ber'i-an).  An  American 
Episcopal  divine  and  religious  writer;  born 
1787;  died  1862.  He  was  rector  of  Trinity 
Church,  New  York  (1830-62).  Besides  various 
religious  works,  he  wrote  'Travels  in  France 
and  Italy*  and  a  'Historical  Sketch  of  Trinity 
Church.* 

Bersezio,  Vittorio  (ber-sets'yo).  An  Italian 
novelist  and  playwright;  born  at  Peveragno, 
Piedmont,  in  1830.  Both  as  a  writer  of  tales  and 
of  'comedies  he  is  conspicuous  for  vivid  and 
faithful  delineation  of  Piedmontese  life ;  espe- 
cially in  his  dialect  comedies,  among  which  <  The 
Misfortunes  of  Monssu  Travett*  is  considered  to 
be  his  masterpiece.  He  also  wrote  excellent 
historical  works.  <  The  Reign  of  Victor  Eman- 
uel II.  * ; '  Rome,  the  Capital  of  Italy.* 

Bertaut,  Jean  (bar-to).  A  French  poet  and 
prelate;  bom  in  Caen,  1570;  died  1611.  He 
seems  to  have  entered  holy  orders  as  a  result 
of  the  favor  he  acquired  at  court  through  his 
love  poems,  which  comprise  stanzas,  odes, 
and  couplets,  published  as  'Songs*  (?)  (1602). 
He  also  composed  "canticles**  on  'The  Con- 
version of  Henry  IV.,'  as  well  as  a  funeral 
oration  in  eulogy  of  the  same  monarch. 

Berthet,  Elie  (ber-ta).  A  French  novelist 
(1815-91),  of  whose  numerous  works  the  best 
known  are:  'The  Storks'  Nest*  (1848);  'The 
Catacombs  of  Paris'  (1854);  'The  Good  Old 
Times*  (1867);  'Prehistoric  Novels*  (1876). 

Berthold,  Franz  (ber-told'),  pseudonym  of 
Adelheid  Reinbold.  A  German  novelist 
(1802-39),  warmly  appreciated  and  furthered 
by  Ludwig  Tieck.  Her  story  <  Fred  of  the 
Will-o'-the-Wisp *  (1830)  met  with  great  favor; 
after  her  death  appeared  '  King  Sebastian ' 
(1839),  a  historical  romance,  and  'Collected 
Tales'  (1842). 

Bertin,  Antoine  (ber-tan').  A  French  poet 
(1752-90),  much  admired  by  his  contemporaries, 
who,  somewhat  extravagantly,  styled  him  the 
French  Propertius.  He  was  a  friend  of  Parny, 
and  like  him  excelled  in  elegiac  and  epistolary 
verse.  His  principal  works  are:  'Voyage  in 
Burgundy*  (1777)  and  'The  Loves*  (1780). 

Besant,  Walter,  Sir  (bes'ant).  An  English 
novelist;  born  in  Portsmouth,  Aug.  14, 1836;  died 
at  Hampstead,  June  9,  1901.  After  graduation, 
he  went  to  Mauritius  as  professor  in  the  Royal 
College,  but  returned  to  London,  where  he  be- 
came secretary  of  the  Palestine  Exploration  Fund. 
In  1 87 1  he  formed  a  literary  partnership  with 
James  Rice,  which  continued  until  the  death  of 
the  latter.  They  wrote  many  novels,  some  of 
which  were  dramatized.  Among  them  are : 
'Ready  Money  Mortiboy*  (London,  1871);  'The 
Golden    Butterfly*    (1876);    'The  Seamy  Side* 


58 


BESTUSHEFF  —  BICKMORE 


«The  Chaplain  of  the  Fleet>  (l88i).  Alone  he 
has  vvritten:  <  Studies  in  Early  French  Poetry 
(1868);  <When  George  the  Third  was  King 
(1872)-  <The  French  Humorists)  (1873);  All 
Sorts  and  Conditions  of  Men>  (1882)  which 
led  to  the  establishment  of  the  People  s  Pal- 
ace in  the  East  End  of  London  •<  All  m  a 
Garden  Fair>  (1883)  ■.'-Doroti.yl^or^tcr  884  . 
(The  World  Went  Very  Well  Then>  (1887)  , 
«Armorel  of  Lyonnesse)  (1S90) ;  ^St.  Katha- 
rine's By  the  Tower)  {1891) ;  <The  Ivory  Gate) 
(1892);  'Beyond  the  Dreams  of  Avarice), 
<The  Master  Craftsman);  and  others.  He  was 
knighted  in  1S96. 

Bestiislieflf.  Alexander  Aiexandrovicii  (bcs- 
to'zhef  or  bes-tb'slicf ).  A  Russian  novehst  and 
soldier;  born  in  St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  3,  1797 
(not  1795);  killed  in  battle  in  the  Caucasus, 
July  19,  1837.  Of  his  numerous  novels  the 
most  celebrated  are:  < Ammalat-Beg ) ;  < The 
Nadeshda  Frigate  >;  <The  Terrible  Prophecy  ) 
His  < Private  Correspondence)  is  highly  prized. 
Bethune.  George  Wasnington  (be-thon') 
A  distinguished  American  Dutch  Reformed 
clergyman  and  poet ;  bom  in  New  York,  March 
18,  1805;  died  at  Florence,  Italy,  April  27, 
1862.  He  was  a  most  lovable  man,  noted  as 
an  orator  and  a  wit.  He  had  charges  at  Rhinc- 
beck  and  Utica,  N.Y.,  Philadelphia,  Brooklyn, 
and  New  York  city.  Besides  religious  works 
he  wrote:  < British  P'emale  Poets);  <  Lays  of 
Love  and  Faith)  (1847),  several  of  the  hymns 
in  which  are  widely  used.  He  also  published 
an  edition  of  Izaak  Walton's  <  Complete  Angler ) 
(1846);  etc. 

Betteloni,  Vittorio  (bet-el-o'nc).  An  Ital- 
ian poet;  born  in  Verona,  1840.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Pisa,  and  is  now  professor  of  Italian 
literature  and  history  in  the  Female  College 
in  Verona.  His  verse  proves  him  an  adherent 
of  that  Italian  classical  school  which  dates 
from  1869,  and  includes :  <  In  the  Springtune 
(1869);  <New  Stanzas)  (1880);  and  a  transla- 
tion of  Goethe's  <  Hermann  and  Dorothea.) 


Betts,  Craven  Langstroth.  An  American 
poet  and  story-writer ;  born  in  New  Brunswick, 
1853  Besides  translating  <  Songs  from  B^ran- 
fTcr)  in  the  original  metres,  he  wrote:  <  The 
Perfume  Holder,  a  Persian  Love  Poem);  and 
with  A.  W.  H.  Eaton,  <  Tales  of  a  Garrison 
Town  )  and  <  A  Garland  of  Sonnets.) 

Beyle.  Marie-Henri  fbal),  better  known  un- 
der the  pseudonym  of  «  Stendhal.))  A  notable 
French  novelist  and  critic;  born  in  Grenoble, 
Jan.  23,  1783;  died  in  Paris,  March  23,  1842. 
In  spite  of  interruptions  due  to  the  political 
upheavals  in  which  he  became  involved,  he 
found  time  to  display  his  critical  and  imagin- 
ative genius  in  <Rome,  Naples,  and  Florence 
in  1817,)  (History  of  Painting  in  Italy,)  and 
'About  Love ) :  but  his  celebrity  now  rests  prin- 
cipally upon  < The  Chartreuse  [Carthusian  Nun] 
of  Parma,)  a  magnificent  fiction,  brilliantly  ori- 
ginal, witty,  and  absorbing;  and  to  a  less  extenl 
upon  (The  Red  and  the  Black)  [i.e..  Priests 
and   Soldiers],  a  romance  possible  only  to  a 


writer  with  the  widest  knowledge  of  men  and 
things. 

Bnatti    (bhat-te    or  be-hat'te).     An   Indian 
epic  poet  of  the  6th  or  the  7th  century.  _  His 
poem   named   after   him  ( Bhattikavyam  >  is   in 
22  cantos.     Its  theme  is  the  deeds  of  Rama;, 
but  the  author  designed  the  work  to  be  also 
an  exemplification  of  the  rules  of  grammatical 
and  rhetorical  composition.     It  was  published 
with  a  twofold  commentary  at  Calcutta  (1828). 
Bbavabhuti    (bha-va-bho'ti    or  be-ha-va-be- 
hb'ti).     An  Indian  dramatic  poet  next  in  celeb- 
rity to  Kalidasa;   he  lived  in  the  8th  century. 
His  <  Malatimadhava.)  which  might  be  entitled 
(The  Secret  Marriage,)  portrays  Indian  society 
in    effective     traits.      The     ( Mahaviratsharita  > 
((Fortunes   of   the    Great    Hero))    deals  with 
the  deeds  of  Rama  and  his  victory  over  the 
giant  Ravana,  ravisher  of  Sita,  Rama's  consort. 
The  (Uttararamatsharita)  ((Other  Fortunes  of 
Rama))  portrays  tlie  long-suffering  of  Sita  and 
her  reconcilement  with  Rama,  all  in  a  sympa- 
thetic vein  and  sometimes  with  great  force. 

Biart,  Lucien  (be-ar').  A  French  novelist, 
poet,  and  writer  of  travels ;  born  at  Versailles. 
June  21,  1829.  He  published  a  number  of 
novels,  containing  masterly  descriptions  of  Mex- 
ican and  South-American  nature  and  customs. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <The  Mexican  Women) 
(1853),  poems;  (Adventures  of  a  Young  Nat- 
uralist) (1869) ;  <The  Clients  of  Dr.  Bernagius) 
(1873);  'Across  America)  (1876),  crowned  by 
the  Academy.     He  died  March  26,  1897. 

Bibbiena  (beb-be-a'na).  [Bernardo  Dovizio. 
who  was  styled  Bibbiena.]  An  Italian  poet; 
born  at  Bibbiena,  Aug.  4,  147°;  died  Nov.  9, 
1520.  For  many  years  secretary  to  Cardinal 
Giovanni  de'  Medici,  in  whose  election  as  Pope 
Leo  X.  he  is  said  to  have  had  a  considerable 
share,  he  was  appointed  treasurer,  and  soon 
after  raised  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal.  In  this 
dignity  he  became  an  ardent  promoter  of  art 
and  science.  His  comedy  (Calandria)  is  prob- 
ably the  earliest  in  Italian  literature. 

Bicci,  Ersilio  (bC-'che).  An  Italian  poet; 
born  in  Pisa,  1845.  He  studied  in  Florence, 
and  is  now  professor  of  Italian  literature  in 
the  Licei  Dante  and  Toscanelli  of  that  city. 
His  best  is  in  the  collection  styled  (New 
Verses.) 

Bickersteth,  Edward  Henry.  An  English 
poet;  born  at  Islington,  Jan.  25,  1825.  He  is 
a  graduate  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and 
is  noted  for  his  scholarly  devotional  works; 
but  is  most  famous  as  a  poet,— '  Yesterday,  To- 
day, and  Forever)  being  particularly  admired. 
Bickmore,  Albert  Smitb.  An  American 
naturalist  and  writer  of  travels;  born  at  St. 
George's,  Me.,  March  i,  1839.  An  extensive 
traveler  in  the  East,  he  founded  and  is  curator 
of  the  museum  of  natural  history  at  Centra) 
Park,  New  York.  Besides  scientific  publica- 
tions!  he  has  written:  (Travels  in  the  East 
Indian  Archipelago)  (iS6q);  <A  Journey  from 
Canton  to  Hankow >  (1868);  etc. 


felDDLE  — BILLAUT 


59 


Blddie,   Anthony    Joseph    Drexei    (bid'l). 

An  American  publisher,  journalist,  and  miscel- 
laneous writer;  born  in  Pennsylvania,  1874. 
]  le  has  written :  < A  Dual  Role,  and  Other 
Stories  > ;  <An  Allegory  and  Three  Essays  > ; 
•The  .Madeira  Islands*;  <The  Froggy  Fairy 
Book  > ;  <  The  Land  of  the  Wine.' 

Biddle,  Nicholas.  A  noted  American  finan- 
cier and  writer;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Jan.  8, 
1786;  died  there,  P'eb.  27,  1844.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  Bank  1823-39,  during 
Jackson's  war  against  its  being  the  depository 
of  the  government  moneys,  and  the  later  specu- 
lations which  ruined  it.  Besides  miscellaneous 
writings,  he  published  a  'Commercial  Digest,' 
and  <  History  of  the  Expedition  under  Lewis 
and  Clarke  to  the  Pacific  Oceani' 

Biedermann,  Karl  (be'der-man).  A  Ger- 
man historian  and  publicist;  born  in  Leipsic, 
Sept.  25j  1812.  His  influence  in  public  affairs, 
although  indirect,  has  long  been  considerable : 
and  as  a  writer  of  literary  and  philosophical 
history  he  has  struck  out  a  path  of  his  own 
with  <  Germany  in  the  Eighteenth  Century'  (2d 
ed.  in  part,  1880) ;  *  German  Philosophy  from 
Kant's  Day  to  Our  Own'  (1842-43);  < Thirty 
Years  of  German  History,  1840-70'  (2d  ed. 
1883) ;  and  many  other  allied  studies.    D.  1901. 

felelovski,  August  (be-lov'ske).  A  Polish 
poet  (1806-76) ;  born  at  Krechowice,  Galicia, 
Among  his  poetical  compositions  is  to  be  men- 
tioned the  historical  rhapsody  <Lay  of  Henry 
the  Pious.'  He  wrote  a  <  Critical  Introduction 
to  the  History  of  Poland.' 

Bierbaum,  Otto  Julius  (ber'boum).  A  Ger- 
man poet ;  born  in  Griineberg,  Silesia,  June  28, 
1865.  He  is  a  rising  man  of  letters;  his  < Songs 
of  Experience'  (or  <  Poems  That  Were  Lived') 
(1892)  is  as  3'et  his  most  noteworthy  volume. 

Biernatzki,  Johann  Christoph  (ber-niits'ke). 
A  German  pietist,  poet,  and  story -writer ;  born 
at  Elmshorn,  Holstein,  Oct.  17,  1795;  died  at 
Friedrichstadt,  May  11,1840.  A  country  pastor, 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  versification  of  his 
own  precepts  and  beliefs,  the  volume  <  Faith ' 
being  the  result.  In  <The  Brown  Boy,'  and 
'  Hallig,  or  the  Adventures  of  Castaways  on  an 
island  in  the  North  Sea,'  he  displays  a  not 
unpleasing  capacity  for  prose  narrative. 

Blester,  Joao  Ernesto  (bes'ter).  A  Portu- 
guese dramatist  (1829-80) ;  born  at  Lisbon.  He 
wrote  some  90  plays,  the  most  noteworthy 
among  them  being  <The  Nineteenth-Century 
Gentleman  > ;  <  Luck  and  Labor ' ;  <  The  Scan- 
dal-Mongers >  ;  and  <  Eternal  Spring.' 

Bigelow,  John.  An  American  author  and 
diplomat;  born  in  Maiden,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  25,  1817. 
After  graduation  from  Union  College  in  1835, 
he  studied  law,  and  in  1849  became  associated 
with  William  Cullen  Bryant  in  the  New  York 
Evening  Post,  of  which  he  was  managing 
editor  until  1861.  He  was  consul  in  Paris, 
1861-65 ',  U.  S.  minister  to  France,  1865-67;  and 
held  important  offices  on  his  return  to  New 
York,     lijs  specialty  is  American  biography 


and  history,  and  his  books  includes  <Life  of 
John  C.  Fremont'  (1856);  <  Lafayette'  (1882); 
<Molinos,  the  Quietist'  (1882);  <Life  of  Will- 
iam Cullen  Bryant'  (1889) ;  <The  United  States 
of  America,'  in  French  (1863);  and  <  France 
and  the  Confederate  Navy'  (18S8),  He  edited 
the  Autobiography  of  Benjamin  Franklin  from 
the  original  manuscript,  which  he  found  in 
France,  and  later  tins  complete  works  of  Frank- 
lin (10  vols.,  1887-88). 

Bigelow,  Poultney.  An  American  bio- 
graphical and  historical  writer;  bOrn  in  New 
York,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  10,  1855.  He  is  the  son  o^ 
John  Bigelow;  was  educated  at  Yale  College 
and  in  Germany ;  and  is  the  author  of :  <  The' 
German  Emperor'  (1892)  ;<  Paddles  and  Politics 
down  the  Danube  '  (1892)  ;  <  Borderland  of  Czar 
and  Kaiser'  (1894) ;  and  <  History  of  the  German 
Strtiggle  for  Liberty';  'White  Man's  Africa.' 

Bljns,  Anna  (binz).  A  noted  Flemish  poet; 
born  in  Antwerp,  1494;  died  there,  April  10, 
1575.  Much  admired  for  her  melodious  verses, 
full  of  metaphors  and  showing  great  technical 
skill,  she  was  styled  the  "Brabantine  Sappho"' 
by  her  contemporaries.  The  first  of  her  vol- 
umes of  collected  verse  bore  the  title  'This  I's 
a  Beautiful  and  Truthful  [or  'Sincere']  Little 
Book ' ;  while  a  second  is  known  as  <  Spiritual 
Refrains.' 

Blkelas,  Dlmitrios  (be-ka'las).  An  emi* 
nent  Greek  poet  and  essayist;  born  at  Her-" 
mopolis,  in  the  island  of  Syra,  in  1835.  Aftef 
completing  his  studies,  he  went  to  London, 
where  his  parents  had  settled,  and  since  1874  he 
has  lived  in  Paris.  After  having  published  a 
collection  of  his  poems  in  London  in  1862,  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  task  of  making  Shake- 
speare's dramas  known  in  Greece  through  ex- 
cellent metrical  translations.  As  a  prose-writcf 
he  has  won  wide  reputation  with  his  tale  '  LukiS 
Laras'  (1879),  which  was  translated  into  thiv- 
teen  languages.     He  died  July  21,  1908. 

Bilderdijk,  Willem  (bil'der-dlk).  A  cele- 
brated Dutch  poet;  born  at  Amsterdam,  Sept. 
7,  1756;  died  Dec.  18,  1831.  He  reached  the 
highest  point  of  his  lyric  genius  in  the  '  Mis- 
cellaneous Poems '  and  patriotic  pieces,  nota- 
bly the  hymn  '  Willem  Frederik '  and  '  The 
True  Love  of  Fatherland.'  Of  his  great  didactic 
poems  most  are  imitations ;  e.  g.,  the  '  Country 
Life,'  after  a  French  original ;  '  Man,'  after 
Pope's  '  Essay  on  Man.'  His  epic, '  Destruction 
of  the  First  World,'  a  work  not  unworthy  of 
his  genius,  was  left  uncompleted. 

Billaut,  Adam  (be-yo'),  better  known  as 
"Maitre  Adam"  (Father  Adam).  A  French 
poet;  born  at  the  beginning  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury; died  1662.  A  carpenter  by  trade,  he 
wrote  rude  but  original  poems,  the  gayety  of 
which,  together  with  the  contrast  they  afforded 
with  his  occupation,  made  them  very  popular 
at  the  time.  Voltaire  called  him  "Virgil  with 
the  Plane."  The  three  collections  of  his  poems 
were  entitled  <  The  Pegs,'  '  The  Centre-Bit,* 
and  'The  Plane.' 


6o 


BILLINGS  —  BISSELL 


Billings,  John  Shaw.  An  American  surgeon 
and  medical  and  hygienic  writer;  born  in  In- 
diana, 1839.  He  was  librarian  of  the  surgeon- 
general's  office,  Washington;  president  of  the 
American  Public  Health  Association  (1880) ; 
he  is  now  chief  librarian  of  the  New  York 
Library  (the  combined  Astor,  Lenox,  and  Til- 
den  libraries).    His  chief  work  is  a  voluminous 

<  Index-Catalogue  >  (1880)  of  the  library  of  the 
surgeon-general's  office.     He  has  written  also : 

<  Hygienics  of  the  United  States  Army  Bar- 
racks > ;  <  Mortality  and  Vital  Statistics  of  the 
United  States  Army>  (1880);  <  Ventilation  and 
Heating*  (1884),  revised  and  enlarged  1893, —  a 
very  comprehensive  and  authoritative  work. 

Billings,  Josh.    See  Shaw,  Henry  W. 

Bion  (bi'on).  A  Greek  pastoral  poet;  bom 
near  Smyrna  in  the  3d  century  B.  C.  He  ap- 
pears to  have  passed  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
in  Sicily.  His  pastorals  betray  a  degree  of 
refinement  and  sentimentality  not  found  in  the 
earlier  and  more  spontaneous  bucolic  poets. 
Still  extant  is  his  <  Lament  for  Adonis,>  often 
imitated  by  subsequent  poets.  Besides  this 
there  remain  of  his  works  only  short  pieces, 
many  of  them  fragmentary. 

Blrch-Pfeiffer,  Charlotte  (berch-pfi'fSr).  A 
German  actress  and  dramatist  (1800-68).  She 
joined  the  Court  Theatre  Company  at  Munich 
at  the  age  of  13  years;  at  18  she  had  won 
distinction  in  tragic  roles.  She  married  Chris- 
tian Birch  in  1825;  thereafter  till  her  death 
she  was  in  active  relations  with  the  stage, 
whether  as  actress  or  conductress.  Her  numer- 
ous dramatic  compositions  were  produced  on 
nearly  every  stage  in  Germany.  They  evince 
remarkable  skill  in  the  employment  of  stage 
effects.  Her  plays  are  in  many  instances 
grounded  on  novels ;  among  them  are  :  <  Graf- 
fenstein  Castle  >;  <The  Favorites  >;  <The  Bell- 
Ringers  of  Notre  Dame>  (Victor  Hugo); 
<The  "Woman  in  White >  (W^lkie  Collins); 
<The  Orphan  of  Lowood*  (Charlotte  Bronte). 

Bird,  Robert  Montgomery.  An  American 
dramatist  and  novelist;  bom  in  Newcastle, 
Del.,  Feb.  5,  1805  (?);  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
Jan.  22,  1854.  He  was  the  author  of  three  trage- 
dies :  <  Oraloosa  > ;  <  The  Broker  of  Bogota  > ;  and 
<The  Gladiator,'  frequently  played  by  Forrest. 
His  novels  include:  <Calavar>  (1834);  <The 
InfideP  (1835);  <Nick  of  the  Woods>  (1837); 

<  Peter  Pilgrim  >  (1838);  and  <  Robin  Day> 
(1839). 

Blrney,  James  Gillespie.  A  noted  Ameri- 
can statesman  and  publicist ;  born  at  Danville, 
Ky.,  Feb.  4,  1792;  died  at  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J., 
Nov.  25,  1857.  Though  a  Southern  planter,  he 
emancipated  his  slaves  and  became  a  promi- 
nent anti-slavery  leader  in  the  South,  proprietor 
and  editor  of  the  anti-slavery  journal  The  Phi- 
lanthropist, etc.  He  was  candidate  of  the  «  Lib- 
erty »  party  for  President  (1840  and  1844).  He 
wrote :  <  Ten  Letters  on  Slavery  and  Coloniza- 
tion*; < Addresses  and  Speeches*;  < American 
Churches  the  Bulwark  of  American  Slavery.* 


Birrell,  Augustine.  An  English  essayist; 
born  in  Wavertree,  near  Liverpool,  Jan.  19, 1850. 
He  graduated  from  Cambridge  and  was  called 
to  the  bar.  He  is  author  of  charming  critical 
and  biographical  essays  on  literary  subjects, 
collected  in  the  two  series  of  <  Obiter  Dicta  * 
(1884,  2d  series  1887),  and  <  Res  Judicatse*  (1892, 
really  the  third  of  the  same  series).  <Men, 
Women,  and  Books*  (1895)  is  a  collection  of 
short  newspaper  pieces.  In  1887  he  published 
a  <  Life  of  Charlotte  Bronte.* 

Bischoff.  J.  E.  E.     See  Bolanden. 

Bishop,  Nathaniel  Holmes.  An  American 
traveler ;  born  at  Medway,  Mass.,  1837.  He  has 
written :  <  A  Thousand  Miles'  Walk  Across 
South  America*  (1869);  <  Voyage  of  the  Paper 
Canoe  from  Quebec  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico*; 
<Four  Months  in  a  Sneak-Box.*     Died  1902. 

Bishop,  "William  Henry.  An  American 
novelist ;  born  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  Jan.  7,  1847. 
He  is  the  author  of  several  novels,  including : 

<  Detmold*  (1879);  <The  House  of  a  Merchant 
Prince*  (1882);  <A  Pound  of  Cure:  A  Story 
of  Monte  Carlo*  (1894);  *01d  Mexico  and  her 
Lost  Provinces*  (1884);  <  Fish  and  Men  in  the 
Maine  Islands  * ;  <  A  House-Hunter  in  Europe  * ; 
*  Writing  to  Russia,*  a  story ;  <  The  Golden 
Justice';   <Choy    Susan,   and    Other   Stories*; 

<  The  Brown-Stone  Boy  and  Other  Queer  Peo- 
ple * ;  and  <  The  Yellow  Snake.* 

Bisland,  Elizabeth.  An  American  descript- 
ive and  story  writer,  by  marriage  Mrs.  Wet- 
more  ;  bom  1862.  She  is  author  of  <  A  Flying 
Trip  around  the  World  *  (1891),  the  account  of 
a  trip  performed  in  76  days  in  the  year  1876; 
and  of  <  A  Widower  Indeed,*  with  Rhoda 
Broughton*  (1892)  ;  <  The  Secret  Life  *  (1907). 

Bismarck,  Otto  Edward  Leopold  von 
(biz'mark).  A  German  statesman;  born  at 
Schonhausen,  April  i,  1815.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  United  Diet,  1847 ;  ambassador  at 
St.  Petersburg,  1859  ;  ambassador  at  Paris,  1862 ; 
premier  of  Prussia,  1862  to  1866 ;  and  chancel- 
lor of  the  Germam  Empire  from  its  inception 
in  1870  to  1890.  He  holds  a  place  in  literature 
through  the  volume  of  <  Bismarck's  Letters,* 
and  through  his  State  papers,  a  series  of  which 
appears  in  Hahn's  <  Fiirst  Bismarck  * ;  while  as 
a  thinker  and  economist  he  is  seen  to  advan- 
tage in  <  Bismarck  als  Volkswirth,*  by  Posch- 
inger,  containing  many  of  the  Prince's  papers 
on  sociological  and  fiscal  subjects.  Died  July 
30,  1898. 

Bissell,  Edwin  Cone  (bis'I).  A  prominent 
American  Congregational  divine  and  religious 
writer;  bom  at  Schoharie,  N.  Y.,  March  2, 
1832;  died  in  Chicago,  April  9,  1894.  Having 
served  in  the  Civil  War  (1862-63),  he  became 
pastor  in  Massachusetts  and  California,  mis- 
sionary in  Austria  (1873-78),  professor  in  the 
Hartford  Congregational  Theological  Seminary 
(1881-92),  and  the  McCormick  Presbyterian 
Theological  Seminary,  Chicago  (1892-94).  He 
published  <  Historic  Origin  of  the  Bible*  (1873) 
and  various  other  religious  works,  including  a 
curious  edition  of  'Genesis  Printed  in  Colors, 


BISSON  —  BLACKSTONB 


6i 


Showing:  the  Original   Sources  from  which  it 
is  Supposed  to  have  been  Compiled >  (1892). 

Bisson,  Alexandre  (bis-s6n').  A  French 
dramatist  and  musical  composer ;  bom  in  1848. 
His  vaudeville  <  Four  Cuts  with  a  Penknife  > 
(1873)  won  for  him  instant  celebrity.  <The 
Deputy  from  Bombignac>  is  his  masterpiece. 
Other  comedies  or  operettas  were :  <  The  Late 
ToupineP  (1890);  <The  Joys  of  Paternity* 
(X891);  <  The  Pont-Biquet  Family  >  (1892) ;  <  Ma- 
dame X.>  With  Theodore  de  Lajarte  he  was 
joint  author  of  a  <  Grammar  of  Music '  (1879)  and 
of  a  <  Little  EncyclopEedia  of  Music  >  (1881). 

Bitter,  Arthur  (bit'er),  pseudonym  of  Samuel 
Haberstich.  A  Swiss  poet  and  story-writer; 
born  in  Ried  near  Schlosswyl,  Oct.  21,  1821 ; 
died  at  Berne,  Feb.  20, 1872.  Novelettes,  stories, 
and  poems  proceeded  from  his  pen  for  many 
years,  all  characterized  by  sympathy  of  tone 
and  inoffensive  realism ;  <  Tales,  Romances, 
and  Poems  >  (1865-66),  being  most  pleasing. 

BltziUB,  Albert.    See  Gotthelf. 

Bjerregaard,  Henrlk  Anker  (byer'e-gar). 
A  Norwegian  dramatic  poet;  born  at  Ring- 
saker,  1792;  died  1842.  His  position  in  his 
country's  literature  is  very  influential,  the  plays 
<  Magnus  Barefoot's  Sons  >  and  < A  Mountain 
Adventure*  being  national  models.  A  volume 
of  < Poems'  (1829)  also  displays  genius. 

Bjornson,  BJbrnstjerne  (byfem'sgn).  An 
eminent  Norwegian  novelist,  poet,  and  drama- 
tist ;  born  at  Kvikne,  Norway,  Dec.  8,  1832.  He 
published  his  first  story,  <  Synnove  Solbakken,* 
in  1857;  and  that,  with  <Arne>  (1858)  and  <A 
Lively  Fellow*  (i860),  established  his  reputa- 
tion as  a  novelist.  <Halte  Hulda';  <  Between 
Battles*  (1858);  and  < Sigurd  Slembe*  (1862), 
are  among  his  plays.  Of  his  novels  and 
romances  since  1866  the  most  notable  are  :  <  The 
Bridal  March*;  <Magnhild*;  <The  Fisher 
Maiden  * ;  and  <  Captain  Mansana.*  His  princi- 
pal dramatic  works  are  :  <Mary  Stuart*  (1864) ; 
<The  Editors*;  <A  Bankruptcy*;  <Leonarda* 
(1879);  <A  Glove*  (1889).  He  published  a 
volume  of  'Poems  and  Songs*  in  1870. 

Black,  William.  A  Scottish  novelist;  bom 
in  Glasgow  November  9,  1841  ;  died  at  London, 
December  10,  1898.  He  was  educated  at  private 
schools.  In  1874  he  abandoned  the  career  of 
journalism,  visited  America  in  1876,  and  re- 
turning to  London,  devoted  himself  anew 
to  literature.  In  addition  to  an  interesting 
story,  his  novels  contain  fine  descriptions  of 
scenery.  They  are  very  popular,  and  include : 
<Love  or  Marriage*  (1867);  <In  Silk  Attire' 
(1869);  <A  Daughter  of  Heth*  (1871) ;  <The 
Strange  Adventures  of  a  Phaeton*  (1872);  <A 
Princess  of  Thule*  (1873);  < Three  Feathers* 
(1875);  <;Madcap  Violet*  (1876);  <Macleod  of 
Dare*  (1878);  < White  Wings:  a  Yachting  Ro- 
mance* (1880)  •,  <Yolande*  (1883);  <  Judith 
Shakespeare*  (1884) ;  <  White  Heather'  (1885) ; 
<The  Strangp  Advei^mes  of  a  House-Boat* 
(1888);  <Wolfenberg  *  (1892) ;  'Highland  Cousins.* 


He  has  also  written  a  <  Life  of  Goldsmith  *  (1879), 
translated  into  German  by  Katscher. 

Blackburn,  "William  Maxwell.  An  American 
Presbyterian  divine  and  educator,  historian  and 
biographer;  born  at  Carlisle,  Ind.,  Dec.  30, 
1828  ;  died 1900.  He  became  presi- 
dent of  the  University  of  North  Dakota  (1884- 
85)  and  Pierre  University,  South  Dakota  (1885). 
He  wrote :  '  St.  Patrick  and  the  Early  Irish 
Church'  (1869);  'Admiral  Coligny  and  the 
Rise  of  the  Huguenots'  (2  vols.,  1869 1;  <  His- 
tory of  the  Christian  Church  >  ( 1879);  etc.  ;  and 
the  <  Uncle  Alick*  juvenile  stories. 

Blackie,  John  Stuart.  A  Scottish  author; 
bom  in  Glasgow  in  July  1809;  died  in  Edin- 
burgh, March  2,  1895.  He  received  his  edu- 
cation in  Edinburgh,  Gottingen,  Berlin,  and 
Rome ;  was  professor  of  Greek  in  Edinburgh 
University  from  1852  till  1882,  and  continued 
to  write  and  lecture  till  his  death.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  important  men  of  his  day; 
promoted  educational  reform,  and  championed 
Scottish  nationality.  He  advocated  preserving 
the  Gaelic  language,  and  by  his  own  efforts 
founded  a  Celtic  chair  in  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity. His  books  include  translations  from  the 
Greek  and  German;  moral  and  religious  and 
other  philosophy ;  <  Lays  of  the  Highlands 
and  Islands'  (1872);  'Self-Culture*  (1874); 
'  Language  and  Literature  of  the  Scottish  High- 
lands* (1875);  'Altavona:  Fact  and  Fiction 
from  my  Life  in  the  Highlands*  (1882);  Wis- 
dom of  Goethe*  (1883) ;  <  Life  of  Burns*  (i888)v 
'  Essays  on  Subjects  of  Moral  and  Social  In- 
terest  *  ;  and  <  A  Song  of  Heroes  >  (1890). 

Blackmore,  Sir  Richard.  An  English  phy- 
sician and  poet;  born  in  Wiltshire  about  1650; 
died  1729.  Besides  medical  works.  Scripture 
paraphrases,  and  satirical  verse,  he  wrote  in 
Popian  couplets  <  Prince  Arthur,  a  Heroic 
Poem*  (1695),  and  a  voluminous  religious  epic, 
'The  Creation*  (1712),  very  successful  and 
much  praised  then,  but  not  now  read. 

Blackmore,  Richard  Doddridge.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist;  born  in  Longworth,  Berkshire, 
June  7,  1825  ;  died  in  London,  Jan.  20,  1900. 
He  graduated  from  Oxford  in  1847,  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1852,  and  later  devoted  himself 
to  literature.  Among  his  novels  are  :  <  Lorna 
Doone  >  (London,  1869;  far  the  most  celebra- 
ted, having  reached  dozens  of  editions,  some  of 
them  magnificent  extra-illustrated  ones);  <  Clara 
Vaughan  >  (1864)  ;  <  The  Maid  of  Sker '  ( 1872); 
'Alice  Lorraine  *  (1875);  '  Cripps  the  Carrier* 
(1876);  'Erema'  (1877);  'Mary  Anerley  > 
( 1880)  ;  '  Christowell '  ( 1882)  ;  <  Sir  Thomas 
Upmore'  (1884)  ;  <  Springhaven'  (1887)  ;  <  Kit 
and  Kitty*  ( 1889);  <  Perlycross'  ( 1894);  '  DarieP 
(1897);  and  other  novels.  He  also  published 
a  version  of  Virgil's  '  Georgics.' 

Blackatone,  Sir  William.  An  English  jurist 
and  writer  on  law;  born  in  London,  1723; 
died  in  1780.  His  '  Commentaries  on  the  Laws 
of  England '  have  conferred  great  celebrity  on 
his  name,  not  only  by  reason  of  the  profound 
learning  of  the  work  but  because  it  possesset 


62 


BLACKWELL  —  BLANCHARD 


litrrary   merits    of   a    high    order.     The    first 
''olume  appeared  in  1765,  the  last  in  1769. 

Blackwell,  Mrs.  Antoinette  Louisa  (Brown). 
A.  prominent  American  woman-suffragist  and 
Unitarian  minister;  born  at  Henrietta,  N.  Y., 
May  20,  1825.  A  graduate  of  Oberlin  (1847), 
she  "preached  on  her  own  orders,''  at  first  in 
Congregational  churches,  becoming  at  length  a 
champion  of  women's  rights.  She  married 
Samuel  C,  a  brother  of  Dr.  Elizalseth  Black- 
well  (1856).  She  has  written:  'Shadows  of 
our  Social  System'  (1855) ;  <The  Island  Neigh- 
bors' (i87i),a  novel  of  American  life;  <Sexes 
throughout  Nature'  (1S75);  <  Sea  Drift'  (1903). 

Blackwell,  Elizabeth.  A  noted  American 
physician  and  medical  and  ethical  writer; 
born  at  Bristol,  England,  1821.  She  is  the 
tusi;  woman  that  ever  obtained  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  in  the  United  States  (1849),  beginning 
practice  in  New  York  (1851).  With  her  sister 
Emily,  she  opened  the  New  York  infirmary 
for  women  and  children  (1854),  organizing  in 
connection  with  it  the  Women's  Medical  Col- 
lege (1867).  In  1868  she  became  professor  in 
a  woman's  medical  college  that  she  had  as- 
sisted in  organizing  in  London.     She  has  written . 

<  Laws  of  Life'  (1S52) ;  < Counsel  to  Parents  on 
the  Moral  Education  of  their  Children  '  (1879) ; 

<  Pioneer  Work  in  Opening  the  Medical  Profes- 
sion to  Women  > ;  <  The  Human  Element  in  Sex.' 

Blaikie,  William  (bla'ki).  A  noted  Ameri- 
can athlete  and  writer  on  physical  training ; 
born  at  York,  N.  Y.,  1843.  He  became  a 
lawyer  in  New  York.  He  has  written :  <  How 
to  Get  Strong'  (2d  ed.  1880);  < Sound  Bodies 
for  our  Boys  and  Girls.'     Died  Dec.  6,  1904. 

Blaine,  James  Gillespie.  An  eminent 
American  statesman;  born  in  West  Browns- 
ville, Pa.,  Jan.  31,  1830 ;  died  in  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Jan.  27,  1893.  He  graduated  at  Wash- 
ington College,  Pa.,  in  1847.  In  1854  he  removed 
to  Augusta,  Me.,  and  engaged  in  journalism. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Republican 
party,  and  in  1856  was  a  delegate  to  the  first 
Republican  national  convention,  whicli  nomi- 
nated Fremont  for  the  Presidency.  In  185S 
he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  of  Maine, 
and  in  1862  to  the  House  of  Representatives 
of  the  national  Congress.  He  became  Speaker 
of  the  House  in  1869,  and  held  that  position 
for  six  years ;  was  a  member  of  the  Senate 
from  1876  to  1881 ;  was  twice  Secretary  of 
State  (1881-82  and  1889-92).  He  was  nom- 
inated for  the  Presidency  in  1884.  Besides 
his  numerous  speeches  and  writings  on  the 
Y)ul)lic  questions  of  his  day,  his  best  known 
work  is  his  < Twenty  Years  in  Congress'  (2 
vols.,  1884-86),  a  historical  production  of  great 
and  permanent  value. 

Blair.  Hugh.  A  Scotch  divine,  sermonist, 
and  educational  writer;  born  in  Edinburgh, 
1718;  died  1800.  He  was  noted  for  the  elo- 
quence of  his  sermons,  and  also  for  <  Lectures 
on  Rhetoric'  (1783),  which  attained  great  pop- 
ularity, <  Bl  air's  Rhetoric  >  being  familiar  to  all 
students. 


Blake,    James   Vila.     An   American   poet; 

essayist,  and  Unitarian  divine ;  born  in  New 
York,  1842.  He  is  now  settled  in  Chicago^. 
He  has  written:  < Essays'  (18S6) ;  <  Poems  and 
Essays '  (2  vols.,  1887) ;  <  Legends  from  Story 
Land  ' ;  <  Sonnets'  (1902)  ;  <  Discoveries ',(1904)- 

Blake,  Mrs.  Lillie    (Devereux)    Umstead. 

A  prominent  American  advocate  of  woman's 
rights,  a  novelist ;  born  at  Raleigh,  N.  C,  1835. 
Her  first  husband,  Frank  G.  Quay  Umstead, 
died  in  1859;  she  married  Grenfill  Blake  in 
1866.  She  has  written  and  spoken  much  on 
woman  suffrage  and  the  like,  and  her  novels 
bear  on  this  theme.  She  has  written:  < South- 
wold  >  (1859);  <Rockford'  (1863);  'Fettered  for 
Life'  (new  ed.  1885);  'Woman's  Place  To- 
Day>  (1883),  a  reply  to  Dr.  Morgan  Dix's 
<  Lenten  Lectures  on  Women,'  which  attract';d 
attention ;  etc. 

Blake,   Mrs.  Mary  Elizabeth  (McGrath). 

An  American  poet  and  writer  of  travels ; 
1840-1907.  lu  verse,  siie  has  written  :  'Poems' 
(18S2);  'Youth  in  Twelve  Centuries'  (1886); 
etc.  Of  her  travels,  may  be  named  :  '  On  the 
Wing '  (1883)  ;  <  A  Summer  IIoliday.> 

Blake,  William.  An  English  poet  and  art- 
ist ;  born  in  London,  Nov.  28,  1757 ;  died  there. 
Aug.  12,  1827.  He  learned  to  draw;  became 
a  noted  illustrator  and  engraver;  had  a  print- 
shop  in  London ;  and  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  His  imagination  was  strange,  power- 
ful, grotesque,  and  poetic;  and  his  belief  was 
that  his  poems  and  drawings  were  communi- 
cations from  the  spirit  world.  His  '  Poetical 
Sketches'  (London,  1783);  'Songs  of  Inno- 
cence' (1789);  and  'Songs  of  Experience' 
(1794),  contain  pastoral  and  lyrical  poems  of 
great  beauty.  His  '  Prophetic  Books,'  includ- 
ing 'Book  of  Thel'  (1789);  'Marriage  of 
Heaven  and  Hell'  (1790);  'Book  of  L^rizen' 
(1794) ;  'Book  of  Los'  (1795)  ; '  Book  of  Ahania' 
(1795); 'Jerusalem'  (1804);  and  'Milton'  (1804), 
are  famous.  His  greatest  artistic  work  is  in 
'Illustrations  to  the  Book  of  Job'  (1826). 

Blanc,  Charles  (bloii).  A  French  art  critic 
(1813-82).  He  was  director  of  the  government 
department  of  fine  art,  1848-52.  His  contribu- 
tions to  the  history  and  philosophy  of  art  com- 
prise :  'A  History  of  Painters  of  all  Schools' 
(14  vols.,  1849-69);  'The  Treasure  of  Curios- 
ity' (1858);  'Grammar  of  the  Arts  of  Design,' 
his  greatest  work  (1867);  'Art  in  Personal 
Adornment  and  Attire';  (posthumously)  'His- 
tory of  the  Artistic  Renaissance  in  Italy'  (2 
vols.,  1889). 

Blanchard,  Edward  Laman.  An  English 
dramatist  and  novelist  ( 1820-89) ;  born  in  Lon- 
don. His  novels,  'Temple  Bar'  and  'A  Man 
Without  a  Destiny,'  evinced  no  special  talent 
for  story-telling;  on  the  other  hand,  he  com- 
posed for  Drury  Lane  Theatre  about  too 
'Christmas  Pantomimes'  in  the  vein  of  gro- 
tesque-burlesque, among  them  '  Sindbad  the 
Sailor,'  which  were  received  with  unbounded 
popular  favor. 


BLANCHE  —  BLOUET 


63 


Blanche.  Angtist  Theodor  (blansh).  A 
Swedish  dramatist  and  novelist ;  born  in  Stock- 
holm, Sept.  17,  1811;  died  there,  Nov  30,  1868. 
H'S  comedies  and  farces  —  more  particularly 
•Jenny,  or  the  Steamboat  Trip,>  <The  Doc- 
tor >  <fhe  Rich  Uncle,>  and  <The  Foundling  >  — 
have  made  all  Sweden  laugh ;  wh'le  his  realistic 
fictions  —  among  them  <The  Spectre,>  <  Tales 
of  a  Cabman,>  and  <  Sons  of  North  and  South  > 
—  are  eagerly  read. 

Blavatsky,  Helena  Petrovna  (bla-vat'ski). 
A  noted  Theosophist;  born  at  Yekaterinoslav, 
Russia,  1831 ;  died  in  London,  May  8,  1891. 
She  founded  the  <' Theosophical  Society*^  in 
New  York  (1875).  She  wrote  :  <  Isis  Unveiled ' 
(1876);  <The  Secret  Doctrine  >  (1888);  <Key 
to  Theosophy>  (1889);  etc. 

Blaze  de  Bury,  Ange  Henri  (blaz  de  bii- 
re').  A  French  litero.ry  critic  and  historian 
(1813-88);  born  at  Paris.  He  was  profoundly 
conversant  with  German  literature,  and  pub- 
lished many  admirable  studies  on  that  subject. 
His  historical  sketches, —  <The  Konigsmarcks  * 
(1855),  <The  Legend  of  Versailles)  (1870), 
'Women  of  the  Renaissance >  (1886),  etc., —  and 
his  numerous  brief  memoirs  of  great  musi- 
cians, are  worthy  of  mention. 

Bledsoe,  Albert  Taylor  (bled'so).  A  promi- 
nent American  clergyman,  educator,  lawyer, 
editor  soldier,  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  Nov.  9,  1809;  died  at  Alex- 
andria, Va.,  Dec.  i,  1877.  He  was  Assistant  Sec- 
retary of  War  of  the  Southern  Confedcrac}', 
and  both  an  Episcopal  and  a  Methodist  min- 
ister. Besides  editing  the  Southern  Review 
and  contributing  frequently  to  leading  literary, 
scientific,  and  theological  periodicals,  he  wrote  : 

<  Examination  of  Edwards  on  the  WilP  (1845)  ; 
< Theodicy'  (new  ed.  1853);  < Philosophy  of 
Mathematics*  (1868);  etc. 

Bleibtreu,  Karl  August  (blib'troi).  A  Ger- 
man poet  and  novelist;  born  at  Berlin,  Jan. 
13.  1859.  He  is  one  of  the  foremost  repre- 
sentatives of  the  « Youngest  German  >*  school 
in  literature,  and  a  pronounced  realist.  All  his 
views  are  radical,  as  shown  by  the  very  titles  of  his 
works:  6.  ^^,<  Revolution  in  Literature*  (1885); 

<  Literature's  Struggle  for  Life.'  lie  also  wrote: 
•  Dies  Irs ' ;  <  Napoleon  at  Leipsic  ' ;  <  Cromwell 
at  Marston  Moor.'  His  dramas  are  :<LordBvron> 
(188S) ;  ( The  Day  of  Judgment ' ;  <  The  Queen's 
Necklace  ';  <  From  Robespierre  to  Buddha.' 

Blessington,  Marguerite,  Countess  of.  An 
Irish  descriptive  writer  and  novelist;  born  in 
Knockbnt,  Tipperary,  Sept.  i,  1789;  died  in 
Paris,  June  4,  1849.  In  1818  she  was  married 
to  the  Earl  of  Blessington,  and  became  a 
favorite  in  distinguished  society  in  London  and 
on  the  Continent.  Her  connection  with  the 
Count  d'Orsay  dated  from  1822.  She  wrote  a 
number  of  novels:  <The  Idler  in  Italy'  (Lon- 
don, 1839-40);  <The  Idler  in  France'  (1841); 
and  'Conversations  with  Lord  Byron'  (1834). 

Bllcher,  Steen  Steensen  (blich'er).  A  Dan- 
ish  poet    and    novelist    (1782-1848) ;    born    at 


Viborg  His  first  work  was  a  translation  of 
'Ossian'  (2  vols.,  1807-9)  ;  and  his  first  original 
poems  appeared  in  1814,  but  attracted  little 
notice.  He  quickly  won  a  national  reputa- 
tion with  his  novels,  and  in  1842  appeared  his 
masterpiece  of  novel-writing,  <The  Knitting- 
Room,'  a  collection  of  short  stor'es  in  the  Jut- 
land dialect. 

Blind,  Mathilda.  A  German-English  poet; 
born  in  Mannheim,  March  21,  1847 ;  died  in 
London,  Nov.  26,  1896.  She  went  to  England 
in  1849,  and  won  fame  by  her  writings :  <  The 
Prophecy  of  St.  Oran,  and  Other  Poems'  (Lon- 
don, 1881);  <Life  of  George  Eliot'  (1883); 
< Madame  Roland'  (1886);  <The  Heather  on 
Fire,'  a  tale  (1886);  < Ascent  of  Man'  (1889); 
'Dramas  in  Miniature'  (1892);  ^ Songs  and 
Sonnets'  (1893);  and  *  Birds  of  Passage' 
(1895). 

Bliss,  William  Dwight  Porter.  A  promi- 
nent American  Episcopal  clergyman  and  writer 
on  Christian  Socialism ;  bom  in  Italy,  1856.  He 
has  written  a  <  Handbook  of  Socialism ' ;  <  What 
is  Christian  Socialism  ? '  etc.,  and  compiled 
the  'Encyclopaedia  of  Socialism'  (1897),  be- 
sides editing  a  Christian  Socialist  weekly,  The 
Dawn,  now  The  Fabian. 

Bloede,  Gertrude  (ble'de).  An  American 
poet  and  novelist,  better  known  as  "  Stuart 
Sterne  "  ;  born  in  Saxony.  Germany,  1845.  She 
has  written  in  verse  :  •Angelo '  (new  ed.  1879), 
'Giorgio   and  Other   Poems'    (1881),  etc.;   and 

<  The  Story  of  the  Two  Lives,  >  a  novel.    D.  1905. 

Blommaert,  Philipp  (blom'mart).  A  Flem- 
ish poet,  historian,  and  dramatist ;  born  in 
(ihent,  Aug.  27,  1809;  died  there,  Aug.  14,  1871. 
His  great  ambition  was  to  make  his  native 
Flemish  tongue  a  literary  language,  and  to 
unify  the  people  who  wrote  and  spoke  it.  His 
works  include:  'History  of  the  Belgian  Low- 
landers,'  a  specimen  of  stately  prose;  'The- 
oophilus,'  a  poem  ;  and  <  Old  Flemish  Ballads.' 

Bloomfield,  Robert.  An  English  poet ;  born 
at  Honington,  Dec.  3,  1766;  died  in  Shefford, 
1823.  Apprenticed  to  a  shoemaker  in  London, 
he  chanced  upon  odd  volumes  of  the  poets, 
and  thus  was  awakened  his  native  poetic 
genius.     He  first  came  into  public  notice  with 

<  The  Milk-Maid,'  and  good  fortune  attended 
his  '  The  Sailor's  Return.'  I  le  e.ssayed  a  longer 
flight  in  'The  Farmer's  Boy'  (1800),  by  which 
he  established  his  title  to  rank  among  the 
minor  poets. 

Bloomfield-Moore,  Mrs.  Clara  Sophia  (Jes- 
sup).  An  American  poet  and  novelist;  born 
in  Pennsylvania,  1824.  Her  home  is  in  Phila- 
delphia, though  she  has  lived  much  abroad, 
particularly  in  England.  Siie  has  written  :  <  Mis- 
cellaneous Poems,'  'The  Warden's  Tale,  and 
Other  Poems,'  etc.,  and  the  romance  '  On  Dan- 
gerous Ground,'  besides  essays  on  science  and 
in  promotion  of  inventions. 

Blouet,  Paul  (blo-a').  ["Max  O'Rell."!  A 
French  lecturer  and  author;  born  in  Brittany, 
France,  March  2,  1848.    During  his  early   life 


64 


BLUM  —  BODTCHER 


he  was  an  officer  of  cavalry  in  the  French  army, 
but  in  1873  went  to  England  and  became  a 
teacher.  After  the  publication  of  his  first  book, 
<John  Bull  and  his  Island*  (1883),  he  abandoned 
teaching  and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  He 
has  made  several  lecturing-tours  of  the  United 
States.  His  works  include:  <John  Bull  and  his 
Daughters*  (1884);  < Jonathan  and  his  Conti- 
nent* (1888,  with  Jack  Allyn)  ;  <  A  Frenchman 
in  America  >  (1891).     Died  at  Paris,  May24, 1903. 

Blum,  Ernest  (blum).  A  French  dramatist; 
born  in  Paris,  Aug.  15,  1836.  Either  alone  or 
in  collaboration  with  other  dramatists  he  is 
author  of  many  highly  successful  plays.  The 
drama  of  <Rose  Michel*  (1877),  of  his  own 
composition,  insured  his  place  among  the 
most  successful  French  dramatists  of  the  time. 
Among  his  later  compositions  are :  <  Adam  and 
Eve  >  (1886) ;  <  The  Nervous  Women*  (1888) ;  <End 
of  the  Century  *  (1890);  <  A  Winter  Soiree '  {igoo)- 

Blumenreich,  Franzlska  (blo'men-rich).  A 
German  novelist;  born  in  Bohemia,  April  2, 
1849.  Among  her  very  numerous  novels  these 
are  the  more  notable :  <  At  the  Abyss  of  Mar- 
riage* (i888)j  < Freighted  with  Bliss*  (1890); 
•  Storms  in  Port  *  (1892) ;  <  Beyond  the  Good  and 
Bad.*  She  is  a  zealous  advocate  of  woman's  rights. 

Blumenthal,  Oskar  fblo'men-tal).  A  Ger- 
man dramatist  and  critic ;  born  in  Berlin, 
March  13,  1852.  Sprightliness  of  dialogue  is 
the  most  distinguishing  character  of  his  plays ; 
the  most  successful  of  them  are :  <  The  Big 
Bell  * ;  <  A  Drop  of  Poison  * ;  <  The  Black  Veil  * ; 
<  Severe  Masters.*  He  has  published  several 
volumes  of  critical  and  miscellaneous  essays. 

Blunt,  Wilfrid  Scawen.  An  Irish  poet; 
born  at  Crabbet  Park,  Sussex,  in  1840.  He 
was  attach^  of  legation  at  The  Hague,  Athens, 
Madrid,  Buenos  Ayres,  and  elsewhere.  He 
supported  Arabi  Pasha  in  a  revolt  in  1881,  in 
Egypt;  and  was  imprisoned  in  1888  for  his 
insurrectionary  actions  in  Ireland.  He  is  author 
of:  'Sonnets  and  Songs  by  Proteus*  (London, 
(1S75)  ;  <■  The  Love  Sonnets  of  Proteus  >  (1881  ; 
new  ed.  1885);  <  The  Future  of  Islam  *  (1882) ;  <  Tlie 
Wind  and  the  Whirlwind,*  political  poems  (1884); 
♦Ideas  about  India*  (1885);  <  Esther:  a  Young 
Man's  Tragedy* ;  *Odes  of  Pagan  Arabia.* 

BlUthgen,  August  Edward  Viktor  (blut'- 
gen).  A  German  novelist;  born  at  Zorbig, 
near  Halle,  Jan.  4,  1844.  He  has  won  high 
distinction  as  a  writer  for  the  young.  Among 
his  stories  for  boys  and  girls  are:  <The 
Rogues'  Looking-Glass  *  (1876);  <The  Battle 
of  Frogs  and  Mice*  (1878);  and  with  these 
is  to  be  classed  the  letterpress  (verses)  of 
O.  Pletsch's  <  Picture  Books.*  Of  novels  and 
romances  he  is  author  of  a  great  many :  e.  g., 
»The  Peace-Breaker*  (1883) ;  <The  Step-Sister* 
(1887);  < Madame  the  Countess*  (1892). 

f  Blyden,  Edward  Wilmot.  A  negro  author; 
bom  at  St.  Thomas,  W.  I.,  Aug.  3,  1832.  After 
vainly  seeking,  in  1845,  admission  to  some  col- 
lege in  the  United  States,  he  went  to  Liberia, 
and  graduated  at  the  Alexander  High  School, 


of  which  he  afterwards  became  principal.  In 
1S80  he  became  president  of  Liberia  College, 
has  held  important  governmental  positions,  and 
has  twice  been  commissioner  to  the  Presbyte- 
rian General  Assembly  of  the  United  States  (in 
1861  and  1880).  He  is  proficient  in  many  lan- 
guages, including  Latin,  Greek,  Spanish,  He- 
brew, and  Arabic.  He  has  published  :  <  Liberia's 
Offering*  (1873) ;  < From  West  Africa  to  Pales- 
tine* (1873) ;  <The  Negro  in  Ancient  History*; 
etc. 

Boardman,  George  Dana.  A  distinguished 
American  clergyman  and  author;  born  at 
Tavoy,  British  Burma,  Aug.  18,  1828.  He  was 
the  son  of  the  eminent  American  Baptist  mis- 
sionary of  the  same  name.  He  was  educated 
in  the  United  States,  graduating  at  Brown 
University  in  1852  and  at  Newton  Theological 
Institution  in  1855.  He  became  pastor  at  Barn- 
well, S.  C;  afterwards  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  till 
1864,  when  he  became  pastor  of  the  First  Bap- 
tist Church  in  Philadelphia.  Besides  sermons 
and  essays,  his  chief  works  are :  <  Studies 
in  the  Creative  Week*  (1878);  < Studies  in  the 
Model  Prayer*  (1879);  < Epiphanies  of  the 
Risen  Lord*  (1879) ;  < Studies  in  the  Mountain 
Instruction  *  (1880).     Died  April  28,  1903. 

Boccaccio,  Giovanni  (bok-ka'cho).  A  cele- 
brated Italian  novelist,  poet,  and  humanist ; 
born  at  Paris,  1313;  died  Dec.  21,  1375.  His 
first  romance  was  <  Filocopo,*  dedicated  to  his 
mistress   Fiammetta.    The   romantic    epic   the 

<  Theseid  *  followed ;  it  is  the  first  Italian  work 
of  the  kind.  Both  for  itself  and  for  its  associa- 
tions, the  <  Theseid  *  is  of  interest  to  students 
of  English  literature,  having  been  a  source 
of  inspiration  to  Chaucer  in  his  <  Knightes 
Tale.*  <  Fiammetta  in  Love  *  is  a  work  of 
the  finest  psychological  analysis,  clothed  in 
every  grace  of  poesy.  <  Love's  Labyrinth  *  is 
a  vigorous  satire  on  woman.  But  Boccaccio's 
enduring  fame  rests  on  the  <  Decameron  * ;  a 
collection  of  stories  original  and  borrowed, 
set  in  a  narrative  framework,  all  of  the  high- 
est charm. 

Bodenstedt,  Friedricli  Martin  von  (bo'den- 
stet).  [«Mirza  Schaffy.**!  A  German  poet 
and  journalist ;  born  at  Peine,  April  22,  1819 ; 
died  in  Berlin,  April  19,  1892.  His  works  in- 
clude :  *  Poetical  Ukraine  *  ;  *  The  People  of  the 
Caucasus  and  their  Struggle  for  Freedom  against 
the  Russians  * ;  *  Thousand  and  One  Days  in 
the  East  * ;  <  Songs  of  Mirza  Schaffy  * ;  <  From  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific* 

Bodmer,  Jobann  Jakob  (bod'mfer).  A  Swiss 
scholar  and  literary  critic ;  born  near  Ziirich, 
July  19,  1698;  died  Jan.  2,  1783.  He  was  the 
first  to  make  English  literature  known  in  Ger- 
many ;  and  wrote  dramas,  and  the  epics  <  The 
Deluge*  (1751)  and  <Noah*  (1752).  He  pub- 
lished two  volumes  of  '  Critical  Letters,*  and 
prepared  editions  of  ancient  German  poetry : 

<  Specimens  cf  Thirteenth-Century  Suabian 
Poetry  * ;  <  Fables  from  the  Time  of  the  Minne- 
singers * ;  <  Kriemhilde's  Revenge  * ;  etc. 

Bodtcher,  Ludwig  (bet'che).  A  Danish  lyr- 
ist (1793-1874) ;  born  at  Copenhagen.    He  spent 


BOETIUS  —  BOISGOBEY 


65 


m&ay  years  in  Italy,  and  nature  and  man  in 
Italy  equally  with  nature  and  man  in  Den- 
mark are  the  themes  of  his  finest  poems, — 
notably  <  Bacchus,*  and  the  collection  called 
<  Poems  Old  and  New.> 

Boetlus  or  Boethius,  Anlclus  Manlius  Tor- 
quatus  Severinus  (bo-e'thi-us).  A  Roman 
didactic  poet  and  statesman;  born  between 
470  and  475 ;  died  about  525.  While  in  prison, 
rightly  anticipating  execution,  he  composed  his 
celebrated  <  Consolation  of  Philosophy.'  It  pur- 
ports to  be  a  dialogue  between  Philosophy  and 
her  votarj',  and  is  in  both  prose  and  verse. 

Bogaers,  Adrlaan  (bo'gars).  A  Dutch  poet 
(1795-1870) ;  born  at  The  Hague.  He  holds 
eminent  place  among  the  many  disciples  of 
Tollens,  and  surpasses  his  master  in  correct- 
ness of  taste.  He  long  withheld  his  composi- 
tions from  publication,  and  not  till  1832  did 
he  become  known  to  his  countrymen;  he  then 
published  his  first  lyric  poem,  <  Volharding,*  — 
an  appeal  to  his  countrymen  to  stand  fast  in  the 
struggle  with  Belgium, —  together  with  other 
patriotic  pieces.  His  first  poem  of  any  con- 
siderable compass,  the  epic  <Jochebed,>  and 
his  masterpiece,  <The  Voyage  of  Heemskerk 
to  Gibraltar,'  were  first  formally  published  in 
1860-61,  though  they  had  had  for  many  years 
a  private  circulation  among  friends.  He  after- 
ward published  three  volumes :  <  Ballads  and 
Romances ' ;  <  Flowers  of  Poesy  from  Abroad  > ; 
and  <  Poems.' 

Bogart,  William  Henry  (bo'gart).  An 
American  biographer;  bom  at  Albany,  N.  Y., 
1810;  died  1888.  He  wrote:  <  Life  of  Daniel 
Boone '  (7th  thousand,  1856) ;  <  Who  Goes 
There  ? '  etc. 

Bogdan6yicli,  Ippolit  Feodorovlch  (bog-da- 
nS'vich).  A  Russian  poet  (1744-1803) ;  bom 
in  Little  Russia.  His  early  poems,  written 
when  he  was  a  boy,  won  for  him  admission  to 
the  university.  His  most  celebrated  work  is 
a  charming  free  elaboration  of  Lafontaine's 
<  Loves  of  Psyche  and  Cupid.'  He  also  wrote 
dramas  and  comedies,  and  published  a  collec- 
tion of  <  Proverbs.' 

Bogdanovich,  Modest  lyanovich.  A  Rus- 
sian military  historian  and  commander ;  bom 
1805;  died  in  Oranienbaum,  Aug.  6,  1882.  He 
was  a  very  able  soldier,  and  even  abler  with 
the  pen ;  his  <  Bonaparte's  Campaign  in  Italy, 
1796'  (2d  ed.  i860)  and  <  History  of  the  Art 
of  War,'  and  particularly  his  <  History  of  the 
Campaign  of  1812'  (2d  ed.  1861),  having  at- 
tracted wide  notice. 

Bogh,  Erik  (beg).  A  Danish  poet  and  dram- 
atist ;  bom  in  Copenhagen,  Jan.  17,  1822  ;  died 
there  Aug.  17,  1899.  He  is  best  kriown  for  his 
witty  stanzas  and  epigrams  in  periodicals  for 
^  This  and  That,'  a  collection  of  humorous  essays, 
and  for  many  plays  and  farces.  A  novel,  <  Jonas 
Tvarmose's  Vexations,'  has  merit. 

Bogovic,  Mirko  (b0''-g5-vicli).  A  Croatian 
poet  ( 1816-93)  ;  bom  at  Agram.  His  first  liter- 
ary work   was  in    translating    Serb   poetry  into 


German.  His  original  lyric  poems  appeared 
under  the  title  <  Violets '  ( 1844) ;  being  fol- 
lowed by  two  successful  volumes  of  his  col- 
lected verse.  He  wrote  also  dramas,  among 
them  the  tragedy  <  Stephen,  Last  King  of  Bos- 
nia'; and  several  novels. 

Boguslavski,  Adalbert  (bo-go-slav'ske).  A 
Polish  dramatist  (1759-1829) ;  born  near  Posen. 
He  composed  the  first  opera  ever  written  in 
the  Polish  language.  For  several  years  he  was 
director  of  theatres  in  various  towns,  and  in 
1790  became  director  of  the  National  Theatre 
at  Warsaw.  As  an  actor  he  excelled  alike  in 
tragedy  and  in  comedy,  and  he  formed  many 
pupils  who  gained  high  distinction  on  the 
stage.  The  best  of  his  dramatic  compositions 
is  the  popular  melodrama  <The  Wonder,  or 
the  Men  of  Krakau  and  the  Mountaineers.' 

Bohlau,  Helene  (be'lou).  A  German  novel- 
ist ;  born  at  Weimar,  Nov.  22,  1859.  She  shows 
now  and  then  a  leaning  toward  the  romantic 
school,  but  on  the  whole  her  high  power  of 
description  is  realistic  and  her  writings  are  im- 
bued with  passion.  Among  her  novels  are  :  <  Un- 
der Death's  Ban  >  (1882) ;  <  Guilty  of  a  Pure  Heart ' 
( 1888) ;  <  In  Freshwater ' ;  <  A  Half- Animal.' 

Bbhme,  Jakob  (bfe'm^).  A  German  mystic 
theologian;  born  in  Altseidenburg,  in  the 
Oberlausitz,  1575;  died  in  Gorlitz,  Nov.  17, 
1624.  He  was  a  peasant's  son  and  learned  the 
shoemaker's  trade ;  but  his  lack  of  early  advan- 
tages was  recompensed  by  the  heavenly  illu- 
minations with  which  he  was  favored,  and 
which  are  set  forth  in  about  twenty  books,— 
among  them  'Aurora,  or  the  Sunrise'  (1612). 
He  was  very  widely  read  at  one  time,  and  still 
has  devoted  adherents.  But  he  himself  ac- 
knowledges the  obscurity  of  his  writings. 

Boileau-Despr^aux,  Nicolas  (bwa-lo'dS- 
pra-6').  A  noted  French  poet  and  critic;  bom 
in  Paris,  Nov.  i,  1636;  died  March  13,  1711. 
His  first  effort  was  <The  Farewell  of  a  Poet 
to  the  City  of  Paris'  (1660),  and  six  years 
later  published  collectedly  seven  satires  (after- 
ward increased  to  twelve),  in  which  he  casti- 
gates even  the  magnates  of  the  literary  world. 
Following  the  vein  worked  by  Horace,  he 
published  <The  Art  of  Poetry'  (1674).  In 
reply  to  the  critics  Boileau  composed  <The 
Reading-Desk,'  a  comic  epic  which  is  esteemed 
a  masterpiece. 

Boisard,  Fran50iB  Marie  (bwa-zar).  A 
French  fabulist  (1744-1833).  Of  all  the  French 
fabulists  he  is  least  an  imitator  of  the  great 
Lafontaine.  His  < Fables'  were  at  first  pub- 
lished in  the  newspaper  Mercure  de  France, 
and  afterwards  gathered  in  two  collections. 
His  <Odfe  on  the  Deluge'  was  crowned  by  the 
Rouen  Academy,  1790. 

Boisgobey,  Fortune-Abraham  du  (bwa-go- 
ba').  A  French  novelist;  born  in  Granville, 
Sept.  II,  182I;  died  in  February  1891.  In 
1844-48  he  was  pajTnaster  in  the  army  at 
Algiers,  and  began  to  write  in  1868,  somewhat 
on  the  lines  of  ^mile  Gaboriau.     His  novels 


66 


BOISSIER  — BOLTON 


were  popular,  and  include  :  <  The  Scoundrels  > 
(Paris,  1873):  'Chevalier  Casse-Con>  (1873); 
'  The  Mysteries  of  Modern  Paris  >  ( 1876) ;  <  The 
Demi-Monde  under  the  Terror'  (1877);  <The 
Old  Age  of  M.  Lecoq>  (1878);  <The  Cat's 
Eye>  (1888);  and  <The  Cold  Hand>  (1879). 

Boissler,  Gaston  (bwa-sya').  A  French  bio- 
graphical and  critical  writer;  born  at  Nlmes, 
1823.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Academy,  and  has 
won  celebrity  with  < Cicero  and  his  Friends'; 

<  Life  of  Madame  de  Sdvign^  > ;  'Archaeological 
Walks  in  Rome  and  Naples';  and  others.  He 
was  a  frequent  contributor  to  French  periodical 
literature.    Died  June  10,  1908. 

Boito,  Arrlgo  (bo-e't5).  An  Italian  poet 
and  musician;  born  at  Padua,  1842.  His  father 
was  an  Italian  painter  and  his  mother  was  a 
Polish  lady,  and  the  son  inherits  the  gifts  of 
both  nations.  His  librettos  written  for  Verdi, 
Bottesini,  and  Ponchielli,  and  his  own  operas, 

<  Mefistofele  >  and  <  Nerone,'  are  of  a  high  order 
of  poetry.  In  1877  he  published  a  separate 
volume  of  verse. 

Bojardo,  Matteo  Maria  (bo-yar'do).  A  cele- 
brated Italian  poet;  born  at  Scandiano,  about 
1434;  died  at  Reggio,  Dec.  21,  1494.  He  was 
of  noble  origin  in  Lombardy,  and  all  his  life 
held  high  and  responsible  posts  in  the  civil 
government  at  Modena  and  at  Reggio.  His 
great  fame  rests  on  the  romantic  epic  <  Orlando 
in  Love,'  which  tells  of  the  loves  of  Char- 
lemagne's knight  Roland  and  the  fair  Angelica 
and  the  adventures  connected  therewith.  The 
epic  was  planned  to  be  completed  in  three 
books,  but  at  the  author's  death  only  two  books, 
of  29  and  31  cantos  respectively,  were  finished; 
the  composition  of  the  third  book  had  reached 
only  the  ninth  canto.  Niccolo  degli  Agostini 
wrote  a  continuation  in  33  cantos.  In  point 
of  imagination  and  invention  Bojardo  ranks 
among  the  greatest  poets.  But  his  versification 
is  far  from  perfect,  and  his  language  lacks 
grace  and  purity ;  because  of  these  and  other 
blemishes  the  'Orlando'  was  recast  and  pol- 
ished by  Francesco  Bemi,  and  with  eminent 
success. 

Bok,  Edward  William.  An  American  editor 
and  essayist;  born  in  Holland,  1863.  He  has  edited 
the  Ladies'  Home  Journal,  and  written  <  The 
Young  Man  in  Business '  and   <  Successward.' 

Boker,  George  Henry.  An  American  poet 
and  dramatist;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Oct. 
6,  1823 ;  died  there,  Jan.  2,  1890.  He  graduated 
from  Princeton  in  1842 ;  studied  law ;  and  was 
United  States  minister  to  Turkey  in  1871-75, 
and  to  Russia  in  1875-79.  His  plays  include : 
'Calaynos'  (1848);  <Anne  Boleyn'  (1850); 
'Francesca  di  Rimini';  'The  Betrothed';  and 
'AH  the  World's  a  Mask.'  Collected  plays  and 
poems  (Boston,  1856).  Also  '  Poems  of  the 
War'  (1864);  'Konigsmark  and  other  Poems' 
(1869);  'The  Book  of  the  Dead'  (1882);  and 
•Sonnets'  (1886). 

Bolanden,  Eonrad  von  (bo'lan-den),  pseudo- 
nym of    Joseph   Eduard   Konrad  Bischoff.    A 


German  novelist ;  born  at  Niedergailbach,  Aug. 
9,  1828.  A  Catholic  theologian,  and  high  in 
favor  at  the  papal  court,  his  fictions,  all  brilliant 
in  style  and  conception,  attack  the  Protestant 
standpoint  from  all  directions;  —  <A  Wedding 
Trip';  'Queen  Bertha';  ' Barbarossa ' ;  'The 
Free-Thinkers ' ;  and  '  Historical  Tales  of  Fred- 
erick II.  and  his  Times,'  being  noteworthy 
examples. 

Boldrewood,  Rolf,  pseudonym  of  Thomas 
Alexander  Browne.  An  Australian  author; 
born  in  England  in  1827.  He  is  a  son  of 
Capt.  Sylvester  J.  Browne,  a  founder  of  Mel- 
bourne, Australia.  He  was  educated  in  Sidney 
College,  and  has  written :  <  Ups  and  Downs : 
a  Story  of  Australian  Life  '  (London,  1879);' Rob- 
bery under  Arms  :  Life  and  Adventures  in  the 
Bush  >  (1888); '  A  Squatter's  Dream  Story '  ( 1890); 
'  A  Modern  Buccaneer'; '  In  Bad  Company.' 

Bolingbroke,  Henry  St.  John,  Viscount.  A 
celebrated  English  statesman,  orator,  and  au- 
thor ;  born  at  Battersea,  Oct.  i,  1678 ;  died  there, 
Dec.  12,  1751.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1701 ; 
became  Secretary  of  War  1704-8,  and  Sec- 
retary of  State  in  1710.  In  1712  he  entered  the 
House  of  Lords,  and  in  1713  negotiated  the 
Peace  of  Utrecht.  On  the  accession  of  George 
I.  he  fled  to  the  Continent,  and  in  1715  was 
attainted  of  treason ;  but  in  1723  he  was  per- 
mitted to  return.  His  chief  works  are :  <  A 
Dissertation  on  Parties ' ;  '  Letters  on  the  Study 
of  History';  'Letters  on  the  Spirit  of  Patriot- 
ism ' ;  and  '  The  Idea  of  a  Patriot  King.'  He 
was  a  Deist,  but  taught  that  a  statesman 
should  profess  the  doctrines  of  the  Church  of 
England.  He  was  an  effective  orator;  but  the 
style  of  his  philosophical  and  political  works, 
though  polished,  is  heavy  and  declamatory. 

Bolintineanu,  Dimitrie  (bo-len-te-na-an').  A 
Roumanian  poet ;  born  at  Bolintina  in  Wallachia, 
1826;  died  Sept.  i,  1872.  He  is  w'dely  known 
for  the  beauty  of  the  stanzas  comprising  his 
earliest  collected  verse,  'Songs  and  Plaints.' 
He  wrote  also  a  successful  novel,  'Helena,' 
and  an  epic  poem,  '  The  Trajanid,'  besides 
Roumanian  ballads  and  the  philosophical  epic 
of  'Manoil.' 

Belles,  Frank  ( bolz ) .  American  essayist  and 
poet;  born  in  Winchester,  Mass.,  Oct.  31,  1856; 
died  Cambridge,  Jan.  10,  1894.  He  wrote: 'From 
Blomidon  to  Smoky,'  'Land  of  the  Lingering 
Snow,'  etc.;  in  verse,  Chocorua's  Tenants.' 

Bolton,  Charles  Knowles  (bol'ton).  An 
American  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  son 
of  Mrs.  Sarah  Knowles  Bolton ;  born  in  Ohio, 
1867.  He  is  librarian  of  Brookline,  Mass.  He 
has  written  in  prose :  '  Gossiping  Guide  to 
Harvard,'  '  Saskia,  the  Wife  of  Rembrandt,' 
etc. ;  in  verse :  '  The  Wooing;  of  Martha  Pit- 
kin >  ;  '  Love  Story  of  Ursula  Wolcott ' ;  '  The 
Private  Soldier  under  Washington. ' 

Bolton.  Henry  Carrington.  An  American 
scientific  writer;  boni  m  i\cw  Vork,  1843.  He 
was  professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  science 
at  Trinity  College,  Hartford,  Conn.  Besides 
works    on    chemistry    he    has    written :    <  The 


BOLTON  —  BORNEIL 


67 


Countiiig-Out  Rhymes  of  Children,  a  Study  in 
Folk-Lore';  'Literature  of  Manganese';  and 
other  works.  Died  Washington,  D.  C,  Nov.,  1903. 

Bolton,  Sarah  Knowles.  An  American  au- 
thor; born  in  F'armington,  Conn.,  Sept.  15,  1841. 
She  married  Charles  E.  Bolton,  a  merchant  and 
philanthropist,  and  resides  in  Cleveland,  O.  She 
is  author  of  a  number  of  books,  including :  <  Girls 
who  Became  Famous  >  (1886)  ;  <  Famous  Ameri- 
can Authors '  (1887) ;  <  Famous  American  States- 
men'(1888);  'Famous  Types  of  Womanhood' 
(1892);  'Famous  American  Authors'  (1905). 

Bolton,  Sarah  Tittle.  An  American  poet; 
born  in  Newport,  Ky.,  Dec.  18,  1815 ;  died  in 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Aug.  4,  1893.  She  is  known 
for   her    patriotic    and   war   poems,  including : 

<  Paddle  Your  Own  Canoe '  •(  '  Left  on  the  Bat- 
tlefield'; etc.  'Poems'  (New  York,  1865;  In- 
dianapolis, 1886). 

Bonacci-Brunamontl,  Maria  Alinda  (bo- 
na'che-bro-na-mon'te).  An  Italian  poet;  bom 
in  Perugia,  1842.  She  was  only  fourteen  years 
old  when  her  first  '  Collection  of  Poems '  ap- 
peared and  attracted  much  attention.  Her 
'National  Songs'  (1859-78)  were  inspired  by 
Italy's  struggle  for  freedom. 

Bonar,  Horatius  (bon'ar).  A  celebrated 
Scotch  hymnist;  bom  in  Edinburgh,  Dec.  19, 
1808;  died  July  31,  1889.  He  wrote  'Hymns 
of  Faith  and  Hope,'  many  of  which  have  been 
taken  into  the  hymnals  of  most  of  the  Prot- 
estant churches.  He  also  wrote  more  than  20 
volumes  on  theological  and  religious  subjects. 

Bona  Ventura,  Saint  (bo"na-ven-to'ra).  An 
Italian  theologian  and  scholar;  born  at  Ba- 
gnarea,  122 1 ;  died  1274.  His  real  name  was 
Giovanni  di   Fidenza.     His  writings   include : 

<  Life  of  Saint  Francis' ;  <  Progress  of  the  Mind 
towards  God  > ;  '  Breviloquium ' ;  and  many  ser- 
mons and  treatises  on  theological  subjects. 

Bonavino,  Cristoforo.    See  Franchi. 

Bondi,  Clemente  (bon'de).  An  Italian  poet; 
born  near  Parma,  June  27,  1742 ;  died  at  Vienna, 
June  20,  1821.  At  the  suppression  of  the  Com- 
pany of  Jesus,  he,  though  a  Jesuit,  lauded  that 
act  in  a  poem  and  had  to  flee  his  country. 
While  yet  a  member  of  the  Jesuit  order  he 
wrote  a  spirited  humorous  poem,  <  Rural  Days ' 
(1773),  in  three  cantos,  descriptive  of  the  pranks 
and  sports  of  a  band  of  students. 

Boner,  John  Henry.  An  American  poet  and 
literary  worker;  born  at  Salem,  N.  C,  Jan.  31, 
1845.  A  contributor  to  the  magazines,  he  was 
on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  'Century  Diction- 
ary '  and  the  <  Standard  Dictionary,'  and  was 
once  literary  editor  of  the  New  York  World. 
He  has  written  'Whispering  Pines'  (1883),  a 
volume  of  verse.    Died  in  1905. 

Bonghl,  Ruggero  (bon'ge).  An  Italian 
scholar  and  controversial  writer;  born  in  Na- 
ples, March  20,  1826  ;  died  at  Torre  del  Greco, 
Oct.  22,  1895.  His  early  career  indicated 
scholarly  activities  only,  for  he  made  fine  studies 
aad  versioBS  of  Aristotle  and  Plato  ;  but  later  he 


took  up  such  subjects  as  '  The  Financial  Histor)' 
of  Italy,  1864-88'  (1868);  'The  Life  and 
Times  of  Valentino  Pasini  >  ( 1867  )  ;  and  <  The 
Life  of  Jesus  >  (1890)  ;  the  popularity  and  value 
of  these  and  other  works  giving  him  great  promi- 
nence. 

Boniface.    See  Saintine. 

Bonnechose,  l^mile  Boisnormand  de  (bon- 
shoz').  A  French  poet  and  historian  (1801-75) ; 
born  at  Leyerdorp  in  Holland.  His  one  nota- 
ble poetical  composition  is  '  The  Death  of 
Bailly'  (1833).  Besides  a  'History  of  France* 
he  is  author  of :  '  Reformers  before  the  16th- 
century  Reformation'  (1844) ;  'The  Four  Con- 
quests of  England'  (2  vols.,  1851) ;  'History  of 
England'  (4  vols.,  1859). 

Bonnidres,  Robert  de  (bon-yar').  A  French 
journalist  and  novelist;  born  at  Paris,  April 
7,  1850.  He  commenced  his  literary  career  as 
contributor  to  Paris  journals  of  spirited  but 
waspish  biographs  of  contemporary  men  :  these 
were  collected  and  published  in  three  succes- 
sive volumes  of  '  Memoirs  of  To-day.'  His 
novels  are  full  of  transparent  allusions  to  noted 
persons,  and  have  had  a  very  great  vogue.  In 
one  of  them, '  The  Monarch,'  he  portrays  high 
Jewish  society  in  Paris. 

Booth,  Mary  Louise.  An  American  writer; 
born  in  Yaphank,  L.  I.,  April  19,  1831 ;  died  in 
New  York  city,  March  5,  1889.  She  was  editor 
of  Harper's  Bazar  from  1867  until  her  death; 
translated  many  novels  and  histories,  including 
Gasparin's  'Uprising  of  a  Great  People,'  and 
H.  Martin's  '  History  of  France '  (6  vols.,  1880). 

Borel,  P^trus  (bo-rel').  [Properly  Pierre 
Borel  d'Hauterive.]  A  French  journalist  and 
author;  bom  in  Lyons,  June  28,  1809;  died  in 
Algeria,  July  14,  1859.  His  character  was  ec- 
centric :  he  surnamed  himself  the  "  Were- 
wolf," and  his  writings  both  prose  and  verse 
were  romantic  and  bizarre.  They  include : 
'Rhapsodies,'  poems  (Paris,  1831) ;  'Champa- 
vert,'  stories  (1833);  and  'Madam  Potiphar,'  a 
novel  (2  vols.,  1839). 

B'drne,  Ludwig  (ber'ne).  An  eminent  Ger- 
man political  writer;  born  at  Frankfort-on-the 
Main,  of  Jewish  parents,  May  6,  1786;  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  12,  1837.  He  founded  and  for  three 
years  conducted  Die  Wage,  a  journal  devoted 
to  civics,  science,  and  art.  Of  his  numerous 
satirical  sketches,  all  full  of  humor  and  wit, 
these  are  perhaps  the  most  brilliant :  '  Mono- 
graph on  the  German  Postal  Snail  > ;  '  The  Art 
of  Becoming  an  Original  Author  in  Three 
Days ' ;  <  Memorial  Address  to  Jean  Paul.' 
Fierce  animosity  toward  the  dynastic  policies 
of  Germany  permeated  whatever  he  wrote : 
even  his  literary  and  dramatic  criticism  was 
biased  by  this  passion.  His  last  completed 
work,  'Menzel  the  French-devourer '  (Franz- 
osenfresser),  is  proof  that  to  the  last  his  voice 
was  still  for  war.  His  'Complete  Works,'  in 
12  vols.,  were  published  in  1863. 

Borneil,  Glraut  de  (bor-nay').  A  Proven9al 
troubadour  of  the   I3th  century;  a  native  of 


68 


BORNEMANN  —  BOTTA 


Exideuil,  Dordogne.  His  contemporaries  be- 
stowed on  him  the  sobriquet  « Master  of 
Troubadours.'^  Some  80  of  his  songs  are 
extant;  among  them  the  charming  song  of  the 
morning,  <  Alba.* 

Bornemann,  Wilhelm  (bor'ne-man).  A  Low- 
German  dialect  poet  (1766-1851) ;  born  at 
Gardelegen.  He  is  one  of  the  foremost  repre- 
sentatives of  modem  Low-German  poetry.  His 
works  are;  'Low-German  Poems*  (1810),  re- 
published in  a  loth  edition  in  1891 ;  <  Pictures 
of  Nature  and  the  Chase'  (1829);  <  Humorous 
Hunting  Songs.' 

Bornier,  Henri  Vicomte  de  (bor-ne-a').    A 
French    dramatist,  member   of   the   Academy ; 
born  at  Lunel,  Dec.    25,  1825  ;  died  in  Paris, 
Jan.  27,    1901.     His  plays  are  notable  for  splen- 
dor of  diction.      Among  them  are  :    *  Luther's  ' 
Wedding'  (1845);  <  Dante  and  Beatrice'  ;  <  The 
Daughter  of  Roland.'     He  twice  won  the  prize 
of  the  Academy,  with  the  lyrics  <  The  Isthmus  of 
Suez  '  ( 1861 )  and  <  France  in  the  Extreme  East'    ^ 
( 1863).    He  was  the  author  of  several  successful  t, 
novels  and  romances. 

Borrow,  George.  An  English  philologist 
and  traveler;  born  in  East  Dereham,  Norfolk, 
February  1803 ;  died  in  Oulton,  Suffolk,  July  30, 
1881.  His  linguistic  talents  are  shown  in  <  Tar- 
gum;  or,  Metrical  Translations  from  Thirty 
Languages'  (St.  Petersburg,  1835),  and  < Ro- 
mano Lavo-Lil,  or  Word-Book  of  the  Romany ' 
(1874).  The  other  chief  of  his  fourteen  works 
are:  *The  Zincali,  or  Gipsies  of  Spain'  (Lon- 
don, 1841);  <The  Bible  in  Spain'  (1843);  <La- 
vengro'  (1851);  <The  Romany  Rye,'  its  sequel 
(1857);  and  <Wild  Wales'  (1862). 

Bosboom,  Anna  Louisa  Geertrulda  (bos'- 
b5m).  A  Dutch  novelist  (1812-86) ;  born 
(Toussaint)  at  Alkmaar.  Her  first  work,  <A1- 
magro,'  was  published  in  1837.  It  was  followed 
by  a  long  series  of  others ;  but  she  won  no 
high  distinction  till    i860,  when  she  published 

<  The  House  of  Lauernesse,'  by  far  her  most 
successful  novel,  which  was  translated  into 
several  languages.  Nearly  all  her  works  are 
historical  novels ;  and  in  the  two  very  essential 
particulars  of  knowledge  of  the  historical  epochs 
and  of  the  human  heart,  she  has  a  just  claim 
to  rank  among  the  notable  writers  in  that  de- 
partment of  literature. 

Boscan  Almogavr,  Juan  (bos-kan'  al-mo- 
ga-var').  A  distinguished  Spanish  poet  (1493- 
1540) ;  born  in  Barcelona.  While  attached  to 
the  court  of  Charles  V.  at  Granada  he  was  led 
to  a  study  of  Italian  poetry,  and  was  the  first 
to  employ  the  Italian  measures  in  Castilian 
song.     Again,  in  a  poem  imitative  of  Musseus's 

<  Hero  and  Leander,'  he  was  the  first  to  intro- 
duce in  Spain  rhymeless  verse.  His  poems, 
collected  and  published  in  1543,  had  21  editions 
in  the  i6th  century. 

Boslo,  Ferdinando  (bos'yo  or  bo'ze-o).  An 
Italian  man  of  letters ;  bom  at  Alba,  Piedmont, 
1829;  died  there,  Oct.  16,  1881.  He  was  for 
several  years  teacher  of  rhetoric  and  literature. 


and  afterward  chief  clerk  of  the  ministry  of 
public  education.  In  1853  he  published  a  vol- 
ume of  lyrics :  <  Democracy,  with  a  Collection 
of  Ballads.'  He  wrote  many  novels,  all  pos- 
sessing   the    charm    of    an    exquisite    style, — 

<  Home  Scenes  and  Stories'  (1874).  Among 
his  historical  writings  is  a  <  Popular  History  of 
the  Popes.'  His  miscellaneous  writings,  politi- 
cal and  literary,  <A  Little  of  Everything,'  were 
published  in  1878. 

Bossuet,  Jacques  B^nigne  (bo-sii-a').  A 
French  theologian  and  pulpit  orator;  born  at 
Dijon,  Sept.  27,  1627 ;  died  April  12,  1704.  He 
became  in  1681  Bishop  of  Meaux.  The  <  History 
of  the  Variations  of  the  Protestant  Churches' 
( 1688)  is  still  a  standard  work.  T  One  of  his  most 
elaborate  works  is  the  <  Defense  of  the  Famous 
-Declaration  which  the  Galilean  Clergy  Approved 
regarding  the  Power  of  the  Church'  (1730). 
Hardly  less  celebrated  is  his  <  Discourse  upon 
Universal  History  down  to  the  Empire  of 
Charlemagne'  (1681).  His  < Complete  Works,' 
in  46  vols.,  were  published  by  the  Benedictines 
(1815-19). 

Boswell,  Sir  Alexander.  A  Scottish  anti- 
quary and  poet ;  born  at  Auchinleck,  Ayrshire, 
Oct.  9,  1775 ;  died  in  Balmuto,  March  27,  1822. 
He  was  the  son  of  James  Boswell  the  biogra- 
pher of  Johnson ;  was  educated  at  Oxford ; 
and  at  his  father's  death  in  1795,  succeeded  to 
Auchinleck.  He  studied  the  literature  of  Scot- 
land, imitated  the  ballad  style,  and  published 
original  poems  and  reprints  from  his  private 
printing-press.  His  <  Songs  Chiefly  in  the  Scot- 
tish Dialect'  (1803)  were  very  popular. 

Boswell,  James.  A  Scottish  biographer; 
born  in  Edinburgh,  Oct.  29,  1740 ;  died  in  Lon- 
don, May  19,  1795.  He  was  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh and  Glasgow,  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1766,  and  early  showed  a  love  for  letters.     His 

<  Life  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson'  (1791)  is  con- 
sidered the  most  entertaining  biography  in  the 
English  language.  The  best  modern  editions 
are  by  Napier  (4  vols.,  1884),  and  G.  Birkbeck 
Hill  (6  vols.,  1887).  He  also  wrote  <  Journal  of 
a  Tour  to  the  Hebrides  with  Samuel  Johnson' 
(1746),  and  many  other  books,  the  most  suc- 
cessful of  which  was  <An  Account  of  Corsica 
and  Memoirs  of  Pascal  Paoli'  (1768). 

Botero,  Giuseppe  (bo'ta-ro).  An  Italian  ro- 
mancist ;  born  at  Novara,  1815 ;  died  1885.  He 
was  all  his  life  an  educator,  serving  as  director 
of  high  schools  or  lyceums  in  various  cities  of 
northern  Italy.  He  wrote  many  stories,  among 
them:  <Ricciarda'   (1854);   <Raffaele'   (1858); 

<  Nella  of  Cortemiglia ' ;  and  several  apologues, 
among  them  :  <  My  Lady ' ;  <  To  Live  Well  is 
to  Do  Good ' ;  <  Love  and  Nature.' 

Botta,  Anna  Charlotte  Lyncli.  An  Ameri- 
can poet  and  essayist ;  bora  in  Bennington,  Vt., 
Nov.  II,  1815 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  March 
23,  1891.  She  came  to  New  York  in  1842,  and 
in  1855  was  married  to  Vincenzo  Botta.  Mrs 
Botta's  home  in  New  York  was  a  centre  for 
literary  and  artistic  people  from  the  days  of  Poe, 


BOTTA  — BOUILLY 


69 


Willis,  and  Bryant,  until  her  death.  She  was 
the  author  of  stories,  essays,  < Poems*  (1848; 
new  ed.  1884),  and  <A  Handbook  of  Universal 
Literature  >  (1845). 

Botta,  Carlo  Giuseppe  Gugllelmo  (bot-ta). 
An  eminent  Italian  historian ;  born  near  Can- 
avese  in  the  Piedmontese,  Nov.  6,  1766;  died 
Aug.  10,  1837.  For  his  sympathy  with  the 
French  Revolution  he  suffered  imprisonment 
two  years,  and  then  went  to  France,  where 
he  entered  the  military  service  as  surgeon.  He 
afterward  held  several  ofifices  of  responsibility 
under  the  empire  and  the  restored  monarchy. 
Besides  numerous  minor  works  in  French,  he 
published  in  Italian  (1809)  a  <  History  of  the 
War  of  Independence  of  the  United  States  of 
America  >;  and  (1824)  a  <  History  of  Italy  from 
1789  to  l8i4,>  in  four  volumes.  He  also  con- 
tinued Guicciardini  from  1535  to  1789  (10  vols.). 

Bbttger,  Adolf  (bet'cher).  A  German  poet 
(1815-70)  ;  born  at  Leipsic.  He  made  admira- 
ble translations  into  German  verse  of  *  Byron's 
Complete  Works'  (1840 ;  7th  ed.  1891),  of  Pope, 
Goldsmith,  <  Songs  of  Ossian,*  and  Long- 
fellow's <  Hiawatha*;  he  was  less  successful 
with  some  pieces  of  Shakespeare.  Of  his  ori- 
ginal poetry  the  best  specimens  are  the  poetical 
fairy  tales  <  Pilgrimage  of  the  Flower  Sprites  * ; 
and  especially  the  fantasy  of  <The  Little  Man 
of  the  Gallows,'  a  little  <  Faustiad.' 

Bbttiger,  Carl  Vllhelm  (bet'te-ger).  A 
Swedish  poet ;  born  in  Westerns,  May  15,  1807 ; 
died  at  Upsala,  Dec.  22,  1878.  Although  noted 
for  the  pleasing  prose  of  his  essays  on  literary 
topics,  his  fame  must  depend  upon  versions  of 
Dante,  Tasso,  and  Uhland,  the  <  Lyric  Poems,' 
the  <  New  Songs,'  <  Poetic  Memories  of  My 
Youth,'  and  one  or  two  plays,  including  <A 
May  Day  at  Voerend.' 

Bouchardy,  Joseph  (bo-shar-de').  A  French 
dramatic  poet;  born  at  Paris  in  1810;  died 
May  28,  1870.  He  was  at  first  associated  with 
Eugene  Deligny  in  dramatic  composition,  and 
afterward  composed  a  series  of  comedies  alone. 
Notable  among  his  productions  are  :  <  Gaspardo 
the  Fisherman ' ;  <  The  Foundlings ' ;  <  The  Or- 
phans of  Antwerp ' ;  <  The  Cavalier's  Secret ' ; 
*The  Armorer  of  Santiago.' 

Bouchor,  Maurice  (bb-shor').  A  French 
poet;  born  at  Paris,  1855.  At  the  age  of  19 
years  he  published  a  volume  of  <  Merry  Lays,' 
which  was  followed  by  *  Poems  of  Love  and 
the  Sea'  (1875);  <The  Modern  Faust'  (1878); 
<  Stories  of  Paris  in  Rhyme  'J;  and  <  The  Dawn,' 
esteemed  his  best  work.  He  attempted  to  re- 
vive, but  in  no  reverential  spirit,  the  mediaeval 
"mystery  play"  in  1889,  with  <Tobit'  and 
< Nativity';  the  "actors"  being  lay  figures  of 
life  size,  while  the  author  and  his  cronies  spoke 
«the  lines"  from  behind  the  wings. 

Boucicault,  Dion  (bo'se-ko).  A  British 
dramatist  and  actor;  born  in  Dublin,  Dec.  26, 
1822;  died  in  New  York,  Sept.  18,  1890.  His 
first  drama,  <  London  Assurance,'  was  written 
before  he  was  19  years  of  age,  and  made  hira 


famous.  He  also  attained  celebrity  as  an  actor 
and  manager  in  England  and  the  United 
States ;  established  a  school  for  acting,  and 
produced  about  300  dramas,  many  of  which 
were  original  and  many  adaptations  from  the 
French.      He  dramatized  Washington  Irving's 

<  Rip  Van  Winkle,'  which  Joseph  Jefferson  en- 
larged ;  and  produced  a  series  of  Irish  dramas 
which  were  extraordinarily  popular,  such  as: 
<The  Colleen  Bawn'  (i860) ;  <  Arrah-na-Pogue ' 
(1864);  and  <The  Shaughraun'  (1875),  in  which 
he  played  the  principal  parts.  <01d  Heads  on 
Young  Shoulders';  <The  Corsican  Brothers'; 
<The  Streets  of  London';  < Flying  Scud';  and 
'After  Dark,'  were  among  his  later  produc- 
tions. 

Boudinot,  Elias  (bo'di-not).  A  distinguished 
American  patriot  and  philanthropist;  born  at 
Philadelphia,  May  2,  1740 ;  died  at  Burlington, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  24,  1821.  He  was  president  of  the 
Continental  Congress  (1782),  and  first  president 
of  the  American  Bible  Society  (1816-21).  He 
wrote  :  <  The  Second  Advent  of  the  Messiah ' ; 

<  The  Age  of  Revelation,'  a  reply  to  Thomas 
Paine ;  <  The  Star  in  the  West,'  an  attempt  to 
identify  the  American  Indians  with  the  Ten 
Lost  Tribes  of  Israel. 

Boufflers,  Stanislas,  Marquis  de  (bo-flar'). 
A  French  poet ;  born  at  Nancy,  May  31,  1738 ; 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  18, 1815.  He  was  reputed  to 
be  son  of  Stanislas  II.  of  Poland.  While 
an  ecclesiastical  student  he  wrote  in  prose  the 
story  of  <Aline,  Queen  of  Golconda,'  for  which 
Stanislas  awarded  him  a  pension  of  40,000 
livres.  Quitting  the  ecclesiastical  career,  he  en- 
tered the  military  service  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  major-general.  Meanwhile  he  was  earning 
the  plaudits  of  the  gay  world  by  his  erotic 
verses.  He  was  one  of  the  ^migr^s  of  1792, 
but  returned  to  France  in  1800.  His  <  Com- 
plete Works '  were  published  in  2  vols.,  1813. 

Bouilhet,  Louis  (bo-lya').  A  French  poet 
(1821-69).  tie  first  achieved  fame  with  <  Me- 
l?enis,  a  Story  of  Rome '  in  the  time  of  the 
Ccesars,  and  <  The  Fossils,'  a  series  of  delinea- 
tions of  antediluvians.  His  versified  dramas, 
<Mme.  de  Montarcy'  (1856) ;  < Dolores'  (1862); 
and  especially  <The  Conspiracy  of  Amboise,' 
are  elegant  in  style,  rich  in  imagery,  perfect 
in  melody,  but  lack  compactness  of  structure 
and  are  open  to  moral  censure.  The  same 
faults  are  found  in  his  comedies  <  Uncle  Million* 
(1861);  <Faustine'  (1864);  and  specially  in  his 
posthumous  <  Mdlle.  Aisse.' 

Bouilly,  Jean  Nicholas  (bo-ye').  A  French 
poet  (1763-1842).  He  made  his  d^but  with  the 
comic  opera  <  Peter  the  Great'  (1790).  For  a 
few  years  he  was  judge  and  prosecuting  attor- 
ney at  Tours,  and  then  was  called  to  Paris  to 
assist  in  organizing  the  primary-school  system. 
He  was  a  man  of  ancient  Roman  virtue,  and 
his  character  is  reflected  in  all  his  works.  His 
comedies  and  comic  operas  (music  by  the  first 
masters)  were  eminently  successful  as  well  in 
Germany  as  in  France,  particularly  these :  <The 
Abb€  de  I'Ep^e';  <The  Two  Days';  <Mme, 


70 


BOURDILLON  —  BOWRING 


de  S<vign<.>  He  also  wrote  <  Stories  for 
French  Children  >  and  <  Counsels  to  my  Daugh- 
ter.> 

BourdlUon,  Francis  W.  Born  in  1852.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  became  tutor  to 
the  children  of  the  Princess  Christian  of  Eng- 
land. He  is  famous  for  a  short  poem,  <The 
Night  Has  a  Thousand  Eyes,'  and  has  pub- 
lished a  novel,  <Nephele>  (New  York  and 
London,  1896),  besides  < Among  the  Flowers 
and  Other  Poems'  {1872),  and  < Young  Maids 
and  Old  China  >  (1888) ;  <  Minusi£ula>  (1896). 

Bourget,  Paul  (bor-zha')-  A  French  novel- 
ist and  critic;  born  at  Amiens,  Sept.  2,  1852. 
His  first  book  was  <  Restless  Life,'  followed  by 
other  poems ;  but  he  turned  to  prose  and  has 
become  widely  known  as  essayist,  critic,  and 
descriptive  writer,  and  famous  for  his  novels. 
The  latter  include  :  <  A  Cruel  Enigma  > ;  <  A 
Crime  of  Love>;  < Lies';  <The  Disciple'; 
<Andr^  Cornells';  <Cosmopolis  ' ;  and  volumes 
of  stories  like  <The  Irreparable.'  His  essays 
are  contained  in  the  volumes :  <  Essays  in  Con- 
temporary Psychology ' ;  <  New  Essays  in  Con- 
temporary Psychology';  <  Studies  and  Portraits'; 
and  others.  <Outre-Mer'  is  a  book  on  Amer- 
ica. 

Bouton,  John  Bell  (bo-ton').  An  American 
journalist  and  writer;  born  at  Concord,  N.  H., 
1830;  died  in  New  York,  Nov.  18,  1892.  He 
wrote:  <Loved  and  Lost'  (1857,  essays);  <Round 
the  Block'  ( 1864,  a  novel);  < Roundabout  to  Mos- 
cow' (1887);  <Uncle  Sam's  Church'  (1895),  etc. 

Boutwell,  George  Sewall  (bout'wel).  An 
American  statesman  and  publicist ;  born  at 
Brookline,  Mass.,  Jan.  28,  1818.  He  was  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts  (1852-53),  United  States 
Commissioner  of  Liternal  Revenue  (1862-63), 
Member  of  Congress  (1863-69),  Secretary  of 
tlie  Treasury  (1869-73),  United  States  Senator 
(1873-77).  He  has  written  :  <  Thoughts  on  Edu- 
cational Topics'  (i860);  <A  History  of  the 
Republican  Party'  (1884);  <The  Lawyer,  the 
Statesman,  and  tlie  Soldier.'     Died  1905. 

Bouvet,  Marguerite  (bo-va').  An  Ameri- 
can writer  for  children  ;  born  in  Louisiana,  1865. 
She  has  written  :  •  Sweet  William ' ;  <  Prince  Tip- 
Top  > ;  *  Little  Majorie's  Love  Story  ' ;  <  Pier- 
rette ' ;  <  Bernardo  and  Laurette  ' ;  <  The  For- 
tunes of  Clothilde.' 

Bowen,  Mrs.  Sue  (Petlgru)  (King).  An 
American  novelist;  born  in  South  Carolina, 
1824;  died  1875.  Her  home  was  in  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.  She  wrote :  <  Sylvia's  World ' ;  <  Ger- 
ald Gray's  Wife ' ;  <  Busy  Moments  of  an  Idle 
Woman,'  a  collection  of  stories ;  etc. 

Bowlcer,  Richard  Rogers  (bou'ker).  An 
American  editor,  bibliographer,  and  writer  on 
political  economy ;  born  in  Massachusetts,  1848. 
He  edited  for  a  number  of  years  the  Pub- 
lishers' Weekly ;  and  compiled  the  <  American 
Catalogue'  (2  vols.,  1885),  of  inestimable  value 
to  book-dealers,  librarians,  and  literary  workers. 
Among  his  writings  on  political  economy  are : 
'  Work  and  Wealtii ' ;  <  Economics  for  the  Peo- 
ple' ;  <  Copyright  -  lis  Law  and  Its  Literature.' 


Bowles,  Samuel  (bolz).  A  noted  American 
journalist ;  born  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  Feb.  9, 
1826;  died  there,  Jan.  16,  1878.  He  was  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  Springfield  Republican 
(1844-78).  He  wrote:  < Across  the  Continent' 
(1865);  <The  Switzerland  of  America'  (1869); 
<Our  New  West'  (1869);  etc.  As  one  of  the 
most  able  journalists  in  a  land  of  journalism, 
his  fame  is  both  great  and  endurmg. 

Bowles,  William  Lisle.  An  English  poet ; 
born  in  King's  Sutton,  Northamptonshire,  Sept. 
24,  1762 ;  died  in  Salisbury,  April  7,  1850.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  from  1804  until 
a  few  years  before  his  death  was  vicar  of  Brem- 
hill,  Wiltshire.  His  <  Fourteen  Sonnets  Written 
Chiefly  on  Picturesque  Spots  during  a  Journey ' 
(1789)  was  received  with  extraordinary  favor. 
Coleridge,  Wordsworth,  and  Southey  greatly 
admired  the  poems,  which  reflected  the  au- 
thor's thoughts  and  the  moods  of  nature  to 
such  an  extent  that  Bowles  is  considered  to 
have  created  by  his  influence  the  Lake  School 
of  poetry.  In  1806  he  issued  a  critical  edition 
of  Pope,  which  led  to  a  memorable  controversy 
(1809-25),  in  which  Byron  and  Campbell  were 
his  opponents.  His  other  works  include : 
<  The  Grave  of  Howard'  (1790);  <Coombe 
Ellen'  (1798) ;  <The  Battle  of  the  Nile'  (1799) ; 
<The  Spirit  of  Discovery'  (1804),  his  longest 
poem;  and  < St.  John  in  Patmos'  (1832). 

Bowne,  Borden  Parker  (boun).  An  Ameri- 
can philosophical  writer ;  born  at  Leonard- 
vilie,  N.  J.,  Jan.  14,  1847.  He  was  religious 
editor  of  tlie  New  York  Independent  1875-76, 
becoming  professor  of  philosophy  at  Boston 
University  1876.  He  has  written :  <  Philoso- 
phy of  Herbert  Spencer'  (1874)  '>  *  Metaphysics' 
(1882);  <  The  Immanence  of  God  ' ;  <  Personalism.' 

Bowring,  Sir  John.  An  English  linguist, 
author,  and  noted  diplomat ;  born  in  Exeter, 
Oct.  17,  1792;  died  there,  Nov.  23.  1872.  He 
was  a  great  traveler  and  a  close  student ;  and 
boasted  that  he  knew  200  languages  and  could 
speak  100.  In  1825  he  became  editor  of  the 
Westminster  Review,  in  which  he  advocated 
Free  Trade  by  repeal  of  the  Com  Laws  in  ad- 
vance of  Bright  and  Cobden.  He  was  a  Mem- 
ber of  Parliament  in  1835-37  and  1841-47;  was 
appointed  on  various  commissions,  to  France, 
Switzerland,  Italy,  Syria,  etc.  In  1849  he  was 
British  consul  at  Hong-Kong,  where  he  becam* 
governor  in  1853.  In  1855  he  concluded  n 
treaty  with  Siam ;  he  was  knighted  in  1854. 
He  rendered  great  service  to  English  litera- 
ture by  translating  the  popular  poems,  and 
folk-songs  of  various  nations.  Among  his 
works  are :  <  Specimens  of  the  Russian  Poets ' 
(London,  1821-23);  *  Ancient  Poetry  and  Ro- 
mances of  Spain'  (1824);  < Specimens  of  the 
Polish  Poets'  (1827) ;  <  Servian  Popular  Poetry' 
(1827)  ;  <  Poetry  of  the  Magyars  '  (1830) ;  <  Ches- 
kian  Anthology'  (1832);  <The  Flowery  Scroll: 
a  Chinese  Novel'  (1868);  <The  Oak:  Original 
Tales  and  Sketches'  (1869);  and  two  import- 
ant volumes  of  travel :  •  The  Kingdom  and 
People  of  Siam'  (1857),  and  <A  Visit  to  th^ 


BOYE— BRACKENRIDGE 


71 


Philippine  Islands  >  (1859).  He  edited  with  a 
biography  (22  vols.,  London,  1838)  the  works 
of  Jeremy  Bentham,  of  whom  he  was  a  disciple 
and  admirer;  and  wrote  a  number  of  books 
on  political  and  social  topics,  and  also  hymns 
and  poems. 

Boye,  Kaspar  Johan  (bo'ye).  A  Danish 
poet  and  dramatist;  born  in  Kongsberg,  Nor- 
way, Dec.  27,  1791 ;  died  in  Copenhagen,  July 
6,  1853.  He  was  a  clergyman  who  wrote 
anonymously  for  the  stage,  becoming  <'  Den- 
mark's great  unknown »  upon  the  appearance 
of  <Juta,  Queen  of  Denmark,*  <  King  Sigurd,* 
and  other  plays,  of  which  only  <  William  Shakes- 
peare >  continues  on  the  boards.  His  <  There  Is 
a  Beautiful  Country  in  the  Far  North*  has 
become  a  national  favorite  hymn. 

Boyesen,  Sjalmar  Hjorth  (boi'e-sen).  An 
American  novelist;  born  at  Frederiksvarn, 
Norway,  Sept.  23,  1848;  died  in  New  York, 
Oct.  4,  1895.  After  completing  his  university 
studies  at  Christiania,  he  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1869  and  was  editor  of  a  Norwegian 
journal  in  Chicago.  He  returned  to  Europe  in 
1872  and  studied  Germanic  philology  at  Leip- 
sic  two  years ;  then  returning  to  this  country 
he  was  professor  of  German  in  Cornell  Uni- 
versity for  six  years,  and  then  of  Germanic 
languages  and  literature  in  Columbia  College 
till  his  death.  His  story  of  Norwegian  life, 
<  Gunnar,*  published  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly 
(1873),  and  his  <  Idyls  of  Norway  and  Other 
Poems*  (1883),  give  proof  of  his  rare  imagi- 
native faculty  and  his  deep  human  sympathies. 
Besides  these,  he  wrote :  <  Tales  from  Two 
Hemispheres*  (1875);  <A  Norseman's  Pilgrim- 
age*; <  Ilka  on  the  Hilltop  and  Other  Stories*; 
<A  Daughter  of  the  Philistines.* 

Bozdech,  Emanuel  (boz'dyech).  A  Bohe- 
mian dramatist;  born  at  Prague,  July  21,  1841. 
His  first  notable  success  in  1867,  with  the 
comedy  <  From  the  Days  of  Cotillons,*  was 
surpassed  the  following  year  when  he  brought 
out  his  tragedy  <  Baron  Gortz.*  Other  note- 
worthy productions  are :  <  The  World's  Master 
in  his  Night-Shirt,*  the  private  life  of  Napoleon 
I.;  <The  Test  of  a  Statesman*  (Prince  Kau- 
nitz).     He  wrote   also  some  novels.    Died  1889. 

Brabourne,  Edward  Huggessen  Knatch- 
bull-Huggessen,  Lord.  An  English  juvenile- 
story  writer ;  bom  in  Kent,  April  29,  1829  ;  died 
Feb.  6,  1893.  Has  been  Member  of  Parliament. 
His  literary  fame  is  due  mostly  to  his  stories 
for  children,  including:  'Moonshine*  (1871) ; 
< Tales  at  Tea-Time*  (1872);  < Queer  Folk* 
(1873);  < River  Legends*  (1874);  and  many 
others. 

Brace,  Charles  Loring.  An  American  au- 
thor and  philanthropist;  bom  in  Litchfield, 
Connecticut,  June  19,  1826;  died  in  the  Tyrol, 
Austria,  Aug.  11,  1890.  After  graduation  at 
Yale  in  1846,  he  studied  theology,  but  held  no 
pastorate.  He  devoted  himself  to  philanthropy 
in  New  York,  and  lectured,  wrote,  and  worked 
to  enlist  aid  for  the  children  of  the  poor.    His 


books  include  :  <  Hungary  in  1851  >  (New  York, 
1852) ;  <Home  Life  in  Germany*  (1853) ;  <The 
Norse  Folk*  (1857);  < Short  Sermons  to  News- 
boys* (1861) ;  <The  Dangerous  Classes  of  New 
York  and  Twenty  Years'  Work  among  Them* 
(1872;  3d  ed.  1880);  <Free  Trade  as  Promot- 
ing Peace  and  Good-Will  among  Men*  (1879) ; 
*Gesta  Christi'  (1883),  a  review  of  the  achieve- 
ments of  Christianity  from  the  earliest  days  in 
bettering  the  moral  and  social  condition  of  the 
world;  and  <To  the  Unknown  God*  (1889). 

Braclimann,  Earollne  Lulse  (brach'man). 
A  German  poet  (1777-1822);  born  at  Rochlitz. 
Her  <  Lyric  Poems  *  are  full  of  life  and  melody. 
She  wrote  also  a  poem  of  chivalry,  <  The  Judg- 
ment of  God,*  in  five  cantos,  and  several  ro- 
mances. 

Brachvogel,  Albert  Emil  (brach'f6"gel).  A 
German  dramatist  and  novelist  (1824-78) ;  born 
at  Breslau.  His  first  dramatic  compositions 
had  but  little  success ;  but  in  1856  he  produced 
<  Narcissus,*  which  established  his  faijie.  A 
long  series  of  dramas  then  followed ;  among 
them:  'Adalbert  von  Babanberge*  (1858),  most 
poetical  of  his  dramas  ;  <Mons  de  Caus*  (i860), 
the  tragedy  of  a  genius  who  is  in  advance  of 
his  time;  <The  Usurer's  Son*  (1863).  He  wrote 
a  great  many  historical  novels ;  among  them : 
<Schubart  and  his  Contemporaries*  (1864); 
< Beaumarchais *  (1865);  'William  Hogarth*: 
but  his  novels  are  now  forgotten. 

Brachvogel,  Udo.  A  German  poet;  bom 
near  Dantzic  in  1835.  He  published  a  volume 
of  '  Juvenile  Poems  *  at  Vienna  in  i860,  and  '  The 
Land  of  the  Theiss  and  its  Poets  *  (1882).  He 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1867  and  edited  jour- 
nals in  the  German  language.  He  made  an  excel- 
lent translation  of  <  Bret  Harte's  Poems  *  (1882). 

Brackel,  Ferdinande,  Baroness  von  (brack'- 
el).  A  German  novelist;  born  in  the  Circle 
of  Warburg,  Westphalia,  Nov.  25,  1835.  She 
published  a  volume  of '  Poems*  in  1873,  and  there- 
after devoted  herself  to  prose  fiction,  containing 
opinions  regarding  the  social  and  labor  ques- 
tions from  the  Catholic  point  of  view.  Many  of 
her  tales  have  been  translated  into  foreign  lan- 
guages. Among  her  stories  are  : '  The  Spinning- 
Master  of  Carrara*;  'Princess  Ada*  ;  '  Of  the 
Ancient  Stock* ;  'In  the  Battle  of  the  Time.* 

Brackenridge,  Henry  Marie  (brak'en-rij). 
A  distinguished  American  lawyer,  historian, 
and  writer  of  travels,  son  of  Hugh  Henry ;  born 
at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  May  11,  1786;  died  at  Pensa- 
cola,  Fla.,  Jan.  18,  1871.  He  was  a  judge  in 
Louisiana  and  Florida ;  and  was  United  States 
commissioner  to  the  South  American  republics 
in  1817-18.  He  wrote:  'History  of  the  Late 
War  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Brit- 
ain* (after  1820);  'Voyage  to  South  America* 
(1820);  'Persons  and  Places  in  the  West* 
(1834);  etc. 

Brackenrldge,  Hugh  Henry.  A  distin- 
guished American  lawyer  and  humorist ;  bom 
near  Campbelton,  Scotland,  1748;  died  at  Car- 
lisle, Pa.,  June  25,  1816.     He  was  judge  of  the 


72 


BR  ADDON  ->  SRANDT 


Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania  (1799).  He 
\n-ote :  <  Modern  Chivalry,  or  the  Adventures 
of  Captain  Farrago  and  Teague  O'Regan,  his 
Servant'  (1796-1806),  a  satire  very  popular 
early  in  the  present  century. 

Braddon,  Mary  Elizabeth,  maiden  name  of 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Maxwell;  born  in  London,  1837. 
At  an  early  age  she  began  to  write  verses  and 
stories.  Her  novels  are  old-fashioned,  based 
on  sensational  plots,  but  with  much  narrative 
power  and  descriptions  of  scenery,  and  have 
long  been  popular.  Among  them  are :  <  Lady 
Audley's  Secret'  (1862;  nth  ed.  1863);  < Au- 
rora Floyd  >  (1863;  8th  ed.  1864) ;  <The  Story  of 
Barbara'  (1880) ;  <  Asphodel  >  (1881) ;  <  IshmacP 
(1884)  ;  <  Wyllard's  Weird  >  (1886);  <  The  Vene- 
tians' (1892);  <  London  Pride' (1896);  <In  High 
Places  '  {1898) ;  <  His  Darling  Sin'  (1899).  She 
has  also  written  several  comedies. 

Bradford,  Alden.  An  American  historian 
and  journalist;  born  at  Duxbury,  Mass.,  Nov. 
19,  1765;  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  26,  1843.  Ori- 
ginally a  Congregational  divine,  he  became 
Secretary  of  State  of  Massachusetts  (1812-24), 
and  edited  the  Boston  Gazette  (1826).  He 
wrote:  < History  of  Massachusetts,  1764-1820'; 
♦History  of  the  Federal  Government';  etc. 

Bradford,  Joseph.  An  American  journalist 
and  dramatic  author ;  born  near  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  Oct.  24,  1843;  died  in  Boston,  Mass., 
April  13,  1886.  His  real  name  was  William 
Randolph  Hunter.  Besides  satirical  verses  he 
wrote  a  number  of  poems  which  were  highly 
esteemed,  especially  those  on  the  death  of  Vic- 
tor Hugo  and  of  General  Grant.  His  plays, 
<Our  Bachelors'  and  <One  of  the  Finest,' 
were  very  successful  and  are  still  popular. 

Bradford,  William.  An  American  colonial 
governor  and  author ;  born  in  Austerfield,  York- 
shire, England,  March  1588 ;  died  in  Plym- 
outh, Mass.,  May  9,  1657.  He  was  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  celebrated  compact  on  the  May- 
flower; and  in  1621,  on  the  death  of  the  first 
governor,  John  Carver,  was  elected  to  the  same 
office,  which  he  continued  to  fill  (with  the 
exception  of  a  brief  period  when  he  declined 
re-election)  until  his  death.  His  administra- 
tion was  remarkably  efficient  and  successful, 
especially  in  dealing  with  the  Indians.  His 
<  Diary  of  Occurrences,'  covering  the  first  year 
of  the  colony,  was  published  in  1622.  He  left 
a  number  of  religious  compositions  in  verse ; 
and  historical  prose  compositions  of  great  value, 
the  most  important  being  his  <  History  of  the 
Plymouth  Plantation'  from  the  formation  of 
the  society  in  England  in  1602  down  to  1647. 

Bradley,  Edward.    See  Bede,  Cuthbert. 

Braga,  Theophllo  (bra'ga).  A  Portuguese 
poet  and  scholar ;  born  at  St.  Michael,  Azores, 
Feb.  24,  1843.  On  quitting  the  university  of 
Coimbra,  he  took  up  the  study  of  Portuguese 
literature,  and  made  a  great  collection  of  popu- 
lar romances,  songs,  and  fairy  tales,  publishing 
the  result?  in  3  series  of  voJumesc    .Also  in  ^o 


volumes  he  published  a  pretty  complete  history 
of  the  national  literature  (1870-76).  Besides 
these  works  on  the  history  of  Portuguese  let- 
ters, he  issued  in  1877  a  <  General  Outline  of 
the  Positive  Philosophy';  in  1878  <  Positive  So- 
lutions of  Portuguese  Polities';  and  in  1884  a 

<  System  of  Sociology.'  His  poetical  writings 
comprise  :  <  Green  Leaves,'  written  in  boyhood ; 
<The  Vision  of  Time'  (1864),  a  series  of  pict- 
ures of  the  process  of  world-evolution,  in  the 
manner  of  Victor  Hugo :  and  <  Undine  of  the 
Lake  > ;  <  Torrents  >  and  <  World  Pictures.' 

Bralnard,    John    Gardiner   Calkins.      An 

American  poet ;  born  in  New  l>ondon,  Conn., 
Oct  21,  1796;  died  there,  Sept.  26,  1828.  After 
graduation  at  Yale  in  1815,  he  went  to  Hart- 
ford in  1822  and  took  charge  of  the  Connecti- 
cut Mirror.  His  poems  were  published  in  1825 ; 
the  third  edition,  called  <  Literary  Remains,' 
was  edited  with  a  biography  by  John  G.  Whit- 
tier  (1832). 

Brandes,  Edvard  (bran'des).  A  Danish  dram- 
atist, story-writer,  and  essayist ;  born  in  Co- 
penhagen, Oct.  21,  1847.  Of  his  plays,  <A 
Visit,'  <  Love,'  and  <  Under  the  Rule '  are  best 
known;  while  studies  on  art  subjects  denote 
his  critical  taste,  and  <The  Politician*  shows 
him  capable  of  well-planned  and  well-told  fic- 
tion. 

Brandes,  Georg  Morris  Cohen.  A  Danish 
man  of  letters;  born  at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  4, 
1842.  At  the  university  he  won  a  gold  medal 
for  an  essay  on  <  The  Idea  of  P'ate  among  the 
Ancients'  (1862).  He  then  made  extended 
travels  in  England,  France,  and  Germany, 
making  acquaintance  of  men  of  note  in  letters 
and  in  science.  He  afterward  wrote  works 
which  attained  a  European  reputation,  on  the 
history  of  contemporary  literature  in  the  coun- 
tries named ;  <  Main  Currents  of  igth-Century 
Literature,'  a  work  of  profound  research  and 
the  author's  masterpiece.  He  made  a  special 
study  of  < French  .i^isthetics  in  our  Day' 
(1870),  and  published  volumes  of  miscellaneous 

<  .Esthetic  Studies  >  and  <  Modern  Ghosts,  Por- 
traits of  the  19th  Century.'  He  settled  in  Berlin 
in  1877  ;  in  1883  returned  to  Copenhagen,  where 
he  now  resides. 

Brandes,  Johann    Christian.     A    German 

dramatist  (1735-99);  born  at  Stettin.  He  was 
an  indifferent  actor,  but  his  dramatic  compo- 
sitions were  received  with  great  favor  in  his 
day.  Some  of  his  comedies  possess  very  high 
merit ;  especially  <  Appearances  are  Deceitful, ' 
and  <The  Ennobled  Shopkeeper.'  Shortly  be- 
fore his  death  he  wrote  a  very  instructive  <  His- 
tory of  his  Life.' 

Brandt  or  Brant,  Sebastian  (brant).  A 
celebrated  German  satirical  poet  and  human- 
ist (1458-1521);  born  at  Strasburg.  He  was 
named  an  imperial  councillor  by  the  Emperor 
Maximilian  in  1503,  and  made  count  palatine. 
He  was  not  in  sympathy  with  the  Reformers. 
Though  he  wrote  Latin  poems,  and  treatises 
on  jurisprudenccj  he  ig  remembered  as  auttior  ot 


BRANTCME  —  BREMER 


73 


'The  Ship  of  Fools,'  a  satire  on  the  follies  and 
vices  of  the  time  (1494).  Its  distinguishing  note 
is  its  abounding  humor ;  but  it  owed  its  great 
popular  success  very  largely  to  the  clever  wood- 
cuts with  which  it  was  illustrated.  It  was 
translated  into  Latin  and  several  European 
vernacular  languages;  into  English  by  Henry 
Watson,  <The  Grete  Shyppe  of  Fooles  of  the 
Worlde*  (1517).  Barclay's  <  Shyp  of  the  Folys 
of  the  Worlde*  (1508)  is  in  part  a  translation, 
in  part  an  adaptation.  A  more  recent  imitation 
is  W.  H.  Ireland's  <  Modern  Ship  of  J"ools> 
(1807). 

Brantdme,  Pierre  de  Bourdeille,  Seigneur 

de  (bron-tom').  A  French  chronicler  (about 
1527-1614) ;  born  at  P^rigord.  He  was  for 
many  years  traveler  or  soldier;  retired  to  his 
estate  twenty  years  before  his  death,  and  used 
his  leisure  in  writing  his  <  Memoirs,*  in  sections 
devoted  to  <  Lives  of  Illustrious  Men  and  Great 
Captains  of  Foreign  Countries  * ;  of  <  Illustrious 
Men,  etc.,  of  France  > ;  of  <  Illustrious  Women  > ; 
of  'Courteous  Dames >;  < Anecdotes  of  Duels'; 

<  Spanish  Rhodomontades  and  Oaths  > ;  etc.  The 
author  is  vain  and  egotistical,  but  thoroughly 
naive  and  honest.  The  style  is  charmingly 
piquant,  with  frequent  sallies  of  wit  and  flashes 
of  eloquence.  He  is  indeed  a  fascinating 
chronicler.  His  <  Complete  Works,'  10  vols., 
were  published  at  the  Hague  (1740). 

Brassey,  Annie,  Lady.  An  English  descript- 
ive writer  ;  born  in  London,  about  1840  ;  died 
at  sea  on  the  Sunbeam,  Sept.  14,  1887.  After 
her  marriage  she  spent  half  of  her  life  at  sea, 
on  Lord  Brassey's  yacht  the  Sunbeam.  She 
was  buried  at  sea.  Her  travels  are  interest- 
ing, popular,  and  have  passed  through  many 
editions.  They  are:  < Natural  History  of  a 
Voyage  on  the  Sunbeam*  (1878);  <  Sunshine 
and  Storm  in  the  East'  (1879)  ;< Tahiti'  (1882) ; 

<  In  the  Trades,  the  Tropics,  and  the  Roaring 
Forties'  (1884);  and  'Three  Voyages  in  the 
Sunbeam'  (1886). 

Braun,  Karl  (broun).  A  German  political 
writer  (1822-93);  bom  at  Hadamar  in  Nas- 
sau. Of  his  very  numerous  writings  it  suffices 
to  name :  <  For  Free  Trade  and  Free  Traffic 
throughout  all  Germany'  (1858);  'Frankfort's 
Cry  of  Distress';  'Pictures  from  Germany's 
Littlestatedom.' 

Braun, Wilhelm  von.  A  Swedish  poet;  born 
Nov.  8,  1813;  died  Sept.  12,  i860.  He  aban- 
doned the  military  career  for  literature,  and 
speedily  became  one  of  the  most  popular 
poets.  His  'Collected  Works'  contain  every 
conceivable  form  of  poetical  composition,  but 
his  writings  are  characterized  by  licentiousness. 

Braun  von  Braunthal  (broun  f5n  broun'tiil). 
An  Austrian  dramatist  and  novelist  (1802-66) ; 
born  at  Eger.  He  essayed  all  kinds  of  poetry, 
and  in  all  displayed  no  ordinary  talent,  but  he 
was  deficient  in  correct  taste  and  judgment. 
Among  his  lyric  compositions  we  have  :  '  Songs 
of  a  Hermit ' ;  '  Morning,  Noon,  and  Night  in 
^  Poet's  Life ' ;  the  dramas  '  Count  Julian '  and 


<  Knight   Shakspere  ' ;    and   several   novels,  as 

<  Donna  Quixote,  or  the  Life  and  Opinions  of 
a  Sagacious  Noble  Lady  of  Young  Germany.' 

Bray,  Anna  Eliza.  An  English  woman  of 
letters;  born  in  London,  Dec.  25,  1790;  died 
there,  Jan.  21,  1883.  Her  maiden  name  was 
Kempe ;  she  studied  for  the  stage,  but  in  1818 
was  married  to  Charles  A.  Stothard,  son  of 
the  famous  artist,  and  after  his  death  became 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Edward  A.  Bray,  vicar 
of  Tavistock.  From  1826  to  1874  she  wrote  at 
least  a  dozen  novels,  one  of  which,  'The 
Talba,  or  the  Moor  of  Portugal,'  brought  hei 
the  acquaintance  of  Southey.  She  wrote  the 
'Life  of  Thomas  Stothard'  (1856),  and  many 
books  of  travels.  Her  letters  addressed  to 
Southey  on  the  superstitions  and  scenery  of 
Tavistock,  entitled  '  The  Borders  of  the  Tamar 
and  the  Tavy>  (3  vols.,  1836;  new  ed.  1879), 
and  <  A  Peep  at  the  Pixies,  or  Legends  of  the 
West'  (1854),  are  esteemed.  Mrs.  Bray's  <  Auto- 
biography' appeared  in  1884. 

Breckinridge,  Robert  Jefferson  (brek'in- 
rij).  A  noted  Presbyterian  divine  and  theo- 
logical writer;  born  at  Cabell's  Dale,  Ky., 
March  8,  1800;  died  at  Danville,  Ky.,  Dec.  27, 
187 1.  He  was  originally  a  lawyer.  He  became 
president  of  Jefferson  College,  1845-47 ;  from 
1847  he  was  pastor  at  Lexington,  Ky.  He  was 
a  leader  in  the  division  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  1837  into  Old  and  New  Schools. 
His  chief  work  was  '  Knowledge  of  God,  Ob- 
jectively Considered'  (1857);  'Knowledge  of 
God,  Subjectively  Considered'  (1859). 

Breden,  Christiane.    See  Cliristen. 

Brederoo,  Gerbrant  Adriaenszoon  (bra'de- 
ro).  A  distinguished  Dutch  dramatist  and 
poet;  born  at  Amsterdam,  March  16,  1585;  died 
there,  July  8,  1618.  His  best  poesy  is  in  '  The 
Meditative  Song-Book '  and  '  The  Great  Fount- 
ain of  Love ' ;  collections  of  grave  and  gay 
pieces,  all  of  which  have  been  very  popular, 
and  since  his  time  often  reprinted.  His  lyrics 
are  admired  for  their  musical  verse  and  their 
tender  sensibility;  but  his  masterpiece  is  un- 
questionably the  'Jerolimo'  (Spaansche  Bra- 
bander  Jerolimo),  a  comedy  based  upon  a 
French  version  of  one  of  Mendoza's  plays. 
Another  comedy,  'Moortje,'  is  an  adaptation 
from  Terence. 

Brehm,  Alfred  Edmund  (bram).  A  German 
naturalist  and  zoologist ;  born  in  Renthendorf, 
Feb.  2,  1829;  died  there,  Nov.  11,  1884.  He 
traveled  widely  and  studied  long,  partly  taught 
by  his  father,  likewise  a  distinguished  scientist ; 
producing  finally,  among  a  variety  of  works, 
his  monumental  'Animal  Life,  Illustrated '  (3d 
ed.  1890-93),  a  series  of  volumes  translated 
and  quoted  extensively. 

Bremer,  Fredrika  (bram'er).  A  Swedish 
novelist  (1801-65) ;  born  in  Abo,  Finland.  She 
was  brought  up  in  the  neighborhood  of  Stock- 
holm. She  was  a  voluminous  writer,  and  the 
income  from  her  publications  enabled  her  to 


74 


BRENTANO  ~  BRIGGB 


make  extensive  travels  over  Europe  and  in 
America.  Till  1839  her  fame  was  restricted  to 
Sweden ;  then  it  began  to  extend  to  Germany ; 
in  1842  was  published  in  London,  in  English, 
<The  Neighbors,)  and  forthwith  in  rapid  suc- 
cession translations  appeared  of  <The  Diary  >; 
'The  H.  Family >;  <The  President's  Family >; 
and  several  others  of  her  charming  delinea- 
tions of  domestic  life  in  Sweden.  She  visited 
the  United  States  in  1849;  and  in  1S51  her 
'Homes  of  the  New  World >  was  published 
simultaneously  in  England.  Sweden,  and  this 
country. 

Brentano,  Clemens  (bren-ta'no).  A  Ger- 
man poet  and  novelist  (1778-1842)  ;  born  at 
Ehrenbreitstein.  He  wrote  a  <Life  of  the 
Virgin  Mary,>  based  on  alleged  revelations. 
Among  the  works  of  his  early  days  are  found 
some  gems  of  lyric  poetry;  and  his  dramatic 
productions  — 'The  Merry  Musicians>  (1S03) ; 
'Ponce  de  Leon'  (1S04);  'The  Founding  of 
Prague  >  (1815) — manifest  great  power.  Some 
of  his  minor  novels  were  very  successful ;  among 
them  •  The  Good  Caspar  and  the  Fair  Annie ' 
(1817),  called  by  German  critics  «  a  masterpiece 
in  miniature."  His  'Fairy  Tales'  did  not  ap- 
pear till  after  his  death. 

Brentano,  Elizabeth,  commonly  known  as 
Bettina  von  Aniim.  A  German  wTiter  (1785- 
1859),  sister  of  Clemens  Brentano,  and  famed 
for  'Goethe's  Correspondence  with  a  Child >; 
which,  to  a  great  extent  fictitious,  is,  from  a 
purely  poetic  point  of  view,  one  of  the  fairest 
specimens  of  romanticism.  It  was  translated 
by  her  into  English,  and  in  that  garb  consti- 
tutes a  literary  curii-sity.  Of  a  similar  nature 
is  her  correspondence  .  Sih  Caroline  von  GUn- 
derode,  the  friend  of  her  youth,  published 
under  the  title  'Die  Giinderode  >  (1840).  She 
also  wrote  'This  Book  Belongs  to  the  King> 
(1843),  an  attempt  to  solve  the  question  of 
pauperism. 

Breton,  Nicholas.  An  English  poet  of  whose 
life  little  is  known  (1545-1626).  He  was  very 
versatile,  and  wrote  moral  and  religious  poems, 
satires,  romances,  books  of  character,  a  com- 
plete letter--vvriter,  pastorals,  and  UtIcs.  At  his 
best  his  verse  compares  favorably  with  the 
sweetest  of  the  Elizabethan  singers.  Some  of 
his  works  have  only  lately  been  recovered. 
Grosart,  'Breton's  Poems.' 

Breton  de  los  Herreros,  Manuel  (bra  ton' 
da  15s  ar-ra'ros).  A  Spanish  poet  (iSoo-73) ; 
bom  in  the  province  of  Logroiio.  He  is  the 
most  notable  Spanish  poet  of  the  first  half  of 
the  19th  century.  He  gave  to  the  Spanish 
stage  150  plays,  some  of  them  original,  others 
derived  from  ancient  Spanish  sources  or  trans- 
lated from  French  or  Italian.  In  him  the  old 
French  comedy  finds  not  so  much  an  imitator 
as  its  last  true  representative.  Among  his  best 
original  comedies  are :  '  I'm  Going  Back  to 
Madrid';  'Here  I  am  in  Madrid';  <This 
World  is  All  a  Farce ' ;  <  Die  Once  and  You'll 
See.'  He  was  less  successful  in  the  historic 
drama   than    in   comedy.    His   satiric    poems, 


'Hypocrisy';  'Moral  Epistle  on  the  Manners 
of  the  Age ' ;  and  '  Shamelessness,'  are  not  un- 
worthy of  their  author's  great  fame. 
Bretsctineider,     Heinricti    Gottfried    von 

(bret'shni-der).  An  Austrian  satirist  (i739- 
1810.)  Being  in  government  office,  he  published 
nearly  all  his  writings  anonymously.  Most 
notable  perhaps  of  all  his  compositions  is  the 
fine  street  ballad,  <  Frightful  Story  of  the  Mur- 
der of  Young  Werther.'  Worthy  of  mention 
too  is  the  <  Saints'  Kalendar  for  1788,'  admired 
by  Joseph  II  for  its  witty  sallies;  also  'George 
Waller's  Life  and  Morals,'  a  lively  satire  on 
the  intrigues  of  the  court  counselors  and  their 
agents. 

Bretzner,  Christian  Friedricli  (brets'ner). 
A  German  dramatist  (1748-1S07)  ;  born  at  Leip- 
sic.  He  wrote  several  successful  comedies,  fore- 
most among  them  'The  Marriage  Broker'  and 
'The  Go-Between';  also  two  musical  dramas, 
one  of  which,  <  Belmont  and  Consiantia,  or  the 
Elopement  from  the  Seraglio,'  was  used  by 
Mozart  as  a  libretto.  He  wrote,  on  the  basis 
of  designs  by  Chodoviecki  and  Hogarth,  a 
story,  'Life  of  a  Rake,'  in  three  volumes  (1787- 
88),  which  for  a  while  was  very  popular. 

Brewer,  Antony.  An  English  dramatist  who 
lived  in  the  17th  century.  He  is  the  author  ot 
'The  Love-Sick  King'  (1655),  reprinted  as 
'The  Perjured  Nun'  (1680).  The  famous  play 
<  Lingua,  or  the  Combat  of  the  Five  Senses 
for  Supremacy'  (1607),  half  masque,  half  mo- 
ralitv,  was  long  ascribed  to  him  and  bestowed 
fame  on  his  name.  'The  Merry  Devil  of  Ed- 
monton' (160S)  and  'The  Country  Girl'  (1647) 
were  long  taken  for  his. 

Brewer,  E.  Cobham.  An  English  clergj-man 
and  lexicographer;  born  in  London  May  2,  18 lo; 
died  at  Newark,  Eng.,  March  6,  1897.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  entered  the  ministr}'. 
He  edited  many  valuable  reference  books,  among 
which  are:  'Guide  to  Science'  (1850  ;  Dictionary 
of  Phrase  and  Fable  >  (1S85)  ;  'Reader's  Hand- 
book' (1SS4)  ;  '  Dictionar)' of  Miracles'  ;  etc. 

Bridges,  Robert.  An  American  essayist  and 
critic,  writing  under  the  pseudon)-m  <*  Droch  "  ; 
bom  in  Pennsylvania,  1858.  He  has  been  assist- 
ant editor  of  Scribner's  Magazine  since  1877, 
literary  critic  of  Life  since  1S83.  He  has  writ- 
ten:  'Overheard  in  Arcady,'  dialogues  about 
contemporary  writers;  'Suppressed  Chapters 
and  Other  Bookishness  > ;  <  Bramble  Brae. ' 

Brierley,  Benjamin.  An  English  sketch 
writer;  bom  in  Failsworth,  Lancashire,  in  1S25. 
His  reputation  rests  on  numerous  stories  and 
sketches  written  in  the  Lancashire  dialect 
His  pseudon\in  is  "  A.b-o'-th'  Yate."  Among 
his  best  books  are :  '  Tales  and  Sketches  of 
Lancashire  Life'  (London,  1862)  and  'Chron- 
icles of  Waverlow'  (1863).  <  Ab-o'-th'-Yate 
in  Yankeeland,'  two  visits  to  America  (1S87). 
Died  at  Manchester,  Jan.  iS,  1S96. 

Briggs,  Charles  Augustus.  An  American 
clerg>-man  and  religious  writer;  bom  in  New 
York    city.  Jan.    I^   1841.    For   a   nimiber   oi 


BRIGGS  —  BROCKES 


75 


years  he  was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  at  Roselle,  N.  J.  In  1874  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  Hebrew  in  Union  Theo- 
logical Seminary  in  New  York  city.  He  was  tried 
for  heresy  in  1892,  but  was  acquitted.  Among  his 
works  are:  <  American  Presb)'terianism>  (1885); 
<The  Messiah  of  the  Apostles  >  (1886)  ;  <  The 
Messiah  of  the  Gospels  > -/The  Higher  Criticism 
of  the  Hexateuch> ;  and  <  The  Bible,  the  Church, 
and  the  Reason  > ;  <  Ethical  Teachings  of  Jesus.> 

Briggs,  Cbarles  Frederick.  An  American 
journalist  and  author;  born  at  Nantucket, 
Mass.,  in  1804;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  June 
20,  1877.  He  was  prominently  connected  with 
several  newspapers,  among  others  the  New 
York  Times  and  New  York  Independent.  Be- 
sides several  poems,  he  wrote :  <  The  Advent- 
ures of  Harry  Franco  >  (1839);  <The  Haunted 
Merchant  >  (1843);  <  History  of  the  Atlantic 
Telegraph  Cable  >  (i860),  in  collaboration  with 
Augustus  Maverick. 

Bright,  John.  An  English  statesman ;  born 
near  Rochdale  in  Lancashire,  Nov.  16,  iSii; 
died  March  27,  1889.  The  son  of  a  wealthy 
Quaker  cotton  manufacturer,  after  his  father's 
death  his  brother's  generously  sharing  the 
profits  of  the  business  with  him  enabled  him 
to  remain  in  public  life.  In  early  life  he  began 
to  take  an  active  part  in  social  and  political 
reform.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1843,  and 
voted  for  repeal  of  the  Corn  Laws  and  for 
factory  regulation.  He  sympathized  with  the 
North  in  the  Civil  War.  He  first  entered  the 
government  in  1868,  as  president  of  the  Board 
of  Trade.  Thereafter  he  held  office  under  every 
Liberal  administration  till  1882.  He  was  an 
eloquent  and  impressive  orator.  His  speeches 
and  addresses  were  publisher"  n  successive 
volumes,  1867-69-79,  and  his  *- Public  Letters' 
in  1885. 

Brillat-Savarin,  Anthelme  (bre-ya'-sa-va- 
ran').  A  French  author  (1755-1826).  He  was 
a  deputy  to  the  national  convention  in  1789; 
emigrated  in  1793  and  passed  some  time  in 
the  United  States;  returned  to  France  in  1796. 
His  writings  were  mostly  anonymous ;  his  title 
to  fame  is  the  work  <  Physiology  of  Taste,'  an 
essay  on  the  social  implications  of  gastronomy, 
written  in  elegant  style  with  profound  knowl- 
edge of  the  subject-matter. 

Brink,  Jan  ten  (brink).  A  Dutch  novelist 
and  critic  ;  born  at  Appingedam,  June  15,  1834. 
Besides  essays  on  the  literature  of  his  own 
country,  of  France,  and  of  England,  he  has 
written  several  novels;  among  them :  <  Mrs. 
de  Roggeveen's  Son-in-Law ' ;  <  Holland 
Dames  and  Cavaliers'  ;  <Jan  Starter  and  his 
Wife' ;  and  a  ^Historic  Essay  on  the  French 
Revolution.' 

Brinton,  Daniel  Garrison.  An  American  sur- 
geon, archaeologist  and  ethnologist ;  bom  at 
Thornbury,  Pa.,  May  13,  1837  ;  died  at  Atlantic 
City,  N.  J.,  July  31,  1899.  During  the  Civil  War 
he  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Union  army.  From  1867 
to  1887  he  was  editor  of  the  Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Reporter,   In  1884  he  was  appointed  pro- 


fessor of  ethnology  at  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  in  Philadelphia  ;  and  in  1886  professor 
of  American  linguistics  and  archoeology  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  Among  his  many 
works  are  :  Notes  on  the  <  Floridian  Peninsula  > 
(1859);  (American  Hero  Myths  '  (1882);  'Ab- 
original American  Anthology  '  ;  etc.  He  edited 
the  Maya  chronicles,  and  is  a  high  authority  on 
all  American  archaeological  topics. 

Brisebarre,  Edouard  Louis  (brez-bar').  A 
French  dramatist  (1818-71);  born  at  Paris.  He 
made  a  brilliant  theatrical  success  with  his  first 
piece,  <  Cagliostro's  Vial'  (1835).  Thereafter 
he  produced  more  than  100  dramas  and  low 
comedies,  mostly  in  collaboration  with  other 
writers.     His    most    notable    productions    are : 

<  A  Bengal  Tiger ' ;  <  Leonard,'  which  had  an 
almost  unexampled  "  run  "  ;  <  The  Mad  Cow.' 

Bristed,  Charles  Astor.  ("Carl  Benson.") 
An  American  scholar  and  author;  born  in 
New  York  city,  Oct.  6,  1820 ;  died  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  Jan.  15,  1874.  He  graduated 
from  Yale  University  in  1839,  and  from  Trin- 
ity College,  Cambridge,  England,  in  1845.  He 
traveled  extensively  in  Europe,  and  was  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  the  magazines.  Among 
his  works  are :  <  Five  Years  in  an  English 
University'  (1851);  <The  Upper  Ten  Thou- 
sand' (1852) ;  <  Interference  Theory  of  Govern- 
ment' (1868). 

Britton,  Nathaniel  Lord.  An  American 
scientific  writer ;  born  on  Staten  Island,  N.  V., 
January  15,  1859.  He  is  director  of  the 
New  York  Botanical  Garden.  Among  his 
works  are :  <  Geology  of  Staten  Island ' 
(1880) ;  < Catalogue  of  the  Flora  of  New  Jersey' 
(1882);  and  <An  Illustrated  Flora  of  the  North- 
ern United  States,  Canada,  and  the  British 
Possessions,  from  Newfoundland  to  the  Par- 
allel of  the  Southern  Boundary  of  Virginia  and 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  I02d  Meridian,' 
in  collaboration  with  A.  Brown, —  a  very  au- 
thoritative work,  and  published  by  Charles 
Scribncr's  Sons. 

Brizeux,  Julien  Auguste  Pelage  (bre-ze'). 
A  French  poet  (1803-58) ;  born  at  Lorient.  He 
made  his  ddbut  with  the  charming  idyl  <  Marie ' 
(1831),  in  which  are  seen  all  the  graces  of  per- 
fect poetic  form  conjoined  with  tenderest  sen- 
timent. His  reputation  as  a  true  poet  was  well 
sustained  by  the  works  which  followed :  <  The 
Bretons '  and  <  Stories  in  Verse,'  both  crowned 
by  the  Academy.  He  composed  some  verses 
also  in  his  native  Breton  speech.  His  <  Com- 
plete Works'  are  in  four  volumes. 

Broadhurst,  George  H.,  an  American  drama- 
tist. He  wrote  :  <  What  Happened  to  Jones'; 
<Why  Smith  Left  Home';  <  The  Wrong  Mr. 
Wright' ;  <  AFooland  His  Money  ' ;  <The  Man 
of  the  Hour ' ;  <  The  Dollar  Mark ' ;  <  The  Law 
of  Love.' 

Brookes,  Barthold  Heinrich  (brok'es).  A 
German  poet  (1680-1747)  ;  He  became  a  magis- 
trate  at   Ritzebiittel.    There   he   composed  his 

<  Country  Life  at  Ritzebiittel,'  and  afterward 
published  *  Earthly  Employment  in  God  :  Poems 
of  Nature  and  Morality.' 


76 

Brockett,  Linus  Pierpont.  An  American 
historical  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in 
Canton,  Conn.,  Oct.  i6,  1820;  died  Jan.  13,  1893. 
He  graduated  from  Yale  Medical  College  in 
1843.  Since  1847  he  has  devoted  himself  to 
literature;  he  has  contributed  largely  to  ency- 
clopaedias, and  has  published  over  40  works, 
among  which  are:  'History  of  Education > 
(1849);  'History  of  the  Civil  War>  (1866); 
•The  Silk  Industry  of  America >  (1876). 

Brodhead,  Mrs.  Eva  Wilder  (McGlasson). 
An  American  novelist.  Among  her  most  pop- 
ular works  are  :  <  One  of  the  Visconti  > ;  <  Di- 
ana's IJvery  > ;  <  An  Earthly  Paragon  > ;  <  Bound 
in  Shallows.* 

Brodzlnski,  Kazimlerz  (brod-zins'ke).  A 
Polish  poet ;  born  at  Krolovka,  Galicia,  March 
8,  1791 ;  died  at  Dresden,  Oct.  10,  1835.  In  1818 
he  lectured  in  Warsaw  on  Polish  literature, 
and  was  afterward  professor  in  the  university. 
In  his  idyl  <Wieslav>  (1820)  the  life  of  the 
Polish  peasantry  is  beautifully  idealized.  His 
works  were  published  in  1842  (10  vols.). 

Broflferlo,  Angelo  (brof-fa're-o).  An  Italian 
poet  and  journalist ;  born  near  Asti,  Piedmont, 
in  1802;  died  May  26,  1866.  He  wrote  several 
dramas  and  comedies:  <Salvator  Rosa>;  'Re- 
turn of  the  Proscript>;  'My  Cousin >;  'All  for 
the  Best>:  they  met  with  much  popular  favor. 
By  a  volume  of  patriotic  'Songs,*  he  obtained 
from  his  countrymen  the  title  "  Piedmontese 
B^ranger.»  His  journal,  Voce  della  Liberti, 
was  a  powerful  instrument  in  bringing  about 
the  unification  of  Italy.  He  published  two  vol- 
umes of  'Memoirs.* 

Brome,  Alexander.  An  English  poet;  bom, 
1620 ;  died  1666.  He  was  of  pronounced  royal- 
ist sympathies,  and  is  remembered  for  various 
stanzas,  published  under  the  title  '  Songs  and 
Poems*  (1661),  and  a  comedy  called  'The 
Cunning  Lovers*  (1654). 

Brome,  Ricliard.  An  English  dramatist; 
supposed  to  have  died  in  1652.  Nothing  is 
known  of  his  birth  or  early  history,  save  that 
he  was  of  humble  origin.  He  was  the  servant 
of  Ben  Jonson,  and  wrote  himself  into  high 
repute.  He  is  mentioned  in  the  induction  to 
Jonson's  'Bartholomew  Fair.*  Jonson  praised 
his  work,  and  Brome  always  refers  to  Jonson 
with  pride.  Jonson  was  of  course  his  model, 
men  and  manners  his  study.  His  most  suc- 
cessful play  appears  to  have  been  '  The  North- 
em  Lass*  (1632),  frequently  acted  at  the  Globe 
and  Blackfriars;  'The  Sparagus  Garden  *  (1635) 
was  also  popular.  The  best  known  dramas 
besides  these  are:  'The  Antipodes*  (1640); 
'The  Jovial  Crew*  (i6';2);  'The  City  Wit> 
(1653);  and  'The  Court  Beggar*  (1653).  With 
Thomas  Heywood  he  wrote  'The  Late  Lan- 
cashire Witches*  (1634).  Brome  also  wrote 
minor  poems.  Two  volumes  of  '  Works  >  were 
published  in  I>ondon,  1653-59;  and  Brome's 
<  Dramatic  Works  *  in  London,  1873. 

Bronte,  Anne.  ("Acton  Bell.**)  An  English 
novelist,  sister  of  Charlotte  ;  bom  in  Thornton, 


BROCKETT  —  BROOKS 


Yorkshire,  1820 ;  died  in  Scarborough,  May  28, 
1849.  She  spent  her  life  in  her  father's  par- 
sonage at  Haworth ;  had  a  short  experience 
as  a  governess ;  and  published  poems  with 
her  sisters.  Her  novels  are:  'Agnes  Grey* 
(1847);  'The  Tenant  of  Wildfell  Hall*  (1848). 
(See  'Charlotte  Bronte  and  her  Sisters.*) 

Bronte,  Charlotte.  An  English  novelist; 
born  in  Thornton,  April  21,  1816;  died  in 
Haworth,  March  31,  1855.  Her  'Jane  Eyre* 
(London,  1847)  was  published  under  her  pseu- 
donym "Currer  Bell**;  and  many  personal 
experiences  are  embodied  in  her  novels,  which 
are:  'Jane  Eyre*  (1847);  'Shirley*  (1849); 
'Villette*  (1853);  'The  Professor*  (1855);  and 
'  Emma,*  unfinished.  Collective  edition,  7  vols., 
1872. 

Bronte,  Emily.  ["Ellis  Bell.'*]  An  English 
novelist,  sister  of  Charlotte ;  born  in  Thornton, 
1818;  died  in  Haworth,  Dec.  19,  1848.  Her 
novel  'Wuthering  Heights*  (1847)  shows  a 
powerful   and   fantastic  imagination.  (See 

'Charlotte  Bronte  and  her  Sisters.*) 

Brooke,  Henry.  An  Irish  novelist  and  dram- 
atist; born  in  Rantavan,  County  Cavan,  Ire- 
land, about  1703;  died  in  Dublin,  Oct.  10,  1783. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
and  studied  law  in  London,  where  he  became 
a  friend  of  Pope.  His  play  'Gustavus  Vasa* 
(1739)  was  performed  in  Dublin  as  'The  Pa- 
triot* 'The  Fool  of  Quality,  or  the  History 
of  Henry,  Earl  of  Moreland*  (5  vols.,  London, 
1760)  is  his  best  novel.  It  was  republished 
under  the  supervision  of  Charles  Kingsley  in 
1859.  Brooke's  works  were  collected  in  4  vols., 
London,  1778. 

Brooke,  Stopford  Augustus.  An  Irish  critic ; 
born  in  Letterkenny,  Ireland,  in  1832.  He 
graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  seceded 
from  the  Church  of  England,  and  now  has 
charge  of  a  Unitarian  chapel  in  Bloomsbury. 
He  has  published  religious  books;  but  is  noted 
for  his  scholarly  and  interesting  works  on  Eng- 
lish literature,  including  'History of  Early  Eng- 
lish Literature  '  (1S92)  ;  Tennyson:  his  Art  and 
Relation  to  Modern  Life  * ; '  The  Gospel  of  Joy.* 

Brooks,   Charles  Timothy.     An  American 

clergyman,  translator,  and  author;  born  in 
Salem,  Mass.,  June  20,  1813;  died  in  Newport, 
R.  I.,  June  14,  1883.  He  became  a  minister  iu 
the  Unitarian  Church  in  1835.  He  is  best 
known  as  a  translator  from  the  German  of 
Schiller,  Richter,  Goethe,  and  Schefer.  Among 
his  original  works  are :  '  Controversy  Touching 
the  Old  Stone  Mill*  (1851);  'Songs  of  Field 
and  Flood*  (1854);  'Poems,  Original  and 
Translated*  (1885). 

Brooks,    Charles    William    Shirley.      An 

English  humorist;  born  in  London,  April  29, 
1816;  died  there,  Feb.  23,  1874.  He  was  the 
son  of  an  architect,  and  forsook  law  for  jour- 
nalism. In  1853  he  was  sent  on  a  mission 
to  report  on  the  condition  of  labor  and  the 
poor  in  Russia,  Syria,  and  Egypt;  the  result 


BROOKS  —  BROUGHTON 


77 


of  which  appeared  in  <  The  Russians  of  the 
South'  (1856).  He  wrote  political  articles, 
attracted  attention  by  several  dramas  and  bur- 
lesques, and  in  1854  joined  the  staff  of  the 
London  Punch.  In  1870  he  succeeded  Mark 
Lemon  as  its  editor.  His  novels  —  which  in- 
clude: < Aspen  Court  >  (1855);  <The  Gordian 
Knot>  (i860);  <The  Silver  Cord>  (1861); 
•  Sooner  or  Later,>  with  illustrations  by  Du 
Maurier  (3  vols.,  1866-68);  <The  Naggletons* 
(1875)  show  keen  observation.  He  also  wrote 
•Amusing  Poetry >  (1857).  His  son,  Reginald 
Shirley,  collected  Brooks's  <Wit  and  Humor 
from  Punch  >  (1875). 

Brooks,  Elbridge  Streeter.  Born  in  Lowell, 
Mass.,  April  14,  1846;  died  at  Somerville,  Mass., 
Jan.  7,  1902.  He  wrote  many  juvenile  books  : 
<  Historic  Boys  >  (New  York,  1885);  <  Chivalric 
Days  )  ( 1886);  <  The  Story  of  the  American  In- 
dian )  ( 1887 ) ;  <  The  Story  of  New  York)  ( 1 888 ) . 

Brooks,  Maria  Gowan.  An  American  poet, 
pseudonym  •*  Maria  del  Occidente  >> ;  born  in 
Medford,  Mass.,  about  1795 ;  died  in  Matan- 
zas,  Cuba,  Nov.  Ii,  1845.  She  spent  her  youth 
in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  and  the  rest  of  her  life 
in  London,  New  York,  and  Cuba.  Her  chief 
poem  is  <  Zophiel,  or  the  Bride  of  Seven  > ;  the 
first  canto  of  which  appeared  in  Boston  in 
1825,  and  the  rest  was  finished  under  South- 
ey's  influence  in  1833.  <  Idomen,  or  the  Vale  of 
Yumuri,'  is  an  autobiography  (1843). 

Brooks,  Noah.  An  American  journalist  and 
author;  bom  in  Castine,  Me.,  Oct.  24,  1830. 
Since  1850  he  has  been  connected  with  news- 
papers in  Massachusetts,  California,  Washing- 
ton, and  New  York.  He  has  written  many  pop- 
ular books  for  boys,  among  which  are :  <  The 
Fairport  Nine>  (1880);  <Our  Baseball  Club» 
(1884);  <How  the  Republic  is  Governed.*  He 
has  recently  edited  and  enlarged  Bryant  and 
Gay's  <  History  of  the  U.  S.>     Died  Aug.  6,  1903. 

Brooks,  Phillips.  An  American  clergyman 
of  the  Episcopal  Church ;  born  in  Boston,  Dec. 
13,  1835 ;  died  there,  Jan.  23,  1893.  He  was  rec- 
tor of  Protestant  Episcopal  churches  succes- 
sively in  Philadelphia  and  in  Boston,  and  was 
made  Bishop  of  Massachusetts  in  1891.  He 
was  an  impressive  pulpit  orator  and  great  spirit- 
ual force,  and  published  many  volumes  of  ser- 
mons and  lectures;  notably :  <  Letters  of  Travel  >; 
•Lectures  on  Preaching*  (1877);  and  < Essays 
and  Addresses*  (1894). 

Brossboll,  Johan  Carl  Christian.     See  Etlar. 

BrOBS,  William.  A  noted  American  journal- 
ist; born  in  Montague,  Sussex  County,  N.  J., 
Nov.  4,  1813;  died  in  1890.  He  graduated  from 
Williams  College  in  1838  and  taught  school  for 
ten  years.  Later  he  settled  in  Chicago  and  en- 
tered the  publishing  business.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  city  council  from  1855  to  1856,  and 
lieutenant-governor  of  Illinois  from  1865  to 
1869.  Among  his  works  are:  < History  of  Chi- 
cago* (1876);  <Tom  Quick,  a  Romance  of 
Indian  Warfare.*  He  is  best  remembered  as 
the  proprietor  of  the  Chicago  Tribune. 


Brotherton,  Mrs.  Alice  (Williams !.  An  Amer- 
ican poet  and  magazine  writer ;  bom  in 
Cambridge,  Ind.  She  is  a  resident  of  Cincin- 
nati, O.  Her  chief  works  are :  <  Beyond  the 
Veil*  (1886);  <What  the  Wind  Told  the 
Tree-Tops,*  prose  and  verse  for  children; 
<  The  Sailing  of  King  Olaf,  and  Other  Poems  * 
(1887). 

Brougham,  Henry  Peter,  Lord  Brougham 
and  Vaux  (bro'am  or  brom).  An  eminent  Brit- 
ish statesman,  orator,  and  author;  bom  in 
Edinburgh,  Sept.  19,  1778 ;  died  at  Cannes, 
France,  May  7,  1868.  He  entered  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh  in  1792.  In  1802  he  helped 
to  found  the  Edinburgh  Review,  contributing 
to  the  first  four  numbers  twenty-one  articles, 
and  to  the  first  twenty  numbers  eighty  articles. 
The  article  on  Byron's  *■  Hours  of  Idleness  * 
provoked  the  poet  to  write  his  <  English  Bards 
and  Scotch  Reviewers.*  In  1810  Brougham 
entered  Parliament ;  where  his  remarkable  elo- 
quence gave  him  at  once  a  commanding  place. 
He  was  counsel  for  Queen  Caroline  in  George 
IV. 's  suit  against  her  (1820),  winning  a  decisive 
victory  which  raised  him  to  the  height  of  fame 
and  popularity.  He  became  Lord  Chancellor  in 
1830,  and  was  at  the  same  time  created  a  baron ; 
he  resigned  on  the  defeat  of  the  Whigs  in  1834, 
and  never  again  held  public  office,  though  still 
taking  effective  part  in  the  business  and  de- 
bates of  the  House  of  Lords.  His  later  years 
were  passed  partly  in  England,  and  partly  in 
the  beautiful  retreat  he  had  fitted  up  at 
Cannes.  He  was  the  steadfast  and  powerful 
champion  of  revision  and  reform  of  the  laws, 
popular  education,  the  abolition  of  slavery, 
and  the  maintenance  of  peace.  The  famous 
Reform  Bill  of  1832  was  carried  during  his 
chancellorship,  and  largely  by  his  agency.  His 
miscellaneous  writings  in  their  collected  edition 
(II  vols.,  1855-61)  cover  a  vast  number  and 
variety  of  subjects.  His  best  works  are  his 
•Sketches  of  the  Statesmen  of  the  Time  of 
George  HI.*  and  <  Lives  of  Men  of  Letters 
and  Science.*  An  edition  of  his  •  Speeches,* 
corrected  by  himself,  was  published  in  four 
volumes  in  1838.  His  <  Autobiography  *  was 
written  in  extreme  old  age,  and  is  unreliable. 

Brougham,  John.  An  American  actor  and 
playwright;  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  May  9, 
1814;  died  in  New  York,  June  7,  1880.  He 
made  his  ddbut  as  an  actor  in  England  in 
1830.  He  came  to  America  in  1842,  and  with 
the  exception  of  a  short  return  trip  to  Eng- 
land in  i860,  remained  here  until  his  death. 
He  was  the  author  of  over  100  comedies, 
farces,  and  burlesques.  Among  his  most  suc- 
cessful plays  were:  'Vanity  Fair*;  <The  Irish 
Emigrant  * ;  •  The  Game  of  Love  * ;  and  *  Lon- 
don Assurance,*  written  in  collaboration  with 
Dion  Boucicault.  He  is  also  author  of  sketches 
entitled  < Basket  of  Chips*  (1855)  and  <Bunsby 
Papers.' 

Broughton,  Rhoda.  An  English  novelist  ,- 
born  in  Segrwyd   Hall,  Denbighshire,  Walo* 


78 

Nov.  29,  1840.  She  is  the  daughter  of  a  clergy- 
man, and  now  resides  at  Broughton  Hall, 
Cheshire.  Her  novels  are  very  popular,  and 
include:  < Cometh  Up  as  a  Flower >  (1867); 
<Not  Wisely  but  Too  WelP  (1867);  <  Red  as 
a  Rose  is  She>  (1870);  <Good-by,  Sweetheart  > 
(1872);  <  Nancy  >  (1873);  <  Belinda  >  (1883); 
'Doctor  Cupid >  (1886);  <Alas>  (1890);  <Mrs. 
Bligh>  (1892);  and  <A  Beginner  >  (1894). 

Brown,  Alice.  An  American  essayist  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  New  Hampshire 
in  1857.  She  is  on  the  staff  of  the  Youth's 
Companion.  Among  her  works  are :  <  Fools  of  Na- 
ture, >  a  novel  (1887) ;  *  Meadow  Grass  > ;  <  Robert 
Louis  Stephenson  >;  <  Life  of  Mercy  Otis  War- 
ren >;  <  The  Country  Road ';  <  The  Court  of  Love.> 

Brown,  Charles  Brockden.  An  American 
novelist;  born  in  Philadelphia, Pa.,  Jan.  17, 1771 ; 
died  Feb.  22,  1810.  His  most  famous  novels 
are :  <  Wieland,  or  the  Transformation,*  a  tale 
of  ventriloquism  {1798)  ;  <Ormund,  or  the  Secret 
Witness  >  (1799);  'Arthur  Mervyn,>  containing 
a  description  of  the  yellow-fever  plague  of 
1793  in  Philadelphia  (1799-80);  <Jane  Talbot* 
(1801);  <  Edgar  Huntly,  or  the  Sleep-Walker> 
(1801);  and  <  Clara  Howard,*  reprinted  as  <  Philip 
Stanley*  (1806).  His  novels  have  attained  a 
considerable  vogue  in  foreign  countries,  trans- 
lations of  them  into  French  and  German  prov- 
ing popular.  They  also  sold  largely  at  one 
time  in  England. 

Brown,  David  Paul.  An  American  lawyer, 
playwright,  and  author;  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  Sept.  28,  1795;  died  there,  July  11,  1872. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1816.  Among 
his  works  are:  <Sertorius,*  a  tragedy  (1830); 
<  Love  and  Honor,*  a  farce.  He  also  wrote 
<The  Forum,  or  Forty  Years'  Full  Practice  at 
the  Philadelphia  Bar*  (1856). 

Brown,  Emma  Elizabeth.  An  American 
biographical  writer;  born  in  New  Hampshire 
in  1847.  She  is  a  resident  of  Newton,  Mass. 
Her  works  include  popular  lives  of  Washing- 
•  ton,  Garfield,  Holmes,  and  Lowell ;  and  among 
other  volumes:  <The  Child  Toilers  of  Boston 
Streets*  (1878);  <True  Manliness*  (1880). 

Brown,  Frances.  An  Irish  poet;  bom  in 
Stranorlar,  County  Donegal,  Ireland,  in  1816. 
She  is  called  "The  Blind  Poetess  of  Ulster,** 
and  is  known  by  <The  Star  of  Attdgh^i  and 
Other  Poems*  (London,  1844),  and  <  Lyrics  and 
Miscellaneous  Poems'  (1847). 

Brown,  John.  A  Scotch  essayist;  born  at 
Biggar,  1810 ;  died  1882.  He  practiced  medi- 
cine in  Edinburgh.  Whatever  his  pen  touched 
it  adorned.  The  objects  of  his  affection  were 
homely  landscapes,  old  fashioned  people,  the 
departed,  children,  and  dogs.  Humor  and  pa- 
thos tinged  all  he  wrote.  The  story  of  Rab, 
the  dog,  and  that  of  Marjorie  Fleming,  the 
child,  will  live  long  in  English  literature. 
Three  volumes  contain  all  his  writings  :  <  Horse 
Subsecivse*  (2  vols.),  and  <John  Leech  and 
other  Papers.* 


BROWN  — BROWNE 


Brown,  Oliver  Madoz.  An  English  author 
and  artist ;  born  in  Finchley,  Jan.  20,  1855 ;  died 
in  London,  Nov.  5,  1874.  He  inherited  great 
talent  for  painting  from  his  father.  Ford  Madox 
Brown  (1821-^3),  and  at  an  early  age  exhibited 
remarkable  water-colors.  Although  he  died 
young,  his  literary  work,  including  stories  and 
poems,  is  valued  for  its  imaginative  power. 
His  <  Literary  Remains*  (London,  1876)  con- 
tain his  story  <The  Black  Swarl,*  originally 
published  as  < Gabriel  Denver*  (1873),  and  a 
sonnet  to  his  memory  by  Dante  Gabriel  Ros- 
setti.  See  J.  H.  Ingram,  <0.  M.  Brown*  (Lon- 
don, 1883). 

Brown,  T.  E.  An  English  poet ;  born  at  Doug- 
las, Isle  of  Man,  in  1830;  died  at  Clifton,  Oct.  30, 
1897.  He  was  a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, and  had  made  a  special  study  of  manners 
and  people  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  where  he  was 
stationed.  His  poems  comprised  narratives  in  the 
Manx  dialect,  and  personal  lyrics  and  elegiacs. 
The  most  notable  are  :  <  Betsy  Lee  > ;  <  Fo'c's'le 
Yams*;  <The  Manx  Witch*  and  <The  Doctor.* 

Browne, Charles Farrar.  («Artemus Ward.**) 
An  American  humorist;  born  at  Waterford, 
Me.,  April  26,  1834 ;  died  at  Southampton,  Eng- 
land, March  6,  1867.  He  is  most  celebrated  for 
the  collections  of  humor  called  <  Artemus  Ward, 
his  Book*  (1862);  < Artemus  Ward,  his  Trav- 
els* (1863?).  His  productions  were  widely 
quoted,  and  his  popularity  as  a  lecturer  was 
very  great.  In  1866  he  visited  England  on  a 
lecture  tour,  and  contributed  to  Punch. 

Browne,  Irving.  An  American  lawyer,  edi- 
tor, and  author;  born  in  Marshall,  Oneida 
County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  14,  1835.  In  1857  he  grad- 
uated from  the  Albany  Law  School  and  prac- 
ticed in  Troy.  In  1879  he  became  editor  of 
the  Albany  Law  Journal.  His  works  include : 
< Humorous  Phases  of  the  Law*  (1876);  <Law 
and  Lawyers  in  Literature*  (1883);  <The  Ele- 
ments of  Criminal  Law.*     Died  Feb.  6,  1899. 

Browne,  John  Ross.  An  Irish-American 
traveler  and  author;  born  in  Ireland  in  1817; 
died  in  Oakland,  Cal.,  Dec.  9,  1875.  He  came 
when  a  child  to  the  United  States.  His  chief 
works  are :  <  Etchings  of  a  Whaling  Cmise, 
with  Notes  of  a  Sojourn  on  the  Island  of  Zan- 
zibar* (1846);  <Yusef,  or  the  Journey  of  the 
Fragi:  a  Crusade  in  the  East*  (1853);  <The 
Land  of  Thor*  (1866);  and  < Adventures  in  the 
Apache  Country*  (1869). 

Browne,  Junius  Henri.  An  American  jour- 
nalist ;  bom  at  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  in  1833. 
He  died  in  New  York  city,  April  2,  1902. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  Four  Years  in  Secessia  > 
(1865);  <The  Great  Metropolis,  a  Mirror  of 
New  York  >  (1869);  <  Sights  and  Sensations  in 
Europe)  (1872). 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas.  An  English  anti- 
quary and  physician  (1605-82);  born  in  Lon- 
don. After  receiving  an  academic  and  a 
professional  (medical)  education  in  England, 
he  visited  the  Continent  and  took  the  degree 
M.  D.  at  Leyden.    He  was  knighted  by  Charles 


BROWNE  —  BROWNSON 


79 


II.  His  principal  work  is  <Religio  Medici' 
(1642),  a  liberal  confession  of  faith  for  that 
day.  Four  years  later  he  published  a  treatise 
on  'Vulgar  Errors,*  directed  against  the  cur- 
rent superstitions  of  his  contemporaries.  <  Urn 
Burial  >  appeared  in  1658.  After  his  death  a 
collection  of  his  fugitive  pieces  was  published ; 
and  this  was  followed  by  <  Christian  Morals,' 
a  collection  of  aphorisms. 

Browne,  Thomas  Alexander.  See  Boldre- 
wood. 

Browne,  William.  An  English  poet;  bom 
in  Tavistock,  Devonshire,  in  1591 ;  died  in 
Ottery  St.  Mary,  about  1643.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  spent  a  quiet,  tranquil 
life.  His  poetry  is  graceful  and  fanciful,  and 
abounds  in  beautiful  pictures  of  English  scen- 
ery. Browne  has  always  been  much  admired 
by  the  poets.  His  chief  work  is  'Britannia's 
Pastorals'  (1613-16).  <The  Shepherd's  Pipe' 
(1614)  is  a  collection  of  eclogues,  and  <  The 
Inner  Temple  Masque'  (1614-15)  tells  the 
story  of  Ulysses  and  Circe.  His  minor  poems 
are  very  fine.  The  best  modern  editions  are 
by  Hazlitt  for  the  Roxburghe  Club,  and  by 
Gordon  Goodwin,  <  The  Muse's  Library.' 

Brownell,  Henry  Howard.  An  American 
poet  and  writer  of  historical  sketches ;  born  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  Feb.  6,  1820 ;  died  at  East 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Oct.  31,  1872.  His  first  poetic 
venture  was  a  spirited  versification .  of  Farra- 
gut's  *  General  Orders  >  to  the  fleet  below  New 
Orleans.  Afterward  he  was  appointed  to  an 
honorary  place  on  the  Hartford  flagship,  and 
had  opportunity  to  observe  actual  naval  war- 
fare. In  <The  Bay  Fight'  he  describes  with 
truth  and  force  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay.  He 
collected  and  published  his  many  occasional 
verses  in  'Lyrics  of  a  Day,  or  Newspaper 
Poetry  by  a  Volunteer  in  the  U.  S.  Service ' 
(1864). 

Brownell,  William  Crary.  An  American 
essayist  and  critic ;  born  in  New  York  city, 
Aug.  30, 1851.  He  graduated  from  Amherst,  and 
has  devoted  himself  to  critical  and  editorial 
work  in  New  York.  He  is  editor  of  Scribner's 
Magazine,  and  has  written:  'French  Traits: 
an  Essay  on  Comparative  Criticism'  (1889); 
'French  Art'  (1892);  and  'Newport'  (1896). 

Browning,  Elizabetli  Barrett.  An  English 
poet;  born  in  Durham,  March  6,  1809;  died  in 
Florence,  June  30,  1861.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  an  English  country  gentleman,  Edward 
Moulton,  who  took  the  name  of  Barrett.  In 
September  1846  she  married  Robert  Browning. 
Her  chief  poems  are:  'The  Seraphim'  (1838) ; 
'Romaunt  of  the  Page'  (1839);  'The  Drama 
of  Exile'  (1844);  *A  Vision  of  Poets'  (1844); 
'The  Cry  of  the  Children'  (1844);  'Casa 
Guidi  Windows'  (1851) ;  'Aurora  Leigh'  (1856), 
in  a  measure  autobiographical.  Her  poem 
'  Lady  Geraldine's  Courtship '  contains  a  strik- 
ing characterization  of  the  poetry  of  Browning. 
Her  '  Sonnets  from  the  Portuguese '  are  among 
the  noblest  of  love-poems.  The  '  Romance 
of    the    Swan's    Nest';    the    'Rhyme    of    the 


Duchess  May';  the  'Romaunt  of  Margret'; 
'  Bertha  in  the  Lane  > ;  and  '  Isobel's  Child,'  are 
romantic  and  original  ballads.  ';Prometheus 
Bound,'  a  metrical  translation  of  ^Eschylus, 
was  published  in  1850. 

Browning,  Robert.  An  English  poet ;  bom 
in  Camberwell,  May  7,  1812;  died  in  Venice, 
Dec.  12,  1889.  His  first  dramatic  poem, '  Paul- 
ine,' which  appeared  anonymously  in  1833,  was 
followed  two  years  later  by  'Paracelsus'; 
'Strafford'  (1837);  'Sordello'  (1840);  and  a 
series  of  plays  and  dramatic  lyrics  under  the 
title  of  'Bells  and  Pomegranates'  (1841-46). 
This  collection  included:  '  Pippa  Passes'; 
'King  Victor  and  King  Charles';  'Colombe's 
Birthday ' ;  '  The  Return  of  the  Dmses ' ;  'A 
Blot  on  the  'Scutcheon';  'Luria';  and  <A 
Soul's  Tragedy.'  In  1846  he  married  Eliza- 
beth Barrett,  and  resided  in  Florence  until  her 
death  in  1861,  when  he  returned  to  London; 
but  much  of  the  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  Italy.  'The  Ring  and  the  Book'  was 
published  in  1869.  His  other  works  include: 
'Christmas  Eve  and  Easter  Day'  (1850) ;  'Men 
and  Women'  (1855);  'Dramatis  Personoe' 
(1864);  <  Balaustion's  Adventure'  (1871)  ;  'Fi- 
fine  at  the  Fair'  (1872);  'Red-Cotton  Night- 
cap Country'  (1873);  'Dramatic  Idylls'  (1879- 
80);  'Jocoseria'  (1883);  'Ferishtah's  Fancies' 
(1884);  and  <  Parleyings  with  Certain  People 
of  Importance  in  their  Day'  (1887).  The  'Com- 
plete Poetic  and  Dramatic  Works :  Cambridge 
Edition'  are  published  in  i  vol.  by  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.;  the  'Complete  Works'  (1897), 
edited  by  Augustine  Birrell,  in  2  vols.,  are  pub- 
lished by  the  Macmillan  Company. 

Brownlow,  William  Gannaway.  ("Parson 
Brownlow.")  An  American  politician,  journal- 
ist, and  author;  born  in  Wythe  County,  Va., 
Aug.  29,  1805;  died  in  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  April 
29, 1877.  During  his  early  career  he  was  an  itin- 
erant preacher,  editor,  and  lecturer.  He  was  a 
Union  champion  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
banished  from  the  Confederate  lines  on  that 
ground.  In  1865  he  was  elected  governor  of 
Tennessee,  and  was  re-elected  in  1867.  He  was 
U.  S.  Senator  from  1869  to  1875.  Among  his 
works  are:  'The  Great  Iron  Wheel  Exam- 
ined' (1858);  'Sketches  of  the  Rise,  Progress, 
and  Decline  of  Secession'  (1862). 

Brownson,  Orestes  Augustus.  An  American 
author ;  born  in  Stockbridge,  Vt.,  Sept.  16,  1803 ; 
died  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  April  17,  1876.  His  early 
education  was  slight.  Originally  a  Presbyte- 
rian, he  became  a  Universalist  minister,  after- 
ward a  Unitarian,  and  finally  a  Roman  Cath- 
olic. He  was  an  ardent  champion  of  popular 
rights,  and  advocated  a  mild  form  of  socialism. 
His  greatest  work  was  the  establishment  and 
editorship  of  the  Boston  Quarterly  Review 
(1838-43)  and  Brownson's  Review  (1844-64  and 
1873-75).  Of  his  extensive  works,  the  best 
known  are :  <  The  Convert,  or  Leaves  from  my 
Experience'  (1857);  and  'The  American  Re- 
public, its  Constitution,  Tendencies,  and  Des- 
tiny' (1865). 


8o 


BRUCE  —  BUCHANAN 


Bruce,  Wallace.  An  American  lecturer  and 
poet;  born  in  Hillsdale,  Columbia  County, 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  10, 1844.  He  is  a  prominent  lecturer 
on  literary  subjects.  Among  his  works  are : 
<The  Land  of  Burns  >  (1879);  <From  the  Hud- 
son to  the  Yosemite>  (1884J;  'Wayside  Poems'; 
<  Here's  a  Hand  >;  <Leaveso{  Gold  >;  <Wanderers.> 

Brun,  Friederike  Sophie  Christiane  ^bron). 
A  German  poet  and  writer  of  travels  (1765- 
1835) ;  born  (Miinter)  at  Grafentonna  in  the 
district  of  Gotha.  She  traveled  extensively 
through  Switzerland,  southern  France,  Italy,  and 
other  countries,  and  came  into  personal  acquaint- 
ance with  many  of  the  foremost  personages 
of  her  day;  Johann  von  Miiller,  Matthisson, 
Necker,  Angelica  Kauffmann,  Mme.  de  Stael, 
etc.  Her  books  of  travel  were  held  in  very 
high  esteem.  She  published  three  small  vol- 
umes of  <  Poems  >;  and  <  Truth  from  Morning 
Dreams  and  Ida' ;  Esthetic  Development,'  con- 
taining reminiscences  of  her  early  years. 

Brunetidre,  Ferdinand  (briin-tyar').  A  dis- 
tinguished French  critic;  born  in  Toulon,  July 
19,  1849.  He  is  the  editor  of  the  <  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes'  and  became  a  member  of 
the  French  Academy,  1893.  In  criticism  he  in- 
clines to  the  idealist  as  opposed  to  the  natural- 
ist school.  His  principal  works  are  :  <  History 
and  Literature'  (1884,  3  vols.) ;  <The  Naturalist 
Romance'  (1883);  < Essays  on  Contemporary 
Literature'  (1892) ;  'Epochs  o  the  French  The- 
atre '  (1892).    Died  Dec.  9,  1906. 

Bruni,  Leonardo  (bro'ne),  surname^^  Are- 
tino.  A  noted  Italian  humanist ;  born  at 
Arezzo,  1369;  died  in  Florence,  March  9,  1444. 
He  forsook  the  study  of  jurisprudence  to  de- 
vote himself  wholly  to  the  ancient  classics; 
was  secretary  to  four  popes  from  1404  to  1415, 
but  then  resigned,  to  write  the  history  of  Flor- 
ence (in  10  books).  In  reward  he  was  made 
chancellor  of  Florence.  His  principal  service 
to  the  cause  of  letters  was  in  translations  of 
Aristotle,  Plato,  Plutarch,  Demosthenes,  into 
Latin.  He  wrote  a  Latin  comedy.  His  <  Epis- 
tles' are  of  value  for  the  history  of  his  time. 

Bruno,  Giordano  (brb'no).  A  renowned  Ital- 
ian philosopher;  born  at  Nola,  near  Naples, 
Italy,  1548;  burned  at  the  stake  in  Rome,  Feb. 
17,  1600,  charged  with  heresy.  His  best-known 
works  are:  < Ash-Wednesday  Conversations'; 
<The  Work  of  the  Great  Key';  <The  Explor- 
ation of  the  Thirty  Seals';  <The  Taper'; 
< Expulsion  of  the  Triumphant  Beast';  <The 
Heroic  Enthusiasts';  and  a  great  number  of 
Other  writings  in  prose  and  verse. 

Brush,  Mrs.  Christine  (Chaplin).  An 
American  artist  and  novelist;  born  in  Bangor, 
Me.,  in  1842  ;  died  at  Brooklyn,  Feb,  3,  1892. 
She  was  a  resident  of  Brooklyn.  Her  chief 
work,  <  The  Colonel's  Opera  Cloak, >  a  novel, 
was  published  anonymously  in  1879.  She  also 
wrote  two  stories  :  <  Inside  our  Gates  > ;  <  One 
Summer's  Lessons  in  Perspective. > 

Bryant,  William  Ciillen.  An  American 
poet;   bom   in   Cumnaington,    Mass.,    Nov.    3, 


1794;  died  in  New  York,  June  12,  1878.  After 
two  years  in  Williams  College  he  left  it,  and 
turned  his  attention  to  law.  But  in  early  youth 
he  produced  <  Thanatopsis,'  and  some  of  his 
best  lyrics,  —  <  To  a  Waterfowl,'  <  The  Yellow 
Violet,'  etc., —  which  were  the  opening  of  a 
high  literary  career.  His  longest  poem,  <The 
Ages,'  was  recited  at  Harvard  in  1821.  In  1829 
he  became  editor-in-chief  of  the  New  York 
Evening  Post.  His  books  include  :  <  Letters  of  a 
Traveler'  (1855);  < Letters  from  Spain'  (1859); 
'Letters  from  the  East'  (1869);  and  a  'Popular 
History  of  the  United  States,'  with  S.  H.  Gay 
(4  vols.,  1878-82).  His  'Poems'  appeared  in 
New  York  in  1832,  and  Washington  Irving 
reprinted  them  in  London,  where  they  went 
through  several  editions.  This  book  was  fol- 
lowed by  'The  Fountain  and  Other  Poems' 
(1842)  and  'The  White-Footed  Deer  and  Other 
Poems'  (1844).  His  first  complete  edition  was 
issued  in  Philadelphia  in  1846.  In  his  old  age 
Bryant  began  a  translation  of  the  '  Iliad  >  and 
'  Odyssey '  in  blank  verse ;  and  his  last  great 
poem  was  <  The  Flood  of  Years,'  a  noble  pend- 
ant to  <  Thanatopsis.'  Among  his  pyems  that 
have  become  popular  favorites  are  :  the  '  Forest 
Hymn ' ;  <  The  West  Wind  > ;  <  June ' ;  <  Death  of 
the  Flowers  > ;  and  '  Hymn  to  Death.' 

Bryce,  James.  An  Irish  historian ;  born  in 
Belfast,  May  10,  1838.  After  graduating  at  Ox- 
ford in  1862,  he  studied  at  Heidelberg,  and  sub- 
sequently practiced  law  in  London.  From  1870 
till  1893  he  was  regius  professor  of  civil  law  in  Ox- 
ford, has  had  a  distinguished  political  career.  He 
has  supported  Home  Rule,  city  reforms,  and  inter- 
national copyright.  His  chief  works  are  :  <  The 
Holy  Roman  Empire'  (1864);  'Transcaucasia 
and  Ararat'  (1877);  'The  American  Common- 
wealth '  (1888).     Since  1906  Ambassador  to  U.  S. 

Bryce,  Lloyd.  An  American  editor  and  nov- 
elist ;  born  in  Long  Island,  N.Y.,  1851.  He  was  ed- 
itor of  the  North  American  Review  from  1889  to 
1896.  His  works  are :  <  Paradise ' ; '  A  Dream  of 
Conquest' ;  '  The  Romance  of  an  Alter  Ego' ; 
<  Friends  in  Exile  > ; '  After  Christianity,  What  >  ? 

Bube,  Adolf  (bo'ba).  A  German  poet  (1802- 
73) ;  born  at  Gotha.  He  published  two  vol- 
umes of  miscellaneous  '  Poems,'  characterized 
by  sincere  feeling  for  nature.  He  compiled 
several  volumes  of  '  Popular  Legends,'  espe- 
cially of  Thuringia,  which  he  rendered  in  verse. 

Buchanan,  Robert  Williams.  An  English 
author  ;  born  at  Caverswall,  Staffordshire,  Aug. 
18,  1841  ;  died  in  London,  June  10,  1901. 
He  was  educated  at  Glasgow,  and  went  to 
London  to  engage  in  literature.  His  attack 
upon  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti  drew  a  famous 
letter  from  that  poet  and  a  scathing  pamphlet 
from  Swinburne.  His  poems  include  :  <  Under- 
tones >  ( 1863) ;  <  Idylls  and  Legends  of  Inver- 
bum>  (1865);  'London  Poems, >  his  best 
effort  (1866);  'North  Coast  Poems)  (1867) ; 
'Napoleon  Fallen:  a  Lyrical  Drama >  (1871); 
<The  Drama  of  Kings)  (1871)  ;  'Ballads 
of  Love,  Life,  and  Humor  >  (1882)  ;  and 
'The    City  of    Dreams >    (1888).       His    bart 


BUCHEZ  -  BULPINCH 


8t 


novels  are :  *  The  Shadow  of  the  Sword ' 
(1876);  <A  Child  of  Nature)  (1879);  <  God 
and  the  Man  >  (1881);  <  The  Martyrdom  of 
Madeline)  (1882);  and  <  Foxglove  Manor > 
(1884).  Buchanan  also  wrote  successful  plays. 
His  poems  have  been  collected  (3  vols., 
London,  1874). 

Buchez,  Philippe  Benjamin  Joseph  (bii- 
sha').  A  French  annalist  and  physician;  born 
in  Mortagne,  Ardennes,  March  31,  1796;  died 
at  Rhodez,  Aveyron,  Aug.  12,  1865.  With 
Roux-Lavergne  he  projected  the  <  Parliament- 
ary History  of  the  French  Revolution  >  (40 
vols.,  1833-38),  a  work  of  inestimable  utility. 

Buchner,  Ludwig,  a  German  scientist  and 
author  ;  born  at  Darmstadt,  March  28, 1824 ;  died 
there  May  i,  1899.  His  first  publication,  <  Force 
and  Matter*  (1885),  aroused  vehement  opposition. 
His  other  writings  include  <  Nature  and  Spirit  * ; 

<  From  Nature  and  Science  > ;  •  Man  and  his  Po- 
sition in  Nature  > ;  <  The  Darwinian  Theory  of 
the    Origin   and   Change  of  Living    Matter  * ; 

<  God  and  Science  > ;  <  The  Power  of  Heriditary 
Transmision> ;  <  Future  Life  and  Modem  Science  ; 

<  Darwinism  and  Socialism.  > 

Buchner,  Georg  (biich'ner).  A  German 
poet ;  bom  near  Darmstadt,  Oct.  17,  1813 ;  died 
Feb.  19,  1837.  fie  studied  natural  science  and 
medicine  in  the  universities  of  Strasburg  and 
Giessen.  In  1834  he  entered  the  political  arena 
with  a  manifesto  entitled  'The  Rural  Mes- 
senger,* and  bearing  the  motto  "  Peace  to  the 
cabin,  war  to  the  palace."  To  escape  arrest 
he  fled  to  Strasburg,  where  he  studied  the  phi- 
losophies of  Descartes  and  Spinoza.  He  was 
preparing  to  open  a  course  of  lectures  in  Zurich 
when  he  died.  He  wrote  a  drama  in  1834  on 
'The  Death  of  Danton,'  the  work  of  a  genu- 
ine but  undisciplined  poet.  His  'Complete 
Works,'  with  biography,  were  published  in  1879. 

Buchner,  Luise.  A  German  poet  and  novel- 
ist (1821-77),  sister  of  Georg.  Her  first  pub- 
lication, 'Women  and  their  Calling)  {1855), was 
followed  by  many  others  on  the  "  woman's- 
rights  question  »  ;  it  commanded  much  atten- 
tion, and  reached  a  fifth  edition  (1883).  She 
wrote  a  volume  of  tales,  'From  Life*  (1861) ; 

<  Poet-Voices  of  Home  and  Foreign  Lands  > ; 
several  original  poems, '  Woman's  Heart) ;  some 

<  Christmas  Stories ) ;  etc. 

Buck,  Dudley.  An  American  organist,  com- 
poser, and  author;  born  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
March  10,  1839.  He  is  organist  of  the  Church 
of  the  Holy  Trinity,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  Aside 
from  several  cantatas,  he  has  written  two  books : 
'  A  Dictionary  of  Musical  Terms  >  and  a  work 
on  the  '  Influence  of  the  Organ  in  History ) 
(1882). 

Buckland,  Francis  Trevelyan.  An  Eng- 
lish naturalist;  born  at  Oxford,  Dec.  17,  1826; 
died  Dec.  19,  1880.  His  preferences  were  for 
practical  science ;  and  after  retiring  from  his 
place  as  surgeon  to  the  Second  Life  Guards  he 
founded  the  journal  Land  and  Water,  of  which 
he  was  editor.  He  was  an  authority  on  fish- 
culture,  and  as  such  was  consulted  by  foreign 


governments.  He  was  a  resolute  opponent  of 
Darwinism.  Besides  his  works  on  fish-culture, 
he  wrote :  '  Log-Book  of  a  Fisherman  and 
Zoologist)  (1876);  'Notes  and  Jottings  on 
Animal  Life)  (1882);  'Curiosities  of  Natural 
History.) 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas.  An  English  his- 
torian ;  born  in  Lee,  Kent,  Nov.  24,  1821 ;  died 
in  Damascus,  May  29,  1862.  A  self-educated 
man,  he  is  known  for  his  great  work  'The 
History  of  Civilization  in  England*  (2  vols., 
1857-61).  His  'Miscellaneous  and  Posthumous 
Works)  were  edited  by  Helen  Taylor  (Lon- 
don, 1872);  new  ed.  by  Grant  Allen,  1880. 

Buckley,  James  Monroe.  An  American  cler- 
gyman ;  born  in  Rahway,  N.  J.,  Dec.  16,  1836. 
In  1858  he  entered  the  ministry  in  the  Meth- 
odist Church.  Since  1881  he  has  been  the  edi- 
tor of  the  Christian  Advocate.  Among  his 
works  are :  '  Two  Weeks  in  the  Yosemite  Val- 
ley) (1872) ;  'Oats  or  Wild  Oats)  (1885) ;  'The 
Land  of  the  Czar  and  the  Nihilist*  (1886); 
'Travels  in  Three  Continents.) 

Buckstone,  John  Baldwin.  An  English 
dramatist;  bom  in  Hoxton,  London,  Sept.  14, 
1802 ;  died  in  Sydenham,  near  London,  Oct.  31, 
1879.  From  1823  to  1853  he  was  a  well-known 
London  actor ;  he  became  manager  of  the 
Haymarket  Theatre,  and  produced  nearly  200 
plays,  which  were  all  successful,  largely  owing 
to  his  knowledge  of  stage  effect  and  humor. 
Among  the  best  are :  '  The  Wreck  Ashore  * ; 
'  Victorine  > ;  '  Green  Bushes ) ;  '  The  Flowers  of 
the  Forest);  'Married  Life);  'Leap  Year); 
'  Second  Thoughts ) ;  and  '  Nicholas  Flam.) 

Sicuinger,  Max  (bii-ding-er).  A  German 
historian ;  born  in  Cassel,  April  I,  1828.  He 
exerted  great  influence  among  the  universities  ; 
the  most  admired  of  his  books  being  on 
'Austrian  History)  (1858;  the  work  coming 
down  to  the  mediaeval  period  only),  and  'King 
Richard  III.  of  England.*    Died  Feb.  22,  1902. 

Buel,  Clarence  Clough.  An  American  edi- 
tor and  author;  bom  at  Laona,  Chautauqua 
County,  N.  Y.,  July  29,  1850.  He  was  connected 
with  the  New  York  Tribune  from  1875  to  188 1, 
when  he  joined  the  staff  of  the  Century  Mag- 
azine; and  in  1883,  in  conjunction  with  Rob- 
ert Underwood  Johnson,  he  began  the  editing 
of  the  celebrated  'Century  War  Articles,) 
which  were  afterwards  expanded  into  the 
notable  'Battles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil 
War)  (1887). 

Bu£fon,  George  Louis  le  Clerc,  Comte  de 
(bii-fon').  A  famous  French  naturalist;  born 
at  Montbard,  Sept.  7,  1707 ;  died  April  16,  1788. 
His  'Natural  History)  widely  popularized  the 
study  of  zoology  and  of  nature  in  general, 
owing  to  the  author's  luminous  and  attractive 
style  and  his  very  plausible  generalizations;  it 
was  translated  into  nearly  all  the  languages  ot 
Europe.  The  definitive  edition  of  this  'Gen- 
eral and  Particular  Natural  History)  is  in  36 
volumes  (1749-88). 

Bulflnch,  Thomas.  An  American  author; 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  July  15,  1796;  died  ther«, 


82 


BtJLOW  — BUNGE 


May  27,  1867.  He  graduated  from  Harvard 
University  in  1814.  Although  engaged  in  busi- 
ness, he  managed  to  devote  considerable  time 
to  literature.  Among  his  best-known  works 
are:  «The  Age  of  Fable >  (1855);  <Age  of 
Chivalry  >  (1858);  *  Legends  of  Charlemagne  > 
(1864);  <  Oregon  and  Eldorado  >  (1866). 

Biilow,  Berttia  von.     See  Arnold,  Hans. 

Biilow,  Karl  Eduard  von  (bii'lo).  A  Ger- 
man story-teller  (1803-53);  born  at  Berg  vor 
Eilenburg  in  Saxony.  His  literary  fame  rests 
mainly  on  his  <  Book  of  Tales,>  after  ancient 
Italian,  Spanish,  French,  English,  Latin,  and 
German  originals  (4  vols.,  1834-36),  which  was 
followed  by  a  supplementary  volume.  Of  his 
own  original  compositions,  the  <  Springtide 
Wandering  among  the  Harz  Mountains'  is 
one  of  the  best.  He  wrote  also  the  very  in- 
teresting story  of  <The  Youth  of  a  Poor  Man 
of  Toggenburg,'  founded  on  the  autobiography 
of  Ulrich  Briiker,  a  Swiss  weaver.  He  pub- 
lished the  original  later. 

Biilow,  Margarete  von.  A  German  novelist 
(1860-85) ;  born  in  Berlin.  She  wrote  four  vol- 
umes of  stories,  viz.:  < Stories'  (1885);  < Jonas 
Briccius>  (1886);  <  Chronicle  of  the  Riffels- 
hausen  Folks ' ;  and  <  New  Stories.'  She  de- 
lineated character  with  great  precision,  and 
showed  true  insight  into  the  human  heart.  She 
lost  her  life  in  an  attempt  to  rescue  a  boy 
from  drowning. 

Buloz,  Fran90is  (bU-15).  A  French  pub- 
licist (1803-77);  born  at  Bulbens  in  Haute- 
Savoie.  He  founded  the  great  French  review. 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  (1831),  and  was  its 
editor  for  40  years.  He  wrote  little,  but  his 
< Letters  and  Memoirs'  are  of  great  value  for 
the  history  of  French  letters  in  his  time. 

Bulthaupt,  Heinrich  Alfred  (bolt'houpt). 
A  German  poet  and  dramatist ;  born  at  Bre- 
men, Oct.  26,  1849.  On  quitting  the  university 
he  was  for  a  while  a  private  tutor;  then  he 
traveled  in  the  East,  in  Greece,  and  in  Italy. 
He  was  a  lawyer  in  his  native  town  for  some 
years,  and  in  1879  became  custodian  of  the 
city  library.  Of  his  dramatic  compositions  the 
list  is  very  long,  comprising  tragedies :  <  Saul,' 
<A  Corsican  Tragedy';  plays  dealing  with  the 
questions  of  the  time  :  <  The  Workmen ' ;  com- 
edies ;  comic  operas ;  etc.  He  has  also  written 
a  work,  already  of  high  authority,  on  <  Dra- 
maturgy of  the  Theatre'  (3  vols.);  also  <  Dra- 
maturgy of  the  Opera'  (2  vols.). 

Bulwer,  Henry  Lytton  Earle  (Lord  Bal- 
ling). An  English  author  and  diplomatist, 
brother  of  Sir  Edward  Bulwer- Lytton ;  born 
Feb.  13,  1801 ;  died  in  Naples,  May  23,  1872. 
He  was  minister  to  Madrid  in  1843;  in  1849 
had  a  diplomatic  mission  to  Washington,  and 
was  one  of  the  negotiators  of  the  Clayton- 
Bulwer  treaty;  was  ambassador  to  Turkey 
1858-65.  Among  his  works  are :  <  An  Au- 
tumn in  Greece'  (1S26) ;  'France,  Social,  Lit- 
erary, and  Political'  (1834-36);  and  <Life  of 
Byron'  (1835). 


Bulwer-Lytton,  Edward,  Lord  Lytton.    An 

English  novelist,  playwright,  and  poet ;  born  in 
London,  May  25,  1803;  died  in  Torquay,  Jan. 
18,  1873.  He  was  the  son  of  Gen.  Earle  Bui 
wer  and  Elizabeth  B.  Lytton,  heiress  of  Kneb- 
worth,  to  whose  estates  he  succeeded  in  1844 
and  assumed  the  surname  of  Lytton.  In  1847 
and  again  in  1852,  he  sat  in  Parliament;  and 
in  1858-59  was  colonial  secretary,  during  which 
he  cilled  into  existence  the  colonies  of  British 
Columbia  and  Queensland.  In  1866  he  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Lytton.  Al- 
together his  works  exceed  sixty  in  number, 
and  fill  no  volumes.  His  novels  display  great 
versatility,  range  of  power,  power  of  handling 
psychological  and  social  problems,  variety  of 
incident  and  portraiture ;  and  many  are  based 
on  romantic  and  occult  themes.  Among  the 
most  famous  are:  < Falkland'  (1827);  <Pelham' 
(1828);  <Devereux'  (1829);  <Paul  Clifford' 
(1830);  < Eugene  Aram'  (1832);  <Godolphin> 
(1833);  <  Pilgrims  of  the  Rhine'  (1834);  <  Last 
Days  of  Pompeii'  (1834);  <Rienzi'  (1837); 
'Ernest  Maltravers'  (1837);  < Alice,  or  the 
Mysteries'  (1838);  'Last  of  the  Barons' 
(1843);  'Harold'  (1843);  'The  Caxtons'  (1850); 
'My  Novel'  (1853);  'What  Will  He  Do  with 
It?'  (1859);  'A  Strange  Story'  (1862);  'The 
Coming  Race'  (1871);  'Kenelm  Chillingly' 
(1873);  and  'The  Parisians'  (1873).  Three 
of  his  dramas  —  'The  Lady  of  Lyons'  (1838); 
'Richelieu'  (1838);  and 'Money'  (1848)— still 
hold  the  stage. 

Bunce,  Oliver  Bell.  An  American  publisher 
and  writer ;  born  in  New  York  city,  in  1828 ; 
died  there.  May  15,  1890.  At  an  early  age  he 
became  connected  with  the  publishing  business 
in  New  York.  Among  his  books  are :  '  Ro- 
mance of  the  Revolution'  (1852);  'A  Bache- 
lor's Story'  (1859);  'Don't:  a  Manual  of  Mis- 
takes and  Improprieties'  (1883);  'My  House' 
(1884);  and  'Adventures  of  TimiaS  Terrystone,' 
a  novel  (1885). 

Bundy,  Jonas  Mills.  An  American  journal- 
ist and  author;  born  in  Columbia,  N.  H.,  in 
1835;  died  in  Paris,  France,  Sept.  8,  1891.  He 
gained  experience  in  journalism  in  the  West, 
and  served  in  the  Civil  War.  He  was  editor 
of  the  New  York  Mail  and  Express,  and  wrote 
'Life  of  Garfield'  (1880). 

Bungay,  George  Washington.  An  Ameri- 
can journalist  and  poet;  born  in  Walsingham, 
England,  July  22,  1818;  died  July  10,  1892. 
He  came  to  this  country  in  1827.  For  some 
time  he  was  connected  with  the  New  York 
Tribune.  He  was  employed  in  the  Custom 
House  from  1873  to  1877.  Among  his  numer- 
ous poems  the  best  known  is  '  The  Creed  of 
the  Bells.'  His  other  works  include  :  'Abraham 
Lincoln  Songster ' ;  '  Pen  Portraits  of  Illustri- 
ous Abstainers'  (1881). 

Bunge,  Rudolf  (bong'a).  A  German  poet; 
born  at  Kothen,  March  27,  1836.  Among  his 
works  are  a  volume  of  his  collected  short 
poems,  'Flowers'  (1854);  a  tragedy,  'The 
Duke   of   Courland'    (1871) ;   a   cycle   of   five 


BUNNER  —  BURNABY 


tragedies  showing  forth  the  action  of  Christian- 
ity upon  the  political  life  of  nations,  the  mem- 
bers   of   the    cycle    being:    <Nero';    <Alaric>; 

<  Desiderata  > ;  <  The  Bayonne  Festival  >;  and 
*  The  Cloister.*  He  wrote  the  libretti  of  sev- 
eral operas,  among  them  that  of  <  The  Trum- 
peter of  Sackingen.* 

Bunner,  Henry  Cuyler.  An  American  poet 
and  story-writer;  born  in  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  Aug. 
3,  1855;  died  in  Nutley,  N.  J.,  May  11,  1896. 
He  became  a  journalist  in  1873,  and  was  edi- 
tor of  Puck  from  shortly  after  its  start  till  his 
death.  Author  of:  <A  Woman  of  Honor > 
(New  York,  1883) ;  <  Airs  from  Arcady  and 
Elsewhere  >  (1884)  ;  <The  Midge >  (1886) ;  'The 
Story  of  a  New  York  House*  (1887);  <  Zadoc 
Pine  and  Other  Stories*  (1891) ;  <  Short  Sixes* 
(1891);  <The  Runaway  Browns*  (1892);  <Jer- 
sey  Street  and  Jersey  Lane*  (1896);  and  <  In 
Partnership,*  with  Brander  Matthews  (1883). 
Also  a  play,  <The  Tower  of  Babel*  (1883); 
and  uncollected  magazine  articles. 

Bunyan,  Jolin.  An  English  author;  born 
in  Elstow,  Bedford,  in  November  1628;  died 
in  London,  Aug.  31,  1688.  He  was  the  son  of 
a  tinker,  went  to  the  village  school,  and  at 
seventeen  enlisted  in  the  Parliamentary  army 
and  served  during  the  decisive  year  of  1645. 
In  1653  he  joined  a  little  community  some- 
times described  as  a  Baptist  church,  and 
preached  in  the  villages  near  Bedford  until  im- 
prisoned in  the  Bedford  jail.  Here  he  remained 
for  twelve  years,  being  only  released  after 
the   Declaration  of   Indulgence   in    1672.    The 

<  Pilgrim's  Progress  *  was  begun  while  the 
author  was  in  prison,  and  was  issued  in  1678, 
a  second  part  appearing  in  1684.  His  other 
important  works  are  <  Grace  Abounding,*  writ- 
ten in  prison,  and  the  <  Holy  War*  (1682). 
Altogether  he  wrote  nearly  sixty  books. 

Burdett,  Charles.  An  American  journalist 
and  novelist;  born  in  New  York  State  in  1815; 
died  18 — .  His  works  were  at  one  time  very 
popular.  Among  the  best  known  are :  <  Life 
of  Kit  Carson*;  <The  Beautiful  Spy*  (1865); 
<The  Gambler*;  < Trials  and  Triumphs.* 

Burdette,  Robert  Jones.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  humorist;  born  in  Greensborough, 
Pa.,  July  30,  1844.  He  served  in  the  Union 
army  during  the  Civil  War.  He  is  famous 
for  humorous  newspaper  skits,  of  rare  variety, 
charm,  and  unrepetitious  freshness ;  begun  in 
the  Burlington  (Iowa)  Hawkeye,  of  which  he 
became  associate  editor  in  1874.  Among  his 
works  are :  <  The  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Mus- 
tache,* a  lecture  (1877) ;  <  Hawkeyes,*  collected 
articles  (1880) ;  <  Life  of  William  Penn*  (1882). 

Burger,  Gottfried  August  (biirg'er).  An 
eminent  German  poet ;  born  at  Molmerswende, 
near  Ballenstedt,  Anhalt,  Dec.  31,  1747,  or 
Jan.  I,  1748;  died  in  Gottingen,  June  8,  1704. 
Shakespeare  and  Percy's  <  Reliques  of  English 
Ballad  Poetry*  had  a  decisive  influence  in  giv- 
ing direction  to  his  efforts  at  poetic  expression. 
•Lenore*  (1773)  established  his  reputation  as  a 
poet,  which  was  sustained  by  the  ballads  that 


83 

followed  it:  <The  Parson's  Daughter*;  <The 
Wild  Huntsman*;  < The  Song  of  the  Brave 
Man*;  < Kaiser  and  Abbot.*  Specimens  of  his 
burlesque  ballads  are:   <  The   Robber  Count  * ; 

<  The  Wives  of  Weinsberg.* 

Burgos,  Francisco  Javier  de  (bor'gos).  A 
Spanish  statesman  and  poet  (1778-1845) ;  born 
at  Motril  in  Granada.  In  his  dramatic  compo- 
sitions he  sought  to  restore  the  classical  Span- 
ish comedy.  Among  them  are :  <  The  Three 
(Women)  Equals*;  <The  Masked  Ball*;  <The 
Optimist  and  the  Pessimist.*  He  wrote  a  cele- 
brated <Ode  to  Reason.* 

Burke,  Edmund.  An  eminent  British  states- 
man and  orator;  born  in  Dublin,  Jan.  I2(?), 
1729 ;  died  in  Beaconsfield,  England,  July  9, 
1797.  He  graduated  from  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, 1748 ;  studied  law,  and  in  1750  began  literary 
work.  Elected  to  Parliament,  he  made  his  first 
speech  in  1766;  and  from  that  date  until  1790 
was  one  of  the  chief  guides  and  inspirers  of 
the  revived  Whig  party.  His  speeches  and 
pamphlets  are  still  considered  the  most  strik- 
ing and  suggestive  manuals  of  political  phi- 
losophy in  modern  times.  They,  with  his 
miscellaneous  writings,  are  all  included  in  his 
< Works  and  Correspondence*  (8  vols.,  1852). 
Among  his  most  important  works  aside  from 
his  speeches  are :  <  A  Philosophical  Inquiry 
into  the  Origin  of  our  Ideas  of  the  Sublime 
and  Beautiful*  (1756);  <  Reflections  on  the 
French  Revolution*  (1790)-  and  <  Letters  on  a 
Regicide  Peace.* 

Burleigh,  George  Shepard.  An  American 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  at  Plain- 
field,  Conn.,  in  1821.  He  is  the  author  of 
<Anti-Slavery  Hjmns*  (1842);  <The  Maniac, 
and  Other  Poems*  (1849) ;  < Signal  Fires,  or  the 
Trail  of  the  Pathfinder*  (1856).     Died  1903. 

Burleigh,  William  Henry.  An  American 
journalist,  lecturer,  and  poet ;  bom  in  Wood- 
stock, Conn.,  Feb.  2,  1812;  died  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  March  18,  1871.  He  lectured  extensively 
in  behalf  of  the  anti-slavery  movement.  In 
1843  he  became  editor  of  the  Charter  Oak,  of 
Hartford,  Conn.  A  collection  of  his  poems 
was  published  in  1840. 

Burmeister,  Hermann  (biir-mis'ter).  A  Ger- 
man scientific  writer;  bom  in  Stralsund,  Jan. 
15,  1807 ;  died  in  Buenos  Ajtcs,  Argentine  Re- 
public, May  2,  1892.  He  distinguished  himself 
as  a  geologist  and  zoologist  in  his  native 
country,  and  settled  permanently  in  the  Argen- 
tine,  where    he    continued    his    investigations. 

<  Manual  of  Entomology*  (1832-44);  <  History 
of  Creation*  (1843);  and  < The  P'ossils  of  Horses 
Found  among  the  South  American  Pampas  * 
(1875),  are  among  his  books. 

Burnaby,  Frederick  Gustavus.  An  English 
descriptive  writer;  born  in  Bedford,  March  3, 
1842 ;  died  at  Abu  Klea  in  the  Soudan,  Jan. 
17,  1885.  He  served  in  the  Royal  Horse 
Guards,  in  which  he  became  lieutenant-colonel 
in  1881.  Distinguished  in  military  service  and 
with  a  love  of  adventure  and  literary  skill,  hi« 


84 


BURNAND  -  BURROUGHS 


life  and  books  are  equally  interesting.  His 
<Ride  to  Khiva>  (London,  1875)  ran  through 
eleven  editions  in  a  year.  <On  Horseback 
through  Asia  Minor  >  (1877)  was  nearly  as 
popular.  See  R.  K.  Mann,  <Life  and  Advent- 
ures of  Burnaby*  (London,  1882). 

Burnand,  Sir  Francis  Cowley.  An  English 
humorist ;  born  in  London,  Nov.  29,  1837.  After 
graduation  from  Cambridge,  he  devoted  his 
attention  to  play-writing,  and  has  written  about 
100  burlesques,  extravaganzas,  and  successful 
comedies.  Since  1880  he  has  been  the  editor  of 
Punch.  Among  his  books,  <  Happy  Thoughts  > 
(1868)  and  its  sequels  are  the  most  popular. 
The  <New  History  of  Sandford  and  Merton> 
(1872)  'Quite  at  Home>  (1890),  and  <  The  Col- 
onel '  are  also  favorites. 

Burnett,  Frances  (Hodgson),  An  Anglo- 
American  novelist  ;  born  in  Manchester,  Eng- 
land, Nov.  24,  1849;  her  family  emigrated  to 
America  and  settled  in  Tennessee  in  1865. 
She  early  wrote  stories.  In  1873  Miss  Hodgson 
married  Dr.  Burnett,  and  in  1875  settled  in 
Washington,  where  she  has  since  resided.  After 
various  short  stories,  she  published  as  a  serial 
in  Scribner's  Magazine  <That  Lass  o'  Low- 
rie's,*  which  became  very  popular,  was  promptly 
issued  in  book  form  (1877),  and  was  dramatized. 
It  was  followed  by  a  number  of  novels,  among 
which  are:  <Haworth's>  (1879);  < Louisiana' 
( 1881 ) ;  <  Esmeralda  > ;  <  A  Fair  Barbarian  >  ( 1882) ; 
•Through  One  Administration >  (1883);  < Little 
Lord  Fauntleroy,>  a  juvenile  story,  also  drama- 
tized (1887);  <The  Pretty  Sister  of  Jos^>  (1889); 
<  The  One  I  Knew  Best  of  All,'  an  autobiogra- 
phy (1893);  <A  Lady  of  Quality'  (1895);  <  His 
Grace  of  Osmonde,'  a  sequel  to  the  preced- 
ing; and  a  drama,  <The  First  Gentleman  of 
Europe,'  with  George  Fleming  ;  <  Nixie ' ;  <  A 
Lady  of  Quality  '  ;  <  The  Shuttle.' 

Burney,  Charles.  An  English  author;  born 
in  Shrewsbury,  April  7,  1726;  died  in  Chelsea, 
April  12,  1814.  He  became  a  famous  and  in- 
fluential musician  in  London ;  was  given  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  music  by  Oxford  in  1769; 
and  sacrificed  time,  money,  and  personal  com- 
fort to  travel  and  collect  material  for  his  <  His- 
tory of  Music'  (4  vols.,  London,  1776-89).  He 
also  wrote  <  Memoirs  and  Letters  of  Metastasio ' 
(3  vols.,  1796).  Madame  D'Arblay  was  his 
daughter. 

Burney,  Frances  —  Madame  D'Arblay.    An 

English  novelist,  daughter  of  Charles  Burney; 
born  in  King's  Lynn,  Norfolk,  June  13,  1752; 
died  in  Bath,  Jan.  6,  1840.  After  she  had  pub- 
lished <  Evelina,  or  a  Young  Lady's  Entrance 
into  the  World'  (1778),  she  became  the  favorite 
of  the  literary  men  of  the  day,  especially  Dr. 
Johnson.  Her  second  novel,  'Cecilia'  (1782), 
was  no  less  admired.  In  1786  she  was  made 
Second  Keeper  of  the  Robes  to  Queen  Char- 
lotte ;  and  in  1793  she  was  married  to  M.  D'Ar- 
blay, a  French  army  officer.  Her  other  books 
are  :  'Camilla'  (1795) ;  and  'The  Wanderer,  or 
Female  Difficulties'  (1814).  Her  'Diary  and 
Letters,'  edited  by  her  niece  (7  vols.,  1842-46), 


are  affected,  but  entertaining.  She  also  wrote 
memoirs  of  her  father  (1832).  'Evelina'  and 
'Cecilia'  were  published  with  introductions  by 
Annie  R.  Ellis  (London,  1881-82). 

Burnham,  Clara  Louise.  An  American 
story-writer ;  born  in  Newton,  Mass.,  May  25, 
1854.  She  is  the  daughter  of  George  F.  Root, 
the  composer,  and  has  lived  in  Chicago  since 
childhood.  She  has  written  several  novels,  in- 
cluding: 'Dearly  Bought'  (1884)  ;  'Next  Door' 
(1886) ;  'Young  Maids  and  Old'  (1888) ;  'Miss 
Bagg's  Secretary'  (1892);  and  'Sweet  Clover, 
a  Romance  of  the  White  City'  (1894).  She 
has  also  written  libretti  for  her  father's  cantatas. 

Burns,  Robert.  A  Scotch  poet ;  born  in  Al- 
loway,  Jan.  25,  1759;  died  in  Dumfries,  July 
21,  1796.  Among  the  poems  to  which  he  owes 
his  fame  are  :  <  The  Cotter's  Saturday  Night  > ; 
'Hallowe'en';  'Tam  O'Shanter'  (1790);  'To 
a  Mountain  Daisy';  'To  a  Mouse';  <Twa 
Dogs';  'Highland  Mary.'  His  principal  col- 
lected editions  are,  in  the  order  of  publica- 
tion:  'Poems,  Chiefly  in  the  Scottish  Dialect' 
(1786);  'The  Scots'  Musical  Museum'  (6  vols., 
1 787- 1 803 ) ;  <A  Select  Collection  of  Original 
Scottish  Airs  .  .  .  with  Select  and  Charac- 
teristic Verses,'  which  contains  100  songs  by 
the  poet.  But  such  editions  have  been  issued 
almost  annually  since  1805. 

Burr,  Enoch  Fitch.  An  American  mathe- 
matical and  religious  writer;  born  at  Green's 
Farms,  Fairfield  County,  Conn.,  Oct.  21,  1818. 
He  graduated  from  Yale  in  1839,  and  became 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  L)Tne, 
Conn.,  in  1850.  Since  1868  he  has  been  a  lect- 
urer at  Amherst  College.  Among  his  works 
are :  <  A  Treatise  on  the  Application  of  the 
Calculus  to  the  Theory  of  Neptune '  ( 1848) ; 
<A  Song  of  the  Sea'  (1873);  'Aleph,  the 
Chaldean  >  (1891).     He  died  in  1907. 

Burr,  George  Lincoln.  An  American  writer 
and  professor  of  history ;  born  at  Oramel, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  30,  1857.  From  1881  to  1884  he  was 
instructor  at  Cornell  University.  In  1892  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  ancient  and  medi- 
aeval history  in  that  institution.  His  published 
works  include  :  '  The  Literature  of  Witchcraft ' 
(1890);  'Charlemagne'  ('Heroes  of  History' 
series) ;  '  The  Fate  of  Dietrich  Slade.' 

Burritt,  Elihu.  An  American  author,  called 
"The  Learned  Blacksmith";  born  in  New 
Britain,  Conn.,  Dec.  8,  181 1 ;  died  there,  March 
7,  1879.  He  was  a  blacksmith,  linguist,  lecturer, 
reformer,  and  a  noted  advocate  of  peace.  His 
books  include  : '  Sparks  from  the  Anvil '  (1848) : 
'Olive  Leaves'  (1853);  and  'Chips  from  Many 
Blocks'  (1878).  See  Charles  Northend,  'Life 
of  Elihu  Burritt'  (New  York,  1879). 

Burroughs,  John.  An  American  essayist-, 
born  in  Roxbury,  N.  Y.,  April  3,  1837.  He  is 
the  son  of  a  farmer,  became  a  journalist  in 
New  York,  and  engaged  in  other  pursuits  untii 
1874,  when  he  settled  on  a  farm  at  Esopus. 
N.  Y.,  to  devote  himself  to  literature  and  to 
fruit-culture.     His   essays   are   remarkable   fo« 


BURTON  —  BUTLER 


their  descriptions  of  nature  and  their  style. 
His  books  on  rural  themes  include:  < Wake- 
Robin)  (1871);  <  Winter  Sunshine*  (1875); 
<  Birds  and  Poets  >  (1877);  <  Locusts  and  Wild 
Honey  >  (1879) ;  <  Pepacton  :  Notes  of  a  Walker' 
(1881) ;  <  Fresh  Fields'  (1884)  ;  <  Signs  and  Sea- 
sons' (1886);  and  <  Sharp  Eyes'  (1888).  He 
has  also  written  'Notes  on  Walt  Whitman' 
(1867)  ;  and  <  Ways  of  Nature  '  {1905). 

Burton,  Nathaniel  J.  An  American  Congre- 
gational clergyman  and  writer;  born  at  Trum- 
bull, Conn.,  Dec.  17,  1824;  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Oct.  13,  1887.  He  graduated  in  1857 
from  Wesleyan  College,  Middletown,  Conn.,  and 
from  the  Yale  Divinity  School  in  1854.  Trans- 
lated <  Sacred  History  from  the  French  of  J. 
N.  Loriquet'  (1872);  and  wrote  <Yale  Lectures 
on  Preaching  and  Other  Writings,'  edited  by 
Richard  E.  Burton,  his  son. 

Burton,  Richard.  An  American  poet  and 
journalist,  son  of  Nathaniel  J. ;  born  in  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  March  14,  1859.  He  graduated 
from  Trinity  College,  Hartford,  and  took  a 
degree  at  Johns  Hopkins  University.  His  pub- 
lished poems  are  :  <  Dumb  in  June  '  ( 1895) ;  <  Me- 
morial Day '  (1897);  <Rahab>  (1906),  a  drama. 

Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis.  An  English 
Orientalist  and  explorer;  bom  at  Trieste, 
March  19,  182 1;  died  Oct.  20,  1890.  He  was  an 
officer  of  the  Indian  anny,  for  several  years 
engaged  in  surveys  for  public  works;  in  this 
pursuit  he  learned  the  languages,  habits,  be- 
liefs of  many  races.  Obtaining  leave  of  ab- 
sence, he  went  to  Mecca  and  Medina  in  the 
guise  of  a  Mohammedan  devotee ;  afterward 
he  made  extensive  explorations  in  Africa,  Bra- 
zil, Syria,  Iceland ;  visited  the  United  States 
twice  and  traversed  the  country  from  Atlantic 
to  Pacific.  Of  his  books  of  travel,  the  follow- 
ing may  be  particularized :  <  Pilgrimage  to 
El  Medinah';  < Highlands  of  Brazil';  <Gold 
Coast ' ;  <  City  of  the  Saints ' ;  <  Unexplored 
Palestine.'  He  translated  into  English  from 
the  Arabic :  <  The  Thousand  Nights  and  a 
Night ' ;  and  <  The  Scented  Garden,'  a  collection 
of  stories  left  in  MS.  and  never  published.  He 
wrote  a  <  Life  of  Camoens,'  with  translation  of 
the  <  Lusiads.' 

Barton,  Robert.  An  English  writer  of  pe- 
culiar characteristics ;  born  at  Lindley,  Leices- 
tershire, Feb.  8,  1576-7;  died  at  Oxford,  Jan. 
25,  1639-40.  Obtaining  two  church  livings,  he 
resided  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  Here  he 
wrote  the  <  Anatomy  of  Melancholy'  (pub- 
lished about  1621);  a  vast  storehouse  of  shrewd 
comment,  apt  and  learned  quotation,  humor, 
and  erudition,  from  which  Milton,  Sterne,  and 
others  did  not  scruple  to  borrow.  The  work 
mirrors  his  own  mind  and  temperament. 

Busch,  Wilhelm  (bosh).  A  German  poet 
and  delineator;  born  at  Wiedensahl  in  Han- 
over, April  15,  1832.  He  was  employed  on  the 
Fliegende  Blatter,  the  great  German  comic 
journal,  in  1859.  The  text  for  his  comic  de- 
signs  is   often  supplied   by   himself.     Among 


85 

his  most  celebrated  productions,  whether  with 
pencil  or  pen,  are  to  be  named :  <  St.  Antony 
of  Padua';  <The  Pious  Helen';  <  Max  and 
Moritz  '  ;  <  Father  Filucius.'     Died  1908. 

Bush,  George.  An  American  Swedenbor- 
gian  clergyman  and  Bible  commentator;  born 
in  Norwich,  Vt,  June  12,  1796;  died  in  Roches- 
ter, N.  v.,  Sept.  19,  1859.  He  graduated  from 
Dartmouth  in  1818,  and  studied  theology  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  from  1820  to  1822.  In  1831 
he  became  professor  of  Hebrew  and  Oriental 
literature  in  the  University  of  New  York. 
Among  his  works  are  :<  Life  of  Mohammed' 
(1832);  <  Hebrew  Grammar'  (1835);  <Bible 
Commentaries'  (1840). 

Bushnell,  Horace.  An  eminent  American 
clergyman  ;  born  near  Litchfield,  Conn.,  1802  ; 
died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1876.  He  was  set- 
tled over  a  Congregational  Church  in  Hartford 
until  1853.  His  numerous  works  on  religion, 
theology,  and  morals,  and  other  topics,  com- 
prise:   < Christian  Nurture';   <God  in  Christ'; 

<  Christ  in  Theology ' ;  <  The  Vicarious  Sacri- 
fice ' ;  <  Nature  and  the  Supernatural ' ;  <  Moral 
Uses  of  Dark  Things ' ;  <  Forgiveness  and  Law '; 

<  The  Age  of  Homespun ' ;  <  Moral  Tendencies 
and  Results  of  Human  History';  <The  Char- 
acter of  Jesus';  <  Work  and  Play';  'Christ  and 
His   Salvation';  'Politics   the   Law  of  God'; 

<  Woman  Suffrage.'  See  <  Life  and  Letters,' 
edited  by  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Mary  Cheney. 

Busse,  Karl  (hiis'^).  A  German  story-viriter 
and  poet;  bom  in  Lindenstadt-Bimbaum, 
Posen,  Nov.  12,  1872.  He  appeared  early  in  lit- 
erature with  'Poems'  (1892),  and  'Quiet  His- 
tories' (1894),  the  latter  a  volume  of  fiction. 

Butler,  Joseph.  An  English  divine  and 
theological  writer;  born  at  Wantage,  1692; 
died  in  1752.  He  had  a  distinguished  career 
in  the  Church,  but  his  fame  rests  upon  the 
'Analogy  of  Religion,  Natural  and  Revealed, 
to  the  Constitution  and  Course  of  Nature' 
(1736),  which  is  an  argumentative  and  philo- 
sophical treatise  on  Christianity. 

Butler,  Samuel.  An  English  satirist;  bom 
in  Strensham,  Worcestershire,  in  February 
1612 ;  died  in  London,  Sept.  25,  1680.  Little  is 
known  of  his  life  except  what  Anthony-a-Wood 
relates.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  or  Cam- 
bridge, occupied  his  leisure  in  studying  music 
and  painting,  became  a  man  of  wide  and  curious 
learning,  and  gained  his  living  as  secretary  and 
clerk  to  aristocratic  personages.  His  famous 
poem,  '  Hudibras,'  a  witty  and  sharp  satire  on 
the  Puritans,  secured  instant  favor  with  the 
king  and  the  public ;  yet  after  the  appearance  of 
the  first  part  in  1663,  he  spent  seventeen  years 
in  poverty  and  obscurity.  The  second  and 
third  divisions  of  'Hudibras'  appeared  in  1664 
and  1678.  The  general  design  of  the  great 
poem  was  derived  from  <  Don  Quixote.'  The 
situations  of  the  mock  epic  are  few  but  ludi- 
crous, and  the  whole  canvas  is  embellished 
with  imagination,  raillery,  subtle  casuistry,  brill- 
iant epigrams,  and  sparkling  wit.    'Hudibras* 


86 


BUTLER  — BYRON 


consists  of  10,000  verses,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
frequently  quoted  books  in  the  language.  The 
standard  edition  by  Dr.  Z.  Grey  (i744)  has  fre- 
quently been  reprinted.  Butler's  next  important 
works  are:  <The  Elephant  in  the  Moon,>  a 
satire  on  the  Royal  Society,  a  series  of  prose 
<  Characters  > ;  and  an  <Ode  to  Duval,>  the 
famous  highwayman.  <  The  Posthumous  Works 
of  Mr.  S.  Butler  >  were  published  with  great 
success  (1715)- 

Butler,  William  Allen.  An  American  poet ; 
born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  20,  1825.  He 
graduated  from  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York  in  1843,  and  later  practiced  law  in 
New  York.  He  wrote :  <Nothing  to  Wear' 
(1857),  a  satirical  poem  which  attracted  wide 
attention;  <Two  Millions,'  a  satire  (1858);  and 
<Mrs.  Limber's  Raffle.'     Died  Sept.  9,  1902. 

Butterworth,  Hezekiall.  An  American  story- 
writer;  born  in  Warren,  R.  L,  Dec.  22,  1839. 
Since  187 1  he  has  been  on  the  staff  of  the 
Youth's  Companion.  Author  of  popular  juve- 
nile stories  and  travels,  including :  <  Zig-Zag 
Journeys'  (1876-80);  < Songs  of  History:  Po- 
ems and  Ballads  upon  Important  Episodes  in 
American  History  >  (1887);  <  The  Wampum  Belt, 
or  the  Fairest  Page  of  History '  (1896).    D.  1905. 

Butz,  Kaspar  (biits).  A  German-American 
versifier ;  born  in  Hagen,  Westphalia,  Oct.  23, 
1825 ;  died  at  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  Oct.  17,  1885. 
He  was  a  prominent  political  journalist  in  his 
native  land  in  the  stirring  days  of  1848,  but 
was  forced  to  flee  to  this  country.  Here  he 
became  a  noted  (Chicago)  newspaper  man, 
and  produced  pleasing  verse,  collected  in  <  A 
German-American's  Poems'  (1879)  and  < Grand- 
father Songs'  (1887). 

Byers,    Samuel    Hawkins    Marsliall.    An 

American  historical  and  descriptive  writer; 
bom  in  1838.  During  the  Civil  War  he  served 
in  the  Union  army.  He  was  taken  prisoner; 
and  while  in  prison  in  Columbia,  S.  C.,  wrote 
the  famous  song  <  Sherman's  March  to  the 
Sea.'  He  was  consul  at  ZUrich,  Switzerland, 
from  1869  to  1884,  and  consul-general  to  Italy 
in  1885.  Among  his  works  are  :  <  Switzerland ' 
(1875);  (History  of  Switzerland'  (1886);  'Mili- 
tary History  of  Iowa'  (1888). 

Bynner,  Edwin  Lassetter.  An  American 
novelist ;  bom  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1842  ;  died 
Sept.  4,  1893,  in  Boston,  Mass.,  where  he  was 
librarian  of  the  Boston  Law  Library.  He  was  the 
author  of  short  stories,   and  of  several    novels. 


including:  <Tritons>  (Boston,  1878);  <Agnes 
Surriage'  (1886);  < Penelope's  Suitors'  (Lon- 
don, 1887). 

Byr,  Robert  (bir),  pseudonym  of  Karl  Rob- 
ert Emerich  von  Bayer.  A  German  novelist; 
born  at  Bregenz,  April  15,  1835.  He  is  a  very 
popular  and  exceedingly  prolific  story-teller, 
and  his  volume-a-year  since  1862  has  had  a 
wide  circulation.  Among  his  best-known  nov- 
els are  :  <  The  Struggle  for  Life ' ;  <  Masks ' ;  <  A 
Secret  Dispatch ' ;  <  The  Road  to  Fortune ' ; 
< Meadow  Maidenhair';  'The  Ironworm.' 

Byme,JtiIia  Clara  (Busk).  An  English  novelist, 
bom  in  18 19,  and  married  to  William  Pitt  Byrne 
in  1842.  She  died  in  London  Mar.  29,  1894.  Her 
best-known  books  are:'Flemish  Interiors' ( 1856); 
<Red,  White  and  Blue:  Sketches  of  Military  Lifi 
(1863);  and 'Pictures  of  Hungarian  Life'(i869). 

Byron,  George  Noel  Gordon,  Lord.  A  cel- 
ebrated English  poet;  born  in  London,  Jan.  22, 
1788;  died  at  Missolonghi,  Greece,  April  19 
1824.  His  poems  appear  in  an  immense  num- 
ber of  editions,  but  a  complete  bibliography  is 
impossible  here,  and  any  attempt  at  charac- 
terization or  criticism  is  wholly  superfluous. 
The  collected  <  Life  and  Works,'  published  by 
Murray  (1832-35),  includes  all  the  recognized 
poems.  The  dates  of  issue  of  a  few  of  the 
most  celebrated  single  works  are  as  follows : 
'Hours  of  Idleness'  (1807);  'English  Bards 
and  Scotch  Reviewers'  (1809);  'Childe  Har- 
old's Pilgrimage'  (1812-22);  'The  Giaour' 
(1813);  'The  Bride  of  Abydos'  (1813) ;  'The 
Corsair'  (1814) ;  'Lara'  (1814) ;  'Hebrew  Mel- 
odies' (1815) ;  'The  Prisoner  of  Chillon '  (1816) ; 
'Manfred'  (1817) ;  'The  Lament  of  Tasso' 
(1817); 'Don  Juan'  (1819-24); 'Marino  Faliero' 
(1820);  'The  Two  Foscari'  (1821);  and 'Cain' 
(1821). 

Byron,  Henry  James.  An  English  dram- 
atist; born  in  Manchester,  in  January  1834; 
died  in  London,  April  11,  1884.  Forsaking 
law  and  medicine  for  the  stage,  he  acted  with 
success  in  London,  and  was  for  many  years  a 
popular  author  of  burlesques,  plays,  extrava- 
ganzas, farces,  and  light  comedies.  Among 
the  best  are:  'Cyril's  Success'  (1868);  and 
'Our  Boys'  (1875),  which  ran  for  four  years. 
With  Dion  Boucicault  he  wrote  'Lost  at  Sea* 
(1869);  and  with  F.  C.  Burnand,  W.  S.  Gilbert, 
and  R.  Reece, 'Forty  Thieves'  (1878).  Byron 
was  the  first  editor  of  Fun,  and  wrote  a  novel, 
'Paid  in  Full'  (3  vols.,  London,  1865). 


CABALLERO  —  C^SAR 


87 


Caballero,  Fernan  (ka-bal-ya'ro),  pseudo- 
nym of  Cecilia  Bohl  de  Faber.  A  Spanish 
novelist ;  born  at  Morges,  Switzerland,  Dec.  25, 
1796;  died  in  Seville,  Spain,  April  7,  1877.  Not 
until  1849  did  her  first  bo  Jc,  <  The  Sea-Gull,> 
appear,  forthwith  establishing  her  fame  as  the 
creator  of  the  modem  Spanish  realistic  novel. 
A  strictly  Roman  Catholic  and  extremely  con- 
servative tendency  prevails  in  all  her  work. 
Her  novels  include  :  <  The  Family  of  Alvareda> ; 

<  A  Summer  Season  at  Bomos  > ;  <  Clemencia  > ; 
♦Elia>;  <  Tears  >;  <Poor  Dolores  >;  <  Lucas 
Garcia  > ;  and  others.  Besides  several  collections 
of  short  stories,  she  also  published  the  first 
collection  of  Spanish  fairy  tales,  under  the 
title  <  Andalusian  Popular  Tales  and  Poems ' 
(1859). 

Cabanls,  Jean  Louis  (ka-ba-nes').  A  Ger- 
man ornithological  writer;  bom  in  Berlin, 
March  8,  1816.  His  studies  in  two  continents 
are  ably  elaborated  in  <  Ornithological  Obser- 
vations,' a  work  of  authority  in  the  science, 
and  succeeded  by  many  invaluable  notices  and 
investigations. 

CabaniB,  Pierre  Jean  Georges.  A  French 
physician  and  philosophical  writer;  bom  in 
Cosnac,  1757;  died  near  Meulan,  May  5,  1808. 
He  attended  Mirabeau  in  that  great  French- 
man's final  illness,  and  wrote  <  Journal  of  the 
Illness  and  Death  of  Mirabeau  >  (1791) ;  besides 
being   the    author  of  an   interesting   work   on 

<  Connections  [rapporfs]  between  Man's  Phys- 
ical and  Moral  Constitutions  [or  Natures] '  (new 
ed.  1866),  which  has  proved  an  incentive  to 
thought. 

Cabell,  Isa  Carrlngton.  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer;  bom  in  Virginia,  18 — .  She 
has  written  for  various  periodicals,  and  has 
published  <Seen  from  a  Saddle.' 

Cable,  George  Washington.  An  American 
novelist;  born  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  Oct.  12, 
1844.  After  the  Civil  War  he  began  to  con- 
tribute sketches  to  newspapers,  and  afterward 
published  stories  in  magazines.  Among  his 
published  works  are  :  <01d  Creole  Days'  (1879); 
<The  Grandissimes  >  (1880);  <  Madame  Del- 
phine'  (1881);  <Dr.  Sevier'  (1883);  <The 
Creoles  of  Louisiana  >  (1884) ;  <  The  Silent  South  • 
(1885) ;  <  John  March,  Southerner';  <Bonaventure', 

<  Strange,  True  Stories  of  Louisiana  ' ;  <  The 
Busy   Man's   Bible  ' ;  <  The   Negro   Question  '; 

<  Strong  Hearts ' ;  <  The  Cavalier  ' ;  <  Bylow  Hill.' 

Cacclanlga,  Antonio  (ka"cha-ne'ga).  An 
Italian  novelist ;  born  in  Treviso,  June  30,  1823. 
Exiled  after  the  revolution  of  1848,  he  lived 
as  reporter  in  Paris  until  1854,  and  there  wrote 
his  novel  <The  Prescript'  (1853);  esteemed  as 
an  excellent  portrayal  of  French  life.  Among 
his  other  works  are:  < Sweet  Idleness'  (1869), 


a  picture  of  Venetian  life  in  the  i8th  century; 
< Countess  Savina's  Kiss'  (1875);  <The  Fam- 
ily of  Bonifazio'  (1886)  :  all  notable  for  facility 
and  legitimate  popularity  of  style.      Died  1903. 

Cadabalso  or  Cadalso,  Don  Job6  de  (ka- 
da-al'so  or  ka-dal'so).  A  Spanish  poet,  dram- 
atist, and  story- writer ;  born  in  Cadiz,  Oct.  8, 
1741 ;  killed  at  Gibraltar,  Feb.  27,  1782.  Mili- 
tary and  literary  capacity  were  equally  char- 
acteristic of  this  well-born  and  well-educated 
man,  who,  after  writing  elegant  verses,  dainty 
satires,  and  especially  <The  Sages  of  the  Violet' 
(or  <  Learned  Men  who  are  Fashionable'),  a 
specimen  of  original  and  unforced  humor,  was 
killed  during  a  siege  by  the  explosion  of  a 
shell. 

Caderas,  Glan  Frederic  (ka-da'ras).  A  dis- 
tinguished Swiss  dialect  poet  and  story-writer; 
born  at  Modena,  Italy,  July  13,  1830 ;  died  at 
Samaden,  Switzerland,  Nov.  25,  1891.  He  cul- 
tivated the  old  Rhaetian  tongue,  which  still 
survives  among  some  of  the  Tyrolese  and  else- 
where ;  producing  much  sprightly  verse,  the  col- 
lections < Alpine  Flowers'  (1883)  and  < Smiles 
and  Tears'  (1887)  containing  fine  specimens. 
His  comedy  of  <The  Apothecary'  (1864)  has 
been  successful. 

Cadol,  Victor  Edouard  (ka-dol).  A  French 
dramatist  and  novelist;  born  in  Paris,  Feb.  II, 
1831,  died  there  June  2,  1898.  He  began  as  a 
writer  of  theatrical  criticism  for  various  periodi- 
cals; but  after  the  brilliant  success  of  his  comedy, 
<The  Good-for-Nothings>  (1868),  which  ran  for 
200  consecutive  nights,  he  became  known 
as  a  dramatist,  and  numerous  plays  came 
from  his  pen.  Among  his  novels  may  be  men- 
tioned :  <  Rose  :  Splendor  and  Miseries  of  The- 
atrical Life'  (1874);  and  <Hortense  Maillots' 
(1885). 

Cadoudal,  Louis  Georges  de  (ka-do-dal'). 
A  French  essayist  and  critic;  born  at  Auzon, 
Haute-Loire,  Feb.  10,  1823.  Journalism,  the 
cause  of  Bourbon  restoration,  and  love  of  the 
Church  have  occasioned  his  <  Signs  of  the 
Times'  (1861);  < Memories  of  Fifteen  Years' 
(1862);  and  <  Madame  Acarie'  (1863),  a  study 
of  the  religious  life  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries. 

Caedmon  (kad'mon).  An  Englis'A  poet; 
bom  — ;  died  680.  He  is  styled  «the  father 
of  English  song"  on  account  of  his  epics  of 
sacred  history,  written  in  old  Northumberland 
dialect,  mostly  without  titles,  although  one  is 
called  <  Genesis.' 

Csesar,  Calus  Julius  (se'zar).  The  great 
Roman  general  and  writer  of  memoirs;  wat 
bom  probably  about  100  B.  C. ;  killed  March  15, 
44  B.  C.  He  wrote  < Commentaries'  or  notes 
on  all  his  wars,  but  those  on  the  wars  in  Gaul 


C  AHAN  —  CALENZ^LI 


and  those  on  the  Civil  War  alone  remain. 
Besides  the  <  Commentaries,*  he  wrote  a  gram- 
matical treatise  <  On  Analogy,*  but  it  has  not 
come  down  to  us;  of  his  orations,  too,  no  ex- 
ample is  extant. 

Caban,  Abraham  (ka'han).  An  American 
journalist  and  novelist;  born  in  Russia,  i860. 
He  is  editor  of  the  New  York  Zukunft  (Fu- 
ture). He  has  written:  <Yekl,  a  Tale  of  the 
New  York  Ghetto  > ;  <  Raphael  Narizokh  >  in 
Yiddish  ;  and  •  The  Cha»m.> 

Cahen,  Isidore  (ka-an').  A  French  Hebraist 
historian  and  critic,  son  of  Samuel;  bom  in 
Paris,  Sept.  16,  1826.  <The  Philosophy  of  the 
Poem  of  Job>  (1851)  and  <The  Immortality 
of  the  Soul  among  the  Jews>  (1857)  are  his 
masterpieces. 

Cahen,  Samuel.  An  eminent  French  Hebra- 
ist; born  in  Metz,  Aug.  4,  1796;  died  in  Paris, 
Jan.  8,  1862.  His  version  of  the  Old  Testament 
(1841-53)  must  remain  a  permanent  monument 
to  his  memory. 

Calne,  Thomas  Henry  Hall.  An  English 
novelist;  bom  at  Runcorn,  Cheshire,  May  14, 
1853.  His  works  are :  <  Recollections  of  Ros- 
setti>  (1882);  <The  Shadow  of  a  Crime >  (1885); 
<A  Son  of  Hagar>  (1887);  <  The  Heemster,' 
a  romance  of  the  Isle  of  Man  (1887);  <The 
Little  Manx  Nation*  (1891)  ;  < The  Scapegoat* 
(1891);  <  The  Manxman  >  (1893) ;  '■  The  Christian  * 
O897);  <The  Eternal  City*  (1901);  <  The  Prodi- 
gal Son*  (1904). 

Caldas  Pereira  de  Souza,  Antonio  (kal'das 
pe-ra'ra  de  so'za).  A  Brazilian  poet;  bom  in 
Rio  Janeiro,  Nov.  23,  1762 ;  died  there,  March  2, 
1814.  He  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  in 
Portugal,  France,  and  Rome,  where  he  took  or- 
ders, and  returned  to  Brazil  in  1808.  His  <  Poems, 
Sacred  and  Profane*  (1821 ;  new  ed.  1836),  in 
Spanish,  contain  many  splendid  passages;  the 
best  examples  being,  probably,  the  ode  on  <  Man 
as  a  Barbarian*  and  <The  Birds.* 

Calderon,  Don  Serafin  Est^banez  (kal-da- 
ron').  A  Spanish  writer  (1801-67).  He  was 
professor  of  poetry  and  rhetoric  at  Granada, 
1822-30 ;  but  resigned  and  went  to  Madrid. 
There  he  collected  a  vast  library  of  old  Span- 
ish literature,  especially  of  ballads,  whether  MS. 
or  in  print :  the  collection  is  in  the  national 
library  at  Madrid.  He  wrote  a  volume  of 
< Poems*  (1833);  a  novel,  < Christians  and  Mo- 
riscos  *  ( 1838 ) ;  and  a  very  valuable  study  of  <  The 
Literature  of  the  Moriscos.*  He  also  wrote 
<The  Conquest  and  the  Loss  of  Portugal,*  and 
a  charming  volume  of  <Andalusian  Scenes.* 

Calderon  de  la  Barca,  Pedro  (kal-da-ron' 
da  la  bar'ka).  A  great  Spanish  dramatist; 
bom  at  Madrid,  Jan.  17,  1600 ;  died  May  25, 
1681.  Of  < Sacramental  Acts*  —  out-door  plays 
for  Corpus  Christi  day  —  he  wrote  72  on  themes 
Scriptural,  classical,  or  moral :  of  these,  <  The 
Divine  Orpheus*  is  reputed  the  best.  Of  reli- 
gious dramas  he  wrote  16,  among  them  <The 
vVonder-Working  Magician,*  the  action  of  which 
centres  on  a  human  soul's  surrender  tQ  Satan ; 


it  was  translated  by  Shelley  and  beautifully 
paraphrased  by  Fitzgerald.  Another  drama  of 
this  series  is  <  The  Schism  of  England.*  Of 
his  dramas  of  secular  history  may  be  cited  the 
powerful  domestic  tragedy,  <The  Alcalde  of 
Zalamea.*  His  dramas  include :  <  No  Magic 
Like  Love,*  founded  on  the  myth  of  Circe,  and 
t  Echo  and  Narcissus  * ;  while  his  best  known 
comedies  of  intrigue,  or  «of  the  cloak  and 
sword,**  are :  <  The  Fairy  Lady  *  and  <  'Tis  111 
Keeping  a  House  with  Two  Doors.*     ' 

Calder6n  y  Beltr&n,  Fernando  (kal-da-ron 
e  bel"tran').  A  Mexican  dramatist  and  poet; 
bom  in  Guadalajara,  July  20,  1809;  died  at 
Ojocaliente,  Jan.  18,  1845.  His  plays,  especially 
<The  Tourney,*  <Anne  Boleyn,*  and  <The 
Return  of  the  Crusader,*  are  very  popular 
throughout  Spanish  America,  while  as  a  lyric 
poet  he  is  also  highly  esteemed  among  his 
countrymen. 

Calderwood,  Henry.  A  Scotch  philosophical 
writer  ;  bom  at  Peebles,  May  lo,  1830  ;  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Nov.  19,  1897.  An  opponent  of  the 
doctrines  of  Sir  William  Hamilton,  he  brought  out 

<  The  Philosophy  of  the  Infinite  *  ( 1854)  ;  <  The 
Handbook  of  Moral  Philosophy*  (1872);  and 
similar  works,  which  ran  through  many  editions. 

Caldwell,  Joseph  (kald'wel).  An  American 
divine  and  educator ;  born  at  Lamington,  N.  J., 
April  21,  1773;  died  at  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C.^ 
Jan.  27,  1835.  He  was  president  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  North   Carolina  (1804).    He  wrote : 

<  Letters  of  Carleton  * ;  etc. 

Caldwell,  William  Warren.    An  American 

writer  of  verse ;  born  in  Massachusetts,  1823. 
His  home  is  in  Newburyport.  Besides  trans- 
lating numerous  lyrics  from  the  German,  he  has 
published  <  Poems,  Original  and  Translated.* 

Calef,  Robert  (ka'lef).  An  American  satir- 
ist; born  in  Massachusetts,  about  1648;  died 
1719.  He  was  a  Boston  merchant.  He  wrote  : 
<More  Wonders  of  the  Invisible  World*  (1700), 
a  reply  to  Cotton  Mather's  <  Wonders  of  the 
Invisible  World,*  and  opposing  persecution  for 
witchcraft.  The  book  was  publicly  burned  by 
Increase  Mather. 

Calemard  de  la  Fayette,  Charles  (kal- 
mar'  de  la  fl-yet  or  fa-yet).  A  French  poet, 
critic,  and  essayist ;  born  in  Puy,  April  9,  1815. 
He  has  enriched  polite  literature  with  studies 
of  <  Dante,  Michael  Angelo,  Machiavelli  *  (1852), 
with  an  artistic  version  of  <  The  Inferno  of 
Dante  Alighieri*  (1855),  and  with  <The  Adieu* 
(1885),  a  collection  of  well-polished  verse. 

Calentlus  or  Calenzlo  (ka-len'shus).  A 
noted  late  Latin  poet;  died  1503.  He  wrote 
elegies,  satires,  and  epigrams  that  were  greatly 
admired  for  their  pure  Latinity;  also  a  poem 
founded  upon  the  Homeric  legends. 

Calenzoli,  Giuseppe  (ka-len'ts6-le).  An  Ital- 
ian dramatist ;  born  in  Florence,  1815 ;  author 
of  some  thirty  comedies,  mostly  in  one  act, 
showing  an  excellent  sense  of  stage  effect,  and 
^  ready  and   always  reftned  yy\%.     The  best 


CALFA  — CALVIN 


89 


among  them  are :  *  A  Search  for  a  Husband  > 
(1852);  <Father  Zappata>  (1876).  His  <  Dia- 
logues and  Comedies  for  Young  Giris'  (1874) 
are  also  highly  esteemed.     Died  1882. 

Calfa,  Ambroise  (kal-fa').  A  French-Arme- 
nian historian  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
in  Constantinople,  March  2,  1830.  A  <  Uni- 
versal History'  (1851),  and  Armenian  versions 
of  French  masterpieces,  are  typical  of  his  tal- 
ent and  industry. 

Calfa,  Cordne.  An  Armenian  poet  and  prose- 
writer,  brother  of  Ambroise ;  born  in  Constan- 
tinople in  1835.  His  poems  and  songs  are 
immensely  popular  with  his  countrymen;  his 
translation  of  Lamartine's  < Poetic  Harmonies' 
is  adequate  and  spirited ;  besides  which  should 
be  mentioned  a  <  History  of  Armenia,*  well 
written  and  authoritative. 

Calhoun,  John  Caldwell.  An  American 
statesman;  born  Abbeville  dist,  S.  C,  March 
18,  1782 ;  died  m  Washington,  March  31,  1850. 
He  was  elected  Representative  in  Congress 
in  181 1,  and  there  soon  attained  note;  was 
Secretary  of  War  in  Monroe's  administration 
(1817);  was  Vice-President  of  the  United  States 
under  J.  Q.  Adams  (1825-29),  and  under  Jack- 
son (1829-32).  He  first  distinctly  promulgated 
his  doctrine  of  Nullification  in  1829.  He  be- 
came United  States  Senator  in  1832  and  so 
remained  till  1843,  when  he  was  made  Secre- 
tary of  State  by  President  Tyler ;  he  was  again 
elected  to  the  Senate  in  1845,  and  '"  that  office 
died.  As  a  speculative  thinker,  according  to 
John  Stuart  Mill,  he  <<  displayed  powers  su- 
perior to  [those  of]  any  one  who  has  appeared 
in  American  politics  since  the  authors  of  <The 
Federalist.'  '*  His  most  memorable  treatise  is 
<0n  the  Constitution  and  Government  of  the 
United  States.'  A  < Discourse  on  Government' 
is  also  notable. 

Callender,  James  Thomas.  An  American 
politician  and  publicist;  bom  in  England,  17 — ; 
died  1803.  He  was  exiled  from  England  for 
his  pamphlet  <The  Political  Progress  of  Great 
Britain.'  He  wrote :  <  Sketches  of  the  History 
of  America ' ;  <  The  Prospect  before  Us.' 

Callender,  John.  An  American  historian ; 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  1706;  died  in  Newport, 
R.  I.,  Jan.  26,  1748.  He  collected  many  valu- 
able papers  relating  to  the  Baptists  in  America ; 
and  published  <A  Centennial  Discourse  on  the 
Civil  and  Religious  Affairs  of  the  Colony  of 
Rhode  Island'  (1739),  which  was  the  only 
history  of  that  State  for  more  than  a  century. 
The  State  Historical  Society  reprinted  it,  with 
notes  by  Rev.  Romeo  Elton,  D.  D.  (1838)  and 
a  memoir  of  the  author. 

Callimachus  (kal-im'a-kus).  A  Greek  poet; 
born  in  Cyrene ;  flourished  third  century  B.  C. 
He  wrote  epics  called  <  Hecale '  and  <  Galatea,' 
besides  tragedies,  comedies,  elegies,  and  hymns ; 
but  only  some  epigrams,  sacred  songs,  and 
verses  have  come  down  to  us,  among  which 
are  a  <  Hymn  to  Jupiter,'  an  <  Epitaph  on 
Heracleitus,'  and  one  on  himself. 


Calonne,  Ernest  de  (ka-lon'V  A  French 
poet  and  dramatist;  born  in  Paris,  Jan.  11, 
1822.  His  maiden  effort,  <  Cupid  and  Psyche  > 
(1842),  was  a  revelation  of  true  poetic  gifts; 
and  in  comedy  he  has  succeeded,  with  <The 
Amorous  Doctor'  and  < Bertha  and  Suzanne,' 
in  attaining  felicitous  literary  if  not  theatrical 
effects. 

Calpurnius  Siculus,  Titus  (kal-per'ni-us 
sik'ii-lus).  A  Roman  poet;  born  about  30  A. D.; 
died  about  80  A.  D.  He  appears  toward  the 
commencement  of  Nero's  reign  with  various 
eclogues  and  bucolics,  palpable  imitations  of 
Virgil  and  of  Theocritus,  and  conceived  in  a 
spirit  of  servile  adulation  of  his  imperial  mas- 
ter. 

Calthrop,  Samuel  Robert.  An  American 
Unitarian  divine  and  essayist ;  born  in  Eng- 
land, 1829.  He  is  settled  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  He 
has  written :< Essay  on  Religion  and  Science'; 

<  The  Rights  of  the  Body  > ;  <  God  in  his  Word.' 

Calverley,  Charles  Stuart.  An  English 
poet  and  humorist ;  born  at  Martley,  Worces- 
tershire, Dec.  22,  1831 ;  died  Feb.  17,  1884. 
He  won  a  prize  at  Oxford  with  a  Latin  poem ; 
afterward  becoming  a  member  of  Cambridge, 
he  was  there  made  Fellow.  He  possessed  an 
exquisite  wit.  His  < Verses  and  Translations' 
(1862)  have  been  often  reprinted.  His  <  Society 
Verses'  are  marked  by  great  elegance  and 
geniality. 

Calvert,  George  Henry.  An  American  writer 
of  prose  and  verse ;  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
Jan.  2,  1803;  died  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  May  24, 
1889.  He  was  a  great-grandson  of  Lord  Bal- 
timore. After  graduating  at  Harvard  (1823), 
he  studied  in  Germany ;  then  returning  to  Bal- 
timore, became  editor  of  the  American,  and  a 
contributor  to  various  periodicals.  His  pub- 
lished books  include:  < Poems'  (1847);  'Joan 
of  Arc'  (i860);  < Goethe,  his  Life  and  Works' 
(1872);  <Brief  Essays  and  Brevities'  (1874); 
and  <  Wordsworth :  a  Biographic  /Esthetic 
Study'  (1875). 

Calvl,  Felice,  Count  (kal've).  An  Italian 
historian  and  novelist;  born  in  Milan,  Dec. 
16,  1822.  His  earliest  work  was  <A  Castle  in 
the  Roman  Campagna,'  a  novel,  followed  by 
several  valuable  historical  works,  among  them  : 

<  Diplomatic  and  Historical  Curiosities  of  the 
Seventeenth  Century'  (1878);  <A  Family  of 
Noted  Milanese'  (1875-87). 

Calvin,  John  (kal'vin).  A  celebrated  re- 
former and  theologian ;  born  at  Noyon,  in  Pic- 
ardy,  July  10,  1509;  died  in  Geneva,  May  27, 
1564.  Soon  after  taking  a  degree,  he  went  to 
Paris  for  the  study  of  the  humanities.  In 
Paris  he  came  under  the  influence  of  the 
teachers  of  the  new  theology;  and  before  long 
(1534)  had  to  flee  from  France,  seeking  refuge 
at  Basel.  There  he  published  his  greatest 
work :  <  Institutes  of  the  Christian  Religion ' 
(1536),  first  in  Latin,  then  in  a  French  ver- 
sion; he  afterward  revised  and  enlarged  the 
work,  and  the  author's  definitive  edition  wa* 


9© 


CAMBRIDGE  —  CAMPBELL 


published  in  I55Q.  Next  after  the  '  Institutes,* 
Calvin's  most  important  work  is  his  •  Com- 
mentaries on  the  New  Testament.'  His  com- 
plete works  were  published  in  12  folio  volumes 
(1617).  In  the  libraries  of  Geneva  and  Ziirich 
are  about  3,000  of  his  unpublished  sermons  and 
other  writings. 

Calvo,  Carlo,  author  of  international  law 
(1824-93);    born   at    Buenos  Ay  res.     He  wrote 

<  Historical  Reviewof  Treaties,  Conventions,  etc., 
of  all    Latin- American   States'    (1862-69),   and 

<  The  International  Law  in  Theory  and  Practice  > 
( 1887-90). 

Cambridge,  Richard  Owen.  An  English 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  London,  1717 ; 
died  1802.  He  wrote :  <  The  Scribleriad,*  a 
heroic  poem;  <  History  of  the  War  in  India 
between  the  French  and  the  English  from  1755 
to  1761  > ;  and  other  works. 

Camden,  William.  An  English  antiquarian ; 
born  in  London,  1551 ;  died,  1623.  He  was  re- 
nowned for  his  Anglo-Saxon  learning,  and 
wrote  :  <  Description  of  Great  Britain  in  Ancient 
Times';  'Annals  of  the  Reign  of  Elizabeth'; 
and  other  works. 

Cameron,  H.  Lovett.  An  English  novelist, 
widow  of  Verney  L.  Her  novels  deal  mostly 
with  personal  complications,  and  include  :  <  The 
Cost  of  a  Lie'  (1886);  <The  Dead  Past'  (1886); 
and  <Pure  Gold'  (1887),— all  involving  the 
sombre  side  of  sentiment. 

Cameron,  Verney  Lovett.  An  English  ex- 
plorer and  writer  of  adventure ;  born  in  Radi- 
pole,  Dorsetshire,  July  i,  1844 ;  died  at  Leighton- 
Buzzard,  March  27,  1894.  Famed  for  his  feats 
of  travel,  he  turned  them  to  account  in  <  Harry 
Raymond'  (1886),  a  tale  of  adventure  among 
pirates;  <The  Cruise  of  the  Black  Prince  Pri- 
vateer' (1886);  and  < Across  Africa'  (1S77). 

Camoens,  Lulz  de  (kam'o-ens).  Portugal's 
greatest  poet;  born  at  Lisbon  in  1524  or  1525; 
died  June  10,  1580.  He  passed  some  time  in 
India  as  a  soldier;  later  he  held  a  lucrative 
office  at  Macao ;  there  he  composed  a  part  of 
<The  Lusiads.'  He  returned  to  Portugal  beg- 
gared, and  died  at  Lisbon  in  a  public  hospital. 
The  <  Lusiads '  served  to  determine  the  ultimate 
literary  forms  of  Portuguese :  it  is  regarded  as 
the  national  epic  of  Portugal. 

Camp,  Walter.  A  well-known  American 
writer  on  athletics;  born  in  Connecticut,  1859. 
He  has  written:  'Book  of  College  Sports'; 
'American  Football';  'Football  Facts  and 
Figures ' ;  '  Drives  and  Puts' ;  etc. 

Campan,  Jeanne  Louise  Henrietta  (kon- 
pon').  A  French  writer  of  memoirs,  recollec- 
tions, and  essays  on  education ;  born  (Genest) 
in  Paris,  Oct.  6,  1752;  died  at  Mantes,  May 
16,  1822.  Her  'Memoirs  of  the  Private  Life 
of  Marie  Antoinette '  were  based  upon  personal 
knowledge  obtained  in  the  capacity  of  lady- 
in-waiting;  the  'Correspondence  with  Queen 
Hortense'  is  a  revelation  of  character  of  no 
small  value;  but  the  'Treatise  on  Education' 
is  unimportant. 


Campanella,  Tomaso  (kam-pan-el'a).  A  fa- 
mous Italian  philosopher;  bom  at  Stilo,  Cala- 
bria, Sept.  5,  1568;  died  at  Paris,  May  21, 
1639.  At  an  unusually  early  age  he  had  em- 
braced the  monastic  life,  astonishing  his  reli- 
gious superiors  with  the  precocious  ripeness  of 
his  Thomistic  scholarship,  and  writing  poems 
and  treatises  that  are  still  not  beneath  respect. 
For  twenty-seven  years,  however,  he  lay  in  a 
Spanish  prison,  because  of  his  political  indis- 
cretions with  the  pen.  During  this  period 
many  of  his  treatises  were  compiled :  but  the 
ordeal  broke  his  spirit  and  induced  the  impo- 
tence so  characteristic  of  his  thought  in  the 
very  hour  of  its  realization ;  the  consequence 
being  that  even  such  great  works  as  the 
'Treatise  on  Material  Philosophy'  (1623)  and 
'Rational  Philosophy'  (1637)  are  painfully  in- 
adequate. Only  his  '  Kingdom  [or  City]  of 
the  Sun'  (1623),  a  work  not  unlike  More's 
'  Utopia,'  is  very  widely  known. 

Campardon,  Emile  (kam-par-don').  A  French 
biographer  and  historian ;  bom  in  Paris,  July 
18,  1834.  He  has  made  exhaustive  studies  of 
'The  Revolutionary  Tribunal  of  Paris'  (1866) ; 
'  Marie  Antoinette  and  the  Necklace  Case '  (1863); 
and' Madame  de  Pompadour  and  the  Court  of 
Louis  XV.'  (1867);   <  Memoirs  of  Frederick  II.' 

Campbell,  Alexander  (kam'bel  or  kam'el). 
A  celebrated  American  Presbyterian  divine  and 
theological  writer;  born  near  Ballymena,  Ire- 
land, Sept.  12,  1788 ;  died  at  Bethany,  VV.  Va., 
March  4,  1866.  With  his  father,  he  founded 
the  sect  of  "  Campbellites "  or  "  Disciples  of 
Christ"  (about  1827),  numbering  at  the  time 
of  his  death  over  400,000  communicants;  he 
founded  also,  and  was  the  first  president  of, 
Bethany  College  (1841).  He  published  the^ 
monthly  magazine  the  Christian  Baptist  (1823- 
30),  called  afterward  the  Millennial  Harbinger 
(1830-63).  Among  his  works  were:  'Christian 
System ' ;  '  Popular  Lectures  and  Addresses ' 
(1862)  ;  'Letters  to  a  Sceptic'  (1869);  etc. 

Campbell,  Hartley.  An  American  dram- 
atist ;  born  in  Allegheny  City,  Pa.,  Aug.  12, 
1843;  died  in  Middletown,  N.  Y.,  July  30,  1888. 
He  established  the  Evening  Mail  in  Pittsburg 
(1868) ;  the  Southern  Magazine  in  New  Orleans 
(1869).  His  first  drama  that  met  with  success 
in  New  York  city  was  '  My  Partner,'  appear- 
ing in  1879.  '  Fairfax,  or  Life  in  the  Sunny 
South,'  and  'The  Galley  Slave,'  were  on  the 
metropolitan  boards  during  the  same  season. 
Included  in  his  plays  are:  'Matrimony';  'The 
White  Slave ' ;  '  Siberia ' ;  and  '  Paquita.'  Sev- 
eral of  his  plays  were  brought  out  in  Eng- 
land. 

Campbell,  Charles.  An  American  historian ; 
born  in  Petersburg,  Va.,  May  i,  1807 ;  died  in 
Staunton,  Va.,  July  11,  1876.  Among  his  pub- 
lications are:  'The  Bland  Papers'  (1840-43); 
'An  Introduction  to  the  History  of  the  Colony 
and  Ancient  Dominion  of  Virginia'  (1849); 
'Genealogy  of  the  Spotswood  Family'  (1868). 
He  belonged  to  the  Historical  Society  of  Vir- 
ginia;   was    a    contributor   of   the    Historical 


CAMPBELL  —  C  AMPISTRON 


9* 


Register  ana  ilie  Southern  Literary  Messen- 
ger ;  and  editor  of  the  <  Orderly  Book  >  of 
Gen.  Andrew  Lewis  in  1776  (Richmond,  i860). 

Campbell,  Douglas.  An  American  lawyer 
and  historical  writer,  son  of  W.  W.  Campbell ; 
born  at  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  July  13, 1839  ;died 
at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  March  7,  1893.  He  prac- 
ticed law  in  New  York   (1865-90).    He  wrote 

<  The  Puritan  in  Holland,  England,  and  Amer- 
ica*  (1892),  considered  an  authoritative  work. 

Campbell,  George.  A  Scottish  divine  and 
philosophical  writer;  born  in  Aberdeen,  Dec. 
25,  1719;  died  there  (?),  April  6,  1796.  In  his 
< Dissertation  on  Miracles*  (1762)  and  (Philos- 
ophy of  Rhetoric*  (1776),  he  shows  learning, 
ingenuity,  and  grace. 

Campbell,  Sir  George.  An  English  de- 
scriptive writer;  born  in  1824;  died  at  Cairo, 
Feb.  18,  1892.      He  is  best  represented  by  his 

<  Modern  India*  (1852);  <  White  and  Black  in 
the  United  States*;  and  <The  British  Empire* 
(1889). 

Campbell,  Helen  Stuart.  An  American 
sociological  writer;  born  in  Lockport,  N.  Y., 
July  4,  1839.  Her  early  writings  were  published 
in  newspapers  and  magazines.  She  has  given 
close  attention  to  the  study  of  social  problems 
in  such  works  as  <  Prisoners  of  Poverty.*  From 
1881  till  1884  she  was  literary  editor  of  Our 
Continent,  Philadelphia.  Her  style  is  serious, 
witty,  and  emotional.  Among  her  published 
books  are:  <The  Problem  of  the  Poor*  (1882); 
<The  What-to-do  Club*  (1884);  <Miss  Melin- 
da's  Opportunity*  (1886)  ;  <  Household  Econom- 
ics* (1896)  ;  <  Ballantyne*  (1901). 

Campbell,  John.  A  British  historical  writer"; 
born  in  Edinburgh,  March  8,  1708 ;  died  Dec. 
28,  1775.  His  writings  before  1742  were  pub- 
lished anonymously.  From  1755  to  the  close 
of  his  life,  he  was  agent  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment for  the  province  of  Georgia.  His 
works  are  in  part :  <  Concise  History  of  Span- 
ish America*  (1741);  <  Lives  of  the  English 
Admirals*  (1744);  <A  Survey  of  the  Present 
State  of  Europe*  (1750);  and  < Trade  of  Great 
Britain  to  America*  (1772). 

Campbell,  John,  Baron.  A  British  legal 
biographer;  born  in  Springfield,  near  Cupar, 
Fifeshire,  Scotland,  Sept.  15,  1779 ;  died  in 
London,  June  22,  1861.  He  was  Lord  Chan- 
cellor of  England  (1859-61);  and  wrote:  < Lives 
of  the  Lord  Chancellors*  (1845-48)  and  < Lives 
of  the  Chief  Justices*  (1849-57),  both  well 
known   and  authoritative  works. 

Campbell,  Sir  John  Douglas  Sutherland. 
Sec  Lome. 

Campbell,  John  Francis.  A  Scotch  folk- 
lorist  and  descriptive  writer ;  bom  about 
1822  ;  died  at  Cannes,  France,  Feb.  7,  1885. 
His  first  success  was  <  Popular  Tales  of  the 
West  Highlands*  (1860-62),  an  accurate  and 
discriminating  compilation ;  to  which  succeeded 
< Frost  and  Fire*  (1865),  a  volume  of  semi- 
•cientific.  and  semi-descriptive  miscellany. 


Campbell,  Loomis  J.  An  American  philolo- 
gist and  writer ;  born  in  Oneonta,  N.  Y.,  1831 ; 
died  there,  Nov.  6,  1896.    He  was  author  of  a 

<  United   States   History,*  also  of  the   popular 

<  Franklin  Series  *  of  school-books ;  and  edited  a 

<  Young  Folks'  Book  of  Poetry*  and  a  <  Hand- 
Book  of  Synonyms.*  The  degree  of  LL.  D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  Hamilton  College. 

Campbell,  Thomas.  A  celebrated  Scottish 
poet ;  born  at  Glasgow,  July  27,  1777 ;  died  at 
Boulogne,  France,  June  15,  1844.  In  1799  was 
published  his  <  Pleasures  of  Hope,*  which  in 
a  year  reached  a  fourth  edition.  <  Gertrude  of 
Wyoming*  (1809);  <The  Exile  of  Erin*;  <  Ho- 
henlinden*;  'Lochiel's  Warning*;  <Ye  Mari- 
ners of  England  * ;  and  <  Battle  of  the  Baltic,* 
are  among  his  best  known  poems. 

Campbell,  William  W.  A  prominent  Amer- 
ican lawyer  and  historical  writer ;  bom  in  New 
York  State,  I806;  died  1881.  Settled  in  N.  Y. 
city,  he  was  a  judge  of  the  State  Supreme 
Court.  He  wrote  :  <  Annals  of  Tryon  County  * 
(reissued  as  < Border  Warfare*);  <Life  and 
Writings  of  De  Witt  Clinton  * ;  <  Sketches  of 
Robin  Hood  and  Captain  Kidd  * ;  etc. 

Campbell,  William  Wilfred.  A  Canadian 
poet;  bora  in  Western  Ontario,  Canada,  1861. 
He  has  published  <Lake  Lyrics*  (1889);  <The 
Dread  Voyage*  (1893);  <Mordred,  a  Tragedy,* 
and  <Hildebrand*  (1895),  the  two  latter  being 
dramas  in  blank  verse  ;  and  numerous  separate 
poems,  among  them  < England*  (1897).  He  is 
cited,  in  the  Victorian  Anthology,  among  the 
notable  poets  of  Canada.  He  is  at  present  an 
official  of  the  Privy  Council  of  the  govern- 
ment at  Ottawa. 

Campe,  Joachim  Heinrich  (kam'pe).  A 
German  lexicographer  and  writer  of  juvenile 
tales  (1746-1818).  His  educational  works  were 
long  widely  read  and  highly  esteemed ;  espe- 
cially <  Robinson  the  Younger*  (1779;  115th  ed. 
1890),  an  adaptation  of  Defoe's  <  Robinson  Cru- 
soe,* which  was  translated  into  every  European 
language.  Next  in  popularity  came  a  <  History 
of  the  Discovery  of  America*  (1781 ;  26th  ed. 
1881). 

Campion,  Thomas.  An  English  poet;  bom 
between  1570  and  1580;  died  at  London,  March 
I,  1619.  He  was  by  profession  a  medical  man. 
He  wrote  a  volume  of  <  Poems*  (l595),  being 
Latin  elegies  and  epigrams.  He  published 
(1610-12)  four  <  Books  of  Airs,*  containing  songs 
written  by  himself  to  airs  of  his  own  compo- 
sition :  the  first  book  contains  <  Divine  and 
Moral  Songs  * ;  the  second  <  Light  Conceits  of 
Lovers*;  the  third  and  fourth  are  not  dis- 
tinguished by  any  separate  sub-title.  In  his 
songs  the  verse  and  the  music  are  most  hap- 
pily wedded. 

Camplstron,  Jean  Galbdrt  de  (koA-pes- 
troh').  A  French  dramatist  (1656-1713),  a  dis- 
ciple and  faithful  imitator  of  Racine,  and  often 
called  « Racine's  ape.**  His  finest  tragedies 
were  <Andronicus*  (1685),  the  dramatized  story 
of  Don  Carlos,  son  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain;  and 


92 


CAMPOAMOR  Y  CAMPOOSORIO  — CANONGE 


<Tiridates>  (1691).  A  comedy,  <Jealousy  Un- 
deceived* (1709),  ranks  among  his  best  pro- 
ductions. 

Campoamor  y  Campoosorio,  Don  Ramon  de 
v'kam"p5-m6r"  e  kam-po-s6're-o).  A  Spanish 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  bom  at  Navia  in 
1817.  He  is  at  once  one  of  the  most  popular 
and  most  prolific  of  the  peninsula's  versifiers; 
in  <  Moral  and  Political  Fables  >  and  <  Colon* 
his  talent  is  most  at  home,  although  <  Doloras  > 
(Sorrows),  a  collection  of  poems  in  which  he 
gives  expression  to  the  best  in  contemporary 
Spanish  ideals,  has  attracted  most  attention. 
His  stories  in  verse,  <The  Good  and  the  Wise* 
and  <Juana's  Loves*  more  particularly,  are 
deemed  by  many  his  masterpieces ;  but  his 
plays  —  among  them  <Dies  Irse,*  a  drama  —  are 
not  without  a  claim  to  that  distinction.  He 
has  written,  as  well,  on  political  and  social  sub- 
ject's in  sonorous  prose.     Died  1901. 

Camprodon,  Francisco  (kam-pro-don').  A 
Spanish  dramatist;  born  at  Vich,  Catalonia, 
1816;  died  at  Havana,  1870.  His  masterpiece 
is  'The  Flower  of  a  Day,*  written  in  euphoni- 
ous and  well-scanned  metre,  and  a  drama  of 
no  ordinary  merit;  a  sequel  to  it,  entitled 
<  Thorns  of  a  Flower,'  being  published  after- 
wards. 

Ca&ete,  Manuel  (kan-ya'te).  A  Spanish 
poet  and  dramatist;  bom  at  Seville,  Aug.  6, 
1822 ;  died  in  Madrid,  Nov.  4,  1891.  A  volume 
of  <  Poems*  first  drew  popular  attention  to  his 
genius,  which  is  strong  in  lyric  compositions 
and  in  odes,  but  strongest  in  the  drama,  as 
<A  Dispute  in  Granada*  and  <The  Flower  of 
Bresalu*  denote.  His  studies  in  dramatic  criti- 
cism, especially  those  of  the  infancy  of  the 
Spanish  theatre,  possess  a  permanent  value  as 
contributions  to  history,  in  addition  to  their 
merits  as  specimens  of  a  correct  taste  and  an 
almost  faultless  style. 

Canlni,  Marco  Antonio  (ka-ne'ne).  An 
Italian  poet  and  political  agitator  (1822-91); 
bom  at  Venice.  He  fled  from  Italy  in  1849 
and  took  refuge  in  Greece.  He  published,  at 
Athens,  a  volume  of  poems:  <Mind,  Fancy, 
and  Heart*  (1852).  Retuming  to  Italy  in  1859, 
he  edited  journals  in  various  cities.  He  wrote 
a  novel  in  verse,  <  George  the  Monk  and  Leila.* 
Another  collection  of  his  poems,  <  Love  and 
Sorrow,*  was  published  in  1880;  he  has  also 
issued  <  The  Book  of  Love,*  a  volume  of  trans- 
lations of  love  songs  from  nearly  150  languages. 

Canis,  Jean  (ka-ne'  or  ka-nis').  A  French 
historian;  born  in  Paris,  Nov.  20,  1840.  His 
realistic  style,  vivid  narration,  and  scholarly 
impartiality  have  attracted  special  attention  to 
two  of  his  productions :  <  The  Massacres  in 
Ireland,*  and  <  History  of  the  French  Republic 
from  1870  to  1883.* 

Canivet,  Charles  Alfred  fka-ne-va').  A 
French  journalist,  novelist,  and  poet ;  bom  in 
Valognes,  Manche,  Feb.  10,  1839.  His  repu- 
tation was  made  by  a  series  of  articles  in 
the  Soleil,  under  the  pseudonym  of  «Jean  de 
Nivelle  ** ;  but  in  fiction  he  is  well  known  as 


the  author  of  word-pictures  of  Normandy  life, 
among  them  <  Poor  Devils  *  and  •  The  Organ- 
ist's Niece.*  His  <Lost  Colonies*  is  an  account 
of  the  French  forfeiture  of  India  and  of  Can- 
ada through  an  impotent  foreign  policy;  and 
his  best  poetry  is  probably  in  the  collection 
'  Along  the  Coast.* 

Canizares,  Jose  (kan-ye-thar'es).  A  Span- 
ish dramatist ;  born  in  Madrid,  July  4,  1676 ; 
died  there,  Sept.  4,  1750.  His  precocity,  of 
which  much  is  made,  took  the  form  of  dra- 
matic composition,  in  which  he  excelled  at  four- 
teen ;  nor  was  he  much  older  when  his  <  Balance 
Sheets  (or  Accounts)  of  the  Great  Captain' 
was  completed, —  a  historical  play  made  note- 
worthy by  one  scene  of  infinite  effectiveness. 
The    Spanish    stage    owes   to   him,   moreover, 

<  What  Passes  from  Sceptre  to  Sceptre  > ;  <  Eng- 
land's Cruelty  * ;  and  other  productions  of  merit 

Canning,  George.  An  English  statesman, 
orator,  and  writer;  bom  in  London,  April  11, 
1770 ;  died  at  Chiswick,  Aug.  8, 1827.  A  Liberal 
in  extreme  youth,  he  early  joined  the  Tory 
party,  distinguished  himself  as  wit  and  Parlia- 
mentary manager,  held  repeated  Cabinet  office, 
and  became  Premier  in  the  last  year  of  his 
life.  He  had  grown  more  Liberal  in  his  later 
years,  sickened  at  the  stagnant  and  cmel  re- 
actionism  that  followed  the  panic  over  the 
French  Revolution,  and  assisted  the  South- 
American  republics  to  obtain  independence. 
His  contributions  to  pure  literature  were  mostly 
contained  in  the  short-lived  Anti-Jacobin,  a 
Tory  periodical  after  the  fashion  of  the  previous 
Whig  Rolliad,  and  full  of  wit;  among  them 
are  <The  Needy  Knife-Grinder,*  and  <The 
Rovers,*  which  contains  <The  University  of 
Gottingen.*  His  speeches,  however,  are  often 
genuine  literary  productions;  they  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death,  greatly  altered  (largely 
for  the  worse)  from  their  form  as  delivered. 

Cannizzaro,  Tommaso  (kan-its-ar'6).  An 
Italian  poet ;  bom  in  Messina,  Aug.  17,  1838. 
The  volume  of  poems  styled  <In  Solitude' 
shows  him  an  idealist,  and  perhaps  symbolist. 
He  uses  the  French  language  with  dexterity 
and  grace  in  <  Thorns  and  Roses,*  another  vol- 
ume of  verse.     He  also  wrote  <  India'  (1899). 

Cannon,  Charles  James.  An  American 
novelist,  poet,  and  dramatist ;  born  in  New 
York  city,  Nov.  4,  1800;  died  there,  Nov.  9, 
i860.  His  publications  include :  <  Ravellings 
from  the  Web  of  Life*  (1856);  <  Dramas* 
(1857);  <The  Poet's  Quest*;  <  Father  Felix,  a 
Catholic    Story';   < Dolores,  a   Tragedy*;   and 

<  Better  Late  than  Never,*  a  drama  (1852).  He 
compiled  a  <  Practical  English  Spelling  Book,' 
and  series  of  Readers. 

Canonge,  Jules  (ka-nonzh).  A  French  poet; 
born  in  Nimes,  March  20,  1812 ;  died  March 
14,   1870.    His  delicate  poesy  is  preserved  in 

<  Preludes*  (1835);  <Tasso  at  Sorrento*;  and 
<01im'  (i8S9);  besides  other  volumes,  in  addi- 
tion to  which  he  turned  his  attention  to  legend 
and  story  and  produced  worthy  prose. 


CANOVAS  del  CASTILLO  — CARCANO 


93 


C&novaB  del  Castillo,  Antonio  (ka'no-vas 
del  kas-tel'yo).  A  distinguished  Spanish  states- 
man and  man  of  letters ;  born  in  Malaga,  Feb. 
8,  1826;  assassinated  at  the  baths  of  Santa 
Aqueda,  Aug.  8,  1897.  In  his  25th  year  he 
was  editor  of  the  Conservative  journal  Patria, 
and  in  1854  entered  the  public  service  as  mem- 
ber of  the  Cortes ;  thereafter  he  held  vari- 
ous posts  in  the  government.  At  his  death 
he  had  been  for  some  years  prime  minister. 
He  is  author  of  <  Literary  Studies '  (2  vols., 
1868);  'History  of  the  Austrian  Dominion  in 
Spain  >  (1869);  <  Problems  of  the  Time>  (2 
vols.,  1884) ;  <  Studies  on  the  Reign  of  Philip 
IV.'  (3  vols.,  1888-90).  He  was  editor-in-chief 
of  a  <  General  History  of  Spain,'  consisting  of 
monographs  by  sundry  writers,  of  which  the 
first  volume  appeared  in  1890. 

Cano  y  Masas,  Leopoldo  (ka'no  e  mas'as). 
A  distinguished  Spanish  poet  and  dramatist ; 
born  at  Valladolid,  Nov.  13, 1844.  He  graduated 
from  the  Spanish  Military  Academy  at  Madrid 
(1865),  and  was  appointed  professor  of  analyt- 
ical and  descriptive  geometry  there  in  1867,  re- 
tiring in  1885.  His  first  comedy  was  <  Laurels 
of  a  Poet>  (1852).  His  many  other  plays  in- 
clude :  *■  The  Code  of  Honor ' ;  <  Modem  Idola- 
try'; and  <The  Death  of  Lucretia.'  He  is  the 
author  of  a  volume  of  poems,  <  Arrows.' 

Cantacuzenus,  John  (kan"ta-ku-ze'nus). 
Emperor  of  Constantinople ;  born  in  the  twelfth 
century  (?) ;  died  after  1355.  His  <  Byzantine 
History'  is  a  noted  work. 

Cantemlr  or  Kantemlr,  Prince  Antlochus 

(kan'te-mer).    See  Kantemlr. 

Cantonl,  Carlo  (kan-to'ne).  An  Italian  phi- 
losopher; born  in  Grapello,  Pavia,  Nov.,  1840.  For 
years  he  has  expounded  the  Kantian  philosophy, 
attaining  an  international  fame  with  his  <  Lectures 
on  the  Human  Understanding  ' ;  <  Immanuel 
Kant '  ;  <  The  Philosophical-Literary  Faculty  in 
its  Relation  to  Scientific  and  National  Educa- 
tion ' ;   and    <  Elementary  Course    Philosophy.' 

Cantil,  Cesare  (kan-to').  An  Italian  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Brivio,  Lombardy,  Dec.  2, 1805 ; 
died  near  Milan,  March  11,  1895.  Imprisoned 
for  political  causes  in  1833,  he  employed  his 
leisure  in  writing  a  historical  romance,  <  Mar- 
gherita  Pusterla'  (1838),  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful of  modem  Italian  romances;  it  gives  a 
graphic  picture  of  prison  life.  He  wrote  nu- 
merous historical  and  biographical  works; 
his  < Universal  History'  (35  vols.)  has  passed 
through  several  editions,  and  has  been  trans- 
lated into  other  languages. 

Capecelatro,  Alphonse,  Cardinal  (kii"pe- 
chel-at'ro).  An  Italian  Pietist  biographer  and 
controversialist;  bom  in  Marseilles,  Feb.  5, 1824. 
He  has  won  distinction  as  Italy's  leading  con- 
temporary Church  writer,  with  a  <  History  of 
St.  Catherine  of  Siena  and  of  the  Papacy  of 
her  Day'  (1856);  <The  Errors  of  Renan';  a 
'Life  of  Jesus';  and  a  <Life  of  St.  Philip  of 
Neri>-(i882). 


Capefigue,  Baptiste  Honor6  Raymond  (kap- 
feg').  A  French  historian  and  journalist ;  bom 
in  Marseilles,i8o2  ;  died  in  Paris,  Dec.  23,  1872. 
His  contributions  to  historical  science  are  the 
'History  of  Philip  Augustus'  (1829);  and  'His- 
tory of  the  Restoration  and  of  the  Causes  that 
Led  to  the  Fall  of  the  Elder  Branch  of  the 
House  of  Bourbon'  (1831). 

Capen,  Nahum  (ka'pen).  An  American  his- 
torical writer;  born  at  Canton,  Mass.,  1804; 
died  1S86.  Postmaster  of  Boston,  Mass.  (1857- 
61),  he  introduced  street  letter-box  collections. 
He  wrote :  '  The  Republic  of  the  United 
States';  'History  of  Democracy'  (1874);  etc. 
He  also  wrote  and  edited  works  on  phrenology. 

Capern,  Edward.  An  English  poet;  bom 
at  Tiverton,  Devonshire,  Jan.  29,  1811.  He 
attracted  the  notice  of  Walter  Savage  Landor  in 
consequence  of  the  beauty  and  feeling  of  his 
poems,  descriptive  oi"  life  and  character  in  his 
native  county,  where  he  was  long  in  the  mail 
service,  and  known  in  consequence  as  "The 
Rural  Postman  of  Bideford."  His  best  work 
is  in  'Wayside  Warbles';  'Sungleams  and 
Shadow';  and  'Ballads  and  Songs.'  Died  at 
Braunton,  June  4,  1894. 

Capponi,  Glno,  Marchese  (kap-o'ne).  An 
Italian  historian  and  scholar ;  born  in  Florence, 
Sept.  14,  1792;  died  there,  Feb.  3,  1876.  A 
'History  of  the  Florentine  Republic'  (1875)  is 
his  chief  work. 

Capuana,  Luigi  (ka-pu-a'na).  An  Italian 
poet,  novelist,  and  critic ;  born  at  Mineo,  Sicily, 
May  27,  1839.  Having  devoted  himself  to  jour- 
nalism, he  settled  (1864)  in  Florence,  where  he 
wrote  dramatic  criticisms ;  from  1868  until  1877 
he  lived  in  his  native  town,  then  in  Milan, 
again  as  a  journalist.  His  best-known  work  is 
'Giacinta'  (1879),  a  naturalistic  noveh  Besides 
this  he  published  several  volumes  of  short 
stories,    among    them :    '  Profiles    of    Women ' 

(1881)  ;  'Homo'  (1883) ;  and  two  collections  of 
charming   fairy   tales:    'Once    upon   a   Time' 

(1882)  and  'Fairy  Land'  (1883).  A  curious 
specimen  of  rhythmical  prose  is  his  '  Semi- 
Rhythms'  (1888),  in  praise  of  worldly  joy  and 
beauty. 

Carayon,  Auguste  (ka-ri-yon  or  ka-ra-yoh). 
A  French  historian ;  born  at  Saumur,  March 
31,  1813;  died  at  Poitiers,  May  15,  1874.  A 
distinguished  Jesuit,  he  wrote  :  '  First  Canadian 
Missions  of  the  Jesuits'  (1S64);  'Banishment 
of  the  Jesuits  from  Louisiana'  (1865);  and 
similar  studies. 

Carcano,  GiuUo  (kar-kii'no).  An  Italian 
poet  (1812-84);  born  in  Milan.  He  wrote  a 
narrative  poem,  '  Ida  Delia  Torre,'  while  a 
student  at  Pavia  (1834).  His  next  work,  'An- 
giola  Maria'  (1839),  had  extraordinary  success; 
it  is  a  deeply  sympathetic  story  of  Italian  fam- 
ily life,  and  is  regarded  as  the  highest  type  of 
that  class  in  Italian.  In  the  same  vein  is  the 
volume  'Simple  Narratives'  (1843).  He  wrote 
also  'Damiano,  the  Story  of  a  Poor  Family* 


94 


CARDENAS  Y  RODRIGUEZ  —  CARLETON 


(1851),  and  <  Twelve  Tales  >  (1856).  He  pub- 
lishtd  translations  of  several  of  Shakespeare's 
plays.  His  latest  volume  of  poetry  was  <  Vari- 
ous Poems  >  (1875).  Among  his  later  novels 
are  <  Gabrio  and  Camilla,  a  Milanese  Story ' 
(1874);  and  <  Carlo  Barbiano>  (1882). 

C&rdenas  y  Rodriguez,  Jos^  M.  de  (k'ar'da- 
nas  e  ro-dre'ges).  A  Cuban  poet  and  prose- 
writer;  born  at  Matanzas  in  1812;  died  in 
1882.  Many  of  his  humorous  sketches  of  Cuban 
life  have  been  translated  into  French  and  pub- 
lished in  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes.  Be- 
sides a  good  comedy,  <A  Deaf  Uncle,>  he  has 
written  a  collection  of  fables,  some  of  which 
have  been  translated  into  English ;  and  numer- 
ous poems. 

C&rdenas   y    Rodriguez,    NicolSis    de.     A 

Cuban  poet  and  novelist;  born  in  Havana, 
1814 ;  died  in  1868.  His  works  comprise : 
< Poetical  Essays'  (1836);  'Scenes  from  Life 
in  Cuba>  (1841)  ;  <The  Two  Weddings,'  a 
novel  (1844);  <  Diego  de  Velazquez,*  a  drama. 
He  was  also  a  regular  contributor  to  periodi- 
cals. 

Carduccl,  Giosud  (kar-do'chi).  A  distin- 
guished Italian  poet  and  philologist;  born  at 
Valdicastello,  Tuscany,  July  27,  1835.  He  was 
made  professor  of  Italian  literature  in  the 
University  of  Bologna  in  i860.  He  had  pre- 
viously written  essays  on  the  history  of  lit- 
erature ;  and  a  small  volume  of  lyrics,  <  Rimes,* 
(1857).  But  his  poetical  genius  is  better  shown 
in  the  collections  of  his  fugitive  pieces  pub- 
lished a  little  later:  <  Serious  Trifles*  and 
<The  Decennials.*  His  <Hymn  to  Satan* 
(1863),  published  under  "the  pseudonym  <Eno- 
trio  Romano,*  made  an  extraordinary  impression, 
and  was  formally  defended  in  <  Satan  and  Sa- 
tanic Polemics*  (1879).  The  breadth  and  range 
of  his  genius,  as  well  as  his  mastery  of  poetic 
form,  are  seen  in  the  <  Poems  of  Enotrio  Ro- 
mano* (1871);  <New  Poems*  (1873);  <  Iambics 
and  Epodes*;  <  New  Rimes.*  Died  Feb.  15,  1907. 

Carew,  Thomas.  An  English  poet  (about 
1598-1639).  He  stood  high  in  favor  with  Charles 
I.,  and  was  an  intimate  friend  of  the  greatest 
poets  and  scholars  of  his  time  in  England,  in- 
cluding Ben  Jonson,  Sir  John  Suckling,  and 
Sir  Kenelm  Digby.  His  poems  are  light  and 
airy,  sometimes  licentious,  always  graceful  and 
elegant  in  form.  They  are  mostly  songs  or 
odes ;  he  also  wrote  <  Ccelum  Britannicum,*  a 
masque  performed  at  Whitehall  (1633),  with 
Charles  I.  and  his  courtiers  in  the  cast. 

Carey,  Henry.  An  English  poet  and  play- 
wright; born  about  1696;  died  in  London  (?), 
1743.  As  the  author  of  <  Sally  in  our  Alley  * 
his  claim  to  the  notice  of  posterity  is  a  strong 
one,  and  <Namby  Pamby*  is  another  of  his 
good  songs.  His  farces,  among  them  *  Hang- 
ing and  Marriage,*  are  not  so  lively. 

Carey,  Henry  Charles.  A  leading  American 
economist ;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Dec.  15,  1793 ; 
died  there,  Oct.  13,  1879.  Trained  in  his  father's 
publishing-house,  he  accumulated  a  competence 


from  the  business  and  retired  to  devote  himself 
to  study.  The  *  Essay  on  the  Rate  of  Wages ' 
(1836)  and  <The  Principles  of  Political  Econ- 
omy* (1837-40)  won  him  an  authoritative  inter- 
national position,  in  spite  of  what  was  then  an 
extravagantly  unorthodox  opposition  to  Adam 
Smith  and  his  followers.  He  next  produced : 
<The  Credit  System  in  France,  Great  Britain, 
and  the  United  States*  (1838) ;  <The  Past,  The 
Present,  and  The  Future*  (1848);  and  <The 
Principles  of  Social  Science*  (1858-59). 

Carey,  Mathew.  An  American  publisher 
and  prose-writer;  born  in  Ireland,  Jan.  28,  1760 ; 
died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept.  16,  1839.  The 
best  known  of  his  political  writings  was  his 
< Olive  Branch*  (1814).  It  was  an  effort  to 
promote  harmony  among  political  parties  dur- 
ing the  War  of  1812.  It  passed  through  ten 
editions.  In  1819  he  published  his  <Vindici3e 
Hibernicas*;  and  in  1822,  <  Essays  on  Political 
Economy.* 

Carl6n,  Emilia  Flygare-  (fle-gar'e-kar-lan'). 
A  Swedish  novelist;  born  at  Stromstad,  Aug. 
8,  1807 ;  died  at  Stockholm,  Feb.  5,  1892.  Her 
first  story  was  <Waldemar  Klein'  (1838).  A 
long  series  of  novels  followed,  most  notable 
among  them  being:  < Gustav  Lindorm*  (1839); 
<The  Professor*  (1840);  < Chamberlain  Lass- 
mann*  (1842);  <A  Warehouse  on  the  Cliffs* 
(i860),  her  best  story.     Her  latest   work   was 

<  Reminiscences  of  Swedish  Literary  Life  *  ( 1878). 
She  had  clear  insight  into  the  conditions  of 
human  life,  especially  of  life  in  the  middle 
class,  and  she  describes  it  with  admirable  fidel- 
ity. 

Carlen,  Rosa  (kar-lan').  A  Swedish  novelist 
(1836-83).  Her  first  story,  <  Agnes  Tell  >  (1861), 
had  a  very  favorable  reception.  Then  fol- 
lowed:  <Tuva*  (1862);  <  Helena,  a  Woman's 
History*  (1863);  *  Three  Years  and  Three 
Days*  (1864) ;  <The  Gypsy's  Son*  (1866),  which 
is  regarded  as  her  most  perfect  work. 

Carleton,  Henry  Guy.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  dramatist;  born  in  Fort  Union,  N.  Mex., 
June  21,  1855.  He  pursued  journalism  in  New 
Orleans  and  New  York  city,  and  has  written  sev- 
eral plays  including  :   <  Memnon,   a  Tragedy  * ; 

<  Victor  Durand  * ;  <  The  Pembertons  > ;  <  AGilded 
Fool  * ;  <  The  Butterflies  * ;  <  Jack's  Honeymoon.* 

Carleton,  Will.  An  American  poet ;  born 
in  Hudson,  Mich.,  Oct.  21,  1845.  He  is  best 
known  in  literature  by  his  ballads  of  home  life, 
many  of  them  having  gained  great  popularity. 
His  books  include :  <  Poems  *  ( 1871 ) ;  <  Farm  I  ,eg- 
ends  >  (1875)  ;  <  City  Ballads  *  (1888) ;  and  <  Citv 
Legends  *  (1889) ;  <  In  Old  School  Days  *  (1907  i. 

Carleton,  William.  An  Irish  novelist ;  born 
in  Prillisk,  County  Tyrone,  1794;  died  in  Dub- 
lin, Jan.  30,  1869.  His  intimate  acquaintance 
with  the  traits  and  tendencies  of  Irish  pea.^- 
ant  character,  and  his  harmless,  graceful,  and 
unwearying  humor,  were  conspicuous  in  his 
first  success,  <  Traits  and  Stories  of  the  Irish 
Peasantry.*  Then  came :  <  Willy  Reillv  -  ■, 
<The    Fair   of   Emyvale*;   <Fardorougha   tiie 


CARLSON  —  CARRERA 


95 


Miser  > ;  and  several  other  novels  of  great  power, 
in  which  much  that  seems  anomalous  in  the 
manners  and  methods  of  the  author's  country- 
men is  made  clear  through  the  medium  of  a 
happy  style  and  a  realistic  humor. 

Carlson,  Fredrik  Ferdinand  (karVson).  A 
Swedish  historian ;  born  in  Upland,  June  13, 
1811;  died  in  Stockholm,  March  18,  1887.  He 
was  prominent  in  public  affairs  for  many  years, 
and  wrote,  among  other  works,  a  <  History  of 
Sweden  >  (1855-87),  which  ranks  high  because 
of  its  exiiaustive  accuracy  and  literary  merit. 

Carlyle,  Jane  Welsh.  Wife  of  Thomas  Car- 
lyle ;  born  at  Haddington,  Scotland,  July  14, 
1801 ;   died   in    London,    April   21,   1866.     Her 

<  Letters,^  edited  by  her  husband,  were  pub- 
lished in  1883,  the  work  being  given  to  the 
world  by  J.  A.  Froude. 

Carlyle,  Thomas.  A  Scotch  biographer, 
historian,  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at 
Ecclefechan,  Dec.  4,  1795 ;  died  in  London, 
Feb.  4,  1881.  His  works,  as  published,  are : 
<Wilhelm  Meister's  Apprenticeship,)  a  transla- 
tion (1824);  <Legeudre's  Elements  of  Geometry 
and  Trigonometry,*  a  translation  (1824);  <Life 
of  Schiller'  (1825);  < German  Romance,*  trans- 
lations from  Tieck,  Musaus,  Richter,  etc.  (1827); 

<  Sartor  Resartus*  (first  edition  in  book  form, 
Boston,  1835;  second,  London,  1838);  <The 
French  Revolution*  (1837);  < Chartism*  (1839); 

<  Heroes,  Hero  Worship,  and  the  Heroic  in  His- 
tory* (1841);  <Past  and  Present*  (1843);  <Life 
and  Letters  of  Oliver  Cromwell*  (1845) ;  <  Lat- 
ter-Day Pamphlets*  (1850) ;  <  Life  of  Sterling* 
(1851);  <Friedrich  IL*  (1858-65);  <Inaugural 
Address  at  Edinburgh*  (1866) ;  <  Reminiscences 
of  my  Irish  Journey  in  1849'  (1882);  <Last 
Words  of  Thomas  Carlyle*  (1882).  He  wrote 
also  innumerable  magazine  articles,  still  uncol- 
lected. 

Carman,  Blisa.  A  Canadian  poet;  bom 
at  Fredericton,  N.  B.,  April  15,  1861.  His  first 
publication,  <  Low  Tide  on  Grand  Prd  :  A  Book 
of  Lyrics*  (1893),  had  a  very  favorable  recep- 
tion. Other  volumes  of  his  collected  poems 
are:  < Songs  from  Vagabondia*  (1894);  < Be- 
hind the  Arras:  a  Book  of  the  Unseen*  (1895). 
His  poems  usually  appear  first  in  American 
magazines  and  other  periodicals. 

Carmen  Sylva.    See  Sylva. 

Carmontel,  Louis  Carrogis,  called  (kar- 
mon-tel').  A  French  poet  and  proverb-writer: 
born  in  Paris,  Aug.  15,  1717;  died  there,  Dec. 
26,  1806.  His  fame  rests  upon  <  Dramatic 
Proverbs,*  or  epigrammaci:  plays  upon  words. 

Carnegie,  Andrew  (kar-na'gi).  A  noted 
Scotch-American  manufacturer,  and  writer  of 
travels  and  essays  on  affairs ;  born  at  Dun- 
fermline, Scotland,  Nov.  25,  1837.  He  is  pro- 
prietor of  the  largest  iron  and  steel  works  in 
the  world,  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.  His  benefactions 
have  been  large  and  numerous,  among  them 
gifts  of  public  libraries  to  Allegheny  City 
and   to    Pittsburg.     Besides    many    articles    in 


periodicals,  he  has  written  :  <  An  American  Four- 
in-Hand  in  Britain  *  (1883) ;  <  Round  the  World  > 
(1884) ;  <  Triumphant  Democracy*  (1886) ;  <  The 
Life  of  Business*  (1902)  ;  <The  Life  of  James 
Watt*  (1906). 

Carneri,  Bartholomaus  von  (kar-na're).  An 
Austrian  poet ;  born  at  Trent,  1821.  His  volume 
of  poems  <  Plough  and  Sword  *  was  greatly  ad- 
mired. He  has  published  <  Foundation  of  Ethic  ' 
(1881),  and  <  Modern  Man  *  (1901). 

Caro,  Miguel  Antonio  (ka'ro).  A  Colom- 
bian prose-writer  and  poet;  born  in  Bogoti, 
Colombia,  Nov.  10,  1843.  He  has  been  an  edi- 
tor and  contributor  to  periodicals.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are:  <  Poems'  (1866);  <  Hours  of 
Love,*  a  prose  work;  and  a  translation  into 
Spanish  verse  of  Virgil's  complete  works  (3 
vols.,  1873-75).  He  is  a  correspondent  of  the 
Royal  Spanish  Acade^ny,  and  in  1886  was 
national  librarian  in  the  Colombian  congress. 

Carpenter,  Esther  Bemon.  An  American  prose- 
■writer  ;  born  in  Wakefield,  R.  I.,  March  4,  1848  ; 
died  there  Oct.  22,1893.  Shewrote  for  magazines; 
published  <The  Huguenot  Influence  in  Rhode 
Island,)  and  <  South  Country  Neighbors  >  (1887  ), 

Carpenter,  Stephen  Cutter.  An  American 
journalist  and  prose-writer ;  bom  in  England  ; 
died  about  1820.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
(1803)  and  settled  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  where 
he  soon  founded  and  published  with  John 
Bristed  the  Monthly  Register  Magazine  and 
Review  of  the  United  States.  Later  he  was 
editor  of  the  Mirror  of  Taste  and  Dramatic 
Censor,  in  which  appeared  some  clever  sketches 
of    American    actors.      His     works     include : 

<  Memoirs  of  Jefferson,  Containing  a  Concise 
History  of  the  United  States  from  the  Ac- 
knowledgment of  their  Independence,  with  a 
View  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  French  In- 
fluence and  French  Principles  in  that  Country* 
(2  vols.,  1809);  <  Select  American  Speeches, 
Forensic  and  Parliamentary,  with  Prefatory 
Remarks;  a  Sequel  to  Dr.  Chapman's  Select 
Speeches*  (1815);  and  under  the  pen-name  of 
<<  Donald  Campbell,**  '  Overland  Journey  to 
India  >  (2d  ed.  1809-10),  and  <  Letter  on  the  Pres- 
ent Times.* 

Carr,  Lucien.  An  American  archaeologist ; 
born  in  Missouri,  1829.  He  has  written : 
< Mounds  of  the  Mississippi  Valley*  (1883); 
'Missouri,  a  Bone  of  Contention*  (1888);  and 

<  Prehistoric  Remains  of  Kentucky  *  (with 
Shaler). 

Carrer,  Lulgi  (ka-rar').  An  Italian  poet 
(1801-50) ;  bom  at  Venice.    His  first  volume  of 

<  Poems*  contained  sonnets,  odes,  and  ballads 
(1832).  He  wrote  a  poetical  account  of  the 
history  of  Venice,  and  published  four  volumes 
of  <  Prose  and  Poetry*  (1837).  He  is  ranked 
among  the  best  of  the  later  Italian  poets. 

Carrera,  Valentino  (kar-ra'ra).  An  Italian 
dramatic  poet ;  bom  at  Turin,  Dec.  19,  1834. 
He  is  one  of  the  most  original  dramatists  of 
Italy,  especially  in  comedy.  Among  his  many 
comedies,  vaudevilles,  etc.,  the  play  which  won 


96 


CARRINGTON  —  GARY 


for  him  a  wide  reputation  was  <  La  Quaderna 
di  Nanni>  (1870),  a  perfect  picture  of  Floren- 
tine life.  He  wrote  some  historical  sketches 
and  narratives  of  travel. 

Carrington,  Henry  Beebe.  A  distinguished 
American  soldier  and  military  writer;  born  at 
VVallingford,  Conn.,  March  2,  1824.  Originally 
a  lawyer,  he  became  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers in  the  Civil  War,  served  in  the  West  till 
1868,  and  was  appointed  professor  of  military 
science  at  Wabash  College,  Crawfordsville,  Ind. 
His  present  home  is  in  Boston.  He  wrote : 
•Battles  of  the  American  Revolution >  (3d  ed. 
1878);  <Apsaraka,  or  Indian  Operations  on  the 
Plains  > ;  <  Battles  of  the  Bible  > ;  <  The  Americans 
and  their  Future. > 

Carroll,  Anna  Ella.  An  American  Polit- 
ical writer;  born  in  Maryland,  1815;  died  in 
1894.  She  wrote  :  <  The  Great  American  Battle  > 
(1856);  <The  Star  of  the  West>  (1856);  <The 
War  Powers  of  the  General  Government  > 
(1861);  etc. 

Carroll,  Lewis,  pseudonym  of  Charles  Lut- 
widge  Dodgson.  A  notable  English  humorist ; 
born  near  Warrington,  Jan.  27,  1832;  died  at 
Guildford,  England,  Jan.  14,  1898.  His  fame 
is  based  on  the  stories — nominally  for  the  nurs- 
ery, but  only  appreciable  in  their  full  merit  by 
adults — < Alice's  Adventures  in  Wonderland) 
(l865\  and  its  sequel  'Through  the  Looking- 
Glass>  (1872).  They  are  fantasy- fables,  full 
of  what  seems  pure  nonsense,  but  is  really 
based  largely  on  «  reductions  to  absurdity  »  of 
illogical  popular  usages  in  language  or  reason- 
ing. They  have  been  translated  into  most  of 
the  languages  of  Europe.  Some  excellent 
nonsense  verse  is  also  found  in  the  collections 
<  Phantasmagoria )  (1869),  the  poem  <  The 
Hunting  of  the  Snark  >  ( 1876),  and  the  inferior 
prose  fairy-tale  <  Sylvie  and  Bruno.*  The 
author  has  published  several  works  on  mathe- 
matics and  logic,  in  both  serious  and  humor- 
ous form. 

Carruthers,  William  A.  An  American  nov- 
elist; born  in  Virginia  about  1800;  died  in 
Savannah,  Ga.,  about  1850.  He  was  profession- 
ally a  physician,  but  wrote  a  number  of  spirited 
romances  founded  on  incidents  in  American 
history.  His  best  work  is  <The  Cavaliers  of 
Virginia,  or  the  Recluse  of  Jamestown,  an  His- 
torical Romance  of  the  Old  Dominion >  (1832). 
He  is  the  author  also  of  <The  Knights  of  the 
Horse-Shoe,  a  Traditionary  Tale  of  the  Cocked 
Hat  Gentry  in  the  Old  Dominion'  (1845). 

Carryl,  Charles  Edward.  An  American 
story -writer ;  born  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  30, 
1841.  In  1885  he  published  <Davy  and  the 
Goblin,>  followed  by  <,The  Admiral's  Caravan,' 
both  juveniles  in  the  manner  of  Lewis  Carroll. 
He  is  a  broker  in  New  York  city. 

Carter,  Elizabetli.  An  English  writer ;  born 
in  Kent,  1717 ;  died  in  London,  1806.  She  is 
remembered  for  her  version  of  Epictetus,  al- 
though her  <Ode  to  Wisdom'  (1746)  is  ad- 
mired. 


Carter,  Robert.  An  American  litterateur; 
born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  5,  1819;  died  in 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  15,  1879.  At  first  as- 
sociated with  Lowell  in  a  monthly  magazine, 
later  the  private  secretary  of  Prescott,  then  co- 
editor  of  a  newspaper  with  Hildreth,  he  passed 
his  life  in  miscellaneous  journalistic  and  liter- 
ary work ;  the  most  important  being  a  large 
share  in  editing  (1859-63)  the  first  two  editions 
of  the  <  American  Cyclopaedia.'  His  one  book, 
<A  Summer  Cruise  on  the  Coast  of  New  Eng- 
land' (1864),  was  long  popular  as  an  enter- 
taining travel  sketch,  and  among  naturalists 
for  its  account  of  New  England  fishes. 

Carteret,  Antoine  Alfred  Desir^  (kar-tra'). 
A  Swiss  statesman  and  fabulist;  born  in  Ge- 
neva, April  2,  1813;  died  there,  Jan  31,  1889. 
His  political  career  was  long  and  brilliant; 
and  in  literature  he  has  made  a  name  with 
pleasing  'Fables'  (1873),  frequently  treating 
political  subjects,  and  a  novel,  <,Two  Friends' 
(1872),  descriptive  of  Genevese  customs. 

Cartwrigbt,  Peter.  An  American  contro- 
versialist and  sermonist ;  born  in  Virginia,  Sept. 
I,  1785;  died  Sept.  25,  1872.  He  was  a  Meth- 
odist clergyman,  of  great  power  and  eccen- 
tricity, and  preached,  it  is  said,  fully  15,000 
sermons.  He  published  'A  Controversy  v/ith 
the  Devil ' ;  <  Autobiography  of  a  Backwoods 
Preacher ' ;  <  Fifty  Years  a  Presiding  Elder.' 

Cartwright,  William.  An  English  drama- 
tist and  poet;  bom  in  Northway,  September 
1611,  or  Aug.  16,  1615;  died  at  Oxford,  Nov. 
29,  1643.  His  plays  were  immensely  success- 
ful at  the  time ;  <  The  Ordinary '  is  probably 
the  best,  but  <  The  Royal  Slave  >  is  meritorious, 
and  both  contain  much  lively  wit  and  satire 
at  the  expense  of  the  Puritans.  The  poems 
are  not  so  good. 

Caruttl    di    Cantogno,    Domenico,    Baron 

(ka-rot'e  de  kan-ton'yo).  An  Italian  historian 
and  publicist ;  born  in  Cumiana,  near  Turin, 
Nov.  26,  1821.  As  a  young  man  he  took  to 
romance-writing,  but  was  speedily  absorbed  in 
politics  and  rose  to  great  distinction.  When 
he  resumed  the  pen,  it  was  to  compile  such 
solid  works  as  <  History  of  the  Reign  of  Vic- 
tor Amadeus  11.'  (1856),  and  'History  of  the 
Reign  of  Charles  Emanuel  HI.'  (1859),  which 
are  interesting  and  scholarly. 

Cary,  Alice.  An  American  poet;  bom  near 
Cincinnati,  O.,  April  26,  1820;  died  in  New 
York  city,  Feb.  12,  1871.  When  quite  young 
she  commenced  writing  sketches  and  poems 
for  the  press.  In  1852  she,  with  her  sister 
Phoebe,  removed  to  New  York  city,  where  they 
lived  during  the  rest  of  their  lives.  In  1850 
the  sisters  published  a  volume  entitled  <  Poems 
by  Alice  and  Phoebe  Cary.'  Alice  soon  after 
published  <  Clovemook,  or  Recollections  of  our 
Neighborhood  in  the  West'  (1851-53) ;  <Hagar, 
a  Story  of  To-Day  >  (1852) ;  <  Married  not  Mated ' 
(1856) ;  'The  Lover's  Diary'  (1867);  and  Snow- 
Berries:  A  Book  for  Young  Folks'  (1869). 


GARY  —  CASTELLO-BRANCO 


97 


Gary,  Edward.  An  American  journalist; 
born  in  New  York  State,  1840.  He  has  long 
been  connected  with  the  New  York  Times. 
His  principal  published  work  is  a  <  Life  of 
George  William  Curtis.* 

Gary,  Henry  Francis.  An  English  poet  and 
translator  of  Dante ;  born  at  Gibraltar,  Spain, 
Dec.  6,  1772;  died  in  London,  Aug.  14,  1844. 
Although  his  fame  rests  upon  his  version  of 
Dante's  <  Divine  Comedy,*  he  possessed  an  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  Latin,  Greek,  and  French, 
and  translated  masterpieces  from  those  lan- 
guages adequately  and  with  grace. 

Gary,  Phoebe.  An  American  poet  and  prose- 
writer,  sister  of  Alice ;  born  in  Cincinnati,  O., 
Sept.  4,  1824;  died  in  Newport,  R.  L,  July 
31,  1871.  She  contributed  numerous  sketches  to 
various  periodicals ;  and  with  her  sister  pub- 
lished many  books,  among  which  are  <  Poems 
and  Parodies*  (1854),  and  <  Poems  of  Faith, 
Hope,  and  Love.* 

Gasanova  de  Seingalt,  Giovanni  Jacopo 
(ka"sa-n6'va  de  sin'galt).  An  Italian  advent- 
urer; born  at  Venice,  1725;  died  in  Bohemia, 
June  4,  1803.  Expelled  from  Venice  for  his 
scandalous  irregularities,  he  returned  there  and 
was  imprisoned ;  after  some  months  he  made 
his  escape,  and  for  twenty  years  traveled  over 
Europe,  imposing  upon  all  classes  of  society 
with  his  pretensions  to  occult  science  and  knowl- 
edge of  all  the  secrets  of  alchemy,  including 
rejuvenation  of  the  old.  Among  his  dupes  were 
Mme.  de  Pompadour,  Frederick  the  Great,  and 
even  that  other  prince  of  charlatans,  Cagliostro. 
He  wrote  his  <  Memoirs,*  which  were  published 
1 1828)  in  12  volumes. 

Gasas,  Bartolomeo  de  las  (ka'sas).  A  Span- 
ish missionary  to  the  aborigines  of  New  Spain ; 
born  at  Seville,  1474;  died  at  Madrid,  July  1566. 
Moved  to  compassion  by  the  inhuman  treatment 
of  the  natives  by  their  Spanish  taskmasters,  he 
labored  to  have  them  put  under  protection  of 
the  law,  and  to  have  slaves  imported  from  Africa 
for  labor  in  the  mines  and  on  the  plantations. 
He  wrote  memoirs  in  the  interest  of  the  abo- 
rigines, as  <  A  Very  Brief  Account  of  the  Ruin 
of  the  Indies*  (1542);  < Twenty  Reasons*;  etc. 
He  wrote  a  <  History  of  the  Indies,*  but  it  has 
not  been  printed. 

Gasgrain,  Abbe  Henry  Raymond  (ka-gran'). 
A  Canadian  historical  writer;  born  in  Rivi&re 
Quelle,  Quebec,  Dec.  16,  1831.  Oct.  5,  1856,  he 
was  ordained  a  priest.  He  was  professor  at 
Ste.  Anne's  College  until  1859,  and  afterward 
vicar  at  Quebec  Cathedral  from  i860  till  1873. 
Among  his  most  important  works  are  :  <  History 
of  the  Hotel  Dieu  de  Quebec  * ;  '  My  Cana- 
dian Parish  in  the  Seventeenth  Century.*  A 
collection  of  his  entire  works  wa.s  published  in 
1886. 

Gass,  Lewis.  A  famous  American  states- 
man, diplomatist,  and  soldier;  born  at  Exeter, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  9,  1872;  died  at  Detroit,  Mich., 
June  17,  1866.  He  served  in  the  War  of  1812; 
was  governor  of  Michigan  Territory  (1813- 
31);  Secretary  of  War  ( 1831-36 J ;  minister  to 


France  (1836-42) ;  United  States  Senator  (1845- 
48);  Presidential  candidate  (1848);  United 
States  Senator  (1849-57) ;  Secretary  of  State 
(1857-60).  He  wrote:  'History,  Traditions, 
and  Languages  of  the  Indians*  (1823) ;  < France, 
its  King,  Court,  and  Government*;  etc. 

Gassin,  John.  An  American  ornithologist; 
born  near  Chester,  Pa.,  Sept.  6,  1813;  died  in 
Philadelphia,  Jan.  10,  1869.  Among  his  more 
important  works  may  be  named  :  <  Mammalogy 
and  Ornithology  of  the  Wilkes  Exploring  Ex- 
pedition * ;  <  Ornithology  of  Perry's  Expedition 
to  Japan  * ;  etc. 

Castanheda,  Fernao  Lopez  de  (kas-tan- 
a'da).  A  Portuguese  historian;  bom  1500  (?); 
died  1559-  His  father  having  been  appomted 
to  an  important  post  in  India,  he  was  taken 
thither  in  youth,  and  was  thus  led  to  make 
the  careful  and  unremitting  researches  em- 
bodied in  the  <  History  of  the  Discovery  and 
Conquest  of  India  by  the  Portuguese*  (1551- 
61),  a  work  upon  which  Camoens  drew  largely 
in  the  course  of  his  epic  activity. 

Castelar,  Emilio  (kas-ta-lar^).  A  Spanish 
orator,  statesman,  and  writer ;  bom  at  Cadiz, 
Sept.  8,  1832  ;  died  at  Murcia,  May  25,  1899. 
In  early  life  he  was  a  journalist.  In  1864  he 
became  professor  of  history  in  the  University  of 
Madrid.  He  was  always  a  *  Progressist  *>  and 
became  a  leader  in  all  the  struggles  of  the 
Liberal  party  of  Spain.  His  eloquence  is  poetic 
and  rhetorical,  of  marvelous  fluency  and  enthusi- 
asm. He  wrote  many  historical '  and  political 
works ;  among  them :  <  Civilization  in  the  First 
Five  Centuries  of  Christianity  * ;  <  Questions  Po 
litical  and  Social*;  'History  of  the  Republican 
Movement  in  Europe*;  'Historical  Gallery  of 
Celebrated  Women*;  'History's  Tragedies.* 

Castelein,  Matthijs  de  (kas-tel-in').  A  Dutch 
poet  (1485-1550) ;  born  at  Pamele  (Oudenarde). 
He  was  the  acknowledged  lawgiver  and  pat- 
tern of  all  the  Dutch  rhetoricians  of  his  time, 
in  his  'Art  of  Rhetoric*  He  composed  many 
plays,  but  only  two  of  them  were  published : 
one  of  these  is  the  'Story  of  Pyramus  and 
Thisbe.*  He  wrote  also  'Ballads*  and  a  vol- 
ume of  'Various  Lays,*  in  melodious  verse. 

Gastelli,  Ignaz  Franz  (kas-tel'le).  An  Aus- 
trian poet  (1781-1862).  He  wrote  many  war 
songs;  one  of  which,  < War-Song  of  the  Aus- 
trian Army*  (1809),  was  deemed  not  unworthy 
of  notice  by  the  official  organ  of  the  French 
government.  His  opera  'The  Swiss  Family* 
(1811)  was  produced  on  every  German  stage. 
His  theatrical  pieces  numbered  over  200. 

Gastello-Branco,  Gamillo  (kas-tel'lo 
brank'o).  A  notable  Portuguese  novelist  and 
poet;  bom  in  Lisbon,  March  16,  1826;  died  at 
San  Miguel  de  Seide,  June  6,  1890.  He  is  the 
most  popular  of  the  modern  romancists  of 
Portugal,  and  at  the  same  time  the  most  na- 
tional 'ya  tone,  spirit,  and  form.  Realism  char- 
acterizes his  numerous  novels  (over  lOO);  the 
best  known  being:  'Love  of  Perdition*  (1862); 
•The   Marquis  of  Torres  Novas*;  'Brilliant* 


98 


CASTELNOVO  -  CATO 


from  Brazil.)  All  of  them  are  genuine  pictures 
of  Portuguese  life.  Among  his  poetic  composi- 
tions, the  collection  published  under  the  title 
A  Book>  (1854)  holds  the  first  place. 

Castelnovo,  Leo  di  (kas-tel-no'vo),  pseudo- 
nym of  Count  Leopoldo  Pull^.  An  Italian 
dramatist  and  poet ;  born  in  Verona,  April  17, 
1835.  He  is  conspicuous  politically,  and  has 
written  a  number  of  plays,  mostly  comedies ; 
the  best  being  probably  < Drink  or  Choke' 
[<0  here  o  afifogare,'  meaning  a  case  of  Hob- 
son's  choice]  and  <A  Dead  Heart.'  <Harp 
and  Guitar'  is  a  verse  collection.  Notable  too 
is  his  novel,  <Do  the  Dead  Return?' 

Castelnuovo,  Enrico  (kas"tel-no-o'v6).  An 
Italian  novelist;  born  at  Florence,  1839.  His 
stories  have  attained  great  popularity;  among 
them:  <  Prof.  Romualdo'  (1878);  <  Smiles  and 
Tears'  (1882);  <  Reminiscences  and  Fancies' 
(1886) ;  <  The  Return  of  Aretusa '  (1901).  He  is 
one  of  the  acknowledged  Italian  masters  of  the 
«  novel  of  the  inner  life  "  (romano  intimo). 

CastelveccMo,  Riccardo  (kas"tel-vek'e-6), 
pseudonym  of  Count  Giulio  Pull^.  An  Ital- 
ian dramatist,  father  of  Count  Leopoldo  Pullfe ; 
born  in  Verona.  His  greatest  success  was 
<The  Romantic  Lady  and  the  Homoeopathic 
Doctor'    (new  ed.  1869),  a   comedy;   another, 

<  The  Discreet  [Lady's]  Maid,'  is  also  very 
popular. 

Casti,  Giambattista  (kas'te).  An  Italian 
poet  (1721-1803).  He  entered  the  service  of 
the  Emperor  Joseph  II.;  accompanied  embas- 
sies to  St.  Petersburg,  etc.  He  won  fame  by 
his  <Gay  Stories  in  Ottava  Rima,'  and  added 
to  it  by  his  witty  satiric  < Talking  Animals' 
(1802).  The  latter  work  was  immediately  trans- 
lated into  most  of  the  languages  of  Europe. 
The  English  translation,  with  numerous  addi- 
tions, was  made  by  W.  S.  Rose,  and  published 
as  <The  Court  and  Parliament  of  Beasts' 
(1819).  Casti  wrote  also  two  very  successful 
comic  operas,  and  a  poetic  satire  on  court  life 
in  the  reign  of  Catharine  II.  of  Russia. 

Oastiglione,  Baldassare,  Count  (kas-tel- 
yo'ne).  An  Italian  poet  and  statesman  (1478- 
1529) ;  bom  in  the  district  of  Mantua.  He 
wrote  a  volume  of  <  Poems  Vernacular  and 
Latin.'  But  the  work  to  which  he  owes  his 
literary  fame  is  <  The  Book  of  the  Courtier,' 
a  masterpiece  of  elegant  and  ornate  prose. 
It  lays  down  the  laws  of  courtesy  and  of  courtly 
manners,  and  incidentally  gives  a  view  of  life 
in  the  highest  society  in  the  author's  time. 

Castllho,  Antonio  Feliciano  (kas-tel'o).  A 
Portuguese  poet  (1800-75).  Though  almost 
blind,  he  studied  jurisprudence  at  Coimbra. 
His  first  poetical  composition,  <  Letters  of  Echo 
and  Narcissus,'  published  while  he  was  a 
student,  won  him  great  celebrity.  He  excelled 
in    pastorals ;    and    to    this    class    belong    his 

<  Spring,'  and  <  Love  and  Melancholy,  or  the 
Latest  Heloise.'  He  had  a  deep  sympathy 
with  nahire,  and  was  a  master  of  elegiac  verse. 


Castillejo,  Christbval  de  (kas-tel-ya'ho). 
The  last  representative  of  the  ancient  Spanish 
poetry  (1490-1556);  born  at  Ciudad  Rodrigo. 
He  opposed  the  introduction  of  Italian  styles 
into  the  poetry  of  Spain,  and  justified  his  oppo- 
sition by  demonstrating  in  his  own  work  the 
competence  of  the  traditional  styles  of  Spain 
for  the  expression  of  all  moods  and  all  senti- 
ments. His  satiric  vein,  especially  in  the  <  Dia- 
logue on  the  Condition  of  Women '  and  the  <  Ser- 
mon on  Loves,'  offended  both  clergy  and  laity. 

Castillo-Solorzano,  Alonso  del  (kas-tel'yo- 
so-l5r'tha'n6).  A  Spanish  romancer  and  poet 
of  the  17th  century.  His  stories,  <The  Gar- 
rulous Humbug,'  <  The  Allurement  of  Money,' 
and  others,  are  still  popular  and  are  still  re- 
printed. Of  his  comedies  the  most  notable  is 
<The  Marquis  of  Cigarral.'  His  fables  after 
the  manner  of  Ovid  would  not  be  deemed  un- 
worthy of  the  Roman  poet. 

Castlemon,  Harry.  See  Fosdlck,  Charles 
Austin. 

Castro,  Agustin  (kas'tro).  A  Mexican  poet ; 
born  in  Cordova,  Vera  Cruz,  Jan.  24,  1728; 
died  in  Bologna,  Italy,  1790.  A  Jesuit  priest, 
an  unpedantic  scholar,  he  taught  philosophy, 
and  also  translated  masterpieces  with  almost 
unfailing  sureness  of  touch.  His  original  verse, 
always  warm  and  pure,  includes  <  Hernin  Cor- 
tes,' and  *  Charts '  to  guide  the  budding  poetic 
genius ;  while  the  versions  he  made  of  Seneca, 
Horace,  Sappho,  Milton,  F^nelon,  and  Euripi- 
des, receive  merited  praise. 

Catherine,  St.,  of  Sienna.  An  Italian  saint 
and  religious  writer;  born  in  Sienna,  Italy, 
1347;  died  1380.  Her  letters  and  treatises  are 
greatly  admired.  She  is  styled  «the  seraphic 
virgin  "  on  account  of  her  insight  into  spiritual 
things.  A  new  edition  of  her  <  Writings,'  dic- 
tated to  her  secretary  by  the  saint  in  moments 
of  ecstasy,  appeared  in  1896. 

Catherwood,  Mary  Hartwell.  An  Ameri- 
can writer  of  historical  romances;  born  in 
Luray,  O.,  Dec.  16,  1847.  Died  at  Chicago, 
Dec.  26,  1902.  She  wrote:  <Craque-o'-Doom'; 
<The  Romance  of  Dollard';  <The  Story  of  Tonty'; 
<A  Woman  in  Armor';  <The  Lady  of  Fort 
St.  John' ;  <  The  Chase  of  St.  Castin,  and  Other 
Tales ' ;  <  The  Spirit  of  an  Illinois  Town  > ;  <  The 
White  Islander  > ;  and  other  novels.    Died  1902. 

Catlin,  George.  An  American  prose-writer 
and  painter;  born  in  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  1796; 
died  in  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  Dec.  23,  1872.  From 
1832  till  1839  he  traveled  and  lived  among 
the  Indians  of  America,  of  whom  he  painted 
hundreds  of  portraits ;  in  1841  he  published 
<  Illustrations  of  the  Manners,  etc.,  of  the  North 
American  Indians ; '  and  subsequently,  '  Life 
among  the  Indians'  and  <The  Breath  of  Life.* 
His  little  book  <  Shut  Your  Mouth'  was  widely 
read ;  it  was  founded  on  his  theory  that  the 
Indians  owed  their  vigor  of  health  to  their 
habit  of  breathing  through  the  nose. 

Cato,  Marcus  Forcius  (ka'to),  the  Censor. 
A    Roman    statesman    and   pamphleteer    (234- 


CATON-CECCO  D'ASCOLI 


99 


149  B.C.).  He  exercised  the  broad  powers  of 
the  censor's  office  with  inflexible,  almost  fanat- 
ical rigor,  and  absolute  impartiality.  In  his 
eyes  nothing  was  good  that  was  not  ancient. 
He  wrote  many  tractates  on  different  subjects ; 
but  one  only  of  them  is  extant,  <  On  Farming,* 
a  collection  of  the  rules  of  good  husbandry. 
Of  his  summary  of  the  early  annals  of  Rome, 

<  Beginnings,*  we  have  only  a  few  fragments. 

Caton,  John  Dean.  An  American  lawyer  and 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  bom  at  Monroe,  N.  Y., 
1812;  died  in  Ohio,  1895.  He  was  Chief  Justice 
of  Illinois  (1855-64).  He  wrote  :  <A  Summer 
in  Norway  >  ( 1875);  <  The  Last  of  the  Illinois, 
and  a  Sketch  of  the  Pottawatomies>  (1876);  <The 
Antelope  and  Deer  of  America  >  (1877)  ;  etc. 

Cats,  Jacob  (kats).  A  Dutch  poet;  born  in 
Brouwershaven,  Zeeland,  Nov.  10,  1577 ;  died  at 
his  estate  of  Zorgvliet,  near  the  Hague,  Sept 
12,  1660.  He  had  a  distinguished  public  career 
as  a  diplomat,  jurist,  and  educator ;  but  his  en- 
during renown  depends  upon  his  various  poems, 

<  Emblems,*  <  Maiden  Duty,*  <  Inward  Strife,* 
and  others,  in  all  of  which  the  ethics  of  domes- 
tic life  are  expounded  with  much  cheerful  dull- 
ness.   The  collected  edition,  under  the  title  of 

<  Father  Cats's  Book,*  has  attained  a  practically 
universal  circulation  throughout  Holland. 

Catullus,  Caius  Valerius  (ka-tul'us).  The 
greatest  of  Roman  lyric  poets  (84-54  B.C.); 
born  at  Verona.  Of  his  compositions  116  have 
come  down  to  our  time.     The  finest  are  those 

<  To  Lesbia  * ;  *  The  Boat  * ;  and  <  Address  to 
Himself.* 

Cavalcanti,  Guido  (ka-val-kan'te).  One  of 
the  earliest  Italian  poets  (about  1235-1300). 
His  poems  consist  of  sonnets,  ballads,  and  songs, 
to  a  young  woman  whose  acquaintance  he 
made  at  Toulouse  on  a  pilgrimage  to  Santiago. 

Cavalcaselle,  Giovanni  Battista  (ka-val- 
ka'sel).  An  Italian  historian  of  art;  born  at 
Legnano,  Jan.  22,  1820 ;  died  November  1897. 
He  became  the  literary  associate  of  J.  A. 
Crowe,  with  whom  he  produced  the  epoch- 
making  <  History  of  Painting  in  Italy*  (1864- 
71),  the  most  complete  work  on  the  subject; 
< Early  Flemish  Painters*  (1857-72);  <Life  of 
Titian*  (1877);  and  others. 

Cavallotti,FeIiceCarloEmanuele(ka-val-Ot^te). 
An  Italian  poet ;  born  at  Milan,  Nov.  6,  1842  ; 
died  in  Rome,  March  6,  1898.  His  <  Political 
Poems*  brought  upon  him  censure  from  the  public 
authorities.  With  his  tragedies,  <Agnes  de  Gon- 
zaga  >  and  <Alcibiades  *  (1874),  he  established 
his  dramatic  reputation.  He  was  the  author  of 
other  dramas  and  of  two  volumes  of  lyric  poetry. 
His  best  work  is  <  The  Canticle  of  Canticles.* 

Cavendisn,  Margaret  (Ducliess  of  New- 
castle). An  English  writer;  born  in  Essex, 
1624;  died  1673-4.  She  wrote  <  Philosophical 
Fancies  * ;  and  a  collection  of  poems,  <  The  Pas- 
time and  Recreation  of  the  Queen  of  Fairies.* 

Cavour,  Count  Camillo  Benso  di  (ka-vor'). 
A  celebrated  Italian  statesman;  was  born  at 


Turin,  Aug.  10,  1810;  died  June  6,  1861.  His 
great    services   to    Italy   are   apparent    in    his 

<  Letters*  (1821-61) ;  <Unprinted  Letters*  (1862); 

<  Parliamentary  Speeches*  (1863);  and  <Corre- 
spondence  and  Writings*  (1892). 

Cawein,  Madison  Julius.  An  American 
poet ;  born  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  23,  1865. 
Among  his  works  are:  < Blooms  of  the  Berry* 
(1887) ;  <  The  Triumph  of  Music  *  (1888) ;  <  Lyrics 
and  Idyls*  (1890) ;  < Days  and  Dreams*;  < Moods 
and  Memories  * ;  <  Intimations  of  the  Beautiful  * ; 

<  Accolon  of  Gaul  *;  <  Poems  of  Nature  and  Love  '; 
•  Red  Leaves  and  Roses  * ;  <  Undertones  * ;  <  The 
Vale  of  Tampa* ;  'Nature — Notes  and  Impres- 
sions.* 

Cazton,  William.  An  English  printer  and 
scholar;  born  in  the  Weald  of  Kent,  1422  (?); 
died  1491.  His  <  Recuyell  [collection]  of  the 
Histories  of  Troy,*  translated  by  him  from  the 
French,  appears  to  have  been  printed  in  1474, 
most  probably  at  Bruges  in  Belgium.  It 
was  the  first  book  in  English  reproduced  by 
typography.  He  set  up  a  printing-office  in 
Westminster,  1477;  and  on  Nov.  18  of  that 
year  issued  <The  Dictes  and  Sayings  of  the 
Philosophers,*  folio,  a  work  ever  memorable 
as  the  first  book  printed  in  England  —  only 
420  years  ago !  He  printed  in  all  71  separate 
works,  very  many  of  them  translated  by  him 
from  the  French ;  his  translations  even  of  Latin 
classic  authors  were  made,  not  directly  from 
the  original  language,  but  from  French  ver- 
sions. 

Caylus,  Marthe  Marguerite  de  Villette, 
Marquise  de  (ka'liis).  A  French  writer  of 
memoirs ;  born  in  Poitou,  1673 ;  died  at  Paris 
(?),  April  15,  1729.  Long  an  ornament  of  the 
brilliant  court  of  Louis  XIV.,  she  passed  her 
declining  years  in  dictating  <  My  Recollections,* 
in  which  a  valuable  insight  into  the  life  of 
Louis  XIV.  is  afforded,  through  the  medium 
of  a  singularly  happy  style. 

Cazotte,  Jacques  (ka-zot).  A  French  poet 
and  humorist  (1719-92).  His  masterpieces  are: 
'Oliver*  (1762),  a  poem  of  chivalry  after  the 
manner  of  Ariosto ;  and  <  The  Devil  in  Love  * 
(1772),  a  tale  of  wonder  which  is  still  a  popu- 
lar favorite.  He  had  extraordinary  skill  in 
versifying,  as  shown  by  his  adding  a  seventh 
canto  to  Voltaire's  <  Civil  War  of  Geneva  *  with 
such  perfect  imitation  of  Voltaire's  style  and 
manner  as  to  deceive  all  Paris. 

Cecchi,  Glammaria  (chek'e).  An  Italian 
dramatist;  bom  in  Florence,  April  14,  1518; 
died  there,  Oct.  28,  1587.  He  was  the  rival  of 
Bibbiena,  Machiavelli,  and  Ariosto  in  portrait- 
ure of  character  and  in  liveliness  of  dialogue. 
Of  his  plays,  95  in  number,  but  few  have  been 
printed.  These  are  mainly  imitations  of  Plau- 
tus  and  Terence ;  the  best  of  them  are :  <  The 
Hammer,*  <The  Slave,*  and  (the  most  famous 
of  all)  <The  Owl.*  He  wrote  also  religious 
dramas;  among  them  <The  Exaltation  of  the 
Holy  Cross*  (1589). 

Cecco  d'Ascoli  (chek'5  das-ko'le),  properly 
Francesco  Stabili.    An  Italian  poet;   bom  at 


lOO 


CECH  —  CESAROTTI 


Ascoli,  about  1257;  died  in  Florence,  Sept.  16, 
1327.  He  was  a  devoted  student  of  astrology 
and  of  demonology.  For  the  expression  and 
defense  of  certain  erroneous  opinions  he  was 
burned  at  the  stake.  His  heretical  or  impious 
doctrines  are  contained  in  a  poem,  unfinished 
but  of  encyclopaedic  compass,  <  Bittemesses,>  of 
which  he  lived  to  complete  four  books.  The 
subject  of  the  first  book  was  astronomy  with 
meteorology;  of  the  second,  stellar  influence 
with  physiognomy;  of  the  third,  minerals; 
of  the  fourth,  sundry  problems,  moral  and 
physical. 

Cech,  Svatopluk  (chech).  A  notable  Czech 
poet  and  prose  writer ;  bom  at  Ostredek,  Feb. 
21,  1846.  He  was  editor  in  succession  of 
several  journals,  and  at  the  same  time  prac- 
ticed law.  After  winning  some  celebrity  as  a 
writer  of  stories  and  short  poems,  he  made  a 
bolder  flight  in  1872  with  <  Dreams,'  in  which 
he  shows  great  epic  power.  Besides  <  Dreams,* 
he  has  written  several  other  poems,  as  <The 
Adamites  > ;  <  The  Storm  > ;  <  Songs  of  Morning.' 
He  is  the  most  popular  of  Czech  poets.  As  a 
novelist  he  excels  in  lively  wit  and  rich  humor. 
Among  his  works  of  prose  fiction  may  be 
named :  <  Stories,  Arabesques,  and  Humor- 
esques,'  and  the  most  amusing  'Candidate  for 
Immortality.'  He  wrote  also  (1885)  <  Memories 
from  the  Orient,'  fruit  of  his  travels. 

Celakovslry,  Frantisek  Ladislav  (chel'a- 
kov"ske).  A  Czech  poet  and  philologist;  bom 
in  Strakonitz,  March  7,  1799 ;  died  in  Prague, 
Aug.  5,  1852.  His  earlier  work  was  journal- 
istic and  pedagogical,  his  reputation  in  poesy 
dating  from  the  appearance  of  <Slav  Folk- 
Songs'  (1822),  to  which  succeeded  various  brill- 
iant performances  of  a  like  nature :  <  Echo  of 
Russian  Folk  Songs'  (1829);  <Echo  of  Bohe- 
mian Folk  Songs'  (1840);  etc.  He  translated 
Herder  and  Scott  into  his  own  vernacular 
with  felicitous  results. 

Cellini,  Benvenuto  (chel-le'ne).  An  Ital- 
ian sculptor,  metal-worker,  and  writer  of 
memoirs;  born  in  Florence,  Nov.  3,  1500 ;  died 
there,  Feb.  13,  1571.  His  tremendous  advent- 
ures and  his  miraculous  genius  (as  set  forth 
by  himself  in  his  < Autobiography')  gives  the 
fascinating  story  of  his  life  an  important  place 
in  letters,  particularly  as  he  is  a  master  of 
style. 

Celsus  (sel'sus).  A  Roman  controversial 
writer;  flourished  in  the  second  century.  His 
<True  Discourse,'  an  attack  on  Christianity,  is 
lost ;  but  it  figures  conspicuously  in  the  history 
of  the  early  Church. 

Celtes,  Konrad  (tsel'tes).  [The  Greek 
equivalent  of  his  real  name,  Pickel.]  A  cele- 
brated German  humanist;  bom  1459;  died  1508. 
His  most  celebrated  work  is  a  volume  of 
< Odes'  (1513).  He  did  much  to  promote  the 
study  of  the  classics,  and  wrote  his  own  poems 
in  Latin. 

Centlivre,  Susannah.  An  English  drama- 
tist; bom  (Freeman?)  in  Ireland  (?),  1667  (?J; 


died  in  London,  Dec.  I,  1723.  He  .nird  hus- 
band, from  whom  she  derives  the  name  by 
which  she  is  known  in  literature,  was  cook  to 
Queen  Anne.  <The  Gamester'  and  <The  Busy 
Body '  are  her  best  comedies,  but  <  The  Per- 
jured Husband'  is  widely  known.  These  plays 
are  very  witty  in  dialogue,  but  unoriginal  in 
plot. 

Ceo,  Violante  do  (sa'o)  A  famed  Portu- 
guese poet ;  bom  in  Lisbon,  1601 ;  died,  1693. 
She  was  styled  « the  tenth  Muse."  Her  <  Por- 
tuguese Parnassus'  and  miscellaneous  poems 
are  greatly  admired. 

Cerrettl,  Lulgl  (cheret'te).  An  Italian  poet 
and  rhetorician;  bom  in  Modena,  Nov.  i,  1738; 
died  in  Pavia,  March  5,  1808.  The|  purity  and 
elegance  of  his  diction  made  him,  at  an  early 
age,  the  most  distinguished  professor  of  rheto- 
ric and  oratory  in  Italy.  His  <  Poems  and  Select 
Prose,'  collected  into  a  posthumous  volume, 
were  instantly  successful,  and  have  retained 
their  rank  ever  since. 

Cervantes  Saavedra,  Miguel  de  (ser-van'- 
tez  or  ther-van'tes  sa-a-va'dra).  A  celebrated 
Spanish  romancist ;  bom  at  Alcald  de  Henares 
..i  '547;  died  at  Madrid,  April  23,  1616.  He 
wrote  many  romances  and  stories,  but  he  lives 
in  fame  through  <  Don  Quixote.'  He  served 
some  years  in  the  army ;  was  captured  by  cor- 
sairs and  held  five  years  in  servitude.  His 
fellow  captives  testified  to  his  self-denying 
services  to  them  while  in  the  hands  of  the  Al- 
gerines.  His  first  attempt  in  literature  was  the 
composition  of  a  pastoral  romance,  <  Galatea,* 
in  the  traditional  style  and  spirit.  Of  twefnty 
or  thirty  plays  written  by  him,  two  only  sur- 
vive, and  they  have  no  celebrity.  The  first 
part  of  <Don  Quixote'  was  published  in  1605, 
and  it  had  a  hearty  reception  from  the  begin- 
ing  among  the  populace,  though  not  among 
the  cultured  classes.  Before  the  year  was  out. 
five  editions,  some  authorized,  others  pirated, 
were  published,  and  the  Don  and  his  grotesque 
retainer  appeared  like  immemorial  traditional 
characters  in  every  pageant.  The  continuation 
of  the  immortal  story,  however,  did  not  appear 
till  1615  —  and  then  because  spurious  continu- 
ations published  under  his  name  fairly  forced 
Cervantes's  hand.  Meanwhile  he  busied  him- 
self with  writing  poems  and  novels  now  for- 
gotten. On  all  these  dead  works  he  bestowed 
great  care  before  he  gave  them  to  the  public: 
he  wrote  <  Don  Quixote '  with  "  running  pen." 

Cesarotti,  Melcbiore  (cha-sar-ot'te).  A  dis- 
tinguished Italian  poet  and  scholar;  bom  in 
Padua,  May  15,  1730 ;  died  at  Solvaggiano, 
Nov.  3,  1808.  He  held  a  professorship  at  Padua. 
His  translation  of  <  Ossian '  (1763)  was  hailed 
as  a  work  of  genius.  <A  Course  in  Greek 
Literature '  remains  incomplete ;  but  an  '•  Essay 
on  the  Philosophy  of  Language  Applied  to 
the  Italian  Tongue'  (1785),  and  on  analogous 
theses,  are  perfect  specimens  of  criticism ;  and 
his  poetry,  though  now  falling  into  secondary 
rank,  is  tasteful  and  ornate. 


CESNOLA  —  CHAMBERS 


lOl 


Cesnola,  Lulgi  Palma  dl,  Count  (ches-n5'la). 
A  noted  Italian-American  archaeologist ;  born 
at  Rivarola,  near  Turin,  July  29,  1832.  Ap- 
pointed United  States  consul  at  Cyprus,  he 
discovered  a  large  number  of  antiquities  there ; 
the  collection  is  now  in  the  Metropolitan  Mu- 
seum, New  York,  of  which  he  is  a  director. 
He  has  written  :  <  Cyprus,  its  Ancient  Cities, 
Tombs,  and  Temples*  (1877);  <  The  Metro- 
politan Museum  of  Art  *  ( 1882).    Died  Nov.,  1904. 

Oetina,  Gutierre  de  (chet-e-na  or  tha-te'na). 
A  Spanish  poet;  born  at  Seville,  early  in  the 
i6th  century;  died  there  (?),  about  1560.  He 
was  a  soldier,  and  served  the  Prince  of  Ascoli 
till  the  death  of  that  patron,  when  he  departed 
for  Mexico.  He  spent  some  years  in  New 
Spain,  returning  to  Seville  shortly  before  he 
died.  He  chose  to  write  in  Italian  measures 
and  forms,  though  in  the  Spanish  tongue.  His 
sonnets,  ballads,  and  epistles  in  terza  rima,  are 
consummately  graceful  in  expression,  simple  in 
form,  and  inspired  by  tender  feeling. 

Ceva,  Tommaso  (cha'va).  An  Italian  poet 
and  mathematician ;  born  in  Milan,  Dec.  20, 
1648 ;  died  there,  Feb.  3,  1736.  He  was  a  Jesuit 
who  attained  peculiar  proficiency  in  geometry, 
and  who  also  aided  in  spreading  a  knowledge 
of  Newton's  discovery  of  the  law  of  gravita- 
tion. His  poetry  comprises  a  rhymed  history 
of  Christ's  youth,  <The  Boy  Jesus  >  (1699) ;  and 
a  < New-Ancient  Philosophy*  (1729). 

Chadbourne,  Paul  Ansel  (chad'bern).  A 
distinguished  American  educator  and  miscel- 
laneous writer;  born  at  North  Berwick,  Me., 
Oct.  21,  1823;  died  in  New  York,  Feb.  23,  1883. 
He  was  president  of  the  Massachusetts  Agri- 
cultural College  at  Amherst  (1867  and  1882); 
of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  (1867-70);  of 
Williams  College  (1872-81).  He  wrote:  'Nat- 
ural Theology*  (1867);  <  Instinct  in  Animals 
and  Men*  (1872);  etc. 

Cliadwlcli,  John  Wbite.  An  American  poet, 
prose-writer,  and  Unitarian  divine ;  bom  in 
Marblehead,  Mass.,  Oct.  19,  1840.  His  radical 
sermons  have  attracted  attention,  and  he  has 
been  a  liberal  contributor  to  current  literature. 
Among  his  works  are :  <  A  Book  of  Poems  * 
(1875) ;  <The  Bible  of  To-Day*  (1878) ;  <  Origin 
and  Destiny*  (1883)  ;<  A  Daring  Faith*  (1885) ; 
<The  Man  Jesus*;  <The  Faith  of  Reason'; 
*  Old  and  New  Unitarian  Belief  *;  <  The  Power  of 
an  Endless  Life.*     Died  Brooklyn,  Dec.  12, 1904. 

Chaille-Long.  Cbarles  (sha-ya'16n).  An 
American  explorer ;  born  of  French  parent- 
age, at  Baltimore,  Md.,  1843.  After  serving  in 
the  Confederate  army  he  went  to  Egypt,  v/here 
he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  by  the  Khe- 
dive ( 1870).  Gordon  made  him  chief-of -staff  and 
sent  him  on  a  mission  to  King  Mtesa  of  Uganda. 
He  wrote :  <  The  Three  Prophets*  (1886);  <  Central 
Africa*  (1887);  <  The  Sources  of  the  Nile.* 

Chalkley,  Thomas  (chak'li).  A  noted  Amer- 
ican Quaker  itinerant  preacher;  bom  in  Lon- 
don, March  3,  1675 ;  died  in  Tortola,  West  In- 
dies, Sept.  4,  1741.    He  spent  his  life  preaching 


in  New  England  and  the  Southern  celonies; 
toward  its  end  he  made  his  home  near  Phil- 
adelphia. His  chief  work  was  his  <  Life,  La- 
bors, and  Travels,*  whose  quaintness  made  it 
popular  even  outside  the  Society  of  Friends,  and 
has  caused  it  to  be  several  times  reprinted. 

Challemel-Lacour,  Paul  Armand  (shal-mel' 
la-kor').  A  French  statesman;  born  at  Av- 
ranches,  May  19,  1827;  died  in  Paris,  Oct.  26, 
1896.  He  figured  conspicuously  in  journal- 
ism, and  published  <  Individualist  Philosophy  > 
(1864)  and  numerous  essays. 

Chalmers,  George.  A  Scottish  historian; 
born  at  Fochabers,  1742;  died  in  London, 
May  31,  1825.  In  1763  he  came  to  America 
and  settled  in  Baltimore,  where  he  practiced 
law  for  several  years.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,  he  opposed  the  action  of 
the  colonists ;  not  meeting  with  success,  he  re- 
turned to  England.  His  writings  are  political, 
historical,  and  biographical.  Among  his  works 
are  :  <  Churchyard  Chips  Concerning  Scotland  * ; 

<  Life  of  Daniel  Defoe  * ;  and  <  Caledonia,*  an 
account  of  Scotland  from  the  earliest  period 
(1807-24). 

Chalmers,  Thomas.  A  Scotch  theologian 
and  social  reformer;  born  at  Anstruther,  Fife- 
shire,  March  17,  1780 ;  died  in  Edinburgh,  May 
1847.  He  was  one  of  the  greatest  pulpit  ora- 
tors of  Great  Britain.  His  most  important  works 
are  :  <  Political  Economy  *  ( 1832) ;  <  On  the 
Adaptation  of  External  Nature  to  the  Moral 
and  Intellectual  Constitution  of  Man*  (1833); 
and  many  widely  read  volumes  of  sermons. 

Chamberlain,  Nathan  Henry.  An  Amer- 
ican Episcopal  divine,  biographer,  and  essay- 
ist ;  bom  in  Massachusetts,  1830 ;  died  there, 
April  2,  1901.  He  wrote:  'Autobiography  of 
a  New  England  Farmhouse  *  (1864)  ;  <  Samuel 
Sewall  and  the  World  He  Lived  in  >  ( 1895)  ; 

<  The  Sphinx  in  Aubrey  Parish.* 

Chamberlin,  Joseph  Edgar.  An  Amer- 
ican journalist ;  born  in  Vermont,  1851.  He 
is  known  as  the  <<  Listener  **  of  the  Bostor. 
Transcript,  and  is  also  attached  to  the  Youth's 
Companion.  He  has  written  <The  Listener  in 
the  Town  *  and  <  The  Listener  in  the  Country.* 

Chambers,  Charles  Julius.  An  American 
novelist ;  bom  in  Bellefontaine,  O.,  Nov  21, 
1850.  In  1870  he  traveled  through  the  West 
Indies,  Europe,  the  United  States,  and  Canada, 
as  special  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
Herald.  In  1876  he  published  an  account  of 
his  few  weeks  of  experience  (incognito)  in  an 
insane  institution,  entitled  <A  Mad  World,* 
which  excited  great  interest.  He  is  a  con 
tributor  to  various  periodicals;  also  author  ot 
the  two  novels:  <On  a  Margin*  (1884);  and 
< Lovers  Four  and  Maidens  Five*  (1S86). 

Chambers,  Robert.  An  eminent  Scotcli 
prose-writer  and  publisher;  born  at  Peebles, 
July  10,  1802;  died  at  St.  Andrews,  March  17, 
1871.  He  and  his  brother  began  in  poverty 
as  small  booksellers;  issued  penny  leaflets  ol 
useful  information  for  the  people,  written  in  ?. 


CHAMBERS  —  CHAMPLIN 


clear  and  simple  though  not  infantile  st)-le, 
which  became  very  popular,  and  at  last  took 
regular  periodical  form  in  Chambers'  Journal ; 
and  the  great  publishing-house  which  bears 
the  name  of  both  developed  gradually.  The 
excellent  <  Chambers'  Encyclopaedia  for  the 
People  >  was  an  outgrowth  of  the  Journal, 
and  edited  by  the  brothers.    Robert  wrote  also 

<  Traditions  of  Edinburgh  >  and  works  on  Scotch 
history;  but  his  most  noted  book  was  the 
anonymous  <  Vestiges  of  Creation,>  for  years 
an  unequaled  theologic-scientitic  sensation. 

Chambers,  Robert  William.  An  American 
artist  and  novelist ;  bom  in  Long  Island,  N.  Y., 
1865.  His  home  is  in  New  York.  He  has 
written:  <The  King  in  Yellow >;  <The  Red 
Republic  >;  <A  King  and  a  Few  Dukes  >;  etc.; 
and   <With    the  Band,>   a  volume  of  ballads; 

<  Cardigan  > ;  <  The  Maids  of  Paradise  > ;  <  Jole  > ; 

<  Mountain  Land  > ;  <  The  Tree  of  Heaven.> 

Chambers,  William.  A  Scotch  prose-writer 
and  editor;' born  1800;  died  in  1883.     Hewrote: 

<  Things  asTheyArein  America  >  (1854);  <  Amer- 
ican Slavery  and  Color  >  (1857) ; '  France,  its  His- 
tory and  Revolutions  >  (1871)  ;  <  Stories  of  Old 
Families  and  Remarkable  Persons'  (1878). 
He  also  compiled  a  <  Hand-book  of  American 
Literature  >  (1857). 

Chambray,  Georges,  Marquis  de  (sham- 
bra').  A  French  soldier  and  military  writer; 
born  in  Paris,  1783;  died  1848.  He  served  in 
the  Napoleonic  wars,  was  in  the  fatal  Russian 
campaign,  and  during  his  active  service  saw 
much  fighting.  <The  History  of  the  Expedi- 
tion to  Russia  in  i8l2>  (3d  ed.  1839)  is  widely 
known. 

Chamfort,  S6bastieii  Roch  Nicolas,  called 
(shon-for').  A  French  moralist  and  critic  (1741- 
1794).  Among  his  works  are  comedies,  literary 
criticisms,  political  articles,  and  poems ;  but 
none  compare  with  his  <  Maxims  and  Thoughts,* 
which  are  worthy  to  rank  next  after  La  Roche- 
foucauld's '  Maxims.>  Sainte-Beuve  says  of 
them  that  they  are  like  "well-minted  coins 
that  retain  their  value."  Chamfort's  tragedy 
<Mustapha  and  Zeangir'  has  some  scenes  of 
genuine  passion,  but  as  a  whole  it  is  artificial. 
He  wrote  some  tales  in  verse,  but  their  licen- 
tiousness is  not  redeemed  even  by  grace  of 
style. 

Cbamier,  Frederick.  An  English  novelist; 
bom  in  London  in  1796;  died  at  Liverpool  (?), 
October  1870.   He  was  a  naval  officer.   He  wrote 

<  Ben  Brace  > ;  <  Tom  Bowline  > ;  <  Jack  Adams  > ; 

<  The  Arethusa ' ;  and  other  once  popular  sea 
tales,  now  neglected.  He  employs  the  methods 
of  Marryat. 

Chamisso,  Adelbert  von  (sha-mes'so).  A 
German  lyrist;  born  at  the  castle  of  Boncourt, 
Champagne,  Jan.  30,  1781 ;  died  at  Berlin,  Aug. 
21,  1838.  His  love  of  poetry  brought  him  into 
intimate  association  with  many  kindred  spir- 
its, as  Varnhagen  von  Ense,  Theremin,  Hitzig, 
and  La  Motte  Fouqud.  He  made  a  voyage  of 
circumnavigation  as  a  naturalist  on  a  Russian 


ship,  1815-18.  The  first  of  his  poetical  compo- 
sitions were  published  (1804)  in  <The  Muses' 
Almanac.'  By  far  his  most  celebrated  work 
is  <  Peter  Schlemihl,'  a  tale  of  a  man  who  lost 
his  shadow.  In  association  with  Gaudy  he 
translated  some  of  Beranger's  <  Songs.>  He  was 
the  first  to  naturalize  fully  in  German  poesy 
the   terzine  verse ;   in  that  measure  is  written 

<  Salaz  y  Gomez,'  one  of  his  finest  poems. 

Cbampfleury  (shon-fle-re'),  pseudonym  of 
Jules  Fleury-Husson.  A  French  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  bom  at  Laon,  Sept.  10, 
1821 ;  died  at  Sfevres,  Dec.  5,  1889.    His  story  of 

<  Les  Chien-Caillous*  was  in  Victor  Hugo's 
opinion  a  masterpiece  of  realistic  description. 
He  wrote  an  autobiographical  novel  of  his 
youthful  years  in  <The  Confessions  of  Sylvius' 
(1849),  continuing  the  story  in  <The  Advent- 
ures of  Mariette'  (1856).  But  his  <  Burghers  of 
Molinchart'  (1855),  a  satiric  delineation  of  the 
provincial  bourgeoisie,  made  him  famous.  "He 
is  a  pronounced  "realist."  Among  his  later 
novels,   <The   Tourangeau    Girls'    (1864)    and 

<  The  Little  Rose,'  are  most  worthy  of  mention. 
He  compiled  a  < General  History  of  Caricature' 
(5  vols.,  1865-85),  with  a  supplementary  volume, 
< Secret  Museum  of  Caricature'  (1888);  and 
several  other  works  on  the  arts  of  design  and 
ceramics. 

Cbampier,  Sympborien  (shon-pya').  A 
French  historian,  poet,  and  physician ;  born, 
1471  or  1472,  in  St.  Symphorien-le-Loise,  Lyon- 
nais ;  died  at  Lyons,  about  1540.  Famed  as  a 
physician,  with  powerful  friends  at  court  and 
an  ample  fortune,  he  took  delight  in  literature 
and  the  society  of  literary  men,  himself  writing 
a  series  of  poems  for  <  Virtuous  Ladies'  (1503), 
in  four  divisions,  entitled  <The  Flower  of 
Dames,'  <  The  Rule  of  Love,'  <  The  Prophecies 
of  the  Sibyls,'  and  <The  Book  of  True  Love,' 
respectively.  His  best  history  is  an  account  of 
< Princes  and  Battles'  (1502). 

Cbamplin,  James  Tift.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  in  Colchester,  Conn.,  June  9,  181 1; 
died  in  Portland,  Me.,  March  15,  1882.  He  was 
a  Baptist  minister  in  Portland,  Me.,  1838-41 ; 
then  professor  of  ancient  languages  at  Colby 
University  (Waterville,  Me.),  and  its  president 
1857-73.  A  portion  of  his  extensive  writings  are  : 
< Text-Book  of  Intellectual  Philosophy'  (i860); 

<  First  Principles  of  Ethics'  (1861);  'Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  with  Brief  Comments' 
(1880). 

Cbamplin,  John  Denison.  An  American 
prose-writer ;  born  in  Stonington,  Conn.,  Jan. 
29,  1834.  He  began  his  literary  career  in  New 
York  in  1869,  with  contributions  to  periodicals. 
In  1873  he  edited  <  Fox's  Mission  to  Russia,' 
and  became  a  reviser,  and  in  1875  assistant 
editor,  of  the  <  American  Cyclopaedia.'  He 
has  written :  <  Young  Folks'  Catechisms  of 
Common  Things'  (1880);  < Young  Folks'  Cy- 
clopaedia   of     Persons     and     Places'     (1880)  ; 

<  Young  Folks'  Astronomy ' ;  and  '  Chronicle  of 
the  Coach'  (1886).  In  1894  he  was  editor  of 
Scribner's    Art    Cyclopaedias,    of    which    two 


CHAMPNEY  — CHARISI 


103 


volumes  of  the  first  part 'were  published  (1886) 
as  <  Cyclopaedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings.' 

Champney,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  (Williams). 
An  American  novelist  and  writer  of  juveniles ; 
born  at  Springfield,  O.,  1850.  Many  of  her  books 
are  illustrated  by  her  husband,  the  artist  J.  W. 
Champney.  Among  them  are  the  Vassar  Girls 
series, —  <  Three  Vassar  Girls  Abroad,'  <In  Eng- 
land,* <  In  South  America,*  etc. ;  <  In  the  Sky- 
Parlor*;  <A11  Around  a  Palette*;  < Rosemary 
and  Rue*;  <The  Bubbling  Teapot*;  < Bourbon 
Lilies  * ;  <  Sebia's  Tangled  Web ' ;  <  Romance  of 
the  French  Abbeys  * ;  <  Romance  of  the  French 
Villas.* 

Chandler,  Elizabeth  Margaret.  An  Amer- 
ican poet;  bom  near  Wilmington,  Uel.,  Uec. 
24,  1807;  died  Nov.  22,  1834.  Her  most  pop- 
ular poem  was  <  The  Slave  Ship.*  Many  of  her 
subsequent  verses  were  written  in  the  same 
strain,  and  published  in  the  Genius  of  Universal 
Emancipation,  a  Philadelphia  abolitionist  peri- 
odical. Her  poems  were  published  with  a  me- 
moir by  Benjamin  Lundy  (1836). 

Chaney,  George  Leonard.  A  Unitarian 
clergyman  and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  in 
Massachusetts,  1836.  He  was  pastor  of  the 
Hollis  Street  Church  in  Boston  (1862-79);  af- 
terward at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  where  he  edited  the 
Southern  Unitarian  (1893-96).  Among  his  works 
are:  <F.  Grant  &  Co.*  (1874),  a  book  for  boys; 
'Aloha*  (1880), travels  in  the  Sandwich  Islands; 
<  Every-Day  Life  and  Every-Day  Morals  *  (1884), 
a  volume  of  essays ;  etc. 

Chanler,  Mrs.  Am^lie  Rives.  See  Trou- 
betskoi. 

Channing,  William  Ellery.  An  eminent 
American  theologian,  one  of  the  founders  of 
American  Unitarianism ;  born  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
April  7,  1780;  died  at  Bennington,  Vt.,  April 
1842.    His  works  were  published  in  1848. 

Channing,  William  Ellery.  An  American  poet 
nephew  of  the  above  ;  born  in  Boston,  Mass. 
June  10,  1818  ;  died  at  Concord,  Dec.  23,  1901 
He  was  author  of  <  Poems* ( 1843-47 ) ;  <The  Wood 
man  *(  1849) ;  (Near  Home*  ( 1858)  ;<  The  Wan 
derer'(  1872);  ^Conversations  in  Rome*  ( 1847) 
and<Thoreau,  the  Poet-Naturalist*  (1873). 

Channing,  William  Henry.  An  American 
Unitarian  divine  and  biographer,  nephew  of 
W.  E.  Channing  the  elder;  born  at  Boston, 
May  25,  1810;  died  in  London,  Dec.  23,  1884. 
Settling  in  England,  he  succeeded  James  Mar- 
tineau  as  pastor  at  Liverpool.  His  daughter 
married  Sir  Edwin  Arnold.  His  principal  work 
was  <  Memoir  of  William  Ellery  Channing*  (3 
vols.,  1848). 

Chapelain,  Jean  (shap-lan').  A  French 
poet  and  critic ;  bom  in  Paris,  Dec.  5,  1595 ; 
died  there,  Feb.  24,  1674.  By  his  own  unaided 
efforts  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  Greek  and 
Latin.  Italian  and  Spanish.  He  won  the  favor 
of  Cardmal  Richelieu  by  his  preface  to  Marini's 
notorious  poem  <Adone,*  and  was  a  leading 
founder  of  the  French  Academy,  whose  first 
meetings  were  held  at  his   house.     Through 


court  influence  he  rose  to  be  a  recognized  law- 
giver of  literature.  He  published  in  1756  the 
first  installment,  12  cantos,  of  a  great  epic,  <  The 
Maid  of  Orleans,*  on  which  he  had  been  at 
work  20  years.  But  the  critics,  headed  by 
Boileau,  were  so  unfavorable  that  though  of 
the  first  installment  six  editions  were  sold  in 
18  months,  no  publisher  could  be  found  for 
the  sequel. 

Chapelle,  Claude  Emmanuel  Luillier,  called 
(sha-pel').  A  French  poet  (1626-86).  He  was 
illegitimate  son  of  a  man  of  wealth,  who  gave 
him  an  excellent  education  and  left  him  a  large 
fortune.  He  owes  his  place  in  literary  records 
to  his  good  fortune  in  having  been  associated 
with  the  foremost  literary  men  of  his  time, — 
Racine,  Molifere,  Boileau.  He  wrote  some 
verses  of  indifferent  merit;  with  Bachaumont 
he  was  joint  author  of  <  Travels  in  Provence 
and  Languedoc*  (1663),  written  in  mixed  prose 
and  verse,  a  fashion  which  prevailed  for  a 
while  in  France. 

Chapin,  Edwin  Hubbell.  A  noted  American 
Universalist  divine  and  essayist ;  bom  at  Union 
Village,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1814;  died  in  New 
York,  his  long-time  residence,  Dec.  27,  1880. 
An  effective  preacher  and  lecturer,  he  was  one 
of  the  powers  for  good  in  his  day.  He  wrote : 
< Moral  Aspects  of  City  Life*  (1853);  <Trae 
Manliness*  (1854);  < Crown  of  Thorns*;  etc. 

Chaplin,  Heman  White.  An  American  law- 
yer and  short-story  writer;  bom  in  Rhode 
Island,  1847.  His  <  Five  Hundred  Dollars  and 
Other  Stories  of  New  England  Life*  ranks 
with  the  best  works  of  its  kind. 

Chaplin,  Jeremiah.  An  American  historical 
writer;  born  in  Danvers,  Mass.,  1813 ;  died  in 
New  Utrecht,  N,  Y.,  March  5,  1886.  He  was 
author  of:  <Life  of  Charles  Sumner*;  <Life 
of  Franklin*;  < Riches  of  Bunyan*;  <Life  of 
Galen*;  and  <Life  of  Henry  Dunster,  First 
President  of  Harvard  College*  (1872),  which  is 
a  work  of  much  historical  value. 

Chapman,  George.  An  English  dramatist 
and  translator  of  Homer;  born  in  Hitchin, 
Hertford,  1559;  died  at  London,  May  12,  1634. 
What  distinguishes  his  plays  is  the  intuitive 
appreciation  they  reveal  of  the  material  and 
mechanical  limitations  of  the  theatre.  The 
comedies  <  All  Fools  but  the  Fool  >  and  <  May 
Day*  are  well  known;  as  are  the  tragedies 
<  Bussy  d'Amboise  *  and  <  The  Tragedy  of 
Charles,  Duke  of  Byron.*  The  version  of 
Homer  (new  ed.  1897)  is  celebrated. 

Chapone,  Hesther  (sha-pon').  An  English 
story-writer  and  poet ;  born  in  Northampton- 
shire, Oct.  27,  1727 ;  died  1801.  She  wrote : 
<Ode  to  Peace*;  'Fidelia*,  a  story;  'Miscel- 
lanies in  Prose  and  Verse  * ;  and  other  works. 

Charisi,  Jehuda  ben  Salome  (cha-re'ze), 
known  also  as  Alcharisi.  A  Spanish  Jewish 
poet;  born  in  Xeres,  about  II90(?);  died 
1235.  A  devoted  student  of  Arabian  poetry, 
he  rendered  the  'Sittings*  or  'Assemblies*  of 
the  great  poet   Hariri   into   Hebrew;  but  hi» 


X04 


CHARRAS  —  CHAUCER 


masterpiece  is  the  exquisite  <  Tach-Kemoni,' 
or  picture  of  every-day  Jewish  life  and  char- 
acter in  his  own  time, —  a  poem  in  which  an 
Arabian  influence  predominates. 

Oharras.  Jean  Baptiste  Adolphe  (shar-a'). 
A  French  military  historian  and  expert ;  born 
in  Pfalzburg,  Lorraine,  Jan.  7,  1810;  died  in 
Basel,  Switzerland,  Jan.  23,  1865.  His  vicissi- 
tudes in  the  army,  the  result  of  his  own  repub- 
licanism and  the  revolutionary  precipitateness 
of  French  politics,  did  not  prevent  his  rise  to 
distinction,  although  his  promotion  was  inter- 
fered with.  He  wrote :  <  History  of  the  Cam- 
paign of   1815:  Waterloo >    (6th  ed.  1869),  and 

<  History  of  the  War  of  1813  in  Germany  >  (2d 
ed.  1870). 

Charrl^re,  Isabelle  Agnate  de  Saint  Hya- 
cintlie  de  (sha-ryar').  A  French  novelist,  dram- 
atist, and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  (Van 
Tuyll)  in  Utrecht,  1740  or  I746(?) ;  died  at  Co- 
lombier,  Switzerland,  Dec.  25,  1805.  She  was 
one  of  the  most  accomplished  women  of  her 
day.  Her  fictions  and  studies,  <  Caliste  >  (1788) 
and  <Neuchatel  Letters'  (1784),  and  the  drama 
<The  Thou  and  the  You,>  contain  much  that 
is  admirable. 

Cliartier,  Alain  (shar-tya').  A  French  poet; 
born  in  Bayeux,  Normandy,  about  1386 ;  died  in 
1449.  Early  taken  into  royal  favor  for  his 
brilliance  in  rhetoric  and  rhyme,  he  won  fame 
with  the  <Book  of  the  Four  Ladies'  (1415), 
inspired  by  the  battle   of  Agincourt,  and  the 

<  Ballad  of  Fougiferes>  (1449),  a  patriotic  piece. 

Chase,  Salmon  Portland.  An  American 
statesman  ;  born  in  Cornish,  N.  H.,  Jan.  13, 1808 ; 
died  in  New  York  city.  May  7,  1873.  He  be- 
came eminent  as  lawyer.  United  States  Senator 
from  an^  governor  of  Ohio,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  and  Cfiief  Justice  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court.  He  was  one  of  the  able  and 
strong-willed  men  whom  Mr.  Lincoln  called 
about  him  during  the  war  era,  and  did  signal 
service  to  the  government  and  the  Union.  He 
compiled  a  summary  of  the  laws  of  Ohio,  with 
a  historical  sketch  of  the  State  (3  vols.,  1832), 

Chase,  Thomas.  An  American  educator  and 
prose-writer ;  bom  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  June  16, 
1827;  died  in  Providence,  R.  L,  Oct.  5,  1892. 
In  1855  became  professor  of  philology  and 
classical  literature  at  Haverford  College,  near 
Philadelphia;  in  1875  its  president.  In  1878 
Harvard  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
Among  his  publications  are :  ^  Hellas :  her 
Monuments  and  Scenery'  (1861) ;  an  address 
on  <  Liberal  Education  :  Its  Aims  and  Methods.' 

Chasles,  Philar^te  (shal).  A  French  his- 
torical and  literary  critic ;  bom  in  Mainvilliers, 
near  Chartres,  Oct.  8,  1798;  died  in  Venice, 
July  18,  1873.  The  son  of  a  Jacobin,  and  edu- 
cated according  to  Rousseau,  he  acquired  the 
point  of  view  which,  enlarged  by  life  abroad, 
makes  his  essays  so  unique  and  instructive.  He 
has  written  in  every  imaginable  prose  form, 
from  a  romance  to  a  riddle :  but  his  enduring 
work  is  contained   in  <  French  Language  and 


Literature  from  the  Beginning  of  the  Sixteenth 
Century  to  1610'  (1828) ;  <  Studies  of  Antiquity' 
(1847);  'Studies  of  the  Sixteenth  Century  in 
France*  (1848);  < Journeys  of  a  Critic  through 
Life  and  Books'  (2d  series,  2d -ed.  1866-68); 
and  <  Memoirs'  (1876-78), 

Chateaubriand,  Frangols  Ren6  Auguste, 
Vlcomte  de  (sha-to-bre-on').  A  great  French 
statesman,  traveler,  novelist,  and  historical 
writer;  born  at  St.  Malo,  September  1768; 
died  at  Paris,  July  4,  1848.  He  made  a  voyage 
in  search  of  the  Northwest  Passage  in  1791 ; 
but  on  touching  the  American  continent  aban- 
doned that  quest,  and  proposed  to  himself  a 
study  of  the  life  of  the  American  Indians.  He 
lived  for  some  time  among  the  aborigines,  and 
the  fruits  of  his  observations  were  the  three 
novels  <  Atala,'  <  Ren^,'  and  <  The  Natchez,' 
which  by  the  charms  of  the  literary  style  and 
the  interesting  poetical  descriptions  of  life 
remote  from  civilization,  won  instant  and  great 
popularity.  Perhaps  his  greatest  and  certainly 
his  most  ambitious  work  is  <  The  Genius  of 
Christianity'  (5  vols.,  1856-57),  in  which  the 
dogmas,  practices,  etc.,  of  Catholic  Christianity 
are  defended  against  infidel  attack.  Other  writ- 
ings of  his  in  the  direction  of  Christian  apolo- 
getic are:  <The  Martyrs,  or  Triumph  of  the 
Christian  Religion'  (2  vols.,  1809);  *A  Journey 
from  Paris  to  Jerasalem'  (3  vols.,  181 1).  Of 
works  connected  with  literature  and  its  history, 
he  wrote  <  An  Essay  on  English  Literature ' 
and  translated  Milton's  <  Paradise  Lost' 

Chateaubrun,  Jean  Baptiste  Vivien  (sha-to- 
briih')-  A  French  dramatist;  born  at  Angou- 
leme,  1686;  died  1775.  He  was  elected  to  the 
French  Academy,  1753.  His  tragedy  of  <The 
Trojan  Woman'  was  once  very  popular. 

Chatfield-Taylor,    Hobart    Chatfield.     An 

American  novelist ;  born  in  Illinois,  1865 ;  resi- 
dent in  Chicago.  He  has  written  :  '  With  Edge 
Tools ' ;  <  An  American  Peeress  > ;  <  Two  Women 
and  a  Fool  > ;  <  The  Land  of  the  Castanet  ; 
<  The  Vice  of  Fools  > ;  <  Idle  Born  > ;  <  The 
Crimson  Wing'  ;<  Moli&re,  a  Biography.' 

Chatterton,  Thomas.  An  English  poet,  re- 
puted the  « marvelous  youth"  of  literature; 
born  in  Bristol,  Nov.  20,  1752;  committed  sui- 
cide at  London,  Aug.  25,  1770.  He  had  pre- 
cocious taste  and  considerable  poetic  talent, 
perhaps  overrated  from  the  interest  of  his 
pathetic  fate  and  youth,  and  the  literary  sen- 
sation of  his  spurious  « Rowley"  poems, — 
supposed  to  have  been  found  in  the  chest  of 
a  mediseval  «  clerk,"  but  written  by  Chatterton 
in  a  palpably  impossible  dialect.  <An  Excelente 
Balade  of  Charitie'  is  much  the  best.  His 
poems  and  plays  in  common  English  are  mere 
boy's-work,  but  show  fertility  and  facility, 
which  with  his  manly  taste  might  have  matured 
into  greatness. 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey.  The  father  of  English 
poetry;  born  in  London  (?),  1328  or  1340;  died 
there,  Oct.  25,  1400.  His  < Canterbury  Tales' 
is  his  most  celebrated  work.    Among  the  others 


CHAULIEU  — CHENIER 


are:  'Troilus  and  Cressida>;  <The  Parliament 
of  Fowles  > ;  <  Boke  of  the  Duchesse  ' ;  <  The 
House  of  Fame ' ;  <  The  Legend  of  Good 
Women  > ;  and  minor  poems  and  translations. 

Chaulieu,  Guillaume  Amfrye  de  (sho-lye'). 
A  French  poet  (1639-1720).  He  was  preceptor 
of  the  young  princes  de  Vendome,  Henri  IV.'s 
sons  by  Gabrielle  d'Estr^es,  and  through  their 
good  ofiflces  obtained  some  valuable  sinecures. 
His  erotic  poems  won  him  the  title  of  "the 
Anacreon  of  the  Temple  >>  (residence  of  the 
young  princes).  But  apart  from  licentiousness 
he  proved  himself  a  true  poet  in  several  lyrics, 
as  in  <Fontenoy>  and  <The  Retreat.'  His 
best  poem  is  perhaps  that  on  <  Country  Life,> 
which  in  fact  the  poet  could  not  endure. 

Chaussard,  Pierre  Jean  Baptiste  (sho-sar'). 
A  French  historian,  poet,  and  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  in  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1766;  died  there, 
Jan.  9,  1823.  He  plunged  ardently  into  liter- 
ary warfare  in  behalf  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion, and  was  distinguished  in  the  diplomacy 
of  the  first  republic,  writing  <The  Revolution 
in  Belgium*  (1793)  and  many  patriotic  odes. 
He  also  produced :  <  Germany  and  the  House 
of  Austria*  (1792);  <The  Spirit  of  Mirabeau* 
(1797);  and  other  works  in  harmony  with  the 
French  sentiment  of  his  day. 

Chauveau,  Pierre  Joseph  Olivier  (sho-vo'). 
A  Canadian  statesman  and  writer  of  ppose  and 
verse ;  born  in  Quebec,  May  30,  1820 ;  died 
there,  April  4,  1890.  Among  his  contributions  to 
literature  were  many  popular  poems,  includ- 
ing <  Simple  Joys  * ;  <  Donnaconna  > ;  <  Letters 
to  M.  de  Puibusque  > ;  also  many  valuable  prose 
works :  <  Tour  of  H.  R.  H.  Prince  of  Wales  in 
America'  (1861);  <  Souvenirs  and  Legends' 
(in  prose  and  verse)  (1877);  and  <  Franfois 
Xavier  Garneau,  His  Life  and  Works'  (1883). 

Cheever,  George  Barren.  An  American 
journalist,  poet,  and  divine ;  born  in  Hallo- 
well,  Me.,  April  17,  1807 ;  died  in  Englewood, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  I.  1890.  He  was  editor  of  the  New 
York  Evangelist  from  1845  to  1846,  and  at 
different  times  connected  with  the  New  York 
Observer  and  Independent.  He  was  an  able 
and  vigorous  writer  and  speaker,  and  the  author 
of  a  large  number  of  works  in  prose  and  verse. 
Among  his  publications  are  :  <  Studies  in  Poetry ' 
(1830);  <God's  Hand  in  America'  (1841); 
<Poets  of  America'  (1847);  < Windings  of  the 
River  of  the  Water  of  Life'  (1849);  <The 
Voice  of  Nature  to  her  Foster-Child,  the  Soul 
of  Man'  (1852)  ;  <  Lectures  on  the  Life,  Genius, 
and  Insanity  of  Cowper'  (1856),  arguing  that 
Cowper's  religious  terrors  proved  him  sane  in- 
stead of  insane ;  and  <  God  against  Slavery, 
and  the  Freedom  and  Duty  of  the  Pulpit  to 
Rebuke  It'  (1857).  One  of  his  most  effective 
works  was  <  Deacon  Giles's  Distillery.' 

Cheever,  Henry  Theodore.  An  American 
prose-writer  and  divine,  brother  of  G.  B. ;  born 
in  Hallowell,  Me.,  Feb.  6,  1814;  died  1897. 
His  writings  were  popular,  and  include :  <  The 
Island  World  of  the   Pacific'   (1852);  <Short 


105 

Yarns  for  Long  Voyages'  (1855);  and  'Cor- 
respondences of  Faith  and  Views  of  Madame 
Guyon'  (1886). 

Chemnitz,  Matthaua  Friedrlch  (ihem'nits). 
A  German  song-writer;  born  in  Barmstedt, 
Holstein,  June  10,  1815;  died  at  Altona,  Hol- 
stein,  April  14,  1870.  He  was  a  legal  func- 
tionary, whose  patriotic  song  of  <  Sea-Girt 
Schleswig-Holstein '  came  universally  into  favor 
and  obtained  a  place  for  his  name  in  literature. 

Chemnitzer,  Ivan  Ivanovich  (chem'nit-ser). 
A  Russian  fabulist  (1745-84) ;  born  at  Jenota- 
jevsk,  government  of  Astrakhan.  At  first  he 
wrote  in  German ;  his  masters  and  models  in 
literature  were  Russian,  though  he  was  power- 
fully influenced  by  Gellert  and  La  Fontaine. 
His  <  Fables  and  Tales '  appeared  in  two  parts 
anonymously  (1779  and  1782)  during  his  life, 
and  a  third  part  after  his  death. 

Cheney,  Mrs.  Ednah  Dow  (Llttlehale).  An 
American  lecturer  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  in  Boston,  1824.  She  has  been  president 
of  the  New  England  Woman's  Club  and  the 
Massachusetts  Woman  Suffrage  Association. 
She  has  written  :  <  Handbook  of  American  His- 
tory for  Colored  People'  (1866) ;  < Gleanings  in 
the  Field  of  Art'  (1881) ;  <Life  of  Louisa  M. 
Alcott'  (1889);  and  several  stories,  including: 
<  Nora's  Return,'  a  sequel  to  Ibsen's  <  A  Doll's 
House';  < Sally  Williams,  the  Mountain  Girl' 
(1872) ;  besides  other  books.     Died  in  1904. 

Cheney,  John  Vance.  An  American  writer 
of  prose  and  verse ;  born  in  Groveland,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  29,  1848.  Is  author  of  <The  Old  Doctor' 
(1885) ;  <  Thistle  Drift,'  poems  (1887) ;  a  volume 
of  essays  ;<  Lyrics  '  (1901)  ;<  Poems'  (1902). 

Cheney,  Theseus  Apoleon.  An  American 
historian;  bom  in  Leon,  N.  Y.,  March  16,  1830; 
died  in  Starkey,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  2,  1878.  His  pub- 
lications include :  <  Historical  Sketch  of  the 
Chemung  Valley'  (1866);  <  Historical  Sketch 
of  Eighteen  Counties  of  Central  and  Southern 
New  York'  (1868);  <Laron';  <  Relations  of 
Government  to  Science';  and  'Antiquarian 
Researches.' 

Chenier,  Andr^  Marie  de  (sha-nya').  A 
notable  French  poet;  born  at  Constantinople, 
Oct.  30,  1762;  died  July  25,  1794.  Shortly  be- 
fore the  Terror  he  made  a  vigorous  attack  on 
the  Jacobins  in  the  Journal  de  Paris.  He  wrote 
Louis  XVI.'s  appeal  to  the  people  after  the 
death  sentence.  He  celebrated  in  verse  Char- 
lotte Corday.  He  perished  under  the  guillo- 
tine. The  maturity,  breadth,  and  soundness 
of  his  judgment  in  poetical  composition  are 
demonstrated  by  his  poem  on  'Invention,' 
written  in  his  24th  year.  Of  the  same  year  is 
his  fine  idyl  'Liberty.'  Similar  in  spirit  to  this, 
and  of  perfect  Pindaric  form,  is  the  '  Dithy- 
rambic  on  the  Tennis  Play'  (1791).  In  his 
prison  of  St.  Lazare  he  composed  a  beautiful 
elegy,  'The  Girl  Captive.' 

Chenier,  Marie  Joseph  de.  A  French  poet 
and  dramatist,  younger  brother  of  Andr^  M. 
(1764-1811).    He  was  a  Jacobin,  and  member 


io6 


CHERASKOFF  — CHIARINI 


of  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  the  Revolution. 
His  tragedies  — <  Charles  IX.  >  (1789);  <  Henry 
Vni.>  and  <  Galas  >  (both  1791);  <Caius  Grac- 
chus>  (1793);  and  others  —  brought  him  fame 
and  success  by  the  accordance  of  their  republi- 
can and  revolutionary  sentiments  with  the  pub- 
lic opinion  of  the  time,  rather  than  by  their 
merits  as  compositions.  His  national  songs 
were  approved  by  the  best  test  of  such  pro- 
ductions,—  popularity:  one  of  them,  < The  Part- 
ing Song>  (Partant  pour  la  Syrie),  is  hardly 
less  famous  than  the  <  Marseillaise.*  His  satires 
are  full  of  spirit,  point,  and  wit,  but  often  ran- 
corous and  unjust. 

Cberaskofif,  Michail  Matv^jevich  (cher-as'- 
kof).  A  Russian  poet  (1733-1807) ;  bom  in  the 
government  of  Poltava.  By  his  contemporaries 
he  was  called  "  the  Russian  Homer  >* ;  but  he 
had  little  original  genius.  We  have  from  him 
several  epics  after  Virgil  and  Voltaire,  accord- 
ing to  the  orthodox  rules  of  Boileau ;  among 
them  <The  Rossiad,>  celebrating  the  conquest 
of  Kasan  by  Ivan  the  Terrible,  and  <  Vladimir,' 
commemorating  the  Christianization  of  Russia. 
He  wrote  also  a  number  of  dramas,  romances, 
fables,  and  songs.  He  excels  in  description  of 
natural  scenery. 

Clierbuliez,  Charles  Victor  (shar-bii-lya').  A 
distinguished  French  romancist ;  bom  at  Geneva, 
of  a  noted  family  of  litterateurs,  July  19,  1829  ; 
died  at  Combs-ia-Ville,  July  2,  1899.  Having 
studied  in  the  Universities  of  Geneva,  Paris, 
Bonn,  and  Berlin,  he  was  for  a  time  an  educator 
at  Geneva;  but  in  1864  became  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes.  He 
first  gained  distinction  as  art  critic  and  observer 
of  public  affairs,  as  also  by  his  romances,  under 
the  pseudonym  «  G.  Valbert.»  He  wrote  a  vol- 
ume of  art  travels  in  Greece  ;  <A  Horse  by 
Phidias  > ;  <  Political  Spain  ' ;  <  Foreign  Profiles'; 
<Art  and  Nature ' ;  etc.  His  romances  are 
characterized  by  clever  treatment  of  the  problems 
of  domestic  and  social  life  and  a  fine  psycho- 
logical analysis,  with  a  marked  bias  for  descrip- 
tion of  odd  characters.  Among  his  most  success- 
ful novels — and  their  success  has  hardly  been 
less  abroad  than  at  home — are  :  <  Romance  of 
a  Respectable  Woman'  (1S66)  ;  <  Ladislas 
Bolski's  Adventure*  (1869);  <  Samuel  Brohl 
&  Co.>  (1877),  The  last  two  were  dramatized, 
but  won  little  favor  on  the  stage. 

Cherville,  Gaspard  Georges,  Marquis  de 
(shar-vel').  A  French  novelist;  born  at  Char- 
tres,  1821.  He  was  for  several  years  collabo- 
rator with  the  elder  Dumas;  about  40  volumes 
were  the  fruit  of  the  partnership.  Independ- 
ently he  contributed  to  the  Paris  Temps  sev- 
eral admirable  sketches  and  stories  of  rural 
life  and  the  chase.  A  few  of  his  studies  have  been 
published  in  sumptuously  illustrated  editions ; 
e.  g.,  <  Life  in  the  Country  >  (1879).     Died  1898. 

Cliesebro,  Caroline.  An  American  novelist; 
born  in  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  about  1828 ;  died 
in  Piemiont,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  16,  1873.  She  was 
author  of  *  Dream-Land  by  Daylight,'  a  volume 
of  stories  and  sketches  (1851) ;  <The  Beautiful 


Gate  and  Other  Tales'  (1863).  The  novels 
<Philly  and  Kit'  (1856);  < Peter  Carradine' 
(1863);  <The  Foe  in  the  Household'  (1871); 
and  various  others,  are  well  known. 

Chesterfield,  Philip  Dormer  Stanhope,  Earl 

of.  An  English  man  of  affairs  and  of  the 
world;  born  in  London,  Sept.  22,  1694;  died 
there  (?),  March  24,  1773.  His  literary  fame 
rests  principally  upon  his  <  Letters  to  his  Son,' 

Chettle,  Henry.  An  English  dramatist ;  born 
in  London  (?),  about  1565  {?);  died  there  (?), 
1607  (?).  He  was  contemporary  with  Shakes- 
peare, and  his  best  play  is  probably  <  Hoffman,' 
a  tragedy.  He  wrote  various  pamphlets,  popu- 
lar in  his  day. 

Chezy,  Antoine  Leonard  de  (sha-ze').  A 
distinguished  French  Orientalist  (1773-1832). 
For  him  the  first  chair  of  ancient  Indian  lan- 
guages in  France  was  founded  in  1815.  Bopp, 
W.  von  Humboldt,  F.  von  Schlegel,  Burnouf, 
Langlois,  and  other  renowned  scholars  and 
Orientalists,  were  his  pupils.  His  principal 
work  is  an  edition,  with  French  translation,  of 
Kalidasa's  <Sakuntala'  (1830). 

Chezy,  Helmina  Christiane  von.  A  Ger- 
man poet  and  novelist ;  born  (von  Klencke)  in 
Berlin,  Jan.  26,  1783;  died  in  Geneva,  Feb.  28, 
1856.  She  produced:  <  Poems'  (1812);  <  Heart 
Notes  during  a  Pilgrimage'  (1833);  and  similar 
romantic  stanzas ;  besides  <  Emma's  Ordeals ' 
(1827),  a  novel  of  merit. 

Chezy,  Wilhelm  von.  A  German  novelist 
and  historical  essayist,  son  of  Helmine  C;  bom 
in  Paris,  March  21,  1806;  died  in  Vienna,  March 
13,  1865.  He  acquitted  himself  creditably  as  a 
journalist,  and  wrote  many  popular  tales :  <  The 
Wandering  Pupil'  (1835),  <The  Six  Noble  Pas- 
sions' (1842),  and  <The  Last  Janissary'  (1853), 
among  them ;  as  well  as  <  Chivalry  in  Picture 
and  Word'  (1848),  a  study  of  much  value. 

Chiabrera,  Gabriello  (ke-a-bra'ra).  An  Ital- 
ian lyric  poet  (1552-1637)  ;  born  at  Savona. 
Impatient  of  dependence  on  the  great,  he 
again  and  again  abandoned  the  courts  of  noble 
patrons,  and  at  last  settled  down  in  his  native 
Savona.  Pindar  and  Anacreon  were  his  de- 
lights among  the  poets,  and  his  countrymen 
named  him  "  the  Italian  Pindar."  But  his 
Pindaric  odes  have  little  of  the  grace  and  force 
of  Pindar;  the  poet  labors  too  patently  for 
effect  in  strophe  and  antistrophe,  in  bold  in- 
versions and  composite  epithets;  he  is  not 
spontaneous ;  he  is  dull.  Yet  some  of  his  little 
songs  after  Anacreon  are  models  of  elegance 
and  grace.  His  epic  and  dramatic  poems 
hardly  rise  above  mediocrity.  He  wrote  a 
charming  autobiographical  sketch,  which  shows 
him  to  have  been  ever  an  honorable  man,  good 
lover,  good  hater,  and  sincere  Christian. 

Chiarini,  Giuseppe  (ke-a-re'ne).  An  Ital- 
ian poet  and  critic;  born  at  Arezzo,  Aug.  17, 
1833.  He  is  a  student  of  foreign  literatures;, 
especially  English  and  German,  and  has  been 
editor  of  literary  journals.  His  verse  is  mostly 
lyrical,  and  has  been  collected  under  the  titles/ 


CHIAVACCI  —  CHOMJAKOFF 


107 


'Poems>  (1874);  <In  Memoriam'  (1875);  *La- 
crymae>  (1879);  etc.  It  gives  proof  of  deep 
poetic  sensibility.  He  has  translated  some  of 
Heine's  poems,  and  has  published  critical  es- 
says on  English  and  German  poets. 

Chiavaccl,  Vincenz  (ke-a'va-che).  An  Aus- 
trian humorist ;  born  at  Vienna,  June  15,  1847. 
As  <<  Dame  Sopherl,  a  Woman  of  Standing  >>  — 
keeping  a  stand  in  the  fruit  market  —  he  began 
in  1883  to  contribute  to  the  Vienna  journals  a 
series  of  humorous  remarks,  in  the  Vienna 
slang,  on  the  occurrences  of  the  preceding  week. 
Dame  Sopherl  and  her  whole  circle  of  gossips, 
male  and  female,  were  put  upon  the  stage  (1890) 
and  afforded  infinite  amusement.  The  author 
has  worked  this  and  similar  veins  of  humor 
with  distinguished  success  in  a  series  of  volumes. 

Child,  Francis  James.  An  American  poet 
and  prose-writer ;  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb. 
1,  1825;  died  at  Cambridge,  Sept.  II.  1896. 
He  was  professor  of  rhetoric  and  oratoiy  at 
Harvard  from  1 85 1  till  1876,  when  he  took  the 
chair  of  English  literature.     His  principal  work, 

<  English  and  Scottish  Ballads,^  a  subject  on 
which  he  was  the  highest  authority  in  this 
country,  he  improved  and  enlarged  for  publica- 
tion in  1886.  Among  his  other  works  are : 
<Four  Old  Plays  >  (1848);  and  a  collection  of 
< Poems  of  Sorrow  and  Comfort*  (1865). 

Child,  Lydia  Maria.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  in  Medford,  Mass.,  Feb.  11,  1802; 
died  in  Wayland,  Mass.,  Oct.  20,  1880.  Her 
first  novel,  <  Hobomok,'  was  written  and  pub- 
lished in  1821.  She  was  an  ardent  abolition- 
ist, and  published  the  first  book  written  on 
that  subject,  entitled  'Appeal  for  that  class 
of  Americans  called  African.*  Dr.  Channing 
went  over  to  Roxbury  to  thank  her  for  it. 
Among  her  numerous  works  are :  <  Philothea,* 
a  romance  of  Greece  in  the  days  of  Pericles 
(1835);  <Fact  and  Fiction*  (1846);  'Looking 
Toward  Sunset*  (1864);  <Miria:  A  Romance 
of  the  Republic*  (1867);  and  'Aspirations  of 
the  World*  (1878).  A  collection  of  her  letters, 
with  an  introduction  by  John  G.  Whittier,  and 
an  appendix  by  Wendell  Phillips,  was  published 
in  1882. 

Childs,  George  William.  An  American  phi- 
lanthropist, publisher,  and  memoir  writer ;  born 
at  Baltimore,  Md.,  May  22,  1829;  died  at  Phil- 
adelphia, Feb.  3,  1894.  He  published  the  Phila- 
delphia Public  Ledger,  1864-94.  He  gave  a 
Shakespeare  memorial  fountain  to  Stratford- 
on-Avon,  a  memorial  window  in  Westminster 
Abbey  to  Cowper  and  Herbert,  and  assisted 
in  establishing  a  home  for  printers  at  Colorado 
Springs.  He  published  :  <  Recollections  of  Gen- 
eral Grant*  (1885);  and  'Personal  Recollec- 
tions* (1889). 

Chiles,  Mrs.  Mary  Eliza  (Hicks)  (Hemdin). 
An  American  novelist  and  writer  of  verse ; 
born  in  Kentucky,  1820.     She  has  published  : 

<  Louisa  Elton,*  a  reply  to  '  Uncle  Tom  * ;  '  Os- 
wyn  Dudley*;  etc.;  and  'Select  Poems.* 

Chillingworth,  William.  An  English  di- 
vine and  theological  writer;  born  at  Oxford, 


1602;  died  January,  1643-44.  His  fame  rests 
upon  'The  Religion  of  Protestants  a  Safe  Way  to 
Salvation*  (1637). 

Chittenden,  Lucius  Eugene.  An  American 
lawyer  and  historical  writer;  born  in  Vermont. 
1S24  ;  died  at  Burlington,  Vt. ,  July  22,  1900.  His 
home  was  in  New  York.  He  wrote  :  <  Recollec- 
tions of  Lincoln  and  his  Administration^  ; 
'Personal  Reminiscences,    1840-1890*;    etc. 

Chivers,  Thomas  Holley.  An  American 
writer  of  verse ;  born  1807 ;  died  1858.  His 
home  was  in  Georgia.  He  wrote:  'Virginalia, 
or  Songs  of  my  Summer  Nights*  (1853J ;  'At- 
lanta* (1855);  'The  Lost  Pleiad.* 

ChmelnizkiJ,  Nikol^j  Ivanovich  (chmel-nits'- 
ske-ej.  A  Russian  writer  of  comedy  (1789-1846). 
He  contributed  largely  to  the  reformation  and 
elevation  of  the  Russian  stage,  both  by  his 
original  productions  and  by  his  translations  of 
Regnard,  Moli^re,  and  other  great  masters. 
Among  his  comedies  are  :  '  The  Babblers  * ; 
'  Air  Castles  * ;  '  The  Waverer.*  He  wrote  also 
a  historical  drama  :  '  Zenobius  Bogdan  ;  or.  The 
Incorporation  of  Little  Russia.* 

Chmielovski,  Peter  (shmel-ov'ske).  A  Polish 
historian  of  literature,  and  critic ;  born  1848. 
His  early  studies  were  made  in  Leipsic,  but 
the  theatre  of  his  journalistic  and  literary  ac- 
tivities has  long  been  Warsaw.  His  investiga- 
tions have  been  mostly  in  nineteenth-century 
subjects.  'Adam  Mickiewicz*  (1886)  and 'Stud- 
ies and  Sketches  in  the  History  of  Polish  Liter- 
ature* (1886)  are  among  the  important  results 
of  his  labors. 

Choate,  Rufus.  A  famous  Amerioan  lawyer, 
orator  and  statesman ;  bom  at  Essex,  Mass., 
Oct.  I,  1799;  died  at  Halifax,  N.  S.,  July  13, 
1859.  He  succeeded  Daniel  Webster  in  the 
United  States  Senate  (1841-45),  and  was  long 
the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  Massachusetts 
bar.  He  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of 
American  orators.  His  works  were  published 
in  1863  (2  vols.). 

Chodzko,  Alexander  (chods'ko).  A  Polish 
poet  and  scholar;  born  in  Krzywicze,  July  II, 
1804 ;  died  in  Juvisy,  Dec.  20,  1891.  His  ver- 
sions of  numerous  masterpieces  of  Oriental  lit- 
erature are  esteemed ;  but  he  is  happiest  in  the 
'Slav  Legends  of  the  Middle  Ages*  (1859) 
and  'Bulgarian  Studies*  (1875). 

Chodzko,  Ignacy.  A  Polish  poet  and  sketch- 
writer ;  born  in  Zabloczyzna,  Jan.  15,  1795;  died 
there,  Aug.  i,  1861.  He  first  attempted  odes  in 
the  classical  style ;  but  subsequently  produced 
'Lithuanian  Pictures*  (1840-62)  and  'Lithua- 
nian Traditions*  (1852-58),  vivid  [prose  sketches 
of  manners  and  people,  portraying  especially 
the  Lithuanian  nobility  of  the  i8th  century. 

Chomjakoff,  Alex^j  Step&novich  (chom'ya- 
k5f).  A  Russian  poet,  dramatist,  and  contro- 
versialist;  born  in  Moscow,  May  13,  1804;  died 
there,  Oct.  5,  i860.  His  writings  —  particularly 
'The  Pseudo-Demetrius*  (1833:  a  tragedy),  his 
collected  'Poems*  (1844),  and  'Letters  to  tlMS 


io8 


CHORLE  Y  —  CHURCH 


Slavs  in  Moscow >  (i860) — embody  an  essen- 
tially Russian  conservatism. 

Chorley,  Henry  Fotliergill.  An  English 
critic  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  Black- 
ley  Hurst,  Lancashire,  Dec.  15,  1808;  died  in 
London,  Feb.  16,  1872.  His  criticisms  ap- 
peared mostly  in  the  Athenaeum,  of  London, 
displaying  fine  perception  and  exquisite  taste 
in  matters  connected  with  literature  and  music. 
His  novels,  however  (<Conti,>  <The  Prodigy,> 
and  <The  Lion'),  are  failures  from  the  popular 
point  of  view,  although  finely  written ;  and  his 
plays,  with  the  exception  of  <01d  Love  and 
New  Fortune, >  are  weak. 

Chortatzls,  Georgios  (chor-tats'es).  A  mod- 
ern Greek  dramatic  poet,  who  seems  to  have 
been  a  native  of  Crete  and  to  have  flourished 
about  1620.  His  tragedy  of  <Erophile>  (1637; 
new  ed.  1879)  is  the  first  play  written  in  tlie 
«  new  »  or  modern  Greek ;  the  work  possesses 
many  merits,  and  was  at  one  time  very  popu- 
lar because  of  its  epigrammatic  sententiousness, 
but  its  imitation  of  Giraldi's  <Orbecche'  is 
palpable. 

Chretien  de  Troyes  fkret-yefi  de  trwa).  The 
greatest  of  the  early  French  romancers ;  12th 
century.  Though  he  won  high  fame  as  a  lyrist, 
his  renown  is  based  on  his  epic  compositions, 
especially  on  his  stories  of  King  Arthur  and 
the  Round  Table.  His  epic  of  <King  Marcus 
and  the  Fair  Ysault>  is  lost;  but  these  remain : 
<Irec  and  Enid>;  <Clig&s>;  <The  Knight  of 
La  Charette  > ;  <  The  Knight  with  the  Lion  > ; 
<  Perceval  the  Welshman.*  The  last  is  his 
most  considerable  work,  but  it  does  not  come 
from  his  hand  alone,  being  continued  and 
completed  by  Gautier  de  Denet  and  Menassier. 
In  this  piece  are  wrought  into  one  story  the 
legend  of  the  Holy  Grail  and  that  of  Arthur, 
which  thereafter  were  not  divorced.  His  lan- 
guage and  versification  were  models  for  trou- 
badours and  romancers  for  a  long  time ;  and 
from  him  the  Arthurian  poets  to  the  end  of 
the  13th  century  borrowed  episodes,  themes, 
situations,  characters,  and  all  manner  of  poets' 
devices.  Chretien  was  a  master  of  invention, 
fashioned  for  himself  a  competent  literary 
vehicle,  and  made  most  effective  use  of  his 
large  knowledge  of  men  and  manners. 

Christen,  Ada  (kris'ten),  pseudonym  of 
Christiane  Breden.  An  Austrian  poet  and 
novelist;  born  in  Vienna,  March  6,  1844.  Her 
first  success  was  the  volume  of  poems  <  Songs 
of  One  Lost>  (1868) ;  a  collection  evincing  deli- 
cacy of  sentiment  blended  with  the  vigor  of 
health.  Her  subsequent  verse,  in  < Shadows' 
(1873)  and  <From  the  Deep>  (1878),  revealed 
an  accession  of  power.  Her  novel  of  <Ella> 
(1873)  is  a  fair  production,  and  the  drama 
•Faustina*  (1871)  merits  praise;  but  her  best 
prose  is  in  the  book  of  tales  and  sketches 
called  <From  Life*  (1876). 

Christiansen,  Arne  Elnar  (krist'yen-sen).  A 
Danish  poet ;  born  at  Copenhagen,  July  20. 
1861.  His  first  very  promising  prose  comedy, 
'Lindow's  Bairns*  (18S1).  wsis  toUowed  by  Uie 


prose  tragedy  <Nero>  (1885).  The  author  had 
meantime  traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and 
the  East;  then,  together  with  a  series  of  prose 
dramas,  he  produced  three  historical  and  ro- 
mantic plays  in  verse.  He  makes  dexterous  use 
of  the  resources  of  dramaturgic  art,  and  gives 
his  native  genius  free  play  regardless  of  literary 
fashions  and  conventions. 

Christopulos,  Athanasios  (kris-top'o-los). 
A  Greek  poet  and  scholar;  born  in  Kastoria, 
Macedonia,  1772  (or  1770) ;  died  in  Wallachia, 
Jan.  29,  1847.  His  best  work  is  <  Love's  Self- 
Vindication*  (Paris,  1833),  a  collection  published 
originally  as  <  Erotica  and  Bacchica*  (1811),  and 
comprising  love  lays  and  drinking  songs. 

Chrysander,  Friedrich  (kris-iin'der).  A  Ger- 
man historian  of  music ;  born  in  Liibthcen, 
Mecklenburg,  July  8,  1826  ;  died  at  Bergers- 
dorf,  Sept.  4,  1901.  He  was  an  authority  on 
the  annals  and  epochs  of  music,  a  biography  of 
Handel  (1858-67,  vols,  i.-iii.,  first  half  )  being 
his  masterpiece.  He  also  wrote  many  critical 
papers  on  the  oratorio  and  other  forms,  in 
addition  to  editing  musical  periodicals  ;  but  his 
attempts  in  musical  composition  were  not  happy. 

Chrysippus  (kris'ip-us).  A  famed  Greek 
philosopher;  about  280-206  B.C.;  bom  proba- 
bly at  Soli  in  Cilicia.  He  attended  at  Athens 
the  lectures  of  Zeno,  at  least  of  Cleanthes; 
after  the  death  of  Cleanthes  he  became  head 
of  the  school.  His  writings  were  exceedingly 
numerous,  but  only  fragments  remain.  The 
loss  is  not  very  much  to  be  regretted,  if  we 
may  judge  of  the  quality  of  the  whole  mass 
by  specimens  preserved  for  us  in  ancient  au- 
thors. But  there  were  precious  gems  of  thought 
scattered  through  the  rubbish  of  hair-splitting 
refinements  and  mere  anilities ;  and  it  is  to  be 
regretted  that  these  were  not  timely  <<  tried 
out*'  and  the  rest  shot  into  the  dust-hole. 
This  service  Seneca  could  have  done  most 
acceptably, —  a  reverent  disciple  of  Chrysippus, 
but  also  an  outspoken  critic  of  his  writings, 
as  we  see  in  his  treatise  on  <  Kindnesses  * :  <*  I 
may  seem  to  be  setting  Chrysippus  to  rights : 
he  is  a  great  man,  but  after  all  a  Greek;  his 
all  too  fine  analysis  is  worked  overmuch ;  even 
when  you  think  he  is  getting  at  the  heart  of 
the  matter,  he  punctures  only,  instead  of  boring 
through." 

Chrysoloras,  Manuel  (kris-o-16'ras).  A 
Greek  scholar;  born  in  Constantinople,  about 
1355 ;  died  at  Constance,  April  15,  1415.  He 
was  the  first  to  attain  eminence  in  Italy  as  a 
teacher  of  the  literature  and  language  of  Greece  : 
a  work  by  him  called  <  Queries*  (Erotemata) 
long  remained  authoritative  on  Greek  grammar. 

Chrysostom,  St.  John.  A  Greek  Church 
father;  born  in  Antioch,  S>Tia,  350  (?)  ;  died  at 
Comana,  407.  His  works,  consisting  of  homi- 
lies, commentaries,  liturgies,  epistles,  etc.,  are 
comprised  in  13  vols.  fol.  (1718). 

Church,  Mrs.  Ella  Rodman  (Macllvane). 
An  American  miscellaneous  writer,  better 
known    as    "Ella    Rodman";   bom    in   New 


CHURCH  — CIECO  DA  FERRARA 


109 


York  State,  1831.  She  has  written :  <  Flights  of 
Fancy';  < Grandmother's  Recollections'  (1851); 
< Flyers  and  Crawlers,  or  Talks  about  Insects* 
(1884);  <  How  to  Furnish  a  Home';  < Money- 
Making  for  Ladies  > ;  etc. 

Churcli,  Francis  Pharcellus.  An  Ameri- 
can editor;  born  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  22, 
1839.  First  publisher  and  editor  of  the  Army 
and  Navy  Journal ;  afterward,  with  his  brother, 
established  and  edited  the  Galaxy  n.agazine. 
He  is  also  a  leading  editorial  writer  of  the 
daily  journals  of  New  York.    Died  1906. 

Church,  William  Conant.  An  American 
journalist;  born  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  11, 
1836.  He  became  the  publisher  of  the  New 
York  Sun  in  i860,  and  was  war  correspondent 
of  the  Times  (1861-62).  In  conjunction  with 
his  brother  Francis  he  established  the  Army 
and  Navy  Journal  (1863)  and  the  Galaxy  mag- 
azine (1866);  and  has  been  a  contributor  to 
the  Century  and  other  periodicals.  He  has 
written  a  notable  biography  of  General  Grant. 

Churchill,  Charles.  An  English  satirical 
poet;  bom  in  Westminster,  February  1731 ; 
died  at  Boulogne,  Nov.  4,  1764.  He  won  his 
fame  with  <  The  Rosciad,'  a  satire  upon  the 
actors  of  the  time,  in  which  only  Garrick  and 
some  few  popular  actresses  are  praised.  His 
capacity  for  ridicule  was  so  great  that  <The 
Ghost ' ;  <  The  Farewell ' ;  <  The  Conference ' ; 
<The  Author' ;  and  <  The  Prophecy  of  Famine,' 
proved  exceedingly  popular.  He  is  almost 
without  a  peer  in  his  special  field. 

Chwostofif,  DmitriJ  Ivanovich,  Count  (kvos'- 
t5f  or  kwos'tof).  A  Russian  poet  and  states- 
man; born  in  St.  Petersburg,  July  19,  1757; 
died  there,  Nov.  3,  1835.  His  public  career 
was  distinguished.  The  four  volumes  of  his 
< Works'  (1817)  comprise  odes  and  miscella- 
neous poems. 

Ciampi,  Igna^lo  (che-am'pe).  An  Italian 
poet  and  historian  (1824-80) ;  bom  in  Rome. 
He  was  a  jurist,  and  from  1874  till  his  death 
was  professor  of  modem  history  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Rome.  Among  his  poetical  works 
are  some  imitations  of  the  Russian  Pushkin ; 
an  epic,  < Stella';  and  two  volumes  of  <  Vari- 
ous Poems.'  He  wrote  several  works  on  the 
history  of  literature,  also  biographies  and  his- 
tories of  special  periods.  His  principal  work 
appeared  posthumously :  <  Modern  History,' 
from  1492  to  the  Peace  of  Westphalia. 

Ciampoll,  Domenico  (che-am'po-le).  An 
Italian  novelist;  born  at  Atezza  in  Abrazzi, 
Aug.  25,  1855.  His  stories  and  romances  are  to 
a  great  extent  pictures  of  life  among  the  peas- 
antry and  mountain  folk  of  Southern  Italy.  He 
has  also  written  romances  of  a  less  local  char- 
acter: < Diana';  <The  Unknown.'  He  has  de- 
voted special  study  to  Slavic  literature,  and 
published  several  volumes  on  that  subject. 

Cibber,  Colley.  An  English  dramatist;  born 
in  London,  Nov.  6,  1671 ;  died  there,  Dec.  12, 
1757.  He  was  one  of  the  most  successful 
st»gers  of  plays  in  the  history  of  the  theatre, 


and  he  saw  every  effect  with  the  eyes  of  the 
audience.  Hence  his  dramatic  works  —  par- 
ticularly <  Love's  Last  Shift,'  a  farce ;  <  Love 
Makes  a  Man';  <  She  Would  and  She  Would 
Not' ;  and  <The  Careless  Husband,'  comedies  — 
are  masterpieces  of  construction,  although  their 
literary  qualities  are  not  up  to  the  high  level 
one  might  expect.  He  portrayed  the  fop,  how- 
ever, with  an  infinite  felicity ;  and  not  a  few  of 
his  scenes  are  unexampled  as  specimens  of  ef- 
fective action  unmarred  by  meaningless  detaiL 

Cicci,  Maria  Luigia  (che'che).  An  Italian 
poet ;  born  in  Pisa,  Nov.  14,  1760 ;  died  March 
8,  1794.  She  fell  early  under  the  influence  of 
Dante's  great  poem,  and  applied  herself  de- 
votedly to  letters,  philosophy,  physics,  and  his- 
tory; her  collected  <  Poems'  (1796)  showing  the 
results  in  refinement  of  imagery,  and  polished 
though  perhaps  pedantic  taste. 

Cicero,  Marcus  TuUius  (sis'e-r5).  The 
prince  of  Roman  orators,  a  statesman,  and  a 
distinguished  writer  on  philosophy,  rhetoric, 
morals,  etc.  (106-43  B.  C.) ;  born  at  Arpinum. 
He  wrote  several  treatises  on  the  art  of  ora- 
tory, the  chief  of  these  being :  <  The  Orator, 
to  Marcus  Brutus';  <0f  the  Orator';  and 
<  Brutus,  or  of  Illustrious  Orators.'  Of  his 
philosophical  writings  we  have :  <  The  Aca- 
demics ' ;  <  Tusculan  Disputations ' ;  <  Of  Defini- 
tions of  Good  and  Evil.'  Of  discussions  of 
moral  questions  we  have  the  practical  treatise 
<Of  Mutual  Offices.'  Theological  notions  are 
examined  in  the  two  treatises  <0f  Divinations' 
and  <Of  the  Nature  of  the  Gods.'  In  the 
shorter  treatises  <0f  Old  Age,'  <0f  Friend- 
ship,' <Of  Consolation,'  he  collects  such  pre- 
cepts of  philosophy  as  have  special  application 
in  the  decline  of  life.  The  letters  of  Cicero 
to  his  friends  (and  some  of  theirs  to  him)  are 
extant  to  the  number  of  864,  distributed  under 
these  titles:  <To  Intimate  Friends'  (16  books), 
extending  over  the  years  62-43  B.C.;  <To 
Atticus'  (also  16  books),  years  68-43;  *To 
Quintus,'  his  brother  (3  books),  years  60-54; 
and  (Correspondence  with  M.  Brutus'  (2 
books),  belonging  to  the  time  immediately  after 
Caesar's  assassination. 

Ciconi,  Teobaldo  (che-ko'ne).  An  Italian 
comic  poet  (1824-63);  bom  at  San  Daniele  in 
the  district  of  Friuli.  His  first  collection  of 
lyric  poems  was  published  in  1853,  and  the 
same  year  his  drama  <Eleonora  of  Toldo'; 
neither  had  much  success.  But  in  1857  his 
comedy  <  The  Little  Stray  Sheep '  was  re- 
ceived with  hearty  favor  throughout  Italy ;  and 
not  less  gratifying  was  the  success  of  the  pieces 
which  succeeded  it. 

Cieco  da  Ferrara  (che-a'k5).  An  Italian 
poet  of  the  latter  half  of  the  15th  century. 
The  true  name  of  this  «  Blindman  of  Ferrara  " 
was  Francesco  Bello.  His  romantic  epic  <The 
Man  of  Mamre'  celebrates  in  45  cantos  the 
adventures  of  an  Oriental  prince.  It  is  plan- 
less, and  makes  a  curious  jumble  of  Christian 
ideas  and  ancient  myths;  yet  it  is  not  without 


110 


CIENPUEGOS  —  CLARK 


traits  of  lively  invention   and  scintillations  of 
wit.    It  was  first  printed  after  the  Cieco's  death. 

Cienfuegos,  Nicasio  Alvarez  de  (the-en- 
fwa'gos).  A  Spanish  poet  (1764-1809) ;  born 
in  Madrid.  He  was  an  alumnus  of  the  School 
of  Poets  at  Salamanca,  and  passed  his  life 
at  Madrid  wholly  in  the  service  of  the  Muses. 
His  tragedy  <Pitaco>  won  him  membership 
in  the  Spanish  Academy :  it  is  his  masterpiece. 
He  wrote  two  other  tragedies ;  and  a  comedy, 
<The  Magnanimous  Sisters.'  His  tragedies  are 
hampered  by  the  rules  of  a  pseudo-classicism, 
but  betray  the  inspiration  of  noble  ideas.  His 
genius  was  lyric ;  and  in  songs,  odes,  and  elegies 
he  proved  himself  a  genine  poet. 

Cinna,  C.  Helvius  (sin'a).  A  Roman  poet, 
the  companion  of  Catullus.  His  poem 
< Smyrna*  has  perished,  all  but  a  few  frag- 
ments. He  was  killed  by  a  mob  on  the  night 
of  Julius  Caesar's  funeral. 

Cino  da  Pistoja  (che'no  da  pes-t5'ya).  An 
Italian  poet  (1270-1337) ;  born  at  Pistoia.  By 
profession  he  was  a  jurisconsult,  and  he  wrote 
a  celebrated  commentary  on  the  Justinian  Code. 
Thereafter  till  his  death  he  was  professor  of 
jurisprudence  in  Italian  universities.  He  was 
an  intimate  friend  of  Dante.  His  love  songs 
(< Rimes')  addressed  to  his  mistress  Selvaggia 
are  full  of  tender  passion ;  they  entitle  him  to 
a  place  among  the  lyric  precursors  of  Petrarch. 

Cintio  or  Cinzio.     See  Giraldi. 

Cladel,  Lion  (kla-del').  A  French  romancist 
(1855-92) ;  born  at  Montauban.  He  rose  sud- 
denly into  prominence  with  his  story  <The 
Ridiculous  Martyrs'  (1862),  a  satirical  descrip- 
tion of  the  lower  walks  of  literature  in  Paris. 
This  first  success  was  repeated  with  the  later 
novels  :  <  Eral  the  Tamer ' ;  <  One  Qouael ' ;  the 
<My  Peasants'  series;  < Barefoot';  <A  Woman 
under  Ban'  (for  this  he  suffered  four  weeks' 
imprisonment);  and  many  others. 

Claflin,  Mary  Bucklin.  An  American  prose- 
writer  ;  born  in  Hopkinton,  Mass.,  July  1825 ; 
died  in  Whitinsville,  Mass.,  June  13,  1896.  She 
was  the  wife  of  Governor  Claflin  of  Massachu- 
setts. For  eighteen  years  she  was  a  trustee  of 
Boston  University ;  and  of  Wellesley  College 
from  its  foundation  till  her  death.  Among  her 
publications  are  :  <  Brampton  Sketches ' ;  <  Rec- 
ollections of  Whittier' ;  and  <  Under  the  Elms.' 

Clairmonte,  Mrs.    See  Egerton,  George. 

Clairville,  Louis  Francois  (klar-vel').  A 
French  writer  of  light  comedy  (181 1-79) ;  born 
at  Lyons.  Author  of  more  than  220  comedies, 
farces,  and  comic-opera  libretti.  Among  his 
most  successful  operettas  are  :  <  Da.  hnis  and 
Chloe'  (1849);  <  Mme.  Angot's  Daughter' 
("1873) ;  among  his  vaudevilles :  <  Property  Is 
Robbery'  (1848);  < Antoinette's  Temptations' 
(1850);  < Cinderella'  (1866) 

Clare,  Jolin.  An  English  poet;  bom  in 
Helpstone,  near  Peterborough,  July  13,  1793 ; 
died  at  Northampton,  May  20,  1864.  He  was 
an  agricultural  laborer,  absolutely  uneducated  ; 


and  wrote  <  Poems,  Descriptive  of  Rural  Life 
and  Scenery,'  in  which  a  talent  not  far  re- 
moved from  genius  attains  many  fervent  and 
moving  effects. 

Clarendon,  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of.  An 
English  historian  and  statesman ;  born  at  Din- 
ton,  Wiltshire,  Feb.  18,  1608-9;  died  in  exile  at 
Rouen,  France,  Dec.  9,  1674.  His  'History  of 
the  Rebellion  and  Civil  Wars  in  England '  and 
< History  of  the  Civil  War  in  Ireland'  are 
among  the  foremost  authorities  for  the  events 
and  the  political  biography  of  the  time ;  and 
their  force,  acuteness,  and  dignified  elevation  of 
style  give  them  a  high  place  as  literature.     His 

<  Essay  on  an  Active  and  Contemplative  Life  ' 
also  contains  many  observations  good  in  matter 

.nd  style. 

Claretle,  Jules  (klar-te').  A  French  novelist 
and  dramatist ;  born  at  Limoges,  Dec.  3,  1840. 
He  has  written  a  long  series  of  very  successful 
novels,  the   most  noteworthy  of  them  being : 

<  Madeleine  Bertin'  (1868);  <The  Million' 
(1882) ;  <  Monsieur  the  Minister'  (1882) ;  <Noris, 
Manners  of  the  Time'  (1883) ;  <The  American 
Woman'  (1892).  He  wrote  also  some  striking 
chapters  of  contemporary  history,  as  <The 
Revolution  of  1870-71';  'Paris  Besieged'; 
'Five  Years  After:  Alsace  and  Lorraine  since 
Annexation.'  His  dramatic  compositions  re- 
late mostly  to  the  time  of  the  great  Revolution. 
He  became  administrator  of  the  Com^die 
Fran9aise  in  1885,  and  was  chosen  member  ^* 
the  Academy  in  1888. 

Clark,  Alexander.  A  prominent  American 
Methodist  divine  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  in  Jefferson  county,  O.,  1834;  died  in 
Georgia,  July  6,  1879.  He  was  editor  of  the 
Methodist  Recorder  (1870-79).  He  wrote:  the 
<01d  Log  Schoolhouse'  (1864)!;  'Workaday 
Christianity'  (1870) ;  'Rambles  in  Europe* 
(1877);  'Ripples  on  the  River,'  verse;  etc. 

Clark,  Charles  Heber.  [« Max  Adeler."J 
An  American  journalist  and  humorist;  bom 
1841  He  is  attached  to  the  Philadelphia  Even- 
ing Bulletin,  and  editor  of  the  Textile  Record 
He  has  written:  'Out  of  the  Hurly-Burly' (1874)  . 

<  Elbow-Room'  (1876);  'Fortunate  Island,  and 
Other  Stories '  (1881)  ;  <  The  Quakeress  >  (1905)- 

Clark,  George  Hunt.  An  American  poet; 
born  in  Northampton,  Mass.,  1809;  died  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Aug.  20,  1881.  He  was  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  Putnam's,  Knickerbocker, 
and  other  journals.  His  published  poems  in- 
clude :  '  Now  and  Then ' ;  '  The  News ' ;  and  a 
collection  of  humorous  and  sentimental  pieces 
entitled  '  Undertow  of  a  Trade-Wind  Surf.' 

Clark,  Henry  James.  An  American  natural- 
ist and  prose-writer;  born  in  Easton,  Mass., 
June  22,  1826;  died  in  Amherst,  Mass.,  July  I, 
1873.  He  was  associated  in  work  with  Agassiz 
for  several  years;  also  was  professor  in  many 
of  our  leading  colleges  and  universities.  Among 
his  many  contributions  to  literature  are  :  '  Mind 
in  Nature,  or  the  Origin  of  Life,  and  the  Mode 
of  Development  of  Animals'  (1865);  'Claims 
for  Scientific  Property'  (1863). 


CLARK -CLARKE 


lit 


Clark,  James  Gowdy.  An  American  song- 
writer; born  in  Constantia,  N.  Y.,  June  28,  1830; 
died  September  1897.  Known  as  the  composer 
of  the  words  and  music  of  many  popular  songs, 
was    himself    a    noted    singer,   and    author    of 

<  Poetry  and  Song>  (1886). 

Clark,  Lewis 'Gaylord.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  humorous  writer;  born  in  Otisco, 
N.  Y.,  March  5,  1810;  died  in  Piermont,  N.  Y., 
Nov.  3,  1873.  In  1834  he  became  editor  of  the 
Knickerbocker  Magazine ;  and  with  Irving, 
Bryant,  Longfellow,  Halleck,  and  Willis,  as 
contributors,  made  it  the  foremost  literary  pub- 
lication of  that  time,  and  an  inspiration  to  a 
higher  standard  of  periodical  literature.    The 

<  Editor's  Table,*  written  by  him,  overflowed 
with  amusing  stories  and  witty  sayings.    The 

<  Knickerbocker  Sketch-Book*  (1850),  and 
•  Knick-Knacks  from  an  Editor's  Table'  (1853), 
are  his  only  publications  in  book  form. 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord.  An  American  poet, 
twin  brother  of  Lewis  Gaylord ;  born  in  Otisco, 
N.  Y.,  March  5,  1810;  died  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  June  12,  1841.  He  became  associate  edi- 
tor of  the  Columbian  Star,  a  religious  weekly 
paper  (1830),  but  resigned  shortly  after  to  take 
charge  of  the  Philadelphia  Gazette.  His  long- 
est poem  is  <The  Spirit  of  Life*  (1833).  A 
complete  edition  of  his  poems,  edited  by  his 
brother,  appeared  in  1847. 

Clarke,  Charles  Cowden.  An  English  prose- 
writer  and  versifier ;  born  in  Enfield,  Middlesex, 
Dec.  15,  1787;  died  at  Genoa,  March  13,  1877. 
He     produced     <  Tales     from     Chaucer*     and 

<  Shakespeare's  Characters,*  besides  lectures  and 
essays  innumerable ;  and  <  Carmina  Minima,* 
a  volume  of  verse.    See  also  Mary  Cowden. 

Clarke,  Edward  Daniel.  An  English  trav- 
eler and  descriptive  writer ;  bom  at  Willington, 
Essex,  June  5,  1769 ;  died  at  London,  March 
9,  1822.  He  investigated  the  topographical  and 
kindred  antiquities  of  Greece  and  the  Hellene 
lands  most  thoroughly,  his  great  work  being 
'  Travels  in  Various  Countries  of  Europe,  Asia, 
and  Africa*  (1810-23);  but  a  dissertation  on 
<The  Tomb  of  Alexander*  (1805)  is  particu- 
larly scholarly,  its  subject  being  the  sarcopha- 
gus now  in  the  British  Museum. 

Clarke,  Hyde.  An  English  writer  of  miscel- 
laneous prose ;  born  in  London,  1815 ;  died  there, 
March  i,  1895.  In  diplomacy,  civil  engineer- 
ing, and  scholarship  he  was  equally  at  home, 
his  versatility  being  conspicuous  in  <  Theory  of 
Railway  Investment*;  < Colonization  in  our  In- 
dian Empire*  (1857);  < Comparative  Philology* 
(1858);  and  <  Examination  of  the  Legend  of 
Atlantis  *  ( 1886) .  He  compiled  a  useful  abridged 
English  Dictionary. 

Clarke,  James  Freeman.  An  American 
Unitarian  clergyman  and  prose-writer;  born 
in  Hanover,  N.  H.,  April  4,  1810;  died  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  June  8,  1888.  He  was  one  of  the 
clearest  thinkers  and  most  lucid  and  graceful 
writers  of  America.  In  1852,  together  with  Em- 
erson and  William  H.  Channing,  be  prepared 


the  <  Memoirs  of  Margaret  Fuller  d'Ossoli.>  His 
chief  work  was  <Ten  Great  Religions*  (1871- 
83).  Among  the  others  were:  <  Self-Culture  * 
(1882);  < Anti-Slavery  Days*  (1884);  <Every- 
Day  Religion*  (i886j;  and  <  Vexed  Questions* 
(1886). 

Clarke,  Marcus  Andrew  Hyslop.  An  Aus- 
tralian novelist ;  born  in  London,  April  24,  1846; 
died  in  Melbourne,  Australia,  Aug.  2,  1881.  He 
went  to  the  island  in  his  twenty-fourth  year, 
took  up  journalism,  and  acquired  the  experience 
of  bush  life  and  the  knowledge  of  antipodean 
men  and  things  of  which  such  brilliant  use  is 
made  in  <His  Natural  Life,*  a  striking  convict 
story ;  <  Holiday  Peak  * ;  <  Old  Tales  of  a  New 
Country  * ;  and  other  vivid  fictions. 

Clarke,  Mary  Bayard.  An  American  poet 
and  prose-writer;  born  in  Raleigh,  N.  C, 
about  1830  ;  died  in  1886.  While  living  in 
Cuba,  she  published  verses  signed  «  Tenella  **. 
After  her  return  in  1855  she  wrote  <  Reminis- 
cences of  Cuba  >  for  the  Southern  Literary 
Messenger.  Among  her  works  are  war  lyrics 
and  translations  from  Victor  Hugo  ;  also 
prose  articles  signed  «  Stuart  Leigh.**  In  1870 
was  published  her  poem  <  Clytie  and  Zenobia, 
or  the  Lily  and  the  Palm  * ;  and  <  Wood  Notes,* 
a  compilation  of  North  Carolina  verse. 

Clarke,  Mary  Cowden.  An  English  story- 
writer,  essayist,  and  Shakespearean  scholar;  born 
(Novello)  in  London,  June  22,  1S09;  died  at 
Genoa,  Jan.  1 2,  1898.  She  married  Charles  Cow- 
den Clarke,  with  whom  she  wrote  the  <Shakes- 
peare  Key  *  and  compiled  an  edition  of  Shakes- 
peare's plays.  Her  own  <  Complete  Concord- 
ance* is  universally  known.  Her  novels  are: 
<A  Rambling  Story*  and  <The  Iron  Cousin,' 
pleasing  and  graceful  prose  idyls.  <  World- 
Noted  Women*  contains  able  biographical 
studies. 

Clarke,  McDonald.  An  American  poet ;  born 
in  Bath,  Me.,  June  18,  1878 ;  died  in  New  York, 
March  5,  1842.  He  was  an  eccentric  character, 
familiarly  known  as  "the  mad  poet** ;  and  was 
the  subject  of  an  amusing  poem  by  Halleck, 
called  <The  Discarded.*  The  subjects  of 
Clarke's  verses  were  usually  the  belles  of  the 
city  and  topics  of  the  day.  His  works  include  : 
<  Poetic  Sketches*  (1826)  and  <The  Belles  of 
Broadway*  (1833).  One  of  his  poems  was 
«  Now  twilight  lets  her  curtain  down.** 

Clarke,  Rebecca  Sophia.  [«  Sophie  May.  ** ] 
An  American  novelist  and  popular  writer  of 
children's  stories ;  born  at  Norridgewock,  Me., 
1833.  Died  Aug.  16,  1906.  She  wrote  the  <  Dotty 
Dimple  *  series,  <  Flaxie  Frizzle  *  stories,  etc.; 
and  of  novels :  <  Her  Friend's  Lover  * ;  <  The 
Asbury  Twins*;  < Quinnebasset  Girls*;  etc. 

Clarke,  Richard  H.  An  American  prose- 
writer';  born  in  Washington,  D.  C,  July  3, 
1827.  He  was  made  president  of  the  Society 
of  American  Authors  in  1891.  <  The  New  Cru- 
sade of  the  Nineteenth  Century,*  relating  to 
the  Church  and  slavery,  was  an  important 
article.    Other  works  of  his  are :  <  Socialism  in 


IIZ 


CLARKE  — CLESSE 


America  >;  <  Biography  of  Commodore  John 
iJarry,  Founder  of  the  American  Navy': 
'  Father  Sebastian  Rale  > ;  an  answer  to  Glad- 
stone on  <  Maryland  Toleration >;  and  an<Illus- 
trated  History  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the 
United  btates  ' ;  and  <  Life  of  Pope  Leo  XIIL  ' 

Clarke,  Samuel.  An  English  theologian 
and  philosopher;  born  in  Norwich,  Oct.  ii, 
1675;  died  May  17,  1729.  He  took  holy  orders, 
and  almost  immediately  commanded  recogni- 
tion as  a  thinker  and  disputant.  In  his  three 
masterpieces,  <  Demonstration  of  the  Being  and 
Attributes  of  God>  (1705-6);  <  Verity  and  Cer- 
titude of  Natural  and  Revealed  Religion  > 
{1705);  and  <  Discourse  Concerning  the  Inalter- 
able Obligations  of  Natural  Religion'  (1708), 
we  get  the  measure  of  the  man,  and  they  ad- 
equately explain  his  contemporary  eminence. 
His  edition  of  Homer  is  good ;  as  are,  in  fact, 
nearly  all  his  varied  literary  productions. 

Clason,  Isaac  Starr.  An  American  poet 
and  actor;  born  in  New  York  in  1789;  died 
in  London,  1834.  He  published  <Don  Juan, 
Cantos  17  and  18  >  supplementary  to  Byron's 
poem  {1825).  It  gave  him  his  reputation;  and 
was  followed  by  <  Horace  in  New  York,'  a  col- 
lection of  poems  full  of  the  local  gossip  of 
the  time,  and  containing  some  touching  lines 
on  the  death  of  Thomas  Addis  Emmet. 

Claudianus,  Claudius  (kla-di-a'nus  A  Ro- 
man poet  of  the  4th  century.  He  stood  high 
in  favor  with  the  emperors  Honorius  and  Ar- 
cadius,  and  was  promoted  to  the  highest  honors 
of  the  State.  He  was  the  last  of  the  non- 
Christian  poets  of  Rome,  and  stands  high  above 
his  contemporaries,  though  his  style  and  matter 
have  the  faults  and  blemishes  of  that  decadent 
period,— bombastic  expression  and  flattery  of 
the  great.  His  greatest  work  is  an  epic,  <The 
Rape  of  Proserpine.'  His  <  Epithalamium  on 
the  Marriage  of  Honorius'  has  appended  to  it 
some  <  Fescennine  Verses ' :  both,  especially  the 
latter,  would  seem  to  continue  the  true  Roman 
poetic  tradition  for  that  kind  of  compositions. 
Such  poems  would  not  be  tolerated  at  a  mar- 
riage feast  in  our  times.  Besides  the  works 
named,  we  have  a  considerable  number  of  other 
poems  by  Claudianus. 

Claudius,  Matthias  (klou'de-os).  A  noted 
German  poet ;  bom  at  Reinfeld,  Holstein,  Aug. 
15,  1740;  died  at  Altona,  Jan.  21,  1815.  Though 
his  first  literary  venture,  <  Trifles  and  Tales,' 
had  little  originality,  being  an  imitation  of  a 
work  by  Gerstenberg  under  a  similar  title,  he 
is  in  his  later  works  one  of  the  most  original 
■of  German  authors.  His  simple  ballads,  <Join 
in  with  Clear  and  Full  Accord  > ;  <  O  Crown  the 
Bowl ' ;  <  Once  Lived  a  Giant  Goliath,'  became 
popular  favorites. 

Clauren,  H.  (klou'ren),  pseudonym  of  Carl 
Heun.  A  German  story-writer  and  dramatist; 
bom  in  Dobrilugk,  March  20, 1771 ;  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Aug.  2,  1854.  He  held  numerous  official 
positions  after  studying  law,  but  story-telling 
and  farce-writing  occupied  the  greater  part  of 
his  time,    ^The  Spmbre  Room'  and  <Mimili' 


were  two  of  his  early  and  successful  tales.  His 
poem  <The  King  Called,  and  All,  All  Came,' 
and  his  farces,  are  still  remembered.  He 
blended  sentimentality  and  realism  in  a  pop- 
ularly taking  but  inartistic  manner. 

ClavUo  y  Fajardo,  Jos^  (klav-e'Ho  e  fa- 
Har'do).  A  Spanish  journalist  and  prose-writer; 
born  in  the  Canary  Islands,  about  1730;  died 
at  Madrid,  1806.  He  came  young  to  the  Span- 
ish capital,  and  demonstrated  his  ability  to 
such  purpose  that  prosperity  and  fame  were 
his  very  early,  the  Pensador  and  the  Mercurio 
being  distinctively  journals  made  by  himself. 
He  also  translated  Buffon's  <  Natural  History.' 
He   is  the  hero  of  Goethe's  'Clavigo.' 

Clay,  Cassius  Marcellus.  A  distinguished 
American  statesman;  born  in  Madison  County, 
Ky.,  Oct.  19,  1810.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
powerful  of  the  Southern  Abolitionists.  In  1862- 
69  he  was  minister  to  Russia.  He  wrote  his 
own  <  Life  and  Memoirs.'     Died  July  22,  1903. 

Clay,  Henry.  An  eminent  American  orator 
and  statesman;  born  in  Hanover,  Va.,  April 
12,  1777 ;  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  June 
29,  1852.  He  was  United  States  Senator  from 
Kentucky,  1806-7,  1810-11 ;  Member  of  Congress 
from  Kentucky,  1811-21,  1823-25;  Speaker 
of  the  House,  1811-14,  1815-20,  1823-25;  Pres- 
idential candidate,  1S24;  Secretary  of  State, 
1825-29 ;  United  States  Senator,  1831-42,  1849- 
52;  Presidential  candidate,  1832  and  1844;  one 
of  the  formulators  of  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise, 1820,  and  of  the  Compromise  of  1850; 
author  of  the  tariff  of  1833.  His  <  Complete 
Works'  (1857)  are  edited  by  Colton. 

Cleanthes  (kle-an'thes).  A  Greek  philos- 
opher ;  born  at  Assos,  331  B.  C. ;  died,  232 
B.  C.  He  was  the  founder  of  Stoicism.  His 
works  are  lost,  with  the  exception  of  a  <Hymn 
to  Zeus'  and  some  few  fragments. 

Clemens,  Jeremiah.  An  American  states- 
man, lawyer,  and  novelist ;  bom  at  Huntsville, 
Ala.,  Dec.  28,  1814;  died  there.  May  21,  1865. 
He  was  U.  S.  Senator  from  Alabama  (1849-53). 
He  wrote:  <  Bernard  Lisle'  (1856);  <  Mustang 
Grey'  (1858);  < Tobias  Wilson'  (1865);  etc, 

Clemens,  Samuel  Langhorne.  («Mark 
Twain.")  A  distinguished  American  humor- 
ist; born  in  Missouri,  Nov.  30,  1835.  His 
works  include:  <The  Jumping  Frog'  (1867); 
<The  Innocents  Abroad'  (1869);  <  Roughing 
It'  (1872);  <A  Tramp  Abroad'  (1880);  <The 
Prince  and  the  Pauper'  (1882);  <Life  on  the 
Mississippi'  (1883);  <The  Gilded  Age'  (1874: 
with  Charies  Dudley  Warner) ;  <  Old  Times 
on  the  Mississippi';  <Tom  Sawyer';  < Huckle- 
berry Finn';  <A  Yankee  at  King  Arthur's 
Court';  <Pudd'nhead  Wilson';  <The  Personal 
Recollections  of  Joan  of  Arc ' ;  <  Following  the 
Equator '(1897);  <  The  Man  that  Corrupted  Had- 
leyburg '  (1900)  ;  <  Articles  on  Christian  Science  > 
(1903) ;  <  A  Dog's  Tale  >  (1903) ;  <  A  Horse's  Tale ' 
(1906). 

Clesse,  Antoine  (kles'e).  A  Belgian  popular 
poet  (1816-89);  bom  at  Th«  Hague.    To  the 


CLEVELAND  —  COBDEN 


113 


day  of  his  death  he  followed  his  trade  of 
armorer.  His  first  ballad,  <  Godfrey  de  Bouil- 
ion,>  won  for  him  a  gold  medal.  His  popular 
songs  <Beer>  and  <The  Family  Name>  (mean- 
ing Belgian,  including  Fleming,  Walloon,  etc.), 
came  into  great  favor  with  the  people.  He 
wrote  also  a  comedy,  <A  Poet.*  Two  volumes 
of  < Songs*  (1866-88)  contain  all  his  popular 
ballads,  with  the  music. 

Cleveland,  Aaron.  An  American  writer  of 
prose  and  verse ;  born  in  Haddam,  Conn.,  Feb. 
3,1744;  died  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Sept.  21, 
1815.  In  1763  was  written  his  best  poem,  <The 
Philosopher  and  Boy.>  In  1775  he  published  a 
poem  on  <  Slavery  * ;  also  a  number  of  fugitive 
verses.  He  was  the  great-grandfather  of  Pres- 
ident Cleveland. 

Cleveland,  Rose  Elizabeth.  An  American 
prose-writer,  sister  of  Grover  Cleveland ;  born 
in  Fayetteville,  N.  Y..  1846.  After  the  inaugu- 
ration of  her  brother  (1885)  she  became  the 
«  mistress  of  the  White  House,**  remaining  there 
until  1886.  Miss  Cleveland  published  a  book 
of  essays  and  lectures  entitled  <  George  Eliot's 
Poetry,  and  Other  Studies*  (1885);  and  <The 
Long  Run,*  a  novel  (1886). 

Clinch,  Charles  Powell.  An  American  poet 
and  play-writer;  born  in  New  York  city,  Oct. 
20,  1797 ;  died  there,  Dec.  16,  1880.  For  many 
years  he  was  editorial  writer,  and  literary  and 
dramatic  critic,  for  the  press ;  also  writer  of 
many  poems,  theatrical  addresses,  and  dramas. 
Among  the  latter  are:  <The  Spy*;  <The  Ex- 
pelled CoUegiates  * ;  and  <  The  First  of  May.* 

Clinton,  De  Witt.  A  famous  American  law- 
yer and  statesman ;  born  at  Little  Britain, 
N.  Y.,  March  2,  1769;  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  II,  1828.  He  was  United  States  Senator 
from  New  York  (1802) ;  mayor  of  New  York 
city  (1803-7,  1809-10,  1811-15) ;  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor (1811-13) ;  candidate  for  President  (1812) ; 
governor  (1817-23,  1825-28).  He  was  the  chief 
originator  of  the  Erie  Canal  (1817-25).  Besides 
purely  political  works,  addresses,  etc.,  he  wrote  : 

<  Antiquities  of  Western  New  York  * ;  <  Natural 
History  and  Internal  Revenues  of  New  York  * ; 
etc. 

Clough,  Arthur  Hugh  (kluf).  An  English 
poet;  born  in  Liverpool,  Jan.  i,  1819;  died  at 
Florence,  Italy,  Nov.  13,  1861.  His  works  com- 
prise :  <  The  Bothie  of  Toper-na-Fuosich  [after- 
wards Tober-na-Vuolich],  a  Long  Vacation 
Pastoral*  (1848);  <Ambarvalia:  Poems  by 
Thomas  Burbidge  and  A.  H.  Clough*  (1849); 

<  Plutarch's  Lives :  the  Translation  called  Dry- 
den's  Corrected*  (1859-64  and  1876);  <  Poems 
with    Memoir*    (by    F.    T.    Palgrave)    (1862); 

<  Poems  and  Prose  Remains*  (1869);  and  one 
or  two  more. 

Clymer,  Ella  Dietz.  An  American  poet; 
born  in  New  York,  185-.  She  began  her  career 
as  an  actress  in  1872;  in  1881  she  abandoned 
the  stage.  She  has  contributed  to  literature 
three  volumes  of  poems :  <  The  Triumph  of 
Love*  (1878);  <The  Triumph  of  Time*  (1884); 


and  <The  Triumph  of  Life*  (1885).  She  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  «Sorosis»*  Society, 
and  its  president  in  1889. 

Coan,  Titus  (ko'an).  A  noted  American 
missionary;  bom  at  Killingworth,  Conn.,  Feb. 
I,  1801;  died  at  Hilo,  Hawaii,  Dec.  i,  1882! 
After  spending  several  months  (1833-34)  on  a 
dangerous  exploring  expedition  in  Patagonia, 
he  went  to  the  Sandwich  Islands  (1835),  oc- 
cupying the  Hilo  station  forty-seven  years,  and 
in  that  time  converting  14,000  natives.  He 
wrote  :  <  Adventures  in  Patagonia*  (1880) ;  <  Life 
in  Hawaii*  (1881). 

Coan,  Titus  Munson.  An  American  man 
of  letters  and  critic,  son  of  Titus  M.  the  elder ; 
born  in  the  Sandwich  Islands,  1836.  He  now 
resides  in  New  York.  He  has  written  <An 
Ounce  of  Prevention  * ;  Topics  of  the  Time* ; 

<  Hawaian  Ethnography.* 

Coates,  Florence  (Earle)  [Mrs.  Edward  H.J. 
An  American  poet;  born  1850,  and  now  resid- 
ing in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  She  has  made  many 
contributions  to  various  magazines.  Among 
her    uncollected     poems    are :    <  Conscience  * ; 

<  Song  * ;    <  To    France  —  1894  * ;   <  Combatants  * ; 

<  Survival* ;  <  Mine  and  Thine* (1904). 

Cobb,  Joseph  Beckham.  An  American 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  in 
Georgia,  1819;  died  1858.  He  wrote:  <The 
Creole'  (1850),  a  novel;  'Mississippi  Scenes* 
(1851);  <  Leisure  Labors*  (1858). 

Cobb,  Sylvanus.  An  American  novelist; 
born  in  Waterville,  Me.,  1823;  died  in  Hyde 
Park,  Mass.,  July  2,  1887.  He  was  editor  and 
publisher  of  a  periodical  called  the  Rechabite. 
Besides  contributing  to  other  publications,  he 
was  a  most  prolific  story-writer.  His  most 
popular  novels  are:  <The  King's  Talisman* 
(1851);  <The  Patriot  Craiser*  (1859);  and  <  Ben 
Hamed*  (1864). 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power.  An  Irish  writer  on 
religion  and  morals ;  born  in  Dublin,  1822. 
She  has  written  <  Intuitive  Morals*  (1855); 
'Religious  Duty*;  < Hours  of  Work  and  Play* 
(1867);  <  Duties  of  Women*;  <  The  Hopes  of 
the  Human  Race,  Hereafter  and  Here*;  and 
other  important  works.  She  has  been  praised 
for  her  expositions  of  the  views  of  Theodore 
Parker.     Died  at  Hengurt,  Wales,  April  5,  1904. 

Cobbett,  William.  An  English  essayist  and 
political  writer;  born  in  Farnham,  ^Iarch  9, 
1762;  died  at  Normandy  Farm,  near  Farn- 
ham, June  1835.  The  son  of  a  farm  hand,  he 
had  no  early  advantages,  but  a  great  gift  for 
controversy ;  and  he  plunged  warmly  into  the 
social  and  economic  and  political  discussions 
of  his  day.  He  visited  this  country,  and  wrote 
here  for  a  time  under  the  name  of  <*  Peter 
Porcupine.**  He  is  at  his  best  in  his  count- 
less pamphlets,  and  in  <The  Political  Proteus,* 

<  Legacy  to  Laborers,'  and  <  Advice  to  Young 
Men.* 

Cobden,  Richard.  A  great  English  political 
economist ;  born  in  Sussex,  June  3,  1804 ;  died 


114 


CODEMO  —  COLERIDGE 


at  London,  April  2,  1865.  He  was  a  manu- 
facturer, but  opposed  his  class ;  led  the  Com 
Law  agitation ;  and  entered  Parliament  in  1841. 
He  visited  this  country  in  1854.  His  'Political 
Writings*  (1867)  and  < Speeches  on  Questions 
of  Public  Policy  >  (1870)  are  very  notable  in  the 
history  of  agitation. 

Codemo,  Luigia  (ko-da'mo).  An  Italian 
novelist ;  born  Sept.  5,  1828,  died  1898.  She 
made  extensive  travels  (1838-50),  and  in  1851 
became  the  wife  of  the  Chevalier  Karl  von 
Gerstenbrand.  Her  first  work,  <  Memoirs  of  a 
Peasant'  (1856),  evinced  a  true  insight  into 
lowly  life ;  and  in  the  numerous  sketches  and 
tales  that  followed  it,  she  showed  a  profound 
sympathy  with  the  common  people.  Her  writ- 
ings passed  through  several  editions.  Among 
her  works  are :  *  Miseries  and  Splendors  of  the 
Poor  > ;  <  The  New  Rich  > ;  <  A  Lady  of  Heart.> 

Codman,  Jolin.  A  noted  American  sea-captain 
and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  Oct.  16,  1814;  died  in  Boston,  April  6, 
1900.  He  wrote  :  'Sailors'  Life  a«d  Sailors' 
Yarns>  (1847);  <The  Mormon  Countrj')  (1876); 
'Round  Trip  by  Way  of  Panama,  etc.  >  (1879); 
'Winter  Sketches  from  the  Saddle)  (1 888),  etc. 


Coffin,  Charles  Carleton.  An  American 
novelist  and  lecturer;  born  in  Boscawen,  N.  H., 
July  26,  1823;  died  in  Brookline,  Mass.,  March 
2,  1896.  He  began  life  as  a  civil  engineer; 
afterward  gave  his  attention  to  telegraphy.  In 
1 85 1  he  began  to  write  for  the  Boston  papers; 
and  during  the  Civil  War  and  the  Austro- 
Prussian  War  of  1866  was  war  correspondent 
for  the  Boston  Journal,  writing  over  the  signa- 
ture of  "Carleton."  His  books  include:  'Days 
and  Nights  on  the  Battle-Field'  (1864);  'Our 
New  Way  Round  the  World >  (1869);  'Story 
of  Liberty)  (1878);  'Life  of  Garfield'  (1883); 
and  'The  Drum-Beat  of  the  Nation'  (1887),  the 
first  volume  of  a  series. 

Coffin,  Robert  Barry.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  Hud- 
son, N.  Y.,  July  21,  1826;  died  in  Fordham, 
N.  v.,  June  10,  1886.  He  was  on  the  staff  of 
the  Home  Journal  of  New  York  (1858),  and 
was  also  art  critic  of  the  Evening  Post.  His 
humorous  sketches,  which  have  appeared  in 
many  periodicals  over  the  pen-name  "  Barry 
Gray,"  have  been  extensively  read.  Among 
his  publications  are  :  '  My  Married  Life  at  Hill- 
side' (1865);  'Cakes  and  Ale  at  Woodbine' 
(1868);  and  'The  Home  of  Cooper'  (1872). 

Coffin,  Robert  Stevenson.  An  American 
poet;  born  in  Brunswick,  Me.,  July  14,  1797; 
died  in  Rowley,  Mass.,  May  7,  1827.  His  first 
contributions  in  verse  to  the  periodicals  were 
over  the  signature  of  "  The  Boston  Bard." 
He  published  '  The  Oriental  Harp :  Poems  of 
the  Boston  Bard'  (1826),  in  which  are  included 
his  most  notable  verses. 

Coggeshall,  William  Turner.  An  Amer- 
ican journalist ;  bom  in  Lewistown,  Pa.,  Sept. 
6,  1824;  died  in  Quito,  Ecuador,  Aug.  2,  1867. 
From  1841  to  1866  he  was  editorially  connected 


with  a  number  of  newspapers,  including  the 
Cincinnati  Gazette,  the  Springfield  Republican 
(1862),  and  the  Ohio  State  Journal  (1865).  He 
was  United  States  minister  to  Ecuador  from 
June  1866  until  his  death.  His  works  include : 
'Home  Hits  and  Hints'  (1859);  'Poets  and 
Poetry  of  the  West'  (i860);  and  'The  Journeys 
of  Lincoln  as  President-Elect,  and  as  President 
Martyred'  (1865). 

Colardeau,  Charles  Pierre  (ko-lar-do).  A 
French  poet ;  born  at  Janville,  1732 ;  died  1776. 
He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  in  1776, 
having  written  'The  Men  of  Prometheus'  and 
'Epistle  to  M.  Duhamel.' 

Colban,  Adolphine  Marie  (kol'ban).  A 
Norwegian  novelist  (1814-84).  Left  a  widow 
without  resources  at  36,  she  went  to  Paris, 
where  a  lady  of  quality  sent  to  the  printer  some 
of  the  widow's  letters  to  her,  entitling  the  col- 
lection '  Letters  of  a  Barbarian.'  Parisian  soci- 
ety was  captivated,  and  the  author  decided  to 
exercise  her  newly  discovered  talent  by  writing 
stories  in  her  own  language.  Between  1869 
and  1881  she  published  seven  volumes  of  tales, 
charming  for  their  fine  spiritual  insight  and  their 
warm  human  S}Tnpathy ;  they  were  nearly  all 
translated  into  German.  Among  them  'Jeg 
Lever'  is  perhaps  the  most  noteworthy. 

Colenso,  John  William.  An  English  theo- 
logian; born  1814;  died  1883.  He  became 
Bishop  of  Natal,  South  Africa,  and  wrote  '  The 
Pentateuch  and  Book  of  Joshua  Critically  Ex- 
amined' (1862). 

Coleridge,  Hartle>.  An  English  poet  and 
literary  critic  ( 1796-1849),  son  of  Samuel  Taylor; 
born  at  Cleveden.  From  Oxford  he  went  to 
London,  and  there  published  some  exquisite 
sonnets  in  the  London  Magazine.  He  inherited 
defects  of  character  and  will,  and  never  realized 
the  promise  of  his  great  talents.  His  writings 
in  prose  are  '  Biographia  Borealis'  (1833);  'The 
Worthies  of  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire'  (1836); 
and  a  volume  of  '  Essays  and  Marginalia.'  His 
brother  Derwent  published  a  biography  and  his 
poems  (2  vols.,  1850). 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor.  An  English  poet 
and  philosopher ;  born  at  Ottery  St.  Mary,  Dev- 
onshire, Oct.  21,  1772 ;  died  July  25,  1834.  The 
authorities  on  the  works  of  Coleridge  are  very 
numerous  and  important.  Among  the  many 
titles  under  which  his  works  were  published, 
the  following  are  probably  most  noteworthy : 
'Fall  of  Robespierre'  (1794),  a  play  of  which 
he  wrote  the  first  act;  'Moral  and  Political 
Lecture  Delivered  at  Bristol'  (1795);  'Con- 
ciones  ad  Populum'  (1795),  being  addresses  tu 
the  people;  'The  Plot  Discovered'  (1795),  a 
political  pamphlet ; '  Poems  on  Various  Subjects  • 
(1796);  'The  Destiny  of  Nations'  (1828),  first 
published  in  Southey's  'Joan  of  Arc';  'Ode  to 
the  Departing  Year'  (1796) ; '  Fears  in  Solitude ' 
(1798);  ' Wallenstein '  (1800);  'Remorse,  a 
Tragedy'  (1813);  'Christabel,'  with  'Kubla 
Khan>  and  'Pains  of  Sleep'  (1816);  'Bio- 
graphia Literaria'  (1817):  'Aids  to  Reflection* 


COLERIDGE  —  COLLINS 


"5 


C1825);  < Table  Talk>  (1835);  'Confessions  of 
an  Inquiring  Spirit*  (1840),  the  last  two  post- 
humous. The  < Ancient  Mariner  >  was  first  pub- 
lished in  1798,  in  a  volume  of  <  Lyrical  Ballads  > 
(with  Wordsworth). 

Coleridge,  Sara.  An  English  poet,  daughter 
of  Samuel  Taylor;  born  at  Greta  Hall,  near 
Keswick,  Dec.  22,  1802;  died  in  London,  May 
3,  1852.  The  genius  of  her  father  seemed  al- 
most to  have  inspired  her  <  Phantasmion,'  a 
ballad  of  fairyland.  Her  classical  learning  and 
scientific  attainments  made  her  an  authority  on 
some  of  the  most  abstruse  subjects. 

Coles,  Abraham.  An  American  prose-writer 
and  poet ;  born  in  Scotch  Plains,  N.  J.,  Dec.  26, 
1813;  died  in  Monterey,  Gal.,  May  3,  1891.  In 
1835  he  graduated  from  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia.  He  has  published  thirteen 
original  translations  of  the  celebrated  hymn 
<Dies  Ir2e>  (1859);  <01d  Gems  in  New  Set- 
tings' (1866);  <The  Microcosm  >;  and  <The 
Light  of  the  World  >  (1884).  In  1871  Princeton 
gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 

Colet,  Louise  Revoil  (ko-la').  A  French 
poet  and  novelist  (1810-76).  Four  times  be- 
tween 1839  and  1855,  poems  of  hers  were 
crowned  by  the  French  Academy.  She  was 
a  graceful  lyrist,  and  often  struck  the  chord 
of  deep  passion  with  effect.  Of  her  verses, 
poured  forth  with  marvelous  facility,  <  The 
Woman's  Poem*  is  perhaps  her  best  after  the 
four  offered  to  the  Academy.  Among  her  nu- 
merous novels,  <  Bruised  Hearts*  (2  vols.,  1843) 
may  be  mentioned.  She  also  wrote  several  nar- 
ratives of  travel. 

Coll€,  Charles  (ko-la').  A  French  dramatist 
(1709-83).  For  the  Duke  of  Orleans's  theatre 
he  composed  several  light  comedies,  <  There's 
Truth  in  Wine,*  <  The  Knave  Gallant,*  etc., 
full  of  lively  dialogue  and  intensely  comic  sit- 
uations. Of  his  sentimental  pieces,  <  Henri 
IV.'s  Hunting  Party*  is  best  known.  As  a 
lyrist  he  holds  a  place  next  after  B^ranger 
among  French  poets.  His  'Historic  Journal* 
(3  vols.)  is  for  the  most  part  a  mass  of  calum- 
nies against  his  contemporaries. 

Collet,  Jakobine  Camilla  (kol'let).  A  Nor- 
wegian novelist ;  born  at  Christiansand,  Jan.  23, 
1813.  Her  works,  in  many  of  which  she  cham- 
pions the  political  emancipation  of  women, 
have  had  very  wide  circulation.  Among  them 
are  :  <  In  the  Long  Nights  * ;  <  A  Bright  Picture 
in  a  Dark  Frame*; 'Against  the  Current*.  D.  1895. 

Colletet,  Guillaume  (kol"e-ta").  A  French 
poet;  born  at  Paris  in  1598;  died  in  1659.  He 
wrote  a  number  of  poems  that  are  not  with- 
out merit,  possessing  as  they  do  liveliness  and 
originality.  Some  of  his  epigrams  are  ingenious 
and  pungent.  His  best  works  are:  'Banquet 
of  the  Poets*  (1646);  'Selected  Poems*  (1656). 
He  was  one  of  the  five  poets  selected  by 
Richelieu  to  put  his  dramatic  works  in  verse, 
and  was  also  one  of  the  original  members  of 
the  French  Academy. 


Collier,  Mrs.  Ada  (Langworthy).  An  Amer- 
ican writer  of  verse ;  born  in  Iowa,  1843.  Her 
home  is  in  Dubuque.  Her  principal  work  is 
'Lilith,  the  Legend  of  the  P'irst  Woman  < 
(1885). 

Collier,  John  Payne.  An  English  critic  and 
antiquary;  bom  in  London,  1789;  died  Sept. 
17,  1883.  He  is  famed  for  his  'Poetical  De- 
cameron' (1820);  'History  of  English  Dra- 
matic Poetry  to  the  Time  of  Shakespeare,  and 
Annals  of  the  Stage  to  the  Restoration*  (1831); 
and  his  edition  of  Shakespeare  (1844). 

Collier,  Robert  Laird.  An  American  Uni- 
tarian clergyman,  religious  writer,  and  essayist ; 
born  at  Salisbury,  Md.,  1837 ;  died  1890.  Start- 
ing in  life  as  an  itinerant  Methodist  preacher, 
he  held  prominent  Unitarian  pulpits  in  Chicago 
and  Boston,  and  became  noted  as  a  preacher 
and  lecturer.  In  later  life  he  was  London  cor- 
respondent of  the  New  York  Herald.  Besides 
religious  writings,  he  published  :  '  Henry  Irving, 
a  Sketch  and  a  Criticism  > ;  '  English  Home 
Life>  (1885). 

Collin,  Heinrich  Joseph  von  (kol'lin).  An 
Austrian  dramatist  and  lyrist  (1771-1811) ;  bom 
at  Vienna.  He  wrote  several  tragedies,  mostly 
on  antique  themes ;  of  these,  '  Regulus,*  the 
first  of  the  series,  is  the  best.  His  powerful 
'Songs  for  the-Militia*  (1809)  give  him  a  high 
rank  among  the  balladists  of  the  war  of  liber- 
ation. Of  his  historical  ballads,  '  Kaiser  Max 
on  the  Walls  of  St.  Martin's*  is  best  known. 

Collin  d'Harleville,  Jean  Frangois  (kol-an 
darl-vel').  A  French  dramatist  (1755-1806). 
He  worked  a  genuine  vein  of  comedy,  yet 
never  slighted  the  moral  side  of  conduct 
Notable  among  his  works  are  'The  Old  Bach- 
elor,* his  masterpiece,  and  '  Castles  in  Spain.* 

Collins,  John.  An  English  poet;  born  in 
Bath,  1742;  died  at  Birmingham,  May  2,  1808. 
He  was  a  stay -maker  turned  actor;  and  his 
poetic  fame  rests  upon  '  Scripscrapologia,*  a 
collection  of  poems,  among  which '  To-Morrow  > 
is  especially  readable. 

Collins,  Mortimer.  An  English  novelist  and 
poet ;  bom  in  Plymouth,  June  29,  1827 ;  died  at 
Knowl  Hill,  Berkshire,  July  28, 1876.  His  '  Idyls 
and  Rhymes,*  '  Summer  Songs,*  and  '  The 
British  Birds,*  are  the  efforts  of  an  inspired 
verse-maker.  His  novels:  'Who  Is  the  Heir?* 
(1865) ;  'Sweet  Anne  Page*  (1868) ;  'The  Ivory 
Gate*  (1869);  'The  Vivian  Romance*  (1870); 
'The  Marquis  and  Merchant*  (1871) ;  'Two 
Plunges  for 'a  Pearl*  (1872);  'Blacksmith  and 
Scholar'  (1875);  and  others,  are  much  admired. 

Collins,  William.  An  English  poet;  born 
in  Chichester,  Dec.  25,  1721 ;  died  there,  June  12, 
1759.  His  melancholy  temperament  and  poetic 
musings  marked  him  as  a  boy,  as  a  youth  at 
Oxford,  and  even  as  a  madman  in  the  asylum 
where  he  died.  '  The  Passions,*  with  "  its  grace 
and  vigor,  its  vivid  and  pliant  dexterity  of 
touch*' ;  the  'Ode  to  Evening,*  a  mosaic  of  eu- 
I   phonies ;  the  '  Dirge  in  Cymbelinc  * ;  and  the 


ii6 


COLLINS  —  COMENIUS 


<Ode  on  the  Death  of  Thomson,*  chiefly  per- 
petuate his  fame. 

Collins,  William  Wilkie.  An  English  nov- 
elist ;  bom  in  London,  Jan.  8,  1824 ;  died  there, 
Sept.  23,  1889.  He  was  a  master  of  construct- 
ive art  and  fascinating  plot.  His  greatest 
novels  are  admittedly  <  The  Moonstone  >  (1868) 
and  <The  Woman  in  White >  (i860);  next  in 
merit  are  <  The  New  Magdalen  >  (1873)  and 
<No  Name>  (1862).  The  others  are:  *Anto- 
nina>  (2d  ed.  1850);  <  Basil  >  (1852);  <The  Dead 
Secret  >  (1857);  <  Armadale  >  (1866);  <Man  and 
Wife>  (1870);  <Poor  Miss  Finch  >  (1872);  <  Miss 
or  Mrs.  ?>  (1873);  <The  Law  and  the  Lady> 
(1875);  <The  Two  Destinies)  (1876);  <Heart 
and  Science  >  (1883);  <I  Say  No>  (1884);  <The 
Legacy  of  Cain>  (1888);  <  Blind  Love  >  (1889: 
completed  by  Walter  Besant).  He  wrote  also 
a  biography  of  his  father,  William  Collins  the 
painter  (1848). 

Collyer,  Robert.  An  American  clergyman 
and  prose-writer ;  bom  in  Keighley,  Yorkshire, 
England,  Dec.  8,  1823.  He  came  to  America 
in  1849,  being  then  a  Wesleyan  preacher  and 
a  blacksmith ;  but  became  a  Unitarian,  and 
preached  some  years  in  Chicago,  where  he 
founded  Unity  Church  in  i860.  He  was  made 
pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Messiah,  New  York 
city,  September  1879,  and  is  now  pastor  emeri- 
tus. Included  in  his  publications  are :  <  Nature 
and  Life>  (1866);  <The  Life  that  Now  Is> 
(1871);  <A  History  of  the  Town  and  Parish 
of  Ilkley*  (England,  iS8b,  written  in  connection 
with  Horsefall  Turner)  and  <  Lectures  to  Young 
Men  and  Women  >  (1886);  <  Things  New  and  01d.> 

Colman,  George,  the  Elder.  An  English 
dramatist;  born  in  Florence,  Italy,  April  28, 
1733;  died  in  London,  Aug.  14,  1794.  Taste, 
humor,  and  brilliancy  are  the  leading  qual- 
ities of  his  work;  < The  Deuce  Is  in  Him>; 
<  New  Brooms  > ;  <  The  Separate  Maintenance ' ; 
and  several  other  comedies,  proclaiming  him 
a  man  of  wit,  a  writer,  and  a  playwright  of  rare 
merits. 

Colman,  George,  the  Younger.  An  English 
dramatist  and  humorous  poet;  born  in  Lon- 
don (?),  Oct.  21,  1762;  died  there,  Oct.  17,  1836. 
<The  Iron  Chest,'  <John  BulP  (for  which  he 
received  an  unprecedentedly  large  sum),  and 
<The  Heir-at-Law,>  are  most  widely  known 
among  his  racy  and  rather  noisy  but  most 
laughable  comedies.  <  Broad  Grins  >  and  <  Poetic 
Vagaries  >  are  very  amusing  rhymes. 

Colombl,  Marchioness  (ko-lum'be),  pseu- 
donym of  Maria  Torelli-Torriani.  An  Italian 
novelist  of  to-day ;  born  at  Novara.  Most  note- 
worthy among  her  stories  is  <  In  Risaia,>  a 
powerful  description  of  the  miseries  of  Italian 
peasant  life. 

Colonna,  Vittoria  (ko-lon'na).  A  poet  of 
Italy  (1490-1547) ;  born  at  Marino.  Left  a 
widow  in  1525  by  the  death  of  her  husband, 
the  Marquis  of  Pescara,  she  lived  thereafter  in 
retirement.  She  was  the  correspondent  and 
counselor  of  the  foremost  men  of  her  time  in 


Italy,  especially  Michel  Angelo.  Her  <  Verses,* 
celebrating  the  virtues  of  her  deceased  husband 
and  the  beauties  and  consolations  of  religion, 
were  very  highly  esteemed  by  her  contempo- 
raries, and  perhaps  overpraised.  Her  *  Corre- 
spondence'  was   published   at  Turin  in   1888. 

Colton,  Walter.  An  American  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  in  Rutland,  Vt.,  May  9,  1797;  died 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  22,  1851.  Became  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  and  belles-lettres  at 
Middletown  Academy,  Conn.  (1825) ;  in  1828-30 
was  editor  of  the  American  Spectator,  Wash- 
ington. In  1845  he  went  to  California,  and  in 
Monterey  established  the  first  newspaper  of 
the  State,  called  the  Califomian.  He  wrote 
many  books  of  interest,  including  <A  Visit  to 
Athens  and  Constantinople '  ( 1836)  and  <  Three 
Years  in  California'  (1850).  In  1851  Dr.  Cheever 
edited  <The  Sea  and  Sailor,  Notes  of  France 
and  Italy,  and  Other  Literary  Remains,'  with  a 
biography  of  the  author. 

Columella,  Lucius  Junius  Moderatus  (kol- 
u-mel'a).  A  Latin  author;  born  at  Gades  (?) 
(Cadiz),  and  flourished  in  the  first  century. 
His  treatise  <  Concerning  Rustic  Affairs '  is  a 
very  important  work,  showing  the  condition  of 
agriculture  in  Roman  times. 

Colvin,  Sidney.  An  English  critic ;  born  in 
Norwood,  Surrey,  June  18,  1845.  He  became 
professor  of  fine  arts  at  Cambridge  in  1873. 
His  writings  include  <  Children  in  Italian  and 
English  Design'  (1872),  and  books  on  Landor, 
Diirer,  and  other  writers  and  artists. 

Combe,  George.  A  Scotch  phrenologist; 
born  in  Edinburgh,  1788 ;  died  1858.  He  wrote 
^The  Constitution  of  Man  Considered  in  Re- 
lation to  External  Objects'  (1828)  and  many 
other  works  based  upon  phrenological  science, 
as  well  as  a  volume  of  American  notes. 

Combe,  William.  An  English  ne'er-do-weel 
and  fertile  writer  in  prose  and  verse ;  bom  in 
Bristol,  1 741 ;  died  at  Lambeth,  June  19,  1823, 
after  43  years  within  the  rules  of  a  debtor's 
prison,  and  previous  fortunes  from  officer  to 
cook.  His  <Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax  in  Search  of 
the  Picturesque '  was  once  very  popular. 

Comegys,  Benjamin  Bartis.  An  American 
religious,  ethical,  and  juvenile  writer;  bom  in 
Delaware,  1819;  died  Philadelphia,  where  he  was 

a  bank  president, ,  1 90 1.    He  wrote  :  <Tour 

round  my  Library';  <How  to  Get  On'  (1885); 
<01d  Stories  with  New  Lessons'  (1888);  etc. 

Comenius,  Johann  Amos  (ko-me'ni-us).  A 
noted  Czech  pedagogue  and  theologian,  one  of 
the  world's  great  educators ;  born  at  Nivnitz  ( ?), 
Moravia,  March  28,  1592;  died  at  Amsterdam, 
Nov.  15,  1671.  In  the  <  Gate  of  Languages 
Unlocked'  (Janua  Linguarum  Reserata),  the 
<  World  of  Sense  Depicted '  (Orbis  Pictus 
Sensualium),  and  <  Great  Didactics,  or  the 
Whole  Art  of  Teaching  Everything'  (Didactica 
Magna,  seu  Omnes  Omnia  Docendi  Artificium), 
he  shows  the  prodigious  scope  of  his  learning 
and  his  no  less  prodigious  skill  in  the  applica- 
tion of  it. 


COMINES  —  CONGREVE 


117 


Oomlnes,  Philippe  de  (ko-men').  A  noted 
French  chronicler ;  bom  at  Comines,  about 
1445 ;  died  at  the  chateau  of  Argenton,  Oct.  17, 
1510.  He  was  the  trusted  counselor  of  Philip 
the  Good,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  of  his  son  and 
successor  Charles  the  Bold,  of  Louis  XL,  King 
of  France,  and  of  his  successor  Charles  VIIL 
His  < Memoirs'  supply  the  most  trustworthy 
material  we  have  for  the  history  of  his  age,  and 
the  fullest :  according  to  Hallam,  they  «  almost 
make  an  epoch  in  historical  literature.'^  He 
analyzes  the  motives  of  kings  and  statesmen, 
and  notes  the  manners  of  the  time.  He  had 
a  conception  of  a  philosophy  of  history.  In 
the  current  of  events  he  sees  problems  work- 
ing out ;  and  his  study  is  to  trace  their  solution 
through  the  tangle  of  intrigue  and  personal 
ambitions.  The  first  six  books  of  the  <  Me- 
moirs >  were  written  between  1488  and  1494, 
and  the  last  two  between  1497  and  1501 ;  they 
were  first  printed  in  1524-25. 

Commodlanus  (ko-mo-di-a'nus).  A  Latin 
Christian  poet  who  lived  in  the  third  or  fourth 
century.  He  wrote  <  Instructions  against  the 
Gods  of  the  Gentiles,'  an  acrostic  poem. 

Comnena,  Anna  (kom-ne'na).  A  Byzantine 
princess;  born  1083;  died  1148.  She  wrote 
<The  Alexiad,'  a  life  of  her  father  Alexis, 
Byzantine  Emperor, —  a  work  of  importance. 

Comte,  Augusts  (koht).  A  noted  French 
philosopher,  founder  of  the  Positive  Philoso- 
phy; bom  at  Montpellier,  Jan.  19,  1798;  died 
at  Paris,  Sept.  5,  1857.  In  his  view  the  prob- 
lem for  philosophy  is  to  ascertain  the  positive 
and  verifiable  basis  of  all  knowledge,  sci- 
ence, and  religion  —  of  the  whole  intellectual, 
moral,  and  religious  world  of  man.  In  work- 
ing out  this  problem,  Comte  studied  the  basis 
of  the  State  or  civil  society;  and  set  forth  his 
conclusions  in  <  The  Positive  Polity.'  He  bases 
the  law  of  morals  or  of  conduct  on  the  <'  social 
feeling"  or  Altruism.  The  central  fact  of  re- 
ligion and  the  one  object  of  religious  worship 
is  Humanity  conceived  as  a  personality.  The 
uttermost  conclusions  from  such  an  idea  of 
religion  were  drawn  by  Comte,  and  he  contem- 
plated the  constitution  of  a  priesthood  whose 
authority,  though  of  course  not  enforceable  by 
pains  and  penalties,  was  to  have  as  wide  a 
reach  as  the  authority  of  the  popes  in  medi- 
aeval times.  His  <  Positive  Philosophy,'  <  Posi- 
tivist  Catechism,'  and  <  Positive  Polity,'  have 
been  translated  into  English. 

Conant.  Tbomas  Jefferson.  An  American 
Baptist  divine  and  Biblical  scholar;  bom  at 
Brandon,  Vt..  Dec.  13,  1802 ;  died  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  April  30,  1891.  He  translated  Gese- 
nius's  Hebrew  Grammar  (1839),  and  published 
annotated  versions  of  <Job'  (1857) ;  < Matthew' 
(i860);  <The  Book  of  Proverbs';  < Isaiah'; 
'Historical  Books  of  the  Old  Testament  from 
Joshua  to  Second  Kings';  etc. 

CondlUac,   ^tienne  Bonnot  de  Mably  de 

(koh-de-yak').    A    French   philosopher;    bom 
in  Grenoble,  Sept.  30^  1715;  died  at  his  estate 


near  Beaugency,  Aug.  3,  1780.  He  founded  an 
international  reputation  upon  <The  Essay  on 
the  Origin  of  Human  Knowledge  (or  Sense  Per- 
ceptions)'  (1746);  duly  succeeded  by  the  cele- 
brated < Treatise  on  the  Sensations'  (1754),  the 
central  standpoint  of  these  and  other  works 
being  what  is,  philosophically  speaking,  sensa- 
tionalism ;  a  belief,  that  is,  that  what  we  know 
we  know  only  through  the  senses,  and  hence 
our  ideas  of  deity,  love,  the  soul,  etc.,  are 
largely  modified  forms  of  the  objects  that  im- 
press us  in  our  daily  material  experience.  These 
standpoints  were  practically  those  of  French 
philosophy  until  the  advent  of  Cousin. 

Condorcet,  Marie  Jean  Antoine  Nicolas 
Caritat,  Marquis  de  (kon-dor"sa').  An  illus- 
trious French  mathematician,  philosopher,  and 
economist ;  bom  at  Ribemont,  Picardy,  Sept. 
17.  1743;  died  at  Bourg-la-Reine,  March  28, 
1794.  He  was  one  of  the  conspicuous  figures 
of  the  French  Revolution,  and  killed  himself 
in  prison.  <  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Progress 
of  the  Human  Mind'  (1795)  is  deemed  his 
greatest  work. 

Cone,  Helen  Gray.  An  American  poet; 
bom  in  New  York,  1859.  She  is  a  teacher  in  the 
Normal  College,  New  York.  She  has  written : 
<Oberon  and  Puck'  (1885);  <The  Ride  to  the 
Lady  and  Other  Poems.' 

Confucius  or  Ehoong-Foo-tse  (kon-fu'she- 
us).  The  head  of  Chinese  religious  and  social 
philosophy;  born  about  551  B.  C;  died  479 
B.C..  His  < Analects'  is  an  exposition  of  his 
philosophy,  and  he  is  said  to  have  written  the 
preface  to  the  <  Book  of  Historical  Documents.' 
He  is  also  credited  with  having  compiled  the 
'Ancient  Poems,'  about  300  pieces.  His  last 
work  is  called  the  <  Annals  of  Lee '  or  <  Spring 
and  Autumn,'  a  sort  of  philosophical  history 
and  ethical  manual.  His  writings  have  been 
translated  into  English,  and  form  a  volume  in 
the  series  edited  by  Prof.  Max  Miiller.  <  Sacred 
Books  of  the  East,'  published  for  Oxford  Uni- 
versity by  the  Clarendon  Press. 

Congdon,  Charles  Taber.  An  American 
journalist ;  bom  in  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  April 
7,  1821 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  18,  1891. 
He  edited  for  a  time  the  organ  of  the  Peo- 
ple's Party  in  the  Dorr  Rebelion  in  Rhode 
Island,  1842.  From  1857  to  1882  he  was  on  the 
editorial  staff  of  the  New  York  Tribune,  and 
a  frequent  contributor  of  critical  and  literary 
articles  to  the  magazines.  In  1861  he  pub- 
lished a  poem ;  in  1869  <  Tribune  Essays ' ;  and 
in  1880  'Reminiscences  of  a  Journalist.' 

Congreve,  William.  A  noted  English  dram- 
atist; born  in  Bardsley,  near  Leeds,  April  5, 
1670 ;  died  at  London,  Jan.  19,  1729.  A  man  of 
fashion,  his  comedies  show  a  wit  more  brilliant 
thtin  decorous  and  a  taste  less  moral  than 
critical.  <The  Old  Bachelor';  <The  Double 
Dealer';  <Love  for  Love';  and  a  few  others, 
show  great  wit  and  facility.  He  is  regared  as 
the  most  eminent  of  the  <  Restoration  >  drama- 
tists. 


ii8 


CONNELLY  — COOK 


Connelly,  Mrs.  Celia  (Logan).  An  Ameri- 
can journalist  and  playwright;  bom  in  Penn- 
sylvania, 1837.  Her  home  is  in  Washington, 
D.C.  *  An  American  Marriage  >  isone  of  hermost 
successful  pla3S.     Died  New  York,  June  18,  1904. 

Conrad,  Georg  {k5n'rad),  pseudonym  of 
Prince  George  of  Prussia.  A  German  drama- 
tist; born  Feb.  12,  1826.  He  has  experimented 
successfully  with  various  forms  of  dramatic 
literature;  and  among  his  productions,  <  Phaedra,' 
a  metrical  drama,  <  Where  Is  Happiness?*  a 
comedy,  and  <  The  Marchioness  of  Brinvilliers,> 
a  tragedy,  may  be  cited  as  specimens  of  a 
trained  and  true  talent.  Died  1902. 

Conrad,  Michael  Georg  (kon'riid).  A  Ger- 
man novelist;  born  at  Gnodstadt,  in  Franconia, 
April  5,  1846.  He  founded  at  Munich,  in  1885, 
Society,  a  journal  intended  to  be  an  organ  of 
the  « naturalistic »  school.  He  spent  several 
years  in  Paris,  and  many  of  his  sketches  relate 
to  phases  of  life  in  France.  Among  his  novels 
are  :  <  The  Wise  Virgins  > ;  <  The  Fool's  Confes- 
sion.' He  is  author  of  a  comedy,  <  The  Eman- 
cipated,* and  the  drama  <The  Firm  of  Gold- 
berg.* On  social  and  political  questions  he  has 
written  :  <  The  German  Reveille  * ;  <  Justice,  the 
State,  and  the  Modern  Spirit.* 

Conrad,  Robert  Taylor.  An  American 
lawyer  and  dramatist;  born  in  Philadelphia, 
June  10,  1810;  died  there,  June  27,  1858.  He 
wrote:  <Aylmere*  (1852),  a  tragedy  in  which 
Edwin  Forrest  played  the  role  of  Jack  Cade; 

<  Conrad  of  Naples,*  a  tragedy;  <  Poems* 
(1852)  ;  etc. 

Conradl,  Hermann  (k5n-ra'de).  A  German 
literary  critic  and  essayist  (1862-90);  bom  at 
Jetznitz.  As  lyrist  and  critic  he  was  a  rep- 
resentative of  radical  realism,  a  follower  of 
Tolstoy,  Ibsen,  and  Nietzsche.  His  genius  was 
forceful,  but  undisciplined,  and  his  writings 
lack  repose  and  polish.  With  his  too  radical 
story  of  <Adam  Man*  (1889)  he  incurred  the 
penalties  of  the  law  against  publications  that 
offend  morality. 

Conscience,  Hendrlk  (kon-syoiis').  A  great 
Flemish  novelist,  one  of  the  re-creators  of  Flem- 
ish literature;  born  at  Antwerp,  Dec.  3,  1812; 
died  in  Brussels,  Sept.  10,  1883.  His  first  story, 
<In  the  Wonder- Year  1566,*  was  received  with 
unbounded  popular  favor,  and  his  delineations 
of  lowly  Flemish  home  life  soon  became  fa- 
miliar throughout  Europe.  His  historical  nov- 
els <The  Lion  of  Flanders*  (1838),  and  others, 
won  his  widest  fame ;  but  his  distinctive  power 
and  merit  were  in  his  peasant  studies,  of  which 
the  masterpieces  are :  <  Siska  van  Roosmael  * 
(1844);  <The  Conscript*  (1850);  <  Rikke-tikke- 
tak*    (1851);    <The    Poor  Nobleman*    (iS^i); 

<  The  Luck  to  be  Rich*  (1855);  <  The  Young 
Doctor*   (i860).     He  wrote  a  musical    drama, 

<  The  Poet  and  His  Dream  *  (1872). 

Constant    de    Rebecque,   Henri   Benjamin 

( koh-stoh'de  re-bek').  A  French  publicist; 
bom  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  Oct.  23,  1767; 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8,  1830.     Popularly  remem- 


bered as  the  lover  of  Mme.  de  Stael.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  Revolutionary  Tribunate,  he  was 
banished  by  Napoleon,  and  later  by  the  Bour- 
bons for  accepting  Napoleon.  Besides  many 
works  on  political  questions  and  the  history  of 
political  constitutions,  and  two  on  the  history 
of  religion, —  viz.,  <  Religion  Considered  in  its 
Source,  its  Forms,  and  its  Developments,*  and 

<  Roman  Polytheism,*  —  he  wrote  a  romance, 
<Adolphe*  (1816),  which  profoundly  influenced 
European  literature. 

Conti,  Amelie  Gabrielle  Stephanie  Louise. 
Princess  of  (kon'te).  An  Italian  writer  ot 
memoirs.  The  narrative  of  her  misfortunes, 
in  2  vols.  (1797),  attracted  the  attention  of  all 
Europe,  and  gave  to  Goethe  the  material  of 
his  <  Natural  Daughter.* 

Conway,  Hugh.    See  Fargus. 

Conway,  Katharine  Eleanor.  An  Ameri- 
can journalist  and  poet ;  born  at  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  1853.  She  is  attached  to  the  Boston 
Pilot.  She  has  written :  <  Songs  of  the  Sunrise 
Slope*  (1881);  <A  Dream  of  Lilies*  (1892), 
both  in  verse ;  '  Making  Friends  and  Keeping 
Them  * ;  <  A  Lady  and  her  Letters  * ;  and  <  In  the 
Footprints  of  the  Good  Shepherd.* 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel.  Born  in  Staf- 
ford County,  Va.,  March  17,  1832.  He  became 
a  Methodist  minister;  but  changing  his  opin- 
ions on  theology,  and  especially  on  slavery, 
settled  in  Cincinnati,  O.,  as  a  radical  Unita- 
rian preacher.  During  the  Civil  War  he  left 
this  country  and  preached  in  London  for  sev- 
eral years,  finally  returning  and  settling  in 
New  York.  His  literary  activity  has  been 
great,  his  writings  having  been  published  under 
the    following   titles:   <The    Rejected    Stone*; 

<  Idols  and  Ideals  * ;  <  Demonology  and  Devil 
Lore  * ;  <  The  Wandering  Jew  * ;  <  Sketch  of  Car- 
lyle  * ;  <  The  Earthward  Pilgrimage  > ;  <  Sacred 
Anthology,*  a  compilation;  < Emerson  at  Home 
and  Abroad  * ;  <  George  Washington  and  Mount 
Vernon  * ;  <  Omitted  Chapters  in  Life  and  Let- 
ters of  Edmund  Randolph ' ;  <  Life  of  Thomas 
Paine*;  < Tracts  for  To-Day*;  < Natural  His- 
tory of  the  Devil*;  <The  Golden  Hour*; 
Testimonies  Concerning  Slavery  * ;  <  Human 
Sacrifices  in  England  * ;  <  Lessons  for  the  Day  * ; 

<  Travels  in  South  Kensington  * ;  <  A  Necklace 
of  Stories* ;  <  Pine  and  Palm,*  a  novel ;  <  Prisms 
of  Air,*  a  novel.    Died  Nov.  16,  1907,  at  Paris. 

Conyngham,  David  Power.  An  Irish-Ameri- 
can journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
in  Ireland,  1840;  died  1883.  He  was  editor  of 
the  New  York  Tablet.  He  wrote  :  <  Shennan's 
March  through  the  South*  (1865);  < Lives  of 
the  Irish  Saints  and  Martyrs*  (1870);  and  a 
number  of  Irish  novels,  including  <  Sarsfield  * 
(1871). 

Cook,  Clarence  Chatham.  An  American  jour- 
nalist, and  distinguished  art  critic;  born  in  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  Sept.  8,  1828;  died  at  Fishkill 
Landing,  N.  Y.,  June  i,  1900.  He  contributed 
to  the  New  York  Tribune  a  series  of  articles  on 
American  art,  1863-69;  subsequently  was  its  Paris 
correspondent.    He  was  editor  of  the  Studio  until 


COOK  — COOPER 


119 


its  suspension.  He  published  :  <Tlie  Central 
Park)  (1868);  <The  House  BeautifuP  (1878); 
<Stools  and  Candlesticks);  <Essays  on  Beds  and 
Tables);  and  edited  with  notes  a  translation  of 
the  7th  German  edition  of  Wilhelra  Lubke's 
<History  of  Art)  (2  vols.,  1878). 

Cook,  Eliza.  An  English  poet ;  bom  in  Lon- 
don, 1818 ;  died  at  Wimbledon,  Sept.  23,  1889. 
*  Melaia  and  Other  Poems )  made  her  name 
known.  She  also  published  Eliza  Cook's 
Journal.  Her  most  familiar  poem  is  <  The 
Old  Arm-Chair.)  She  wrote  also  <The  Old 
Fann  Gate);  <The  Home  in  the  Heart);  and 

<  1  Miss  Thee,  My  Mother.)  <  New  Echoes  and 
Other  Poems)  is  one  of  her  volumes. 

Cook,  Flavins  Josephus.  A  noted  American 
lecturer  on  religious  and  social  topics;  bom  at 
Ticonderoga,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  26,  1838;  died  there" 
June  25,  1901.  He  carried  on  the  Monday  lec- 
tureship in  Boston  (1874-80);  was  in  Europe  and 
Asia  in  1880-82,  resuming  the  lectures  in  Boston 
in  1883.  His  published  works  include  :  <Boston 
Monday  Lectures)  (10  vols.,  1877);  ^Current  Re- 
ligious Perils,  with  Other  Addresses.)  In  1888  he 
founded  Our  Day,  a  monthly  reform  magazine. 

Cooke,  George  Willis.  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer;  born  in  Comstock,  Mich., 
April  23,  1848.  His  chief  works  are  :  <  Ralph 
Waldo  Emerson  :  his  Life  and  Writings)  (1881); 
<Life  of  George  Eliot)  (1883);  <A  Guide  Book 
to  the  Poetic  and  Dramatic  Works  of  Robert 
Browning)     (1891) ;    'Poets    and     Problems); 

<  The  Clapboard  Trees  Parish ) ;  and  <  Dedham, 
a  Histor>-.) 

Cooke,  John  Esten.  An  American  novelist ; 
born  in  Winchester,  Va.,  Nov.  3, 1830 ;  died  near 
Boyce,  Va.,  Sept.  27,  1886.  He  was  an  extens- 
ive contributor  of  stories,  sketches,  and  verses 
to  various  periodicals,  and  has  written  many 
books,  in  which  are  included :  <  The  Virginia 
Comedians)  (1854);  <  Hilt  to  Hilt)  (1869); 
<Life  of  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee)  (1871);  < Vir- 
ginia, a  History  of  the  People)  (18S3);  <The 
Youth  of  Jefferson);  'Surry  of  Eagle's  Nest); 

<  Wearing  the  Grey ) ;  <  Pretty  Mrs.  Gaston ) ; 
< Virginia  Bohemians);  etc. 

Cooke,  Josiah  Parsons.  A  distinguished 
American  chemist ;  born  at  Boston,  Oct.  12, 
1827 ;  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Sept.  3,  1894.  He 
was  professor  of  chemistry  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity (1850-94),  and  lectured  on  scientific  sub- 
jects in  various  cities  and  towns  throughout  the 
country.  Besides  a  number  of  technical  works, 
he  wrote:  'Religion  and  Chemistry)  (1864); 
'Scientific  Culture)  (new  ed.  1885);  'The  Cre- 
dentials of  Science  the  Warrant  of  Faith) 
(1888). 

Cooke,  Philip  Pendleton.  An  American 
poet  and  prose-writer ;  bom  in  Martinsburg, 
Va.,  Oct.  26,  1816;  died  near  Boyce,  Va.,  Jan. 
21,  1850.  His  first  poems  were  published  in 
the  Knickerbocker  Magazine.  His  works  in 
book  form  include :  '  Froissart  Ballads  and 
Other  Poems)  (1847) ;  the  tales  of  'John  Carpe) 
and  'The  Crime  of  Andrew  Blair);  and  his 


short  lyric  poem,  'Florence  Vane,'  which  was 
set  to  music. 

Cooke,  Philip  St.  George.  A  United  States 
army  officer  and  military  writer;  bom  near  Lees- 
burg,  Va.,  June  13,  1809;  died  at  Detroit,  Mar. 
28,  1895.  He  also  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  practice.  Besides  works  on  tactics,  he  wrote: 
'Scenes  and  Adventures  in  the  Army)  (1856); 
'Conquest  of  New  Mexico  and  California* 
(1878). 

Cooke,  Mrs.  Rose  (Terry).  A  distinguished 
American  poet  and  short-story  writer;  born  at 
West  Hartford,  Conn.,  Feb.  17,  1827;  died  at 
Pittsfield,  Mass.,  July  18,  1892.  Her  complete 
poems  were  published  in  1888:  'The  Gentian) 
and  'The  Two  Villages)  are  good  representa- 
tives. Her  best  short  stories  treat  of  New  Eng- 
land rural  life.  The  novel '  Steadfast )  appeared 
in  1889.  Her  most  acceptable  work  appeared 
originally  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  and  other 
periodicals. 

Cooke,  Thomas.  An  English  poet  and  prose- 
writer,  commonly  called  Hesiod  Cooke ;  bom 
at  Braintree,  Dec.  16,  1703;  died  at  Lambeth 
(London),  Dec.  20,  17^6.  'The  Battle  of  the 
Poets )  is  an  attack  on  Pope,  Swift,  and  others, 
which  gained  him  an  unenviable  conspicuity 
in  the  'Dunciad.)  As  a  translator  from  the 
classics,  notably  Hesiod,  he  is  very  successful. 

Coolbrith,  Ina  Donna.  An  American  poet ; 
born  near  Springfield,  111.,  18 — .  She  became 
librarian  of  the  Oakland  Public  Library,  Cali- 
fornia, in  1874.  She  has  written  'The  Perfect 
Day  and  Other  Poems)  (1881) ;  'Songs  of  the 
Golden  Gate.) 

Cooley,  Thomas  Mclntyre.  An  American  jur- 
ist; born  at  Attica,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  6,  1824;  died  at 
Ann  Arbor,  Sept.  12,  1898.  He  was  professor  of 
law  in  the  University  of  Michigan  (1859  and 
1 881);  Chief  Justice  of  that  State  (1868-69); 
chairman  of  the  United  States  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission  (1887-91).  He  wrote:  <A 
Treatise  upon  Wrongs  and  their  Remedies)  (Vol. 
i.,  1878);  'General  Principles  of  Constitutional 
Law  in  the  United  States)  (1880);  etc. 

Coolidge,  Susan.    See  Woolsey,  Sarah. 

Coombe,  William.    See  Combe. 

Coombs,  Mrs.  Annie  (Sheldon).  An  Amer- 
ican novelist;  born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1858; 
died  1890.  Her  home  was  in  New  York.  She 
wrote  :  'As  Common  Mortals)  (1886) ;  'A  Game 
of  Chance)  (1887);  'The  Garden  of  Armida.) 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore.  An  American 
novelist  and  historian ;  bom  in  Burlington,  N.  J., 
Sept.  15, 1789 ;  died  at  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  Sept. 
14,  1851.  His  novels  comprise:  'Precaution* 
(1820);  'The  Spy)  (1821);  'The  Pioneers* 
(1823);  'The  Pilot)  (1823);  'Lionel  Lin- 
coln) (1825);  'The  Last  of  the  Mohicans* 
(1826) ;  'The  Red  Rover*  (1827) ;  'The  Prairie* 
(1827);  'The  Traveling  Bachelor*  (1828); 
'Wept  of  the  Wish-ton-Wish)  (1829);  'The 
Water-Witch)  (1830);  'The  Bravo)  (1831); 
'The  Heidenmauer)  (1832);  'The  Headsman* 
(1833);  'The   Monikins*   (1835);  'Homeward 


I20 


COOPER  — CORBIN 


Bound  >  (1838);  <Home  as  Found  >  (1838); 
•The  Pathfinder >  (1840);  < Mercedes  of  Cas- 
tile>  (1840);  <The  Deerslayer>  (1841);  <The 
Two  Admirals >  (1842);  <Wing  and  Wing> 
(1842);  <Ned  Myers  >  (1843);  <  Wyandotte  > 
(1843);  <  Afloat  and  Ashore  >  (1844);  <  Miles 
Wallingford>  (1844);  <  The  Chainbearer>  (1845); 
<Satanstoe>  (1845);  <  The  Redskins>  (1846); 
<The  Crater  >  (1847);  <Jack  Tar>  (1848);  <Oak 
Openings)  (1848);  <The  Sea  Lions >  (1849); 
<The  Ways  of  the  Hour>  (1850).  He  also 
wrote  < Notions  of  the  Americans*  (1828)  to 
vindicate  his  countrymen  from  the  false  ideas 
of  foreigners  —  after  which  the  foreign  journals 
at  once  ceased  praising  his  novels  and  became 
unsparing  in  censure ;  a  <  History  of  the  Navy 
of  the  United  States  >  (1839);  <  The  Battle  of 
Lake  Erie'  (1842),  in  answer  to  criticisms  on 
the  preceding ;  <  Lives  of  American  Naval  Offi- 
cers >  (2  vols.);  and  others. 

Cooper,  Peter.  A  famous  American  in- 
ventor, manufacturer,  and  philanthropist;  born 
in  New  York,  Feb.  12,  1791 ;  died  there,  April  4, 
1883.  A  coachmaker  by  trade,  he  became  a 
successful  inventor  and  glue  manufacturer,  and 
acquired  a  large  fortune.  He  built,  after  his 
own  designs,  the  first  locomotive  engine  con- 
structed on  this  continent  (1830);  was  one  of 
the  original  promoters  of  the  electric  telegraph, 
actively  interested  in  the  construction  of  the 
New  York  State  canals,  etc.  He  was  the  candi- 
date of  the  «  Greenback  »  party  for  President  in 
1876.  He  is  best  known  by  the  institution  that 
was  dearest  to  his  own  heart,  the  « Cooper 
Union "  of  New  York,  founded  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  industrial  classes  (1854-59).  He 
wrote :  <  Political  and  Financial  Opinions,  with 
an  Autobiography*  (1877) ;  <  Ideas  for  a  Science 
of  Good  Government*  (1883). 

Cooper,  Susan  Fenimore.  An  American 
prose-writer,  daughter  of  Fenimore  Cooper; 
born  in  Scarsdale,  N.  Y.,  1813;  died  in  Coop- 
erstown,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  31,  1894.  During  the  last 
years  of  her  father's  life  she  was  his  secre- 
tary and  amanuensis.  She  has  written :  <  Rural 
Hours*  (1850);  <  Fields  Old  and  New*  (1854); 
<The  Shield:  A  Narrative*;  <Mt.  Vernon  to 
the  Children  of  America*  (1858);  <  Rhyme  and 
Reason  of  Country  Life  * ;  and  others. 

Cooper,  Thomas.  An  English  poet  and 
novelist,  best  remembered  as  a  Chartist  poli- 
tician ;  bom  at  Leicester,  March  28,  1805 ; 
died  at  Lincoln,  July  15,  1892.  A  shoemaker 
by  trade,  he  engaged  in  politics,  and  soon 
found  himself  in  prison,  where  he  wrote  <  The 
Purgatory  of  Suicides,*  a  moving  epic  of  pro- 
letarianism.  His  <  Captain  Cobbler,*  a  story, 
and  his  <  Poetical  Works,*  are  favorably  known. 

Coornhert,  Dlrck  Volckertsen  (kom'hert). 
A  Dutch  poet  and  scholar  (1522-90).  By  his 
poetical  writings,  <Book  of  Songs*  (i57S), 
<  Right  Use  and  Abuse  of  Worldly  Possessions  * 
(1585),  and  several  dramas,  as  also  by  his  ele- 
gant translations  from  Boccaccio  and  the  clas- 
sics, he  earned  the  title  of  <•  restorer  of  the 
Dutch  language.** 


Copernicus,  Nikolaus  (ko-per'ni-kus).  A 
famous  Polish  astronomer ;  born  in  Thorn,  Po- 
land, Feb.  19,  1473;  died  at  Frauenburg,  Prus- 
sia, May  24,  1543.  He  wrote  :  •  Revolutions  of 
the  Celestial  Orbs  *  (De  Orbium  Coelestium  Rev- 
olutionibus),  in  which  is  proclaimed  the  fact 
that  the  sun  and  not  the  earth  is  the  centre  of 
our  planetary  system. 

Coppee,  Frangois  (ko-pa').  An  eminent 
French  poet,  romancer,  and  dramatist ;  born  in 
Paris,  Jan.  12,  1842.  He  was  trained  for  what 
the  Parisians  call  a  ministerial  career,  but  wrote 
<The  Reliquary*  and  <  Intimacies,*  books  of 
verse.  In  <  Modern  Poems,*  <  The  Benediction,* 
and  <  The  Strike  of  the  Smiths,*  we  have  a  very 
modern  note.     Died  May  23,  1908. 

Coppee,  Henry.  An  American  soldier,  edu- 
cator, and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  Oct.  13, 1821 ;  died  March  21, 1895.  He 
served  in  the  Mexican  War  (1846-48);  was  in- 
structor at  West  Point  (1848-49,  1850-55);  pro- 
fessor of  English  literature  and  history  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  (1855-56) ;  president 
of  Lehigh  University  (1866-75);  professor  of  his- 
tory there  (1875-95).  Besides  various  educa- 
tional and  military  works,  he  wrote :  <  Grant 
and  his  Campaigns*  (1866);  <  History  of  the 
Conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Arab-Moors*  (2  vols., 
1881). 

Coppi,  Antonio  (kop'pe).  An  Italian  econ- 
omist and  historian ;  born  in  Andezeno,  Pied- 
mont, April  12,  1782 ;  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  24, 
1870.  He  wrote  a  <  Continuation  of  Muratori's 
Annals  of  Italy,  from  1750*  (1824-68);  and  a 
study  <  On  the  Finances  of  Mediaeval  Rome ' 
(1855). 

Copway,  George.  Native  name,  Kah-ge-ga- 
gaw-bowh.  An  Indian  journalist,  lecturer,  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  Michigan,  1818; 
died  about  1869.  He  belonged  to  the  Ojibway 
tribe,  and  was  settled  in  New  York.  He  wrote : 
<  Recollections  of  a  Forest  Life  * ;  <  The  Ojib- 
way Conquest,*  a  poem ;  <  Running  Sketches 
of  Men  and  Places  in  Europe  * ;  etc. 

Coquelin,  Benoit  Constant  (kok-lan').  A 
French  actor;  born  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Jan. 
23,  1841.  He  is  at  the  head  of  his  profession 
in  comedy,  and  excels  in  melodrama.  He  has 
written:  <  Art  and  the  Comedian*  (1880);  <Mo- 
li^re  and  the  Misanthrope*  (1881) ;  <Tartuffe.* 

Corbet,  Richard.  An  English  poet;  born 
in  Surrey,  1582 ;  died  at  Norwich,  July  28,  1635. 
A  noted  ecclesiastic  and  disposed  to  be  gay, 
he  wrote  a  'Journey  to  France*  and  a  'Fare- 
well to  the  Fairies,*  poems  in  which  he  is 
revealed  a  jolly  parson  and  the  maker  of  some 
tolerable  verse. 

Corbldre,  Edouard  (kor-byar').  A  French 
poet  and  novelist;  born  at  Brest,  1793;  died  at 
Morlaix,  Oct.  20,  1875.  He  published  <The 
Banian*  (1835);  <The  Slave';  and  other  sea 
tales. 

Corbin,  Mrs.  Caroline  Elizabeth  (Fair- 
field).     An  American   story-writer;    born   in 


CORBIN  — COSSA 


121 


Connecticut,  1835.  She  was  long  a  resident  of 
Chicago.  Her  works  include  :  <  Rebecca  > ;  <  His 
Marriage  Vow ' ;  <  Belle  and  the  Boys  > ;  <  A 
Woman's  Philosophy  of  Love,'  a  psychological 
treatise. 

Oorbln,  John.  An  American  man  of  letters ; 
born  in  Illinois,  1870.  He  has  published  <  The 
Elizabethan  Hamlet'  (1895),  <  Schoolboy  Life 
in     England:     an     American    View*     (1897); 

<  The  first  Loves  of  Perilla  ' ;  <  The  Cave  Man.* 

Cordeiro,  Joao  Ricardo  (kor-da'e-ro).  A 
Portuguese  dramatist  (1836-81);  born  at  Lis- 
bon. He  both  wrote  several  plays,  as  <  Love 
and  Art  > ;  <  A  Cure  of  Souls  * ;  and  Jalso  trans- 
lated into  Portuguese  and  adapted  to  the  Por- 
tuguese theatre  many  of  the  dramatic  compo- 
sitions of  Scribe,  Hugo,  Legouv^,  etc. 

Corelll,  Marie.    See  Mackay,  Minnie. 

Corlnna  (ko-rin'a).  A  famed  Greek  poet; 
born  at  Tanagra,  Boeotia,  about  500  B.  C.  She 
was  a  contemporary  of  Pindar,  sometimes  his 
competitor  for  poetical  prizes.  She  was  cel- 
ebrated for  her  beauty,  and  nicknamed  «The 
Fly"  to  distinguish  her  from  another  poet 
called  "  The  Bee."  Only  fragments  of  her 
poems  have  been  preserved. 

Cornellle,  Pierre  (kor-nay").  A  French 
dramatist ;  born  at  Rouen,  June  6,  1606 ;  died 
in  Paris,  Sept.  30,  1684.  His  works  comprise : 
<M^lite>;   <Clitandre>   (1632);  <The  Widow'; 

<  The  Gallery  of  the  Palace ' ;  <  The  Lady's 
Maid>;  <The  Palais  Royal';  <  Medea'  (1634- 
35);  <The  Dramatic  Illusion'  (1635?);  <  The 
Cid'  (1636);  <Horace'  (1640);  <Cinna'  (1640- 
41) ;  <  Polyeuctus'  (1643) ;  <  Pompey  >  (1643-44)  '■> 
<The  Liar'  (1644);  <The  Sequel  to  the  Liar' 
(1645) ;  <Rodogune>  (1645) ".  < Theodore'  (1646) ; 
<Heraclius'  (1647);  <Don  Sancho'  (1649); 
'Attila'  (1667);  and  many  more.    <Cinna'  and 

<  Polyeucte '  are  considered  the  greatest,  fol- 
lowed by  <  The  Liar '  and  the  <  Golden 
Fleece.' 

Corneille,  Thomas.  A  French  dramatist, 
brother  of  Pierre  (1625-1709).  He  made  his 
first  success  with  a  comedy,  <  Chance  Engage- 
ments' (1647),  after  Calderon,  and  continued 
for  a  while  to  follow  Spanish  models.  Some 
of  his  tragedies  were  much  admired ;   and  one, 

<  Timocrates,'  held  the  boards  for  six  months. 
In  Voltaire's  judgment  <  Ariana '  is  the  best 
of  his  tragedies ;  both  that  play  and  <  The 
Earl  of  Essex'  are  still  seen  on  the  French 
stage.  By  his  <  Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences ' 
and  other  similar  works,  he  was  a  forerunner  of 
the  French  Encyclopedists. 

Cornelius  Nepos.    See  Nepos. 

Cornwallis,  Einahan.  An  English-Ameri- 
can journalist,  novelist,  etc. ;  born  in  England, 
1839.  He  came  to  America  about  i860.  He 
has  written :  <  Yarra  Yarra,  or  the  Wandering 
Aborigine'  (5th  ed.  1855),  in  verse;  < Howard 
Plunkett'  (1857);  <My  .Life  and  Adventures' 
(i860);  <  Pilgrims  of  Fashion'  (1862);  <  The 
Gold  Room  and  the  New  York  Stock  Ex- 
change '  (1879); <  The  Warforthe  Union'  (1899). 


Cornwell.  Henry  Sylvester.  An  American 
poet ;  born  in  New  Hampshire,  1831 ;  died  1886, 
at  New  London,  Conn.,  where  he  was  a  phy- 
sician. From  many  poems  published  by  him 
he  issued  but  one  collection,  <The  Land  of 
Dreams  and  Other  Poems'  (1878). 

Coronado,  Carolina  (k5-ro-na'THo).  A  Span- 
ish poet ;  born  at  Almendralejo  in  the  province 
of  Badajoz,  in  1823.  About  1848  she  married 
Horace  Perry,  an  American.  She  was  preco- 
cious, and  published  a  collection  of  poems  in 
1843.  Her  lyrics  are  distinguished  for  melody 
and  depth  of  feeling.  Her  few  dramatic  pieces 
had  little  success;  but  her  novels  and  short 
stories, —  especially  <  Jarilla'  (1850)  and  <  The 
Wheel  of  Misfortune'  (1874),— and  her  little 
sketch  of  travel  <  From  Tagus  to  Rhine,'  won 
popular  favor. 

Corrodi,  August  (kor-ro'de).  A  Swiss  poet 
(1826-85);  born  at  Zurich.  Till  1881  he  was 
an  artist-painter,  and  for  some  time  was  pro- 
fessor of  the  arts  of  design  at  Winterthur.  His 
first  volume  of  <  Songs'  (1853)  exhibited  grace- 
ful versification  and  deep  sympathy  with  nature. 
His  songs  and  dramatic  compositions  in  the 
local  dialect  —  <  Mr.  Professor,  an  Idyll  of 
Ziirich ' ;  <  The  Vicar,  a  Winter  Idyll ' ;  etc.  — 
had  extraordinary  success.  He  translated  sev- 
eral of  Burns's  songs  into  the  Swiss-German 
dialect ;  and  published  <  Shakspere :  Life  Wis- 
dom from  his  Works.'  His  works  are  very 
numerous  and  possess  enduring  merit. 

Corson,  Hiram.  An  American  prose  writer; 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Nov.  6,  1828.  He 
became  professor  of  rhetoric  and  English  liter- 
ature at  St.  John's  College,  Annapolis  (1866). 
In  1870  he  became  professor  of  English  lan- 
guage and  literature,  rhetoric,  and  oratory  in 
Cornell,  and  still  holds  the  position.  Among 
his  well-known  publications  are :  a  <  Hand- 
Book  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  Early  English' 
(1871);  <An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Rob- 
ert Browning'  (1886);  'Jottings  in  the  Text  of 
Hamlet';  < Lectures  on  the  English  Language 
and  Literature  ' ;  <  The  Aims  of  Literary  Study '; 
<  The  Voice  and  Spiritual  Education.' 

Cort,  Frans  de  (kort).  An  eminent  Flemish 
poet  (1834-78) ;  born  near  Brussels.  As  singer 
of  the  quiet  joys  of  home  life  and  conjugal 
happiness  he  has  few  peers  in  any  literature. 
His  original  homely  lyrics  appeared  in  <  Songs ' 
(2  vols.,  1857-59);  <Zing-Zang'  (1866);  and 
another  volume  of  < Songs'  (1868).  He  also 
translated  into  Flemish  verse  <The  Finest 
Songs  of  Robert  Burns'  (1862). 

Cosel,  Charlotte  von.    See  Auer. 

Cossa,  Pietro  (kos'sa).  An  Italian  dram- 
atist (1830-81);  born  at  Rome.  He  was  for 
some  years  professor  of  Italian  literature. 
At  first  an  unsuccessful  dramatist,  his  <Nero' 
(1871)  was  received  with  the  most  enthusiastic 
approval  for  its  dramatic  power,  despite  cer- 
tain marked  technical  defects  of  composition. 
His  following  plays  confirmed  the  popular 
estimate  of  his  greatness:  'Messalina';  < Julian 


132 


COSTA  — COWLEY 


the  Apostate ' ;  and  especially  <  Cleopatra.>  He 
wrote  also  a  volume  of  <  Lyric  Poems.> 

Costa,  Isaak  da  (kos'ta).  A  Dutch  poet 
(1798-1860) ;  born  at  Amsterdam.  Among  his 
works,  which  rank  among  the  best  specimens 
of  modern  Dutch  poetry,  may  be  cited  :  <  Prome- 
theus >  (1820);  <  Festival  Songs*  (1828);  <Five- 
and-Twenty  Years,>  a  great  poetico-historical 
work  (1840);  <Hagar>  (1847);  and  <The  Battle 
of  Nieuwpoort>  (1859).  He  wrote  also  some 
theological  tractates. 

Coster,  Samuel  (kos'ter).  A  Dutch  dram- 
atist (1579-1662).  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Dutch  Academy.  He  is  best  known  for 
his  delightful  comedies  <The  Play  of  Tiisken 
van  den  Schilden>  (1613),  and  <The  Play  of 
the  Rich  Man>  (1615).  He  also  wrote  trage- 
dies, including  :  <  Iphigenia  > ;  <  Polyxena  > ;  <  Isa- 
bella.> 

Costetti,  Giuseppe  (kos-tet'te).  An  Italian 
dramatist;  born  at  Bologna,  Sept.  13,  1834. 
He  early  won  fame  by  his  dramas  <The  Mali- 
bran,> ;  *  The  Lion's  Den,  >  etc.,  and  heightened 
it  greatly  by  his  comedies  <  The  Son  of  the  Family* 
( 1S64) ;  <  The  Old  Story  >  (1875) ;  <  Cain's  Wife  > 
( 1S87) ;  *  Confessions  of  a  Dramatic  Author.' 

Cota,  Rodrigo  (ko'ta).  A  Spanish  poet  of 
the  15th  century.  He  is  believed  to  be  the  au- 
thor of  <The  Couplets  of  Mingo  Revulgo>  and 
of  a  <  Dialogue  between  Love  and  an  Old 
Knight,>  both  reckoned  among  the  earliest  of 
Spanish  dramatic  compositions.  His  authorship 
of  the  famous  poem  <Celestina>  is  contested, 
it  being  now  attributed  to  Fernando  de  Rojas. 

Cotin,  Cbarles  (ko-tan').  A  French  versifier 
(1604-82).  He  was  a  prolific  writer,  but  his 
amorous  and  religious  poems  are  nearly  for- 
gotten. His  name  survives  in  Boileau's  satires 
and  Moli^re's  <  Femmes  Savantes  > :  there  he 
figures  as  Trissotin. 

Cottln,  Marie  (ko-tan').  A  French  novelist 
(1770-1807).  Her  romances,  <  Claire  d'Albe* 
(1799);  <Malvina>;  <  Elizabeth,  or  the  Exiles 
of  Siberia',  her  most  notable  work  (1806),  are 
admirable  for  style  and  character-drawing. 

Cotton,  Charles.  An  English  poet ;  bom  in 
Beresford,  Saffordshire,  April  28,  1630 ;  died  at 
London  (?),  Feb.  16,  1686-7.  The  friend  of 
Izaak  Walton,  his  was  an  angler's  Muse  ;  and 
he  wrote  an  addition  to  Walton's  book,  besides 
translations  and  a  poor  parody  of  Virgil. 

Cotton,  Jolin.  An  American  prose-writer 
and  clergyman ;  born  in  Derby,  England,  Dec. 
4,  1584;  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  23,  1652. 
Upon  his  arrival  in  America  he  became 
<•  teacher"  of  the  first  church  of  Boston.  A 
religious  controversy  with  Roger  Williams 
called  forth  his  work  <  The  Bloody  Tenet, 
Washed  and  Made  White  in  the  Blood  of  the 
Lamb.>  Cotton  was  an  industrious  worker, 
and  published  nearly  fifty  books. 

Coues,  Elliott  (kouz).  An  American  nat-_ 
viralist;  bom  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Sept.  9,1842; 
died  at  Baltimore,  Dec.  25,  1899.      He  was  lat- 


terly connected  with  the  Smithsonian  Institute. 
He  wrote :  <Key  to  North  American  Birds' 
(1872);  <Field  Ornithology)  (1874);  <Check- 
List  of  North  American  Birds'  (1882);  <Biogen>; 
<The  Dsemon  of  Darwin';  etc.  With  Jf.  S. 
Kingsley,  he  edited  the  <Standard  Natural 
History'  (3  vols.,  1883).  He  was  actively  in- 
terested in  Theosophy. 

Courier  (de  M6r6),  Paul  Louis  (kb-rya').  A 
French  Hellenist  and  political  pamphleteer; 
born  in  Paris,  Jan.  4,  1772 ;  assassinated  near 
Veretz,  Aug.  18,  1825.  In  1813  he  made  an 
elegant  translation  of  <  Daphnis  and  Chloe,'  an 
ancient  romance  by  Longos,  discovered  by  him 
at  Florence ;  he  also  translated  <  The  Luciad, 
or  the  Ass  of  Lucius  of  Patras,'  published  with 
the  Greek  text  (1818).  His  numerous  pamph- 
lets, especially  his  'Pamphlet  of  Pamphlets,' 
are  masterpieces  of  style,  of  marvelous  con- 
ciseness, and  noteworthy  documents  for  the 
history  of  the  ancient  political  and  ecclesias- 
tical contentions. 

Courtmans,  Joanna  Desideria  (kort'mans). 
A  Flemish  poet  and  novelist  (181 1-90).  Be- 
sides dramas  and  poems,  she  wrote  22  volumes 
of  stories.  She  excels  particularly  in  her  de- 
scriptions of  the  life  of  the  common  people. 
The  most  notable  of  her  tales  are  :  <  The  Hunt- 
er's Gift';  <Dame  DaneeP;  <The  Cowherd'; 
<Aunt  Clara's  Bonnet' 

Cousin,  Victor  (ko-zafi').  A  distinguished 
French  philosopher;  born  in  Paris,  Nov.  28, 
1792 ;  died  at  Cannes,  Jan.  2,  1867.  He  founded 
a  school  of  Eclectic  philosophy;  combining 
the  doctrines  of  the  Scotch  school  of  Reid  and 
Stewart,  based  on  sensation,  with  those  of 
Schelling  and  Hegel,  which  rest  on  the  oppo- 
site principle  of  idealism  or  intuition.  He  was 
not  an  original  thinker  in  philosophy,  but  he 
possessed  in  a  high  degree  the  faculty  of  clear 
exposition ;  for  that  reason  his  lectures  and  his 
writings  enjoyed  a  great  popularity.  He  ren- 
dered a  memorable  service  both  to  philosophy 
and  literature  by  his  translation  of  <  Plato,' 
praised  by  Jowett.  Besides  his  'History  of 
Philosophy'  and  other  works  on  that  theme, 
he  is  author  of  a  few  biographical  sketches, 
mostly  of  characters  related  to  the  spiritual 
and  intellectual  movements  of  the  17th  century : 
as  <  Jacqueline  Pascal ' ;  '  Mme.  de  Longue- 
ville';  <Mme.  de  Hautefort';  'French  Society 
in  the  17th  Century'  (2  vols.). 

Cowan,  Frank.  An  American  lawyer,  phy- 
sician, journalist,  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  in  Pennsylvania,  1844.  Making  the  tour 
of  the  world  in  1880-81  and  1884-85,  he  entered 
Corea  before  that  country  had  made  treaties 
with  other  nations.  He  wrote :  '  Zomara,  a 
Romance  of  Spain'  ('1873)  ;  <The  City  of  the 
Royal  Palm  and  Other  Poems '  (1884);  <  Fact  and 
Fancy  in  New  Zealand'  (1885).    Died  1905. 

Cowley,  Abraham.  A  English  poet  and 
essayist;  born  in  London  in  1618;  died  at 
Chertsey,  Surrey,  July  28,  1667.  Well  educated 
and  high  in  royal  favor,  he  was  a  fashionable 


COWPER  —  CRAVEN 


i»3 


and  fortunate  poet  tUl  the  Civil  War  made 
havoc  of  royal  favorites.  His  volumes  <The 
Mistress,'  <  Poems,'  various  Virgilian  elegies 
and  anacreontic  love  songs,  and  his  essays, 
were  set  in  the  first  rank  by  contemporaries; 
but  are  mainly  curios  now,  though  some  poems 
are  familiar.  The  first  collection  of  his  works, 
in  one  volume,  appeared  in  1668. 

Cowper,  William.  An  English  poet;  born 
in  Great  Berkhamstead,  Hertfordshire,  Novem- 
ber 1731 ;  died  at  East  Dereham,  Norfolk,  April 
25,  1800.  His  works  include:  <  Poems'  (1782); 
'The  Task'  (1785)  ;  <  Homer's  Iliad  and  Odys- 
sey' (1791);  <  Poems'  (1798);  etc.  <John  Gil- 
pin' first  appeared  in  book  form  with  <The 
Task.'  Some  of  his  hymns  are  among  the 
best  known  of  English  religious  pieces. 

Cox,  Palmer.  An  American  artist  and  writer 
for  young  people ;  bom  at  Granby,  Quebec, 
1840.  Since  1875  his  home  has  been  in  New 
Vork.  His  works  are  both  written  and  illus- 
trated by  himself.     He   is  best  known  by  his 

<  Brownie  Books,'  a  very  popular  series  con- 
taining humorous  pictures  and  verse  for  child- 
ren. Other  productions  are :  <  Hans  Von  Fet- 
ter's Trip  to  Gotham '  (1878);  <  How  Columbus 
Found  America'  (1878)  ;  <  The  Brownies  in  the 
Philippines.' 

Cox,  Samuel  Sullivan.  An  American  states- 
man and  author ;  born  in  Zanesville,  O.,  Sept. 
30,  1824;  died  in  New  York,  September  1889. 
He  served  some  terms  in  Congress,  and  be- 
came   minister    to    Turkey.     His    works    are : 

<  Eight  Years  in  Congress ' ;  <  Why  We  Laugh ' ; 
•  Diversions  of  a  Diplomat  in  Turkey ' ;  <A 
Buckeye  Abroad ' ;  < Arctic  Sunbeams ' ;  <  Orient 
Sunbeams ' ;   <  Search   for   Winter   Sunbeams ' ; 

<  Free  Land  and  Free  Trade ' ;  and  others. 

Coxa,  Arthur  Cleveland.  An  American 
writer  of  prose  and  verse,  and  second  Bishop 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  dio- 
cese of  Western  New  York ;  born  in  Mend- 
ham,  N.  J.,  May  10, 1818;  died  at  Clifton  Springs, 
N.  Y.,  July  20,  1896.  Among  his  many  publi- 
cations are:  < Christian  Ballads'  (1840) ;  <Atha- 
nasion  and  Other  Poems'  (1842) ;  <The  Pascal,' 
a  collection  of  Easter  poems  (1889);  and  many 
valuable  contributions  to  current  literature  in 
both  English  and  French. 

Cozzens,  Frederick  Swartwout.  An  Amer- 
ican humorist;  born  in  New  York  city,  March 
5,  1818;  dl'd  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  23,  1869. 
A  merchant,  to  whom  literature  was  a  recrea- 
tion. In  Yankee  Doodle  (1847)  were  published 
his  earliest  humorous  poems  and  sketches.  In 
1853  a  volume  entitled  <Prismatics'  was  pub- 
lished under  the  pen-name  of  "  Richard  Hay- 
warde";  and  in  1856  the  <  Sparrowgrass  Papers,' 
which  attained  great  popularity.  Among  his 
other  published  works  are  <  Memorial  of  Col. 
Peter  A.  Porter'  and  a  < Memorial  of  Fitz- 
Greene  Halleck'  (1868). 

Crabbe,  George.  An  English  poet;  born  in 
Aldeburgh,  Suffolk,  Dec.  24,  1754;  died  at 
Trowbridge, Wiltshire,  Feb.  3,  1832.  His  poems 
have  to  do  with   the  life  and  sorrows  of  the 


toiling  poor,  and  English  poverty  is  portrayed 
in  < The  Village ' ;  < The  Parish  Register' ;  < The 
Borough ' ;  <  Tales  in  Verse ' ;  etc. 

Craddock,  Charles  Egbert.     See  Murfree. 

Craigie,  Pearl  Richards.    See  Hobbes. 

Craik,  Dinah  Maria  Mulock.  An  English 
novelist;  born  in  Stoke-upon-Trent,  April  20, 
1826;  died  at  London,  October  1887.  <The 
Ogilvies';  <John  Halifax,  Gentleman';  < Two 
Marriages ' ;  < A  Brave  Lady ' ;  and  < A  Noble 
Life,'  are  the  best  known  of  her  works. 

Craik,  Georgiana.  An  English  novelist; 
born  in  London,  April  1831.  Her  fictions  are 
concerned  with  domestic  life.  < Dorcas'  con- 
tains  some   exquisite    portrayal    of   character; 

<  Riverston,'  <  Lost  and  Won '  and  <  Only  a 
Butterfly'  are  also  good. 

Cram,  Ralph  Adams.  An  American  poet 
and  story-teller;  born  in  New  Hampshire,  1868. 
He  is  an  architect  in  Boston.     He  has  written : 

<  The  Decadent,  Being  the  Gospel  of  Inaction ' ; 

<  Black  Spirits  and  White,'  a  book  of  ghost 
stories;  <In  the  Island  of  Avalon,'  a  volume 
of  verse.   < The  Gothic  Quest.' 

Cramer,  Karl  Gottlob  (kra'mer).  A  Ger- 
man story-teller  (1758-1871).  He  wrote  more 
than  40  novels  and  tales,  which  were  read  with 
delight  in  his  day.  The  best  of  them,  and  in- 
deed a  work  of  no  little  force  and  originality, 
is  <  The  Life  and  Opinions  of  Erasmus  Sneaker, 
Traveling  Mechanic' 

Cranch,  Christopher  Pearse.  An  Ameri- 
can poet  and  artist;  born  in  Alexandria,  Va., 
March  8,  1813;  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Jan. 
20,  1892.  Included  in  his  publications  are : 
< Poems'  (1844);  <The  Last  of  the  Hugger- 
muggers'  (1856);  a  translation  of  the  ^neid 
of  Virgil  into  English  verse  (1872);  and  <  Ariel 
and  Caliban,  with  Other  Poems'  (1887). 

Crane,  Stephen.  An  American  story-writer ; 
born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Nov.  1,  1871;  died  at 
Baden  Weilev,  Black  Forest,  June  5,  1900.  He 
wrote  :  <Maggie,'  <The  Red  Badge  of  Courage,' 
and  'George's  Mother'  (1898),  stories;  <The 
Black  Riders  and  Other  Lines'  (1895), verse;  etc. 

Crane,  Thomas  Frederick.  An  American 
scholar;  born  in  New  York  State  1844.  He 
is  professor  of  Romance  languages  at  Cornell 
University  (1881).  Besides  many  contributions 
to  periodicals,  he  has  written  :  <  Italian  Popu- 
lar Tales'  (1885);  < Pictures  of  the  French 
Revolution'  (6th  ed.  1892);  <  French  Romanti- 
cism '  (3d  ed.  1890) ;  <  Popular  Songs  of  France ' 
(1891);  <  French  Society  in  the  17th  Century.' 

Crashaw,  Richard.  An  English  poet ;  born 
in  London,  1613  (?) ;  died  at  Rome  or  Loreto, 
May  or  June  1649.  A  convert  to  Catholicism, 
he  wrote  < Steps  to  the  Temple'  and  < Sacred 
Poems,'  productions  of  great  imaginative  power. 

Craven,  Madame  Augustus  (Pauline  de  la 
Ferronays).  A  French  novelist;  born  in  Lon- 
don, April  12,  1808;  died  at  Paris,  April  I, 
1891.      Her  <Familv  Memories' ;  <The  Story  of 


124 


CRAVEN  —  CROFFUT 


a  Sister >;  <The  Labor  of  a  Soul';  and  other 
fictions,  are  well  known. 

Crayen,  Elizabeth  Berkeley,  Lady,  subse- 
quently Margravine  of  Ansbach.  An  English 
descriptive  prose  and  verse  writer;  born  in 
1750;  died  at  Naples,  Jan.  13,  1828.  She  pro- 
duced various  sentimentalities  in  verse  and  in 
prose  fiction ;  a  meritorious  record  of  [travel, 
<  Journey  through  the  Crimea  to  Constantino- 
ple' (1789);  and  very  readable  <  Memoirs  of  the 
Margravine  of  Ansbach,  Formerly  Lady  Cra- 
ven, Written  by  Herself  (1825). 

Crawford,  Francis  Marlon.  An  American 
novelist ;  bom  in  Bagni  di  Lucca,  Italy,  Aug.  2, 
1854.  His  works  include  :  <  Mr.  Isaacs'  {1882) ; 
<Dr.  Claudius'  (1883);  <To  Leeward'  (1883); 
<A  Roman  Singer'  (1884);  <An  American 
Politician'  (1884) ;  < Zoroaster'  (1885) ;  <A  Tale 
of  a  Lonely  Parish'  (1886);  < Saracinesca ' 
(1887);  <Marzio's  Crucifix'  (1887);  <  Paul  Pat- 
off'  (1887);  <With  the  Immortals'  (1888); 
<Greifenstein'  (1889);  <Sant'  Ilario?  (1889); 
<A  Cigarette-Maker's  Romance*  (1890)";  <The 
Witch  of  Prague'  (1891);  <Khaled'  (1891) ; 
<The  Three  Fates'  (1892);  <Love  in  Idleness' 
(1894);  <  Katharine  Lauderdale,' and  its  sequel 
< The  Ralstons '  (1895);  <  Casa  Braccio'  (1895); 
Taquisara'  (1896);  <A  Rose  of  Yesterday' 
(1897);  <Corleone>  (1897) ;  <  Ave  Roma  Immor- 
talis'  (1898);  <  In  the  Palace  of  the  King '(1900); 
<The  Rulers  of  the  South' (1901);  <  Marietta,  a 
Maid  of  Rome  '  (1901) ;  <  The  Heart  of  Rome' 
(1903);  <  Venetian  Gleanings'  (1905);  <  Are- 
thusa'(i907)  ; '  The  Little  City  of  Hope'  (1907). 
He  died  at  Sorrento,  April  9,  1909. 

Crawford,  Louise  Macartney.  An  Ameri- 
can author  ;  born  in  London,  1808.  Her  most 
famous  song  is  <  Kathleen  Mavourneen,'  er- 
roneously attributed  to  Frederick  Crouch. 

Crawford,  Mary  Caroline,  an  American  au- 
thoress born  in  1874.  She  is  a  close  student  of 
sociology  and  of  New  England  romance,  and  an 
authority  on  the  higher  education  of  women 
in  America.  Her  writings  include  •  The  Ro- 
mance of  Old  New  England  Churches'  (1903) ; 
<The  College  Giri  of  America'  (1904);  <  St. 
Botolph's  Town '  (1909). 

CrSbillon,  Claude  Prosper  Jolyot  de  (kra- 
be-yon'),  the  Younger.  A  French  novelist,  son 
of  P.  J. ;  bom  in  Paris,  Feb.  14,  1707 ;  died 
there,  April  12,  1777.  Author  of  several  licen- 
tious novels ;  personally  his  life  was  above 
reproach.  For  certain  strictures  on  the  Papal 
bull  <*  Unigenitus "  in  one  of  these  novels,  he 
was  immured  for  a  time  in  the  Bastille.  To 
the  most  objectionable  of  all  his  stories  he  gave 
the  title  <  Sopha :  A  Moral  Tale,'  after  the  man- 
ner of  other  impure  writers.  He  possesses  a 
rich  invention,  and  his  characters  are  drawn 
by  a  master's  hand ;  his  style  is  elegant  and 
refined  almost  to  unintelligibility. 

Cr^biUon,  Prosper  Jolyot  de.  A  noted 
French  dramatist;  bom  at  Dijon,  Jan.  13,  1674; 
died  in  Paris,  June  14,  176Z  His  plays  include : 
•The  Death  of  Brutus's  Children ' ;  <  Idomeneus  > 


(1705);  <Atreus  and  Thyestes'  (1707);  <Elec- 
tra'  (1708) ;  <  Rhadamistus  and  Z^nobia'  (1711); 
< Xerxes'  (1714);  <Semiramis'  (1717);  <Pyr- 
rhus'  (1726);  <Catalina'  (1748);  etc. 

Cremer,  Jacobus  Jan  (kra'mar).  A  Dutch 
novelist  (1827-80);  born  at  Arnheim.  He  was 
a  painter,  but  quit  the  pencil  for  the  pen.  His 
series  of  <  Stories  of  Betuwe'  (a  rural  district) 
are  specimens  of  idiomatic  expression,  faithful 
portraiture,  and  unsophisticated  humor.  The 
same  traits  distinguish  all  his  works ;  but  he 
is  at  his  best  amid  rural  scenes.  He  published 
a  volume  of  < Poems'  (1873). 

Crespo,  Antonio  Candido  Gongalvea  (kres'- 
po).  A  Portuguese  poet ;  bom  of  a  slave  mother 
at  Rio  Janeiro,  March  11,  1846;  died  at  Lisbon, 
June  II,  1883.  He  graduated  in  jurisprudence 
at  the  Coimbra  University,  but  devoted  him- 
self almost  exclusively  to  the  Muses  at  Lisbon. 
He  published  only  two  small  volumes:  < Mini- 
atures' (1870) ;  <Nocturns>  (1882).  In  collabo- 
ration with  his  wife  Maria  Amalia  Vaz  de 
Cai-valho,  herself  a  notable  writer,  he  is  author 
of  <  Stories  for  our  Children'  (1882).  His  poems 
show  high  sensibility  and  great  power  of  poetic 
form  and  expression. 

Creuz,  Friedrlch  Karl  Easlmir,  Baron  von 

(kroits).  A  German  poet  and  philosophei 
(1724-70);  bom  at  Homburg  vor  der  Hohe. 
He  is  author  of  several  works  on  archaeology 
and  philology.  He  wrote  a  philosophical 
poem,  <  The  Graves,'  a  work  of  considerable 
merit,  showing  the  influence  of  Young's  <  Night 
Thoughts.'     He  published  several  volumes  of 

<  Odes  and  Lays ' ;  and  a  tragedy,  <  The  Dying 
Seneca.' 

Crockett,  David.  A  noted  American  pio- 
neer, hunter,  politician,  and  humorist;  bom  at 
Limestone,  Tenn.,  Aug.  17,  1786 ;  killed  at  Fort 
Alamo,  San  Antonio,  Texas,  March  16,  836.  He 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee ; 
served  in  the  Texan  war ;  and  was  one  of  the 
eccentric  characters  of  the  Southwest,  about 
whom  numerous  stories  are  still  told, —  notably 
of  the  coon  who  voluntarily  agreed  to  ^<come 
down."  He  wrote  his  <  Autobiography '  (1834); 
<Tour  to  the  North  and  Down  East'  (1835)} 
< Sketches  and  Eccentricities'  (1847);  etc. 

Crockett,  Samuel  Rutherford.  A  Scotch 
novelist;  bom  in  Little  Duchrae,  Galloway,  in 
1862.  He  was  a  tutor  and  unive-:ity  pupil- 
teacher  at  an  early  age  ;  but  a  volume  of  verse, 

<  Dulce  Cor,'  and  <  The  Stickit  Minister,'  volume 
of  prose  stories,  showed  literature  to  be  his 
vocation.  <The  Raiders';  <Mad  Sir  Ughtred 
of  the  Hills';  <The  Lilac  Sun-Bonnet';  <The 
Men  of  the  Moss  Hags ' ;  <  Sweetheart  Travelers' ; 

<  Cleg  Kelly,  Arab  of  the  City ' ;  <  The  Grey  Man 
of  Auchendrayne,'  ;  <  An  adventurer  in  Spain ' ; 
and  <  Red  Cape  Tales,'  are  among  his  book# 

Crofifut,  William  Augustus.  An  Americai, 
prose-writer  and  poet ;  bom  in  Redding,  Conn., 
Jan.  29,  1835.  He  is  a  journalist  of  wide  ex- 
perience, having  been  connected  with  various 
newspapers.    His  works  include:  <A  Helping 


CROKER  —  CRUGER 


"5 


Hand>  (1861);  <A  Midsummer  Lark>  (1882); 
'Bourbon  Ballads';  <The  Folks  Next  Door>; 
and  <  The  Vanderbilts.*  He  has  long  been  con- 
nected with  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

Croker,  Jolrn  Wilson.  An  Irish  miscella- 
neous writer;  born  in  Galway,  Dec.  20,  1780; 
died  at  Old  Brompton,  Aug.  10,  1857.  His 
capacity  for  satire  revealed  itself  in  <An  Inter- 
cepted Letter  from  Canton,*  and  his  <  Songs  of 
Trafalgar*  spread  his  fame  as  a  poet.  Mac- 
aulay's  review  of  his  edition  of  Boswell's  <  Life 
of  Johnson,'  and  his  counterblast  upon  Mac- 
aulay's  <  History  of  England,'  are  among  the 
celebrities  of  literary  duels.  He  was  a  Tory 
politician  of  intense  fervor,  permanently  resign- 
ing his  seat  in  Parliament  because  of  the 
passage  of  the  Reform  Bill  of  1832. 

Croker,  Thomas  Crofton.  An  Irish  anti- 
quary and  folklorist;  born  in  Cork,  Jan.  15, 
1798;  died  at  Old  Brompton,  Aug.  8,  1854. 
•Researches  in  the  South  of  Ireland';  <  J  airy 
Legends';  and  < Legends  of  the  Lakes,  or  Say- 
ings and  Doings  at  Killarney,'  show  his  talent 
in  its  happiest  moods.  His  learning  was  pro- 
found and  accurate,  and  his  style  brilliant  and 
pleasing. 

Croly,  David  Goodman.  An  American  jour- 
nalist; born  in  New  York,  Nov.  3,  1829;  died 
there,  April  29,  1889.  He  was  at  different  times 
connected  with  various  prominent  New  York 
papers.  He  wrote:  <  Life  of  Horatio  Seymour' 
^1868);  <  History  of  Reconstruction'  (1868); 
'Glimpses  of  the  Future'  (1888);  etc. 

Croly,  George.  An  Irish  poet,  dramatist,  and 
novelist;  bom  in  Dublin,  Aug.  17,  1780;  died  in 
^^ondon,  Nov.  24,  i860.  His  works  include : 
Paris  in  1815'  (1817) ;  <The  Angel  of  the 
World'  (1820) ;  <May  Fair'  (1820)  ;  <Salathiel' 
(1829);  <Marston'  (1846);  <The  Modern  Or- 
lando' (1846);  <  Life  and  Times  of  George 
[V.> ;  and  others. 

Croly,  .Tane  (Cunningham).  ("Jennie June.") 
An  American  prose-writer,  wife  of  D.  G.  Croly ; 
bom  in  Market  Harborough,  England,  Dec.  19, 
1831;  died  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  23,  1901. 
From  i860  for  many  years  she  was  editor  of  W. 
J.  Demorest's  magazine,  and  was  also  editor  of 
others.  She  was  one  of  the  founders  of  «Sorosis» 
and  its  president  for  fourteen  years,  and  one 
of  the  most  active  promoters  of  the  Federation 
of  Woman's  Clubs.  She  published  :  <Talks 
on  Women's  Topics'  (1863)-  <For  Better  or 
Worse'  ( 1875 ) ;  and  <Three  Manuals  for  Work> 
(1885-89);  etc. 

Cronegk,  Johann  Friedrlch,  Baron  von 
(kro'nek).  A  German  dramatist  (1731-58); 
born  at  Ansbach.  Lessing  pronounced  his  ode 
<War'  one  of  the  finest  produced  in  that  day. 
His  tragedy  <Codrus'  won  a  prize  in  1757;  it 
is  admirable  for  its  smooth  and  stately  verse, 
but  it  lacks  the  true  poet's  inspiration.  He 
was  also  author  of  some  comedies,  didactic 
poems,  epigrams,  and  spiritual  songs. 

Crosby,  Howard.  A  distinguished  American 
Presbyterian  divine  and  educator;  bor»  ia  N»w 


York,  Feb.  27,  1826 ;  died  there,  March  29,  1891. 
He  was  chancellor  of  the  University  of  New 
York  1870-81 ;  one  of  the  New  Testament 
Revision  Committee ;  and  interested  in  every 
reform  of  his  day.  He  wrote:  < Lands  of  the 
Moslem'  (1850);  <Life  of  Jesus'  (1871);  -The 
Christian  Preacher'  (1880,  Yale  lectures  for 
1879-80);  etc. 

Crosswell,  William.  An  American  poet  and 
hymn-writer ;  born  in  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  7, 
1804 ;  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  9, 1851.  Many 
of  his  religious  poems  and  hj-mns  appeared  in 
the  collection  of  <  Poems,  Sacred  and  Secular,' 
edited  by  Arthur  Cleveland  Coxe  (1859). 

Crowe,  Catherine.  An  English  story-teller; 
born  (Stevens)  at  Borough  Green,  Kent,  about 
1800;  died  1876.  She  made  her  first  essay 
with  a  tragedy,  <  Aristodemus,'  and  then  turned 
to  prose  fiction.  <  Lily  Dawson'  (1847)  is  re- 
garded as  the  best  of  her  novels.  She  became 
an  ardent  devotee  of  spiritualism  and  animal 
magnetism,  and  in  1852  published  her  most 
notable  work,  ^The  Night  Side  of  Nature'  (2 
vols.,  1852). 

Crowe,  Eyre  Evans.  An  English  historian 
and  prose-writer;  bom   1799  ;  died  1868.     His 

<  History  of  France  1830-44'  is  well  known. 

Crowe,  Joseph  Archer.  An  English  historian 
of  art  and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  in  L.ondon, 
Oct.  20,  1825  ;  died  at  Gamburg,  Sept.  6,  1896. 
He  was  long  eminent  as  a  journalist,  and  for  a 
time  served  in  the  British  diplomatic  service.  His 
celebrity  rests  mainly  upon  the  <History  of  Paint- 
ing in  Italy'  ( 1 864-71),  the  most  important  work 
on  this  subject,  written  in  collaboration  with  G. 
B.  Cavalcaselle.  He  also  published  other  vol- 
umes on  art  subjects. 

Crowe,  William.  An  English  poet ;  bom  in 
Midgham,  Berkshire,  October  (?)  1745;  died  at 
Bath,  Feb.  9,  1829.  He  was  a  clergyman  and  the 
friend  of  Samuel  Rogers.    His  work,  especially 

<  Lewesdon  Hill,'  a  descriptive  poem,  was 
praised  by  Wordsworth,  Coleridge,  and  Moore 
as  noble  in  diction  and  elevating  in  imagery. 

Crowne,  John.  An  English  dramatist;  born 
in  Nova  Scotia,  about  1656;  died  at  London  (?) 
about    1703.     He   was   esteemed   at   court   fox 

<  Sii  Courtly  Nice,'  a  comedy. 

Cruden,  Alexander.  A  Scotch  writer;  bora 
in  Aberdeen,  1700;  died  1770.  He  was  noted 
for  his  eccentricity.  His  <  Concordance  to  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments'  is  the  familial 
authority  on  the  subject. 

Cruger,  Mrs.  Julia  Grinnell  (Storrow). 
wjulien  Gordon."  A  popular  American  novel- 
ist;  l)orn  in  France,  18 — .  Her  home  is  in  New 
York.     She  has  written  :  *  A  Diplomat's  Diary  > ; 

<  Mademoiselle   Rds^da  > ;    'A  Puritan  Pagan  '  ; 

<  Marionettes ' ;  <  A  Successful  man  ' ;  <  Vam- 
pires ' ;  <  Popptea  ' ;  '  World's  People  ' ;  *  Poems.' 

Cruger,  Mary.  An  American  novelist;  bora 
in  New  York  State.  1834.  Her  home  is  in  Mont- 
rose, N.  Y.  She  has  written:  <  Hyperaesthesia' 
(1885);   <A   Den   of    Thi«v«i>    (1886)  j   <Th« 


126 


CRUSENSTOLPE  —  CUNNINGHAM 


Vanderheyde  Manor  House  >  (1887);  <  How  She 
Did  It,  or  Comfort  on  $150  a  Year>  (1888); 
Brotherhood*  (1S91). 

Crusenstolpe,  Magnus  Jakob  (kro'zen-stol- 
pe).  A  Swedish  novelist  and  publicist  (1795"- 
1865).  He  won  considerable  distinction  with 
a  series  of  historico-romantic  tales,  *  Little 
Stories  > ;  but  his  fame  rests  mainly  ^u  his  work 
as  a  public  journalist,  historian,  biographer, 
and  politician.  His  works  of  fiction  became 
in  a  degree  political  or  progressist  pamphlets; 
e.  g.,  <The  Moor,  or  the  House  of  Holstein- 
Gottorp  in  Sweden.' 

Cruz,  Juana  Ines  de  la  (kroth).  A  Mexi- 
can poet  (1651-95).  Retiring  from  the  vice- 
regal court  at  the  age  of  17,  she  became  a  nun 
of  the  Hieronymite  order,  and  devoted  herself 
to  poetry,  music,  and  mathematics,  leading  at 
the  same  time  a  life  of  great  austerity.  Her 
writings  consist  of  songs,  dramas  (all  these 
except  two  on  religious  themes),  prologues,  and 
dramatic  sacred  allegories.  Her  contempora- 
ries styled  her  «the  Tenth  Muse»  and  <'the 
Mexican  Phoenix.» 

Cruz,  Ramon  de  la.  A  Spanish  dramatic 
poet  (1731-99)-  He  rescued  the  native  Spanish 
drama  from  an  inundation  of  French  influ- 
ence. A  marvelously  prolific  writer,  he  pro- 
duced some  300  pieces  ih  all  departments  of 
dramatic  composition.  But  of  them  all  only 
some  interludes  can  now  command  attention ; 
these  are  alive  in  every  line,  reflecting  with 
absolute  truth  the  life  of  the  lowest  orders. 

Cruz,  San  Juan  de  la.  (St.  John  of  the 
Cross.)  A  Spanish  mystic  and  poet  (1542-91). 
He  was  a  Cannelite  friar,  canonized  in  1674. 
His  prose  writings  on  the  inner  life  won  for 
him  the  title  « The  Ecstatic  Doctor »  ;  famous 
among  them  is  <  The  Soul's  Darksome  Night.> 
In  form  and  spirit  his  poetry  is  noble,  deep, 
and  inspired  by  profound  feeling.  His  com- 
plete < Spiritual  Works'  were  first  published 
in  1619,  and  in  a  12th  edition  1703. 

Crinkle,  Nym.    See  Wheeler. 

Cs&sz&r,  Ferencz  (cha'zar).  A  Hungarian 
poet  (1807-58).  His  <  Poems,'  mostly  sonnets 
in  the  Italian  style  and  nautical  songs,  entitle 
him  to  a  place  among  true  poets.  He  trans- 
lated several  works  of  Alfieri,  Beccaria,  Silvio 
Pellico,  and  other  Italian  writers,  into  Hun- 
garian. 

Csiky,  Gregor  (chek'e).  A  Hungarian  dram- 
atist (1842-91)  ;  born  at  Buda-Pesth.  He  wrote 
several  very  successful  comedies,  among  them 
<The  Oracle'  and  <  Suspicion.'  His  tragedies 
also  —  <  Janus ' ;  <  Spartacus ' ;  <  The  Magician '  — 
were  received  with  great  popular  favor.  He 
wrote  several  novels,  and  translated  plays  of 
Sophocles,  Euripides,  Plautus,  Moli^re,  and 
British  dramatists. 

Csokonay,  Vitez  Milia,ly  (cho'ko-noi).  A 
Hungarian  poet  (1773-1805).  He  drew  from 
the  well  of  the  national  poesy,  and  so  con- 
tributed to  the  formation  of  a  native  lyricism. 


His    principal    works    are:    'The    Hungarian 

Muse'  (1797) ;  'Dorothea,'  a  comic  epos  (1804); 
<Odes'  (1805);  <The  Shepherd  King'  (1806); 
'Anacreontics';  'Battle  of  Frogs  and  Mice.' 

Cuellar,  Jose  T.  de  (kwal'ar).  A  Mexican 
novelist,  dramatist,  and  poet ;  born  at  San  Luis 
Potosi,  Aug.  15,  1835.  His  reputation  rests 
mainly  on  his  novel  '  The  Sin  of  the  Century,' 
published  at  San  Luis  Potosi  in  1868.  His 
comedies  and  dramas  include :  '  Duties  and 
Sacrifices';  'Redemption';  and  'A  Voyage  to 
the  Orient.'  Among  his  novels  are :  '  Isolina, 
the  Ex-Ballet  Girl';  and  'Gabriel  the  Lock- 
smith.'    He  has  also  written  several  poems. 

Cueva,  Juan  de  la  (kwa'va).  A  Spanibh 
poet  (1550-1607);  born  at  Seville.  A  poet  at- 
tempting all  forms,  he  excelled  most  as  a  dra- 
matist :  he  is  one  of  the  founders  of  Spanish 
national  drama.  In  a  volume  of '  Works'  (1582) 
he  published  a  number  of  lyric  poems,  sonnets, 
songs,  and  elegies,  including  the  '  Lament  of 
Venus  over  Adonis';  noteworthy  is  his  'Phoe- 
bean  Chorus  of  Historical  Romances'  (1587). 
His  greatest  epic  is  'The  Conquest  of  Betica' 
(1603).  He  wrote  four  tragedies,  one  of  them 
on  <  The  Sack  of  Rom.e '  by  the  Constable 
Bourbon ;  and  ten  comedies,  one  of  the  best 
being  'The  Aged  Lever.' 

Cumberland,  Richard.  An  English  drama- 
tist, novelist,  essayist,  and  poet,  grandson  of 
Richard  Bentley ;  born  at  Cambridge,  Feb.  19, 
1732;  died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  May  7,  181 1. 
Of  good  family  and  the  highest  prospects,  he 
was  discredited  and  impoverished  in  public 
service,  and  made  literature  a  profession.  His 
comedies, '  The  West  Indian ' ;  <  The  Wheel  of 
Fortune ' ;  '  The  Jew ' ;  and  <  The  Fashionable 
Lover,'  are  an  epitome  of  the  culture  of  the 
time  ;  as  are  his  essays,  collected  under  the  title 
of  'The  Observer.'  He  wrote  novels,  tracts,  re- 
ligious and  didactic  poems,  not  now  important ; 
<  Anecdotes  of  Eminent  Painters  in  Spain ' ; 
'Memoirs'  (1806). 

Cummins,  Maria   Susanna.    An   American 

novelist;  born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  April  9,  1827; 
died  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  Oct.  i,  1866.  Her 
novel 'The  Lamplighter'  (1853)  had  enormous 
success  and  was  translated  into  foreign  lan- 
guages; it  is  still  remembered  for  the  idyllic 
charm  and  tenderness  of  its  first  few  chapters, 
but  the  rest  is  commonplace.  Her  other  books 
are  'Mabel  Vaughn'  (1857);  <E1  Fureidis> 
(i860);  'Haunted  Hearts'  (1863). 

Cunningham,  Allan.  A  Scottish  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  Keir,  Dumfries- 
shire, Dec.  7,  1784;  died  in  London,  Oct.  30 
(not  29),  1842.  When  a  youth  he  served  as 
an  apprentice  to  a  stone-mason ;  but  later  be- 
came a  reporter  in  London,  and  wrote  'Sir 
Marmaduke  Maxwell,'  a  dramatic  poem,  and 
'Lord  Roldan'  and  'Paul  Jones,'  interesting 
but  rather  theatrical  romances.  His  'Critical 
History  of  the  Literature  of  the  Last  Fifty 
Years'  and  other  books  prompted  Sir  Walter 
Scott  to  call  him  a  genius. 


CUPPLES  — CUVIER 


127 


Cupples,  George.  A  Scutch  sketch  and 
story  writer;  born  in  Legewood,  Aug.  2,  1822; 
died  Oct.  7,  1891.  In  <The  Green  Hand>  he 
gives  us  a  stirring  tale  of  the  sea;  while  his 
papers  on  outdoor  sports  and  tastes,  and  his 
essays  on  literary  topics,  denote  the  scholar 
and  man  of  true  feeling. 

Curtin,  Jeremiah.  An  American  linguist  and 
antiquarian  writer  ;  bom  in  Milwaukee,  1840. 
He  has  written  :  <  Myths  and  Folk-Lore  of  Ire- 
land ' ;  <  Tales  of  the  Fairies  and  the  Ghost 
World  >;  <  Myths  and  Folk-Tales  of  the  Rus- 
sians, Western  Slavs,  and  Magyars-;  etc.  He 
is  a  proficient  in  the  Slavic  tongues ;  has  made 
addresses  in  Czech,  and  translated  much  from 
Russian  and  Polish.     Died  Dec.  14,  1906. 

Curtis,  Mrs.  Caroline  Gardiner  (Cary). 
("Carroll  Winchester. *>)  An  American  novel- 
ist; bom  in  New  York  State,  1827.  Her  home 
is  in  Boston.  She  has  written :  <  From  Madge 
to  Margaret  >  (1880) ;  <The  Love  of  a  Lifetime  > 
(1883). 

Curtis,  George  Tlcknor.  An  American 
lawyer;  born  in  Massachusetts,  1812;  died 
March  28,  1894.  In  addition  to  his  eminence 
at  the  New  York  bar,  he  was  noted  as  the  author 
of  an  authoritative  <  History  of  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States  > ;  he  published  likewise : 

<  Digest  of  English  and  American  Admiralty 
Decisions' ;  <  American  Conveyancer > ;  <  Life  of 
James  Buchanan  >;  <Life  of  Daniel  Web.ster'; 

<  Creation  or  Evolution  > ;  and  <  John  Charaxes,' 
a  novel. 

Curtis,  George  William.  An  American 
author ;  bom  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Feb.  24,  1824 ; 
died  at  Staten  Island,  Aug.  31,  1892.  He  was 
an  early  abolitionist,  and  a  leader  in  the  Re- 
publican party  from  the  first ;  for  many  years 
the  editor  of  Harper's  Weekly,  and  the  writer  of 
the  <  Editor's  Easy  Chair  >  in  Harper's  Monthly, 
besides  the  <  Manners  upon  the  Road>  series  for 
Harper's  Bazar  (1867-73).  He  was  also  a  lect- 
urer of  great  popularity.     His  works  include  : 

<  Nile  Notes  of  a  FIowadji>  (1851) ;  <The  How- 
adji  in  Syria>  (1852);  'Lotus  Eating>  (1852); 
<Potiphar  Papers'  (1853) ;  <Prue  and  I>  (1856) ; 
< Trumps'  (1862);  and  others. 

Curtis,  William  Eleroy.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  writer  of  travels ;  born  in  Ohio,  1850. 
He  has  written  :  < Capitals  of  Spanish  America' 
(1888);  <The  Land  of  the  Nihilist'  (1888); 
< Japan  Sketches' ;  <  Venezuela' ;  <  Life  of  Zach- 
ariah  Chandler';  <The  Yankees  of  the  East'; 

<  The  True  Abraham  Lincoln ' ;  <  Modern  India.' 

Curtlus,  Ernst  (kor'tse-6s).  A  distinguished 
German  archseologist  and  historian ;  born  at 
Liibeck,  Sept.  2,  1814 ;  died  at  Berlin,  July  II, 
1896.  His  studies  were  devoted  to  Grecian  an- 
tiquity, and  he  visited  Greece  repeatedly  on 
scientific  missions.  In  < Peloponnesus'  (2  vols., 
1851)  he  gives  the  history  of  that  peninsula, 
its  traditions,  and  its  works  of  art.  His  'Greek 
History'  is  a  popularization  of  the  results  of 
scholarly  research,  and  is  written  in  a  pleasing 
and   popular  style.       His  works  on  <01ympia' 


and  other  ancient  cities  are  addressed  rather 
to  scholars  than  to  the  general  public. 

Gushing,  Caleb.  A  famous  American  jurist, 
statesman,  and  diplomatist;  bom  at  Salisburj-, 
Mass.,  Jan.  17,  1800 ;  died  at  Newbur>'port, 
Mass.,  Jan.  2,  1879.  He  was  United  States 
commissioner  to  China  (1843-44);  Attomey- 
General  (1853-57);  Counsel  before  the  Geneva 
arbitration  tribunal  (1871-72);  minister  to  Spain 
(1874-77).  He  published:  'Reminiscences  of 
Spain';  'Life  of  William  Henry  Harrison' 
(1840);  'History  of  Newburyport'  (1826);  etc. 

Custer,  Elizabeth  (Bacon).  An  American 
prose-writer;  bom  in  Monroe,  Mich.,  18 — ; 
wife  of  Gen.  George  A.  Custer.  She  is  author 
of  '  Boots  and  Saddles,  or  Life  in  Dakota 
with  General  Custer'  (1885);  'Tenting  on  the 
Plains,  or  General  Custer  in  Kansas  and 
Texas'  (1887);  and  'Following  the  Guidon.' 

Custine,  Astolphe,  Marquis  de  (kiis-ten'). 
A  French  novelist  and  writer  of  travels  (1790- 
1857)  ■>  born  near  Metz.  He  traveled  in  the 
British  Isles,  Switzerland,  and  Southern  Italy 
(1811-22),  and  afterward  in  Spain  and  Russia. 
The  results  of  his  observations  in  Russia 
were  of  considerable  importance,  and  were  pub- 
lished in  4  vols.,  1843.  He  wrote  a  tragedy, '  Bea- 
trice Cenci ' ;  and  some  romances,  among 
them  <  Aloysius,  or  the  Monk  of  St.  Bernard  > ; 
'  Romuald,  or  the  Vocation.'  His  'Letters  to 
Vamhagen  von  Ense  and  Rachel  Varnhaget 
von  Ense'  were  published  in  1870. 

Custis,    George    Washington   Parke.      An 

American  writer;  born  at  Mt.  Airy,  Md.,  April 
30,  1781 ;  died  at  Arlington  House,  Fairfax 
County,  Va.,  Oct.  10,  1857.  He  was  the  adopted 
son  of  George  Washington.  He  wrote  '  Recol- 
lections of  Washington'  (i860),  and  several 
plays  and  orations. 

Cutler,  Elbrldge  Jefiferson.  An  American 
educator  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in 
HoUiston,  Mass.,  Dec.  28,  1831 ;  died  in  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Dec.  27,  1870.  From  1865  until 
his  death  he  was  professor  of  modem  lan- 
guages at  Harvard.  His  contributions  ap- 
peared in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  and  other 
periodicals.  'War  Poems'  was  published  in 
1867,  and  'Stella'  in  1868. 

Cutler,  Mrs.  Lizzie  (Petit).  An  American 
novelist;  born  in  Virginia,  1836.  Her  home  is 
in  New  York.  She  has  written :  '  Light  and 
Darkness ' ;  '  Household  Mysteries,'  a  romance 
of  Southern  life;  'The  Stars  of  the  Crowd.' 

Cuvier,  Georges  Leopold  Chretien  Fr6d6- 
rlc  Dagobert  (kU-vya').  A  celebrated  French 
zoologist;  born  at  Montbdliard,  Aug.  23,  1769; 
died  at  Paris,  May  13,  1832.  His  first  great 
work,  fruit  of  most  laborious  researches,  was 
'Lectures  on  Comparative  Anatomy'  (5  vols., 
iSoi),  comprising  for  the  most  part  only  such 
points  of  molluscan  anatomy  as  he  himself 
had  developed.  It  was  the  same  with  all  his 
works :  they  are  records  of  most  painstaking 
labor    and   study.     His   grand   generalizationJ 


128 


CUYLER  — DA  COSTA 


on  the  facts  of  nature  appear  in  the  <  Discourse 
on  the  Revolutions  of  the  Earth's  Surface  and 
on  the  Changes  They  have  Brought  About  in 
the  Animal  Kingdom.'  His  master  work  is 
•The  Animal  Kingdom'  (4  vols.,  1817). 

Cuyler,  Theodore  Ledyard.  A  noted  Amer- 
ican Presbyterian  divine  and  miscellaneous 
writer;  bom  at  Aurora,  N.  Y..  Jan.  10,  1822. 
Besides  numerous  contributions  to  newspa- 
pers and  other  periodicals,  he  has  written. 
<  Heart  Life'  (1871).;  <rrom  the  Nile  to  Nor- 
way' (1881)  ;< Stirring  the  Eagle's  Nest'  (1890); 
Help  and  Good  Cheer'  (1902);  'Our  Christ- 
mastides  '  (1904). 

Cyrano  de  Bergerac,  Savinlen  (ser-a-no  de 
berzh-rak').  A  French  writer  of  literary  ex- 
travaganzas (1619-55);  born  at  Paris.  He  was 
a  famous  duelist,  and  fought  more  than  a 
thousand  single  combats,  most  of  them  pro- 
voked by  comments  on  his  enormously  over- 
grown nose.  In  style  and  composition  he  is 
without  taste  or  judgment;  but  he  is  always 
sprightly  and  fanciful,  often  witty  and  ingen- 
ious. Boileau  noted  his  <<  daring  burlesque." 
He  wrote :  <  Letters,'  amorous  or  satirical ;  a 
'Comic  History  of  the  States  and  Empire  of 
the  Moon,'  and  another  <Of  the  Sun,'  both 
full  of  metaphysical  and  satirical  passages  in 
the  vein  later  made  famous  by  Swift,  to  whom 


they  are  thought  to  have  suggested  <  Gulliver.' 
His  one  tragedy,  <Agrippina,'  evinces  great 
dramatic  power ;  he  wrote  also  a  clever  comedy, 
<The  Pedant  Laughing-Stock.' 

Czajkovskl,  Michal  (chi-kov'ske).  A  Polish 
novelist  (1808-76).  He  entered  the  Turkish 
army  in  1851,  embraced  Mohammedanism  and 
rose  to  high  rank  (Pasha  Sadyk) ;  later  he 
went  back  to  the  Ukraine  and  conformed  to 
the  Russo-Greek  religion.  He  struck  a  new 
and  original  vein  in  fiction-writing.  The  force 
and  fire  of  his  characterizations  are  extraor- 
dinary. His  greatest  work  is  <Vernyhora,'  a 
historical  novel  of  the  year  1768,  which  has 
been  translated  into  nearly  all  the  languages 
of  Europe.  Hardly  less  celebrated  is  'The 
Hetman  of  the  Ukraine.' 

Czuczor,  Gergely  (tso  tsor  or  cho'chor).  A 
Hungarian  poet  and  philologist  (1800-66).  His 
two  fine  hero-ballads,  'The  Battle  of  Augs- 
burg' (1824)  and  'The  Diet  of  Arad'  (1828), 
brought  him  instant  celebrity.  He  was  a  Bene- 
dictine monk,  and  the  eroticism  of  the  first 
collection  of  his  'Poetical  Works'  (1836) 
brought  on  him  stern  animadversion  from  his 
superiors.  In  1848  he  published  'Reveil,'  a 
passionate  appeal  to  Hungarian  national  sen- 
timent, and  was  imprisoned  for  it. 


D 


Daae,  Ludvig  (da'e).  A  Norwegian  his- 
torian ;  born  in  Aremark,  near  Frederikshald, 
Dec.  7,  1834.  He  has  paid  particular  atten- 
tion to  the  annals  of  his  own  country;  his 
best-known  works  being :  *  Norwegian  Village 
Legends'  (1870-72);  'Norway's  Saints'  (1879); 
'The  Migrations  of  the  Norsemen  to  Holland 
and  England'  (1880);  and  others  in  this  field. 

Dabney,  Robert  Lewis.  An  American  prose- 
writer  ;  born  in  Louisa  County,  Va.,  March  5> 
1820.  He  was  a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  and 
since  1883  has  filled  the  chair  of  moral  phi- 
losophy in  the  University  of  Texas.  Dr.  Dab- 
ney has  published :  '  Life  of  General  T.  J. 
(Stonewall)  Jackson'  (1864);  'Sacred  Rhetoric' 
(1866);  '  Sensualistic  Philosophy'  (1878);  and 
'The  Christian  Sabbath'  (1881).  'Collected 
Discussions  '  is  one  of  his  late  works.    D.  1898. 

Dabney,  Virginius.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  at  Elmington,  Va.,  Feb.  15,  1835. 
His  publication  of  'The  Story  of  Don  Miff, 
as  Told  by  his  Friend,  John  Bouche  Whacker, 
a  Symphony  of  Life'  (1886),  reached  its  fourth 
edition  in  six  months.  He  also  published  '  Gold 
that  Did  not  Glitter.' 

Daboll,  Nathan.  An  American  educator 
and  writer;  born  about  1750 ;  died  in  Groton, 
Conn.,  March  9,  1818.  He  wrote  the  'School- 
master's Assistant'  (1799)  and  the  'Practical 
Navigator.'  He  is  best  known  for  his  share 
in  the  universally  used  'New  England  Al- 
manac,' which  he  began  in  1773. 


Daboll,  Nathan.  An  American  writer ;  born 
in  Connecticut,  1782;  died  1863.  He  was  son 
of  the  preceding,  and  compiled  the  '  New  Eng- 
land Almanac '  begun  by  his  father.  He  is 
the  author  of  '  Daboll's  New  Arithmetic,'  long 
a  terror  to  the  American  schoolboy. 

Dach,  Simon  (dach).  A  German  lyrist 
(1605-59) ;  born  at  Memel.  His  numerous 
hymns  and  songs  are  found  in  various  collec- 
tions, his  hymns  especially  in  the  '  Spiritual 
Arias'  of  Heinrich  Albert.  He  wrote  several 
occasional  poems  in  honor  of  the  Electoral 
House  of  Brandenburg, —  'Electoral  Branden- 
burgian  Rose,  Eagle,  Lion,  and  Sceptre.'  He 
often  followed  his  native  poetic  bent,  disre- 
garding the  hard  and  fast  rules  of  the  poetic 
schools  of  his  time ;  and  then  he  was  spon- 
taneous, natural,  and  spoke  directly  to  the 
popular  heart.  His  <  Annie  of  Tharau,'  a  Low- 
German  lay  for  the  wedding  of  his  friend  Par- 
son Portatius  with  Anna  Neander,  became  a 
popular  favorite;  his  'Praise  of  Friendship' 
seems  to  belong  to  a  better  age ;  and  his  spir- 
itual songs,  '  In  Thy  Control,  O  Lord,'  '  Be 
Comforted,  my  Soul,'  etc.,  are  hardly  surpassed 
by  any  compositions  of  his  day. 

Da  Costa,  Izaak  (da  kos'ta).  A  Dutch  poet 
and  theologian ;  born  at  Amsterdam,  Jan.  14, 
1798 ;  died  at  Leyden,  April  28,  i860.  Among 
his  works  are:  'Prometheus'  (1820);  'Poems' 
(1821-22);  'Gala  Songs'  (i82i8)-;  wid  'Hagar' 
(1840). 


DACRE— DALL 


139 


Dacre,  Barbarina  Brand,  Lady.  An  Eng- 
lish poet  and  dramatist;  born  (Ogle)  1768; 
died  in  London,  May  17,  1854.  Her  singular 
gifts  and  her  faculty  for  poetic  imagery  are 
richly  shown  in  <  Gonzalvo  of  Cordova*  (1810); 
a  drama,  <  Pedarias*  (1811),  a  tragedy  of  ancient 
Peruvian  civilization ;  and  the  five-act  master- 
piece <Ina';  in  addition  to  which  a  series  of 
'  Translations  from  the  Italian  *  are  both  spirited 
and  accurate. 

Daems,  Servaas  Domien  (dams).  A  Flem- 
ish poet ;  born  at  IVoorderwyk,  about  1838. 
His  verse  is  seen  at  its  best  in  the  collection 
called  <  Luit  en  Fluit  >  (1884).    Died  1903. 

Dahl,  Konrad  Neuman  Hjelm  (dal).  A 
Norwegian  story-teller;  born  in  the  parish  of 
Drontheim,  June  24,  1843.  He  is  author  of  a 
series  of  stories  and  novels  of  Norwegian  and 
Lapp  life,  with  much  insight  into  nature  and 
into  the  heart  of  the  people.  Most  notable 
among  them  are:  < The  Finnish  Youth*  (1873); 
<The  Lion>  (1874);  <Eda  Mansika>  (1875); 
*  The  Voyager  in  the  Icy  Sea  > ;  <  Lonely  People.* 

Dahl  or  Dal,  Dalj,  Vladimir  Ivanovitch 
(dal).  A  Russian  story-writer  and  etymologist; 
born  in  Lugan,  No- .  22,  1801 ;  died  in  Mos- 
cow, Oct.  4,  1S72.  He  wrote  many  powerful 
realistic  tales,  besides  an  <  Expository  Diction- 
ary of  <  The  Li\ing  Russian  Languages*  (1661- 
68)  and  a  dictiunary  of  proverbs. 

Dablgren,  Fredrik  August  (dai'gren).  A 
Swedish  poet  and  diamatist  ;  bom  at  Taberg, 
Sept.  20,  1816  ;  died  at  Djurshoim,  Feb.  16, 
1895.  He  wrote  many  dialect  songs  and  bal- 
lads, collections  of  which  were  published  in  three 
volumes  (1876).  These  have  attained  an  extra- 
ordinary degree  of  popularity.  Of  his  dramas 
many  were  very  successful  ;  his  <  Vermlandin- 
garne,'  a  nmsical  drama  (1846),  had  more  than 
100  consecutive  representations.  He  translated 
many  dramas  from  foreign  languages,  and  wrote 
a  history  of  the  Swedish  stage. 

Dahlgren,  Karl  Fredrili.  A  Swedish  poet 
and  humorist  (1791-1844);  born  at  Stensbruk 
in  East  Gothland.  He  excelled  in  descriptions 
of  nature  and  in  the  idyllic  burlesque.  Many 
of  his  sonps  and  ballads  have  a  permanent 
place  in  tne  treasury  of  Swedish  popular  song. 
For  years  he  published  a  Muses'  Almanac,  con- 
taining his  stories  and  comic  sketches.  His 
novel  <Nahum  Fredrik  Bergstrom's  Chronicle* 
(1831)  is  a  work  of  distinguished  merit. 

DaMgreu,  Madeleine  Vinton.  An  American 
])r.'sc- writer  and  poet,  wife  of  Admiral  Dahlgren; 
bo'-n  in  Gallipolis,  O.,  about  1835;  died  at  Wash- 
ington, May  28,  1898.  Her  works  include: 
<Idealitres)  (1859);  <South  Sea  Sketches*  (1881); 
<Etiquette  of  Social  Life  in  Washington  *  ( 1881); 
'Memoirs  of  John  A.  Dahlgren*  (1882);  <The 
Lost  Name*;  and  <Lights  and  Shadows  of  a 
Life*  (1886).  For  her  Spanish  translation  of 
Donoso  Cortes' s  <  Catholicism,  Liberalism,  and 
Socialism,*  she  received  the  thanks  of  Pius  IX. 

DaMmann,  Friedrich  Christoph  (dayman). 
A.    German    historian   and   publicist ;    bom    in 


Wismar,  May  13,  1785 ;  died  in  Bonn,  Dec.  5, 
i860.  His  attainments  and  popularity  gave 
him  great  influence  in  Hanoverian  politics,  but 
he  lost  his  professorship  at  Gottingen  because 
or  his  liberal  opinions,  and  after  many  vicissi- 
tudes devoted  himself  to  historical  writing. 
His  <  History  of  the  English  Revolution*  (1844) 
and  <  History  of  the  French  Revolution*  (1845) 
are  magnificent  studies ;  but  it  is  in  the  <  His- 
tory of  Denmark  (1840-43)  that  his  powers  are 
most  brilliantly  displayed. 

Dahn,  Felix  (dan).  A  distinguished  German 
poet,  novelist,  and  historian ;  bom  at  Ham- 
burg, Feb.  9,  1834.  He  was  professor  of  juris- 
prudence successively  in  the  universities  of 
Munich,  Wiirtzburg,  Konigsberg,  and  Breslau. 
Among  his  historical  works  is  <  The  Kings  of 
the  Germans,*  his  masterpiece  in  this  depart- 
ment (6  vols.,  1861-71).  He  is  author  also  of 
many  tractates  on  the  jurispmdence  of  the 
ancient  Germans,  and  the  civil  and  criminal 
law  and  procedure  of  modern  German  States. 
He  has  also  written  epic  and  lyric  poems  re- 
markable for  strong  thought,  wide  horizon,  and 
verbal  richness.  Of  the  epics  may  be  named 
<  Harald  and  Theano'  (1856);  of  the  lyrics, 
'Ballads  and  Songs*  (1878).  He  is  author  also 
of  several  historical  novels,  uniting  profound 
scholarship  with  poetic  fancy;  foremost  among 
them  <The  Struggle  for  Rome*  (1876),  with 
scene  laid  in  the  6th  century.  He  has  written 
stories  of  contemporary  life  as  well ;  and  dra- 
mas, as  'German  Fidelity*  ;  'King  Roderick,* 
and  'Markgrave  Riideger  of  Bechelaren.* 

D'Alembert.    See  Alembert. 

Dalin,  Olof  von  (dal'in).  A  distinguished 
Swedish  poet  and  historian,  "  father  of  modem 
Swedish  literature  ** ;  bom  at  Vinberga,  in  Hal- 
lap  d,  August  29,  1708 ;  died  Aug.  12, 1763.  He 
found  Swedish  poetry  over-austere  and  melan- 
choly ;  he  infused  into  it  a  sense  of  the  joy  of 
existence.  He  at  the  same  time  enriched  the 
Swedish  mother  tongue  with  elements  of  vocab- 
ulary and  forms  of  expression  from  foreign 
languages  and  literatures,  which  to  some  ex- 
tent modified  the  native  speech.  The  influence 
of  the  study  of  the  French  classical  drama  is 
seen  in  his  epic  poem  'Sweden's  Liberties* 
(1742),  his  drama  'Brynhilda*  (1738),  and  his 
comedy  'The  Jealous  Man*  (1738).  But  in 
his  numerous  songs  and  ballads  he  is  a  Swede, 
with  a  rich  fund  of  humor.  His  '  History  of 
the  Kingdom  of  Sweden  *  (4  vols.),  reaching 
to  the  death  of  Charles  IX.,  holds  an  honorable 
place  in  Swedish  historical  literature. 

Dall,  Caroline  Wells.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  June  22,  l822. 
She  has  been  an  industrious  literary  worker, 
and  is  the  author  of  many  books,  in  which 
are  included:  'Essays  and  Sketches*  (1849); 
'Woman's  Right  to  Labor*  (i860);  'Egypt's 
Place  in  History*  (1868);  'Patty  Gray's  Jour- 
ney to  the  Cotton  Islands  * ;  and  <  What  We 
Really  Know  about  Shakespeare*  (1S85). 

Dall,  William  Healey.  An  American  nat- 
uralist and  author;  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Aug. 


i30 


DALLAS  — DANA 


21,  1845 ;  is  a  member  of  many  of  the  scien- 
tific societies  at  home  and  abroad.  His  scien- 
tific articles  include  about  two  hundred  titles. 
Among  his  published  books  are  :  *  Alaska  and 
its  Resources  >  (1870) ;  <  The  Currents  and  Tem- 
peratures of  Bering  Sea  and  the  Adjacent 
Waters>  (1882);  and  'Report  on  the  Mollusca, 
Brachypoda,  and  Pelecypoda'of  the  Blake  dredg- 
ing expedition  in  the  West  Indies  1 18S0).  He  has 
further  published  <  Pacific  Coast  Pilot  *  and  <Coast 
Pilot  of  Alaska  > ;  <  Alaska  and  its  Resources.* 

Dallas,  Robert  Charles.  An  English  poet, 
novelist,  and  dramatist;  born  in  Kingston, 
Jamaica,  1754;  died  in  Normandy,  France,  1824. 
His  publications  include:  <  Poems  >;  <  Lucretia,* 
a  tragedy  >;  <  Moral  Essays'  (1797);  <  Aubrey,* 
a  novel ;  and  <  The  Morlands,  Tales  Illustrat- 
ive of  the  Simple  and  the  Surprising*  (1805). 
He  was  both  friend  and  adviser  of  Lord  Byron, 
and  in  the  last  year  of  his  life  published  <  Recol- 
lections of  the  Life  of  Lord  Byron  from  1808 
to  the  End  of  1814.* 

Dair  Ongaro,  Francesco  (dal'ong-gar'o). 
An  Italian  poet  (1808-73);  bom  at  Mansue 
in  Treviso.  He  was  a  priest ;  being  also  an  ar- 
dent patriot,  he  came  into  disfavor  with  the 
ecclesiastical  and  civil  authorities  at  Padua, 
and  was  suspended  from  priestly  functions. 
In  1848  he  took  part  in  the  revolutionary  move- 
ment, and  after  its  suppression  was  an  exile 
till  1859.  His  voluminous  writings,  both  prose 
and  verse,  are  in  part  literary,  in  part  politi- 
cal, but  all  inspired  by  liberalism  and  patriotic 
sentiment.  His  principal  works  are:  'Poems* 
(2  vols.,  1840);  several  dramas — one  of  them, 
<  Bianca  Capello,*  written  for  Ristori ;  some 
comedies ;  several  novels ;  besides  legendary 
stories,  hymns,  and  several  popular  ballads. 

Dalrymple,  Sir  David,  Lord  Halles.  A 
Scotch  jurist  and  historian ;  born  in  Edinburgh, 
Oct.  28,  1726 ;  died  Nov.  29,  1792.  He  was  on 
the  bench  for  many  years.  His  writings  include 
'Annals  of  Scotland,*  a  valuable  work,  embra- 
cing the  period  from  Malcolm  Canmore  to  the 
accession  of  the  house  of  Stuart. 

Dalseme,  Achille  (dal-sam').  A  French 
journalist,  topical  writer,  and  novelist;  born  in 
Nice,  Sept.  4,  1840.  He  connected  himself  with 
various  political  sheets  in  the  capital,  and 
wrote:  'Claude's  Folly*  (1884),  'The  Sins  of 
Themis*  (1889),  and  other  studies  of  contem- 
porary manners;  'The  Bazaine  Affair*  (1873); 
and  'The  Art  of  War*  (1883),  a  collection  of 
light  sketches. 

Daly,  Charles  Patrick.  An  American  jurist 
and  author;  born  in  New  York  city,  Oct.  31, 
1816  ;  died  near  Sag  Harbor,  L.  I.,  Sept.  19, 
1899.  He  had  a  distinguished  career,  becom- 
ing justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  in  1844, 
first  judge  of  the  court  in  1857,  and  chief  justice 
in  187 1,  retiring  in  1886.  He  was  president 
of  the  American  Geographical  Society.  His 
works  include  :  '  First  Settlement  of  Jews  in 
North  America  >;  '  What  We  Know  of  Maps 
and  Map  Drawing  before  Mercator  * ;  and  simi- 
lar investigations. 


Daly,  [John]  Angnstin.  An  American  dram- 
atist, and  proprietor  of  Daly's  Theatre,  New 
York  ;  born  in  Plymouth,  N.  C,  July  20,  1838  ; 
died  in  Paris,  June  7,  1899.  Among  his  plays 
are  :  <  Divorce  *  ;  <  Pique  > ;  <  Horizon  *  ;  <  Under 
the  Gaslight  > ;  and  a  story  called  <  Peg  Woffing- 
ton,  a  Tribute  to  the  Actress  and  the  Woman.' 

Dana,  Charles  Anderson.  An  eminent 
American  journalist  and  man  of  letters ;  born 
at  Hinsdale,  N.  H.,  Aug.  8,  1819;  died  at 
Dosoris,  Long  Island,  Oct.  17,  1897.  Studied 
at  Harvard.  In  1842  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Brook  Farm  Association.  His  first  journalistic 
experience  was  in  Boston.  From  1847  until 
1862  he  was  managing  editor  of  the  New  York 
Tribune ;  he  was  Assistant  Secretary  of  War 
in  1S63  and  until  the  close  of  the  war.  The 
New  York  Sun  was  reorganized  in  1868,  from 
which  year  until  his  death  he  was  its  editor. 
W^ith  George  Ripley  he  edited  'The  American 
Cyclopedia*  (1857-63;  revised  edition  was  pub- 
lished in  1873-76);  he  also  edited  'The  House- 
hold Book  of  Poetry*  (1857),  of  which  many 
editions  have  been  printed.  His  war  remi- 
niscences are  now  (1897)  being  published. 

Da,na,  James  Dwight.  An  American  scien- 
tist ;  born  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  12,  181 3  ;  died 
at  New  Haven,  April  14,  1895.  His  researches 
into  geology  made  him  famous,  and  his  professor- 
ship at  Yale  proved  epoch-making  in  the  history 
of  that  seat  of  learning.  He  published:  'System 
of  Mineralogy';  'Manual  of  Mineralogy*;  'Text- 
Book  of  Geology*;  'Corals  and  Coral  Islands*; 
<The  Geological  Story  Briefly  Told*;  etc. 

Dana,  Mrs.  Mary.    See  Shindler. 

Dana,  Richard  Henry,  the  Elder.  An 
American  poet  and  essayist ;  born  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Nov.  15,  1787;  died  Feb.  2,  1879. 
His  lectures  on  Shakespeare's  characters,  de- 
livered in  the  principal  cities  of  the  Atlantic 
coast  (1839-40),  awakened  a  deep  public  inter- 
est. His  principal  poems  are:  'The  Change 
of  Home*  (1824);  'The  Dying  Raven*  (1825); 
'The  Buccaneers*  (1827),  specially  noteworthy 
for  its  magnificent  descriptions  of  the  vicissi- 
tudes of  ocean  scenery.  To  a  periodical  pub- 
lication. The  Idle  Man  (N.  Y.,  1821-22),  of  which 
he  was  editor,  he  contributed  critical  papers 
and  several  short  stories ;  among  them  '  Paul 
Fenton,*  and  '  Edward  and  Mary.* 

Dana,  Richard  Henry,  the  Younger.  A  dis- 
tinguished American  publicist,  son  of  R.  H. 
the  Elder;  born  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Aug.  i, 
1815 ;  died  Jan.  6,  1882.  Obliged  to  suspend  col- 
lege studies  because  of  an  affection  of  the  e)'es, 
he  shipped  as  a  seaman  on  board  a  whaling 
vessel.  His  observations  during  the  two  years 
of  his  life  as  a  common  sailor  are  contained 
in  his  celebrated  narrative  'Two  Years  Before 
the  Mast*  (1837).  Returning  to  Boston,  he 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In 
1841  he  published  '  The  Seaman's  Friend,*  oftep 
afterward  republished  under  the  title  '  The  Sea' 
man's  Manual.*  He  details  his  experiences  and 
observations  during'  a  vL^it  to  Cuba,  in  the  little 


DANA— DARLEY 


»3i 


volume  <  To  Cuba  and  Back  >  (1859).    He  edited 
Wheaton's   'Elements   of    International    Law> 
(1866),  and  wrote  a  series  of  <  Letters  on  Ital- 
ian Unity  >  (1871).  ,  ,   , 
Danby,  Frank;  anLnglishnovehst;  born  July 

30, 1S64.  She  wrote  :  *  A  Babe  in  Bohemia  >  (1882); 

<  Pigs  in  Clover  *  (1902 j  ;  <  Sebastian  >  (1909J. 

Dancourt  faan-Kor;,  properly  Florent  Car- 
ton. A  French  plaj'wright  and  dramatic  artist 
(1661-1725);  born  at  F^ontainebleau.  His  best 
low  comedies  or  farces  are :  '  The  Fashionable 
Chevalier  > ;  <  The  Winsome  Gardener.*  He  pre- 
sents village  life  with  perfect  truth,  and  is  mas- 
ter of  village  patois.  Voltaire  ranks  him  next 
after  Moliere  for  low  comedy. 

Dandliker,  Karl  (den'dlik-er).  A  Swiss  his- 
torian ;  born  in  Rorbas,  Ziirich,  May  6,  1849. 
/Vmong  his  works  are  :  <  Manual  of  the  History 
of  the  Swiss  People  >  (1875),  and  <  Smaller  His- 
tory of  Switzerland*  (1889); '  History  of  Switzer- 
land >  (1900 1 . 

Daneo,  Giovanni  (dan'a-o).  An  Italian 
dramatist ;  born  at  St.  Remy  in  Piedmont,  May 
16,  1824.  He  wrote  some  dramas  of  very  con- 
siderable merit:  <Suleika*;  < Elisa  di  Montal- 
pino  > ;  also  novels  :  <  Memoirs  of  a  GentlemsUi  > 
and  <The  Castle  of  Bardespina.*  His  poetical 
works  consist  of  two  volumes  of  miscellaneous 

<  Poems*    and    <  Verses,*    with    'Gotama*    and 

<  Rafaello    Sanzio.* 

Danfortli,  Samuel.  An  American  clergyman 
of  learning  and  influence.  He  was  born  in 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  Dec.  18,  1666,  and  died  in 
Taunton,  Mass.,  Nov.  14,  1727.  For  a  long 
period  he  was  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
Church  at  Taunton,  Mass.,  and  during  a  reli- 
gious awakening  wrote  three  famous  descript- 
ive letters.  He  published  a  <  Eulogy  on 
Thomas  Leonard*  (1713) ;  < Essay  Concerning 
the  Singing  of  Psalms*  (1723);  and  prepared 
an  Indian  dictionary  now  the  property  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

Dangeau,  Philippe  de  Courcillon,  Marquis 
de  (dan-g5').  A  French  writer  of  memoirs; 
born  in  1638;  died  in  Paris  (?)  in  1720.  He 
was  one  of  the  courtiers  about  Louis  XIV.; 
his  <  Memoirs  *  and  <  Journal,*  particularly  as  re- 
gards the  period  between  1684  and  1720,  being 
a  rich  mine  from  which  much  history  has  been 
quarried. 

Daniel,  Samuel.  An  English  poet,  historian, 
and  rhyming  chronicler ;  born  near  Taunton, 
Somersetshire,  1562 ;  died  near  Beckington, 
Wiltshire,  October  1619.  He  was  conspicuous 
at  the  courts  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I.,  writing 
a  rhymed  <  History  of  the  Civil  Wars  between 
the  Houses  of  York  and  Lancaster*  (1595), 
and  a  prose  < History  of  England*  (to  Edward 
III.:  1613-18).  His  style  as  a  sonneteer  and 
lyrist  appears  in  the  collection  named  <  Delia* 
(1592). 

Daniels,  Mrs.  Cora  (Linn).  An  American 
novelist ;  born  in  1852.  She  resides  at  Frank- 
lin, Mass.,  and  has  written  :  <  Sardia,  a  Story  of 
Love  * ;  ♦  As  It  Is  to  Be  * ;  <  Psychical  Philosophy.* 

Daniels,  William  Haven.  An  American 
prose-writer ;    born    in    Franklin,    Mass.,    May 


18,  1836.  His  literary  works  are:  <That  Bov: 
Who  Shall  Have  Him?*  (1878);  <The  Tem- 
perance Reform  and  its  Great  Reformers  * 
(1878);  < Moody,  his  Words,  Work,  and  Work- 
ers* (1879) ;  and  <A  Short  History  of  the  People 
Called  Methodist*  (1882). 

Danilevskij,  Grigdrij  Petr6vicli  (dan-el- 
ef'ske).  A  Russian  story-teller  (1S29-90);  born 
at  Danilovka  in  the  government  of  Charkof. 
His  stories  are  either  descriptive  of  ethnograph- 
ical peculiarities,  and  on  that  account  specially 
valuable,  or  they  are  historical  novels.  To  the 
former  class  belong :  •  The  Refugees  * ;  <  The 
Refugees'  Return  * ;  <  Liberty.*  His  principal 
historical  novels  are  :  <  Mirowitsh  > ;  <  The  Burn- 
ing of  Moscow*;  <The  Black  Year.* 

Dannelly,  Mrs.  Elizabetn  Otis  (Marshall). 

An  American  Southern  verse-writer.  She  was 
bom  in  Georgia  in  1838.  She  has  written : 
< Cactus,  or  Thorns  and  Blossoms*;  < Wayside 
Flowers.* 

Dante  Alighieri  (dan'te  al-e-gya're).  The 
greatest  of  Italian  poets;  born  in  Florence, 
1265  ;  died  in  Ravenna,  Sept.  14, 1321.  His  chief 
works  are  :  *  Poems  * ;  <  The  New  Life  *  ;  '  The 
Banquet';  <  On  Monarchy*;  '  .\  Guide  to  Pn- 
etical  Literature* ;  and  *  The  Divine  Comed\.' 

Da  Ponte,  Lorenzo.  An  Italian  dramatist 
and  author;  born  in  Venice,  March  10,  1741J; 
died  in  New  York,  Aug.  17,  1838.  He  wrote 
the  libretti  for  Mozart's  operas  <  Don  Giovanni' 
and  <  Figaro.*  He  came  to  America  in  1805, 
and  in  1828  was  professor  of  Italian  in  Colum- 
bia College.  He  wrote  many  plays,  soimet.s, 
and  translations,  and  published  several  \\(jrks 
of  mstruction  in  the  Italian  language ;  also  his 
own  <Life*  (1823);  <  History  of  the  Florentine 
Republic  and  the  Medici*  (1833). 

D'Arblay,  Madame.     See  Burney. 

Dargan,  Clara  Victoria.  (Mrs.  Maclean.) 
An  American  poet  and  prose-writer;  born  near 
Winnsboro,  S.  C,  about  1840.  Her  writini^s  in- 
clude the  poem  <  Forever  Thine*  (1859),  unilcr 
the  pseudonym  of  "  Claudia,**  and  stories  signeil 
« Esther  Chesney**  (i860).  She  was  literary 
editor  of  the  Edgefield  Advertiser  (1863);  and 
is  author  of  <  Riverlands,*  a  story  of  life  on 
the  Ashley  River. 

Darimon,  Alfred  (dar-e-mon').  A  French 
journalist  and  writer;  born  in  Lille,  Dec.  17, 
1819.  An  aptitude  for  politics  and  political 
writing  occasioned  his  most  telling  work  with 
the  pen,  especially  <The  History  of  Twelve 
Years,  1857-69,  Notes  and  Recollections*  (1883) ; 
< Through  a  Revolution*  (1884);  < The  Agony 
of  the  Empire*  (2d  ed.  i8gi);  and  others 
equally  popular. 

Darley,  Felix  Octavius  Carr.  .\n  American 
artist;  bom  in  Philadelphia,  June  23,  1822;  died 
in  Claymont,  Del.,  March  27,  1888.  His  illus- 
trations of  literary  masterpieces  gave  pleasure 
to  thousands,  and  made  him  famous.  His  best 
work  comprises  his  drawings  to  accompany 
the  text  of  <  Rip  Van  Winkle*;  < Sleepy  Hol- 
low*; <  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish*;  <  Scarlet 


132 


DARLEY  — DASENT 


Letter  > ;  <  Evangeline ' ;  the  novels  of  Cooper, 
Dickens,  and  others,  besides  many  special  pict- 
ures. His  book  <  Sketches  Abroad  with  Pen 
and  Pencil'  (1868)  is  well  known. 

Darley,  George.  An  Irish  poet  and  critic ; 
born  in  Dublin,  1795 ;  died  near  Rome  (?),  Nov. 
23,  1846.  He  wrote  valuable  studies  of  other 
men's  work,  and  was  a  mathematician  of  pro- 
fundity; in  addition  to  which  claims  to  atten- 
tion, he  is  the  author  of  <  Sylvia,  or  the  May 
Queen >  (1827),  a  fine  dramatic  poem;  < Errors 
of  Extasie  and  Other  Poems* ;  and  <  Nepenthe,' 
a  weird  self-revelation  in  morbid  verse. 

Darling,  Mrs.  Flora  (Adams).  An  Ameri- 
can novelist;  born  in  New  Hampshire  in  1840. 
Among  her  works  are  :  <  Mrs.  Darling's  Letters ' 
(1884) ;  <  A  Wayward  Winning  Woman ' ;  <  The 
Bourbon  Lily';  <A  Social  Diplomat';  <The 
Senator's  Daughter' ;  <  Memories  of  Virginia.' 

Darlington,  William.  An  American  scien- 
tist, well-known  botanist,  and  author.  He  was 
born  in  Birmingham,  Pa.,  April  28,  1782 ;  died 
in  Westchester,  Pa.,  April  23,  1863.  He  was 
a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  a  Mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  1815  to  1817  and  1819  to 
1823.  He  published  a  descriptive  catalogue  of 
plants  in  Pennsylvania:  < Flora  Cestrica'  (1837 
and  1853) '.  ^  Mutual  Influence  of  Habits  and 
Disease'  (1804);  <  Agricultural  Botany'  (1847); 
and  in  1853  a  genus  of  pitcher  plant  found  in 
California  was  named  in  his  honor,  <  Darling- 
tonia.' 

Darmesteter,  Agnes  Mary  Frances  (Robin- 
son). An  English  poet ;  born  in  Leamiflgton, 
1857.  She  has  attained  great  proficiency  in 
Greek  studies,  her  verse  showing  the  influence 
of  Hellenic  literature.  In  1888  she  married 
James  Darmesteter,  the  Orientalist.  Her  writ- 
ings include :  <A  Handful  of  Honeysuckle ' 
(1878);  <An  Italian  Garden'  (1886);  < Lyrics' 
(1891);  <  Retrospect '  (1S93J;  <  Life  of  Renan  ' 
(1897)  ;  <The  Queen  of  Navarre'  (igooj;  <  The 
Return  to  Nature'  (1904). 

Darmesteter,  James  (dar-me-ste-tar').  A 
distinguished  French  Orientalist;  born  at  Cha- 
tcau-Salins,  March  28,  1849;  died  Oct.  19,  1894. 
Besides  works  of  strict  scholarship  on  the 
Oriental  literatures,  as  '  Ormazd  and  Ahriman  >; 
<  Iranian  Studies' ;  < Origins  of  Persian  Poetry,' 
lie  wrote  many  essays  on  miscellaneous  sub- 
jects. There  is  an  English  translation  of 
some  of  his  <  Selected  Essays.'  He  translated 
with  Mills  the  <  Zend-Avesta'  for  the  < Sacred 
Books  of  the  East'  series,  published  by  the 
University  of  Oxford  and  edited  by  Max  Miil- 
ler. 

Daru,  Count  Pierre  Antoine  (da-rii).  A 
French  historian  and  poet ;  born  in  Mont- 
pellier,  Jan.  12,  1767 ;  died  on  his  estate  near 
Meulan,  Sept.  5,  1829.  A  translation  of  Plorace 
into  French  verse  (1800)  was  greatly  admired ; 
but  his  masterpiece  is  a  <  History  of  the  Re- 
public of  Venice'  (1819),  although  his  <Cl^opd- 
die,  or  Theory  of  Literary  Reputations'  (1800) 
is  a  poem  containing  much  to  recommend  it. 


D'Arusmont,  Madame  Frances  (da-rus-m6A). 
(Maiden  name  Fanny  Wright.)  An  American 
philanthropist  and  author ;  born  in  Dundee, 
Scotland,  Sept.  6,  1795 ;  died  in  Cincinnati,  O., 
Dec.  2,  1852.  She  visited  this  country  sev- 
eral times,  and  in  1825  made  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  establish  a  settlement  for  the  ele- 
vation of  the  negro  at  Memphis,  Tenn.  In 
later  years  she  lectured  on  social,  religious, 
and  political  questions.  Among  her  works  are  : 
<  Views  on  Society  and  Manners  in  America'; 
<Altorf,'  a  tragedy  (1819);  <  Lectures  on  Free 
Inquiry'  (1836). 

Darwin,  Cbarles  Robert.  A  celebrated  Eng- 
lish naturalist  and  philosopher ;  born  at  Shrews- 
bury, Feb.  12,  1809;  died  April  19,  1882.  His 
life  work  as  a  naturalist  began  in  1831,  when 
he  sailed  with  Captain  Fitzroy  in  the  Beagle 
for  a  surveying  expedition  round  the  globe. 
From  this  expedition  Darwin  returned  toward 
the  end  of  1836;  in  1839  appeared  his  'Jour- 
nal of  Researches,'  afterward  revised  and  pub- 
lished under  the  better  known  title  <  A  Natur- 
alist's Voyage.'  Several  monographs  followed 
on  various  points  of  land  and  marine  zoology ; 
but  not  until  1859  did  the  work  appear  which 
brought  to  Darwin  world-wide  and  enduring 
fame  —  <  On  the  Origin  of  Species  by  Means 
of  Natural  Selection.'  <  The  Descent  of  Man 
and  Selection  in  Relation  to  Sex'  appeared  in 
1871,  and  <The  Expression  of  the  Emotions  in 
Men  and  Animals'  in  1872.  In  1868  he  pub- 
lished <  The  Variation  of  Animals  and  Plants 
under  Domestication.'  He  is  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey. 

Darwin,  Erasmus.  An  English  naturalist 
and  poet,  grandfather  of  Charles  R. ;  born  in 
Elston,  Nottingham,  Dec.  12,  1731;  died  at 
Breads  Priory,  near  Derby,  April  18,  1802.  <<The 
permanent  interest  in  his  writings  depends 
upon  his  exposition  of  the  form  of  evolution- 
ism afterwards  expounded  by  Lamarck.  He 
caught  a  glimpse  of  many  observations  and 
principles  afterwards  turned  to  account  by  his 
grandson,  Charles  Darwin ;  but  though  a  great 
observer  and  an  acute  thinker,  he  missed  the 
characteristic  doctrine  which  made  the  success 
of  his  grandson's  scheme."  His  literary  works 
are:  <The  Botanic  Garden'  (1781);  a  descript- 
ive poem,  <  The  Temple  of  Nature,  or  the 
Origin  of  Society'  (1803),  a  specimen  of  highly 
didactic  versification;  and  <Zo6nomia'  (1704- 
98),  a  prose  work  on  organic  life.  As  a  pcjet 
he  is  lofty  and  instructive. 

Dasent,  Sir  George  Webbe.  An  English  philolo- 
gist and  novelist ;  Lorn  in  the  island  of  St.  Vin- 
cent, May22,  1817  ;  diedat  Ascot,  Juneli,  1896. 
He  was  for  a  while  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
London  Times,  and  was  one  of  the  Civil  Servii:e 
Commissioners.  He  was  eminent  as  a  scholar 
in  the  Norse  languages,  particularly  Icelandic, 
and  translated  the  <  Younger  Edda,'  besides 
other  ancient  stories  and  legends  of  Iceland,  and 
wrote  <  The  Norseman  in  Iceland  >  (1858). 
Among  his  original  stories  are  :  'Annals  of  an 
Eventful  Life> ;  <  Three  to  One> ;  <Half  a  Life,> 


DASH  — DAVIDS 


133 


Dash,  Countess  (dash),  pseudonym  of  Ga- 
brielle  Anne  Cisterne  de  Courtiras,  Vicomtesse 
de  Saint-Mars.  A  French  novelist  (1804-72); 
born  at  Poitiers.  She  was  a  very  prolific 
writer,  producing  often  five  or  six  stories  in  the 
course  of  a  year.  Life  in  high  society  is  her 
theme,  and  especially  wayward  love  in  high 
society,  as  the  very  titles  of  most  of  her  novels 
indicate:  <  Bussy-Rabutin's  Amours' ;  <  Gallant- 
ries of  the  Court  of  Louis  XV. > ;  <  Last  Amours 
of  Mme.  du  Barry  > ;  < Adventures  of  a  Young 
Married  Woman.* 

Dassoucy  or  d'Assoucy,  Charles  Coippeau, 

called  (da-so-se').  A  French  burlesque  ppet; 
horn  in  Paris,  Oct.  16,  1605;  died  there  (?), 
1679.  He  acquired  notoriety  as  the  writer  of 
'  Ovid  in  a  Good  Humor,'  and  of  a  burlesque 
of  Claudian's  'Rape  of  Proserpine';  but  he  is 
remembered  mainly  because  of  a  contemptuous 
allusion  to  him  by  Boileau.  He  seems  to  have 
possessed  some  talent  for  musical  composition, 
but  called  himself  "the  emperor  of  burlesque." 

Daubenton,  Louis  Jean  Marie  fdo-ban- 
tnn').  A  French  botanist  and  naturalist;  born 
in  Montbar,  Burgundy,  May  29,  1716;  died  in 
Paris,  Dec.  31,  1799.  He  contributed  to  the 
first  five  volumes  of  Buffon's  <  Natural  His- 
tory '  anatomical  supplements  which  form,  from 
a  scientific  point  of  view,  the  most  important 
part  of  that  work. 

D'Aubigne,  Jean  Henri  Merle  (do-ben-ya'). 
A  celebrated  Swiss  Protestant  church  historian ; 
born  near  Geneva,  Aug.  16,  1794;  died  at 
Geneva,  Oct.  24,  1872.  He  was  professor  of 
historical  theology  at  Geneva  (1831-72).  His 
great  work  was  <  History  of  the  Reformation' 
(1835-53;  new  ed.  1877-78),  with  its  continu- 
ation <  History  of  the  Reformation  in  the  Time 
of  Calvin'  (1863-76). 

Daudet,  Alphonse  (do-da).  A  distinguished 
French  novelist;  born  at  Nimes,  May  13,  1840; 
died  Dec.  16,  1897.  He  sought  fortune  in  Paris 
in  1857 :  two  booklets  of  poems  were  failures ; 
two  plays  — < The  Last  Idol'  (1862)  and  <The 
White  Daisy'  (1865) — had  more  success;  after 
sr.me  years  he  discovered  his  true  field.  His 
charming  little  stories,  <  The  Little  Thing  :  Story 
of  a  Child'  (1S68);  < Letters  from  my  Mill' 
(1869);  'Monday  Tales'  (1873),  established  his 
reputation;  and  his  next  novel  —  <Fromont  Jr. 
and  Risler  Sr.>  (1874) — was  translated  into  all 
the  European  languages.  Not  less  celebrated 
are:  <  The  Nabob'  (1878);  <  Kings  in  Exile' 
(1S80);  <Numa  Roumestan'  (1882);  <The  Gos- 
peller' (1883);  <  Sappho'  (1884).  He  struck  a 
new  and  a  happier  vein  in  the  'Tartarirt' 
series :  <  Prodigious  Adventures  of  Tartarin ' ; 
<  Tartarin  in  the  Alps ' ;  <  Port  Tarascon.'  He 
writes  reminiscences  of  his  early  years  in  the 
French  capital  in  <  Thirty  Years  of  Paris ' 
(1S88),  and  in  <  Recollections  of  a  Man  of 
Letters'  (1889). 

Daudet,  Ernest.  A  French  novelist,  brother 
of  Alphonse  D. ;  born  at  Nimes,  May  31,  1837. 
His  most  notable  novels  are :  <  The  Venus  of 


Gordes';  <The  Bloom  of  SiB>;  <  Martha.'  He 
is  author  of  an  autobiographical  sketch,  <  My 
Brother  and  Myself  (1882);  and  has  written 
some  historical  sketches,  as  a  <  History  of  the 
Royalist  Conspiracies  in  the  South  during  the 
Revolution';  <  History  of  the  Emigration.' 

Daumer,  Georg  Friedrich  (dou'mer).  A 
German  poet  and  philosophical  writer  ( 1800-75)  i 
bom  in  Nuremberg.  He  underwent  some  re- 
markable revolutions  of  thought  concerning 
religion  :  in  his  student  days  he  leaned  strongly 
to  Pietism ;  next  he  was  the  declared  foe  of 
the  Christian  religion  ;  about  1859  he  embraced 
Catholicism  and  became  one  of  its  foremost 
champions.  He  wrote  among  many  other  phil- 
osophical tractates :  <  Hints  toward  a  System 
of  Speculative  Philosophy'  (1831);  to  his  sec- 
ond period  belongs :  <  The  Fire  and  Moloch 
Worship  of  the  Hebrews'  (1842);  to  his  third: 
<  My  Conversion'  (1859).  Of  his  poetical  works, 
the  'Flowers  of  Song  from  Hafiz'  may  be 
named, —  a  very  beautiful  transcription  of  the 
Oriental  poet,  with  free  variations  in  the  very 
spirit  of  Hafiz  himself.  He  wrote  also  'Beau- 
tiful Souls :  a  Little  Wreath  of  Legends  and 
Poems'  (1862);  'Legends  and  Poems  of  St. 
Mary.' 

Davenant,  William.  An  English  poet  and 
playwright  ;  born  at  Oxford  in  Feb.,  1605-06  ; 
died  April  7>  1668.  A  story  was  current  in 
his  lifetime  that  he  was  an  illegitimate  son 
of  Shakespeare,  and  "he  seemed  contented 
enough  to  be  thought  his  son."  He  wrote 
many  plays  and  poems,  but  none  possessing 
any  distinguished  merit;  he  succeeded  Ben 
Jonson  as  poet  laureate  of  England,  however. 
He  attempted  epic  composition  in  <  Gondibert,' 
and  an  opera,  <The  Siege  of  Rhodes.' 

Davenport,  John.  An  American  divine; 
born  in  Coventry,  England,  1597;  died  in  Bos- 
ton, March  15,  1670.  Author  of  <The  Knowl- 
edge of  Christ'  (1653);  <The  Saint's  Anchor 
Hold'  (1701).  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
New  Haven,  Conn.  In  1660  he  hid  the  regi- 
cides Goffe  and  Whalley  from  their  pursuers. 

Davenport,  Robert.  An  English  poet  and 
dramatist,  who  flourished  about  1623  and  died 
after  1651,  but  whom  we  know  only  through 
his  <A  Crowne  for  a  Conquerour  and  Too 
Late  to  Call  Backe  Yesterday.  Two  Poems,  the 
One  Divine,  the  Other  Morall'  (1623);  <King 
John  and  Matilda'  (1655),  a  tragedy;  and  two 
comedies :  <  A  New  Trick  to  Cheat  the  Divell ' 
(1639),  and  <The  City  Night  Cap'  (printed 
1661).  That  he  was  associated  with  Shakes- 
peare in  producing  '  Henry  I.  and  Henry  II.' 
seems  established,  and  it  is  almost  certain  that 
he  is  the  author  of  a  play  called  <  The  Pirate.' 

Davids,  Thomas  William  Rhys.  An  Eng- 
lish pubMcist,  lawyer,  and  scholar;  born  at  Col- 
chester, England,  May  12,  1843.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  University  of  Breslau ;  from  1866 
on,  filled  judicial  places  in  Ceylon  and  acted 
as  Archaeological  Commissioner.  In  1877  he 
was  called   to    the   London    bar,  and  is  now 


»34 


DAVIDSON  — DAVIS 


professor  of  Pali  and  Buddhist  literature  in 
University  College,  London.  Among  his  works 
;  re:  < Buddhism '  (1877)-,  translation  of  'Bud- 
dhist Birth  Stories  >  (1S80);  <  Buddhist  Suttas> 
nnd  <  Vinaya  Texts  '  (1S81),  published  in  <  The 
Sacred  Books  of  the  East  * ;  <  Buddhism  ;  Its 
Ilistorj'  and  Literature.* 

Davidson,  Jolm.  A  Scotch  poet,  novelist, 
and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Barrhead, 
Renfrewshire,  1857.  He  was  at  first  a  teacher, 
but  in  1890  went  to  London  and  adopted  the 
literary  career,  writing  for  the  Speaker  and 
other  journals.  He  has  written :  <  Fleet  Street 
Eclogues'  (1893);  'A  Random  Itinerary' 
(1894);  <Ballads  and  Songs'  (1894);  <  Plays' 
(1S94) ;  <Earl  Lavender'  (1895);  ^^d  two  nov- 
els: <Perfervid>  and  <  Baptist  Lake'  (1894). 

Davidson,  Lucretia  Maria.  An  American 
poet ;  born  in  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  27,  1808 ; 
died  there,  Aug.  27,  1825.  She  was  remark- 
ably precocious,  and  at  the  age  of  nine  years 
wrote  her  first  poem :  <  Epitaph  on  a  Robin.' 
Her  poetical  writings  include  278  poems  of 
various  lengths.  In  1829  S.  F.  B.  Morse  col- 
lected and  published  her  writings  under  the 
title  <Amir  Khan  and  Other  Poems.' 

Davidson,  Thomas.  A  Scottish-American 
philosopher  and  writer  ;  born  at  Deer,  Aberdeen, 
Oct.  25,  1840 ;  died  at  Montreal,  Sept.  I4,  1900. 
He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1867,  and  was 
sui)sequently  professor  of  classics  in  the  St.  Louis 
High  School.  In  1875  he  settled  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.  Later  he  traveled  in  Greece  and  Italy, 
where  much  of  his  literary  work  was  perfected. 
Included  in  his  publications  are  :  < A  Short  Ac- 
count of  the  Niobe  Group'  (1874);  <The  Place 
of  Art  in  Education  '  ( 1886^;  <  Giordano  Bruno, 
and  the  Relation  of  his  Philosophy  to  Free 
Thought'  (1S86)  ;  a  < Hand-Book  to  Dante, 
from  the  Italian  of  Scartazzini,  with  Notes  and 
Additions'  (1887);  <  Prolegomena  to  Tenny- 
son's <  In  Memoriam  ' ;  'Aristotle  and  Ancient 
and  Modern  Educational  Ideals  ' ;  <  The  Educa- 
tion of  the  Greek  People  and  its  Influence  on 
Civilization.' 

Davies,  Sir  John.  An  English  poet  and 
judge;  born  in  Tisbury,  Wiltshire,  March  (?) 
1569;  died  in  London  (?),  Dec.  7  or  8,  1626. 
His  legal  and  judicial  career  was  one  of  great 
distinction,  cut  short  by  sudden  death.  His 
rank  as  a  poet  is  conferred  by  '  Know  Thyself,' 
<  The  Orchestra,'  and  <  Hymns  to  Astrrea,'  and 
others,  in  which  sustained  power  and  a  wealth 
of  moving  diction  are  equally  in  evidence. 

Davies,  Thomas  Alfred.  An  American  prose 
writer;  born  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  N.  Y., 
December  1809 ;  graduated  from  West  Point  in 
1829.  A  few  selections  from  his  published  works 
are :  <  Cosmogony,  or  Mysteries  of  Creation ' 
(1858);  'Genesis  Disclosed'  (i860);  'Answer  to 
Hugh  Miller  and  Theoretical  Geologists '(1861) ; 
and  '  How  to  Make  Money,  and  How  to  Keep 
It'  (1866).     Died ,1899. 

Davila,  Arrigo  Catei-ino  (da-vel'a).  An 
Italian  historian  and  statesman  ;  born  in  Pieve 
di  Sacco,  near  Padua,  Oct.  30,  1576  ;  assassin- 


ated at  San  Michele,  near  Verona,  about  1631. 
His  eminence  in  diplomacy  and  in  statecraft 
has  been  adequately  supplemented  in  literature 
by  a  <  History  of  the  Civil  Wars  in  France'; 
one  of  the  richest  sources  of  information  on 
the  subject,  as  far  as  it  extends  (1560  to  1597), 
and  very  little  discredited  by  the  work  of  sub- 
sequent investigators. 

Davis,  Andrew  Jackson.  An  American 
spiritualist  and  author ;  born  in  Orange  County, 
N.  Y.,  in  1826.  He  is  a  resident  of  Pough- 
keepsie,  N.  Y.,  and  is  the  author  of  thirty  vol- 
umes, chief  among  which  are :  <  The  Great 
Harmonia ' ;  <  Harmonial  Man ' ;  '  Philosophy 
of  Spiritual  Discourse';  'The  Penetralia.' 

Davis,  Edwin  Hamilton.  An  American 
archaeologist ;  born  in  Ross  County,  O.,  Jan.  22, 
1811 ;  died  in  New  York  city.  May  15,  1888. 
He  was  author  of  'Ancient  Monuments  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley'  (1848),  which  was  described 
by  A.  Morlot,  the  distinguished  Swiss  archaeol- 
ogist, as  being  « as  glorious  a  monument  of 
American  science  as  Bunker  Hill  is  of  Amer- 
ican bravery." 

Davis,  Henry  Winter.  An  American  states- 
man and  orator ;  born  in  Annapolis,  Md.,  Aug. 
16,  1817 ;  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Dec.  30,  1865. 
He  was  Member  of  Congress  for  three  terms 
(1856-65),  and  took  a  leading  part  in  advocat- 
ing emancipation  and  loyalty  to  the  Union. 
His  published  works  are  :  '  The  War  of  Ormuzd 
and  Ahriman  in  the  19th  Century'  (1853); 
'Speeches  and  Addresses  in  Congress'  (1867). 

Davis,  Jefferson.  An  American  statesman ; 
born  in  Christian  County,  Ky.,  June  3,  1808 ; 
died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  Dec.  6,  1889.  Edu- 
cated at  the  United  States  Military  Academy. 
Served  in  the  Black  Hawk  War;  went  to 
Congress  in  1845;  served  in  the  Mexican  War; 
was  United  States  Senator  in  1847-51 ;  Secre- 
tary of  War  in  1853-57 ;  was  appointed  Presi- 
dent of  the  Confederate  States,  Feb.  9,  1861 ; 
the  following  November  he  was  elected  Presi- 
dent for  six  years.  He  was  confined  as  a 
prisoner  of  State  for  two  years  in  Fortress 
Monroe,  indicted  for  high  treason,  released  on 
bail ;  never  tried,  being  included  in  the  general 
amnesty  of  1868.  He  wrote  'The  Rise  and 
Fall  of  the  Confederate  Government'  (1881). 

Davis,  John  Chandler  Bancroft.  An  Amer- 
ican lawyer  and  diplomatist ;  born  in  1822. 
A  Harvard  graduate  and  a  lawyer.  In  1849  he 
went  to  London  as  secretary  of  legation.  In 
1854  he  became  American  correspondent  of  the 
London  Times.  In  1869,  and  again  in  1881, 
he  was  Assistant  Secretary  of  State.  He  rep- 
resented the  United  States  in  the  "Alabama" 
contest,  zealously  pushing  the  "  indirect " 
claims.  He  is  the  author  of :  '  The  Massa- 
chusetts Justice'  (1847);  'Mr.  Sumner,  the  Ala- 
bama Claims,  and  their  Settlement'  (1878); 
and  a  work  published  in  French  entitled  '  Pro- 
cess Tribunals  of  the  United  States'  (1878). 

Davis,  Mrs.  Mary  Eveljm  (Moore).  An  Amer- 
ican poet;  burn  in  Talladega,  Ala.,  1852.   Sheha:^ 


DAVIS  — DEANE 


135 


written  'Minding  the  Gap  and  Other  Poems' 
(1870);  and  <  In  War  Times  at  La  Rose  Blanche  > 
(1887);  <The  Price  of  Silence'  (1907). 

Davis,  Rebecca  (Harding).  An  American 
novelist;  born  in  Washington,  Pa.,  June  24, 
1831.  She  contributed  many  short  stories  and 
sketches  to  periodicals,  and  has  written  several 
novels,  including :  <  Life  in  the  Iron  Mills ' 
(1861);  <A  Story  of  To-Day>  (1861)  published 
later  under  the  title  <  Margaret  Howth';  and 
<A  Law  Unto  Herself  (1878).  She  was  the 
first  writer  in  this  country  to  introduce  the  labor 
question  into  fiction.  Her  later  works  include  : 
<  Waiting  for  the  Verdict  > ;  <  Dallas  Galbraith  > ; 
<Natasqua';  'Frances  Walstrup';  and  others. 

Davis,  Richard  Harding.  An  American 
novelist,  short-story  writer,  and  contributor  to 
periodical  literature ;  born  in  Philadelphia, 
April  18,  1864.  He  graduated  at  Lehigh  Uni- 
versity, and  entered  journalism  in  Philadelphia. 
His  first  purely  literary  success  was  the  story 
of  <  Gallegher,'  based  upon  his  newspaper  ex- 
periences, and  published  with  other  stories  in 
a  volume  (1891).  He  has  since  been  constantly 
engaged  in  story-writing,  and  descriptive  narra- 
tion of  events,  places,  and  people.  Among  his 
works  are:  'Stories  for  Boys'  (1891);  'The 
West  from  a  Car  Window'  (1892);  'Van  Bibber 
and  Others'  (1892);  'Our  English  Cousins' 
(1894);  'The  Rulers  of  the  Mediterranean' 
(1894);  'The  Princess  Aline'  (1895);  'About 
Paris'  (1895);  'Three  Gringoes  in  Venezuela 
and  Central  America'  (1896) ;  '  Soldiers  of  For- 
tune '  (1897); '  Real  Soldiers  of  Fortune  >  (1907)- 

Davis,  Thomas  Osborne.  An  Irish  poet; 
born  in  Mallow,  County  Cork,  1814 ;  died  in 
Dublin,  1845.  His  verse  was  mainly  on  patri- 
otic themes,  and  appears,  collected,  in  Duffy's 
'  Library  of  Ireland.' 

Davy,  Sir  Humphry.  An  eminent  English 
chemist,  philosopher,  and  man  of  letters ;  born 
at  Penzance,  Cornwall,  Dec.  17,  1778 ;  died  at 
Geneva,  Switzerland,  May  29,  1829.  In  addition 
to  the  revolution  he  brought  about  in  the  domain 
of  chemistry  and  applied  physics,  he  embodied 
his  discoveries  and  researches  in  fascinating 
literary  form  in  '  Consolations  in  Travel,  or  the 
Last  Days  of  a  Philosopher'  (1830) ;  'Chemical 
and  Philosophical  Researches'  (1800) ;  'On  the 
Safety  Lamp  and  on  Flame'  (1828);  and  nu- 
merous equally  interesting  productions. 

Davydoflf,  Denis  Vasiljevich  (da-ve-dof). 
A  Russian  poet  and  writer  on  military  affairs 
( 1784-1839) ;  born  at  Moscow.  His  compositions 
in  verse  were  mostly  written  in  camp,  and  con- 
sisted of  satires,  elegies,  dithyrambics,  and  sol- 
dier ballads :  the  latter  especially  had  a  wide 
circulation.  Among  his  prose  writings  were : 
'  Recollections  of  the  Battle  of  Prussian-Eylau  ' 
and  'An  Essay  toward  a  Theory  of  Partisan 
Warfare.' 

Dawes,  Anna  Laurens.  An  American  writer 
on  political  topics,  daughter  of  Henry  L.  Dawes 
of  Massachusetts.  She  was  born  in  185 1,  and 
has  written  much  for  periodicals;  among  her 


essays  being :  '  How  We  Are  Governed' ;  '  The 
Modern  Jew:  His  Present  and  Future';  'Bi- 
ography of  Charles  Sumner.' 

Dawes,  Rufus.  An  American  poet;  bom  in 
Boston,  Jan.  26,  1803;  died  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  Nov.  30,  1859.  He  wrote :  '  The  Valley 
of  the  Nashaway,  and  Other  Poems'  (1830); 
'Geraldine'  (1839),  resembling  Don  Juan  in 
form  and  treatment;  the  successful  romance 
'Nix's  Mate'  (1840).  His  verses  were  sung  at 
the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of  Bunker  Hill 
monument. 

Dawson,  Sir  John  William.  A  Canadian 
geologist  and  writer ;  bom  in  Pictou,  Nova 
Scotia,  Oct.  13,  1820;  died  at  Montreal,  Nov.  19, 
1899  ;  made  many  important  discoveries  in  the 
science  of  geology,  and  wrote  largely  on  geo- 
logical subjects.  His  publications  include  : 
'  Archaia,  or  Studies  of  Creation  in  Genesis  > 
(1859);    <Air  Breathers  of  the  Coal   Period); 

<  Chain  of  Life  '  (1884);  and  <  Egypt  and  Syria' 
(1885).  His  scientific  papers  include:  'The 
Formation  of  Gypsum,' and  'The  Renewal  of 
Forests  Destroyed  by  Fire.'  He  also  published 
'  Hand-Book  of  Geography  and  National  His- 
tory of  Nova  Scotia.' 

Dawson,  William  James.  An  English  poet; 
born  in  Towcester,  Northamptonshire,  1854.. 
He  is  a  clergyman  by  profession.  His  works 
include:  'Arvalon:  a  First  Poem'  (1878);  'A 
Vision  of  Souls  '  (1884);  and '  Poems  and  L>Tics> 
(1893); '  Savonarola';  <  The  Quest  of  Simple  Life.' 

Day,  John.  An  English  dramatist;  bom 
perhaps  about  1575 ;  flourished  about  1606,  and 
died  later  than  1623.  Of  the  half-dozen  of  his 
plays  which  have  outlived  the  vicissitudes  of 
manuscript,  the  'Parliament  of  Bees'  (1607), 
a   comedy,  is  of  surpassing  charm ;  while  the 

<  Isle  of  Gulls,'  a  drama  impregnated  with  wit, 
contains  many  strong  passages. 

Day,  Richard  Edwin.  An  American  poet; 
born  in  West  Granby,  Oswego  County,  N.  Y., 
April  27,  1852.  He  has  published  <  Lyrics  and 
Satires'  (1883),  and  'Poems'  (1888). 

Day,  Thomas.  An  English  poet  and  prose- 
writer;  born  in  London,  June  22,  1748;  died 
Sept.  28,  1789.  He  was  an  ardent  sympathizer 
with  the  American  patriots.  Among  his  works 
are :  '  The  Devoted  Legions,'  a  poem  against 
the  war  with  America  (1776);  'The  Desolation 
of  America';  'Letters  of  Marius'  (1784).  He 
is  the  author  of  the  celebrated  '  History  of 
Sanford  and  Merton.' 

D'Azeglio.    See  Azeglio. 

Sean,  John  Ward.  An  American  antiquarian 
scholar  and  v^'riter ;  born  at  Wiscasset,  Me., 
March  13,  1815  ;  died  in  Boston,  Jan.  22,  1902. 
He  was  editor  of  the  '  New  England  Historical 
and  Genealogical  Register  '  ;  and  the  author  of 

<  Memoir  of  Rev.    Nathaniel    Ward'    (1868); 

<  Memoirof  Rev.  Michael  Wigglesworth  '( 1871); 
and  <  Life  of  John  H.  Shephard.' 

Deane,  Silas.  An  American  diplomatist ; 
bora  Dec.  24,  1737,  in  Groton,  Conn.;  died  ia 


I  $6 

Deal,  England,  Aug.  23,  1789.  With  Franklin 
and  Lee  he  negotiated  the  treaty  between 
France  and  the  United  States  in  1778;  was 
afterwards  greatly  misrepresented,  and  died 
abroad  in  neglect  and  poverty.  He  published 
in  his  own  defense :  <  Letters  to  Hon.  Robert 
Morgan*  (1784);  <An  Address  to  the  Citizens 
of  the  United  States'  {1784);  and  <  Paris  Pa- 
pers, or  Mr.  Silas  Deane's  Intercepted  Letters 
to  his  Brother  and  Other  Friends  >  (1781). 

Debraux,  Paul  Emile  (dfe-bro')-  A  French 
balladist;  born  at  Ancerv-ille,  Dept.  Meuse, 
Aug.  30,  1796;  died  in  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1831. 
He  was  an  ardent  Republican,  and  wrote  for 
the  common  people  lively  songs  of  wine  and 
love,  which  were  sung  everywhere  in  tavern 
and  workshop.  He  was  called  «the  B^ranger 
of  the  rabble.'*  His  best-known  songs  are : 
<Mt.  St.  John>;  <  Belisarius  > ;  <Say,  Do  You 
Remember?*;  <The  Soldier's  Widow*;  < Ma- 
rengo.* Bdranger  published  a  complete  collec- 
tion of  his  < Songs*  (3  vols.). 

Dechez,  Louis.     See  JennevaL 

Deepen,  Auguste  von  der.  See  Elbe,  A. 
von  der. 

Decker,  Jeremias  de  (deck'er).  A  Dutch 
poet  (1609-66) ;  born  at  Dort.  He  translated 
into  Dutch,  Buchanan's  <  Baptist,*  and  into 
Dutch  verse  <The  Lamentations  of  Jeremiah.* 
Of  his  original  works  the  best  are  his  household 
poems  and  his  collection  of  epigrams.  His 
<Good  Friday*  recounts  scenes  of  Christ's  pas- 
sion. His  satirical  poem  <  Praise  of  Avarice* 
is  of  little  worth. 

De  Costa,  Benjamin  Franklin.  An  Amer- 
ican clergyman  and  writer;  born  in  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  July  10,  1831.  Included  in  his 
many  publications  are :  <  The  Pre-Columbian 
Discovery  of  America  by  the  Northmen*  (1869); 
<The  Moabite  Stone*  (1870);  and  <The  Rector 
of  Roxburgh,*  a  novel,  under  the  pen-name  of 
"William  Hickling**  (1873).  He  became  pres- 
ident (1884)  of  the  first  branch  of  the  "White 
Cross  Society.'*      Died  New  York,  Nov.  4,  1904. 

De  Coster,  Charles    Theodore   Henri    (de 

kos'ter).  A  Belgian  poet  (1827-79)  ;  born  at 
Munich.  His  first  poetical  composition  was 
<  The  Owls'  Mirror  * ;  then  followed  <  Flemish 
Legends*  (1856);  <  Brabant  Stories*  (1861),  a 
spirited  description  of  lowly  life ;  <  The  Wed- 
ding Tour*  (1872);  and  the  little  comedy 
< Jenny*  (1865). 

Decourcelle,  Pierre  (de  kbr-sel').  A  French 
dramatist ;  born  at  Paris,  Jan.  25,  1856.  His  first 
work  was  the  five-act  drama,  <  The  Ace  of 
Clubs,*  written  for  Sara  Bernhardt;  it  had  an 
extraordinary  success.  Then  followed  a  suc- 
cession of  comedies,  dramas,  comic-opera  li- 
bretti, and  dramatizations  of  popular  novels, 
written  by  him  individually  or  in  collaboration 
with  other  authors ;  among  them :  <  The  Ama- 
zon' (1885) ;  < Madame  Cartridge* ;  <The  Abb^ 
Constantin*  (founded  on  Hal^vy's  story) ;  <  The 
Man  with  the  Broken  Ear*  (after  About). 
He  wrote  also  a  sensational  novel,  <  The  Gray 


DEBRAUX  — DE  FONTAINE 


Hat*  (1887),  and  <Fanfan*  (1889),  both  of  which 
were  received  with  great  popular  favor. 

Dedekind,  Friedrich  (ded'e-kind).  A  Ger- 
man poet  (1525-98);  born  at  Neustadt  on  the 
Leine.  His  principal  work  is  <Grobianus* 
(1549),  a  satire  in  Latin  distichs  against  drunk- 
enness and  obscenity;  it  had  wide  circulation, 
and  was  translated  into  German,  Dutch,  and 
English.  He  wrote  two  dramas  having  a  re- 
ligious polemic  end  in  view:  <The  Christian 
Knight  *  and  <  The  Converted  Papist.* 

Deems,  Charles  Force.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  writer;  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Dec. 
4,  1820;  died  in  New  York  city,  Nov.  18,  1893. 
From  1866  to  his  death  he  was  pastor  of  the 
Church  of  the  Strangers  of  New  York  city, 
and  was  widely  noted  as  editor  and  author. 
Included  in  his  publications  are :  <  Triumph  of 
Peace  and  Other  Poems*  (1840);  <The  Light 
of  the  Nations*  (1870);  'Weights  and  Wings* 
(1872);  <  Chips  and  Chunks  for  Every  P'ire- 
side*;  and  <My  Septuagint*  (1892). 

Deflfand,  Marie  de  Vichy-Chamrond,  Mar- 
quise du  (def-faii').  A  French  wit  and  letter- 
writer,  mistress  of  a  most  brilliant  salon ;  born 
in  Burgundy,  1697 ;  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  24, 
1780.  Her  correspondence  with  Horace  Wal- 
pole  was  published  in  1780,  with  d'Alembert 
and  other  great  Frenchmen  in  1809  (2  vols.), 
with  Yoltaire  in  iSio  (4  vols.),  with  the  Duchess 
de  Choiseul  and  others  in  1859  (3  vols.). 

Defoe,  Daniel.     The    author   of   <  Robinson 

Crusoe*;  born  in  St.  Giles  Parish,  Cripplegate, 
1660  or  1661 ;  died  near  London,  1731.  His 
works  comprise  political  tracts,  verse,  polemic 
writings,  economic  and  social  pamphlets,  ro- 
mances, histories,  and  biographies.  Among 
them  are  :  <The  Storm*  (1704) ;  <  Apparition  of 
Mrs.  Veal*  (1706);  <  Robinson  Crusoe*  (1719); 

<  Further  Adventures  of  Robinson  Crusoe ' 
(1719);  <King  of  Pirates*  (1719);  < Duncan 
Campbell*  (1720);  <  Mr.  Campbell's  Pacquet* 
(1720) ;  'Memoirs  of  a  Cavalier*  (1720) ;  'Cap- 
tain Singleton*  (1720) ;  'Moll  Flanders*  (1722); 
'Journal  of  the  Plague  Year'  (1722);  'Car- 
touche' (1722);  'Colonel  Jacque'  (1722);  'The 
Highland  Rogue'  (1723);  'The  Fortunate  Mis- 
tress' (1724);  'Narrative  of  Murders  at  Calais' 
(1724);  'John  Sheppard'  (1724);  'Account  of 
Jonathan  Wild'  (1725);  and  other  romances. 
His  pamphlets  include:  'Essay  upon  Projects' 
(1698) ;  <  Shortest  Way  with  Dissenters'  (1702)  ; 
and  'Political  History  of  the  Devil'  (1726). 

De  Fontaine,  Felix.  An  American  journal- 
ist; born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  1832;  died  in  Co- 
lumbus, S.  C,  Dec.  II,  1896.  The  first  statement 
given  to  the  North,  of  the  attack  on  Fort  Sum- 
ter, was  written  by  him ;  and  he  was  corre- 
spondent of  the  Charleston  Courier  from  the 
principal  battle-fields  during  the  Civil  War. 
Subsequently  he  came  to  New  York  city,  and 
was  connected  with  the  Herald  most  of  the 
time   until   his  death.    He  was  the   author  of 

<  Cyclopaedia  of  the  Best  Thoughts  of  Charles 
Dickens ' ;    '  Gleanings    from    a    Confederate 


DE  FOREST  — DELfiRY 


137 


Army  Note-Book ' ;   and   <  Birds  of  a  Feather 
Flock  Together.' 

De  Forest,  John  William.  An  American 
novelist,  born  in  Humphreysville  (near  Sey- 
mour), Conn.,  March  31,  1826.  Without  enter- 
ing college  he  passed  many  years  in  inde- 
pendent study  and  foreign  travel,  becoming  a 
proficient  in  several  languages;  entered  the 
army  as  caotain  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War,  and  rose  to  major;  and  since  1850  has 
been  a  fertile  writer  of  essays,  short  stories, 
and  novels  for  the  leading  magazines,  taking 
prominent  rank  among  American  novelists. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  History  of  the  Indians 
of  Connecticut'  (1853);  'Oriental  Acquaint- 
ance' (1856);  'Witching  Times'  (1856);  'Euro- 
pean Acquaintance'  (1858);  'Seacliff'  (1859); 
'Miss  Ravenel's  Conversion'  (1867);  'Over- 
land' (1871);  'Kate  Beaumont'  (1872J;  'The 
Wetherell  Affair'  (1873);  'Honest  John  Vane> 
(1875);  < Justine  Vane'  (1875);  'Flaying  the 
Mischief  (1876);  'Irene  Vane'  (1877);  'Irene, 
the  Missionary'  (1879);  'The  Oddest  of  Court- 
ships.    Died  July  18,  1906. 

De  Gubernatis.    See  Gubernatis. 

De  Kay,  Charles.  An  American  poet,  grand- 
son of  Joseph  Rodman  Drake ;  born  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  July  25,  1848.  His  poems  are 
mostly  founded  on  themes  from  Oriental,  clas- 
sical, and  literary  history.  Among  his  works 
are:  'The  Bohemian'  (1878);  'Hesperus  and 
Other  Poems'  (1880);  'The  Vision  of  Nimrod' 
(1881);  'The  Vision  of  Esther'  (1882);  'The 
Love  Poems  of  Louis  Barnaval,  Edited  [and 
written]  by  Charles  De  Kay'  (1883);  and  many 
occasional  poems.  His  prose  includes :  '  Life 
and  Works  of  Antoine  Louis  Barye,  Sculptor' 
(1889);  and  'The  Family  Life  of  Heinrich 
Heine'  (1892),  a  translation. 

Dekker,  Eduard  Douwes  (dek'er).  A  Dutch 
novelist  (1820-87),  pseudonym  "Multatuli"; 
born  at  Amsterdam.  He  spent  several  years 
in  government  service  in  the  Dutch  East  Indies. 
His  story  'Max  Havelaar'  (i860)  is  a  shocking 
accusation  of  wrongs  and  scandals  against  the 
Dutch  administration  of  Java.  He  later  pub- 
lished many  satirical  works  on  social,  political, 
and  philosophical  questions,  among  them  a 
volume  of  admirable  'Parables';  a  novel,  'The 
Blessed  Virgin ' ;  a  drama ;  and  '  The  School 
of  Princes.' 

Dekker,  Thomas.  An  English  dramatist; 
born  in  London,  about  1570 ;  died  some  time 
after  1637.  He  wrote  a  great  number  of  plays, 
but  only  a  few  of  them  were  published,  among 
them  the  two  comedies  '  The  Shoemaker's  Holi- 
day '  and  '  Old  Fortunatus ' ;  they  are  both 
specimens  of  whatever  is  best  and  most  genuine 
in  English  humor,  and  the  second  in  particular 
abounds  in  passages  of  consummate  poetic 
beauty.  Of  other  writings  of  his  we  have  'The 
Wonderful  Year,'  a  pamphlet  describing  graph- 
ically the  horrors  of  the  plague ;  an  amusing 
tract, '  The  Bachelor's  Banquet,'  a  satire  on  hen- 
pecked   husbands;    and   many   other   fugitive 


pieces  lashing  the  vices  and  follies  of  the  age. 
He  also  collaborated  with  other  dramatists. 

De  Lancey,  Edward  Floyd.  An  American 
historical  writer;  born  in  Mamaroneck,  N.  Y., 
Oct.  23,  1821.  He  is  author  of  <  Documentary 
History  of  New  York'  (1851);  'The  Cap- 
ture of  Fort  Washington  the  Result  of  Trea- 
-son  >  (1877) ;  and  <  Origin  and  History  of  Manors 
in  the  Province  of  New  York  '.    Died  1905. 

Deland,  Ellen  Douglass.  An  American 
writer  of  juvenile  works ;  bom  in  New  York 
in  i860.  She  has  published  :  'Oakleigh '; '  In  the 
Old  Herrick  House  ' ;  '  Malvern  ' ;  '  Josephine.' 

Deland,     Margaret     Wade      ( Campbell ). 

An  American  poet  and  novelist ;  born  in  Alle- 
gheny, Pa.,  Feb.  23,  1857.  She  is  now  a  resi- 
dent of  Boston.  Her  fame  rests  mainly  upon 
her  theological  polemic  novel  'John  Ward, 
Preacher'  (1888),  which  has  been  very  widely 
read.  Among  her  other  well-known  works  are  : 
'The  Story  of  a  Child';  'Mr.  Tommy  Dove 
and  Other  Stories';  'Philip  and  his  Wife'; 
'  Florida  Days,'  a  collection  of  sketches  of 
travel ;  and  '  S3-dney.'  Her  most  popular  poems 
are  contained  in  the  volume  entitled  '  The 
Old  Garden  and  Other  Verses.' 

Delaporte,  Michel  (de-la-port').  A  Frencn 
playwright  (1806-72)  ;  born  in  Paris.  He  wrote 
a  long  series  of  vaudevilles,  many  of  them  in 
collaboration  with  others.  Of  pieces  of  his 
own  composition  may  be  named  '  The  House- 
wife* (1851),  'Toinette  and  her  Carbineer' 
(1856),  as  the  most  successful.  In  association 
with  Varin  he  wrote :  <  A  Hercules  and  a 
Pretty  Woman'  (1861);  <Ah,  'Tis  Pleasant  to 
Love';  'The  Gillyflower  W'oman'  (1869). 

Delavigne,  Jean  Frangois  Casimir  (de-la- 
ven').  A  French  lyric  poet  and  dramatist 
(1793-1843) ;  bom  at  Havre.  He  struck  a  patri- 
otic and  popular  chord  in  his  '  Messenian  Odes ' 
(1818),  satires  directed  against  the  monarchy 
of  the  Restoration.  His  historical  dramas  and 
tragedies  are  numerous ;  among  them  are : 
'Louis  XI.';  'The  Sicilian  Vespers';  'Marino 
Faliero';  'Don  John  of  Austria.'  His  plays 
are  no  longer  seen  on  the  stage. 

De  Leon,  Edwin.  An  American  prose-writer ; 
born  in  Columbia,  S.  C,  1828 ;  died  in  New 
York  city,  1891.  From  1854  to  1862  he  was 
engaged  in  editorial  work ;  from  1862  to  1870 
held  the  office  of  United  States  consul-general 
and  diplomatic  agent  at  Cairo,  Egypt.  His 
published  works  include :  '  Thirty  Years  of 
my  Life  on  Three  Continents';  'The  Khedive's 
Egypt,'  a  novel ;  'Askaros  Kassis.  the  Captain  ' ; 
and  'Under  the  Star  and  Under  the  Crescent' 

Del6ry,  Francois  Charles  (dfe-la're).  An 
American  prose-writer;  born  in  St.  Charles 
Parish,  La.,  Jan.  28,  1815;  died  in  Bay  St. 
Louis,  Miss.,  June  12,  1880.  His  works  were 
written  in  French,  and  include :  '  Essay  on 
Liberty'  (1847);  'Studies  of  the  Passions' 
(1849) ;  'King  Cotton';  and  'Confederates  and 
Federals'  (1864). 


138 


DELITZSCH  — DE  MILLE 


Delltzsoh,  Franz.  A  German  theologian ; 
bom  in  Leipzig,  Feb.  23,  1813 ;  died  there, 
March  4,  1890.  In  1867  he  became  professor 
of  theology  at  Leipzig.  Among  his  numerous 
devotional  and  theological  works  may  be  men- 
tioned :  <  History  of  Jewish  Poetry*  (1836); 
<The  House  of  God>  (1848);  <A  Day  in  Caper- 
naum >  (1871);  and  the  well-known  translation 
of  the  New  Testament  into  Hebrew  (ist  ed. 
1877,  2d  ed.  1886 J. 

Del  Mar,  Alexander.  An  American  political 
economist;  bom  m  New  \ork  city,  Aug.  9, 
1836.  He  established  the  Social  Science  Re- 
view and  was  its  editor  1864-66.  He  is  the 
author  of  <  Gold  Money  and  Paper  Money  > 
(1862);  < Essays  on  Political  Economy'  (1865); 
'  Letter  on  the  Finances  >  (1868);  <History  of  Mon- 
ey in  Ancient  Countries  >  ( 1884) ;  <  The  Science  of 
Money' ;  <  The  National-Banking  System' ;  and 

<  Statistical  Almanac  >;  <  Sophisms  of  Money.' 

Delmonte,  Felix  Maria  (del-mon'te).  A 
Dominican  lawyer  and  poet;  born  in  Santo 
Domingo  city,  Dominican  Republic,  about  1810. 
Has  been  many  times  a  member  of  the  Do- 
minican Congress.  He  is  the  author  of  <  Las 
V^rgenes  de  Galindo,'  a  historical  tale  in  verse; 

<  El  Mendigo,'  a  drama  ;  <  Ozama,'  a  drama ;  and 
many  lyrical  poems. 

Delmonte  y  Tejada,  Antonio  (del-mon'te  e 
te-ya'da).  A  Dominican  historian ;  born  in 
Santiago  de  los  Caballeros,  Santo  Domingo,  in 
1783;  died  in  1861.  He  is  the  author  of  <  His- 
toria  de  Santo  Domingo'  (3  vols.),  a  history 
of  the  island  from  its  discovery. 

Deloney,  Thomas.  An  English  ballad  writer 
and  pamphleteer;  born  in  London  (?),  about 
1543 ;  died  there  about  1600.  He  turned 
all  current  topics,  from  the  Armada  to  a 
murder,  into  racy  ballads  and  snatches,  some 
happy,    others    execrable,     all     popular;     the 

<  Strange  Histories'  (1607)  comprising  most  of 
the  good  ones,  while  in  '  The  Gentle  Craft ' 
(1597),  a  eulogy  of  shoemakers,  we  have  a 
specimen  of  his  pamphlets. 

De  Long,  George  Washington.  An  Amer- 
ican Arctic  explorer,  and  officer  in  the  United 
States  navy;  born  in  New  York  city,  Aug.  22, 
1844;  died  in  Siberia,  Oct.  30,  1881.  Graduat- 
ing from  the  Naval  Academy  in  1865,  he  reached 
the  grade  of  lieutenant-commander,  and  per- 
ished of  cold  and  exposure  while  in  command 
of  the  Jeannette  Expedition  in  1879-81.  His 
journals  have  been  published,  entitled  <The 
Voyage  of  the  Jeannette'  (1883);  and  the  story 
of  the  search  for  the  survivors  is  told  in  Mel- 
ville's <In  the  Lena  Delta'  (1884). 

Delord,  Taxile  (de-16r').  A  French  historian, 
journalist,  and  topical  prose-writer ;  born  in 
Avignon,  Nov.  25,  1815 ;  died  in  Paris,  May  16, 
1877.  He  was  successful  politically,  and  edited 
important  Parisian  journals,  his  permanent 
work  being  contained  in  <  Physiology  of  the 
Parisian  Woman'  (1841);  <  History  of  the  Sec- 
ond Empire'  (1868-75);  and  < Literary  Morn- 
ings' (i860). 


Delplt,  Albert  (del-pe')     A  French  novelist 

and  dramatist ;  born  in  New  Orleans,  Jan.  30, 
1849  ;  died  in  Paris,  Jan.  4,  1893.  When  quiie 
young  he  assisted  the  elder  Dumas  in  editing 
the  journals  Le  Mousquetaire  and  Le  D'Ar- 
tagnan.  After  the  war  with  Germany,  in  which 
he  served,  he  won  academic  prizes  with  a  volume 
of  poems,  <  The  Invasion  > ;  and  the  poem 
<  Repentence,  or  the  Country  Parish  Priest's 
Story.'  He  had  little  success  till  <Coralie's 
Son'  (1879)  gained  the  highest  recognition 
both  from  the  reading  public  and  theatre-goers. 
<(^dette's  Marriage  '  obtained  him  a  pronounced 
success  in  high  society.  He  wrote  also  <  Cruel 
Loves ) ;  <As  in  Life  >  ;  and  other  plays. 

Delvau,  Alfred  (del-v6').  A  French  Revolu- 
tionary prose-writer ;  born  in  Paris,  1825 ;  died 
there.  May  3,  1867.  A  <  History  of  the  Revolu- 
tion of  February'  (1850),  and  <  Henri  Murger 
and  Bohemianism'  (1866),  sufficiently  denote 
the  range  of  his  partisan,  but  more  than  medi- 
ocre, capacities. 

Delwig,  Anton  Ant6novicli,  Baron  (del'vig). 
A  Russian  lyrist  (1798-1831);  born  in  Moscow. 
He  was  a  schoolfellow  and  lifelong  friend  of 
Pushkin.  He  held  government  office,  but  his 
St.  Petersburg  house  was  the  rallying-place 
of  the  literary  world,  especially  of  the  younger 
set, —  Pushkin,  Glinka,  Baratinsky,  Vlasemsky. 
Among  his  poetical  compositions  those  written 
in  the  tone  of  the  popular  ballad  are  the  best, 
and  some  of  them  are  in  great  favor. 

Demeter,  Dimitrija  (dem'e-ter).  A  Croa- 
tian dramatist  and  poet ;  born  at  Agram,  July 
21,  181 1 ;  died  there,  June  24,  1872.  His  princi- 
pal dramas  are  :  <  Love  and  Duty ' ;  <  Blood- 
Revenge  ' ;  and  the  tragedy  <  Teuta.'  He  wrote 
a  lyro-epic  poem,  <  The  Battlefield  of  Grobnik,' 
and  several  stories.  He  translated  several  for- 
eign dramatic  works  into  Croatian. 

De  Mille,  Henry  Churchill.  An  American 
playwright;  born  in  North  Carolina,  about  1853; 
died  at  Pompton,  N.  J.,  Feb.  10,  1893.  He  grad- 
uated at  Columbia  College,  and  was  by  turns 
preacher  and  school-teacher  until  1882,  when 
he  became  examiner  of  plays  at  the  Madison 
Square  Theatre,  and  later  for  a  short  time  an 
actor.  His  first  successful  play  was  the  <  Main 
Line,'  in  which  he  collaborated  with  Charles 
Barnard.  In  1887,  having  become  associated 
with  David  Belasco,  he  wrote  the  well-known 
society  dramas:  <  The  Wife'  (1887);  <  Lord 
Chumley'  (1888);  <The  Charity  Ball'  (1889); 
<Men  and  Women'  (1890).  His  last  work  was 
a  melodrama  adapted  from  the  German,  en- 
titled <  Lost  Paradise,'  which  was  successfully 
produced  in  1892  and  is  still  a  favorite. 

De  Mille,  James.  A  Canadian  novelist ; 
born  in  St.  John,  N.  B.,  August  1837;  died  in 
Halifax,  N.  S.,  Jan.  28,  1880.  Graduated  at 
Brown  College  (1854).  He  was  professor  of 
classics  in  Acadia  College  (1860-65),  and  of 
history  and  rhetoric  in  Dalhousie  College,  Hali- 
fax, from  1865  until  his  death.  Among  his 
publications  are:  <The  Dodge  Club'   (1866); 


DEMING  — DENNIE 


»39 


'Cord  and  Creese'  (1867);  <A  Comedy  ot  Ter- 
rors) (1872);  <The  Living  Link.>  (1874);  and 
many  books  for  boys,  including  <  Treasures  of 
the  Sea.*  A  treatise  of  iiis  on  rhetoric  was  pub- 
lished in  1878. 

Deming,  Philander.  An  American  humor- 
ous writer  of  dialect  sketches.  He  was  born  in 
1829.  n  is  work  is  very  original,  and  has  been  pub- 
lished in  <  Adirondack  Stories  > ;  <  Tompkins  and 
Other  Folks  >  ;  <  The  Story  of  the  Pathfinder.* 

Demogeot,  Jacques  Claude  (dem-5-zh6').  A 
French  literary  historian  and  poet ;  bom  at 
Paris,  July  5,  1808.  He  wrote  a  <  Study  on 
Pliny  the  Voungei  > ;  the  prize  essay  <  Letters 
and  Men  of  Letters  in  the  19th  Century*; 
<  French  Literature  in  the  17th  Century,*  his 
greatest  work.  His  poetical  writings  are  a 
drama,  <  Romeo  and  Juliet*  (1852);  <New  Paris,* 
consisting  of  epico-lyric  descriptions  ;  and  <  Sto- 
ries and  Talks  in  Verse*  (i860).     Died  1894. 

Demosthenes  (de-mos'the-nez).  An  Athenian 
orator ;  bom  about  384  B.  C. ;  died  at  Calauria, 
322  B.  C.  Necessity  drove  him  to  take  up  the 
business  of  writing  pleas  and  defenses  of  suit- 
ors and  defendants  in  the  law  courts;  after- 
ward he  appeared  himself  in  the  courts  and 
the  assemblies,  and  became  a  foremost  leader 
of  the  party  of  independence  against  the  de- 
signs of  Philip  of  Macedon.  The  <  01)-nthiacs  * 
and  the  <  Philippics  *  were  part  of  this  war- 
fare ;  and  his  greatest  speech,  <  On  the  Crown,* 
was  a  vindication  of  his  course.  Sixty  orations 
ascribed  to  him  are  extant,  but  some  of  them 
are  spurious. 

Dempster,  Charlotte  Louisa  Hawkins.    An 

Scotch  novelist ;  born  in  Forfarshire,  Scotland, 
in  1835.  She  has  traveled  extensively,  and  is 
at  present  a  resident  of  Cannes,  France.  She 
has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  English  peri- 
odicals. Her  first  book  was :  <  The  Hotel  du 
Petit  St.  Jean:  A  Gascon  Story*  (1869);  the 
second,  <V^ra*  (1872)  established  her  repu- 
tation. Her  other  works  include:  < Essays* 
(1872);  <Iseulte*  (1875);  <Bh-€  Roses*  (1877); 
•Within  Sound  of  the  Sea*  ^878),  a  Scotch 
story;  <  Ninette  *  (1888),  an  idyl  of  Provence. 

Denham,  Sir  John.  An  English  poet ;  bom 
in  Dublin  in  1615;  died  in  London  (?),  March 
15  (?),  1669.  He  figured  at  the  court  of  Charles 
n.,  translated  the  </Eneid  >  {1656  ?),  produced 
the  tragedy  of  <The  Sophy*  (1642),  and  in 
< Cooper's  Hill*  (1642)  rose  above  mediocrity. 

Denis,  Jean  Ferdinand  (den-e').  A  French 
explorer  and  historical  writer;  born  in  Paris, 
France,  Aug.  13. 1798 ;  died  Aug.  2, 1890.  He  wns 
an  extensive  traveler  and  a  voluminous  writer. 
Among  his  works  are :  <  History  of  Brazil  * 
(1821);  <  Buenos  AyTes  and  Paraguay*  (2  vols., 
1823).  He  is  also  the  author  of  a  series  of 
historical  novels:  < Ysmael-ben-Kaisar,  or  the 
Discovery  of  the  New  World*  (3  vols.,  1829). 

Denlson,  Charles  Wheeler.  An  American 
poet  and  prose-writer ;  bom  in  New  London, 
Conn.,  Nov.  11,  1809;  died  Nov.  14, 1881.     He 


published:  *The  American  Village  and  Other 
Poems*  (1845);  <Out  at  Sea,*  poems  (1867). 
His  prose  works  include  <The  Child  Hunters* 
(1867)  and  a  series  of  biographies:  <The  Tan- 
ner Boy*  (Grant);  <Winfield  the  Lawyer's 
Son*  (Hancock) ;  and  others. 

Denison,  John  Ledyard.  An  American  his- 
torian ;  born  in  Stonington,  Conn.,  Sept.  19,  1826. 
He  published  a  <  Pictorial  History  of  the  Wars 
of  the  United  States,*  and  edited  an  <  Illustrated 
History  of  the  New  World*  in  English  and  in 
German.    Died  1906. 

Denison,  Mary  (Andrews).  An  American 
novelist,  wife  of  C.  W.;  born  in  Cambridge 
Mass.,  May  26,  1826.  Assisted  in  editing  the 
Olive  Branch,  in  which  her  husband  was  inter- 
ested ;  also  contributed  to  American  and  Eng- 
lish periodicals.  Her  works  include  :  *  Home 
Pictures*  (1853);  <That  Husband  of  Mine,*  of 
which  it  is  said  the  sale  reached  200,000  copies; 
and  <  What  One  Boy  can  Do*  (1885); 'Her  Secret.' 

Denne,  Henry.  An  English  Puritan  divine, 
who  flourished  in  the  seventeenth  century  and 
was  noted  for  his  attacks  upon  the  vices  of 
the  clergy.  He  published  <Tiie  Man  of  Sin* 
(1645);  <The  Drag  Net  of  the  Kingdom  of 
Heaven*  (1646);  *  Grace,  Mercy,  and  Truth*; 
etc.  His  sermons  and  other  works  were  pub- 
lished in  London,  1642-60. 

Denne-Baron,  Pierre  Jacques  RenI  (dan- 
bar-oii).  A  French  poet  and  essayist;  bom  in 
Paris,  Sept.  6,  1780;  died  there,  June  5,  1854. 
He  had  much  learning  and  a  faultless  taste ; 
<  Hero  and  Leander*  (1806)  and  <  Poetic 
Flowers*  (1825)  being  delightful  though  not 
great,  while  his  <  Dictionary  of  Conversation  * 
is  widely  known. 

Dennery  or  d'Ennery,  Adolphe  Philippe 
fden-er-c').  A  French  dramatist;  born  at  Paris, 
June  17,  181 1.  He  has  produced,  either  alone 
or  in  collaboration,  about  200  separate  compo- 
sitions. Among  his  own  productions  are  the 
dramas  <  My  Daughter's  Honor  (1835);  <The 
Pearl  of  Savoy*  (1842);  <  Mary  Jane*  (1845), 
one  of  the  strongest  popular  plays  of  our  time; 
<The  Two  Orphans*  (1873);  the  comedies  and 
vaudevilles  <The  Change  of  Uniform*  (1836), 
and  <  Robber  Paris*  (1844) ;  and  the  fairy  spec- 
tacles 'Aladdin,  or  the  Wonderful  Lamp* 
(1863),  and  <  The  Tribute  of  Zamora.*     Died  1899. 

Dennie,  Joseph.  An  American  joumalist; 
born  in  Boston,  Aug.  30,  1768;  died  in  Phila- 
delphia, Jan.  7,  1812.  Published  <The  Farrago* 
(1795),  essa)'s  on  life  and  literature.  From  1796 
to  1798  edited  with  great  success  the  Farmer's 
Weekly  Museum  at  Walpole,  N.  H.  In  this  ap- 
peared his  essays  signed  «The  Lay  Preacher,'* 
whose  droll  and  easy  style  made  him  popular. 
In  Philadelphia  (1801),  assisted  by  Asbury 
Dickens,  he  founded  the  Portfolio,  which  he 
edited  tili  his  death  under  the  pen-name  of 
"Oliver  Old-School.**  Two  collections  of  his 
writings  have  been  ]nil)lished:  <The  Lay 
Preacher,  or  Short  Scriuons  for  Idle  Readers* 
(1796);  and  <The  Lay  Preacher'  (1817). 


I40 


DENNIS  -  DERSHAVIN 


Dennis,  John.  An  English  dramatist  and 
critic  (1657-1734);  bom  in  London.  Of  his 
dramas  none  had  much  success  or  deserved  it. 
He  was  a  savage  critic,  but  he  had  some  just 
views  of  dramatic  art  and  poetry,  as  is  proved 
by  his  •  Three  Letters  on  the  Genius  and  Writ- 
ings of  Shakespeare >  (1711).  His  fame  is  per- 
petuated not  by  his  own  writings,  but  by  the 
satires  and  anecdotes  of  his  enemies.  Pope's 
*  Dunciad  >  in  particular.  He  invented  a  new 
species  of  stage  thunder;  and  the  phrase 
"stealing  one's  thunder >^  is  due  to  his  angry 
outburst  at  some  managers  who  used  it  in  a 
successful  play  when  one  of  his  had  been 
damned. 

Deotyma  (da-o-te'ma),  pseudon>Tn  of  Jad- 
viga  Luszczevska.  A  Polish  poet  and  story- 
writer;  bom  in  Warsaw,  October  1830.  She 
has  long  been  celebrated  for  the  power  and 
charm  of  her  prose  and  versification ;  <  At  the 
Parting  Way>  (1876)  being  a  story  of  rare 
merit,  and  <The  Pole  in  Song'  (1859)  con- 
taining many  of  her  finest  stanzas. 

Depew,  Chauncey  Mitchell.  An  American 
lawyer;  born  in  Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  April  23,  1834. 
He  is  president  of  the  New  York  Central  and 
Hudson  River  R.  R.  Co.  Noted  as  a  political 
orator  and  an  after-dinner  speaker.  Published 
'Orations  and  After-Dinner  Speeches'  (1890). 

De  Peyster,  John  Watts  (de-pes'ter).  An 
American  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  New 
York  city,  March  9,  1821.  He  has  contributed 
much  to  periodicals,  and  written  a  vast  num- 
ber of  monographs,  often  polemic, —  one  being 
in  defense  of  his  Loyalist  grandfather,  second 
in  command  at  King's  Mountain  on  the  Brit- 
ish side.  He  is  author  of :  <  Life  of  Field 
Marshal  Torstenson>  (1855);  <The  Dutch  at 
the  North  Pole  >  (1857) ;  <  Life  of  Baron  Cohorn ' 
(i860);  and  <  Personal  and  Military  History  of 
General  Philip  Kearney' (1869).   D.  Mays,  1907. 

De  Puy,  Henry  Walter.  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer;  born  in  Pompey  Hill,  Onon- 
daga County,  N.  Y.,  in  1820;  died  Feb.  2,  1876. 
He  constantly  contributed  political  articles  to 
the  press ;  he  wrote  several  popular  poems, 
and  was  the  author  of  <  Kossuth  and  his  Gen- 
erals,' with  a  brief  history  of  Hungary  (1851); 
•Louis  Napoleon  and  his  Times,'  with  a 
memoir  of  the  Bonaparte  family  (1853) ;  <  Three 
Score  Years  and  Beyond'  (1873);  and  < Ethan 
Allen  and  the  Green  Mountain  Loys  of  1876.' 

De  Puy,  William  Harrison.  An  American 
clerg}-man  and  writer  ;  bom  at  Penn  Yan,  N.  Y., 
Oct.  31,  1821;  died  at  Canaan,  Ct.,  Sept.  4,  1901. 
His  works  include  :  <  Statistics  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  ' ;  <Home  and  Health';  etc. 

De  Quincey,  Thomas.  A  celebrated  Eng- 
lish author;  born  in  Manchester,  Aug.  15,  1785; 
died  Dec.  8,  1859.  He  was  a  very  prolific 
writer;  but  his  works  are  mostly  occasional 
essays,  and  papers  on  historical,  literary,  and 
miscellaneous  topics.  Besides  collections  of 
these,  his  published  works  include :  <  Confes- 
sions of  an  English  Opium  Eater>  (1821);  <  Let- 


ters to  a  Young  Man  Whose  Education  has 
been  Neglected*  (1823);  < Logic  of  Political 
Economy'  (1844);  <Klosterheim'  (1839);  etc. 

Derby,  George  Horatio.  [«John  Phoenix."] 
An  American  humorist;  born  in  Dedham, 
Mass.,  April  3,  1823;  died  in  New  York,  May 
15,  1861.  Graduated  at  West  Point  (1846),  and 
served  in  the  army  during  the  Mexican  War 
(1846-47).  He  wrote  under  the  name  "John 
Phoenix"  a  series  of  sketches  and  burlesques, 
entitled  <  Phoenixiana'  (1855),  and  <The  Squi- 
bob  Papers'  (1859). 

Derby,  James  Cephas.  An  American  pub- 
lisher of  New  York  and  San  Francisco ;  born 
1818;  died  1892.  He  is  the  author  of  <  Fifty 
Years  among  Authors,  Books,  and  Publishers.' 

Dernburg,  Friedrich  (dem'biirg).  A  Ger- 
man journalist  and  descriptive  writer;  bom  in 
Mainz,  Oct.  3,  1833.  After  a  university  course, 
he  rapidly  acquired  eminence  in  both  journal- 
ism and  politics,  being  one  of  the  companions 
of  the  German  Crown  Prince  (now  Emperor) 
in  a  trip  to  Rome,  and  later  a  well-known 
personality  at  the  Columbian  Exposition.  <  From 
the  White  City'  (1893),  a  series  of  World's 
Fair  sketches;  <In  the  Bonds  of  Guilt'  (1894); 
and  <The  Over  Proud'  (1889),  afford  t>-pical 
specimens  of  his  fact  and  fiction. 

De  Rosny,  Leon.  A  celebrated  French  Ori- 
entalist ;  born  at  Loos,  France,  Aug.  5,  1837. 
Professor  of  Japanese  at  the  Special  School  of 
Languages,  since  1868,  and  founder  of  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Orientalists.  Among  his 
numerous  works  are:  <  Asiatic  Studies'  (1864); 
<The  Origin  of  Language'  (1869);  'Japanese 
Anthology'  (1871I;  <A  Grammar  of  the  Chi- 
nese Language'  (London,  1874)  <  Japanese  Re- 
ligion' (1881J  ;  <  The  Written  Documents  of 
American  Antiquity'  (1882)  ;  'Introduction  into 
the  Study  of  Japanese  Literature.' 

D^rouldde,  Paul  (dc-ro-lad')  A  French  poet; 
born  at  Paris,  Sept.  2,  1846.  His  <  Soldier  Songs' 
(1872)  and  < Military  Refrains'  (1888)  were 
immensely  popular,  and  won  him  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Patriotic  League ;  an  association 
intensely  hostile  to  Germans,  and  whose  agi- 
tation seemed  likely  to  lead  to  a  collision 
with  Germany,  wherefore  the  poet  was  pre- 
vailed upon  to  retire  from  the  presidency. 
He  has  written  a  drama  of  patriotism,  <The 
Hetman,'  and  the  semi-religious  drama  <The 
Moabitess.' 

Derzhavin,  Gavriil  Rom&novich  (der-sha'- 
vin).  A  noted  Russian  poet ;  born  at  Kasan, 
July  14,  1743;  died  on  his  estate  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Novgorod,  July  21,  1816.  He  won 
the  favor  of  Catharine  II.  by  his  ode  <  Feliza  > 
(1782),  and  afterward  rose  to  high  office.  His 
last  thirteen  years  were  passed  in  retirement. 
The  characteristics  of  his  poetry  are  originality 
of  conception,  splendor  of  imagery,  forcefulness 
and  mastery  of  language.  His  admiration  for 
Catharine  II.  inspired  him  with  the  tme  poetic 
afflatus,  though  some  of  his  poems  are  mere 
strings  of  hollow  phrases.  He  was  nevertheless 
a  lover   of  truth,  an   honest,  downright,  hot* 


DE  SANCTIS -DESMARETS  DE  SAINT-SORLIN 


141 


tempered  man.  His  best  poem  is  the  ode  <  God,> 
which  has  been  translated  into  all  European 
languages  and  into  Japanese. 

De  Sanctis,  Francesco  (d6  sank'tis).  An 
Italian  literary  historian  and  critic  (1818-83)  '> 
born  at  Morra.  His  revolutionary  critical  dis- 
quisitions on  the  great  poets  gained  him  dis- 
tinction. He  was  general  secretary  of  the 
department  of  public  education  in  the  revolu- 
tionary government  of  1848 ;  after  restoration 
of  the  monarchy  he  spent  three  years  in  prison, 
where  he  studied  German  literature,  and  trans- 
lated parts  of  Goethe  and  Schiller  and  Hegel's 
"■  Logic*  Afterward  he  was  minister  of  educa- 
tion, and  professor  in  the  University  of  Naples. 
His  most  important  works  are  a  <  History  of 
Italian  Literature  >  and  <  Critical  Essays,*  the 
latter  a  work  of  high  authority. 

Desaugiers,  Marc  Antoine  Madeleine  (de- 
s5-zha').  A  noted  French  song-writer  and 
dramatist ;  born  at  Fr^jus,  Nov.  17,  1772 ;  died 
at  Paris,  Aug.  9,  1827.  His  life  till  1797  was 
full  of  adventure ;  he  was  at  one  time  a  pris- 
oner of  the  revolted  blacks  in  San  Domingo 
and  in  momentary  fear  of  death.  Go'ng  on 
the  stage  in  Paris,  in  1805,  his  parody  of  the 
opera  <Danaids*  (<  The  Little  Danaids*)  was 
acted  for  300  consecutive  nights.  His  vaude- 
villes were  remarkably  successful.  As  a  light 
song-writer  he  is  second  only,  if  indeed  sec- 
ond, to  Bdranger.  Many  of  his  songs  will  live 
long ;  e.  g.,  <  The   Consolations  of  Old   Age  * ; 

<  The  Picture  of  New  Years.*  Many  of  them 
are  exquisite  little  gems  of  art ;  e.  g.,  <  The 
Market  * ;  *  Sunday  Pleasures  * ;  <  The  Palais 
Royal.* 

Desbordes-Valmore,  Marceline  (da-bord"- 
viil-mor").  A  French  poet  (1785-1859) ;  born 
at  Douai.  She  made  her  d^but  at  the  age  of 
16  in  comic  opera,  but  shortly  after  quit  the 
stage.      She  wrote  several  volumes  of  poems : 

<  Elegies  and  Romances  > ;  <  New  Elegies  and 
Poems  * ;  <  Tears  * ;  *  Poor  Flowers  * ;  <  Bouquets 
and  Prayers*;  and  <  Poems  of  Childhood.*  All 
her  poems  are  distinguished  by  great  sweetness 
and  unaffected  pathos.  Her  most  perfect  song 
is  perhaps  <  If  He  had  Known.*  She  wrote 
also  several  stories. 

Descartes,  Ren^  (da-kart').  An  illustrious 
French  philosopher;  born  at  La  Haye,  Tou- 
raine,  March  31,  1596;  died  at  Stockholm,  Feb. 
II,  1650.  His  works  comprise:  'Discourse  on 
Method*  (1637);  <  Meditations  in  Elementary 
Philosophy  * ;  <  Philosophical  Beginnings  * ;  <  Di- 
optrique  * ;  *  Meteors  * ;  <  Geometry  * ;  <  Letters 
to  the  Princess  Elizabeth*;  and  many  contro- 
versial amplifications  of  his  doctrines,  among 
tiiem  < Treatise  on  the  Passions*  (1649). 

Descbamps,  Eustache,  called  Morel.  A 
1-  rench  poet ;  born  about  1330  at  Vertus,  Dept. 
Marne ;  died  after  1415.  He  composed  a 
multitude  of  short  poems  of  a  political  or 
moral  nature.  The  <  Mirror  of  Marriage*  com- 
prises 13,000  lines.  He  wrote  an  <  Art  of  Poet- 
izing,* the  earliest  mediaeval  work  of  its  kind. 


Descliamps     de     Saint     Amand,     Antony 

(da-shoii).  A  French  poet  (1800-69);  bom  at 
Paris.  After  translating  from  Dante,  he  pub- 
lished (1831)  'Political  Satires,*  notable  for 
vigor  and  poetic  form.  But  his  mind  already 
showed  signs  of  organic  disorder,  and  his  <  Last 
Words*  (1835)  reveal  it  plainly.  He  also  wrote: 
'Resignation*  (1839);  'Studies  of  Italy*  (1835); 
and  many  short  poems. 

Deschamps   de   Saint  Amand,   tmile.     A 

French  poet,  elder  brother  of  Antony  (1791- 
1871) ;  born  at  Bourges.  His  song  'Peace  Won 
by  Arms*  (1812)  attracted  the  notice  of  Napo- 
leon. In  1818,  with  Latouche,  he  produced  the 
successful  comedy  '  The  Round  of  Favor.*  To 
the  journal  La  Muse  Fran9aise,  founded  by 
him  and  Victor  Hugo  (1824),  he  contributed 
poems,  stories,  and  critical  essays,  and  stood  as 
leader  of  the  romantic  school.  Pie  published 
several  volumes  of  miscellaneous  poems,  essays 
on  Goethe,  Schiller,  and  Shakespeare,  and 
many  sprightly  but  earnest  dramas,  which  were 
set  to  music  by  Bellini,  Hal^vy,  Rossini,  and 
Auber;  also  a  volume  of  'Philosophical  Stories* 
(1854). 

Deshoulleres,  Antoinette  (da-zo-lyar').  An 
eminent  French  poet;  born  in  Paris,  Jan.  i, 
1638;  died  there,  Feb.  17,  1694.  She  was  edu- 
cated in  the  spirit  of  the  "  pr^cieuses  **  of  the 
Hotel  Rambouillet,  and  so  assimilated  their 
spirit  and  methods  as  to  be  called  the  "tenth 
Muse  **  for  her  tragedies,  comedies,  and  operas. 
But  her  verses  sound  hollow  and  insincere. 
Her  best  work  and  inspirations  are  found  in 
her  'Idylls,*  especially  in  'The  Sheep*;  'The 
Flowers*;  'The  Birds.* 

Desjardins,  Paul  (da-zhar-dan').  A  French 
writer  of  essays  on  social  and  moral  questions ; 
born  18—.  He  is  professor  of  rhetoric  in  the 
St.  Stanislas  College,  Paris,  and  member  of 
the  editorial  staff  of  the  Journal  des  D€bats. 
His  studies  of  social  phenomena  were  collected 
under  the  general  title  '  Contemporary  Notes.* 
One  of  his  works  led  to  the  formation  of  the 
Union  for  Moral  Action. 

Deslys,  Charles  (da-le').  A  French  novelist 
(1821-85)  ;  born  at  Paris.  The  most  notable 
of  his  numerous  stories  are :  '  The  Million- 
airess* (1852);  'The  Last  Grisette*  (1853); 
'The  King  of  Yvetot*  (1866);  'Stories  of  La 
Grfeve*  (1866),  which  won  an  Academy  prize; 
'The  Stonebreaker*  (1867). 

Desmarets  de  Salnt-Sorlln,  Jean  (da-mar-a' 
de  san-sor-lan'j.  A  French  poet  (1595-1676); 
born  at  Paris.  He  was  a  favorite  of  Cardinal 
Richelieu,  and  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
Academy.  He  wrote  several  plays;  among 
them  a  character  comedy,  'The  Visionaries* 
(1637),  received  with  great  favor.  Some  of  his 
comic  figures  had  Moli^re  for  their  original. 
He  wrote  also  epics;  among  them  'Clovis* 
(1657)  and  'Mary  Magdalene*  (1669).  In  his 
early  years  he  led  a  wild,  disordered  life ;  but 
later  became  a  devotee,  and  wrote  many  reli« 
gious  poems  and  anti-Jansenist  polemioB. 


I4« 


DESNOIRESTERRES  — DE  WALDEN 


Desnoiresterres,  Gustave  (da-nwKr-tar').  A 
French  novelist  and  literary  historian  (1817-92)  ; 
born  at  Bayeux.  Among  his  novels  are  <The 
Black  Chamber*  (1843);  <  Love  on  a  Stage 
Coach*  (1853).  He  wrote  several  very  valua- 
ble essays  and  monographs  on  the  history  of 
French  literature  and  of  French  manners.  The 
Academy  crowned  his  greatest  work :  <  Vol- 
taire and  French  Society  in  the  i8th  Century* 
(8  vols.,  1855). 

Desnoyers,  Louis  (dan-wl-a').  A  French 
journalist  and  novelist  (1805-68);  born  at  Re- 
plonges,  Dept.  Ain.  He  founded  the  journal 
Charivari  (1832),  and  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Sifecle.  He  wrote  some  vaudevilles,  and 
several  novels,  such  as  <  Adventures  of  Jean- 
Paul  Choppart  *  ( 1836) ;  '  Memoirs  of  a  20-Sous 
Piece*  (1837). 

Desperiers,  Bonaventure  (da-per-ya').  A 
French  story-teller;  born  at  Arnay-le-Duc, 
about  1505 ;  died  1544.  He  was  secretary  to 
Margaret  of  Navarre.  He  wrote  a  series  of  90 
stories :  <  New  Recreations  and  Merry  Conceits,* 
printed  in  1558.  In  1537  was  published  his 
<  Cymbalum  Mundi  in  French,*  a  virulent  and 
contemptuous  attack  on  the  Christian  religion, 
which  was  burned  by  the  common  hangman, 
and  of  which  only  one  copy  is  in  existence.  The 
author  probably  escaped  a  like  fate  by  suicide. 

Desportes,  Philippe  (da-port').  A  French 
poet  (1546-1606)  ;  born  at  Chartres.  His  poems 
are  marked  by  purity  of  style  and  well-knit 
metrical  form.  Besides  his  numerous  beautiful 
and  musical  elegies  and  sonnets  (457  of  these), 
he  made  a  translation  of  the  <  Psalms,*  and 
published  a  volume  of  'Christian  Prayers  and 
Meditations*  in  prose. 

Destoucbes,  Philippe  N^ricault  (da-tosh'). 
A  French  dramatist  (1680-1754) ;  born  at  Tours. 
His  poetical  talents  won  him  the  patronage 
of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  and  he  was  employed 
on  a  diplomatic  mission  to  England.  His 
comedy  <The  Boaster*  (1732)  is  a  masterpiece 
in  matter,  in  elaboration,  and  in  character  de- 
lineation ;  Lessing  classes  that  work,  with  its 
companion  piece  <The  Spendthrift*  (1736),  as 
« models  of  the  finer  high  comedy.**  Hardly 
inferior  to  these  is  <The  Married  Philosopher* 
(1727),  largely  based  on  the  the  author's  own  life. 

Destutt  de  Tracy,  Antoine  Louis  Claude, 
Count  (de-stiif  de  tra-se').  A  French  philo- 
sophical and  metaphysical  writer ;  born  in  Paris, 
July  20, 1754 ;  died  there,  March  10, 1836.  Though 
in  repeated  peril  during  the  French  Revolution, 
he  survived  to  write  < Elements  of  Ideology* 
(1817),  a  development  of  Condillac's  philosophy, 
and  in  part  an  exposition  of  what  passed  then 
for  economics.  His  <  Delineation  of  the  Politics 
of  the  World's  Nations*  (1820),  and  prior  works, 
received  considerable  notice  in  this  country 
through  Jefferson's  praise  in  his  letters. 

De  Tabley,  Lord — John  Byrne  Leicester  Warren. 
An  English  poet;  born  at  Tabley  House, Cheshire, 
April  26,  1835  ;  died,  Nov.  22,1895.  Thebeauty 
and  refinement  of  bib  lyrics  was  much  admired. 


He  jnil.lished  :  <  Eclogues  and  Monodramas  > 
(1864);  <  Rehearsals*  (1870).  He  was  also 
known  as  an  authority  on  «  book-plates. » 

Detlef,  Karl  (det'lef),  pseudonjTn  of  Klara 
Bauer.  A  German  novelist;  born  in  Swine- 
miinde,  June  23,  1836 ;  died  in  Breslau,  June  29, 
1876.  Her  <  Indissoluble  Bonds*  (1877)  and 
<Must  It  Be?*  (1872)  are  valuable  and  en- 
grossing studies  of  character. 

Deus,  Joao  de  (da-ush).  A  Portuguese  lyric 
poet ;  born  at  Sao  Bartolomeu  de  Messines,  in 
the  province  of  Algarve,  March  8,  1830.  He  is 
regarded  by  his  countrymen  as  introducer  of  a 
new  era  of  Portuguese  poetry.  National  spirit, 
originality,  sensibility,  and  rhythmic  melody 
characterize  his  poems.  They  are  published  in 
<  Field-flowers  *  (1870);  <A  Branch  of  Blooms* 
(1870)  ;  and  other  works.     Died  1897. 

De  Vere,  Sir  Aubrey.  An  Irish  poet  (1788- 
1846).  His  works  are:  < Julian  the  Apostate: 
a  Dramatic  Poem*  (1822);  <The  Duke  of 
Mercia:  an  Historical  Drama,*  the  volume  con- 
taining also  <  The  Lamentations  of  Ireland  > 
(1823) ;  <The  Song  of  Faith,  Devout  Exercises 
and  Sonnets*  (1842);  and  *  Mary  Tudor:  an 
Historical  Drama,*  published  posthumously 
(1847).  His  sonnets  Wordsworth  declared  to  be 
"the  most  perfect  of  our  age.** 

De  Vere,  Sir  Aubrey  Thomas.  An  Irish  poet 
and  descriptive  and  political  essayist,  son  of 
Sir  Aubrey ;  born  at  Curragh  Chase,  Limerick, 
Jan.  10,  1814  ;  died,  Jan  20,  1902.  <  Poems  * 
(1843)  first  revealed  his  inheritance  of  talent; 
and  in  <  Irish  Odes  >  (1869)  and  < Alexander  the 
Great*  (1874)  he  vindicated  his  title  to  high 
poetic  rank.  In  prose,  his  <  Picturesque  Sketches 
of  Greece  and  Turkey*  (1850)  and  <Constitu- 
tional  and  Unconstitutional  Political  Action  > 
(1881)  show  facility  of  style. 

De  Vere,  Mary  Ainge.  («  Madeline  Bridges.**) 
An  American  poet ;  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
18 — .  Has  contributed  much  to  the  periodicals  ; 
is  the  author  of  <  Love  Songs  and  Other  Poems  * 
(1870)  and  < Poems*  (1890). 

De  Vere,  Maximilian  Scheie.  A  noted  phi- 
lologist ;  born  near  Wexio,  Sweden,  Nov.  i,  1820 ; 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1843;  in  1844 
became  professor  of  modern  languages  and 
belle-lettres  in  the  University  of  Virginia.  His 
contributions  to  the  leading  magazines  have 
been  both  literary  and  scientific.  His  works 
include:  <  Outlines  of  Comparative  Philology* 
(1853);  <  Stray  Leaves  from  the  Book  of  Na- 
ture* (1856);  <  Studies  in  English*;  <  Glimpses 
of  Europe  in  1848  * ;  <  Romance  of  American 
History*;  < Wonders  of  the  Deep*;  etc. 

De  Walden,  Thomas  Blaides.  An  English 
dramatist;  born  in  London,  England,  181 1; 
died  in  New  York  city,  Sept.  26,  1873.  He 
came  to  America  in  1844  and  began  his  career 
as  an  actor ;  but  he  made  his  greatest  success 
as  a  dramatist,  writing  and  adapting  more 
than  one  hundred  plays,  including  <  Sam  *  foi 
F.  S.  Chanfrau,  and  <  The  Hypochondriac' 


DEWEY  — DICKENS 


MJ 


Dewey,  Orville.  A  prominent  American 
clergyman  and  man  of  letters ;  born  in  Sheffield, 
Mass.,  March  28,  1794;  died  there,  March  21, 
1882.  He  entered  the  Unitarian  ministry  in 
1819,  and  became  prominent  as  a  pastor  in 
New  Bedford  and  New  York.  For  two  years 
he  was  Dr.  Channing's  assistant  in  Boston.  In 
1862  he  retired  and  devoted  himself  to  study. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  Discourses  on  Human 
Nature*  (1847);  'Discourses  on  the  Nature  of 
Religion  >  (1847);  <The  Problem  of  Human 
Destiny*   (1864). 

Dexter,  Henry  Martyn.  An  American  cler- 
gyman and  religious  writer;  bom  at  Plympton, 
Mass.,  Aug.  13,  1821 ;  died  Nov.  13,  1890.  Edu- 
cated at  Yale  and  Andover.  He  was  pastor  in 
Manchester,  N.  H.,  1844-49 ;  and  of  the  Berke- 
ley Street  Congregational  Church,  Boston,  Mass., 
1849-67,  when  he  became  editor  of  the  Congre- 
gationalist.  His  chief  work  is  <The  Congrega- 
tionalism of  the  Last  Three  Hundred  Years* 
(1880). 

Diamante,  Juan  Bautlsta  (de-a-man'te).  A 
Spanish  playwright ;  born  about  1626 ;  died 
toward  the  end  of  the  century.  Of  his  plays, 
45  are  extant.  All  are  founded  on  Spanish  his- 
tory; two  on  legends  of  the  Cid,  one  —  'Who 
Honors  his  Father* — being  verbatim  coinci- 
dent with  Corneille's  <  Cid  *  throughout  entire 
scenes.  Which  is  the  original  ?  Recent  critics 
lean  strongly  to  the  Spaniard.  Diamante  wrote 
some  religious  or  "spiritual**  plays,  and  a  few 
musical  dramas ;  of  the  last  class,  <  Alpheus 
and  Arethusa*  is  held  the  best. 

Diaz,  Mrs.  Abby  (Morton).  An  American 
story-writer;  born  in  Massachusetts,  1821 ;  was 
a  member  of  the  famous  Brook  Farm  Associa- 
tion, and  has  been  an  earnest  worker  in  social 
reforms.  Her  books  for  children  include  :  <  The 
Cat's  Arabian  Knights*;  'The  John  Spicer 
Lectures  * ;  <  Polly  Cologne  * ;  <  Jimmj-johns  * ;  and 
'  The  William  Henry  Letters.*  Other  works 
are :  <  Bybury  to  Beacon  Street,  a  Discussion 
of  Social  Topics  * ;  •  Domestic  Problems  * ;  <  Only 
a  Flock  of  Women.*     Died  Belmost,  April,  1904. 

Diaz  or  Dias,  Antonio  Gon^alves  (de'as). 
A  Brazilian  poet ;  born  at  Caxias,  Brazil,  1823 ; 
died  at  sea,  1864  or  1866.  His  lyric  poems 
are  comprised  in  the  volumes  entitled  <  First,* 

<  Second,*  and  <  Last  Songs.*  His  other  works 
are  an  epic  left  incomplete  and  four  dramas. 
His  verses  give  proof  of  great  originality,  with 
tenderness  of  feeling  and  a  lively  wit. 

Diaz  de  Escobar,  Narciso  fde'ath  d^  es-ko- 
bar').  A  Spanish  poet;  born  at  Malaga,  June 
25,  i860.  He  won  great  popularity  with  his 
lyric  poems,  and  several  of  his  dramatic  com- 
positions have  been  very  successful :  <  A  Morisco 
Episode  * ;    <  The    Young    Men   of   the    Day  * ; 

<  Two  Husbands  and  a  Wife.*  In  collaboration 
with  other  writers,  he  has  published  a  volume 
of  <  Character  Sketches  from  Madrid.* 

Diaz  del  Castillo,  Bernal  (de'ath  del  kas- 
tel'yo).  A  Spanish  chronicler  of  the  conquest 
of  Mexico;  born  about  1498;  died  in  Mexico 


about  1593.  His  <True  History  of  the  Dis 
covery  and  Conquest  of  New  Spain  *  was  pub- 
lished at  Madrid  in  1632.  He  had  little  literary 
skill  and  no  scientific  knowledge ;  bu'i:  he  was 
a  keen  observer  with  a  good  memory,  and  an 
effective  story-teller  with  a  fine  taste  for  marvel- 
ous feats  and  the  supernatural,  tliough  trust- 
worthy for  ordinary  happenings. 

Dibdin,  Charles.  An  English  lyric  and 
dramatic  poet  and  actor;  bom  at  Southamp- 
ton, 1745;  died  July  25,  1814.  He  opened  a 
little  playhouse  in  London,  the  Sans  Souci 
Theatre,  and  there  brought  out  his  own  plays, 
enlivened  with  his  own  songs,  set  to  music  of 
his  own  composition,  and  with  himself  as  the 
leading  actor.  He  wrote  probably  fifty  plays 
and  operettas  (best  remembered  among  them 
*The  Quaker,*  an  operetta),  two  novels,  a 
<  History  of  the  Stage,*  and  over  a  thousand 
songs.  His  <Sea  Songs*  are  popular  favorites 
still.  He  wrote  an  autobiography :  <  Profes- 
sional Life*  (4  vols.,  1803). 

Dibdin,  Thomas  Frognall.  An  eminent  Eng- 
lish bibliographer ;  born  in  Calcutta,  India,  1775 
or  1776 ;  died  in  Kensington,  London,  Nov.  18, 
1847.  Books,  not  as  literature  merely,  but  as 
things,  were  the  objects  of  his  study  and  delight, 
with  such  results  as  the  <  Bibliographical  Decam- 
eron* (1817)  ;<Bibliophobia*  (1832) ;  and  <  Rem^ 
iniscences  of  a  Literary  Life*  (1836), —  works  in 
which  the  collection  of  books  is  dealt  with 
from  the  point  of  view  of  a  lover  of  the  print- 
ing, binding,  and  illustrating  arts. 

Dibdin,  Thomas  John.  An  English  dram- 
atist; bom  in  London,  March  21,  1771 ;  died 
there,  Sept.  16,  1841.  Prolific  in  plays  of  an 
ephemeral  character,  <  Blindman's  Buff,*  <  The 
Pirates,*  and  similar  things  of  an  hour,  he 
lived  well,  worked  hard,  and  died  poor,  leaving 
interesting  <  Reminiscences*  (1827)  behind  him. 

Dicey,  Edward.  An  English  journalist,  trav- 
eler, and  author ;  born  in  Leicestershire,  Eng- 
land, in  1832.  He  graduated  with  distinction 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  entered 
journalism.  He  was  identified  for  a  short  time 
with  the  Daily  Telegraph  and  Daily  News,  and 
from  1870  to  1889  was  editor  of  the  Observer. 
Among  his  works  are:  'Rome  in  i860*  (1861I; 
<The  Battlefields  of  1866'  (1866);  <A  Month 
in  Russia  during  the  Marriage  of  the  Czare- 
wich*  (1867);  < England  and  Egypt*  (1881). 

Dickens,  Charles.  An  English  editor,  eldest 
son  of  Charles  Dickens;  born  in  1837;  died 
July  20,  1896,  at  West  Kensington,  England. 
He  was  educated  at  King's  College,  Eton,  and 
at  Leipsic ;  became  assistant  to  his  father  as 
editor  of  All  the  Year  Round,  and  subsequently 
chief  partner  in  a  printing  firm.  He  edited 
a  <  Life  of  Charles  Mathews*;  <The  Dictionary 
of  London  * ;  <  Paris  and  the  Thames.* 

Dickens,  Charles.  A  famous  English  nov- 
elist ;  bom  at  Landport  in  Portsea,  Feb.  7, 
1812 ;  died  June  9,  1870.  His  works  include : 
<  Sketches  by  Boz  *  (1835-36);  <  Pickwick  Papers » 
(1837);   < Oliver  Twist>   (183&-39) ;  'Nicholas 


144 


DICKENS  —  DIETRICKSON 


Nickleby>  (1839) ;  <  Master  Humphrey's  Clock  > 
(1840-41),  a  weekly  issue  in  periodical  form, 
comprising  among  others  the  installments  of 
<01d  Curiosity  Shop>  and  <Barnaby  Rudge>; 
'American  Notes >  (1842) ;  <A  Christmas  Carol* 
(1843);  <iMartin  Chuzzlewit>  (1844);  <  The 
Chimes >  (1844) ;  <The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth* 
(1845);  <  Pictures  from  Italy*  {1846);  <The 
Battle  of  Life>  (1846);  <  Dombey  and  Son> 
(1848);  <The  Haunted  Man>  (1848);  <David 
Copperfield*  (1850) ;  < Bleak  House*  (1853); 
<A  Child's  History  of  England*  (1854) ;  <  Hard 
Times*  (1854) ;  <  Little  Dorrit*  {1857) ;  <A  Tale 
of  Two  Cities*  (1859);  <  Great  Expectations* 
(1861);  <Our  Mutual  Friend*  (1865);  <The 
Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood*  (1870),  unfinished; 
and  many  short  pieces  and  humorous  essays, 
stories,  and  sketches. 

Dickens,  Mary  Angela  (Evans).  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  daughter  of  William  Evans ;  born 
in  London,  March  6,  1838  ;  died,  June  22,  1896. 
In  1 86 1  she  married  the  eldest  son  of  Charles 
Dickens.  Her  best-known  novel  is  <  A  Mere 
Cipher  >  (1893).  She  also  wrote  <  Cross  Currents* 
(1892);  <  Valiant  Ignorance*  (1894)  ;  <  Some 
Women's  Ways,*  a  volume  of  short  stories. 

Dickinson,  Anna  Elizabeth.  Orator,  novel- 
ist, and  playwright ;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Oct. 
28,  1842.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  she 
became  known  as  a  speaker,  and  under  the 
stimulus  of  the  great  events  became  an  orator 
of  great  power  and  persuasiveness,  who  created 
by  her  youth,  real  pathos,  and  brilliant  rhetoric, 
the  greatest  enthusiasm  wherever  she  was 
heard ;  no  name  was  better  known  the  country 
through.  She  was  called  the  «Joan  of  Arc*> 
of  the  war.  Some  of  her  books  are :  <  What 
Answer*  (1868),  a  novel;  <A  Paying  Invest- 
ment* (1876);  <A  Ragged  Register  of  People, 
Places,  and  Opinions*  (1879).  She  was  the 
author  of  two  plays  of  excellent  dramatic  qual- 
ity, <Anne  Boleyn*  and  < Marie  Tudor*  (1875), 
in  which  she  played  the  title  roles. 

Dickinson,  Emily.  An  American  poet ;  born 
in  Amherst,  Mass.,  Dec.  10,  1830;  died  there. 
May  15,  1886.  Living  the  life  of  a  recluse,  she 
wrote  much  verse  in  forms  peculiar  to  herself, 
but  she  published  almost  nothing;  although 
the  few  pieces  that  appeared  attracted  much 
attention.  In  1892  a  collection  of  her  poems 
was  issued  which  received  warm  praise  from 
competent  critics.  In  all,  th.-ee  volumes  of  her 
verse  and  prose  have  appeared. 

Dickinson,  John.  An  early  American  polit- 
ical writer  and  statesman.  He  was  born  in 
Maryland,  Nov.  13,  1732,  and  died  at  Wil- 
mington, Del,  Feb.  14,  1808.  He  wrote  a  series 
of  State  papers  — <  Address  to  the  Inhabitants 
of  Quebec*;  < Petitions  to  the  King*;  < Ad- 
dress to  the  Armies*  —  that  had  great  influence 
in  their  day.  He  was  the  author  of  <  Letters 
from  a  Pennsylvania  Farmer  to  the  Inhabitants 
of  the  Colonies*  (1767),  and  < Essay  on  Con- 
stitutional Power  of  Great  Britain  over  the 
American  Colonies*  (1774).  Dickinson  Col- 
lege at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  was  named  in  his  honor. 


Diderot,  Denis  (de-dro').  A  distinguished 
French  philosopher,  foremost  of  the  "  Encyclo- 
pedists**; born  at  Langres,  Oct.  5,  1713;  died 
July  31, 1784.  <  Philosophic  Reflections  * —  burned 
by  the  hangman  and  therefore  widely  circulated 
—  and  <A  Skeptic's  Walk*  (1747)  were  part  of 
a  warfare  against  the  Church.  In  the  compila- 
tion of  the  '  Encyclopedia  *  Diderot  bore  the 
main  burden.  He  wrote  all  the  articles  on 
technology  and  industries,  besides  many  of 
those  on  points  of  philosophy,  and  even  on 
physics  and  chemistry.  Further  proof  of  his 
versatility  is  seen  in  the  admirable  reports  he 
wrote  (1765-67)  of  the  art  expositions  at  the 
Paris  Academy.  He  wrote  some  dramas,  but 
none  of  them  possess  any  great  merit.  On  the 
other  hand,  his  novel  <The  Nun*  and  his  dra- 
matic dialogue  <  Rameau's  Nephew  *  are  wonder- 
fully effective  pictures  of  the  corrupt  society 
of  the  time.  His  little  sketches  <  Little  Papers  > 
are  pearls  of  kindly  humor  and  of  witty  narra- 
tive. 

Didier,  Charles  (ded-ya').  A  French  poet 
and  novelist  (1805-64) ;  born  at  Geneva.  He 
wrote  some  novels  designed  to  awaken  patri- 
otic sentiment  in  Italy,  and  to  make  known 
the  struggles  of  the  Carbonari  and  other  revo- 
lutionists against  Austrian  and  papal  domin- 
ion. Among  these  novels  were :  <  Underground 
Rome  *  (2  vols.,  1833) ;  <  The  Roman  Campagna' 
(1842);  and  < Fifty  Years  in  the  Wilderness* 
(1857):  they  contain  masterly  descriptions  of 
the  state  of  Italy.  His  lyric  poems,  <  Melodies  > 
(1827),  are  characterized  less  by  force  than  by 
sweetness. 

Didier,  Eugene  Lemolne.  An  American 
prose-writer;  bom  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Dec.  22, 
1838.  Many  of  his  writings  have  appeared  over 
the  signatures  <<  Lemoine  **  and  "  Timon.**  He 
published  the  <Life  of  Edgar  A.  Poe*  (1876); 
<  Life  and  Letters  of  Madame  Bonaparte  >  (1879), 
republished  in  London  and  translated  into 
French  and  Italian ;  and  a  <  Primer  of  Criti- 
cism >  (1883). 

Dieffenbach,  Christian  (def'en-badh).  A 
German  poet  and  theologian;  born  in  Schlitz, 
Hesse,  Dec.  4,  1822.  His  talent  finds  most  con- 
genial expression  in  < Songs  of  Childhood* 
(1852)  and  <In  the  German  Springtime*  (1871), 
jiie  latter  a  volume  of  inspiring  war  song.  D.  1901. 

Dierx,  Leon  (derx).  A  French  poet;  borH 
in  the  Isle  of  Reunion,  1838.  He  was  educated 
for  a  civil-service  career,  but  has  devoted  his 
highest  capacities  to  verse.  His  maiden  vol- 
ume, <  Aspirations  *  (1858),  sounds  a  new  note; 
while  < Closed  Lips*  (1867)  and  <The  Lovers' 
(1879)  maintain  him  in  the  supremacy  he  has 
attained  in  the  so-called  <*  Parnassian  **  school. 

Dietrickson,  Lorents  Henrik  Segelcke  (de- 
trik-son).  A  Norwegian  poet  and  historian  of 
art  and  literature ;  bom  at  Bergen,  Jan.  l,  1834. 
While  an  undergraduate  in  the  University  of 
Christiania,  he  composed  many  clever  student 
songs  which  were  collected  and  published  im 
1859.    He  published  the  poem*  Olaf  Liljekranz  > 


DIEULAFOY  —  D'ISR  AELI 


US 


In  1857,  and  <KivleflMten>  in  1879.  His  writ- 
ings on  art  and  literature  are  numerous  and  of 
high  authority. 

Dleulafoy,  Jeanne  Rachel  (Mayre)  (dye-la- 
fwa).  A  French  descriptive  writer  and  novel- 
ist;  bom  (Mayre)  in  Toulouse,  June  29,  1851.  Her 
narrative  of  travel  in  <  Persia,  Chaldsea,  and  Susa  > 
(1886),  and  her  fiction  <  Parysatis  >  (1890),  <  Broth- 
er Pelagus'^{i894),  are  evidences  of  her  talent. 

Diez,  Friedricli  Christian  (dets).  A  Ger- 
man critic  and  historian  of  literature,  founder 
of  Romance  philology ;  born  in  Giessen,  March 
i5i  1794;  died  in  Bonn,  May  29,  1876.  At  27 
he  achieved  celebrity  with  his  philological 
studies  of  <01d  Spanish  Romances*  (1821),  etc.; 
but  his  masterpieces  in  this  field  are  <The 
Poetry  of  the  Troubadours*  (1826)  and  < Lives 
and  Works  of  the  Troubadours*  (1829).  <An 
Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Romance  Lan- 
guages* (1853),  and  editions  of  Romance  poems 
and  other  works,  sustain  his  pre-eminence. 

Diez,  Katharina.  A  German  poet  and 
story-writer ;  born  at  Netphen,  Westphalia,  Dec. 
2,  1809;  died  there,  Jan.  22,  1882.  Her  sim- 
ple but  fresh  and  pleasing  talent  is  evinced 
in  <Song  Wreath*  (1842),  and  <  Poems*  (1857), 
in  part  by  a  sister ;  and  <  A  Youthful  Friend- 
ship* (1861),  a  story  of  village  life. 

Dilke,  Charles  Wentworth.  An  English 
publicist  and  critic ;  born  Dec.  8,  1789 ;  died  at 
Hants,  Aug.  10,  1864.  A  journalist  and  book 
reviewer  of  celebrity,  his  best  work  is  in  <  The 
Papers  of  a  Critic'  (1875). 

Dilke,  Sir  Charles  Wentworth.  An  Eng- 
lish publicist  and  critical  and  political  writer; 
bom  in  London,  Sept.  4,  1843.  A  brilliant  but 
checkered  political  career  has  been  varied  by 
literary  work  :  <  Greater  Britain  *  (1868),  a  record 
of  travel  in  the  English  colonies ;  <  Problems  of 
Great  Britain  *  (1890) ;  <  The  British  Army  > ;  <  Im- 
perial Defense  * ;  and  various  essays  on  current 
style. 

Dilke,  Emilia  Frances,  Lady.  An  English 
art  critic  and  miscellaneous  writer;  wife  of  Sir 
Charles  W.  She  was  for  many  years  a  writer 
for  the  Saturday  and  Westminster  Reviews, 
and  at  one  time  art  critic  of  the  Academy.  Her 
chief  work  is  <The  Renaissance  in  France,* 
illustrated  by  herself.  Her  other  publications 
include:  <The  Shrine  of  Death*  (1886);  <Art 
in  the  Modern  State*  (1888);  <The  Shrine  of 
Love.* 

Dinclslage-Canipe,  Emmy  von  (dink'lag-e- 
Kam'p^).  A  German  novelist  (1825-91);  bom 
at  Campe,  Osnabriick.  Her  first  novel,  <  The 
Loving  Old  Couple,*  was  published  in  1857. 
Though  she  traveled  extensively  and  observ- 
antly in  Europe  and  America,  her  themes  for 
stories  were  nearly  all  from  her  loved  country- 
side ;  and  she  is  called  <<  the  poetess  of  the  Ems 
valley.**  Among  her  novels  may  be  named : 
<The  School  of  the  Heart*;  'Tales  of  Home*; 
•Pictures  of  Emsland*;  (posthumously)  'Po- 
ems,* and  a  story,  <  The  Woman  Nihilist.* 


Dingelstedt,  Franz  von.  Baron  (din'gel- 
stet).  A  German  poet  and  dramatist;  bom 
at  Halsdorf  in  Upper  Hesse,  June  30,  1814; 
died  at  Vienna,  May  15,  1881.  His  'Songs  of  a 
Cosmopolitan  Nightwatchman  >  (1841)  shocked 
all  officialdom,  but  had  a  great  popular  suc- 
cess ;  and  his  <  Poems*  (1845)  showed  true  poetic 
feeling  and  great  descriptive  power,  the  latter 
also  visible  in  his  travel  sketches  and  stories; 
one  of  the  most  successful  of  the  latter  is  <  The 
Amazon,*  a  society  novel.  His  tragedy  'The 
House  of  the  Bameveldts*  (1851)  was  a  splen- 
did success.  He  adapted  plays  from  Moli^re, 
Shakespeare,  and  others,  to  the  German  stage, 
and  wrote  a  volume  of  '  Studies  and  Copies 
after  Shakespeare.* 

Diniz,  Julio  (de'nes),  pseudonym  of  Joaquim 
Guilherme  Gomes  Coelho.  A  Portuguese  nov- 
elist and  poet ;  born  at  Oporto,  Nov.  14,  1839 ; 
died  there,  Sept.  12,  1871.  He  introduced  the 
village  story  into  Portuguese  literature.  His 
first  work,  'The  Rector's  Wards*  (1866),  is  also 
his  best ;  it  was  followed  by  '  An  English 
Family*  (1867),  describing  middle-class  life  in 
Oporto.     His  poems  were  published  in  1880. 

Diniz  da  Cruz  e  Silva,  Antonio  (de'nes  da 
kroth  e  sel'va).  A  Portuguese  poet  (1731-99); 
bom  at  Lisbon.  A  lawyer  and  official,  in  1776 
he  was  made  counsel  to  the  superior  court  at 
Rio  Janeiro,  and  died  there.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  celebrated  literary  society, 
the  Lisbon  Arcadia.  His  poetry  comprises  son- 
nets (over  300),  eclogues,  elegies,  songs,  epi- 
grams, epistles,  and  several  volumes  of  Pin- 
daric odes ;  a  lengthy  poem,.  '  Brazil's  Meta- 
morphoses * ;  and  a  heroi-comic  epic,  <  Hyssop,* 
—  modeled  on  Boileau's  '  Lutrin,*  but  a  spirited, 
original  composition,  far  superior  to  Boileau's, — 
which  was  republished  several  times  in  France, 
translated  into  French  prose. 

Dinnies,  Anna  Peyre  (Shackelford).  An 
American  poet  and  prose-writer;  born  in 
Georgetown,  S.  C,  1816.  She  was  a  frequent 
contributor  to  Southern  periodicals.  Her  best 
work  is  'The  Floral  Year'  (1847);  a  collection 
of  100  poems,  arranged  in  twelve  groups,  typi- 
fying bouquets  of  flowers.     Died  in  1886. 

Diogenes  Laertlus  (di-oj'e-nez  la-er'shus). 
A  Greek  compiler  of  anecdotes,  flourishing 
probably  around  200-250  B.  C;  native  of  Laerte 
in  Cilicia.  He  wrote  in  10  books  a  collection  of 
notes  and  memoranda  '  On  the  Lives,  Teach- 
ings, and  Sayings  of  Famous  Men,*  particularly 
the  philosophers.  Drawn  from  divers  sources 
without  any  judgment  or  discrimination,  the 
notes  are  of  very  unequal  value.  The  fullest 
memoranda  concern  Epicurus,  for  nearly  all 
the  fragments  of  whom  that  we  possess  we  are 
indebted  to  this  compiler. 

Disraeli,  Benjamin.    See  Beaconsfleld. 

D 'Israeli,  Isaac.  A  notable  English  liter- 
ary essayist,  compiler,  and  historian,  father  of 
Benjamin ;  born  at  Enfield  in  Middlesex,  May 
1766;  died  Jan.  9,  1848.  He  was  of  Spanish- 
Jew    stock,   but    left    the    lewish    conununion. 


14^ 


DITSON  —  DMITRIYEV 


Rejecting  a  career  of  trade,  he  frequented  the 
British  Museum  and  compiled  an  interesting 
collection  of  literary  miscellanea  or  «  ana,"  the 

<  Curiosities  of  Literature,'  etc.,  which  he  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1791.  The  author  ex- 
pected little  sale,  and  presented  the  copyright 
to  the  publisher,  but  bought  it  back  a  few 
years  later  on  its  remarkable  success ;  it  is  still 
continually  republished.  A  series  of  like  collec- 
tions followed,  with  the  same  success :  <  Calam- 
ities of  Authors  > ;  <  Quarrels  of  Authors  > ;  <  Mis- 
cellanies, or  Literary  Recollections.'  He  wrote 
some   unsuccessful   romances ;   among  them    is 

<  Mejnoun  and  Leila,'  probably  the  earliest  Ori- 
ental romance  in  the  language.  Ilis  <  Com- 
mentaries on  the  Life  and  Reign  of  Charles 
L'  marked  a  distinct  advance  in  the  methods 
of  historical  research. 

Ditson,  George  Leighton.  An  American 
historical  writer  and  traveler;  born  in  West- 
ford,  Mass.,  Aug.  5,  1812 ;  has  published  <  Cir- 
cassia,  or  a  Tour  to  the  Caucasus'  (1850); 
<The  Para  Papers  on  France,  Egypt,  and 
Ethiopia'  (1858);  < Adventures  and  Observa- 
tions on  the  Northern  Coast  of  Africa'  (1859) ; 
<The  Federati  of  Italy'  (1871). 

Dix,  Dorothea  Lynde.  An  American  phi- 
lanthropist and  author ;  born  in  Maine  in  1S02 ; 
died  in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  July  19,  1887.  In  early 
life  she  kept  a  school  for  girls.  Later  she  gave 
her  attention  to  ameliorating  the  condition  of 
paupers,  criminals,  and  insane  persons.  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  she  was  superintendent  of 
hospital  nurses  for  the  Union  army.  Among 
her  works  —  many  of  which  were  published 
anonymously  —  are  :  <  The  Garland  of  Flora  > 
(1829);  < Prisons  and  Prison  Discipline'  (1845). 

Dlx,  Jolin  Adams.  An  American  statesman 
and  general;  born  at  Boscawen,  N.  H.,  July 
24,  1798;  died  in  New  York  city,  April  21,  1879. 
He  was  with  his  father  in  the  war  of  1812, 
and  subsequently  held  other  commissions  in  the 
army;  but  resigned  in  1828,  settled  in  Coopers- 
town,  N.  v.,  and  began  the  practice  of  law, 
which  he  had  studied  during  his  military  service. 
Thereafter  he  was  prominent  in  the  politics  of 
his  adopted  State,  and  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  in  1845.  He  was  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  during  a  brief  period  in 
1861  under  Buchanan,  during  which  time  he 
telegraphed  to  a  naval  officer  the  famous 
phrase :  « If  any  one  attempts  to  haul  down 
the  American  flag,  shoot  him  on  the  spot !  '^ 
During  the  Civil  War  he  was  made  major- 
general  of  volunteers.  From  1867  to  1868  he 
was  Minister  to  France,  and  in  1872  was  elected 
Governor  of  New  York.  Among  his  works  are  : 
< Resources  of  the  City  of  New  York'  (1827); 
<  A  Winter  in  Madeira,  and  a  Summer  in  Spain 
and  France'  (1855);  < Speeches  and  Occasional 
Addresses'  (2  vols.,  1864).  He  translated  <Dies 
Ira'  (1863),  and  <Stabat  Mater'  (1868),  both 
privately  printed. 

Dix,  Morgan.  An  American  clergyman  and 
writer,  son  of  John  A,;  born  in  New  York  city, 
Nov.  1, 1827  ;  rector  of  Trinity  parish.  New  York 


city,  since  Nov.  10,  1862.  His  publications  in- 
clude:  <  Essay  on  Christian  Art'  (1853);  <  Me- 
moirs of  John  Adams  Dix'  (1883);  <The  Gospel 
and  Philosophy,  Six  Lectures'  (i886j ;  and  two 
vols,  of  <  Sermons '  (1878-86).    Died  April  29, 1908. 

Dixon,  James.      An  American   lawyer  and 

statesman ;  born  in  Enfield,  Conn.,  Aug.  5,  1814 ; 
died  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  March  27,  1873.  He 
graduated  at  Williams  College ;  achieved  dis- 
tinction in  the  practice  of  the  law,  in  partner- 
ship with  Judge  W.  W.  Ellsworth;  but  turning 
his  attention  to  public  affairs,  was  repeatedly 
elected  to  the  Connecticut  Legislature  as  a 
Whig,  served  two  terms  in  the  United  States 
House  of  Representatives,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  United  States  Senate  from  1857  to  1869. 
In  1S62  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from 
Trinity  College.  He  excelled  as  a  writer  of 
both  prose  and  poetry,  and  his  poems  occupy 
a  conspicuous  place  in  Everest's  <  Poets  of  Con- 
necticut.' Several  of  his  sonnets  have  an  hon- 
orable place  with  those  of  Lowell  and  Bryant 
in  Leigh  Hunt's  <  The  Book  of  the  Sonnet.' 

Dixon,  Richard  Watson.  An  English  poet 
and  historian  ;  born  in  London  in  1833.  He 
was  a  minister  of  the  English  Church.  He  was 
associated  with  Burne-Jones,  Rossetti,  and 
Morris,  in  founding  the  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
Magazine,  the  organ  of  the  pre-Raphaelite 
school.  His  poetical  works  are:  ^Christ's  Com- 
pany and  Other  Poems'  (1861);  an  epic  <Mano' 
(1883);  <Odes  and  Eclogues'  (1884);  <Lyrical 
Poems'  (1887).  His  principal  historical  work 
is  a  <History  of  the  Church  of  England'  (4  vols., 
1880-91).      Died  Jan.,  1900. 

Dixon,  William  Hepworth.  An  English 
critic,  biographer,  and  historian  ;  born  at  Great 
Ancoats,  June  30,  1821;  died  in  London, 
Dec.  27,  1879.  He  is  peculiarly  successful  in 
exploiting  the  altruistic  side  of  human  nature, 

<  John  Howard  and  the  Prison  World  of  Europe ' 
(new  ed.  1854);    <  William  Penn'  (1851);    and 

<  Robert  Blake'  (1852);  while  the  <  History  of 
England  During  the  Commonwealth'  and  the 

<  Personal  History  of  Lord  Bacon'  (1861)  are 
contributions  of  enduring  value  to  historical 
science.  Visits  to  America  inspired  the  <  White 
Conquest'  (1876),  giving  much  information 
about  the  negroes,  Indians,  and  Chinese. 

Dmitriyev,  Iva.n  Iv^novich  (dme'tre-ef). 
A  Russian  poet  (1760-1837);  born  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Simbirsk.  After  a  high  official  ca- 
reer, he  retired  to  private  life  in  1802,  and  de- 
voted himself  till  his  death  to  literature.  His 
first  poem,  a  song,  <  The  Dove,'  led  Karamsin 
to  advise  him  to  keep  on  working  the  lyric 
vein ;  he  took  the  French  poets  for  his  models, 
and  thus  attained  a  grace  of  form  before  un- 
known in  Russian  poetry.  He  made  an  ad- 
mirable translation  of  Lafontaine  into  Russian 
verse.  His  greatest  original  work  is  an  epico- 
dramatic  poem  :  <  Jermak,  Conqueror  of  Siberia.' 
Many  of  his  songs  are  popular  favorites.  He 
wrote  a  highly  interesting  autobiography:  <A 
Glance  at  my  Life.' 


DOANE  —  DODDRIDGE 


147 


Doane,  George  Washington.  An  American 
bishop  of  the  Episcopal  Church  ;  born  in  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.,  May  27,  1799;  died  April  27,  1859. 
His  publications  consist  of  public  addresses, 
and  a  book  of  poems  entitled  <  Songs  by  the 
Way'  (1824).  Many  of  his  verses  are  found 
in  collections ;  among  which  are  the  familiar 
lines,  <What  Is  that,  Mother  ?>;  <  Softly  Now 
the  Light  of  Day  * ;  and  <  Thou  Art  the  Way.' 

Doane,  William  Croswell.  An  American 
bishop  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  son  of  George 
W,;  bom  in  Boston,  March  2,  1832.  He 
has  been  a  prolific  writer  on  current  events, 
contributing  to  reviews  and  other  periodicals. 
He  has  written  a  number  of  poems,  among 
which  <  The  Sculptor  Boy  >  is  best  known. 
Included  among  his  published  works  are  :  <  Ser- 
mons > ;  <  Mosaics  for  the  Christian  Year ' ; 
and  <  Life  and  Writings '  of  his  father,  George 
Washington  Doane,  with  a  memoir  (4  vols., 
1860-61). 

Dobell,  Sydney  Thompson.  An  English 
poet  (1824-74)  ;  born  at  Cranbrook  in  Kent. 
A  passionate  interest  in  Italian  freedom  in- 
spired his  dramatic  poem  <  The  Roman,*  pub- 
lished in  a  crisis  of  Italian  affairs  (1850),  and 
very  successful.  His  services  to  the  cause  of 
free  institutions  were  heartily  acknowledged 
by  Kossuth  and  Mazzini.  A  later  poem,  *  Bal- 
der,' had  less  vogue.  In  1856  he  published  a 
volume  of  dramatic  and  descriptive  verses  re- 
lating mostly  to  the  Crimean  war,  <  England 
in  Time  of  War,'  many  of  which  have  found 
a  place  in  anthologies.  After  his  death  a 
volume  of  essays  was  published :  <  Thoughts 
on  Art,  Philosophy,  and  Religion.' 

Dbbrentey.  Gabriel  (de-bren'ta-e).  A  Hun- 
garian poet  (X786-1851);  born  at  Nagyszolos. 
After  study  in  German  universities,  he  became 
a  schoolmaster  in  Transylvania,  and  founded  a 
journal,  the  Tpansylvanian  Museum,  which  had 
a  notable  influence  in  developing  the  Magyar 
language  and  literature.  He  then  settled  at 
Pesth,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Hungarian  Academy.    He  edited  the  Academy's 

<  Monuments  of  Ancient  Hungarian  Speech,' 
and  with  Andrew  Fay  was  director  of  the 
new  Hungarian  Theatre.  His  many  songs, 
odes,  epigrams,  elegies,  etc.,  despite  their  fre- 
quent turgidity,  must  be  ranked  with  the  better 
specimens  of  the  national  literature,  and  not  a 
few  of  them  were  translated  into  foreign  lan- 
guages ;    e.  g.,  <  The    Alpine   Violet '    and    the 

<  Hussar  Songs.'  He  rendered  valuable  serv- 
ice to  the  Hungarian  stage  by  introducing  the 
plays  of  Shakespeare  and  Schiller.  His  histori- 
cal writii)gs  are  of  great  and  permanent  value. 

Dobrolyubov,  Nicolai  Alexandrovitch  (do- 
brol'yu-bovj.  A  Russian  critic;  born  in  Nishni- 
Novgorod,  Feb.  5,  1836;  died  Nov.  29,  1861. 
The  study  of  Ostroffski's  plays,  entitled  'The 
Dark  Kingdom,'  and  the  analysis  of  Gont- 
charof's  romance  <  Oblomoff,'  among  others, 
show  him  to  have  been  a  profoxmd  and  gifted 
literary  critic. 


Dobrovsky,  Joseph  (do-brov'ske).  An  emi- 
nent Bohemian  critic,  literary  historian,  and 
philologist,  the  rejuvenator  of  his  country's 
literature ;  born  in  Gyemiet,  Hungary,  Aug. 
17.  1753 ;  died  in  Briinn,  Jan.  6,  1829.  He  was 
without  a  peer  in  Bohemian  learning,  ranking 
among  the  greatest  philologists  and  critics 
with  his  <  History  of  the  Bohemian  Language 
and  Literature'  (1792);  < Principles  of  the  Old 
Slavic  Dialect'  (1822);  < Grammar  of  the  Bo- 
hemian Language ' ;  and  a  wealth  of  similar 
works,  all  characterized  by  accuracy  and  sound 
judgment,  and  conferring  unparalleled  obliga- 
tions on  Bohemian  letters. 

Dobson,  Austin.  An  English  poet  and  man 
of  letters ;  born  at  Plymouth,  Jan.  18,  1840. 
Intended  for  a  civil  engineer,  and  educated 
abroad,  he  accepted  a  place  under  the  Board 
of  Trade.  His  poems  are  inimitable  in  their 
artistic  finish  and  grace  of  fancy.  They  are 
contained  in  the  volumes  :  •  Vignettes  in  Rhyme 
and  Vers  de  Society'  (1873);  <  Proverbs  in 
Porcelain'  (1877):  <01d-World  Idyls'  (1883); 
<  Eighteenth-Century  Vignettes'  (1892).  He 
has  written  biographies  of  Hogarth,  Fielding, 
Steele,  Goldsmith,  and  other  literary  notables, 
and  contributed  many  articles  to  the  English 
*  Dictionary  of  National  Biography.' 

D6czy,  Ludwig  von  (dek'tse).  A  Hungaro- 
German  poet  and  publicist ;  born  at  Odenburg, 
Nov.  30,  1845.  He  was  correspondent  of  the 
Vienna  Presse  at  Buda-Pesth  in  1866;  soon  be- 
came a  leader  among  the  younger  journalistic 
supporters  of  the  Deak  party,  and  rose  to  offi- 
cial prominence.  He  translated  the  first  part 
of  Goethe's  <  Faust' ;  produced  a  comedy,  <The 
Kiss'  (1871),  which  was  a  striking  success  Loth 
at  home  and  (in  his  translation)  in  the  Ger- 
man theatres,  and  others.  < Mixed  Marriages' 
was  very  successful.  He  wrote  also  the  tragedy 
<The  Last  Prophet,'  and  some  free-flowing  lyr- 
ics, besides  several  novels. 

Dodd,  Anna  Bowman  I  Blake  i.  An  Ameri- 
can prose-writer ;  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1850. 
She  has  written  criticisms  for  the  London  Art 
Journal  and  Harper's  Magazine,  and  published 
♦Cathedral  Days'  (1886);  <The  Republic  of 
the  Future'  (1887);  and  <Glorinda:  a  Story' 
(1888). 

Dodd,  Mary  Ann  Hanmer.  An  American 
poet;  born  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  March  5,  1813; 
graduated  at  Mrs.  Kinnear's  Seminary  (18301; 
was  contributor  to  the  Ladies'  Repository  and 
the  Rose  of  Sharon  (1835).  A  volume  of  her 
poems  was  published  in  1843,  including  *The 
Lament'  and  <The  Dreamer.' 

Doddridge,  Philip.  An  English  noncon- 
formist divine;  born  in  London,  June  26,  1702; 
died  in  Lisbon,  Portugal,  Uct.  26,  1751.  He  was 
educated  for  the  ministry  at  an  academy  in 
Kibworth,  Leicestershire,  where  he  became 
pastor  in  1722.  In  1729  he  took  charge  of  a 
theological  academy  in  Northampton,  and  con- 
tinued to  preach  and  prepare  students  for  the 
ministry  until  near  his  death.    His  chief  works 


14$ 


DODGE  — DOLE 


are :  <  The  Rise  and  Progress  of  Religion  in 
the  SouP  (1750),  and  <The  Family  Expositor  > 
(1760-62),  which  have  been  translated  into  sev- 
eral European  languages.  He  also  wrote  <  Evi- 
dences of  Christianity*  (1742-43),  which  has 
long  been  a  text-book  in  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge ;    and  several  popular  hjTnns. 

Dodge,  Mary  Abigail.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  author ;  bom  in  Hamilton,  Mass.,  in 
1838;  died  there,  Aug.  17,  1896.  For  several 
years  she  was  instructor  in  the  High  School 
at  Hartford,  Conn.  From  1865  to  1867  she 
was  one  of  the  editors  of  Our  Young  Folks. 
Besides  numerous  contributions  to  current  lit- 
erature, she  has  written,  under  the  pseudonym 
of  «Gail  Hamilton":  <Gala  Days>  (1863); 
<  Woman's  Wrongs  >  (1868) ;  <The  Battle  of  the 
Books'  (1870);  < Woman's  Worth  and  Worth- 
lessness*  (1871) ;  <The  Insuppressible  Book> 
(1885);  <A  New  Atmosphere  >;  <  Red-Letter 
Days  * ;  <  Country  Living  and  Country  Think- 
ing >;  <A  Washington  Bible  Class';  < Twelve 
Miles  from  a  Lemon  > ;  and  <  Biography  of 
James  G.  Blaine.' 

Dodge,  Mary  Barker  (Carter).  An  Ameri- 
can poet ;  bom  in  Bridgewater,  Bucks  County, 
Pa.,  18—.  Is  author  of  < Belfry  Voices'  (1870) ; 
<The  Gray  Masque,  and  Other  Poems'  (1885). 

Dodge,  Mrs.  Mary  Elizabeth  (Mapes).  An 
American  editor,  author,  and  poet;  bom  in  New 
York  city  in  1840  (?).  Since  1873  she  has  been 
the  editor  of  St.  Nicholas  (magazine).  New 
York.  Her  best-known  work  is  <Hans  Brin- 
ker,  or  the  Silver  Skates'  (1876),  which  has 
gone  through  many  editions  and  been  translated 
into  five  foreign  languages.  Among  her  other 
works,  chiefly  for  young  readers,  are  :  <  Irving- 
ton  Stories'  (1864);  <Theophilus,  and  Others' 
(1876) ;  <Along  the  Way'  (1879) ;  < Donald  and 
Dorothy '  <  The  Land  of  Pluck.'    Died,  1905. 

Dodge,  Richard  Irving.  An  American 
soldier  (colonel  in  the  United  States  army)  and 
prose-writer;  born  in  Huntsville,  N.  C,  May 
19,  1827 ;  died  in  Sackett's  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  June 
16, 1895.  Col.  Dodge  graduated  from  West  Point 
Military  Academy  in  1848.  He  is  the  author 
of  <The  Black  Hills'  (1876);  <The  Plains  of 
the  Great  West'  (1877),  republished  in  London 
as  <  Hunting  Grounds  of  the  Great  West ' ;  and 
<Our  Wild  Indians'  (i88ij. 

Dodge,  Theodore  Ayrault.  An  American 
soldier  and  military  writer;  born  in  Pittsfield, 
Mass.,  May  28,  1842 ;  received  his  military  edu- 
cation abroad.  Returning  to  this  country,  he  en- 
listed (1861)  in  the  service  of  the  United  States 
as  a  private,  attaining  the  rank  of  colonel,  Dec. 
2,  1865.  He  published :  <  The  Campaign  of 
Chancellorsville '  (1881);  a  <  Bird's-Eye  View 
of  the  Civil  War'  (1883);  <A  Chat  in  the 
Saddle'  (1885);  and  a  series  of  studies  called 
'Great  Captains,'  comprising  volumes  on  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  Hannibal,  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus,  and  others. 

Dodgson,  Cbarles  Lutwldge.    See  Carroll. 


Dodsley,  Robert.  An  English  poet  and 
dramatist  (1703-64);  born  at  Mansfield,  Notts. 
He  was  a  noted  bookseller  and  publisher  in 
London,  and  had  close  relations  with  the  au- 
thors of  the  time :  Pope,  Johnson,  Goldsmith, 
Burke,  etc.  His  first  volume  of  verses,  'The 
Muse  in  Livery,'  was  received  with  great 
favor,  as  was  his  satiric  drama  <  The  Toy-Shop,' 
brought  out  at  Covent  Garden  through  the  in- 
fluence of  Pope.  Among  his  other  plays  which 
became  popular  favorites  were  the  comedies 
'The  King  and  the  Miller  of  Mansfield'; 
'  Sir  John  Cockle  at  Court ' ;  and  the  tragedy 
'  Cleone.' 

Doesticks,  Q.  K.  Philander.  See  Thomp- 
son. 

Dohm,  Ernst  (d5m).  A  German  humorist 
(1819-83) ;  bom  at  Breslau.  Settling  in  Berlin, 
he  wrote  for  various  literary  journals,  helped 
found  the  comic  journal  Kladderadatsch,  and 
after  a  year  became  its  head  director  till  death. 
Many  of  his  poems  in  it  possess  lasting  value. 
Foremost  of  his  comedies  is  <  The  Trojan  War,' 
cleverly  satirizing  German  political  and  social 
leaders.  Other  comedies  and  farces  are :  '  The 
First  Ddbut ' ;  <  Instantaneous  Portraits :  an  Un- 
rhymed  Chronicle.'  He  translated  Lafontaine's 
<  Fables.'  His  wife,  Hedwig  D.,  born  at  Ber- 
lin, Sept.  30,  1833,  wrote  several  volumes  on 
woman's  rights,  as  '  Jesuitry  in  the  Household ' ; 
'  Woman  in  Science ' ;  '  Woman's  Nature  and 
Woman's  Right':  also  some  little  comedies,  as 
'The  Soul-Saver';  'A  Shot  into  the  Bull's- 
eye  ' ;  and  the  novels  '  Mrs.  Tannhauser ' ; 
'Open  Air.' 

Dolbear,  Amos  Emerson.  An  American  phys- 
icist and  inventor;  born  in  Nor^vich,  Conn., 
Nov.  10,  1837 ;  has  been  a  valuable  contributor 
to  science.  Among  his  publications  are  :  <  The 
Art  of  Projecting'  (1876);  'The  Speaking 
Telephone'  (1877);  'Sound  and  its  Phenom- 
ena'; and  'Matter,  Ether,  and  Motion.'  He 
patented  the  magneto-electric  telephone  and 
the  static  telephone  in  1879. 

Dolce,  Lodovico  (dol'cha).    An  Italian  poet 

and  scholar  (1508-68);  born  at  Venice.  His 
poems  and  prose  works  are  of  almost  incredi- 
ble number  and  variety ;  most  memorable  is 
the  epic  '  First  Impressions  of  the  Enamored 
Orlando,'  which,  though  not  to  be  compared 
with  Ariosto,  is  one  of  the  best  specimens  oi 
the  romantic  epic  of  the  i6th  century.  His  elab- 
orations of  the  Amadis  legend,  his  romantic 
versions  of  the  '  /Eneid '  and  the  '  Odyssey,' 
and  his  tragedies  and  comedies,  are  mediocre. 

Dole,  Charles  Fletcher.  An  American 
prose-writer;  born  in  Maine,  1845;  a  Unitarian 
minister  of  Boston.  Is  the  author  of :  <  The 
Citizen  and  the  Neighbor ' ;  '  Jesus  and  the 
Men  about  Him ' ;  <  A  Catechism  of  Liberal 
Faith ' ;  '  The  American  Citizen ' ;  '  The  Com- 
ing People  ' ;  '  The  Spirit  of  Democracy.' 

Dole,  Nathan  Haskell.  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer;  born  in  Massachusetts,  1852. 
One  of  his  most  notable  works  is  a  variorum 


D6LLINGER— DORSET 


»49 


edition  of  tlie  Rubaiyit  of  Omar  Khay>'im. 
He  is  the  author  of :  <  Not  Angels  Quite  > ; 
<  History  of  the  Turko-Russian  War  of  1877- 
78 >;  (On  the  Point,  a  Summer  Idyl>;  < Flow- 
ers from  Foreign  Gardens.*  He  has  trans- 
lated Tolstoi  and  others  from  the  Russian. 

Dollinger,  Jolin  Joseph  Ignatius.  A  Ger- 
man Catholic  priest,  politician,  and  historian ; 
born  at  Bamberg,  Bavaria,  in  1799;  died  in 
Munich,  1890.  He  won  distinction  as  a  learned 
writer  on  Church  history.  In  1845  he  was 
elected  to  the  Bavarian  Parliament,  and  in 
1851  to  the  Parliament  at  Frankfort.  He  was 
a  vigorous  advocate  for  the  separation  of  the 
Church  from  the  State.  In  1870  he  refused 
assent  to  Papal  Infallibility,  and  was  excom- 
municated, but  received  honorary  degrees  and 
other  tokens  of  esteem  from  foreign  institu- 
tions. In  1872  he  was  appointed  president  of 
the  Academy  of  Science  at  Munich.  Among 
his  works  are:  < Origins  of  Christianity >  (1833- 
35);  <  The  Reformation  >  (1846-48);  <  The  Church 
and  the  Churches'  (i860) ;  <  Prophecies  and  the 
Prophetic  Spirit  in  the  Christian  Era>  (1872). 

Domett.  Alfred.  An  English  poet;  born  in 
Surrey,  1811;  died  in  London,  1887.  Said  to 
have  been  the  original  of  Browning's  <  Waring.* 
He  was  a  colonial  statesman  of  eminence.  His 
verse  attracted  much  attention,  the  best  speci- 
mens being  in  the  volumes  <  Ranolf  and  Amohia  > 
(1872),  and  <  Flotsam  and  Jetsam  :  Rhymes  Old 
and  New>  (1877). 

Donne,  John.  An  English  poet;  born  in 
London,  1573 ;  died  March  31,  1631.  He  was 
a  minister  of  the  Established  Church,  and  one 
of  the  preachers  at  Lincoln's  Inn :  Izaak  Wal- 
ton describes  him  as  a  singularly  eloquent  pulpit 
orator.  His  <  Satires*  are  his  most  important 
contributions  to  literature.  A  collection  of  his 
sermons,  with  a  memoir,  has  just  (1897)  been 
issued  by  Augustus  Jessopp. 

Donnelly,  Eleanor  Cecilia.  An  American 
writer  of  religious  verse,  sister  of  Ignatius ; 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Sept.  6,  1838.  A  few  of 
her  poetical  publications  are:  <Domus  Dei* 
(1874);  <  Hymns  of  the  Sacred  Heart*  (1882); 
<Our  Birthday  Banquet,*  in  prose  and  verse 
(1885);  and  <Signori  Leaflets*  (1887).  Her 
writings  have  received  the  special  apostolic 
benediction  of  Pope  Leo  XIII. 

Donnelly,  Ignatius.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Nov.  3,  1831;  died 
at  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  Jan.  I,  1901.  He  wrote: 
an  <Essay  on  the  Sonnets  of  Shakespeare*;  <At- 
lantis,  the  Antediluvian  World*  (1882);  and 
<Ragnarok)  (1883).  In  <The  Great  Crypto- 
gram* he  endeavors  to  prove  that  Bacon  was  the 
author  of  Shakespeare's  plays.  His  best  known 
novel  is'Csesar's  Column.* 

Dora  d'Istria  (do'ra  dis'tre-a),  pseudonym 
of  Elena  Chica,  who  married  tlie  Russian  prince 
Kolzow-Massalsky.  A  voluminous  Roumanian 
writer  of  travel  sketches,  mostly  in  French 
(1828-88);  born  at  Bucharest.  Most  of  her 
writings    are    polemic ;    e.  g.,    her    first    work. 


<  Monastic  Life  in  the  Eastern  Church,'  alleges 
monasticism  to  be  the  principal  obstacle  to 
civilization  in  Eastern  and  Southern  Europe. 
Her  other  works  include  :  <  German  Switzerland  * 
(4 vols.);  < Women  in  the  East*;  < Women,  by 
a  Woman.*  She  contributed  many  literary  and 
historical  essays  to  German,  Italian,  French, 
and  Greek  periodicals.  Her  studies  on  Al- 
banian poetry  gave  rise  to  a  nationalistic  and 
literary  movement  among  the  Albanians.  The 
Greek  chamber  of  deputies,  in  April  1868,  named 
her  «  high  citizeness  of  Greece.** 

Doran,  John.  An  English  essayist  and  critic ; 
born  m  I^ndon,  Mar.  11,  1807;  died  there  Jan. 
25,  1878.  He  wrote  <The  Wandering  Jew' 
when  he  was  fifteen,  and  the  Surrey  Theatre 
staged  it.  His  maturer  performances,  < Table 
Traits  and  Something  on  Them*  (1854),  < New 
Pictures  and  Old  Panels*  (1859),  and  a  <  His- 
tory of  Court  Fools*  (1858),  have  merit. 

Dorer-Egloff,  Eduard  (dor'er-eg'lof).  A 
Swiss  poet  and  critic ;  born  in  Baden,  Aargau, 
Nov.  7,  1807 ;  died  March  27,  1864.  He  was 
an  accomplished  student  and  critic  of  Goethe, 
and  a  versifier  and  prose-writer  of  no  mean 
capacity.    <Lenz  and  his  Writings*  (1857),  and 

<  Poems,*  the  latter  a  posthumous  collection, 
are  among  his  ablest  efforts. 

Dorgan,  John  Aylmer.  An  American  law- 
yer and  writer ;  born  at  Philadelphia,  Jan. 
12,  1836 ;  died  there,  Jan.  i,  1867.  He  was  a 
lawyer  by  profession,  but  wrote  for  the  Atlan- 
tic Monthly  and  other  periodicals.  He  pub- 
lished his  first  volume  of  poems,  <  Studies,*  in 
1862 ;  a  second  edition  of  same  in  1864,  and  a 
third  in  1866. 

Dorr,   Mrs.  Julia  Caroline   (Ripley).    An 

American  poet  and  novelist;  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  Feb.  13,  1825.  Among  her  volumes 
of  verse   are:   <  Daybreak,   an   Easter  Poem*; 

<  Afternoon  Songs  * ;  <  Poems  * ;  and  others.  Her 
novels  include  :  <  Lanmere  * ;  <  Sibyl  Hunting- 
ton*; <  Expiation*;  and  <  Farmingdale.*  She 
has  also  written :  <  Bermuda,*  a  volume  of 
travel ;  •  Bride  and  Bridegroom,  or  Letters  to  a 
Young  Married  Couple  * ;  <  The  Flower  of  Eng- 
land's Face  * ;  and  <  A  Cathedral  Pilgrimage.* 

Dorsch,  Eduard  (dorsh).  A  German- Amer- 
ican journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
in  Wiirzburg,  Jan.  10,  1822;  died  in  (Monroe?) 
Michigan,  Jan.  10,  1887.  He  was  a  physician 
who  came  to  this  country  in  1849,  practiced 
with  distinction,  acquired  note  as  a  journalist, 
and  succeeded  in  Michigan  politics.  *  Short 
Letters  to  the  German  People  on  Two  Sides 
of  the  Ocean*  (1851)  and  <  From  the  Old  and 
New  Worlds*  (1883)  represent  his  prose  and 
poetry  respectively. 

Dorset,  Charles   Sackville,   Earl   of.      An 

English  poet;  born  in  Witliam,  1637;  died  in 
Bath,  1706.  Elegant  and  agreeable  as  a  man 
and  as  a  poet,  he  will  be  longest  remembered 
for  the  effusion,  <  To  Ail  Vou  Ladies  Now  at 
Hand,*  a  song  unequaled  for  its  sea-fighting 
spirit. 


15° 


DORSE  Y  —  DOVALLE 


Dorsey,  Anna  Hanson.  An  American  poet, 
novelist,  and  dramatist;  born  in  Georgetown, 
D.  C,  Dec.  12,  1815 ;  died  in  Wasiiington,  D.  C, 
Dec.  26,  1896.  Many  of  lier  works  have  been 
reprinted  in  foreign  countries ;  among  them 
being  <  May  Brooke*  (1856)  and  < Oriental 
Pearl,>  translated  into  German  (1857).  Her 
novels,  <Warp  and  Woof>  and  <  Palms,*  were 
published  in  1887. 

Dorsey,  James  Owen.  An  American  ethnol- 
ogist; born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  31,  1848; 
died  in  Washington,  D.  €.,  Feb.  4,  1895.  He 
was  ordained  a  deacon  in  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church,  and  was  engaged  in  parish  work 
in  Maryland  from  1873  to  1878.  He  was  then 
appointed  ethnologist  to  the  United  States 
Geological  and  Geographical  Survey  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains;  and  after  spending  some 
time  at  the  Omaha  Reservation  in  Nebraska, 
was  transferred  to  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
Ethnology.  His  chief  works  are  :  *  On  the  Com- 
parative Phonology  of  Four  Siouian  [Sioux] 
Languages'  (1883);  <  Siouian  Folklore  and 
Mythologic  Notes'  (1884);  <  Kansas  Mourning 
and  War  Customs'  (1884);  <  Indian  Personal 
Names'  (1886). 

Dorsey,  Sarah  Anne.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  in  Natchez,  Miss.,  Feb.  16,  1S29; 
died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  July  4,  1879.  She 
was  a  linguist  and  a  student  of  Sanskrit. 
Her  literary  work  began  with  the  (Episcopal) 
Churchman.  Included  in  her  writings  are : 
<  Lucia  Dare '  (1S67) ;  <  Panola,  a  Tale  of  Loui- 
siana' (1877);  <Atalie  ' ;  and  <  Agnes  Graham.' 
She  was  amanuensis  to  Jefferson  Davis  in  the 
preparation  of  his  <  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Con- 
federate Government' 

Dostoevsky,  Feodor  Michailovitch  (dos- 
to-yev'ske).  A  notable  Russian  novelist;  born 
at  Moscow,  Nov.  11,  1821 ;  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg. Feb.  8,  1881.  His  first  book,  <  Poor  Folk  ' 
(1846),  an  example  of  his  talent  for  psychologi- 
cal analysis,  was  followed  by  the  short  sto- 
ries <A  Black  Heart,'  <  The  Little  Hero,'  and 
others.  He  was  condemned  to  the  Siberian 
mines  in  1849  for  a  socialist  conspiracy,  but  in 
1859  returned  to  St.  Petersburg  and  resumed 
literary  work.  The  thrilling  <  Memoirs  of  a 
Dead  House'  describes  penal  life  in  Siberia. 
'  Raskolnikov '  traces  with  wonderful  skill  the 
origin  and  effects  on  the  soul  of  a  criminal 
act.  'Complete  Works,'  14  vols.  There  are 
translations  of  several  of  his  works. 

Doucet,  Charles  Camille  (do-sa').  A  French 
dramatist;  born  at  Paris,  May  16,  1812;  died 
there  April  i,  1S95.  He  became  in   1853  a 

government  official  in  the  theatrical  depart- 
ment; was  elected  to  the  Academy  in  1876,  and 
.soon  after  made  its  standing  secretary.  The  best 
known  of  his  comedies  are  :  <A  Young  Man' 
(1S41);  <  Lawyer  in  His  Own  Cause'  (1842); 
<rorbidden  Fruit'  (1857);  'Consideration.' 
His  lyric  pieces  for  the  Stage,  'Velasquez' 
(1847)  and  'Antonio's  Barque'  (1S49),  were 
crowned  by  the  Academy. 


Doudney,  Sarah.  An  English  writer  of  fic- 
tion ;  born  near  Portsmouth,  England,  in  1842 ; 
resides  in  London.  She  began  contributing  to 
magazines  at  18,  and  is  very  popular,  chiefly 
as  a  writer  of  stories  for  girls.  Her  poem  '  The 
Lesson  of  the  Water  Mill'  is  a  familiar  favor- 
ite. Her  prose  works,  over  forty  in  number, 
include:  'Under  Grey  Walls'  (1871);  'The  Pi- 
lot's Daughters'  (1874);  'Nothing  but  Leaves' 
(1882) ; '  Under  False  Colours ' ; '  Silent  Strings.* 

Douglas,  Alice  May.  An  American  writer 
of  verse  and  stories ;  born  in  Maine,  1865.  Her 
writings  are  for  young  readers,  and  include  in 
verse  :  '  Phlox ' ;  <  May  Flowers ' ;  '  Gems  without 
Polish';  in  stories:  'Jewel  Gatherers';  'The 
Peacemaker';    and  'Self-Exiled  from  Russia.' 

Douglas,  Amanda  Minnie.  An  American 
story-writer;  born  in  New  York  city,  July  14, 
1837;  was  carefully  educated  in  English  liter- 
ature. She  has  written  many  stories,  which  in- 
clude :  '  Kathie's  Stories  for  Young  People  > 
(6  vols.,  1870-71);  'From  Hand  to  Mouth' 
(1877);  and  'Foes  of  her  Household'  (1886). 

Douglas,  Gavin.    A   Scotch   poet;  born  in 

Perth  (?),  1474  (?);  died  in  London,  Septem- 
ber 1522.  He  lived  "a  man  of  peace  amid 
resounding  arms " ;  writing  '  The  Palice  of 
Honour'  (1553)  while  a  cloistered  youth,  and 
'  King  Hart,'  an  allegory  of  the  state  of  man, 
after  he  had  become  famed  as  a  churchmans 
translating  also  all  of  the  '^Eneid.'  Heroic  in 
figure  and  in  strain,  he  towers  among  his  coun- 
try's ancient  bards. 

Douglas,  Robert  Kennaway.  An  English 
librarian  and  educator ;  born  at  Ottery  St. 
Mary,  Devon,  1838.  He  was  consular  interpreter 
in  China,  and  subsequently  acting  vice-consul 
at  Taku,  1858-64.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  occupied  several  important  positions,  includ- 
ing a  librarianship  in  the  British  Museum.  In 
1873  he  was  appointed  professor  of  Chinese  at 
King's  College,  London.  Among  his  publica- 
tions are:  'Confucianism  and  Taouism  '  (1879); 
'China'  (1882);  'Chinese  Stories'  (1893). 

Douglass,  Frederick.  An  American  eman- 
cipator and  orator ;  born  a  slave  in  Tuckahoe, 
Md.,  February,  1817;  died  near  Washington, 
Feb.  20,  1895.  He  escaped  from  slavery  in 
1838;  edited  the  North  Star  at  Rochester  from 
1847  until  the  abolition  of  slaveiy.  He  was  re- 
nowned as  a  lecturer  and  an  orator.  He  pub- 
lished :  'The  Life  and  Times  of  Frederick  Doug- 
lass' (1882);  'My  Bondage  and  My  Freedom'; 
'Narrative  of  my  Experience  in  Slavery';  etc. 
He  held  important  government  posts. 

Dovalle,  Charles  (dS-val').  A  French  poet; 
born  at  Montreuil-Bellay,  June  23,  1807;  died 
Nov.  30,  1829.  He  was  a  poor  provincial  who 
came  to  Paris  unknown,  studied  law,  and  burst 
on  the  literary  world  with  'The  Oratory  in 
the  Garden '  and  other  delightful  poems  of  a 
like  nature,  besides  an  '  Ode  on  Liberty.'  His 
promising  career  was  closed  at  22  in  a  duel, 
tlie  challenger  being  enragetl  at  a  literay  criti- 
cism. 


DOVIZI  — DRAPER 


15J 


DoTizl  or  Dovizio,  Bernardo.    See  Blbblena. 

Dowden,  Edward.  An  Irish  poet  and  his- 
torian of  literature ;  born  at  Cork,  May  3,  1843. 
He  is  professor  of  English  literature  in  Trinity 
College,   Dublin.     He   published   a  volume   of 

<  Poems'  (1876);  his  other  writings  are  bio- 
graphical and  critical :  e.  g.,  <  Shakespeare,  his 
Mind  and  Art>  (1872),  a  work  of  high  author- 
it)',  which  reached  a  fifth  edition  (1887)  and  has 
been  translated  into  German ;  <  Southey>  (1879) ; 

<  Life  of  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  >  ( 1886) ;  <  Studies 
in  Literature  >  (3d  ed.  1887);  <  Introduction  to 
Shakespeare  >  (1893) ;  <  Primer  of  French  Liter- 
ature' (1897);  <  Puritan  and  Anglican'  (looo); 
f  Robert  Browning'  (1904).  He  visited  thfS 
country  in  1896,  delivering  a  notable  series  or 
lectures  at  Princeton. 

Dowling,  Bartholomew.  An  Irish  poet; 
born  m  Limerick,  182-.  He  lived  for  a  time 
in  tliis  country.  He  is  noted  for  his  lyric  <  The 
Brigade  at  Fontenoy'  and  for  <The  Revel.' 

Dbwnes,  William  Howe.  An  American  jour- 
nalist ;  born  in  Connecticut,  1854.  He  is  on  the 
staff  of  the  Boston  Transcript,  and  is  an  art 
critic.  His  publications  are :  <  Spanish  Ways 
and  By-Ways ' ;  <  The  Tin  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, or  a  Kindergarten  of  War.' 

Downing,  Andrew  Jackson.  An  American 
landscape-gardener ;  born  in  Newburg,  N.  Y., 
Oct.  20, 1815  ;  drowned  near  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  July 
28, 1852.  His  <  Landscape  Gardening  and  Rural 
Architecture'  (1841);  <  Cottage  Residences' 
(1842);  <  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees  of  America' 
(1845),  were  long  considered  authorities  on  the 
subjects  of  which  they  treat. 

Downing,  Fanny  Murdaugh.  An  American 
poet  and  novelist ;  born  in  Portsmouth,  Va., 
about  1835 ;  died  1894.  Included  in  her  novels 
are  < Nameless'  (1865);  <  Perfect  through  Suf- 
fering ' ;  lier  poems  are  <  The  Legend  of  Ca- 
tawba' and  <  Dixie'  (1867).  Her  pen-names 
were  "  Viola  "  and  "  Frank  Dashmore." 

Doyle,  Sir  A.  Conan.  A  Scotch  story  and 
romance  writer;  born  in  Edinburgh.  1859.  He 
was  carefully  trained  for  a  physician,  but  went 
to  London  at  20  and  adopted  literature  as  a 
profession.  His  greatest  success  was  won  with 
the  series  of  detective  tales  known  as  the  Sher- 
lock Holmes  stories  :  <  The  Adventures  of  Sher- 
lock Holmes,'  etc.  He  has  also  written:  <The 
Adventures  of  Brigadier  Gerard'  (1895),  a  Na- 
poleonic romance  ;  <  The  Stark-Munro  Letters ' 
(189S),  a  series  of  portraitures ;  and  <  Uncle 
Bernac  '  (1897)  ;  <  The  Great  Boer  War' ;  <  Re- 
turn of  Sherlock  Holmes.' 

Doyle,  Sir  Francis  Hastings.  An  English 
poet;  born  in  Yorkshire,  1810;  died  1888.  He 
was  long  professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford.  He 
published  <  The  Return  of  the  Guards,  and 
Other  Poems'  (1866). 

Drachmann,  Holger  (drach'man).  A  Dan- 
ish poet  and  novelist ;  bom  at  Copenhagen, 
Oct.  9,  1846.  He  is  essentially  an  improvisatore  ; 
and  his  works  show  a  lively  fanc)-,  and  excel 
in  descriptions  of  the  life  of  the  common  peo- 
ple, especially   fishermen   and   mariners.    .His 


♦Poems'    appeared    in    1872.     His   novels   are 

<  Condemned  '  and  <  Once  upon  a  Time.'   D.  1908. 

Drake,  Benjamin.  An  American  biograph- 
ical writer ;  bom  in  Mason  County,  Ky.,  in 
1794 ;  died  in  Cincinnati,  O.,  April  I,  1841.  He 
established  and  for  many  years  edited  the  West- 
em  Agriculturist.    Among  his  publications  are  : 

<  Adventures  of  Black  Hawk'  (1838);  <  Life 
of  William  Henry  Harrison'  (1840);  and  'Life 
of  Tecumseh'  (1841).  The  last  work  is  consid- 
ered of  especial  historic  value. 

Drake,  Francis  Samuel.  An  American  his- 
torical writer;  born  in  Northwood,  N.  H.,  Feb. 
22,  1828;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  22, 
1885.  He  prepared  a  <  Dictionary  of  American 
Biography'  (1872).  He  also  published:  <Life 
of  Gen.  Henry  Knox'  (1873);  'Tea  Leaves' 
(1884) ;  and  'Indian  History  for  Young  Folks' 
(1885).  Before  his  death  he  had  gathered  ma- 
terial for  a  new  edition  of  his  <  Dictionary,' 
which  is  to  be  found  in  'Appleton's  Cyclopaedia 
of  American  Biography.' 

Drake,  Joseph  Rodman.  .\n  American  poet ; 
born  at  New  York,  Aug.  7,  1795;  died  Sept.  21, 
1820.  The  poems  for  which  he  is  gratefully 
remembered  are  'The  Culprit  Fay'  (1819)  and 
'The  American  Flag'  (1819).  He  wrote  also 
some  shorter  pieces,  notably  a  poem  :  '  Abe- 
lard  to  Heloise.'  With  Fitz-Greene  Halleck, 
under  the  signature  "The  Croakers,"  he  pub- 
lished in  a  New  York  journal  in  1819  a  series 
of  short  l>Tics,  mostly  of  a  humorous  kind,  on 
the  political  affairs  of  the  time. 

Drake,  Samuel  Adams.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Bos- 
ton, Dec.  20,  1833.  He  entered  journalism  in 
1858  as  correspondent  of  the  Louisville  Journal 
and  St.  Louis  Republican.  In  1861  he  joined 
the  army  and  served  throughout  the  war,  be- 
coming brigadier-general  in  1863.  He  returned 
to  Boston  in  1871  and  resumed  literary  work. 
His  most  important  publications  are :  '  Old 
Landmarks  of  Boston'  (1872);  'Around  the 
Hub '  (1881) ;  <  New  England  Legends.'    D.  1905. 

Drake,    Samuel    Gardner.      An    American 

antiquarian;  born  in  Pittsfield,  N.  H.,  Oct.  II, 
1798;  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  June  14, 1875.  Pub- 
lished 'The  History  and  Antiquities  of  Boston' 
(1856),  and  'History  of  the  French  and  Indian 
War'  (1870). 

Dranmor  (dran'mor),  pseudonym  of  Ferdi- 
nand von  Schmid.  A  Swiss  poet;  born  in 
Muri,  Switzerland,  July  22,  1823;  died  in  Bern, 
March  17,  1888.  He  was  in  mercantile  life  and 
also  in  the  Austrian  diplomatic  service  for 
years;  but  his  'Poetic  Fragments'  (i860)  and 
'Requiem'  (1870)  have  added  his  name  to  the 
list  of  true  poets. 

Draper,  John  William.  An  American  phys- 
iologist, chemist,  historical  and  miscellaneous 
prose-writer;  born  near  Liverpool,  England, 
May  5,  i8ri;  died  at  Hastings-on-the-Hudson, 
N.  v.,  Jan.  4,  1882.  He  came  to  this  country 
in  1833,  and  took  his  degree  as  M.  D.  at  the 


152 


DRAPER  — DROZ 


University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1836.  He  became 
professor  of  chemistry  in  the  University  of  New 
York  in  1841,  and  in  1850  professor  of  physi- 
ology. Among  his  works  are :  <  Human  Phys- 
iology' (1856);  <  History  of  the  Intellectual 
Development  of  Europe'  (1862),  a  work  of 
great  importance  and  very  widely  read ;  <  His- 
tory of  the  American  Civil  War'  (1867-70); 
<  History  of  the  Conflict  between  Religion  and 
Science'  (1875),  which  ran  through  many  edi- 
tions and  was  translated  into  nearly  all  the 
languages  of   Europe. 

Draper,  Lyman  Copeland.  An  American 
antiquarian ;  born  in  Hamburg,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4, 
1815;  died  in  Madison,  Wis.,  Aug.  26,  1891. 
He  removed  to  Madison  in  1853;  became  cor- 
responding secretary  of  the  State  Historical 
Society,  and  it  was  mainly  through  his  efforts 
that  the  State  secured  its  library  and  its  im- 
portant antiquarian  collection.  The  State  Uni- 
versity gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1871. 
He  has  published  'Collections'  of  the  State 
Historical  Society  (10  vols.,  1853-87);  <  Madison 
the  Capital  of  Wisconsin'  (1857);  < King's 
Mountain  and  its  Heroes'  (1881). 

Draxler-Manfred,  Karl  Ferdinand  (drex'ler 
man'fred).  An  Austrian  poet  and  story-writer; 
born  in  Lemberg,  June  17,  1806;  died  in  Darm- 
stadt, Dec.  31,  1879.  His  collected  <  Poems' 
(1839),  and  the  verse  collection  <Joy  and  Pain' 
(1858),  have  profoundly  impressed  thousands 
of  earnest  men  and  women,  while  his  tales  in 
prose  are  original  and  pleasing. 

Drayton,  Micliael.  An  English  poet ;  born 
near  Atherstone  in  Warwickshire  in  1563;  died 
in  1631.  His  first  poem,  <  Harmonic  of  the 
Church,'  was  condemned.  Then  followed  <  The 
Shepherd's  Garland,'  and  poems  on  the  wars 
of  England.  His  most  celebrated  composition 
is  <  Polyolbion.'  He  wrote  also  several  dramas, 
among  them  <  Sir  John  Oldcastle  > ;  and  <  Poems 
Lyrick  and  PastoralP  (1605),  including  the 
celebrated  <  Ballad  of  Agincourt.' 

Dreyfus,  Abraham  (dra-flis').  A  French 
playwright;  born  at  Paris,  June  20,  1847.  He 
has  a  fine  vein  of  kindly  humor,  and  it  per- 
vades both  his  contributions  to  the  public  jour- 
nals and  his  theatrical  compositions,  which  are 
mostly  in  one  act.  Among  them  are :  <  A 
Gentleman  in  Black';  <  The  Victim';  <The 
Klepht';  <A  Break.'  His  four-act  play  <The 
St.  Catherine  Institution,'  a  comedy  of  man- 
ners, was  brought  out  at  the  Od^on  (1881). 

Drinker,  Anne.  An  American  poet;  boK.  at 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Dec.  3,  1827.  She  is  best 
known  by  her  nom  de  plume  « Edith  May." 
She  has  published  :  <  Poems  by  Edith  May ' 
(1854) ;  <  Tales  and  Verses  for  Children '  (1855) ; 
and  *■  Katy's  Story.' 

Driver,  Samuel  Rolles.  An  English  edu- 
cator and  eminent  Hebraist;  bom  in  South- 
ampton in  1846.  Fellow  of  and  tutor  in  New 
College,  Oxford,  in  1882,  he  became  professor 
of  Hebrew  there.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Old  Testament  Revision  Company.    His  best- 


known  works  are:  < Isaiah'  (1888);  'Notes  on 
the  Books  of  Samuel'  (1890);  'Introduction  to 
the  Literature  of  the  Old  Testament'  (4th  ed. 
1893);  and  a  new  Hebrew  and  English  Lexi- 
con. 

Drobiscli,  Gustav  Theodor  (dro'bish).  A 
German  humorist  and  versifier;  born  in  Dres- 
den, Dec.  26,  181 1 ;  died  there,  April  15,  1882. 
His  perception  of  the  droll  side  of  things  is 
keen  and  irresistible  in  <  Conceits  and  Satires ' 
(1S43)  and  many  similar  collections  of  prose 
and  rhyme. 

Droogenbroeck,  Jan  van  (dro'gen-brek).  A 
Flemish  poet ;  born  in  St.  Amand-on-Scheldt, 
Jan.  18,  1835.  He  has  long  been  an  educator 
of  eminence,  and  issued  his  first  verse  collec- 
tion, 'Ghazels  and  Makames'  (Arabian  terms 
for  stanzas  and  songs)  in  1866,  under  the 
pseudonym  of  "  Jan  Fergunt "  ;  his  subsequent 
volumes,  on  Camoens  and  other  important  sub- 
jects, fully  sustaining  his  reputation.    Died  1902. 

Drossinis,  Georg  (drSs'in-is).  A  Greek  poet; 
born  at  Athens,  Dec.  21,  1859.  He  has  pub- 
lished five  volumes  of  lyrics  :  <  Spiders'  Webs ' 
(1880);  'Stalactites'  (1881) ;  'Idylls'  (1885); 
'Straw  Flowers'  (1890);  'Amaranths'  (1891) : 
also  some  stories  and  other  minor  works  in 
prose.  A  charming  simplicity  of  language  and 
an  unsophisticated  sensibility  characterize  all 
his  works. 

Droste-HUlsIioff,  Annette  Elisabeth  von, 
Baroness.  A  German  poet  (1797-1848);  born 
at  Hiilshoff  near  Miinster.  Learned  in  science, 
she  resided  for  years  at  Coblentz,  Cologne,  and 
Bonn,  in  intimate  friendship  with  the  ablest 
men  there ;  from  1840  on  she  lived  in  studious 
retirement  at  Meersbnrg  Castle  on  Lake  Con- 
stance. Her  poetry  is  comprised  in  a  volume 
of  'Poems'  (1838),  with  two  posthumous  vol- 
umes :  '  The  Church  Year,  with  an  Appendix 
of  Religious  Poems'  (1852),  and  'Last  Gifts' 
(i860).  It  is  vigorous,  original,  unaffected,  and 
perfect  in  form.  Her  simple  devoutness  is 
specially  marked  in  the  fragments  <A  Noble- 
man of  Lusatia'  and  '  A  Country  Priest's  Ways.' 
She  excelled  also  as  a  novelist. 

Droysen,  Jobann  Gustav  (droi'b<;n).  A 
German  historian  and  biographer;  born  in 
Treptow,  on  the  Rega,  July  6,  1808 ;  died  in 
Berlin,  June  19,  1884.  He  was  noted  for  ripe 
scliolarship  and  for  versions  of  yEschylus  long 
before  the  production  of  his  masterpieces  :  'The 
Life  of  Field  Marshal  Count  York  of  Warten- 
burg'  (1851),  and  'The  History  of  Prussian 
Politics'  (1855),  politics  meaning  statecraft. 

Droz,  Gustave  (dro).  A  French  story-teller; 
born  at  Paris,  June  9,  1832;  died  there  Oct.  23, 
1895.  He  was  trained  for  a  painter,  but  in  1864 
gave  up  the  pencil  for  the  pen.  The  extraordi- 
nary success  of  his  first  volume  of  stories,  'Mon- 
sieur, Madame,  and  Baby,'  justified  the  change. 
He  excels  in  little  sketches  of  life  and  man- 
ners, and  his  lively,  playful  descriptions  of  bach- 
elorhood and  married  life  captivate  the  public. 
He   wrote:     'Sadnesses   and  Smiles>   (1883); 


DRUMMOND  —  DUCANGE 


153 


'A  Bunch  of  Letters >;  <At  a  Spring >;  <The 
Child  >;  etc. 

Dnunmond,  Henry.  A  Scotch  geologist  axid 
writer;  bom  at  Stirling,  Aug.  17,  1851;  died  at 
Tunbridge  Wells,  England,  March  II,  1897.  He 
studied  theology  at  Edinburgh  University,  but 
did  not  adopt  the  clerical  profession.  In  1877 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  natural  science 
in  the  Free  Church  College,  Glasgow.  <  Natural 
Law  in  the  Spiritual  World  >  (1883),  and  its 
successor  <The  Ascent  of  Man,>  applications 
of  modern  scientific  methods  to  the  immaterial 
universe,  have  made  his  popular  fame.  He 
traveled  in  Central  Africa  (1883-84)  studying 
its  botany  and  geology,  and  later  wrote  the 
highly  interesting  and  instructive  volume  on 
•Tropical  Africa >  (1888).  Other  semi-religious 
writings  of  his  are:  <  Pax  Vobiscum>  (1890); 
<The  Greatest  Thing  in  the  World  >  (1890); 
<The  Programme  of  Christianity  >  (1892). 

Drummond,  William,  of  Hawttiornden.    A 

Scotch  poet ;  born  at  Hawthornden  near  Edin- 
burgh, Dec.  13,  1585;  died  Dec.  4,  1649.  His 
principal  works  are :  <  Tears  on  the  Death 
of  Moeliades*  (1613),  Moeliades  being  Prince 
Henry,  son  of  James  L;  <  Poems  Amorous,  Fu- 
nerall,  Divine,  Pastorall,  in  Sonnets,  Songs, 
Sextains,  Madrigals'  (x6i6);  'Forth  Feasting* 
(1617);  'Flowers  of  Zion.*  After  a  visit  from 
Ben  Jonson,  Drummond  printed  notes  of  their 
conversations ;  a  very  interesting  chapter  in 
literary  history. 

Drusblnln,  Alexander  Vassllyevitch  (dro'- 
she-nen).  A  Russian  critic  and  story -writer ; 
born  in  St.  Petersburg,  Oct.  20,  1824 ;  died 
there,  Jan.  31,  1864.  He  is  best  known  by  his 
tales,  especially  that  of  'Pauline  Sachs*  (1847); 
but  his  essays  on  literary  topics,  notably  'John- 
son and  Boswell,*  and  his  translations  from 
Shakespeare,  are  meritorious. 

Dryden,  John.  An  eminent  English  poet; 
born  at  Aldwinkle,  Northamptonshire,  Aug.  9, 
1631 ;  died  in  London,  May  I,  1700.  His  first 
poems  include  '  Astraea  Returned  >  (Astrsea  Re- 
dux) and  the  'Year  of  Wonder'  (Annus  Mira- 
bilis).  The  best  of  his  plays  are  :  'The  Conquest 
of  Grenada*  (1670);  'Marriage  k  la  Mode*; 
' Aurungzebe * ;  'All  for  Love*  (1677);  'The 
Spanish  Friar*  (1681);  '  Don  Sebastian  *  (1689). 
Much  more  worthy  of  his  talents  and  his  fame 
are  'Absalom  and  Achitophel*  and  'The  Hind 
and  the  Panther.*  His  Pindaric  odes  are  not 
surpassed  by  the  work  of  any  English  poet ; 
and  his  'Alexander's  Feast*  stands  supreme 
in  its  kind.  He  made  spirited  translations 
of  Virgil  and  Juvenal ;  and  elaborated  into 
<  Fables,*  stories  culled  from  foreign  authors  or 
earlier  English. 

Duboc,  Charles  Edouard.  See  Waldmiiller. 

Duboc,  Julius  (dii'bok).  A  German  essay- 
ist and  critic  ;  bominHamburg,  Oct.  10, 1829.  In 
periodical  literature  his  distinction  was  marked, 
and  as  a  student  of  men  and  things  he  worked  to 
good  purpose  in  '  The  Psychology  of  Love  *  and 
other  books.     Died  at  Dresden,  June  13,  1903. 


Du  Boccage,  Marie  Anne  Piquet  (dii-bok- 
azh').  A  French  poet  (1710-1802);  bom  (Le- 
page) at  Rouen.  She  accompanied  her  husband 
in  his  European  travels,  and  everywhere  won 
great  celebrity  for  wit  and  beauty :  "  A  Venus 
for  form,  a  Minerva  for  art.**  Her  principal 
works  are  an  imitation  of  'Paradise  Lost*;  a 
paraphrase  of  Gessner's  '  Death  of  Abel  * ;  an 
original  epic,  '  The  Columbiad  * ;  a  tragedy, 
'  The  Amazons,*  well  received.  Her  <  Letters 
on  England,*  etc.,  give  full  report  of  the  hon- 
ors showered  upon  her. 

Du  Bolsgobey.    See  Boisgobey. 

Du  Bois-Reymond,  Emil  (dii-bwa'ra-mon'). 
An  eminent  German  scientist ;  born  in  Berlin, 
Nov.  7,  1S18;  died  there  Dec.  26,  1896.  His 
career  was  a  series  of  services  to  cliemical,  elec- 
trical, and  physiological  science,  well  attested 
by  his  'Extant  Conclusions  of  the  Ancients  with 
Reference  to  Magnetism  in  Fislies*  (1843); 
<The  Limits  of  Our  Knowledge  of  Nature  (6th 
ed.  1884);  and  'Investigations  into  Animal 
Magnetism*  ( 1848-84). 

Dubos,  Jean  Baptiste  (dii-bo').  A  French 
critic  and  essayist ;  born  in  Beauvais,  1670 ;  died 
in  Paris,  March  23,  1742.  He  elevated  criticism 
to  a  place  among  the  arts  with  his  'Critical 
Reflections  on  Poetry,  Painting,  and  Music* 
(1719),  and  other  works  on  a3Sthetic  topics. 

Du  Oamp,  Maxlme  (dii-kon')-  A  French 
writer  of  history  and  travels ;  born  at  Paris, 
Feb.  8,  1822 ;  died  at  Baden-Baden,  Feb.  8,  1894. 
'Egypt,  Nubia,  Palestine,  and  Syria*  (1852)  ex- 
plains itself.  He  wrote  the  history  of  the  Paris 
Commune  :  '  The  Convulsions  of  Paris  *  (4  vols., 
1878-79),  and  other  historical  sketches.  His 
greatest  work  is  '  Paris :  Its  Organs,  its  Func- 
tions, and  its  Life*  (6  vols.,  1869-75).  He  wrote 
some  lyric  poems:  'Modern  Chants*  (1855); 
'  Convictions*  (1858) ;  and  several  novels,  among 
them:  'Memoirs  of  a  Suicide*  (1853);  'The 
Six  Adventures  *  ( 1857) ;  <  The  Man  with  the 
Gold  Bracelet*  (1862). 

Du  Cange,  Charles  Dufresne,  Sleur  (dii- 
kanzh').  A  celebrated  French  scholar,  lexi- 
cographer, and  historian  ;  born  at  Amiens,  Dec. 
18,  1610;  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  23,  1688.  A  juris- 
consult, advocate  of  the  Paris  Parliament,  he 
gave  up  the  post  to  study.  His  'Glossary  of 
Middle  and  Low  Latin*  (3  vols.,  1678;  com- 
pleted and  extended  to  6  vols,  by  the  Benedic- 
tines of  St.  Maur,  1733-36;  latest  ed.  by  La 
Fayre,  10  vols.,  1883-88)  is  still  indispensable  in 
reading  mediaeval  book.s.  He  is  author  of  a 
similar  work  on  Greek :  '  Glossary  for  the  Au- 
thors of  Middle  and  Low  Greek*  (2  vols.,  1688). 
Besides  these  he  wrote  in  French  a  'History 
of  the  Empire  of  Constantinople  under  the 
Frank  Emperors*  (1657),  and  in  Latin  a  'By- 
zantine History.*  Another  important  historical 
work  written  by  him  is  'Of  the  Princedoms 
Oversea,*  first  published  (1869)  under  the  title 
'  Families  of  Oversea.* 

Ducange,  Victor  Henri  Joseph  Brahain.  A 
French  poet  and  story-teller  (1783-1833);  bom 


154 


DU  CHAILLU  — DUGDALE 


at  the  Hague.  His  first  stories,  <  Agatha  >  and 
<  Valentine,*  were  received  with  great  favor ;  but 
for  his  too  realistic  description  in  <  Valentine  > 
of  the  excesses  of  the  royalist  bands,  he  was 
sent  to  jail  for  six  months.  Released,  he  was 
•igain  imprisoned,  ostensibly  for  vilifying  the 
French  Academy.  Once  more  he  offended 
with  <  Thelene,  or  Love  and  War,>  and  had  to 
take  refuge  in  Belgium.  Other  novels  are : 
'  The  Confessor-Doctor  > ;  <  The  Artist  and  the 
Soldier*;  etc.  Of  his  numerous  plays  the  best 
and  most  famed  is  <  Thirty  Years,  or  the  Life 
of  a  Gambler.*  His  novels  are  vividly  dra- 
matic and  descriptive,  but  he  loves  the  horri- 
ble too  well. 

Du  Cliamu,  Paul  Belloni  (dii-shi-yii').  A 
French-American  explorer  and  writer;  born  in 
Paris,  July  31,  1835.  His  travels  in  Africa,  in 
which  he  discovered  the  gorilla  and  the  Pig- 
mies, are  detailed  charmingly  in  <A  Journey  to 
Ashango  Land*  (1867),  and  <My  Apingi  King- 
dom* (1870).  <The  Land  of  the  Midnight 
Sun*  (1881)  deals  with  Norway.  <The  Viking 
Age*  (1887)  is  a  more  ambitious  work,  intended 
to  re-create  the  old  Norse  civilization,  and  is 
full  of  interest  and  picturesque  touches.  He 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  April  30,  1903. 

«Ducliess,  The.**     See   Hungerford. 

Ducis,  Jean  Frangois  (dii-se').  A  French 
dramatist  (1733-1816) ;  born  at  Versailles.  His 
adaptations  of  Shakespeare,  all  conformed  to 
the  classic  traditions  of  the  French  stage,  were 
very  successful.  His  first  original  play,  <  Abu- 
far,  or  the  Arab  Family,*  met  with  hearty  ap- 
probation. A  royalist,  and  secretary  to  the 
Count  d'Artois,  during  the  Revolution  and  Con- 
sulate he  lived  abroad ;  he  returned  when  the 
Empire  was  set  up,  but  declined  Napoleon's 
offers  of  a  place  in  public  life. 

Duclos,  Charles  Pinot  (dU-kl6').  A  French 
liistorian  ( 1704-72) ;  born  at  Dinant.  He  made 
his  literary  ddbut  as  a  story-teller,  in  <  Con- 
fessions of  Count  .  .  .*  (1742),  which  had 
great  success.  Turning  to  history,  he  published 
The  <  History  of  Louis  XL*  (4  vols.,  1745).  This 
was   followed   by   his   greatest   work   but   one, 

<  Considerations  on  the  Manners  of  the  Present 
Age*  (174Q).  His  <  Secret  Memoirs  upon  the 
Reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  the  Regency,  and  the 
Reign  of  Louis  XV.*  (2  vols.,  1791)  give  him 
a  place  among  the  most  celebrated  memoirists. 

Dudevant,  Madame.    See  Sand,  George. 

Dufif,  Mountstuart  Elphinstone  Grant,  Sir. 

An  English  barrister  and  statesman;  born  in 
1829.  Graduated  from  Oxford.  He  was  a 
lawyer,  and  M.  P.  1857-81 ;  Under-Secretary  of 
State  for  India,  and  later  for  the  colonies,  in 
Mr.  Gladstone's  cabinets.  He  was  the  success- 
ful governor  of  Madras,  1881-86.  Of  his  notable 
works,  the  best  known  are :  <  Studies  in  European 
Politics  *  ( 1866)  ;    <  A    Political  Survey  >  ( 1868) ; 

<  Elgin  Speeches*  (1871);  <  Notes  of  an  Indian 
Journey*  (1876) ;  <  Notes   from  a  Diary*  (1901). 

Dufferin,  Frederick  Temple  Hamilton  Black- 
wood,    Marquis     of.       A     British     statesman  ; 


bom  in  Florence,  Italy,  June  21,  1826;  died  at 
Clandeboye,  Ire.,  Feb.  12,  1902.  He  was  gov- 
ernor-general of  Canada  (1872),  viceroy  of  India, 
and  ambassador  at  Paris.  Harvard  gave  him  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  His  works  include  :  ^Letters 
from  High  Latitudes)  (i860);  < Irish  Emigration 
and  the  Tenure  of  Land  in  Ireland*  ( 1867) ;  <Mr. 
Mill's  i'lan  for  the  Pacification  of  Ireland  Ex- 
amined* (1868);  <The  Honourable  Impulsia 
Gushington  * ;  <  Speeches  and  Addresses  *  ( 1882) ; 

<  Speeches  delivered  in  India,  1884-88*  (1880); 
etc.  His  wife  (bom  Hamilton)  has  written 
<Our  Viceroyal  Life  in  India*  (1890)  and  <My 
Canadian  Journal*  (1892). 

Dufiferin,  Helena  Selina  (Sheridan),  Lady. 

A  British  poet ;  born  1807 ;  died  1867.  She 
was  granddaughter  of  Richard  Brinsley  Sheri- 
dan, and  sister  of  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Norton.  Her 
songs  and  lyrics  are  collected  into  a  volume 
bearing  date  1895,  her  son  being  the  editor. 

Dufaeld,  Samuel  Willoughby.  An  Ameri- 
can clergyman ;  born  in  Brookl3'n,  N.  Y.,  in 
1843;  died  in  Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  May  12,  1887. 
Under  the  pen-name  of  "Anselmus**  he  con- 
tributed to  the  Evangelist.  His  publications, 
in  part,  are:  <The  Heavenly  Land,*  from  the 

<  De  Contemptu  Mundi  *  of  Bernard  de  Mor- 
laix  (1868);  <Warp  and  Woof*  (1870);  < Eng- 
lish Hymns,  their  Authors  and  History*  (1886); 
and  < Latin  Hymn-Writers*  (1887). 

Dufresny,  Charles  de  la  Riviere  (dii-fra-ne). 
A  French  poet  (1654-1724) ;  bom  at  Paris.  He 
was  great-grandson  of  Henry  IV.'s  favorite,  « la 
belle  jardini&re  d'Anet,**  and  was  given  lucra- 
tive offices  by  Louis  XIV.  He  was  a  reckless 
spendthrift,  and  often  reduced  to  want.  His 
comedies,  though  weak  in  construction  and 
character-drawing,  are  very  lively  in  dialogue, 
especially  <The  Spirit  of  Contradiction*;  <  The 
Double    Widowhood*;    <  The    Village    Flirt*; 

<  The  Match  Made  and  Unmade.*  He  wrote 
also  a  volume  of  <  Divers  Poems  * ;  one  of 
< Historical  Tales*;  and  <  Serious  and  Comic 
Amusements  of  a  Siamese,*  which  suggested 
Montesquieu's  <  Persian  Letters.* 

Duganne,  Augustine  Joseph  Hickey.    An 

American  poet  and  prose-writer;  born  in  Bos- 
ton, 1823;  died  in  New  York,  Oct.  20,  1884. 
His  poems  were  patriotic,  political,  and  senti- 
mental. His  prose  comprised  philosophical, 
historical,  and  dramatic  works.     He  published  : 

<  Hand  Poems*  (1844);  <A  Comprehensive 
Summary  of  General  Philosophy*  (1845) ;  <The 
Iron  Harp  *  (1847) ;  <  The  Lydian  Queen  *  ( 1848) ; 
<MDCCCXLViii*  (1849);  <Parnassus  in  Pillory* 
(1851);  <A  Class  Book  of  Government  and 
Civil  Society*  (1859);  'Fighting  Quakers' 
(1866)  ;  and  others. 

Dugdale,  William,  Sir.  A  celebrated  Eng- 
lish antiquarian;  born  at  Shustoke,  Warwick- 
shire, Sept.  12,  1605;  died  there,  Feb.  10, 
1686.  In  1638  he  was  created  pursuivant-at- 
amis  extraordinary.  A  royalist  in  the  civil 
war,  he  was  knighted  by  Charles  II.  at  the 
Restoration.     His   monumental    work    is   the 


DUGUAY-TROUIN  — DU  MAURIER 


'55 


'Monasticon  Anglicanum>  (1655),  reissued  with 
additions  1817-30  and  1846;  a  mine  of  informa- 
tion on  the  history  and  biography  of  English 
cathedrals,  and  English  history  in  general. 
Among  his  other  works  are :  <  The  Antiquities 
»f  Warwickshire)  (1656);  <  Short  View  of  the 
^ate  Troubles  in  England*  (1681). 

Duguay-Trouin,  Rene  (dii-ga'tro-an').  A 
French  naval  commander  of  the  first  distinc- 
tion ;  born  in  St.  Malo,  June  10,  1673 ;  died  in 
Paris,  Sept.  27,  1736.  In  his  <  Memoirs,>  pub- 
lished surreptitiously  in  1730,  but  with  authority 
ten  years  later,  he  relates,  with  becoming  mod- 
esty, the  series  of  events  which  gave  him  such 
heroic  proportions  as  a  conqueror  on  the  sea. 

Duhring,  Julia.  An  American  essayist; 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Feb.  23,  1836.  She  has 
been  an  extensive  traveler  in  the  United  States, 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa;  and  published  two 
volumes  of  critical  essays  on  social  life,  the 
titles  to  which  are :  <  Philosophers  and  Fools  > 
(1874);  <  Gentlefolks  and  Others  >;  <  Amor  in 
Society ' ;  <  Mental  Life  and  Culture. > 

Dulaurens,  Henri  Joseph  (dii-lor-an').  A 
French  satirical  poet  and  novelist ;  born  at 
Douai,  in  1719;  died  at  Marienbourg,  Belgium, 
in  1797  (1787?).  He  wrote  with  his  friend 
Groubenthal  the  <Jesuitics>  {1761:  modeled  on 
Demosthenes's  <  Philippics  >)  against  the  Jesu- 
its; but  executed  a  more  enduring  task  in  the 
♦Jesuit  Priest  (or  Companion)  Matthew >  (Com- 
pare Mathieu  :  1776),  a  novel  of  genuine  literary 
merit,  and  of  great  vogue  even  within  a  recent 
time. 

Dulk,  Albert  Friedrich  Benno  (diilk).  A 
German  dramatist  and  polemic  prose-writer ; 
bom  in  Konigsberg,  June  17,  1819;  died  in 
Stuttgart,  Oct.  30,  1884.  His  <Ar]a>  (1844J; 
<Jesus  the  Christ>  (1865);  <Lea>  (1874);  and 
other  dramas,  are  rich  in  subtleties  and  in 
powerful  appeals  to  the  loftier  side  of  human 
nature,  but  lack  poetic  feeling.  He  advocates 
a  new  religious  evolution,  as  against  Christian- 
ity, in  <  Beast  or  Man?>  (1872);  <  What  Is 
to  be  Expected  from  the  Christian  Church  ?> 
(1877);  and  other  like  argumentative  works. 

Duller,  Eduard  (diil'ler).  A  German  poet 
and  historian  (1809-53);  bom  at  Vienna.  His 
drama  <  Master  Pilgram  >  was  produced  with 
success  at  17,  and  followed  by  <The  Swan 
Song  of  Revenge,*  a  tragedy  (1834).  He  was 
a  passionate  champion  of  free  thought;  this 
made  Vienna  under  Metternich  too  warm  for 
him,  and  he  lived  at  Munich,  Trier,  and  other 
places.  The  lyric  poem  <  Prince  of  Love  > 
(1842),  and  the  volume  of  <  Collected  Poems' 
(1845),  are  his  least  polemic  and  literarily  best 
works.  His  novels  are  pompous.  He  wrote  a 
<  History  of  the  German  People  >  and  a  <  His- 
tory of  the  Jesuits.* 

Dulles,  John  Welch.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  editor;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
4,  1823;  died  there,  April  13,  1887.  Prince- 
ton gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1871.  He 
was   the    author   of    <  Life    in    India*    (1855); 


<The  Soldier's  Friend*  (1861);  and  <The  Ride 
through  Palestine*  (1881). 

Dumanoir,  Philippe  (dii-man-war').  A 
French  playwright  (1806-65);  bom  at  Pau.  He 
wrote,  alone  or  in  collaboration,  some  200  vau- 
devilles.   Of  his  own  solely,  there  may  be  cited  : 

<  The  Marquise  de  Pretintaille  * ;  <  The  Lambs' 
School*;  < Terrible  Women*;  <The  Childless 
House.*  The  famous  actress  D^jazet  found 
many  of  her  best  roles  in  his  pieces. 

Dumas,  Alexandre,  the  Elder  (dii-ma).  A 
celebrated  French  romancist  and  dramatist; 
born  at  Villers  Cotterets,  Aisne,  July  24,  1802  ; 
died  near  Dieppe,  Dec.  5,  1870.  He  was  grand- 
son of  a  French  marquis  and  a  San  Domingo 
negress.  A  few  of  the  great  multitude  of  his 
famous  romances  are :  <  The  Count  of  Monte 
Cristo*  (1844);  <The  Three  Musketeers*  (1844); 
< Twenty  Years  After*  (1845);  <The  Knight  of 
Maison- Rouge*  (1846);  <  Viscount  de  Brage- 
lonne*  (1847);  < Queen  Margot*  (1847).  Many 
of  his  stories  were  of  great  length,  six  to  twelve 
volumes.  Besides  pure  fiction  he  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  historical  romances,  as  <Joan  of  Arc* 
(1842);  'Michelangelo  and  Raffaelle*  (1846); 
< Louis  XIV.  and  his  Age*  (1847).  His  plays, 
which     had     extraordinary    success,     include: 

<  Henri  HI.  and  his  Court*  (1829);  <Antony* 
(1831) ;  < Charles  VII.  with  his  Grand  Vassals* 
(1831);  <Napoleon  Bonaparte*  (1831);  <Mdlle. 
de  Belle-Isle*  (1839);  <  Marriage  under  Louis 
XV.*  (1841);  <The  Misses  St.  Cyr*  (1843). 
Nearly  all  his  novels  were  put  on  the  stage 
also.  He  wrote  entertaining  narratives  of  his 
travels  in  Switzerland,  Italy,  Gemiany,  Spain, 
North  Africa,  Egypt,  Syria,  etc. 

Dumas,  Alexandre,  the  Younger.  A  great 
French  dramatist  and  romancist,  son  of  the 
preceding;  born  at  Paris  about  1824;  died 
there  Nov.  27,  1895.  He  published  a  small  vol- 
ume of  poems,  <  Sins  of  Youth,*  at  17.  Accom- 
panying his  father  in  travels  through  Spain 
and  Northern  Africa,  on  his  return  he  pub- 
lished his  first  romance  :  <  Story  of  Four  Women 
and  a  Parrot*  (6  vols.  1847),  which  found  little 
favor.  Among  his  romances  are  :  <  A  Woman's 
Romance*;  <Cesaiine*;  <Camille*  (La  Dame 
aux  Camelias) ;  all  in  1848.  His  dramas  in- 
clude: <  Diana  de  Lys*  (1853)  and  <The  Demi- 
Monde*  (1855).  He  also  wrote  the  romance 
<The  Cldmenceau  Case*  (1864),  dramatized 
under  the  same  name  ;  the  pamphlets  :  <  Women 
Murderers  and  Women  Voters*  (1872);  <The 
Divorce  Question*  (1880);  and  the  dramatic 
pieces  :  <  The  Natural  Son  *  (1858) ;  <  The  Friend 
of  Women*  (1864);  'Claude's  Wife*  (1873): 
<The  Danicheffs*  (1876);  'Joseph  Balsamo* 
(1878);  'Francillon*  (1887);  and  others. 

Du  Maurier,  George  Louis  Palmella  Bus- 
son  (du-m6-n,'a').  The  famous  delineator  of 
English  society  in  Punch,  and  in  later  years  a 
novelist;  born  in  Paris,  March  6,  1834;  died  in 
London,  Oct.  6,  1896.  In  his  childhood  his 
parents  settled  in  1-ondon.  He  began  in  1850 
to  study  art  in  London,  Paris,  and  Antwerp ; 
returning  to  London  he  was  employed  on  the 


156 


DUMERSAN  —  DUPANLOUP 


illustrated  periodicals,  and  from  1864  to  his 
death  was  of  the  regular  staff  of  Punch.  He 
wrote  and  illustrated  three  stories :  <  Peter  Ib- 
betson>  (1891)  ;  <  Trilby  >  (1894) ;  <The  Martian  > 
(1897). 

Dumersan,  Th^ophlle  Marion (dii-mar-sah'). 
A  French  playwright  (1780-1849)  ;  born  near 
Issoudun.  He  was  employed  in  the  Paris  mint. 
He  wrote  many  plays,  all  marked  by  keen  ob- 
servation and  comic  spirit.  His  <Angel  and 
Devil,*  a  five-act  drama,  had  a  "  run  "  of  over 
roo  presentations ;  still  more  successful  was  his 
'  Mountebanks,'  his  masterpiece  and  a  classic 
in  its  kind.  Other  very  successful  plays  written 
by  him  are  :  <  The  Wigmaker,  or  Heads  a  la 
Titus  > ;  <  Ridiculous  Englishwomen.'  Worthy 
of  mention  is  his  volume  of  'National  and 
Popular  Songs  of  France.' 

Dumont,  Julia  Louisa.  An  American  prose 
and  verse  writer ;  born  in  Waterford,  O.,  Octo- 
ber 1794 ;  died  at  Vevay,  Ind.,  Jan.  2,  1857.  She 
has  the  distinction  of  being  one  of  the  earliest 
women  of  the  West  whose  writings  have  been 
preserved.  She  contributed  largely  to  period- 
icals both  in  prose  and  verse.  A  collection  of 
her  writings  was  published  in  a  volume,  <  Life 
Sketches  from  Common  Paths'  (1856). 

Dunbar,  Paul  Laurence.  American  negro 
poet  and  novelist.  Born,  Dayton,  O.,  June  27, 1872, 
died  Feb.  9,  IQ06.    <  Lvrics  of  Lowly  Life'  (1896); 

<  Folks  from  Dixie' ( 1898);  <The  Uncalled'  (1898); 

<  Poems  of  Cabin  and  Field'  ( 1899) ;  <The  Strength 
of  Gideon  '  (1900) ;  etc.     Died  1906. 

Dunbar,  William.  A  renowned  Scottish 
poet ;  born  at  Salton  in  Lothian,  about  1465  (?); 
died  about  1530  (?j.  He  was  a  Franciscan 
friar,  but  was  often  employed  by  James  IV.  in 
affairs  of  State.  Among  his  works  is  the  pane- 
gyric poem  <  The  Thistle  and  the  Rose,'  written 
(1503)  on  the  marriage  of  James  with  Margaret 
of  England;  < The  Golden  Targe'  (1508),  con- 
sisting of  allegories  in  the  fashion  of  the  time 
and  of  Chaucer,  among  them  a  poem  on  <  The 
Dance  of  the  Seven  Deadly  Sins  through  Hell.' 
He  is  at  his  best  in  burlesque  poetry,  as  witness 
the  autobiographical  <  Visitation  of  St.  Francis.' 
He  is  «as  rich  in  fancy  as  Spenser;  as  homely 
and  shrewd  as  Chaucer  in  the  <  Miller's  Tale ' ; 
as  pious  as  Cowper  in  his  hymns ;  and  as  wittily 
grotesque  as  Bums  in  'Death  and  Dr.  Horn- 
book.'" 

Duncker,  Dora  (diink'er).  A  German  story- 
writer  and  humorist ;  born  March  28,  1855. 
The  conceits  'Incurable' (1893),  < The  Sphinx,' 
and  other  tales  and  comedies,  have  succeeded ; 
while  in  'Modern  Masters'  (1883)  she  has 
evolved  excellent  character  studies. 

Duncker,  Max  Wolfgang.  A  German  his- 
torian; born  in  Berlin,  Oct.  15,  181 1;  died  in 
Anspach,  July  21,  1886.  Politics  interested  him 
in  early  years,  but  his  later  energies  were  given 
to  elaborate  historical  investigations,  of  which 
the  best  fruits  are :  '  The  Crisis  of  the  Refor- 
mation' (1845);  'Feudalism  and  Aristocracy' 
(1858);  and  the  masterpiece  'Ancient  History' 
(1852-57). 


Dunlap,  William.  An  American  dramatist 
and  painter ;  born  at  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  Feb. 
19,  1766;  died  at  New  York,  Sept.  28,  1839. 
He  painted  George  Washington's  portrait,  still 
authentically  existent,  and  for  five  years  (17S4- 
89)  worked  under  West  in  London.  Returning, 
he  wrote  several  successful  plays,  including : 
'The  Father'  (1789),  a  comedy;  'Leicester' 
(1794),  a  tragedy;  'Andr^'  (1798),  a  tragedy. 
He  also  published :  '  Life  of  George  Frederick 
Cooke'  (1813);  'Life  of  Charies  Brockden 
Brown'  (1815);  '  History  of  the  American  The- 
atre' (1832) ;  <  History  of  the  Rise  and  Progress 
of  the  Art  of  Design  in  the  United  States' 
( 1834) ;  and  similar  works.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

Dunlop,  John.  A  Scottish  song-writer;  born 
in  Carmyle,  Lanarkshire  (?),  November  1755; 
died  at  Port  Glasgow,  Sept.  4,  1820.  Convivial 
and  prosperous,  those  qualities  are  reflected  in 
his  '  Oh  Dinna  Ask  Me  Gin  I  Lo'e  Ye  '  and 
similar  lines,  all  sung  with  enthusiasm  by  Scots. 

Dunlop,  John  Colin.  An  important  Scotch 
literary  historian,  son  of  John ;  born  near  Glas- 
gow, 1786  (?);  died  at  Edinburgh  in  February 
1842  (not  1834).  His  '  History  of  Fiction'  (1814) 
broke  much  new  ground,  and  remains  authori- 
tative despite  manifold  efforts  to  impeach  it; 
besides  which  his  <  History  of  Roman  Liter- 
ature' (1823-28),  and  like  studies,  are  character- 
ized by  discernment  and  scholarship. 

Dunning,  Annie  (Ketchum).  ("Nellie  Gra- 
ham." )  An  American  story-writer ;  born  in 
New  York,  Nov.  2,  1831.  Her  first  story,  <  Clem- 
entina's Mirror,'  appeared  in  1857.  She  later 
wrote  '  Contradictions '  and  <  Broken  Pitchers.' 

Dunraven,  Wyndham  Thomas  Wyndham- 
Quin,  Fourth  Earl  of.  An  Irish  journalist, 
statesman,  and  autlior;  born  at  Adare  Abbey, 
Ireland,  Feb.  12,  1841.  After  graduating  from 
Oxford  he  entered  the  army ;  but  left  it  in  1867 
for  journalism,  being  war  correspondent  for 
the  Daily  Telegraph  in  Abyssinia,  and  after- 
wards in  the  Franco-Prussian  War.  He  was 
under-secretary  for  the  colonies  in  Lord  Salis- 
bury's administrations.  Of  recent  years  he  has 
been  conspicuous  as  a  yachtsman,  having  twice 
been  challenger  for  the  American  Cup.  Besides 
various  magazine  articles  on  hunting,  he  publish- 
ed :  <  The  Great  Divide  ' ;  <  Notes  on  Irish  Archi- 
tecture '  ;  'The  Soudan:  Its  History,  Geogra- 
phy, and  Characteristics' ;  'The  Irish  Question.' 

Duns  Scotus,  Joannes  (duns  sko'tus).  A 
Scotch  metaphysician,  head  of  the  Schoolmen, 
called  "  the  subtle  doctor "  ;  born  in  Scotland 
(?),  1265  or  1274;  died  at  Cologne  (?),  Nov.  8, 
1308  (?).  His  opposition  to  the  Thomists  or 
adherents  of  Thomas  Aquinas  was  spirited. 
He  wrote  an  '  Exposition  of  'Aristotelian  Phys- 
ics';  '  Questions  on  Aristotle's  Work  on  the 
Soul ' ;  and  similar  works.  The  word  dunce, 
in  its  present  application,  probably  comes  from 
his  name  used  ironically. 

Dupanloup,  Felix  Antoine  Philippe  (dii- 
poh-lo'j-    An  eminent   French  controversialist 


DUPATY — .D'VRPE  Y 


157 


and  prelate;  bora  in  St.  Felix,  Savoy,  Jan.  3, 
1802;  died  near  Grenoble,  Oct.  11,  1878.  He 
became  Bishop  of  Orleans;  wrote  on  educa- 
tion and  faith.— his  < Christian  Marriage*  {7th 
ed.  1885);  t History  of  our  Savior  Jesus  Christ* 
(1869);  <  Intellectual  Higher  Education*  (1866), 
etc.,  attracting  great  attention.  He  headed  the 
movement  to  canonize  Joan  of  Arc. 

Dupaty,  Emmanuel  (dii-pa-te').  A  French 
poet  (1775-1851);  bom  at  Blanquefort.  His 
light  comedies  and  vaudevilles  gave  delight 
on  every  stage  with  their  sparkle  of  wit  and 
their  lively  dialogue.  Of  his  many  pieces, 
•The   Military   Prison*   is   esteemed    the   best. 

<  Informers,*  a  satiric  poem,  and  <The  Art  of 
Poetry,*  are  worlcs  of  great  merit. 

Duperron,  Jacques  Davy,  Cardinal  (dii-per- 
r6n').  A  French  theologian,  Pietist,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  born  at  St.  L6,  Normandy, 
or  at  Bern,  Switzerland,  1556;  died  in  Paris, 
1618.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Protestant  minister, 
but  was  converted  to  Catholicism  in  his  youth 
and  had   a  distinguished  ecclesiastical  career. 

<  A  Treatise  on  the  Sacrament  of  the  Eucha- 
rist* is  his  most  celebrated  prose  effort;  as  a 
poet  he  is  remembered  for  the  verses  styled 
♦The  Temple  of  Inconstancy.* 

Dupont,  Pierre  fdii-pon').  A  French  popu- 
lar poet  (1821-70^;  born  at  Lyons.  He  came 
to  Paris  in  1839,  and  wrote  Legitimist  odes 
which  the  newspapers  published.  His  poem 
•The  Two  Angels*  won  the  Academy's  prize 
in  1842,  and  he  got  employment  on  its  <  Dic- 
tionary.* Then  he  won  wide  popularity  with 
six  songs  for  the  people.  He  was  above  all 
things  the  poet  of  peasant  life.  After  the  Feb- 
ruary Revolution  he  was  converted  to  socialism, 
and  his  '  Song  of  the  Nations,*  <  Song  of  the 
Workmen*  (now  known  as  the  < Workmen's 
Marseillaise*),  etc.,  are  socialist  pamphlets  in 
verse.     His  native  city  erected  a  statue  to  him. 

Dupont  de  Nemours,  Pierre  Samuel  (dii- 
poii  de  na-mor'j.  A  French  economist;  born 
in  Paris,  Dec.  14,  1739;  died  near  Wilmington, 
Del.,  Aug.  6,  1817.  He  was  a  Physiocrat,  or 
adherent  of  Quesnay's  theory  that  all  value  is 
derived  from  land ;  and  strove  to  propagate 
this  system  in  <  Physiocratie  *  (1768).  Later  he 
became  involved  in  the  French  Revolution, 
took  refuge  in  the  United  States,  and  founded  a 
great  manufacturing  house.  His  writings  were 
neglected  till  Jevons,  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  and 
later  Henry  George,  revived  the  old  Physio- 
cratic  idea. 

Dupuy,  Eliza  Ann.  An  American  story- 
writer;  born  in  Petersburg,  Va.,  about  1814; 
died  in  New  Orleans,  January  1881.  <  The  Con- 
spirators,* her  first  novel,  has  Aaron  Burr  as 
the  principal  character.  Most  of  her  stories, 
about  forty  in  number,  were  published  in  the 
New  York  Ledger. 

Duran,  Agustin  (do-ran').  A  distinguished 
Spanish  critic  (1789-1862),  who  had  a  decisive 
influence  on  recent  Spanish  literature.  His  first 
work,  anonymous,  <  On  the  Decadence  of  the 


Spanish  Theatre*  (1828),  led  to  the  reform  of 
the  Spanish  stage  and  its  liberation  from  the 
French  yoke.  Of  still  greater  service  in  arous- 
ing love  for  the  native  poesy  was  his  •  Collec- 
tion of  Romanceros  and  BaUadists*  (5  vols., 
1828-32).  As  a  poet  he  won  greatest  distinc- 
tion by  his  poem  of  chivalry  <The  Three 
Citrons  in  the  Garden  of  Love*  (1856),  written 
in  15th-century  Castilian. 

Durand,  Alice.    See  Greville,  Henry. 

Durandi,  Jacopo  (dii-ran'de).  An  Italian 
dramatic  poet  and  historian;  born  in  Sant' 
Agata,  Vercelli,  July  25,  1737;  died  in  Turin, 
Oct.  28,  1817.  <^Armida*  (1770)  and  <Hannibal 
in  Turin*  (1771)  are  his  best-known  plays;  his 
other  gift  dfsplays  itself  in  a  <  History  of  the 
Ancient  Peoples  of  Italy*  (1769). 

Durant,  Gilles  (dii-roh').  A  French  poet; 
born  in  Clermont,  1554;  died  at  Paris,  1615  (?J. 
He  tried  his  hand  at  every  species  of  metrical 
composition, —  odes,  elegies,  sonnets,  and  imi- 
tations of  the  Psalms ;  but  his  important  work 
is  contained  in  a  <  Menippean  Satire,*  written 
to  ridicule  the  League  against  Henry  IV., — 
the  sub-title  being  <  Lamentation  for  a  Leagued 
Ass,  that  Died  in  1590,  when  the  States  Were 
in  Session.* 

Duranti,  Durante,  Count  (do-ran'te).  An 
Italian  poet  and  orator  (1718-80);  born  at 
Brescia.  Among  his  poetical  writings,  all  char- 
acterized by  wit  and  refined  taste,  the  best  is 
the  didactic  poem  <Use,*  in  which  he  portrays 
his  hero  in  the  three  periods  of  bachelor,  hus- 
band, and  widower.  He  wrote  two  tragedies, 
•Virginia*  (1764)  and  <Attilius  Regulus*  (1771); 
and  a  volume,  •  Rime,*  containing  miscellaneous 
verse. 

Duras,  Claire  Lechat  de  Eersalnt,  Duchess 
of  (dii-ra').  A  French  novelist;  born  in  Brest, 
1777;  died  in  Paris,  1828.  Well  born,  accom- 
plished, and  brilliantly  married,  she  was  seized 
v/ith  the  sentimental  sickness  of  the  day,  and 
wrote  <Ourika*  (1823),  the  tale  of  a  negress 
who  fell  in  love  with  a  white  man ;  and  <  Ed- 
ward* (1825),  a  novel  in  which  it  was  the 
gentleman's  turn  to  throw  his  heart  in  an  in- 
discreet direction. 

Durbin,  John  Price.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  Bour- 
bon County,  Ky.,  in  1800 ;  died  in  New  York 
city,  Oct.  17,  1876.  He  contributed  extensively 
to  current  literature,  and  was  the  author  ot 
'Observations  in  Europe,  Principally  in  France 
and  Great  Britain*  (2  vols.,  1844);  and  •Obser- 
vations in  Egypt,  Palestine,  Syria,  and  Asia 
Minor*  (2  vols.,  1845). 

D'Urfey,  Thomas,  usually  called  Tom.  An 
English  dramatist  and  poet;  born  in  Exeter, 
1653;  died  in  London  (?),  Feb.  26,  1723.  He 
was  a  good-natured,  simple-hearted,  thoroughly 
vulgar  and  unliterary  writer.  His  dramas,  com- 
edies, operas,  tragedies,  and  songs,  are  exactly 
like  what  Sancho  Panza  would  have  written 
if  he  had  taken  to  letters.  Many,  like  <The 
Siege    of    Memphis*    (1676),    an    extravagant 


158 


DtTRINGSPELD  —  DUYCKINCK 


tragedy,  and  <The  Plotting  Sisters  >  (1691),  a 
comedy,  are  vestured  in  a  regal  pomp  of  verbi- 
age; others,  like  the  <  Songs  Complete  >  (1699), 
are  of  virginal  simplicity,  but  not  of  virginal 
modesty. 

DUrlngsfeld,  Ida  von  (dor'ings-feld).  A  Ger- 
man story-teller  (1815-76);  born  at  Militsch  in 
Lower  Silesia.  Her  <  Poems >  (1835)  and  the 
cycle  of  stories  <The  Star  of  Andalusia  >  (1838) 
were  issued  under  the  pseudonym  «Thekla,'> 
and  yearly  volumes  thereafter  anonymously  or 
pseudonymously  ;  <  The  Women  of  Byron  >  ap- 
peared in  her  own  name  in  1845,  when  she 
married  Otto  von  Reinsberg.  Extensive  travels 
later  bore  fruit  in  numerous  stories,  collections 
of  national  songs,  descriptions  of  national 
usages,  etc.;  all  were  highly  prized,  including 
in  the  latter  line :  *  Proverbs  of  German  and 
Roumanian  Speech'  (2  vols.,  1872-75);  and 
<  The  Wedding  Book :  Usages  and  Beliefs  Re- 
garding the  Wedding  among  the  Christian 
Nations  of  Europe  >  (1871). 

Durivage,  Francis  Alexander.  An  Ameri- 
can author,  nephew  of  Edward  Everett ;  born 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  1814 ;  died  in  1881.  He  con- 
tributed light  literature  in  prose  and  verse  to 
magazines ;  wrote  novelettes ;  and  jointly  with 
W.  S.  Chase  translated  Lamartine's  <  History 
of  the  Revolution  of  1848.*  He  was  also  author 
of  several  plays,  and  of  <  Life  Scenes  from  the 
World  around  Us>  (1853) ;  <  Cyclopedia  of  His- 
tory ' ;   and   <  The   Fatal   Casket.* 

Duruy,  Georges  (du-riie').  A  French  writer 
on  history;  born  in  1853,  at  Paris,  where  he 
became  professor  of  French  literature  in  the 
Polytechnic  School  in  1891.  He  wrote  some 
novels  that  became  popular  favorites,  as  <  The 
Lifeguard  > ;  <  A  Soul's  Victory ' ;  <  Dream-End.> 
His  principal  historical  works  are  :  <  History  of 
Turenne>;  'Short  Popular  History  of  France. > 
His  <  Cardinal  Carlo  Carafa :  a  Study  on  the 
Pontificate  of  Paul  IV.>  (1883)  was  crowned 
by  the  Academy. 

Duruy,  Victor.  A  distinguished  French  his- 
torian; born  at  Paris,  Sept.  11,  1 81 1;  died  there 
Nov  25,  1894.  He  assisted  Napoleon  HL  in 
compiling  <The  Life  of  Julius  Cassar);  was  made 
minister  of  public  instruction  in  1863.  Among 
his  works  are :  ^History  of  the  Romans* 
(2  vols.,  1843);  < State  of  the  Roman  World 
toward  the  Time  of  the  Founding  of  the  Em- 
pire >  (1853) ;  'General  Introduction  to  the  His- 
tory of  France  >  (1865) ;  <  History  of  the  Greeks  > 
(3  vols.,  1886).  He  also  wrote  the  greater  part 
of  a  <  Universal  History.*  His  works  have  been 
translated  in  part  under  Professor  Mahaffy's 
editorship. 

Dutra  t  Mello,  Antonio  Francisco  fdo'tra 
amel'o).  A  Brazilian  poet;  born  in  Rio  Janeiro, 
Aug.  8,  1823;  died  Feb.  22,  1843.  His  verses 
are  considered  among  the  best  of  South  Amer- 
ican poetry.  Among  his  choicest  works  are : 
'A'noite  Inspiracao  Poetica';  'A'noite  de  S. 
Toao  > ;  and  <  Historia  Critica  da  Lingua  Latina.> 

X)utt,  Toru  (dot).  A  Hindoo  poet  (1856-77). 
She  received  a  good  European  education,  and 


had  the  advantage  of  four  years'  travel  in  the 
West.  She  translated  into  English  many  French 
poems, —  from  Bdranger,  Gautier,  Coppde,  etc., 
—  and  a  collection  of  these  was  published  as 
<A  Sheaf  Gleaned  in  French  Fields*  (1876). 
She  also  rendered  into  English  some  of  the 
'Ancient  Ballads  of  Hindustan.*  She  wrote  in 
French  a  story :  <  Miss  d'Arvers's  Diary.' 

Duval,  Alexandre  (dii-val').  A  French 
dramatist  (1767-1842) ;  born  at  Rennes.  He 
served  in  the  French  fleet  during  the  American 
Revolutionary  War,  and  on  his  return  to  France 
was  an  engineer  and  architect;  but  finally  de- 
voted himself  to  writing  plays  which  won  great 
favor  from  their  skillful  construction,  interesting 
situations,  and  fine  dialogue.  The  best  are : 
<  Edward  in  Scotland  * ;  <  The  Domestic  Ty- 
rant * ;  '  The  Chevalier  of  Industry.*  He  wrote 
tlie  text  of  the  very  successful  opera  '/'^'^eph 
in  Egypt.* 

Duvar,  John  Hunter.    See  Hunter-Duvar. 

Duvergier  d'Hauranne,  Prosper  (dii-verzh- 
ya'  do-ran').  A  French  political  writer;  born 
in  Rouen,  Aug.  3,  1798;  died  in  Paris,  May  19 
or  22,  1881.  Prominent  in  politics,  his  writings 
reflect  his  opinions ;  particularly  his  '  Princi- 
ples of  Representative  Government*  (1838) 
and  <  History  of  Parliamentary  Government  in 
France*  (1857-73). 

Duveyrier,  Charles  (dii-va-rya').  A  French 
dramatist  (1803-66)  ;  born  at  Paris.  He  was  a 
disciple  of  Saint-Simon,  and  passed  a  year  in 
jail  for  a  newspaper  article  on  '  Woman's  Place  * 
under  the  Saint-Simonian  system.  From  un- 
successful he  grew  to  be  a  successful  play- 
wright, especially  in  collaboration.  Of  the  300 
or  more  pieces  which  bear  his  name,  there  may 
be  mentioned :  '  Frontin  the  Husband-Bache- 
lor*; 'Valerie,*  in  which  Mdlle.  Mars  made  a 
brilliant  success ;  '  The  Cat  Metamorphosed  into 
a  Woman*;  'Figaro's  Daughter*;  'The  Burgo- 
master of  Saardam.* 

Dux,  Adolf  (dox).  A  Hungaro-German  poet 
(1822-81);  born  at  Poszony  (Presburg).  He 
made  admirable  versions  of  Hungarian  poems 
and  novels  into  German,  including  those  of 
Katona,  Arany,  Jokai,  Gyulai,  and  Eotvos.  He 
was  the  first  to  translate  Petofi's  Select  Poems. 
His  own  works  comprise  novels  and  studies  in 
literary  history. 

Duycbinck,  Evert  Augustus.  An  American 
author;  born  in  New  York  city,  Nov.  23,  1816; 
died  there,  Aug.  13,  1878.  Graduating  froro 
Columbia  College,  he  studied  law,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1837,  and  went  to  Europe  for  a 
year,  after  which  he  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture, in  which  lie  was  fertile  and  successful. 
In  1847  he  edited  the  Literary  World.  In  1854, 
with  his  brother  George,  he  prepared  the  <  Cy- 
clopjedia  of  American  Literature  *  (2  vols., 
1S55 ;  enlarged  eds.  1865  and  1875).  He  was 
a  voluminous  and  successful  writer,  and  added 
much  to  the  literature  of  his  times.  His  last 
work  was  the  preparation,  with  William  CuUen 
Bryant,  of  an  edition  of  Shakespeare. 


DUYCKINCK  —  DZIERZKOVSKI 


159 


Duyckinck,  George  Long.  An  American 
prose-writer;  born  in  New  York,  Oct.  17,  1823; 
died  there,  Marchi  30,  1863.  He  graduated  at 
tlie  University  of  New  York  in  1843,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  but  did  not  practice.  Witli 
his  brother  Evert  he  edited  the  Literary  World 
and  prepared  the  <  Cyclopaedia  of  American 
Literature*;  he  also  wrote  several  biographies. 

Duyse,  Prudens  van  (doi'ze).  A  Flemish 
poet  (1804-59);  born  at  Dendermonde.  He 
was  a  very  prolific  author,  and  wrote  poems  of 
every  kind, —  epic,  lyric,  dramatic.  They  are 
all  mediocre,  but  served  to  reawaken  a  love  of 
the  Flemish  tongue.  He  wrote  many  valuable 
works  on  Flemish  history. 

Dwight,  John  Sullivan.  An  American  mu- 
sical critic;  born  at  Boston,  May  13,  1813;  died 
Sept.  5,  1893.  After  two  years  in  the  Unitarian 
ministry,  he  became  one  of  the  founders  of 
Brook  Farm,  and  was  editor  of  its  organ  the 
Harbinger.  In  1852  he  established  Dwight's 
Journal  of  Music,  in  which  appeared  most  of 
his  scholarly  musical  criticisms.  His  best- 
known  poem  is  <  God  Save  the  State.' 

Dwight,  Theodore.  An  American  journal- 
ist, brother  of  Timothy;  born  Dec.  15,  1764; 
died  June  12,  1846.  He  was  a  well-knowD 
Federalist,  a  Member  of  Congress,  and  wrote 
' History  of  the  Hartford  Convention'  (of  1814) 
and  <  Character  of  Thomas  Jefferson.' 

Dwight,  Theodore.  An  American  miscel- 
laneous prose-writer,  son  of  Theodore ;  born 
March  3,  1796;  died  Oct.  16,  1866.  He  wrote 
<  Tour  in  Italy';  < Summer  Tour  in  New  Eng- 
land ' ;  <  The  Northern  Traveler ' ;  <  The  Kan- 
sas War ' ;  Life  of  Garibaldi ' ;  besides  gazet- 
teers, histories,  and  school-books. 

Dwight,  Timothy.  An  American  Congre- 
gational clergyman  of  great  distinction ;  born 
in  Northampton,  Mass.,  May  14,  1752;  died  in 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  Jan.  11,  1817.  He  was 
president  of  Yale  College  from  1795  to  1817, 
and  was  a  very  conspicuous  figure  in  theology 
and  education.  His  <  Theology  Explained  and 
Defended '  consists  of  a  course  of  173  sermons 
which  has  passed  through  as  many  as  a  hun- 
dred editions.  In  addition  to  theological  works 
he  wrote  <  Essay  on  Light ' ;  <  Observations  on 
Language  ' ;  <  'I'ravels  in  New  England  and  New 
York,'  which  is  still  widely  quoted.  He  also 
wrote  verse :  an  epic  called  <  The  Conquest  of 
Canaan';  'Greenfield  Hill,'  a  pastoral;  <The 
Triumph  of  Infidelity,'  a  satire. 

Dwight,  Timothy.  An  American  Congre- 
gational clergyman ;  born  in  Norwich,  Conn., 
Nov.  16,  1828 ;  grandson  of  Timothy  Dwight. 
He  has  been  president  of  Yale  University,  to 
which  post  he  was  elected  in  1886.  He  was 
one  of  the  members  of  the  New  Testament 
Revision  Committee.  He  has  published  <The 
True  Ideal  of  an  American  University.' 

Dyce,  Alexander.  An  English  literary  critic 
and  historian ;  born  in  Edinburgh,  June  30, 
1798 ;  died  in  London,  May  15,  1869.  As  editor 
of  definitive  editions  of  the  British  poets,  he 


has  rendered  lasting  service  to  the  native  Par- 
nassus; his  capital  achievements,  <  Works  of 
Shakespeare'  (1853-58)  and  <A  Few  Notes  on 
Shakespeare'  (1853),  leaving  little  room  for 
improvement,  although  subsequent  discoveries 
may  supplement  them. 

Dyer,  Sir  Edward.  An  English  elegiac  poet; 
born  at  Sharpham  Park,  Somersetshire;  died 
in  London  (?),  May(?)  1607.  An  elegant 
courtier,  he  advanced  himself  in  royal  favor 
by  court  verse.  <  My  Mind  to  Me  a  Kingdom 
Is'  is  the  best  of  his  effusions.  His  works, 
<The  Shepherd's  Conceit  of  Prometheus'  and 
other  poems,  were  not  collected  until  1872. 

Dyer,  John.  An  English  didactic  and  de- 
scriptive poet;  born  in  Aberglasney,  Wales,  in 
1700  or  1699;  died  in  Lincolnshire  (?),July24, 
1758.  He  presented  himself  before  the  Muses 
with  <  Grongar  Hill'  (1726),  an  engaging  but 
excessively  correct  piece  of  poetry;  nor  did  he 
unbend  until  'The  Ruins  of  Rome'  (1740)  in- 
spired him.  His  final  effort,  'The  Fleece' 
(1757).  was  suffused  with  tender  romanticism. 

Dyer,  Sidney.  An  American  poet  and  prose 
writer;  born  in  Cambridge,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  11,  1814J 

died ,  189S.      He  published  poems  entitled 

'  Voices  of  Nature  >  ( 1850) ;  <  Songs  and  Ballads  > 
(1857);  'Great  Wonders  in  Little  Things' 
(1871) ;  'Ocean  Gardens  and  Palaces'  (1877); 
'  Elmdale  Lyceum'  (1879);  etc.;  also  'Psalm- 
ist for  the  Use  of  Baptist  Churches.' 

Dyer,  Thomas  Henry.  An  English  histo- 
rian;  born  in  London,  May  4,  1804;  died  at 
Bath,  Jan.  30,  1888.  He  traveled  and  studied 
for  years  to  prepare  a  'History  of  Modem 
Europe '  (1861) ;  '  Hi.stnry  of  the  City  of  Rome ' 
(1865)  ;  and  'Ancient  Athens'  (1873)  ;  all  monu- 
ments of  learning  and  critical  insight. 

Dygasinski,  Adolf  (di-gas-in'ske).  A  Polish 
story-writer;  born  in  the  Russo- Polish  govern- 
ment of  Kjebzy  in  1839.  His  stories  are  re- 
markable for  charming  descriptions  of  scenery; 
among  them  :  '  On  the  Manor ' ;  '  From  Village, 
Field,  and  Forest'  (1887);  'From  City  and 
Country'  (1889).  He  has  translated  works  by 
Max  Muller,  Tyndall,  Mill,  and  others.    D.  1902. 

Dyherrn,  Baron  George  von  (de'harn).  A 
German  poet  and  novelist;  born  in  Glogau, 
Jan.  I,  1848 ;  died  in  Rothenburg,  Silesia,  Dec. 
27,  1878.  He  wrote  many  poems  and  tales  of 
great  merit ;  'In  the  Still  Hour'  (1870)  being  a 
collection  of  his  best  verse,  and  'From  Society' 
(1880)  and  'Heights  and  Depths'  (1881),  his 
ablest  fictions. 

Dzierzkovski,  Joseph  (tserts'kof-ske).  A 
Polish  novelist  (1807-65);  born  at  Xaverov, 
Galicia,  in  1807;  died  in  Lemberg,  Jan.  13,  1865. 
He  loves  to  contrast  the  selfish  dissipation  of 
the  upper  classes  with  the  humble  virtues  of 
the  lowly.  'Salon  and  Street'  (1847);  'The 
Twins'  (1854);  'The  Jugglers'  (1855);  'The 
Crown  of  Thorns'  (1856),  are  noteworthv  ; 
'Polish  Chivalry'  (1858),  a  historical  novel,  is 
one  of  his  best.  He  also  wrote  a  drama,  'The 
Spark  of  Poesy'  (i860). 


i6o 


EADIE  — EATON 


Eadle,  John.  A  Scotch  religious  writer ;  born 
at  Alva,  Stirlingshire,  May  g,  1810;  died  in 
Glasgow,  June  3,  1876  (not  1870).  He  wrote 
on  theology  with  great  vogue  among  the  un- 
learned; his  books  including  <The  Divine 
Love>  (1855),  <Paul  the  Preacher  >  (1859),  etc., 
in  addition  to  scholarly  treatises  and  com- 
mentaries. 

Eadmer  or  Edmer.  A  British  historian  and 
biographer,  who  lived,  a  monk,  at  Canterbury, 
between  1090  and  1115,  and  died  about  1124. 
An  enduring  fame  has  been  the  outcome  of  his 

<  History  of  Recent  Events >  (Historia  Novo- 
rum) ;  <  Life  of  St.  Anselm';  and  other  works. 

Eagles,  John.  An  English  artist,  art  critic, 
and  poet ;  born  in  Bristol,  1783 ;  died  at  Clifton, 
Nov.  8,  1855.  He  contributed  essays  on  art  to 
periodicals,  and  brought  out  <  The  Sketcher,>  a 
collection  of  miscellaneous  prose  and  verse. 
A  book  of  *  Sonnets  >  appeared  posthumously. 

Earle,  Mrs.  Alice  Morse.  An  American 
writer;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1851.  She  has 
written  extensively  upon  the  manners  and  cus- 
toms of  the  colonial  period  in  New  England 
and  New  York.  Among  her  numerous  works 
are :  <  Curious  Punishments  of  Bygone  Days  > ; 

<  Customs  and  Fashions  in  Old  New  England  > ; 

<  Colonial  Dames  and  Goodwives ' :  *  Colonial 
Days  in  Old  New  Vork  > ;  <  Two  Centuries  ot 
Costume  in  America.* 

Earle,  John.  An  English  clergyman  and 
author;  born  in  York,  England,  in  1601 ;  died 
at  Oxford,  Nov.  17,  1665.  He  was  chaplain  and 
tutor  to  Charles  II.,  and  his  companion  in 
exile ;  later  Bishop  of  Worcester.  His  literary 
fame  is  due  to  the  famous  <  Microcosmographie, 
or  a  Peece  of  the  World  discovered  in  Essayes 
and  Characters*  (1628),  a  series  of  sketches 
full  of  wit  and  humor,  which  throw  much  light 
on  the  social  condition  of  the  time. 

Early,  Jubal  Anderson.  An  American  gen- 
eral and  lawyer;  born  in  Franklin  County, 
Va.,  Nov.  3,  1816;  died  March  2,  1894.  He 
graduated  from  West  Point  in  1837 ;  served  in 
the  Seminole  War  (1837-38);  resigned  in  1838 
to  study  law;  and  was  prominent  in  the  Mexi- 
can War  (1847-48).  He  became  a  Confederate 
major-general  in  the  Civil  War;  took  part 
at  Bull  Run  and  Gettysburg,  and  in  1864  in- 
vaded Maryland,  but  was  checked  by  Sheri- 
dan. After  the  war  he  practiced  law  at 
Richmond  and  Lynchburg,  Va.,  and  New  Or- 
leans, La.  His  works  include  :  <  A  Memoir  of 
the  Last  Year  of  the  War  for  Independence 
in  the  Confederate  States*  (1867) ;  < Campaigns 
of  General  Lee*  (1872). 

Eastcott,  Richard.  An  English  writer  on 
music;  born  at  Exeter,  about  1740 ;  died  at 
Livery  Dale  (?),  Devonshire,  1828.    A  volume 


of  <  Sketches  of  the  Origin,  Progress,  and  Ef- 
fects of  Music,  with  an  Account  of  the  Ancient 
Bards  and  Minstrels*  (1793),  met  with  very 
general  approval. 

Eastlake,  Sir  Charles  Lock.  An  English 
artist,  and  critic  and  historian  of  art;  born  in 
Plymouth,  Nov.  17,  1793;  died  in  Pisa,  Italy, 
Dec.  14,  1865.  His  paintings  were  noteworthy; 
and  in  such  books  as  <  Materials  for  a  History 
of  Oil  Painting*  (1847-69)  and  < History  of  the 
Gothic  Revival*  (1871),  he  manifests^ taste  and 
discrimination. 

Eastman,  Charles  Gamage.  An  American 
poet;  born  in  Fryeburg,  Me.,  June  i,  1816;  died 
in  Burlington,  Vt.,  1861.  He  published  (1848) 
a  volume  of  <  Poems  *  descriptive  of  rural  life 
in  New  England,  and  marked  by  a  high  de- 
gree of  metrical  finish.  He  edited  the  Ver- 
mont Patriot  at  Montpelier  from  1846  until  his 
death,  and  was  a  contributor  of  poetry  to 
magazines. 

Eastman,  Julia  Arabella.  An  American 
story-writer ;  born  in  Fulton,  N.  Y.,  July  17, 
1837.  Included  in  her  juvenile  story-books 
are:  'Short  Comings  and  Long  Goings*  (1869); 
<Beulah  Romney*  (1871);  and  <  Young  Rick* 
(1875).  She  also  contributed  sketches  and  po- 
ems to  magazines. 

Eastman,  Mary  (Henderson).  An  Ameri- 
can prose-writer;  born  in  Warrenton,  Va.,  in 
1818.  She  has  published :  <  Dacotah,  or  Life 
and  Legends  of  the  Sioux*  (1849);  < Romance 
of  Indian  Life*  (1852);  < Tales  of  Fashionable 
Life*  (1856);  and  many  stories  and  sketches. 

Eastwick,  Edward  Backhouse.  An  English 
Orientalist  and  diplomatist;  born  in  Berkshire 
in  1814;  died  at  Ventnor,  Isle  of  Wight,  July 
16,  1883.  He  was  a  voluminous  writer  on  Ori- 
ental (especially  East-Indian)  subjects,  and  has 
rendered  very  important  service  to  English 
literature  by  many  translations  from  Persian 
and  Hindu :  e.  g.,  Sadi's  <  Gulistan  *  or  <  The 
Rose  Garden*  in  1852,  and  the  version  of  Pil- 
pay's  fables  called  <  Anvar-i-Suhaili  *  in  1854. 
He  also  wrote  a  <  Journal  of  a  Diplomat's 
Three- Years'  Residence  in  Persia*  (2  vols., 
1864),  and  <  Venezuela,*  or  <  Sketches  of  Life  in 
a  South-American  Republic*  (1868).  Between 
1878  and  1882  he  brought  out  a  sumptuous 
2-vol.  edition  of  the  <  Kaisar-nama-i-hind,*  or 
<  Lay  of  the  Empress.*  He  was  a  frequent 
contributor  to  literary  journals. 

Eaton,  Arthur  Wentworth  Hamilton.    An 

American  clergyman  and  author;  bom  at  Kent- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  in  1849.  He  is  a  minister  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  in  New  York  city.  Among  his 
works  are :  <The  Heart  of  the  Creeds*  (1888)^ 


EBELING  — EQA  DE   QUEIROZ 


i6i 


<  Acadian  Legends  and   Lyrics'  (1889);  'Tales 
of  a  Garrison  Town  > ;  <  The  Lotus  of  the  Nile.* 

Ebeling,  Adolf  (a'bel-ing).  A  German  de- 
scriptive and  historical  writer;  born  in  Ham- 
burg, Oct.  10,  1S23;  died  at  Cologne,  July  23, 
1896.  <Living  Pictures  from  Modern  Paris> 
(1863-67);  <Rainbows  intheEast>  (1868),  a  se- 
ries of  Oriental  epics,  legends,  orghazels;  <Napo- 
leon  III.  and  his  Court>  ( 1891-93) ;  are  the  fruit 
of  large  travel  and  study.  He  has  written  also 
many  biographical  studies  and  travel  sketches. 

Ebeling,  Cliristoph  Daniel.  A  German 
scholar  and  historian ;  born  in  Hildesheim, 
about  1741 ;  died  in  Hamburg,  June  30,  1817. 
He  was  for  many  years  professor  of  history 
and  Greek  at  Hamburg.  His  chief  work  is  a 
•Geography  and  History  of  North  America > 
(5  vols.,  1793-99),  for  which  he  received  a  vote 
of  thanks  from  Congress. 

Eberhard,  Cbristian  August  Gottlob  (a'ber- 
Iiard).  A  German  poet  and  descriptive  writer; 
born  in  Belzig,  Jan.  12,  1769;  died  in  Dresden, 
May  13,  1845.  His  verse  is  a  reminiscence  of 
the  18th-century  style  and  of  the  school  of 
Gleim,  the  idyl  <  Little  Hans  and  the  Cookie' 
(1822)  and  <  Various  Poems'  (1833)  eminently 
so.  His  best  prose  is  in  <  Italy  as  It  Impressed 
Me)  (1839). 

Eberhard,  JoLann  August.  A  German  phil- 
osophical writer ;  born  in  Halberstadt,  Aug.  31, 
1739;  died  in  Halle  (?),  Jan.  6,  1809.  He  first 
attracted  attention  with  a  <  New  Apology  [or 
plea]  of  Socrates'  (1772),  an  attack  upon  the 
narrow  theology  of  the  day,  to  which  succeeded 
<  Universal  History  of  Philosophy'  (1788); 
•Handbook  to  Esthetic'  (1803-5);  and  other 
works  from  a  Wolfian  standpoint,  in  harmony 
with  Leibnitz  and  opposition  to  Kant. 

Ebers,  Georg  Moritz  (ambers).  A  German 
Egyptologist  and  novelist;  bom  at  Berlin, 
March  I,  1837;  died  at  Munich,  Aug.  7,  1898. 
His  historical  romances  comprise :  <An 
Egyptian  Princess'  (1864);  <Uarda'  (1877); 
<Homo  Sum'  (1878);  <  The  Sisters'  (1879); 
<The  Emperor'  (1880);  <Serapis>  (1885);  <The 
Bride  of  the  Nile'  (1886);  < Joshua'  (18S9);  <Per 
Aspera'  (1892);  •  Cleopatra'  (1894);  and  •Eli- 
fen,'  in  verse  (1888).  The  first  two  have 
been  translated  into  many  languages.  Between 
times  he  has  written  several  other  historical 
novels;  including  <The  Burgomaster's  Wife' 
(1881),  of  the  Spanish  domination  in  the  Low 
Countries.  His  contributions  to  Egyptology 
are  almost  numerous.     Died  Aug.  8,  1898. 

Ebert,  Johann  Arnold  (a'bert).  A  German 
translator  and  poet ;  born  in  Hamburg,  Feb.  8, 
1723;  died  in  Brunswick,  March  19,  1795.  His 
friend  Klopstock  addressed  a  pleasing  ode  to 
him.  He  is  better  known  through  his  trans- 
lations of  Young's  •  Night  Thoughts'  and  other 
poems  than  by  his  own  woik,  which  appears  in 
•Epistles  and  Miscellaneous  Verse'  (1789). 

Ebert,  Karl  Egon.     An   Austrian  poet  and 
dramatist  (1801-82) ;  bom  at  Prague.     He  be- 
gan with  dramas  of  Bohemian  history,  many 
II 


of  which   were   staged  but  only  one  printed, 

<  Wratislav  and  Jutta '  (1835).  As  a  lyric 
poet  and  balladist  he  was  more  successful; 
his    •Poems'    (1824)    contain    fine    lyrics,    and 

<  Schwerting  the  Saxon  Duke  '  is  still  high  in 
popular  favor.  His  longer  poems  —  •  Vlasta,  a 
National  Hero-Poem  of  Bohemia,'  and  •  The 
Monastery,'  are  fluent  in  style,  pure  and  ele- 
gant in  language.  <  A  Monument  to  Karl  Egon, 
Prince  of  Fiirstenberg '  consists  of  a  garland  of 
sonnets ;  <  Devout  Meditations  of  a  Man  of  the 
World'  is  a  didactic  poem. 

Ebner-Eschenbach.  Baroness  Marie  von 
iah'ner  esh'en-bach).  An  eminent  Austrian 
novelist  and  poet;  born  (Countess  Dubsky)  at 
Castle  Zdislavic,  Moravia,  Sept.  13,  1830.  Be- 
ginning in  i860  as  a  playwright,  <  Marj'  Stuart 
in  Scotland'  (i860)  and  the  tragedy  < Marie 
Roland,'  with  the  one-act  dramas  <  Doctor  Rit- 
ter,'  •Violets,'  and  •The  Disconsolate  One,' 
were  but  moderately  successful.  Turning  to 
fiction,  <The  Princess  of  Banalia'  (1872),  a 
satiric  tale,  made  little  impression ;  but  <  Two 
Countesses'  (1885),  a  story  of  Austrian  high  so- 
ciety, met  with  striking  favor,  and  its  succes- 
sors place  her  among  the  great  writers.  They 
include  :  <  Tales  of  Village  and  Castle ' ;  •  The 
Child  of  the  Parish';  <The  Rival.'  She  has 
epic  power,  keen  psychological  insight,  and 
quick  sensibility;  and  is  unsurpassed  in  grace 
of  form  and  precision  of  style. 

Ebrard,       Johannes       Heinrich      August 

fa'brard).  A  German  Protestant  theological 
writer,  dramatist,  and  literary  critic;  born  in 
Erlangen,  Jan.  18,  1818 ;  died  there,  July  23, 
1888.  He  led  a  general  reform  movement  in 
theology,  producing  :  <  Philosophical  Criticism  of 
Evangelical  History'  (1842);  <The  Dogma  of 
the  Last  Supper  and  its  History'  (1845-46); 
•Practical  Theology'  (1856) ;  etc.;  while  under 
the  pseudonym  of  <•  Gottfried  Flammberg"  lie 
wrote  •  Duplessis-Mornay'  (1859),  and  other 
dramas,  and  •  A  Life  in  Song'  (2d  ed.  1872),  a 
collection  of  verse.  His  other  pseudonym, 
••  Christian  Deutsch,"  has  served  in  connection 
with  <  Stephen  Klinger'  (1872),  a  play,  and 
studies  of  the  Ossian  creations. 

Ebsworth,  Joseph.  An  Engli.sh  dramal'st 
and  musician ;  born  in  London,  Oct.  10,  178S ; 
died  in  Edinburgh,  June  22,  1868.  He  wrote, 
adapted,  or  translated  many  successful  plays ; 
among  them  <  The  Rival  Valets  >  (1825),  a 
comedy  drama,  and  <The  Crusaders'  (1850-51), 
a  drama.  He  was  an  adapter  rather  than  a 
creator.  His  songs,  learning,  and  versatility 
made  him  a  distinguished  figure  in  Edinburgh 
circles.  He  wrote  also  in  collaboration  with 
his  wife,  Mary  Emma  (Fairbrother). 

E9a  de  Queiroz,  Jos^  Maria  la'sa  dt  ka- 
rdz).  A  Portuguese  novelist;  born  at  P6voa 
do  Varzim,  Nov.  25,  1845.  At  first  a  journalist, 
he  traveled  and  was  in  the  consular  service  in 
many  parts  of  the  world.  He  introduced  the 
naturalistic  school  into  Portugal.  His  powers 
of  observation  and  description  are  great,  and 
in  his  novels — <The  Crime  of  Father  Amaro* 


l62 


LCHARD  —  EDERSHEIM 


(1874,  rewritten  in  1880);  <  The  First  Monk 
of  St.  Basil >  (1877);  <A  Relic >  (1886) -he 
portrays  in  master  strokes  the  failings  of 
Portuguese  societ)'.  His  strange,  half  real- 
istic, half  fanciful  story,  <  The  Relic,'  weaves 
into  a  narrative  of  Oriental  travel  a  dramatic 
representation  of  the  Passion  of  Christ  in  the 
form  of  a  dream.  In  collaboration  with  Ra- 
nialho-Ortagao  he  wrote  the  spirited  tale  of  adven- 
ture, <  The  Mystery  of  Cintra  Street.>    Died  ,1900. 

Ecliard  or  Eachard,  Laurence.  Ar  English 
historian;  born  at  Barsham,  Suffolk,  1670  (?); 
died  at  Lincoln,  Aug.  16,  1730.  A  clerij>man 
and  a  scholar,  his  <  History  of  England  from 
the  First  Entrance  of  Julius  Caesar  and  the 
Romans  to  the  End  of  the  Reign  of  James  the 
First'  (1707)  contains  a  wealth  of  information, 
including  the  particulars  of  Cromwell's  inter- 
view with  the  Devil  on  the  morning  of  the 
battle  of  Worcester.  Other  historical  and  schol- 
arly works  increased  his  reputation. 

Echegaray,  Jos^  (a-cha-gar-a').  A  notable 
Spanish  dramatist ;  bom  in  Madrid,  1832.  He 
is  author  of  several  treatises  on  mechanics  and 
civil  engineering,  and  was  for  a  time  minister 
of  commerce  and  of  public  instruction.  Since 
1874,  when  the  production  of  <  The  Avenger's 
Wife>  opened  a  new  and  brilliant  life  for  the 
Spanish  stage,  he  has  given  himself  wholly  to 
the  drama;  producing  in  a  few  years  thirty 
pla3's  rich  in  imagination,  dramatic  force,  and 
lyric  talent,  though  with  the  true  Spaniard's 
love  of  the  horrible.  Of  his  greatest  pieces 
may  be  named  :  <  The  Great  Galeotto  > ;  <  Mad- 
man or  Saint ' ;  <  Conflict  between  Two  Duties  > ; 
<  A  Merry  Life  and  a  Sad  Death  ' ;  <  Mariana.' 

Echeverria,  Esteban  (a-cha-va-re'a).  A  nota- 
ble Argentine  poet;  born  in  Buenos  Ayres, 
1809;  died  in  IMontevideo,  1851.  He  published 
a  book  of  <Rh>Tnes>  at  19;  passed  some  time 
in  France,  became  a  devotee  of  Byron  and 
Lamartine,  and  on  his  return  published  an- 
other volume  whose  exuberance  explains  its 
failure.  But  later  volumes  of  short  poems  — 
< Counsels';  <The  Female  Captives';  < Guitar' 
—  prove  him  a  genuine  poet. 

Eckardt,  Ludwig  (eck'art).  An  Austrian  lit- 
erary historian,  essayist,  and  dramatist ;  bom  in 
Vienna,  May  16, 1827  ;  died  at  Tetchen,  Bohemia, 
Feb.  I,  1 87 1.  His  career  was  one  of  vicissitudes 
owing  to  his  political  opinions,  but  he  wrote  : 
♦Josephine.'  a  drama;  < Lectures  on  Goethe's 
Torquato  Tasso>  (1S52)  ;  <  Dramatic  Studies' 
(1853);  and  other  critical  and  biographical 
studies,  attaining  distinction  as  a  scholar. 

Ecliermann,  Johann  Peter  (ek'er-man).  A 
German  poet  (1792-1854)  ;  bom  at  Winsen  in 
Hanover.  He  has  permanent  place  in  litera- 
ture through  his  deeply  affectionate  record  of 
'Conversations  with  Goethe  in  the  Last  Years 
of  his  Life'  (2  vols.,  1823-32);  it  has  been  trans- 
lated into  nearly  all  the  languages  of  Europe, 
even  Turkish.  He  edited  the  40-vol.  edition 
of  Goethe's  works  (1839-40). 


Eckstein,  Ernst  (ek'stin).  A  German  hu- 
morist, poet,  and  novelist ;  born  at  Giessen,  Feb. 
6,  1845;  died  in  Dresden,  Nov.  18,  1900.  From 
the  university  he  went  to  Paris,  and  there  com- 
pleted his  comic  epos  'Check  to  the  Queen' 
(1870),  and  wrote* Paris  Silhouettes' (1873),  the 
grotesque  night-piece  'The  Varzin  Ghosts'  and 
the  'Mute  of  Seville.'  Later  he  visited  different 
places,  and  wrote  the  stories  'Margherita';  'At 
the  Tomb  of  Cestius';  'The  Mosque  at  Cordova.  > 
He  was  editor  of  a  literary  and  critical  journal. 
Hall  of  Poets,  and  of  a  humorous  weekly.  The 
Wag,  at  Leipsic  for  some  years,  and  in  1885  set- 
tled in  Dresden.  He  was  a  very  prolific  and  in- 
ventive writer,  a  master  of  teclinique.  Besides 
many  brilliant  humorous  sketches,  he  wrote 
many  stories  of  ancient  classic  life,  as  'The 
Claudii';  'Aphrodite,  a  Story  of  Ancient  Hel- 
las'; '  Decius  the  Fluteplayer :  a  Merry  Story 
of  a  Musician  in  Ancient  Rome.' 

Ecrevisse,  Peter  (a-kra-ves').  A  Flemish 
novelist  (1804-1879);  born  at  Obbicht  in  Lim- 
burg.  In  i860  he  withdrew  from  a  promising 
political  career  and  devoted  himself  to  liter- 
ature. He  is  noted  for  his  power  of  description 
and  his  simple  earnest  style.  Of  his  numerous 
historical  novels  must  be  mentioned :  <  The 
Destruction  of  Maestricht';  'The  De  Witt 
Brothers.'  He  is  author  also  of  some  novels 
of  society  :  '  The  Cancer  of  Cities ' ;  <  The  Step- 
son ' ;  '  The  Servingman  of  Kempen.^ 

Eddy,  Daniel  Clark.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  writer ;  born  in  Salem,  Mass.,  in  1823 ; 
died  in  Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass.,  July  26,  1896. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are :  '  Burman 
Apostle'  (1850);  'Percy  Family'  (1852);  'The 
Young  Woman's  Friend'  (1855);  'The  Angel's 
Whispers';  'Waiting  at  the  Cross';  '  Europa, 
or  Scenes  in  the  Old  World ' ;  and  ^  The  Young 
Man's  Friend.' 

Eden,  Emily.  An  English  novelist  and  de- 
scriptive writer;  born  in  Westminster,  March 
3.  1797 ;  died  at  Richmond,  Surre)-,  Aug.  5, 
1869.  Her  'Semi-Detached  House'  (1859)  and 
'  Semi- Attached  Couple'  (i860)  possess  realistic 
charm ;  while  '  Portraits  of  the  People  and 
Princes  of  India'  (1844),  and  other  impressions 
of  travel,  do  equal  honor  to  her  descriptive 
excellence. 

Eden,  Sir  Frederick  Morton.  An  English 
writer  on  sociology  and  economics ;  born  in 
Kent(?),  1766;  died  in  London,  Nov.  14,  1809. 
His  painstaking  study  of  '  The  State  of  the 
Poor'  (1797)  is  a  sociological  classic, 

Ederslieim,  Alfred  (a'der-shim).  A  Jewish- 
Christian  Biblical  writer;  born  at  Vienna, 
1825 ;  died  at  Mentone,  France,  March  16,  1S89. 
From  the  universities  of  Vienna  and  Berlin  he 
passed  to  that  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  studied 
theology  and  became  a  minister  of  the  Scotch 
Free  Church.  He  wrote  a  'Bible  Historv'  (7 
vols.);  '  Sketches  of  Jewish  Social  Life  in  the 
Days  of  Christ ' ;  '  History  of  the  Jewish  Nation 
after  the  Destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus'; 
<I,ife  and  Times  of  Jesus  the  Messiah.* 


EDGAR  —  EDWARDS 


163 


Edgar,  John  George.  An  English  biogra- 
pher and  historian ;  born  in  1834 ;  died  in  1864. 
In  business  at  Liverpool,  he  left  it  for  literature  : 
edited  Every  Boy's  Magazine,  contributed  to 
the  Loudon  press,  and  wrote  biographies  and 
histories,  mainly  for  the  young ;  among  them  : 
<The  Boyhood  of  Great  Men>  (1853);  <  Foot- 
prints of  Famous  Men*  (1853);  < Crusades  and 
Crusaders*  (1859);  <Sea  Kings  and  Naval 
Heroes*  (i860);  'Cavaliers  and  Roundheads* 
(1861). 

Edgcumbe,  Richard.  An  English  poetaster 
and  wit;  born  in  Lancaster  (?),  1716;  died  in 
Cornwall,  May  10,  1761.  He  was  a  gay  spirit, 
and  enriched  the  literature  of  conviviality  with 

<  The  Fable  of  the  Ass,  Nightingale,  and  Kid  * ; 

<  Ode  to  Health  * ;  and  other  poems  which  were 
deemed  witty  in  their  day. 

Edgeworth,  Maria.  A  distinguished  Eng- 
lish novelist ;  born  in  Black  Bourton,  Oxford- 
shire (not  in  Berkshire),  Jan.  i,  1767;  died  in 
Edgeworthstown,  Ireland,  May  1849.  She  did 
her  first  literary  work  in  conjunction  with  her 
father,  upon  whose  Irish  estate  she  acquired 
that  knowledge  of  genial  prodigality  and  hos- 
pitable beggary  to  which  many  of  her  tales 
owe  their  humor.  Her  principal  works  are : 
< Castle  Rackrent*  (1800);  < Early  Lessons* 
( 1801 ) ;  <  Belinda  *  ( 1801 ) ;  <  Moral  Tales  *  ( 1801 ) ; 

<  The  Modern  Griselda*  (1804);  <  Leonora* 
(1806);  < Tales  of  Fashionable  Life*  (1809-12); 

<  Patronage*  (1814);  <Ormond*  (1817);  and 
•Helen*  (1834). 

Edgren,  Anne  Charlotte  Leftter-  (ed'gren). 
A  Swedish  novelist,  eminent  in  the  realistic 
school ;  born  at  Stockholm,  Oct.  16,  1849 ;  died 
at  Naples,  Oct.  24,  1892.  A  volume  of  short 
tales,  <  By  Chance,*  and  the  dramas,  <  The 
Actress,*  <The  Curate,*  etc.,  were  a  great  suc- 
cess anonymously ;  and  she  then  put  her  own 
name  to  three  successive  volumes  of  short  sto- 
ries called  <From  Life,*  followed  by  <A  Sum- 
mer Story,*  <  Woman  and  Erotism,*  and  many 
others.  <  Ideal  Women,*  <  The  Struggle  for 
Happiness,*  and  <  A  Rescuing  Angel  *  (the  most 
successful  of  her  plays)  are  most  notable 
among   her  later   dramas. 

Edgren,  August  Hjalmar.  A  Swedish  au- 
thor; born  in  Wermland,  Sweden,  October  1840. 
He  came  to  the  United  States  in  i860,  and 
joined  the  99th  New  York  Regiment  as  2d  lieu- 
tenant January  1862 ;  August  1863  entered  the 
engineer  corps.  He  was  connected  with  Yale 
University  from  1874  to  1880,  and  professor  of 
modern  languages  and  Sanskrit  in  Nebraska 
University  from  1880  to  1884.  His  numerous 
publications   include   a   Swedish   work   on   the 

<  Literature  of  America*  (1878);  <  Swedish  Lit- 
erature in  America*  (1883);  and  < American 
Antiquities*  (1885);  besides  many  valuable 
papers  for  students,  pertaining  to  Sanskrit, 
Romance,  and  Germanic  philology. 

Edler,  Karl  Erdmann  (ad'ler).  An  Austrian 
novelist ;  born  at  PodSbrad  in  Bohemia,  May 
8,  1844.  His  stories  have  nearly  all  a  historical 
background,  truthfully  portrayed.    Among  them 


may  be  named :  <  Wilfried,  a  Story  of  the  Mid- 
dle Age*  (1874);  <Gabor,  a  Picture  of  the 
Steppe*  (1874);  <The  Last  Jew*  (1885);  <  Bal- 
dine*  (1881);  <  A  Bell-Ringer's  Journey  * ;  <  Notre 
Dame  des  Flots*  (Our  Lady  of  the  Billows). 
The  last  three  were  translated  into  English  by 
Lord  Lytton. 

Edmonstone,  Sir  Archibald.  An  English 
descriptive  writer,  dramatist,  poet,  and  Pietist ; 
born  in  London,  March  12,  1795 ;  died  there, 
March  13,  1871.  He  was  an  extensive  traveler, 
and  wrote  <  A  Journey  to  Two  of  the  Oases 
of  Upper  Egypt*  (1822);  in  addition  to  which 

<  Leonora*  (1832),  a  tragedy,  <  The  Progress  of 
Religion*  (1842),  a  poem,  and  *The  Christian 
Gentleman's  Daily  Walk*  (1840),  evince  fair 
talent. 

Edward  VI.  King  of  England;  bom  at 
Hampton  Court,  Oct.  12,  1537;  died  at  Green- 
wich, July  6>  1553.  His  <  Journal,*  a  chronicle 
of  his  every-day  experiences  from  the  time  of 
his  accession  until  the  year  preceding  his 
death,  and  various  essays  and  declamations  in 
French,  Greek,  and  Latin,  give  a  favorable 
impression  of  his  literary  capacity. 

Edwards,  Amelia  Blandford.  An  English 
Egyptologist  and  writer  of  novels ;  born  in  Lon- 
don, 1S31 ;  died  in  Weston-super-Mare,  Somer- 
setshire, April   15,  1892.     Her  novels   include : 

<  My  Brother's  Wife*  (1855);  <  Hand  and  Glove  > 
(1859);  and  <In  the  Days  of  my  Youth*  (1873). 
Later,  she  achieved  great  celebrity  through  her 
writings  and  lectures  on  the  antiquities  of 
Egypt ;  her  best-known  works  in  this  field  are 
<A  Thousand  Miles  up  the  Nile*  (1877),  and 

<  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  and  Explorers*  (1891). 

Edwards,  Edward.  An  English  librarian 
and  writer  on  library  lore ;  born  in  London  (?), 
1812;  died  at  Niton,  Isle  of  Wight,  Feb.  10, 
1886.     In   the  < Memoirs   of  Libraries*    (1859), 

<  Lives  of  the  Founders  of  the  British  Museum' 
(1870),  and  <Sir  Walter  Raleigh*  (1885),  the 
latter  an  experiment  in  biography,  his  mastery 
of  his  subjects  is  authoritative. 

Edwards,  George.  An  English  or  Scotch 
writer  on  sociology  and  social  reform ;  born  in 
1752;  died  in  London,  Feb.  17,  1823.  Possessed 
of  the  conviction  that  he  held  the  precious 
secret  of  the  relief  of  man's  estate,  he  wrote 
some  fifty  books  to  disseminate  the  informa- 
tion, among  which  is  one  with  the  long  title : 
<The  Practical  System  of  Human  Economy,  or 
the  New  Era  at  Length  Fully  Ascertained, 
Whereby  We  are  Able  in  One  Immediate  Sim- 
ple Undertaking  to  Remove  the  Distress,  Bur- 
dens, and  Grievances  of  the  Times,  and  to 
Bring  All  our  Interests,  Public,  Private,  and 
Commercial,  to  their  Intended  Perfection* 
(1816). 

Edwards,  George  Wharton.  An  American 
artist  and  author;  born  in  Connecticut  in  1859. 
He  is  a  resident  of  Plainfield.  N.  J.  Most  of 
his  stories  have  appeared  in  the  Century  Mag- 
azine. His  works  include :  <  P'tit  Matinic',  and 
Other    Monotones*;  <Thumb-Nail    Skctchei># 

<  Break  o'  Day,  and  Other  Stories.' 


164 


EDWARDS  — EGAN 


Edwards,  Harry  Stillwell.  An  American 
journalist  and  author;  born  in  Macon,  Ga., 
April  23,  1855.  He  graduated  from  the  law 
department  of  Mercer  Universitj%  and  practiced 
law,  but  in  1871  entered  journalism  in  his  na- 
tive city.  He  is  well  known  as  a  writer  of 
dialect  stories.  Among  his  works  are  :  <  Two 
Runaways,  and  Other  Stories  >  (1889);  <Sons 
and  Fathers  * ;  <  The  Marbeau  Cousins.* 

Edwards,  Henry  Sutherland.  An  English 
descriptive  writer,  essayist,  biographer,  and  nov- 
elist; born  in  London,  1828.  He  traveled  and 
studied  in  Russia,  Turkey,  and  Central  Europe, 
acting  as  newspaper  correspondent.  He  pro- 
duced <The  Polish  Captivity  >  (1863);  <  Life  of 
Rossini >  (1869);  <  The  Germans  in  France' 
(1874);  <The  Slavonian  Provinces  of  Turkey  > 
(1876);  <The  Prima  Donna:  her  History  and 
Surroundings  from  the  17th  to  the  19th  Cen- 
tury >  (1888) ;  <  Dutiful  Daughters  >  (1890)  ;  <  The 
Russians  at  Home  and  Abroad  >  (1890)  ;  <  The 
Romanolis  > ;  <  Old  and  New  Paris  *  (1893-94.) 

Edwards,  John.  An  American  poet;  born 
on  the  banks  of  the  river  Twrch  in  Wales 
(whence  known  as  Eos-Glan-Twrch  or  <<the 
nightingale  of  the  Twrch  >>),  April  15,  1806; 
died  near  Rome,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  20,  1887.  He  did 
much  to  promote  the  publication  in  America 
of  Welsh  periodicals.  His  published  poems 
include  <The  Crucifixion*  (1853),  and  <  The 
Omnipresence  of  God>  (1859). 

Edwards,  John,  or  Sion  Ceiriog.  A  Welsh 
poet;  bom  in  Crogen  Wladys,  Glyn  Ceiriog, 
1747 ;  died  in  London,  September  1792.  He 
wrote  a  St.  David's  Day  ode  and  other  pieces, 
and  seems  to  have  been  a  popular  and  accom- 
plished character. 

Edwards,  Jolin,  or  Sion  y  Potiau.  A  Welsh 
poet ;  born  in  Glyn  Ceiriog,  Denbighshire, 
about  1700 ;  died  in  1776.  He  translated  Bun- 
yan's  <  Pilgrim's  Progress  *  and  wrote  poetry. 

Edwards,  Jonathan.  An  American  divme 
and  theological  writer  of  world-wide  fame ; 
born  in  East  Windsor,  Conn.,  Oct.  5,  1703 ;  died 
at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  March  22,  1758.  He  was  the 
son  of  Timothy  Edwards,  a  Congregational 
minister,  and  was  himself  minister  at  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  1727-50.  From  1 75 1  to  1758  he 
was  an  Indian  missionary,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  president  of  the  College  of 
New  Jersey  (now  Princeton  University).  His 
works  are  the  recognized  exponents  of  essen- 
tial Calvinism  next  to  those  of  its  founder, 
and  rank  high  in  the  theological  metaphysic 
of  all  time.  They  include  among  others :  <  An 
Inquiry  into  the  Modern  Prevailing  Notions 
respecting  that  Freedom  of  the  Will  which 
is  Supposed  to  be  Essential  to  Moral  Agency* 
(1754);  <The  Great  Christian  Doctrine  of  Ori- 
ginal Sin  Defended*  (1757?);  and  <A  Disser- 
tation concerning  the  End  for  which  God 
Created  the  World*  (1789). 

Edwards,  Mathilda  Barbara  Betham.    An 

English  novelist;  born  in  Westerfield,  Suffolk, 
1836.    Her  sprightly  fancy  and  the  ingenuity  of 


her  plots  impart  exceptional  interest  to  <The 
White  House  by  the  Sea*  (1857)  ;<  Kitty*  (1869); 

<  For  One  and  the  World  > ;  <  A  Humble  Lover.* 

Eeden,  Frederik  van  (a'den).  A  Dutch  poet ; 
bom  at  Haarlem,  about  i860.  He  is  uncon- 
ventionally graphic  and  original  in  his  figures 
of  speech,  and  in  true  poetry  has  few  contem- 
porary equals.  The  famous  <  Little  Johnny* 
(1887)  is  a  seemingly  simple  nature  poem  con- 
veying profound  thought.  <  Don  Torrileio  *  and 
other  plays  had  successful  stage  careers. 

Eekhoud,  Georges  (ek'hout).  A  notable 
Belgian  novelist;  born  at  Antwerp,  May  27, 
1854.     He  first  published  two  volumes  of  poetry, 

<  Myrtles  and  Cypresses  >  and  <  Poetic  Zig- 
Zags>;  then  became  a  newspaper  literary  critic 
in  Brussels,  and  wrote  a  few  short  stories. 
His  first  considerable  novel,  <The  Militia  of 
St.  Francis,*  is  a  masterly  portrayal  of  Flemish 
peasant  life,  especially  its  naive  mystic  reli- 
giousness. His  masterpiece,  <New  Carthage,* 
paints  Antwerp  life  in  its  naked  actuality. 
Notable  also  is  <  The  Fusillades  at  Mechlin,* 
a  story  of  the  peasants'  uprising  against  the 
French  in  1798.  In  poetry  he  has  developed 
from  romanticism  to  pronounced  realism. 

Efifen,  Justus  van  (ef'en).  A  Dutch  essay- 
ist; born  in  Utrecht,  Feb.  21,  1684;  died  in 
Herzogenbusch,  Sept.  18,  1735.  His  master- 
piece, long  a  classic.  The  Dutch  Spectator 
(1731-35),  is  an  imitation  of  Addison  and  Steele. 

Egan,  Maujice  Francis.  An  American  man 
of  letters ;  born  in  Philadelphia,  May  24,  1852. 
He  early  achieved  distinction  by  his  writings, 
and  was  long  professor  of  English  literature 
at  the  University  of  Notre  Dame ;  holding 
a  like  post  at  present  at  the  Catholic  Univer- 
sity of  America,  Washington.  His  works  in- 
clude:  <That  Girl  of  Mine*;  <That  Lover 
of  Mine  * ;  <  A  Garden  of  Roses  * ;  <  Stories  of 
Duty*;  <The  Life  around  Us*;  < Lectures  on 
English  Literature  * ;  <  A  Primer  of  English 
Literature  * ;  <  A  Gentleman  * ;  <  The  Flower  of 
the  Flock.*  His  poetry  includes  the  volumes 
*■  Preludes,*  <  Songs  and  Sonnets,*  etc. 

Egan,  Pierce,  the  Elder.  An  English  sport- 
ing writer;  bom  in  London  (?),  1772;  died 
there,  Aug.  3,  1849.  A  prolific  "historian  of 
the  ring**  and  kindred  institutions,  he  dashed 
off  the  wildly  popular  <  Life  in  London*  (1821), 
in  which  we  have  to  do  with  Jerry  Hawthorn, 
Esq.,  and  his  "elegant  friend,**  Corinthian  Bob, 
in  addition  to  Bob  Logic  the  Oxonian,  tlie 
three  enjoying  together  many  "  Rambles  and 
Sprees  through  the  Metropolis.'* 

Egan,  Pierce,  the  Younger.  An  English  nov- 
elist, son  of  Pierce  the  Elder;  bom  in  Lon- 
don, 1814;  died  there,  July  6,  1880.  At  first  an 
artist,  he  turned  to  fiction,  winning  fame  with 
<Robin  Hood*  (1840),  <Wat  Tyler*  (1841),  and 
similarly  conceived  romances ;  while  his  later 
and  more  sensational  tales,  '  Imogen,*  <  Fair 
Lilias,'  and  others,  appeared  for  the  most  part 
as  serials  only. 


EGELHAAF  —  EICHENDORFF 


165 


Egelhaaf,  Gottlob  (a'gel-haf).  A  German 
historian ;  born  in  Gerabronn,  Wiirtemberg, 
March  i,  1848.  He  has  distinguished  himself 
with  <  A  History  of  Germany  during  the  Refor- 
mation >  (3d  ed.  1893) ;  <  Emperor  William  >  (3d 
ed.  1888)  ;  <  A  History  of  Germany  during  the 
Sixteenth  Century  until  the  Peace  of  Augsburg.* 
(1888-92);  <  Outlines  of  German  Literary  His- 
tory >    (1900). 

Egerton,  Francis.    See  Ellesmere. 

Egge,  Peter  (eg-ga).  A  Norwegian  story- 
writer;  born  in  1869.  He  has  embodied  the 
experiences  of  a  not  too  happy  youth  in  such 
tales  as  <  People '  and  <  Skibsgud.' 

Eggeling,  Julius  (ag'el-ing).  A  German 
Sanskrit  scholar  and  critic  ;  born  in  Hecklingen, 
Anhalt,  July  12,  1842.  He  has  held  Sanskrit 
professorships  in  England  and  Scotland,  and 
conferred  lasting  obligations  upon  philology  in 
his  <  The  (^atapatha-Brahmana,  Translated  Ac- 
cording to  the  Text  of  the  Madhyandina  School  > 
(1882-86) ;  <  Catalogue  of  Sanskrit  Manuscripts ' 
(1887-89). 

Egger,  ^lle  (eg'er^^r  a-zha).  An  eminent 
French  scholar ;  born  in  Paris,  July  18,  1813 ; 
died  at  the  Royal  Baths,  Aug.  30,  1885.  His 
masterpieces  are :  <  Essay  on  the  History  of 
Criticism  among  the  Greeks  >  (1849);  <The  Po- 
etic Element  in  Aristotle'  (1874);  and  < Greek 
Literature'  (1890). 

Eggleston.  Edward.  An  American  historian 
and  novelist ;  born  in  Vevay,  Ind.,  Dec.  10, 
1837.  In  fiction  he  has  achieved  celebrity  with 
stories  of  life  in  Southern  Indiana  in  pioneer 
days,  while  as  a  historian  he  makes  a  specialty 
of  American  subjects.  His  works  include  :  <  The 
Hoosier  Schoolmaster';  <The  End  of  the 
World';  <The  Circuit  Rider';  <Roxy>;  <The 
Graysons';  <The  Faith  Doctor';  <  The  Hoosier 
Schoolboy ' ;  <  Queer  Stories  for  Boys  and  Girls ' ; 

<  Schoolmasters'  Stories ' ;  <  Mr.  Blake's  Walk- 
ing-Stick'; < Duffels';  < School  History  of  the 
United  States';  <  Household  History  of  the  United 
States';  *  First  Book  in  American  History'; 
<The  Beginners  of  a  Nation,'  the  first  volume  of 
a  ^History  of  Life  in  the  United  States';  etc. 
Died  at  Lake  (ieorge,  Sept.  2,  1902. 

Eggleston,  George  Gary.  An  American 
journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  brother  of 
Edward ;  born  in  Vevay,  Ind.,  Nov.  26,  1839. 
He  has  long  been  connected  in  an  editorial 
capacity  wtth  one  or  another  New  York  news- 
paper, including  the  World,  the  Evening  Post, 
and  the  Commercial  Advertiser.  A  few  of  his 
many  books  are:  <A  Man  of  Honor';  <A 
Rebel's  Recollections';  <The  Wreck  of  the 
Red  Bird';  <Red  Eagle';  < Juggernaut'  (with 
Dolores    Marbourg) ;    and    for   young   people : 

<  How  to  Educate  Yourself;  <  How  to  Make 
a  Living' ;  <  Our  First  Century  > ;  Long  Knives.' 

Eglll  Sliallagrlmsson  (a'gel  skal"la-grem'- 
son).  A  celebrated  Icelandic  skald  of  the  loth 
century,  who  did  heroic  and  daring  deeds  as 
weli  as  sung  of  them ;  he  was  a  brave  fighter 
and  a  reckless  sea-rover.  The  story  of  his 
life,  in  <Egillsaga'  or  <Eigla,>  tells  how  he 


was  a  poet  at  three  and  killed  his  man  at 
seven;  and  how  he  roamed  in  quest  of  ad- 
venture over  northern  Europe,  in  the  wildest 
vicissitudes  of  fortune,  and  finally  died  blind 
at  a  good  old  age.  It  is  reputed  to  belong  to 
the  13th  century,  but  contains  several  indis- 
putably genuine  compositions  of  Egill ;  includ- 
ing the  song  of  <  The  Life  (or  Head)  Redeemed,' 
which  placated  King  Ethelstan  when  resolved 
to  put  the  rover  to  death ;  the  lament  for  <  His 
Son's  Death ' ;  the  song  in  <  Praise  of  Arin- 
bjom.' 

Egllsson,  Sveinbjbrn  (a'gel-son).  An  Ice- 
landic scholar  and  critic ;  bom  in  Gullbringa- 
sysla,  Feb.  24,  1791 ;  died  at  Reikiavik,  Aug. 
17,  1852.  He  investigated  ably  the  native  an- 
tiquities, edited  a  series  of  Icelandic  historical 
works,  and  completed  a  <  Poetic  Lexicon  of 
the  Ancient  Tongue  of  the  North'  (1855-60), 
published  posthumously. 

Eglnhard  or  Einhard  (ag'in-hart,  in'hart). 
A  German  historian ;  bom  in  Maingau,  about 
770;  died  in  Seligenstadt,  March  14,  840.  He 
was  educated  by  Alcuin,  and  afterwards  became 
Charlemagne's  private  secretary  and  superin- 
tendent of  public  buildings.  He  married 
Imma, —  a  noble  lady,  legendarily  confounded 
with  Emma,  Charlemagne's  daughter.  His 
chief  work,  a  <  Life  of  Charlemagne,'  is  one  of 
the  most  important  of  mediaeval  histories.  He 
also  wrote:  < Annals  of  the  Franks,'  741-829; 

<  Epistles ' ;  and  <  An  Account  of  the  Transfer 
of  the  Relics  of  St.  Marcellinus  and  St.  Peter.' 

Egullaz,  Luis  (a-gel-ath').  A  Spanish  dram- 
atist (1830-78);  born  at  Xeres  de  la  Frontera; 
settled  at  Madrid.  His  plays  < Bitter  Truths' 
and  <  The  Life  of  Soldier  John  >  gave  him  fame, 
and  he  poured  forth  others  in  a  great  stream, 
strong  in  character-drawing  and  very  success- 
ful. Among  them  are :  <  The  Quarrels  of 
the  Philosopher  King';  <  Matrimony's  Cross'; 

<  Leaden  Soldiers.' 

Ehlert,  Louis  (al'ert).  A  German  composer 
and  writer  on  music ;  born  in  Konigsberg,  Jan. 
13,    1825;    died    in    Wiesbaden,   Jan.    4,    1884. 

<  Letters  on  Music  to  a  (Female)  Friend '  (1859), 

<  Roman  Days'  (1867),  and  <From  the  World 
of  Harmony'  (2d  ed.  1882),  are  his  literary 
successes. 

Ehrllch,  Alfred  Helnrlch  (ar'lich).  An 
Austrian  musician,  novelist,  and  writer  on 
music;  bom  in  Vienna,  Oct.  5,  1822.  His  best 
literary  work  is  contained  in  <  Art  and  Handi- 
work'  (1862),  a  novel;  <The  Development  of 
Musical  ^F.sthetics  f  rom  Kant's  Time  to  our  Own' 
(1881) ;  and<The  Art  of  Living  and  the  Art  Life » 
(1884)  ;  <  Modern  Music  Life.'     Died  1899. 

Elchendorff,  Baron  Joseph  von  (i'ihen-ddrf). 
A  distinguished  German  poet;  born  at  the  cas- 
tle of  Lubowitz  in  Silesia,  March  10,  1788; 
died  at  Neisse,  Nov.  26,  1857.  He  was  the 
most  gifted  and  original  romantic  lyrist  of  Ger- 
many, and  the  last  great  one.  He  was  a  high 
Prussian  official  till  1845,  when  he  retired.  His 
principal  works  are:  < Presage  and  Presence >; 


i66 


EICHHORN  —  ELIOT 


*  War  to  the  Philistines,*  a  dramatic  story ; 
'The  Life  of  a  Good-for-Nothing,>  idealizing 
vagabondage ;  the  tragedies  <  Ezzelin  von  Ro- 
mano,* <  The  Last  Hero  of  Marienburg,>  and 
other  plays.  <  When  God  his  Favor  would  Be- 
stow,* <  In  Some  Cool  Retreat,*  and  others 
might  be  called  popular  ballads.  He  is  sweet, 
visionary,  dreamily  nature-loving,  but  not  of 
great  force. 

Elchhorn,  Johann  Gottfried  (ich'horn).  A 
German  historian  and  Oriental  scholar ;  born  in 
Dorrenzimmern,  Oct.  i6,  1752;  died  in  Got- 
tingen,  June  25, 1827.  <  A  Critical  and  Historical 
Introduction  to  the  Old  Testament*  (1780-83); 
<  General  History  of  Literature  and  Culture  in 
Modern  Europe*  (1796-99);  and  <  History  of 
Literature*  (1799);  besides  other  studies,  hap- 
pily embody  great  research  and  sympatheti- 
cally vitalized  learning. 

Eichrodt,  Ludwig  (ich'rot).  A  German  hu- 
morous poet  (1827-92);  born  near  Karlsruhe. 
His  pieces  in  the  comic  papers  —  which  be- 
gan in  1848  with  <The  Itch  for  Travel,*  in 
Fliegende  Blatter  —  were  collected  as:  <  Poems 
in  All  Humors  * ;  <  Lyric  Caricatures  * ;  <  The 
Tailor's  Pocketbook  * ;  <  Life  and  Love  *  (po- 
ems). Among  his  dramatic  poems  are  <The 
Counts  Palatine,  or  a  Night  in  the  Lanes  of 
Heidelberg,*  and  <  AUioin.*  His  'Collected 
Poems*  (2  vols.,  1890)  comprise  his  best  pieces. 
His  verse,  though  witty,  is  never  without  seri- 
ous purpose. 

Elcbtal,  Gustave  d'  (ich'tiil  or  esh-tal'). 
A  French  historical  and  ethnological  writer ; 
born  in  Nancy,  March-  22,  1804 ;  died  in  Paris, 
April  9,  1886.  He  began  studying  social  prob- 
lems, but  subsequently  applied  himself  to  such 
topics  as  <The  Black  Race  and  the  White 
Race*  (partly  by  J.  Urbain:  1839),  < Critical 
and  Comparative  Investigation  of  the  First 
Three  Gospels*  (1863),  and  'Christianity  and 
the  Three  Great  Mediterranean  Peoples*  (1864), 
with  the  most  valuable  results. 

Elbe,  A.  von  der  (al'be),  pseudonym  of 
A.aguste  von  der  Decken.  A  German  novelist, 
daughter  and  wife  of  important  public  men. 
Her  novels  were  very  successful:  <An  Old 
Debt*  (1890),  <True  Love*  (1891),  and  <  The 
World  of  Sham*  (1892),  increase  in  popularity. 

Elder,  Susan  Blanchard.  An  American 
poetic  and  dramatic  writer ;  born  in  Fort  Jessup, 
La.,  April  19,  1835.  Educated  in  St.  Michael's 
Convent  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  New  Orleans. 
She  began  to  write  for  the  press,  under  the 
name  '*  Hermine,'*  when  quite  young.  She  has 
published:  'The  Loss  of  the  Papacy*;  'James 
the  Second*;  'Savonarola.*  Her  contribu- 
tions to  Roman  Catholic  publications  are  nu- 
merous, and  her  devotional  poems  are  very 
popular.  Her  dramas  are  meant  for  repre- 
sentation in  Roman  Catholic  colleges. 

Elder,  William.  An  American  miscellaneous 
writer ;  born  in  Somerset,  Pa.,  July  23,  1806 ; 
died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  April  5,  1885. 
Prior  to  the  Civil  War  he  was  well  known  as 


an  abolitionist,  a  forceful  writer,  and  an  elo- 
quent speaker.  His  publications  include :  <  Peri- 
scopics*  (1854);  'The  Enchanted  Beauty* 
(1855);  'Life  of  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane'  (1857); 
'Questions  of  the  Day*  (1871);  and  'Conver- 
sations on  Political  Economy*  (1882). 

Elderton,  William.  An  English  ballad- 
writer  ;  died  1592  ( ?).  He  wrote  much, '  A  New 
\'orkshyre  Song  *  being  among  his  productions, 
all  vastly  popular  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

Eliot,  Charles  William.  Late  President  of 
Harvard  University;  born  in  Massachusetts,  1834. 
He  has  published '  Manuel  of  Qualitative  Chemi- 
cal Analysis  > ;  '  Manual  of  Inorganic  Chemistry  * 
(with  Storer)  ;  <  Hve  American  Contributions 
to  Civilization.*  (He  is  a  constant  writer  on  educa- 
tion and  other  prominent   questions  of  the  day. 

Eliot,  George,  pseudonym  of  Mary  Ann 
Evans.  A  great  English  novelist ;  born  at 
Arbury  P'arm,  Chilvers  Coton,  Warwickshire, 
Nov.  22,  1819;  died  in  London,  Dec.  22,  18.S0. 
Her  publications  are  :  '  Strauss's  Life  of  Jesus  > 
(anon.:  1846);  'Ludwig  Feuerbach's  Essence 
of  Christianity,  by  Marian  Evans*  (1854  I; 
'Scenes  of  Clerical  Life*  (1858);  'Adam  Bede* 
(1859);  'The  Mill  on  the  Floss*  (i860);  'Silas 
Marner*  (1861)  ;  'Romola*  (1863;  previously 
in  the  Cornhill,  July  1862  to  August  1863;  an 
"  edition  de  luxe,**  with  Sir  Frederick  Leigh- 
ton's  illustrations,  appeared  in  1880);  'Felix 
Holt*  (1886);  'The  Spanish  Gypsy*  (1868); 
'Agatha,*  a  poem  (1869); '  Middlemarch*  (1872; 
in  parts,  December  1871  to  December  1872); 
'Jubal  and  Other  Poems*;  'Daniel  Deronda* 
(1876);  'Impressions  of  Theophrastus  Such* 
(1879).  Two  short  stories,  'The  Lifted  Veil* 
and  '  Brother  Jacob,*  appeared  in  Blackwood 
in  i860.  In  addition  to  these,  she  wrote  a 
very  large  number  of  papers  for  the  reviews, 
such  as:  '  Carlyle's  Life  of  Sterling*  (1852); 
'Women  in  France*  (1854);  'Prussia  and  Prus- 
sian Policy*  (Stahr,  1855;  Dryden,  1855); 
'Evangelical  Teachings*  (1855);  'Silly  Novels 
by  Lady  Novelists*  (1856);  'German  Wit* 
(Heine,  1856);  'Natural  History  of  German 
Life*  (1856);  'Three  Months  at  Weimar* 
(1855);  'Influence  of  Rationalism*  (1865); 
'Lecky's  History*  (1865);  'Address  to  Work- 
ingmen  by  Felix  Holt*  (1866);  and  'Leaves 
from  a  Note  Book.*  The  'Life  of  George 
Eliot  *  was  published  by  her  husband  in  1884. 

Eliot,  John.  The  "  Apostle  to  the  Indians  >* ; 
born  at  Widford,  Hertfordshire,  England,  in 
1604;  died  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  May  21,  1690. 
He  was  educated  at  Cambridge  University. 
England ;  emigrated  to  Boston  in  1631.  In 
1646  he  began  his  efforts  to  convert  the  In- 
dians. His  Indian  version  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment was  printed  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1661. 
Two  years  later  the  Old  Testament  appeared. 
He  published  :  'The  Christian  Commonwealth* 
(1654)  ;  '  The  Communion  of  Churches*  (1665) ; 
and  'The  Harmony  of  the  Gospels*  (1678). 

Eliot,  Samuel.  An  American  author  and 
teacher;  born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  22,  182I; 


ELIZABETH  —  ELLIS 


167 


died  at  Beverly,  Mass.,  Sept.  14,  1898.  He  filled 
tlie  chair  of  political  science  and  constitutional 
law  in  Trinity  College,  Hartford,  Conn.  Colum- 
bia gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1863, 
Harvard  in  1880.     Among  his  publications  are  : 

<  Passages  from  the  History  of  Liberty'  (1847) ; 

<  The  Liberty  of  Rome  >  (2  vols.,  1849) ;  <  Man- 
ual of  United  States  History  between  the 
Years  1792  and  1850  >  (1856;  revised  ed.  1873)  ; 
and  <  Stories  from  the  Arabian  Nights  >  ( 1879). 

Elizabeth,  Queen  of  Roumania.    See  Sylva. 

Ellesmere,  Francis  Egerton,  Earl  of.    An 

English  statesman,  man  of  letters,  and  poet; 
born  in  London,  Jan.  i,  1800,  died  there,  Feb. 
18.  1857.  His  <The  Pilgrimage  and  Other 
Poems  >  (1856)  constitutes  his  most  valid  title 
to  fame,  although  he  wrote  much  and  well 
on  biographical,  historical,  and  literary  subjects. 

Ellet,  Elizabeth  Fries.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  in  Sodus  Point,  N.  Y.,  in  1818; 
died  June  3,  1877.  Among  her  books  are  a 
translation  of  Silvio  Pellico's  <  Euphemia  of 
Messina*  (1834);  <  Poems,  Original  and  Se- 
lected* (1835);  <Characters  of  Schiller*  (1842); 

<  Pioneer  Women  of  the  West*  {1852);  < Queens 
of  American  Society*  (1867);  < Court  Circles 
of  the  Republic,*  with  Mrs.  R.  E.  Mack  (1869); 
'The  Practical  Housekeeper*;  <  Evenings  at 
Woodlawn*;    <  Women    Artists    in    All    Ages.* 

Ellinwood,  Frank  Field  An  American 
clergyman  and  author ;  born  in  Oneida  County, 
N.  Y.,  about  1826.  He  graduated  at  Ham- 
ilton College  in  1849 ;  was  ordained  a  minister 
in  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  1853 ;  and  became 
secretary  of  foreign  missions  for  that  denomi- 
nation in  1871.  His  chief  works  are:  <The 
Great  Conquest*  (1876);  < Oriental  Religions 
and  Christianity*  (1892);  <  Questions  and  Phases 
of  Modern  Missions.* 

Elliot,  Sir  Gilbert.  A  Scotch  statesman, 
philosopher,  and  poet ;  born  in  Teviotdale, 
Minto  Parish  (?),  September  1722;  died  at 
Marseilles,  Jan.  11,  1777.  His  song  of  <Amynta,* 
beginning  "  My  sheep  I  neglected,  I  broke  my 
sheep  hook,'*  is  famous ;  and  he  wrote  occas- 
ional philosophical  papers. 

Elliot,  Henry  Rutherford.  An  American 
journalist  and  story-writer ;  born  1849.  He  has 
written :  <  The  Basset  Claim,  a  Story  of  Life 
in  Washington  > ;  <  The  Common  Chord,  a  Story 
of  the  Ninth  Ward  > ;  and  other  fictions.    D.  1906. 

Elliot,  Jane.  A  Scotch  poet,  sister  of  Sir 
Gilbert;  born  in  Teviotdale,  1727;  died  there, 
March  29,  1805.  She  wrote  <The  Flowers  of 
the  Forest*  (1756),  a  song  of  Flodden  field. 

Elliott,  Charles  Wyllys.  An  American  nov- 
elist and  historian;  bom  in  Guilford,  Conn., 
May  27,  1817;  died  Aug.  23,  1883.  Settling  in 
New  York,  he  was  one  of  the  founders  and 
trustees  of  the  Children's  Aid  Society  in  1853, 
and  in  1857  vvas  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
laying  out  Central  Park.  He  published  among 
other  works:  'Cottages  and  Cottage  Life* 
(1848);  'Mysteries,  or  Glimpses  of  the  Super- 
natural* (1852);  <The  Book  of  American  In- 


teriors * ;  <  Pottery  and  Porcelain' ;  <  Remarkable 
Characters  and  Places  in  the  Holy  Land*; 
<St.  Domingo,  its  Revolution  and  its  Hero*; 
<Wind  and  Whirlwind,*  a  novel;  and  others.  ' 

Elliott,  Charlotte.  An  English  hymn-writer; 
born  March  17,  1789;  died  at  Brighton,  Sept. 
22,  1871.  Her  sacred  songs  were  exceedingly 
popular;  <Just  as  I  Am*  (1834)  being  univer- 
sally adopted. 

Elliott,  Ebenezer.  An  English  popular  poet , 
born  in  Masborough,  near  Sheffield,  March  17, 
1781 ;  died  at  Great  Houghton,  near  Barnsley. 
Dec.  I,  1849.  At  first  a  foundry  hand,  his  poetic 
gift  was  used  in  denouncing  the  exploitation 
of  the  proletariat  by  a  capitalistic  oligarchy; 
yet  the  bitterness  and  exaggerated  rhetoric  one 
would  expect  are  wholly  absent  from  <Corn 
Law  Rhymes*  (1831)  and  <More  Prose  and 
Verse*  (1850). 

Elliott,  Sir  Henry  Miers.  An  English  his- 
torian; born  in  Westminster,  1808;  died  at 
Simon's  Town,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Dec.  20, 
1853.  Long  an  Indian  civil  servant,  he  com- 
piled 'Memoirs  of  the  History,  Folk  Lore, 
and  Distribution  of  the  Races  of  the  North- 
western Provinces  of  India*  (1S69),  and  'The 
History  of  India  as  Told  by  its  Own  Histo- 
rians :  The  Muhammedan  Period  *  ( 1867-77 ), 
which  appeared  posthumously. 

Elliott,  Henry  Wood.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  in  Cleveland,  O.,  Nov.  13,  1841. 
He  edited  the  Cleveland  Daily  Herald  in  1879 ; 
was  sent  by  the  government  to  Alaska  as  spe- 
cial agent  of  the  Treasury  Department.  Upon 
his  return  he  published  '  Monograph  of  the 
Seal  Islands*  (1881),  and  'Our  Arctic  Province, 
Alaska,  and  the  Seal  Islands*  (1886). 

Elliott,  Maud  (Howe).  An  American  nov- 
elist, daughter  of  Julia  Ward  Howe ;  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  9,  1855.  Her  writings  in- 
clude:  <A  Newport  Aquarelle*  (1883);  'The 
San  Rosario  Ranch*  (1884),  '  Atalanta  in  the 
South*  (1886);  'Mammon*  (1888)  ;' Honor  * ; 
<  Phyllida  *  ;  and  '  Roma  Beata  >  ( 1904J. 

Elliott,  Sarah  Barnwell.  An  .'\merican  nov- 
elist, granddaughter  of  Stephen  Elliott  of  South 
Carolina.  Her  best-known  works  are  :  <  The  Fel- 
meres  *  (1879) ;  <  Jerry  > ;  <  John  Paget,*  a  novel  of 
New  York  and  Newport ;  '  Sam  Houston.* 

Elliott,  William.  A  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  in  Beaufort,  N  C,  April  27,  1788,  died 
there,  February  1863.  He  was  educated  at 
Yale ;  devoted  himself  mainly  to  agriculture 
and  rural  sports.  His  contributions  to  the 
Southern  Review  were  numerous.  His  pub- 
lished works  include  an  '  Address  before  the  St. 
Paul's  Agricultural  Society*  (1850);  'Fie.sco,* 
a  tragedy  (1850);  and  'Carolina  Sports  by 
Land  and  Water*  (1856) 

Ellis,    Edward    Sylvester.      An    American 

writer  of  school  text-books  and  juvenile  litera- 
ture;  l)orn  in  Ohio  in  1840.  For  .some  years  lie 
was  an  instructor  at  Trenton,  N.  J;  liesides 
'The  People's  Standard  History  of  the  United 


z68 


ELLIS  —  ELVENICA 


States'  and  several  school  histories,  his  works 
include:  <The  Boy  Pioneer  Series'  (1883-84); 
<The  Camp  Fires  of  General  Lee>  (1887) ;  <  The 
Hunters  of  the  Ozark  >  (1887);  <The  Great 
River  Series'  (1S88);  <  Storm  Mountain.' 

Ellis,  George.  An  English  versifier;  born 
in  Jamaica  (?),  1753;  died  April  10,  1815.  He 
contributed  to  the  Anti-Jacobin  and  other  peri- 
odicals; producing  also  <  Poetical  Tales  by  Sir 
Gregory  Gander'  (1778),  and  other  verse. 

Ellis,  George  Edward.  An  American  clergy- 
man, biographer,  and  historical  writer ;  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  8,  1814 ;  died  there,  Dec.  20, 
1894.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Harvard  (Unitarian) 
Church,  Charlestown,  Mass.,  1840-69;  and  held 
the  professorship  of  systematic  theology  in  the 
Cambridge  Divinity  School,  1857-63.  As  presi- 
dent of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society  he 
has  made  valuable  contributions  to  early  colonial 
history.  Among  his  publications  may  be  no- 
ticed :  <A  Half-Century  of  the  Unitarian  Contro- 
versy' (1857);  <  History  of  the  Battle  of  Bunker's 
Hill'  (1875);  <The  Red  Man  and  the  Whit€ 
Man'  (1882);  <The  Puritan  Age  and  Rule  in 
the  Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  1629-85 ' ; 
various  memoirs,  and  several  biographies  in 
Sparks's  ^American  Biography.' 

Ellis,  Robert.  An  English  classicist;  born 
1820  (?) ;  died  at  Exeter,  Dec.  20, 1885.  He  made 
a  profound  study  of  Latin  and  Greek  subjects 
and  philology,  his  <  Hannibal's  Passage  of  the 
Alps'  (1853)  being  generally  known. 

Ellis,  Robert  or  Cynddelw.  A  Welsh  clergy- 
man and  poet ;  born  in  Ty'n-y-meini,  Llanr- 
haiadr  yn  Mochnant ;  died  at  Gartheryr,  Aug. 
20,  1875.  His  works  include  a  highly  prized 
<Awdl  (or  Ode)  on  the  Resurrection'  (1849), 
and  < Poems'  (1877)  of  pleasing  inspiration. 

Ellis,  Sarah  Stickney,  Mrs.  An  English 
miscellaneous  writer,  wife  of  Rev.  William; 
born  in  1812;  died  in  1872.  For  many  years 
she  was  principal  of  a  girls'  school  in  Hertford- 
shire. Of  her  numerous  works  of  a  moral  and 
instructive  character,  the  best  known  are  :  <  The 
Poetry  of  Life'  (1838);  < Summer  and  Winter 
in  the  Pyrenees'  (1841);  <The  Wives  of  Eng- 
land' (1843);  <The  Island  Queen'  (1846),  a 
poem;  < Fireside  Tales'  (1848);  and  the  stories 
<The  Brewer's  Family'  (1863);  < William  and 
Mary'  (1865);  < Northern  Roses,'  descriptive  of 
Yorkshire  life. 

Ellis,  William.  An  English  economic  essay- 
ist, critic,  and  text-book  writer;  born  in  Lon- 
don (?)  of  Franco-Italian  parentage,  January 
1800;  died  there  (?),  Feb.  18,  1881.  An  ardent 
disciple  of  John  Stuart  Mill,  he  wrote :  <  Out- 
lines of  Social  Economy'  (1846);  < Thoughts 
on  the  Future  of  the  Human  Race'  (1866); 
and  many  other  works  of  consequence. 

EUwanger,  George  Herman.  An  American 
writer;  bom  in  New  York  State  in  1848.  He 
is  a  resident  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Among  his 
works  are  :  <  The  Garden's  Story ' ;  <  The  Story 
of  my  House';  <In  Gold  and  Silver';  < Idyl- 


lists  of  the  Country-Side,'  prose;  and  < Love's 
Demesne,  a  Garland  of  Contemporary  Love 
Poems.'    Died  1906. 

EUwood,  Thomas.  An  English  Quaker  con- 
troversialist ;  born  in  Crowell,  Oxfordshire, 
October  1639;  died  at  Amersham,  Bucks,  March 
I,  1713  (or  1714).     His  many  works  include  a 

<  Sacred  History'  (1705;  part  ii.,  1709),  and  he 
is  noted  for  his  friendship  with  Milton. 

Elmes,  James.  An  English  writer  on  archi- 
tecture and  general  art  topics ;  born  in  London, 
Oct.  15,  1782;  died  at  Greenwich,  April  2,  1862. 
He  wrote:  <Sir  Christopher  Wren'  (1823); 
<The  Arts  and  Artists'  (1825);  and  similar 
works. 

Elmham,  Thomas.  A  British  historian  and 
monk,  born  in  North  Elmham,  Norfolk  (?), 
probably  about  1390 ;  died  about  1440.  Little 
is  known  of  him  beyond  the  fact  that  he  left 
a  <  Life  of  Henry  V.,'  in  prose  and  verse,  and 
a  <  History  of  St.  Augustine's  Canterbury  Mon- 
astery,* which  is,  in  spite  of  its  name,  a  sort  of 
general  chronicle  of  the  kingdom. 

Elmsley,  Peter.  An  English  classical  scholar ; 
born  in  1773;  died  at  Oxford,  March  8,  1825. 
Editions  of  Euripides  and  other  Greek  authors 
reveal  his  learning. 

Elphinston,  James.  A  Scotch  versifier,  es- 
sayist, and  etymologist;  born  in  Edinburgh  (?), 
Dec.  6,  1721 ;  died  at  Hammersmith,  England, 
Oct.  8,  1809.  He  produced  metrical  versions  of 
Martial,  F^nelon,  and  other  great  writers,  an 

<  English  Grammar'  (1765),  and  many  other 
works.    He  was  a  zealous  spelling-reformer. 

Elsholtz,  Franz  von  (els'holts).  A  German 
dramatist  (1791-1872) ;  born  at  Berlin.  He  won 
some  fame  with  his  first  theatrical  piece,  <  Come 
Hither,'  a  travesty;  and  in  1827  was  appointed 
organizer  and  director  of  the  Court  Theatre  at 
Gotha.  <The  Court  Lady'  was  much  admired 
by  Goethe.  His  plays  are  published  in  three 
volumes,  but  not  now  acted. 

Elson,  Louis  Charles.  An  American  musical 
critic,  lecturer,  and  author ;  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  April  17,  1848.  He  studied  music  at  the 
Leipsic  Conservatory.  In  1877  he  became  assist- 
ant editor  of  the  Vox  Humana,  and  in  1879  sole 
editor.  He  is  at  present  musical  critic  of  the 
Boston  Advertiser,  and  lecturer  at  the  Nev/  Eng- 
land Conservatory  of  Music.    H  is  works  include  : 

<  History  of  Music ' ;  <  History  of  German  Song '; 

<  Curiosities  of  Music ' ;  <  Music  Dictionary.' 

Elton,  Sir  Charles  Abraham.  An  English 
minor  poet;  born  at  Bristol,  Oct.  31,  1778;  died 
at  Bath,  June  i,  1853.  He  was  a  gallant  soldier 
and  no  inelegant  verse-maker,  his  <  Poems ' 
(1804)  and  versions  of  classics  being  his  best- 
known  work. 

Elvenich,  Peter  Joseph  (el'van-ich).  A  Ger- 
man Catholic  philosopher;  bom  in  Embken, 
Jan.  29,  1796;  died  in  Breslau,  June  16,  x886. 
He  is  easily  first  among  the  champions  of 
the  movement  known  as  Hermesianism,  after 
George  Hermes,  its  founder;  and  has  written; 


ELWYN  — EMINE 


'Pius  IX.,  the  Hermesians,  and  Archbishop 
von  GeisseP  (1848);  <The  Infallible  Pope> 
(1875);  and  other  polemics. 

Elwyn,  Alfred  Langdon.  An  American  poet 
and  prose-writer;  born  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
July  9,  1804;  died  in  Philadelphia,  March  15, 
1884.  He  originated  the  Pennsylvania  Agri- 
cultural Society  and  Farm  School,  and  was 
greatly  interested  in  institutions  for  the  blind 
and  feeble-minded.  He  published  :  <Bonaparte,> 
a  poem  (1848);  <  Glossary  of  Supposed  Ameri- 
canisms >  (i860);  <  Melancholy  and  its  Musings' 
(1881). 

Ely,  Richard  Theodore.  An  American  po- 
litical economist ;  bom  in  Ripley,  N.  Y.,  April 
13,  1854.  He  graduated  at  Columbia,  and 
aftersvard  studied  at  Heidelberg.  Since  1892 
he  has  been  professor  of  political  economy 
at  Wisconsin   University.     He   has  published : 

<  French  and  German  Socialism  in  Modern 
Times  >;  <The  Past  and  Present  of  Political 
Economy  > ;  <  Taxation  in  American  States  and 
Cities);  <  Problems  of  To-Day>;  <  Political 
Economy  > ;   <  Social  Aspects  of  Christianity  > ; 

<  Outlines  of  Economics  * ;  and  others. 

Elyot,  Sir  Thomas.  An  English  diplomatist 
and  moral  essayist ;  born  1490 ;  died  March  20, 
1546.  He  wrote:  <The  Governour>  (1531),  a 
system  of  training  young  gentlemen  for  gov- 
ernment places;  < Of  the  Knowledge  which 
Maketh  a  Wise  Man>  (1533);  <The  Castel 
of  Helth*  (1534),  in  which  he  poached  on  the 
profession's  preserves,  and  was  roundly  abused 
by  them :  but  the  book  sold. 

Elze,  Karl  (elts'e).  A  German  historian  of 
literature  (1821-89);  born  at  Dessau.  His  spe- 
cialty was  English  literature ;  he  was  professor 
of  English  philology  in  the  University  of  Halle 
(1875-89.  One  of  his  first  works  was  compil- 
ing a  <  Treasury  of  English  Song.>  He  pro- 
duced critical  editions  of  Shakespeare  and 
other  English  dramatists,  and  wrote  biogra- 
phies of  Byron  and  other  English  authors. 
Specially  noteworthy  is  his  <  Outline  of  English 
Philology.)  < Westward)  (i860)  contains  trans- 
lations of  English  and  American  poems. 

Emants,  Marcellus  (em'ants).  A  Dutch 
poet  and  descriptive  writer ;  born  at  Voorburg 
near  The  Hague,  Aug.  12,  1848.  His  travels 
gave  play  to  his  keen  observation  and  his 
poetical  imagination :  Among  his  best  are  :  <A 
Journey  through  Sweden*  (1877);  < Monaco) 
(1878) ;  <Along  the  Nile)  (1884) ;  <From  Spain) 
( 1SS6).  He  holds  a  permanent  place  in  the  litera- 
ture of  the  Tow  Countries  through  his  charming 
narrative  poems  <  Lilith  > ;  <  The  Shimmer  of  the 
Gods  ) ;  and  his  dramas  <  He  * ;  and  <  A  Crisis.) 

Embury,  Emma  Catherine.  An  American 
poet;  born  in  New  York  city  in  1806;  died  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  10,  1863.  Much  of  her 
work  for  periodicals  was  over  the  pen-name 
'<  lanthe.))  Among  her  published  works  are : 
<Guido  and  Other  Poems)  (1828);  Female  Edu- 
cation ) ;  <  The  Blind  Girl,  and  Tales ) ;  <  Love's 
Token  Flowers)  (1846);  and  -Poems)  (1869). 


169 

Emerson,  Mrs.  Ellen  (Russell).  An  Amer- 
ican author;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1837. 
Her  works  are  :  <  Indian  Mjths )  (1884) ;  <  Masks, 
Heads,  and  Faces,  with  Considerations  Re- 
specting the  Rise  and  Development  of  Art.> 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo.  An  eminent  Amer 
ican  philosopher,  poet,  essayist,  and  lecturer; 
born  in  Boston,  May  25,  1S03;  died  at  Con- 
cord, Mass.,  April  27,  1882.  At  first  a  Unita- 
rian minister  in  Boston,  he  resigned  his  pulpit 
in  1832,  retiring  to  Concord,  where  his  home 
became  a  centre  of  intellectual  influence.  The 
works  of  Emerson  comprise  the  following:  <  An 
Historical  Discourse  delivered  before  the  Citi- 
zens of  Concord)  (1835);  <Nature)  (1836);  Car- 
lyle's  <  Sartor  Resartus,)  (edited:  1836);  an  ora- 
tion, <The  American  Scholar)  (1837);  'Carlyle's 
Essays)  (edited:  1838);  'Method  of  Nature,) 
an  oration  (1841);  < Essays)  (1841);  Carlyle's 
<Past  and  Present)  (edited:  1843);  <  Man  the 
Reformer  >  ( 1844),  a  lecture ;  <  The  Young  Ameri- 
ican  )  (1844),  a  lecture  ;  <  Essays )  (second  series, 
1844);  <An  Address)    (1844);  < Poems)   (1847); 

<  Nature  :    Addresses    and    Lectures  )    ( 1849 ) ; 

<  Representative  Men,)  seven  lectures  (1850); 
< English  Traits)  (1856);  'Miscellanies)  (1856); 
<The  Conduct  of  Life)  (i860);  <  May  Day  and 
Other  Pieces)  (1867);  'Society  and  Solitude' 
(1870);  'Tribute  to  Walter  Scott)  (1871);  'Let- 
ters and  Social  Aims  '  (1876);  'Selected  Poems> 
(1876);  'The  Fortune  of  the  Republic)  (1878), 
a  lecture;  'Complete  Works)  (1883-84);  'Nat- 
ural History  of  Intellect,  and  Other  Papers ) 
(1893).  He  also  contributed  much  to  the  Dial, 
and  edited  the  Massachusetts  Quarterly  Re- 
view (1847-50). 

Emerton,  Ephraim.  An  American  historical 
writer;  born  in  Salem,  Mass.,  Feb.  18,  1851. 
Graduating  from  Harvard  in  1871,  he  studied 
two  years  at  Berlin  and  Leipsic,  the  latter 
giving  him  his  Ph.  D.  in  1S76.  The  same  year 
he  was  appointed  instructor  at  Harvard,  and 
in  1882  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history.  His 
works  include :  '  An  Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  Mediaeval  History);  'Synopsis  of  the  His- 
tory of  Continental  Europe ) ;  '  The  Practical 
Method  in  Higher  Historical  Instruction); 
'Mediaeval  Europe,  814-1300.) 

Emerton,  James  Henry.  An  American  nat- 
uralist; bom  in  Salem,  Mass.,  1847.  He  has 
distinguished  himself  by  his  illustrations  for 
many  scientific  works,  and  is  the  author  of 
'Notes  and  Additions)  to  a  second  edition  of 
Hentz's  'Spiders  of  the  United  States >  (1875); 
'Structures  and  Habits  of  Spiders*  (1877);  and 
'Life  on  the  Sea-Shore)  (1880). 

Emlne,  Nikita  Ossipovich.  An  Armenian 
historian  and  distinguished  scholar ;  born  near 
Ispahan,  Persia,  about  1815;  died  in  Moscow, 
Jan.  7,  1891.  He  was  educated  at  the  Lazareff 
Institute  for  Oriental  Tongues  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity, Moscow.  Russian  learning  is  indebted 
to  him  for  his  translation  into  Russian  of  all 
the  Armenian  iiistorians.  His  monumental  work, 
a  <  History  of  Amienia,*  is  known  to  tlie  world 
through  a  f>ench  translation. 


17© 


BMIKE9CU — ENGLISH 


Eminesou,  Michael  (a-min-eslco).  The  great 
lyric  poet  of  Roumania  (1849-89);  born  at 
Bucharest.  He  was  for  a  time  editor  of  The 
Times,  a  strong  Conservative  journal,  and  the 
fierceness  of  political  strife  would  seem  to  have 
spoilt  his  fine  poetical  genius.  He  died  in  a 
madhouse.  His  fame  is  built  on  his  first  vol- 
ume of  <  Poems,>  notable  alike  for  the  depth 
and  elevation  of  the  thought  and  the  melodi- 
ousness of  the  verse ;  they  are  mostly  elegio- 
satiric,  and  touch  questions  political,  social, 
religious,  and  moral.  Some  of  his  poems  have 
been  rendered  into  German  by  Carmen  Sylva. 

Emp&ran,  Diego  de  (em-par'an).  A  distin- 
guished Mexican  controversial  writer;  born  in 
Puebla,  April  5,  1718;  died  in  Ravenna,  Italy, 
about  1807.  His  book  <  The  Jesuits  and  the 
Pope'  (1746),  published  soon  after  entering  the 
priesthood,  gained  him  five  years'  imprison- 
ment. The  year  after  his  release  he  issued  a 
bitter  criticism  of  the  Church  dignitaries,  for 
which  he  was  deposed  from  the  priesthood 
and  imprisoned  in  the  castle  of  Sant'  Angelo, 
but  released  later.  His  work  was  burned  by 
the  executioner;  the  single  copy  saved  from 
the  flames  is  now  in  the  National  Academy  of 
Mexico.  His  works  include:  <The  Tombs  of 
Mohammed  and  Christ  > ;  <  Voltaire  and  his 
School  * ;  <  Science  and  Superstition  > ;  and  <  Re- 
ligion and  Hygiene.' 

Empedocles  (ern-ped'o-klez).  A  celebrated 
Sicilian  Greek  philosopher ;  born  at  Agrigen- 
tum  about  B.  C.  500 ;  died  probably  in  the 
Peloponnesus  about  B.  C.  440.  He  was  phy- 
sician, philosopher,  and  seer,  and  a  poet  too, 
for  his  treatises  or  speculations  were  written  in 
verse.  We  have  some  considerable  fragments 
of  his  work  on  <  Nature  >  (or  <  Natural  Things  > 
or  <  Natural  Philosophy*).  Of  another  of  his 
works,  on  <  Lustrations  >  or  <  Purifications,'  there 
remain  but  a  few  short  fragments. 

Empis,  Adolphe  (em-pe').  A  French  dram- 
atist (1795-1868);  born  at  Paris.  His  comedies 
combine  true  humor,  elegance  and  keen  obser- 
vation, with  a  wholesome  moral  tone.  Among 
his  works  are  :  <  Lambert  Symnel ;  or.  The  Polit- 
ical Manikin'  (1826);  <  Generous  Through 
Vanity'  (1827);  <Motherand  Daughter'  (1830); 
'Stockjobbery;  or.  The  Fashionable  Trade' 
(1835);  <Lord  Novart'  (1836);  and  <The  Heir- 
ess' (1844).  His  strongest  work,  'The  Wives 
of  Henry  VHI.,'  failed  of  success,  but  is  a 
happy  imitation  of  Shakespeare. 

Enault,  Louis  (en-6').  A  French  story-teller 
and  writer  of  travels;  born  at  Isigny  in  1822;  died 
Mar.  27,  1900.  He  wrote  travel  and  fiction  based 
on  extensive  journeys.  The  travel  sketches 
comprise  :  <  Constantinople  and  Turkey ' ;  <  Nor- 
way > ;  <  The  Mediterranean ' ;  <  London.'  The 
more  notable  of  his  stories  are :  <  The  Virgin 
of  the  Libanus ' ;  <  Love  in  Lapland  > ;  <  The 
Baptism  of  Blood ' ;  <  Tragic  Loves.' 

Encina,  Juan  del  (en-the'na).  A  celebrated 
Spanish  dramatist ;  born  at  Salam.anca,  about 
1469;  died  there  about  1534.  His  first  volume 
of  poems,  <  The  Song-Book,'  contained   also  a 


dissertation  on  <The  Art  of  Castilian  Poesy* 
or  <The  Art  of  Poetic  Invention.'  His  lyrics 
are  full  of  charm  and  lively  wit.  He  wrote 
fourteen  dramas :  eight  are  shepherd-plays  or 
eclogues,  the  rest  are  pieces  for  Church  holy 
seasons.  He  made  the  Jerusalem  pilgrimage, 
and  described  it  in  the  poem  <  Tribagia ;  or. 
The  Sacred  Way  of  Jerusalem.' 

Encisco,  Diego  Ximenez  de  (en-thes'ko). 
A  Spanish  dramatist;  born  in  Andalusia.  He 
flourished  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  his 
works  are  quite  noted,  although  little  is  known 
of  his  life.  His  best-known  play  is  'The 
Medicis  of  Florence.' 

Endicott,  Charles  Moses.  "Junius  Amer- 
icanus."  An  American  historical  writer;  born 
in  Danvers,  Mass.,  1793 ;  died  in  Northampton, 
Mass.,  in  1863.  He  contributed  to  the  New 
England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register 
and  to  the  Boston  Gazette.  He  wrote  a  <  Life 
of  John  Endicott ' ;  <  The  Persian  Poet,  a  Tra- 
gedy ' ;  <  Essays  on  the  Rights  and  Duties  of 
Nations';  and  'Three  Orations.' 

Engel,  Eduard  (eng'el).  A  German  literary 
critic ;  born  at  Stolp  in  Pomerania,  Nov.  12, 
1851.  He  made  a  German  translation  of 
'Italian  Love-Songs'  (1875);  and  wrote  'Lord 
Byron :  An  Autobiography  from  Journals  and 
Letters'  (1876);  'Psychology  of  French  Litera- 
ture' (1884);  'Did  Bacon  Write  Shakespeare's 
Plays?'  'History  of  English  Literature:  With 
Appendix,  American  Literature.'  In  his  two 
published  collections  of  short  stories  —  'Wall 
to  Wall '  ( 1890) ;  and  <  Exiled  and  Other  Stories ' 
(1891) — he  appears  as  a  moderate  realist. 

Engel,  Johann  Jakob.  A  German  philos- 
opher (1741-1802);  born  at  Parchim  in  Meck- 
lenburg. He  was  professor  of  philosophy  and 
philology  in  Berlin,  and  afterward  preceptor 
to  the  future  Frederic  William  HI.  .(Esthetic 
criticism  and  art  theory  owe  him  much.  His 
<  Philosopher  for  All  the  World,'  often  reprinted, 
consisting  of  narratives,  dialogues,  letters,  and 
essays,  his  <  First  Foundations  for  a  Theory  of 
the  Different  Kinds  of  Poetry,'  and  above  all 
his  '  Herr  Lorenz  Stark,'  with  its  fine  delinea- 
tion of  everyday  life,  give  him  a  place  among 
the  leading  representatives  of  serious  literature 
in  his  time. 

English,  George  Bethune.  An  American 
controversial  writer ;  born  in  Cambridge,  Mass., 
March  7,  1787  ;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Sept. 
20,  1828.  He  graduated  at  Harvard,  studied 
law,  and  left  it  for  theology.  In  1813  he  wrote 
a  book,  'The  Grounds  of  Christianity  Exam- 
ined,' to  which  Edward  Everett  wrote  a  reply. 
English  responded  with  <  Five  Smooth  Stones 
out  of  the  Brook.'  Besides  these,  he  published 
replies  to  William  EUery  Channing's  two  ser- 
mons on  'Infidelity'  (1813). 

English,  Thomas  Dunn.  An  American  physi- 
cian and  poet;  born  in  Philadelphia,  June  29, 
1819;  died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  April  i,  1902.  He 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 


ENGLISH -fiPINAY 


171 


in  1839,  and  wrote  the  famous  song  <Ben  Bolt* 
in  1S43.  He  Dublished  <Walter  Wcolfe',  < Amer- 
ican Ballads>,  < Jacob  Schuyler's  Millions*,  etc. 

English,  William.  An  Irish  poet;  born  in 
Newcastle,  Limerick  (?);  died  at  Cork,  Jan. 
13,  1778.  His  themes  were  those  of  humble 
life ;  the  well-known  ballad  <  Cashel  of  Mun- 
ster>  is  a  fine  specimen  of  Gaelic  vernacular. 

Ennes,  Antonio  (en'nas).  A  Portuguese 
dramatist;  born  at  Lisbon  in  1848.  He  was 
for  some  years  prominent  in  journalism,  and 
afterward  held  high  government  offices.  His 
first  play,  <The  Lazarists,'  had  extraordinary 
success  in  Portugal  and  Brazil,  and  long  held 
the  stage.  It  was  followed  by  the  comedy 
•Eugenia  Milton  >  (1874J,  and  the  dramas  <  The 
Troubadours ' ;  <  The  Mountebank  * ;  *  The  Emi- 
gration > ;  <  A  Divorce. >  The  last  was  translated 
into  Italian  and  French. 

EnnluB,  Quintus  (en'i-us).  A  Roman  poet; 
born  at  Rudiae  in  Calabria,  239  B.  C;  died  in 
169  B.  C.  While  a  centurion  in  the  army,  he  was 
induced  by  Cato  the  elder  to  visit  Rome,  and 
came  into  close  association  with  Scipio  Afri- 
canus  and  the  other  great  men  there.  A  Ca- 
labrian  with  Greek  culture,  he  was  doubtless 
the  most  learned  Latin  of  his  time.  He  es- 
sayed nearly  every  kind  of  poetry, —  narrative 
or  epic  (in  his  metrical  'Annals'),  dramatic 
(tragedy  and  comedy),  didactic  (on  natural 
philosophy,  theology  or  mythology,  and  gas- 
tronomy). Nothing  of  his  has  come  down  to 
us  complete,  but  many  considerable  fragments 
are  preserved  in  the  works  of  classic  writers 
and  anthologists. 

Enrlquez  Gomez,  Antonio  (en-re'keth). 
[Properly  Enriquez  de  Paz.]  A  Spanish  poet; 
born  about  1600  at  Segovia.  His  Jewish  blood 
brought  him  under  suspicion  and  persecution ; 
he  fled  to  Amsterdam,  professed  Judaism,  and 
was  burned  in  efhgy  at  Seville  in  1660.  The 
dramas  <  Cardinal  de  Albomoz  •  and  <  Fernan 
Mendez  Pinto,>  written  before  exile,  found  great 
popular  favor;  his  later  ones  were  entered  un- 
der the  name  of  Calderon,  and  were  mostly 
very  successful. 

Ensor,  George.  An  Irish  political  writer; 
born  in  Dublin,  1769 ;  died  at  Ardress,  Armagh, 
Dec.  3,  1843.  His  attacks  on  the  English  gov- 
ernment of  Ireland,  especially  tlie  pamphlets 
<On  National  Government'  (1810)  and  'The 
Poor  and  their  Relief*  (1823),  are  very  sarcastic 
and  suffused  with  hatred  of  the  oppressor. 

Eotvbs,  Baron  J6zsef  (et-vesh).  A  Hun- 
garian novelist  and  statesman ;  born  at  Buda, 
in  September  1813;  died  Feb.  2  or  3,  1871, 
The  comedies  'The  Critics'  (1830)  and  'The 
Merry  Wedding  Party'  (1833),  and  the  tragedy 
'Revenge'  (1834),  were  his  first  productions. 
His  best-known  novel  is  'The  Village  Notary' 
( 1845 ),  scarifying  the  Hungarian  system  of 
county  government ;  '  The  Cartliusian '  is  per- 
haps finer  as  literature.  He  wrote  also  histor- 
ical novels,  as  'Hungary  in  1514'  and  'The 
Peasants'  War  in    Hungary';   and   books   on 


political  and  social  questions,  among  them: 
'  Observations  on  Prison  Reform  >  (1842); '  Influ- 
ence of  the  Dominant  Ideas  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century  upon  the  State >  (1851);  'Equal  Rights 
of  the  Nationalities  in  Austria'  (2d  ed.  1851). 

Eplcharmos  (ep-i-kar'mus).  An  ancient 
Greek  comic  poet;  bom  in  the  island  of  Cos, 
540  B.  C,  but  lived  at  Syracuse.  He  is  the 
founder  of  the  Doric-Sicilian  comedy,  so-called. 
Only  a  few  fragments  of  his  works  survive; 
they  were  mostly  travesties  of  m)'ths,  with  some 
scenes  from  life.  They  were  witty  dialogues 
containing  homely  aphorisms. 

Epictetus  (ep-ik-te'tus).  A  Greek  Stoic  phi- 
losopher; born  at  Hierapolis  in  Phrvgia,  about 
50  A.  D.  A  slave  and  then  a  freedman  at 
Rome,  he  taught  philosophy  there  till  94,  when 
all  philosophers  were  banished  by  Domitian ; 
apparently  returned  later  and  lived  into  Ha- 
drian's reign.  The  essential  tenets  of  Stoicism 
are  nowhere  more  clearly  or  feelingly  set  forth 
than  by  him.  No  writings  of  his  are  known  ; 
but  his  maxims  were  gathered  and  published 
in  the  <  Encheiridion,'  or  Handbook,  and  the 
'  Commentaries,'  in  eight  books,  of  which  four 
are  lost.  The  latest  English  translation  of 
the  latter,  Col.  Higginson's  (1891),  is  entitled 
'  The  Discourses  of  Epictetus.' 

Epicurus  (ep-i-ku'rus).  A  famous  Grecian 
philosopher;  lived  from  about  341  B.C.  to  270 
B.  C.  He  was  a  teacher  of  philosophy  rather  as 
a  rule  of  life  than  as  a  system  of  knowledge, 
and  began  to  teach  when  he  was  about  32  years 
old,  first  at  Mitylene,  then  at  Lampsacus ;  but 
his  great  school  was  at  Athens,  where  he  set- 
tled about  305  B.  C.  His  discipleship  there 
led  a  life  of  austere  abstemiousness  in  common, 
after  the  manner  of  a  conventual  establishment, 
but  the  membership  comprised  both  men  and 
women.  Their  common  dwelling  was  a  country- 
house  surrounded  by  a  garden,  which  yielded 
to  the  labor  of  the  brethren  the  simple  material 
of  their  frugal  fare.  Of  his  numerous  writings 
little  remains.  According  to  him  the  supreme 
good  of  life  is  found  in  pleasure,  but  not  in  the 
momentar)'  gratification  of  sense,  ratlier  in  the 
delight  inseparable  from  the  practice  of  virtue. 
Rightly  interpreted,  the  doctrine  of  Epicurus  is 
as  adverse  to  all  sensualism  as  that  of  La  Trappe  ; 
but  the  Epicurean  doctrines  were  in  time  mis- 
interpreted and  misunderstood,  and  Epicurean- 
ism became  a  synonym  of  self-indulgent  and 
sensuous  pleasure. 

Epinay,  Madame  de  la  Live  d"  (ep-c-na'). 
A  notat)le  French  writer  of  memoirs ;  born  at 
\'alenciennes,  March  11,  1726;  died  Ajiril  17, 
1783.  Having  a  worthless  husband,  she  culti- 
vated intellectual  society  —  Grimm,  D'Holbach, 
Diderot,  Rousseau ;  for  the  latter  she  erected 
in  her  chateau  garden  at  Montmorency  a  cot- 
tage, "The  Hermitage."  She  published  a  val- 
ued work  on  education,  'The  Conversations 
of  Emilie ' ;  'Letters  to  my  Son';  and  My 
I(ai)p\'  Moments.'  Her  iiostluiiiioiislv  j'uli- 
lished  'Memoirs'  constitute  a  charming  auto- 
biography written  with  the  freedom  of  an  artist. 


172 


ERASMUS  —  ESCHERNY 


Erasmus,  Deslderlus  (er-az'mus).  [A  Latin 
paraphrase  of  his  Dutch  name.]  A  celebrated 
Dutch  humanist;  bom  at  Rotterdam,  1465  or 
1467;  died  July  12,  1536.  All  his  writings  are 
in  Latin.  He  made  a  collection  of  <  Adages  > 
(1500),  with  applications  to  the  time;  wrote  a 
very  popular  volume  of  < Colloquies'  (1521); 
jind  a  sweeping  satire,  <The  Praise  of  Folly.> 
His  editions  of  works  of  the  ancients  — Cicero, 
Seneca,  Aristotle,  St.  Augustine,  St.  Jerome,  etc. 
—  are  innumerable;  and  he  made  an  elegant 
translation  of  the  New  Testament,  which  was 
used  by  Luther  in  his  German  version.  In 
his  later  years  he  was  caught  up  in  the  general 
polemic  current  and  wrote  against  the  new 
doctrines;  his  treatise  on  < Free-Will >  calling 
forth  a  reply  from  Luther  in  a  pamphlet  en- 
titled <  On  Slave  Will.>  (<  Complete  Works,>  10 
vols,  folio,  1703-6.) 

Erben,  Karl  Jaromlr  (er'ben).  A  Bohemian 
poet,  dramatist,  and  scholar;  born  in  Miletin, 
Nov.  7,  181 1 ;  died  in  Prague,  Nov.  21,  1870.  A 
comedy,  <  The  Brewers  » (1837) ;  <  Bohemian  Folk 
Songs  and  Proverbs'  (1864);  <  Melodies'  (1844- 
47) ;  and  many  philological  studies,  speak  for 
^is  genius  and  versatility. 

Erceldoune,  Tliomas  of.  [Called  the  Rhymer, 
and  Learmont.]  A  Scotch  poet  and  seer,  who 
flourished  probably  between  1220  and  1297,  and 
wrote  a  poem  called  <  Sir  Tristrem.'  He  occu- 
pies a  very  conspicuous  position  in  the  annals 
of  Anglo-Saxon  literature,  but  not  very  much 
is  known  of  his  life,  and  there  is  even  some 
dispute  respecting  his  authorship  of  various 
pieces  attributed  to  him. 

Ercilla  y  Zufliga,  Alonso  de  (ar-thel'ya  e 
THon-ye'ga).  A  Spanish  poet;  bom  in  Bermeo, 
Aug.  7,  1533;  died  1595.  He  served  against  the 
Araucanian  natives  of  Chili,  and  wrote  a 
historico-epical  poem,  <The  Araucanian  Wo- 
man,' in  37  cantos,  which  apart  from  a  few 
episodes  is  a  faithful  narrative  of  what  he  saw. 
In  its  portraiture  of  character  it  is  admirable, 
and  in  its  literary  form  it  is  classical.  Cer- 
vantes in  <  Don  Quixote '  ranks  it  with  the 
finest  of  the  Italian  epics. 

Erckmann-Chatrlan  (erk'man-sha-tre-on')- 
Joint  name  of  two  French  novelists:  Emile 
Erckmann,  bom  at  Pfalzburg,  May  20,  1822; 
died  at  Luneville,  Mar.  14,  1899;  and  Alexan- 
dre Chatrian,  born  near  the  same  town,  Dec. 
18,  1826,  died  Sept.  5,  1890.  They  were 
schoolfellows,  later  companion  glass-blowers, 
finally  literary  copartners.  <The  Illustrious 
Doctor  Matheus' (1859)  was  their  first  novel, 
and  highly  successful;  among  the  others  are  : 
<Stories  from  the  Banks  of  the  Rhine'  (1862); 
<Madame  Th6rese)^i863) ;  <Friend  Fritz)  (1864); 
<Story  of  a  Conscript  of^  1813'  {1865),  and  its 
sequel  < Waterloo'  (1865);  <Brigadier  Frederic' 
(l874);<Banished'  (1882).  They  portray  Alsa- 
tian life  and  the  Napoleonic  era  with  great  fidelity 
and  sympathy.  They  also  wrote  successful 
plays,  as  <The  Polish  Jew>  (1869);  <Friend 
Fritz'  (1877);  <The  Rantzaus'  (1882). 


Erd€lyi,  J&nos  (er'dal-ye).  A  Hungarian 
lyric  poet  and  folklorist;  born  in  Kapos, 
Ung,  April  l,  1814 ;  died  in  Sirospatak,  Jan. 
23,  1868.  He  shows  taste  and  feeling  in  a  vol- 
ume of  miscellaneous  'Poems'  (1844),  and 
great  power  as  a  prose  stylist  in  <  Legends 
and  Popular  Tales  of  Hungary'  (1845-48). 

Erdmann,  Jobaun  Eduard  (erd'man).  A 
German  philosophical  writer;  born  in  Volmar, 
Livonia,  June  13,  1805;  died  at  Halle,  June  12, 
1892.  As  a  Hegelian  he  takes  high  rank  with 
<  An  Attempt  at  a  Scientific  Exposition  of  the 
History  of  Later  Philosophy'  (1834-53);  'Out- 
lines of  the  History  of  Philosophy'  (1865); 
and  kindred  works. 

Erdmannsd'orffer,  Bernhard  ( erd'mans- 
der"fer).  A  German  historian  and  biographer; 
born  in  Altenburg.Jan.  24,  1833.  <0n  the  Com- 
merce between  Venice  and  the  German  States 
in  the  Middle  Ages'  (1858),  and  < Count  George 
Frederick  von  Waldeck:  a  Prussian  Statesman 
of  the  Seventeenth  Century'  (1869),  etc.,  are  dis- 
tinguished for  scholarship  and  style.     Died  1901. 

Erlceira  or  Ericeyra,  Francisco  Xavier  de 
Menezes,  Count  of  (ar-e-sa'ra).  A  Portuguese 
soldier  and  poet ;  born  in  Lisbon,  1673 ;  died 
in  1743.  He  is  a  prominent  figure  in  the  liter- 
ature of  his  country  as  the  author  of  the  <  Henri- 
queida'  (1741),  an  epic  poem,  and  a  translator 
of  Boileau. 

Ernouf,  Alfred  Auguste  (ar-nof).  A  French 
historical  writer  and  publicist;  born  in  Paris, 
Sept.  21,  1817  ;  died  there,  Feb.  15,  1889.  <  New 
Studies  of  the  French  Revolution'  (1852-54), 
<The  French  in  Prussia,  1807-8'  (1872),  and 
other  works,  show  research  and  impartiality. 

Errante,  Vincenzo  (er-rant'e).  An  Italian 
poet  and  statesman ;  bom  at  Palermo,  July  16, 
1813;  died  in  Rome,  April  29,  1891.  He  was 
many  years  an  exile  for  his  share  in  Sicilian 
politics.  His  works  are  two  volumes  of  <  Tra- 
gedies and  Lyrics'  (1874);  the  dramas  <The 
Feast  of  St.  Felix'  and  <  Suleiman  the  Great'; 
the  poems  <The  Ideal'  and  < Liberty.'  He 
wrote  also  a  <  History  of  the  Osmanli  Empire 
from  Osman  to  the  Peace  of  Carlowitz.' 

Ersklne,  Sir  David.  A  Scotch  dramatist  and 
antiquary ;  bom  1772 ;  died  in  Berwickshire, 
Oct  22 ,  1837.  His  writings  include  <  King  James 
the  First  of  Scotland'  (1828),  a  tragedy,  and 
<Love  amongst  the  Roses'  (1827),  a  military 
opera. 

Esclienbach,  Wolfram  von.  A  celebrated 
German  mediaeval  poet ;  born  of  a  noble  fam- 
ily at  Eschenbach,  near  Ansbach,  Bavaria,  in 
the  second  half  of  the  twelfth  century;  died 
between  1218  and  1225.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  prominent  minstrels  at  the  court  of  Her- 
mann, landgraf  of  Thuringia;  and  his  epics 
rank  among  the  greatest  German  imaginative 
works.  Besides  several  love  songs,  he  wrote 
<  Parcival,'  <  Wilhelm  von  Orange^'  and  <  Titurel.' 

Escherny,  Fran90iB  Louis  (ash-ar-ne'L  A 
French  philosophical  and  historical  essayist  and 


ESCOSURA  —  ETLAR 


173 


critic;  born  in  Neuchitel.  Nov.  24,  1733;  died 
in  Paris,  July  15,  1815.  He  shows  friendship  to 
the  French  Revolution  and  the  ideas  of  Rous- 
seau, in  <  Equality*  (1796);  <  Philosophy  of 
Politics*  (1798) ;  < Historic  Picture  of  the  Revo- 
lution' (1815);  and  other  well-written  books. 

Escosura,  Patricio  de  la  (es-k6-s6'ra).  A 
Spanish  novelist  and  poet;  born  at  Madrid, 
Nov.  5,  1807 ;  died  there,  Jan.  22,  1878.  After 
political  and  military  ups  and  downs  and  being 
twice  exiled,  he  became  Under-Secretary  of 
State,  and  afterward  ambassador  variously. 
He  wrote  the  historical  novels  <The  Count  de 
Candespina,*  <  Neither    King   nor   Pawn,'   and 

<  The  Patriarch  of  the  Valley  > ;  the  epics  <  The 
Bust  in  Black  Cloak'  and  <Hernan  Cortes  at 
Cholula';  several  dramas,  the  most  successful 
of  which  was  <  Hernan  Cort^s's  Debaucheries'; 
and    many    historical    works,    among    them    a 

<  Constitutional  History  of  England.' 

Esling,  Cbarles  Henry  Augustine.  An  Amer- 
ican prose-writer  and  poet;  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, 1845.  He  has  written  many  articles 
pertaining  to  the  religious  thought  of  the  day 
for  the  Catholic  Record  and  other  periodicals, 
and  has  published  the  <  Life  of  St.  Germaine 
Cousin,  the  Shepherdess  of  Pibrac,'  and  sev- 
eral poems,  one  of  which  is  <The  King's  Ring, 
a  Legend  of  Merry  England.'  He  has  written 
many  verses  that  have  been  widely  popular ; 
his  best-known  poem  is  <  The  Overture,'    D.  1907, 

Esm^nard,  Joseph  Alphonse  (as-ma-nar').  A 
French  poet  (1770-1811).  He  spent  years  in 
foreign  countries  and  at  sea  during  the  Revo- 
lution ;  returning.  Napoleon  made  him  theatri- 
cal censor.  His  best  work  is  a  didactic  poem, 
< Navigation'  (1805);  other  noteworthy  ones 
are :  an  ode,  <  The  Oracle  of  the  Janiculum,' 
in  honor  of  Napoleon's  marriage ;  a  collection 
of  Bonapartist  poems  and  ballads,  <  Napoleon's 
Poetic  Crown  > ;  two  operas,  <  The  Triumph  of 
Trajan'  and  <  Hernan  Cortes.' 

Esplnasse,  Mademoiselle  de  r.  See  L'Es- 
pinasse. 

Espinel,  Vicente  de  (es-pe-nel').  A  Spanish 
poet  and  musician  (1551-1634).  He  was  in 
great  favor  in  society  from  his  musical  talent, 
and  among  poets  for  inventing  a  new  form  of 
stanza.  His  'Rhymes'  were  published  in  1591. 
He  wrote  a  picturesque  romance,  <  Life  of  the 
Esquire  Marcos  de  Obregon,'  from  which  Le 
Sage  was  accused  of  plagiarizing  <-Gil  Bias.' 

Espronceda,  Jos6  de  (es-pron-tha'da).  A 
Spanish  poet;  born  at  Almendralejo  in  Estre- 
madura,  in  1810 ;  died  May  23,  1842.  A  pre- 
cocious poet  and  revolutionist,  he  wrote  the 
epic  fragment  <  Palayo '  in  confinement,  and 
was  repeatedly  exiled.  His  Byronic  mannerism 
and  theories  exaggerate  Byron.  His  most 
notable  poems  are  :  <  The  Pirate ' ;  <  The  Beg- 
gar,' preaching  socialism  ;  <  The  Headsman ' ; 
the  grewsome  < Student  of  Salamanca';  finally 
his  greatest  though  incomplete  piece,  <  The 
Clean  Demon' (1841).  The  volume  < Forgotten 
Pages'  was  issued  in  1874. 


Esquiros,  Henri  Alphonse  (es-ke-ros').  A 
French  historical  writer  and  radical ;  bom  at 
Paris,  May  23,  1814 ;  died  May  12,  1876.  His 
best-known  writings  are  :  <  Charlotte  Corday  > 
(1840);  <The  People's  Gospel'  (1840),  portray- 
ing Christ  as  a  revolutionist  —  he  spent  eight 
months  in  jail  for  this;  <The  Foolish  Virgins,' 
<The  Martyr  Virgins,'  'The  Wise  Virgins,' 
(1841-42),  in  the  interest  of  socialism.  The 
'History  of  the  Montagnards'  (2  vols.,  1847) 
and  the  'History  of  Liberty's  Martyrs'  (1851) 
were  very  popular.  While  banished  from  France 
he  contributed  to  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes 
from  London  a  series  of  studies  on  '  England 
and  English  Life,'  afterward  published  in  5 
vols.  (1859-70). 

Estrles,  FranQOls  Annibal,  Duke  d'  (es- 
tra').  A  French  prelate,  soldier,  diplomat,  and 
historical  writer;  bom  1573;  died  May  5,  1670. 
He  wrote  <  Memoirs  of  the  Regency  of  Marie 
de'  Medici'  (1666),  and  similar  works  of  great 
value  in  consequence  of  his  participation  in 
the  events  he  narrates. 

Ethelred,  ^tbelred,  Ailred,  or  iElred.    A 

British  historian;  born  at  Hexham,  1109  (?); 
died  Jan.  12,  1166.  He  wrote  'The  Life  and 
Miracles  of  King  Edward  the  Confessor,'  and 
many  other  records, 

Etherege  or  Ethrygg,  George,  An  English 
classical  poet  and  scholar;  born  at  Thame, 
Oxfordshire,  1514  (?)  or  1520  (?)  ;  died  after 
1588.  He  wrote  'Various  Poems'  and  a  Latin 
translation  of  Justin  Martyr,  in  addition  to 
numerous  verses  in  Greek  and  Latin. 

Etherege,  Sir  George.  An  English  comedy- 
writer  and  poet;  born  in  Oxfordshire  (?),  1635 
(?);  died  in  Paris,  1691.  'The  Comical  Re- 
venge, or  Love  in  a  Tub'  (1664),  'She  Would 
if  she  Could'  (1667),  and  other  comedies  are 
mainly  notable  for  indecency,  though  his  char- 
acters have  originality;  the  hurried  verse  as- 
cribed to  him  is  not  very  successful. 

^tienne,  Charles  Guillaume  (et-yen').  A 
distinguished  French  dramatist  (1778-1845). 
Under  the  first  empire  he  was  censor,  editor- 
in-chief  of  the  Journal  of  the  Empire,  and  a 
member  of  the  Academy ;  at  the  Restoration 
he  was  expelled  from  the  Academy,  and  there- 
after as  editor  of  the  Constitutionnel  was  a 
power  on  the  side  of  the  opposition.  His  com 
edies  give  proof  of  his  brilliant  fancy,  elegant 
style,  and  great  constructive  skill:  'The  Two 
Sons-in-Law'  is  the  best  comedy  of  the  Im- 
perial era,  and  not  unworthy  Moli^re.  He 
composed  many  farces,  vaudevilles,  operettas, 
and  spectacular  pieces,  which  had  unbounded 
success;  his  operas  'Cinderella'  and  'Jocondc' 
were  the  delight  of  Paris.  He  wrote  a  '  His- 
tory of  the  French  Theatre.' 

Etlar,  Carit  (at^ldr),  pseudon}an  of  Carl 
BrosSll.  A  Danish  realistic  novelist,  also 
dramatist  and  poet;  born  in  Fridericia,  April  7, 
1816;  died  May,  1900.  The  historical  tale  of 
<The  Queen's  Captain  of  the  Guard'  and  the 
»lory  <The  People  in  Need'  (1878)  are  exceed- 


174 


ETTMOLLER  —  EVANS 


ingly  popular.  <The  Smuggler's  Son>  (1839)  is 
one  of  the  best  of  his  plays,  and  his  verse  has 
merit. 

Ettmuller,  Ludwig  (et'miil-er).  A  German 
philological  critic,  poet,  and  historian ;  born  in 
Gersdorf,  Saxony,  Oct.  5,  1802 ;  died  in  Zurich, 
April  15,  1877.  He  rescued  many  mediaeval 
masterpieces  from  oblivion.  He  was  also 
author  of  <  German  Dynasty  Founders  >  (1844) 
and  other  epic  poems,  besides  the  *Anglo-Saxon 
Lexicon  >  (1852). 

Eupolis  (u'po-lis).  An  Athenian  comic  poet ; 
born  at  Athens  about  445  B.C.;  died  before 
404.  After  Cratinus  and  Aristophanes  he  was 
the  chief  representative  of  the  older  Attic  com- 
edy ;  he  had  a  comedy  acted  at  17.  From  the 
extant  fragments  we  infer  that,  like  Aristo- 
phanes, he  idealized  the  old  ways.  According 
to  the  ancient  critics  he  combined  felicitous 
invention,  masterly  handling  of  plot,  and  rare 
grace  of  style. 

Euripides  (ii-rip'i-dez).  A  great  Greek  tragic 
poet ;  born  at  Athens  about  480  B.  C. ;  died 
about  406.  His  dramas,  according  to  the  an- 
cient Alexandrine  grammatists,  numbered  92. 
Of  these,  19  have  come  down  to  our  time : 
namely,  the  tragedies  <Alcestis,>  <Andromache,> 
<Bacchre,>      <Hecube,>      <  Helena,>      <Electra,> 

<  Heraclid£e,>  <The  Mad  Hercules,>  <The  Sup- 
pliants,*   <  Hippolytus,'   <  Iphigenia   at  Tauris,' 

<  Iphigenia  at  Aulis,'  *  Ion,*  <  Medea,>  <  Orestes,* 

<  Rhesus'  (not  genuine,  however),  < The  Trojan 
Women,*  <  The  Phoenissse  * ;  finally  the  satyr- 
play  <  Cyclops.*  Of  his  other  plays  we  have 
only  short  fragments. 

Eusden,  Laurence.  An  English  poet ;  born 
in  Spofforth,  Yorkshire  (?),  1688;  died  at  Con- 
ingsby,  Lincolnshire,  Sept.  27,  1730.  He  at- 
tracted much  attention  by  his  <  Original  Poems  * 
(1714),  <  Ode  for  the  New  Year*  (1720),  and 
other  poems,  resulting  in  his  appointment  in 
1718  as  poet  laureate. 

Eusebius  Pampbili.  A  Greek  theologian 
and  historian,  the  father  of  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory ;  born  in  Palestine,  about  260  A.  D. ;  died 
about  340.  He  became  Bishop  of  Csesarea  in 
315,  and  was  the  head  of  the  Semi-Arians 
or  moderate  party  in  the  Council  of  Nice  (325). 
His  chief  works  are :  <  Ecclesiastical  History 
from  the  Christian  Era  to  324  A.  D.* ;  <  Chron- 
ica,* a  history  of  the  world  down  to  327;  <Life 
of  Constantine* ;  <On  the  Demonstration  of  the 
Gospel.' 

Eutropius,  or  Flavius  Eutropius.  A  Latin 
historian,  who  flourished  350-370  A.  D.  He 
was  secretary  to  Constantine,  and  took  part  in 
Julian's  expedition  against  the  Persians.  He 
wrote  an  <  Epitome  of  Roman  History,*  a  brief 
narrative  of  Rome  from  its  foundation  to  the 
time  of  Valens.  It  is  written  in  a  simple  and 
forcible  style,  and  has  been  used  as  a  text-book 
for  centuries. 

Evans,  Abel.  An  English  poetaster  and  epi- 
grammatist; born  in  London  (?),  1679;  died  at 
Cheam,  Surrey,  Oct  18,  1737.     His   wit   was 


acknowledged  even  by  Pope  ;  and  <  The  Appa- 
rition* ( 1710)  and  fugitive  stanzas  made  a  hit, 
one  or  two  of  the  couplets  he  penned  being 
still  occasionally  quoted. 

Evans,  Augusta  Jane  (Wilson).  A  popular 
American  novelist;  born  in  Columbus,  Ga., 
May  8,  1835.  Her  writings  include  :  <  Inez,  a 
Tale  of  the  Alamo*  (1856) ;  <Beulah,*  the  most 
distinguished  of  her  novels  (1859);  <St.  Elmo* 
(1866)  ;  and  <At  the  Mercy  of  Tiberius*  (1887). 

Evans,  Daniel   or   Du   0    Ceredigion.     A 

Welsh  poet ;  born  at  Maes  y  Mynach,  Llanvi- 
hangel-ystrad,  1792;  committed  suicide,  March 
28,  1846.  He  was  well  educated  and  talented, 
but  led  a  disorderly  life  ;  his  <  Collected  Works  * 
(Gwinllan  y  Bardd ;  sef  prydyddwaith  ar  am- 
rywiol  destunau  a  gwahanol  fesurau:  1831) 
evincing  great  but  erratic  powers. 

Evans,  Edward.  A  Welsh  poet;  born  1716; 
died  June  21,  1798.  A  clergyman,  and  said  to 
be  directly  descended  from  the  Druids,  he  cher- 
ished the  rites  of  Britain's  ancient  bards,  and 
sang  to  Glamorgan's  chair  in  many  fiery  stan 
zas;  his  < Works*  (1778)  running  through  fre 
quent  editions. 

Evans,  Edward  Payson.  An  American  prose- 
writer  ;  born  in  Remsen,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  8,  1831. 
He  has  made  a  special  study  of  Oriental  lan- 
guages. Since  1884  he  has  been  connected 
with  the  Allgemeine  Zeitung  of  Munich  in  Eu- 
rope, to  which  he  has  contributed  many  articles 
on  the  literary,  artistic,  and  intellectual  life  of 
the  United  States.  He  has  published  <  Abriss 
der  Deutschen  Literaturgeschichte  *  (1869); 
and  a  <  Progressive  German  Reader*  (1870). 

Evans,  Elizabeth  Edson  Gibson.  An  Ameri- 
can prose-writer ;  born  in  Newport,  N.  H., 
March  8,  1833.  Her  essays  and  short  stories 
contributed  to  periodicals,  and  her  novel  <  Laura  > 
(1884),  constitute  her  best  work.  Her  <  Story  of 
Kasper  Hauser  *  deals  with  a  strongly  controvert- 
ed subject.     She  also  wrote  <  The  Christ  Myth*. 

Evans,  Evan.  A  W' elsh  poet  and  antiquary ; 
born  at  Cynhawdref,  Lledrod,  Cardiganshire, 
May  20,  1731 ;  died  there,  August  1789.  He 
translated  Welsh  masterpieces  into  English, 
and  wrote  in  English  •  The  Love  of  our  Coun- 
try* (1772),  a  poem  which  won  general  recog- 
nition as  original  and  pleasing. 

Evans,  Frederick  William.  [« Elder  Ev- 
ans.**] An  American  lecturer  and  writer;  born 
at  Bromyard  or  Leominster,  England,  June  9, 
1808;  removed  to  the  United  States  in  1820; 
died  in  Mt.  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  March  6,  1893 ; 
joined  the  United  Society  of  Believers  (Shakers) 
at  Mt.  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  in  1830.  His  works  deal 
with  the  history  and  doctrines  of  that  sect. 
The  best  known  are :  <  Compendium  of  the 
Origin,  History,  and  Doctrines  of  Shakers  > 
(1859);  < Autobiography  of  a  Shaker*  (1869); 
'Shaker    Communism*  (1871). 

Evans,  John.    A  Welsh  poet.    See  Ffraid. 

Evans,  John.  An  English  antiquarian ;  bom 
at  Market  Bosworth,  Leicestershire,  in  1823.  He 


EVANS  — EWALD 


is  a  paper-manutacturer,  but  has  devoted  con- 
siderable attention  to  archaeology,  geology,  and 
numismatics.  His  first  work,  <The  Coins  of  the 
Ancient  Britons*  (1864),  received  a  prize  from 
the  French  Academy ;  and  his  <Ancient  Stone 
Implements,  Weapons,  and  Ornaments  of  Great 
Britain  >  ( 1872)  was  translated  into  French.  <  The 
Ancient  Bronze  Implements  of  Great  Britain* 
appeared  in  1881. 

Evans,  Mary  Ann.    See  Eliot,  George. 

Evans,  Thomas  or  Telynog.  A  Welsh  poet ; 
born  at  Cardigan,  1840 ;  died  April  29,  1865. 
He  was  a  coal-miner  at  twelve,  and  famous 
for  a  poem  on  <  Humility  >  at  sixteen ;  but  ex- 
cessive labor  with  pick  and  shovel  killed  him. 
His  <  Poems'  (1866)  show  undeniable  genius 
and  a  pathos  blended  with  sprightliness. 

Evans,  Thomas  or  Tomos  Glyn  Cothl.  A 
Welsh  poet ;  born  at  Capel  St.  Lilin,  Carmar- 
thenshire, June  20,  1766;  died  at  Aberdare,  Jan. 
29,  1833.  A  song,  <  Liberty*  (1797),  a  Welsh- 
English  dictionary,  and  much  miscellaneous 
verse,  preserve  his  memory. 

Evelyn,  John.  A  celebrated  English  diarist ; 
born  at  Wotton  in  Surrey,  Oct.  31,  1620;  died 
Feb.  27,  1706.  His  < Diary*  was  commenced 
at  II;  it  begins  to  be  valuable  about  1641, 
when  he  left  England  and  spent  ten  years  on 
the  Continent;  the  last  entry  is  twenty-four 
days  before  his  death.  It  thus  covers  the  varied 
period  of  English  history  from  the  gathering 
clouds  of  the  Civil  War  to  the  accession  of 
Queen  Anne.  It  was  written  solely  for  private 
family  reading,  and  hence  contains  frank  judg- 
ments and  inside  facts  obtainable  nowhere 
else.  Evelyn  wrote  many  other  works  :  *  Sylva,* 
an  elaborate  treatise  on  arboriculture;  *A 
Parallel  [of  Ancient  and  Modern  Architecture*; 
<  Sculptura,  or  the  History  and  Art  of  Chal- 
cography and  Engraving  on  Copper*;  etc. 

Everett,  Alexander  Hill.  An  American 
diplomatist;  born  in  Boston,  March  19,  1792; 
died  in  China,  June  or  May,  1847.  Soon  after 
graduating  at  Harvard,  he  entered  the  United 
States  diplomatic  service,  serving  as  secretary 
at  St.  Petersburg.  Later  he  was  minister  to 
th«;  Netherlands  and  to  Spain,  and  was  sent  as 
•commissioner  to  China  in  1845.  He  published 
two  volumes  of  <  Critical  and  Misc  llaneous 
Tissays  *  (1845-46) ;  <  Poems  * ;  <  Europe  :  A  Gen- 
eral Survey*;  <  America :  A  General  Survey*; 
etc. 

Everett,  Charles  Carroll.  An  American 
clergyman  and  writer ;  born  in  Brunswick,  Me., 
June  1829.  In  1878  he  was  made  dean  of  the 
theological  faculty  of  Harvard.  Included  in  his 
published  works  are:  <The  Science  of  Thought* 
(1869);  <Religions  before  Christianity*;  and 
'Fichte's  Science  of  Knowledge:  A  Critical 
Exposition.*    Died  at  Cambridge,  in  1900. 

Everett,  David.  An  American  journalist  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Princeton,  Mass., 
March  29,  1770;  died  at  Marietta,  O.,  Dec.  21, 
1813.    He  studied  law  in  Boston,  and  while 


»75 

there  wrote  for  Russell's  Gazette  and  a  liter- 
ary paper  called  the  Nightingale.  He  edited 
the  Boston  Patriot  (1809)  and  the  Pilot  (1812). 
His  works  include  :  *The  Rights  and  Duties  of 
Nations,*  an  essay;  <Darenze],  or  the  Persian 
Patriot,*  a  tragedy  (1800);  <  Common  Sense  in 
D^shabill^,  or  the  Farmer's  Monitor.*  He 
wrote  the  famous  lines  beginning  — 

"  You'd  scarce  expect  one  of  my  age 
To  ipeak  in  public  on  the  stage." 

Everett,  Edward.  An  American  statesman  ; 
born  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  April  11,  1794;  died 
Jan.  15,  1865.  Graduating  at  Harvard  College 
in  1807,  he  studied  theology  and  became  a 
Unitarian  minister;  but  the  Greek  professorship 
at  Harvard  having  been  offered  to  him,  he  gave 
up  the  ministry  and  went  to  Germany  for 
further  study.  Returning,  he  assumed  the  duties 
of  his  professorship,  and  by  his  lectures  on 
Greek  literature  awakened  a  wide  interest 
in  Hellenic  studies.  He  was  at  the  same  time 
editor  of  the  North  American  Review.  In 
1824  he  entered  political  life :  was  Member  of 
Congress  (1825-35),  Governor  of  Massachusetts 
(1836-40),  and  minister  to  England  (1841-45). 
He  was  president  of  Harvard  College  (1846- 
49).  He  succeeded  Daniel  Webster  as  Secre- 
tary of  State  on  Webster's  death  in  1852,  and 
while  still  in  office  was  elected  to  the  Senate 
(1853),  but  resigned  the  following  year  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health.  His  oration  on  Washington, 
delivered  in  the  leading  places  of  the  Union, 
brought  a  large  sum  to  the  fund  for  the  pur- 
chase of  the  Washington  homestead  at  Mt. 
Vernon.  A|nong  his  works  should  be  men- 
tioned <  Defense  of  Christianity  * ;  <  Orations  and 
Speeches  * ;  and  <  Mount  Vernon  Papers.* 

Everett,  James.  An  English  religious  poet 
and  historian ;  born  at  Alnwick,  Northumber- 
land, 1784;  died  at  Sunderland,  May  10,  1872. 
A  controversial  divine,  he  wrote  <  History  of 
Methodism  in  Sheffield  and  its  Vicinity*  (1823), 
and  other  local  chronicles  of  the  sort;  besides 
<  Edwin,  or  Northumbria's  Royal  Fugitive  Re- 
stored* (1831),  a  metrical  tale  of  Saxon  times. 

Everett,  William.  An  American  miscella- 
neous writer,  youngest  son  of  Edward ;  born 
in  Watertown,  Mass.,  Oct.  10,  1839.  From 
1870  to  1877  he  was  assistant  professor  of 
Latin  at  Harvard,  receiving  in  1875  the  degree 
of  Ph.D.  in  classics.  In  1887  he  was  master 
of  Adams  Academy  at  Quincy,  Mass. ;  in  1S93 
was  elected  to  Congress.  Mr.  Everett  has  pub- 
lished <0n  the  Cam*  (1865) ;  'Changing  Base* 
(1868)  and  <  Double  Play*  (1870),  two  books 
for  boys;  a  poem,  <  Hesione,  or  Europe  Un- 
chained* (1869);  'School  Sermons'  (1881); 
together  with  many  pamphlets  on  political,  lit- 
erary, and  religious  subjects. 

Ewald,  Georg  Heinrich  August  (a'valt).  A 
German  Biblical  scholar  and  interpreter  of 
Hebrew  literature;  born  in  Gottingen,  Nov. 
16,  1803;  died  there.  May  4,  1875.  He  studied 
profoundly  Arabic,  Hebrew,  and  other  Oriental 
languages  and  literatures.  His  works  include : 
tThe  Metres  of  Arab  Songs*  (1825);  < Critical 


176 


EWALD— EYTH 


Grammar  or  the  Hebrew  Language  >  (1827); 
'Hebrew  Manual  for  Beginners >  (1842);   and 

<  Critical  Grammar  of  the  Arabic  Tongue  > 
(1831-33).  His  great  fame,  however,  rests  upon 
his  <  History  of  the  People  of  Israel,*  of  which 
a  third  edition  appeared  1864-68,  and  which  was 
succeeded  by  many  works  of  importance. 

Ewald,  Herman  Frederik.  A  Danish  nov- 
elist; born  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  13,  1821.  The 
most  noteworthy  of  his  novels  are :  <  Valdemar 
Krone:  Story  of  his  Youth >  (i860),  a  tale  of 
high    life;    <The    Nordby    Family*     (1862); 

<  Johannes  Falk>  (1865);  <  Charles  Lyng,>  a  fine 
character-study.  He  also  wrote  several  histor- 
ical novels  popular  both  in  the  original  and 
in  German  translations :  <  The  Swedes  at  Kron- 
borg>    (1867);    <Anna    Hardenberg>    (1880); 

<  Clara  Bille  '  (1802):  *  Daniel  Rantzow*   (igoo). 

Ewald,  Johannes.  The  foremost  of  Danish 
lyric  poets ;  born  at  Copenhagen,  Nov.  18,  1743 ; 
died  March  17, 1781.  When  a  boy  he  ran  away 
to  the  army,  and  was  in  several  battles  of  the 
Seven  Years'  War;  returning,  studied  for  the 
Lutheran  ministry ;  then  gave  himself  to  study- 
ing poetry  and  drama.  He  produced  <  The 
Temple  of  Fortune*  (1764);  the  < Dirge-Cantata 
on  the  Death  of  Frederic  V.*  (1766);  the  drama 
<Adam  and  Eve*  (1765,  remodeled  1769),  with 
fine  lyric  interludes.  His  finest  plays  are 
<Balder's  Death*  (1773)  and  <The  Fishers* 
(1778).  In  the  latter  occurs  the  lyric  "King 
Christian  stood  by  the  lofty  mast,**  which  is 
now  the  Danish  national  song.  <  The  Brutal 
Clacqueurs  *  (1771)  and  <  Harlequin  the  Patriot* 
(1772)  were  successful  farces.  He  left  a  nota- 
ble autobiography,  <J.  Ewald's  Life  and  Opin- 
ions.* 

Ewbank,  Thomas.  An  America"  scientist 
and  writer ;  born  in  Durham  County,  England, 
March  11,  1792;  died  in  New  York,  Sept.  16, 
1870.  In  1836  he  retired  from  commercial  life 
for  literary  and  scientific  work.  His  publica- 
tions include :  <  The  World  a  Workshop,  or  the 
Physical  Relation  of  Man  to  the  Earth*  (1855); 

<  Life  in  Brazil,*  with  an  appendix  on  a  collec- 
tion of  American  antiquities  (1857);  <  Thoughts 
on  Matter  and  Force*  (1858);  'Reminiscences 
in  the  Patent  Office*  (1859);  and  <  Inorganic 
Forces  ordained  to  Supersede  Human  Slavery,* 
an  essay. 

Ewen,  John.  A  Scotch  song-writer;  born 
in  Montrose,  1741 ;  died  near  Aberdeen,  Oct 
21,  1821.  «0  weel  may  the  boatie  row**  is  a 
lay  that  has  given  him  celebrity. 

Ewing,  Hugh  Boyle.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  in  Lancaster,  O.,  Oct.  31,  1826; 
received  his  education  at  West  Point,  and 
served  during  the  Civil  War.  From  1866  to  1870 
he  was  minister  to  Holland.  He  is  author  of 
'The  Grand  Ladron,  a  Tale  of  Early  Califor- 
nia,' and<  A  Castle  in  the  Air*  (1887).     D.  1905. 

Ewing,  Juliana  Horatia.  An  English  story- 
writer  and  poet;   bom  (Gatty)  at  Ecclesfield, 


Yorkshire,  1841 ;  died  at  Bath,  May  13,  1885. 
Her  stories  for  children  long  enjoyed  a  uni- 
versal popularity.  They  comprise  <  Daddy  Dar- 
win's Dovecot  * ;  '  Dandelion  Clocks  and  Other 
Tales*;  <A  Flat-Iron  for  a  Farthing >;  *A 
Great  Emergency  and  Other  Tales*;  'Jack- 
anapes * ;  <  Jan  of  the  Windmill  * ;  and  many 
more. 

Expilly,  Jean  Charles  Marie  (ex-pel-e').  A 
French  novelist  and  historian ;  born  in  Salon, 
Bouches-du-Rhone,  Sept.  8,  1814 ;  died  at  Tain, 
Drome,  Feb.  12,  1886.  The  years  1852-58  he 
spent  in  South  America  studying  the  state  of 
the  country,  writings  on  which  gave  him  great 
distinction.  Among  his  many  publications  are  : 
<  The  Truth  concerning  the  Conflict  involving 
Brazil,  Buenos  Ayres,  Montevideo,  and  Para- 
guay in  Presence  of  Civilization*  (1866);  <The 
Political  and  Commercial  Consequences  of  the 
Opening  of  the  Amazon*  (1869);  and  several 
novels,  including  'The  Sword  of  Damocles* 
(1843)  and  'The  Black  Pirate*  (1838). 

Eye,  August  von  (i'e),  A  German  aesthetic 
historian  and  critic ;  born  in  Fiirstenau,  Han- 
noverschen,  May  24,  1825.  'The  Kingdom  of 
the  Beautiful*  (1878),  'The  Life  and  Work  of 
Albert  Diirer*  (i860),  together  with  studies  in 
art  developments  and  tendencies,  have  been 
widely  read  and  generally  accepted.    Died  1896. 

Eyma,  Louis  Xavier  (i-ma').  A  French 
writer;  born  in  St.  Pierre,  Martinique,  West 
Indies,  Oct.  16,  1816;  died  in  Paris,  March  29, 
1876.  After  a  tour  through  the  United  States, 
he  returned  to  France  and  published  several 
works,  of  which  the  best-known  are :  <  Les 
Femmes  du  Nouveau  Monde*  (1853);  <Les 
Peaux  Rouges*  (1854);  <  Les  Peaux  Noires* 
(1856);  'La  Republique  Americaine :  Ses  In- 
stitutions; ses  Hommes*  (2  vols.,  1861);  'La 
Chasse  k  I'Esclave*  (1866);  and  many  novels. 

Eyre,  Edmund  John.  An  English  dramatist; 
born  in  Cambridgeshire  (?),  May  20,  1767;  died 
at  London  (?),  April  11,  1816.  He  wrote  'The 
Dreamer  Awake*  (1791),  a  farce;  'The  Maid 
of  Normandy*  (1793),  a  tragedy;  and  a  few 
other  plays. 

Eyster,  Nellie.  An  American  story -writer ; 
born  in  Frederick,  Md.,  1836.  She  has  published 
<  Sunny  Hours  *  (1865) ;  <  On  the  Wing  *  (1869) ; 
'  Robert  Brent's  Three  Christmas  Days  *; '  Lionel 
Wintour's   Diary*  (1882)  ;  <  A  Chinese  Quaker.* 

Eyth,  Eduard  (it).  A  German  poet;  bom 
in  Heilbronn,  Wiirtemberg,  July  2,  1809 ;  died 
at  Neu-Ulm,  April  28,  1884.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  volume  of  'Poems*  (1843);  'Pictures  in 
Frames*  (1856) ;  and  a  version  of  the  Odyssey. 

Eyth,  Julie.  A  German  romantic  and  sen- 
timental impressionist,  wife  of  Eduard;  bom 
Capoll.  Her  '  Pictures  without  Frames :  From 
the  Papers  of  an  Unknown ;  Communicated 
—  not  by  Herself*  (1852)  won  considerabl* 
popularity  at  the  time  of  their  appearance. 


FAASEN  — FAGIUOLI 


177 


Faasen,  Pieter  Jacobus  or  Rosier  (fa'sen). 
A  Dutch  playwright;  born  at  The  Hague, 
Sept.  9, 1833.  He  was  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
Netherland  actors  of  his  time,  and  wrote  plays 
remarkable  for  character-drawing  and  very  suc- 
cessful. Among  them  are:  <  The  Old  Cashier' 
(1875);  <Manus»  (1878);  <Anne  Mie>  (1878), 
which  won  the  first  prize  in  an  international 
competition  and  was  acted  in  London. 

Fabbri,  Cora  Randall  (fiib're).  An  Ameri- 
can poet;  born  in  New  York,  1871 ;  died  1892. 
She  was  of  Italian  descent.  A  volume  of  her 
<  Lyrics  >  appeared  but  a  few  days  before  her 
death. 

Fabens,  Joseph  Warren.  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer;  born  in  Massachusetts,  182 1 ; 
died  1875.  Among  his  works  are  :  <  The  Camel 
Hunt,'  a  narrative  of  personal  adventure ;  <  Facts 
about  Santo  Domingo  > ;  and  <  The  Last  Cigar,> 
a  book  of  poems. 

Faber,  Cecilia  Bbhl  de.    See  Caballero. 

Faber,  Frederick  William.  An  English 
hymn-writer ;  born  in  Calverley,  Yorkshire,  June 
28,  1814;  died  at  the  Oratory,  Brompton,  Sept. 
26,  1863.  He  was  long  in  the  Anglican  priest- 
hood, and  wrote  hymns  of  singular  sweetness 
and  spirituality;  going  over  at  last  to  Rome 
and  voicing  his  new  fervor  in  much  sacred 
song.  A  collection  of  the  <  Hymns'  (1848)  has 
gone  through  more  than  one  edition. 

Fabi^,  Fran50is  Joseph  (fa-bya').  A  French 
poet ;  bom  at  Durenque,  Aveyron,  Nov.  3,  1846. 
He  has  filled  important  chairs  in  different  col- 
leges, attaining  distinction  as  the  author  of 
<The  Poesie  of  the  Foolish  Ones'  (1879),  a  col- 
lection of  his  verse,  succeeded  by  others  of  equal 
merit ;  and  by  <  Roupeyrac's  Mill,'  a  rustic  drama, 
and  other  plays. 

Fabre,  Amant  Joseph  (fabr).  An  influential 
French  historical  and  philosophical  writer, 
dramatist,  and  publicist ;  born  in  Rodez,  Dec. 
10,  1842  (or  1843).  A  drama,  <Joan  of  Arc' 
(1890),  has  made  his  name  most  widely  known  ; 
his  other  work  being  largely  represented  by 
such  books  as  <  A  Course  in  Philosophy'  {1870) 
and  <  Washington,  the  Liberator  of  America' 
(1882). 

Fabre,  Ferdinand.  A  French  novelist ;  bom  at 
Bedarieux,  Herault;  in  1830 ;  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  II,  1898.  He  published  <  Ivy  Leaves>, 
poems  (1853 );  then  the  novels  <Thc  Courbezons' 
(1861),  and  <Jr  ien  Savignac  (1863).  But  the 
remarkable  novel  'Abb6  Tigrane'  (1873) — one 
of  the  most  noteworthy  in  modem  French  fiction, 
especially  by  its  insijht  into  French  priestly 
life — first  won  him  great  distinction  ;  <Lucifer  > 
(1884),    portraying    the   stmggle    among    the 


clergy  between  Gallicanism  and  Ultramontanism, 
is  doubtl  ss  lis  greatest  work.  Shorter  stories 
like  the  <Abbe  Roitelet  >  (1891),  <  Norine  > 
(1890),  <  Germany  >  (1 891)  are  admirable  for 
tenderness  and  sympathy  with  nature ;  <  Ma 
Vocation'  (1889)  is  a  very  interesting  little 
volume  of  leaves  from  his  student  diary. 

Fabre,  Jean  Raymond  Auguste.  A  French 
poet,  brother  of  Ferdinand ;  born  in  Jaujac, 
June  24,  1792;  died  in  Paris,  Oct.  23,  1839.  He 
succeeded  in  journalism ;  and  in  <  Caledonia, 
or  the  Patriotic  War'  (1823),  <The  Story  of 
the  Siege  of  Missolonghi'  (1827),  and  other 
books,  displayed  a  felicitous  gift  for  poesy. 

Fabre,  Victorin.  A  French  rhetorician  and 
versifier;  bom  in  Jaujac,  Languedoc,  July  19, 
1785;  died  in  Paris,  May  19,  1831.  Euphony 
and  elegance  are  the  characteristics  of  *  Little 
Works  in  Prose  and  Verse'  (1806) ;  <The  Death 
of  Henry  IV.'  (1808),  a  poem;  and  the  eulo- 
gies on  Boileau,  Montaigne,  and  La  Bruy^re, 
which  constitute  his  most  important  work. 

Fabre  d'Eglantine,  Philippe  Frangols  Na- 
zaire  (fabr  da-glon-ten').  A  French  poet;  born 
at  Carcassonne,  Dec.  28,  1755 ;  died  April  5, 
1794.  The  "eglantine"  denotes  the  prize  he 
won  in  the  " floral  plays"  at  Toulouse.  Going 
on  the  stage  with  little  success,  he  turned  to 
play-writing ;  and  his  comedy  <  Molifere's  Plii- 
linte,'  a  biting  satire  on  <<the  best  society," 
was  received  with  extraordinary  favor.  <The 
Epistolary  Intrigue  > ;  <  The  Convalescent  of 
Quality ' ;  <  The  Preceptors ' ;  and  others,  fol- 
lowed with  great  acceptance.  They  are  spirited, 
and  bold  in  drawing,  but  literarily  faulty.  The 
song  <<'Tis  raining.  Shepherdess,  'tis  raining," 
became  a  popular  favorite. 

Fabre  d'Olivet,  Antoine  (fiibr  dol-e-va).  A 
French  fanciful  writer;  born  in  Ganges,  Herault, 
1768 ;  died  1825.  He  came  as  a  lad  to  Paris 
to  learn  silk-making,  but  speedily  began  to 
pour  forth  mystical  works  based  on  Oriental 
word-and-letter  symbolism  :  <  The  Fourteenth 
of  July'  (1790),  and  similar  dramas;  <  Philo- 
sophic History  of  the  Human  Race'  (1824); 
and  a  score  of  other  productions. 

Fadeyev,  Rostislav  Andreievitch  (fa'de- 
yev).  A  Russian  military  writer;  born  1824; 
died  in  Odessa,  Jan.  12,  1884.  He  made  more 
tlian  one  campaign  in  the  Caucasus;  achieving 
a  reputation  as  a  scientific  soldier  that  com- 
mands respect  for  his  <  Russian  Military  Power' 
(1S68) ;  <  My  Opinions  of  the  Oriental  Problem' 
(1S70);  <  Letters  on  Russia's  Present  Position' 
(1881);  and  many  similar  writings. 

Fagiuoli,  Glambattlsta  (fa-jo-o'le).  An  Ital- 
ian poet  (1660-1742).    His  lyric  poems,  partly 


X78 


FAGUET  — PALKE 


burlesque,  appeared  in  six  volumes  (1729-34), 
and  a  seventh  volume  in   1743,  under  the  title 

<  Pacific  Rimes.>  Later  he  published  his  twenty- 
two  < Comedies*  in  six  volumes.  He  hits  off 
the  manners  of  the  time  admirably;  his  dia- 
logue is  fluent  and  free  :  but  he  lacks  the  true 
comic  vein  and  has  little  dramatic  power. 

Faguet,  Emile  (fa-ga')-  A  French  historian 
of  literature  ;  born  in  La  Roche-fur-Yon,  Dec. 
17,  1847.  As  a  writer  for  periodicals  he  has 
attracted  a  wide  circle  of  readers.  Among  the 
volumes  upon  which  his  fame  rests  are  in- 
cluded <  French  Tragedy  of  the  Sixteenth  Cen- 
tury) (1883)  and  <Corneille>  (1888);  but  in 
<The  Great  Masters  of  the  Seventeenth  Cen- 
tury* (1885)  his  learning  and  ability  appear  at 
their  best. 

Fahlcrantz,  Christian  Erik  (fal'krants).  A 
Swedish  poet  and  theological  writer  (1790- 
1866).  He  was  a  bishop  in  the  Swedish  State 
Church.  His  poem  <  Noah's  Ark  >  is  the  work 
of  a  wit  and  a  thinker.  His  lyrico-epic  <Ans- 
garius,*  in  14  cantos,  gives  proof  of  a  lively 
fancy.  He  wrote  several  volumes  of  religious 
polemic ;  in  particular  one  against  the  Roman 
propaganda,  <  Rome  Formerly  and  Rome  Now.> 

Faidit,  Gaucelm  (fa-e-de).  A  Provengal 
troubadour;  born  in  Uzerche,  Limousin,  and 
flourished  1180-1216  or  1190-1240.  He  was  evi- 
dently both  gifted  and  magnetic,  as  Richard 
the  Lion-Hearted,  various  prelates,  and  the 
beautiful  Guillelma  were  all  fascinated  by  him. 
For  years  he  wandered,  singing  as  he  went, 
with  Guillelma  following  him;  accompanying 
Richard  on  his  crusade  to  the  Holy  Land,  and 
mourning  that  monarch's  death  in  a  magnifi- 
cent song.  Some  sixty  of  his  pieces  are  pre- 
served, and  they  are  tender  and  sweet. 

Faillon,  Micbel  Etienne  (fa-yon').  A 
French  historical  writer ;  born  in  Tarascon, 
France,  in  1799;  died  in  Paris,  Oct.  25,  1870. 
He  visited  Canada  in  1854.  He  wrote  lives  of 
the  <Ven.  M.  01ier>  (1853);  <  Marguerite  Bour- 
geoys  * ;  <  Mile.  Maure  > ;  <  Madame  d' Youville  * ; 
<Mlle.  le  Ber>;  and  a  comprehensive  history 
of  the  French  in  Canada,  three  volumes  of 
which  appeared  before  his  death. 

Fairchild,  Asbbel  Green.  An  American 
clergyman  and  author;  bom  in  Hanover,  N.  J., 
May  I,  1795 ;  died  in  Smithfield,  Pa.,  in  1864. 
He  wrote  many  contributions  to  the  religious 
press.  His  most  popular  work,  <The  Great 
Supper,'  was  translated  into  German,  and  had 
an  immense  sale.    He  also  published  <  Baptism,* 

<  Faith  and  Works,*  and  <  Confession  of  Faith.* 

Fairchild,  James  Harris.  An  American 
educator  and  author  ;  born  at  Stockbridge,  Mass., 
Nov.  25,  181 7  ;  died  at  Oberhn,  O.,  March  19, 
1902.  He  was  elected  president  of  Oberlin 
College  in  1886,  after  a  service  of  twenty-six 
years  as  tutor,  professor  of  languages,  professor 
of  mathematics,  and  professor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy. Besides  editing  the  <  Memoirs  of  Charles 
G.  Finney )  (1876)  and  Finney's  <  Systematic 
Theology  >  (1878),  he  was  the  author  of  <  Moral 


Philosophy*  (1869);  <  Oberlin,  the  Colony  and 
the  College*  (1833);  and  'Woman's  Right  to 
the  Ballot*  (1870J. 

Fairfax,  Edward.  An  English  poet;  died 
about  1635 ;  the  time  of  his  birth  is  unknown. 
He  made  a  metrical  translation,  <  Godfrey  of 
Boulogne*  (1600),  of  Tasso's  < Jerusalem  De- 
livered,* and  dedicated  it  to  Queen  Elizabeth; 
it  was  highly  esteemed  by  James  I.,  is  still 
highly  valued ;  and  on  this,  rather  than  on  his 
own  <  Eclogues,*  the  fame  of  Fairfax  as  a  poet 
rests.  He  is  also  author  of  a  <  Discourse  on 
Witchcraft,*  first  published  in  1858. 

Fairfield,  Genevieve  Genevra.  An  Ameri- 
can miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  New  York, 
1832.  She  has  written  <  Genevra  * ;  <  The  Wife 
of  Two  Husbands*;  < Irene*;  etc. 

*Fairfield,  Sumner  Lincoln.  An  American 
poet  and  prose-writer ;  born  in  Warwick,  Mass., 
June  25,  1803;  died  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  March 
6,  1844.  He  began  the  publication  of  the 
North  American  Magazine  in  1833;  and  con- 
tinued to  edit  and  publish  it  for  five  years. 
His  published  volumes  include  <Lays  of  Mel- 
pomene* (1824);  < Cities  of  the  Plain*  (1828); 
♦Poems  and  Prose  Writings*  (1840). 

Falconer,  William.  A  Scotch  poet  (1732?- 
69).  All  his  family  but  himself  were  deaf- 
mutes.  He  was  orphaned  in  boyhood,  and  at 
18  was  a  seaman  on  board  a  Mediterranean 
vessel  that  foundered  in  a  storm  off  Cape  Co- 
lonna,  Greece.  He  with  two  others  was  saved, 
and  his  poem  <  The  Shipwreck*  (1762)  com- 
memorates the  event :  it  was  received  with 
great  favor.  The  author  was  made  midshipman 
and  afterward  purser  in  the  navy  through  the 
influence  of  the  Duke  of  York ;  and  in  grati- 
tude he  wrote  <  The  Demagogue  *  (1765),  a  satire 
against  Chatham,  Wilkes,  and  Churchill.  He 
wrote  other  poems  (odes,  satires,  etc.);  and  a 
valuable  <  Universal  Dictionary  of  the  Marine  * 
(1769). 

Falenski,  Felicyan  (fa-len'ske).  A  Polish 
poet;  born  in  Warsaw,  1825.  < Flowers  and 
Thorns,*  <  Mountain  Echoes,*  and  other  poems 
of  his,  display  vigor  and  imagination.  He  has 
tried  his  hand  successfully  at  play-writing,  with 
<  Althea  * ;  and  his  versions  of  Horace,  Dante, 
and  B^ranger  are  fine. 

Falk,  Johannes  Daniel  (fiilk).  A  German 
humorist,  philanthropist,  and  man  of  letters ; 
born  in  Danzig,  Oct.  28,  1768 ;  died  Feb.  14, 
1826.  His  capacity  for  satire  was  considerable  : 
a  <  Pocket  Book  for  Friends  of  Jest  and  Satire  > 
(1797)  proving  very  popular,  as  did  <  Men  and 
Heroes*  (1796),  a  satire  in  verse,  and  <  Prome- 
theus* (1804),  a  dramatic  poem.  His  volume 
on  Goethe  is  still  valuable. 

Falke,  Jacob  von  (fal'ke).  A  German  con- 
noisseur and  historian  of  taste ;  born  in  Ratze- 
burg,  June  21, 1825.  His  administrative  capacity 
has  placed  many  art  galleries  and  repositories 
of  art  treasures  in  Germany  and  Austria  upon 
a  successful  basis.     His  writings,  particularly 


FALLMERAYER  —  FARINA 


179 


•  Knightly  Society  in  the  Days  of  Homage  to 
Womanhood*  (1862);  <  History  of  Modem 
'l"aste>  (1866);  <Art  and  Art  Study  >  ( 1878) ; 
Ulellas  and  Rome>  (1879);  and  <  History  of 
Taste  in  the  Middle  Ages>  (1893),  are  notable 
for  both  learning  and  judgment.    Died  1897. 

Fallmerayer,  Jacob  PMlipp  (fal-mer-i'er). 
A  German  Jiistorian  and  voyager;  born  in  the 
Tyrol,  Dec.  10,  1790 ;  died  in  Munich,  April  26, 
1861.  As  a  scholar,  especially  linguist,  and  as 
an  explorer  of  the  Orient,  his  fame  is  inter- 
national and  his  work  authoritative ;  witness 
'Fragments  from  the  Orient'  (1845),  'History 
of  the  Peninsula  of  Morea  in  the  Middle  Ages  > 
(1830),  and  other  important  writings. 

Falloux,  Alfred  Frederic  Pierre  (fa-lo').  A 
French  historical,  political,  and  controversial 
writer  and  publicist ;  born  in  Angers,  May  7, 
181 1 ;  died  there,  Jan.  7,  18S6.  Legitimist  and 
clerical  sympathies  influenced  his  career,  his 
typical  writings  being :  '  Madame  Swetchine, 
her  Life  and  Works >  dsth  ed.  1884);  'Story 
of  Louis  XVL>  (6th  ed.  1881) ;  and  'Political 
Speeches  and  Miscellany'  (1882). 

Falsen,  Enevold  de  (fal'sen).  A  Danish  poet 
(1755-1808).  He  held  several  high  offices,  judi- 
cial and  political.  His  dramas  long  enjoyed 
public  favor.  Among  them  are  '  Idda,>  a  tra- 
gedy ;  and  the  comedies  '  The  Droll  Cousins,' 
'The  Art-Deemster,»  'The  Child  that  Brings 
Luck.'  In  despair  over  the  ills  that  had  be- 
fallen his  country  in  the  Napoleonic  times,  he 
ended  his  life  by  his  own  hand. 

Falster,  Christian  (fal'ster).  A  Danish  poet 
(1690-1752).  His  'Satires'  on  his  age,  mod- 
eled on  Juvenal,  give  him  eminent  rank  among 
the  native  poets.  He  wrote  three  volumes  of 
'  Philological  Amenities  or  Various  Discourses,' 
containing  a  mass  of  highly  interesting  observa- 
tions on  the  affairs  of  the  time.  His  translation 
of  Ovid's  'Tristia'  also  is  worthy  of  mention. 

Fambri,  Paul  (fam'bre).  An  Italian  dram- 
atist, story-writer,  military  and  literary  essaj- 
ist,  and  scholar ;  born  in  Venice,  about  1827. 
His  energies  have  expended  themselves  in  a 
great  variety  of  ways.  'The  Corporal  of  a 
Week,'  a  comedy ;  '  Agrippa  Postumus,'  a 
tragedy;  <  Pietro  Aretino,'  a  metrical  play; 
'  The  Law  of  Dueling,'  a  text-book  of  the 
code  of  honor;  'Giddy  Outsets  [Pazzi  Mezzi] 
and  a  Serious  End  [e  Serio  Fine],'  a  novel ; 
and  <  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  according  to  Tenny- 
son and  according  to  Hugo,'  a  critique,  show 
his  versatility. 

Fanfani,  Pietro  (fan-fa'ne).  An  Italian  phi- 
lologist, humorist,  and  novelist  (1815-79).  He 
founded  in  1847  the  Philological  Record,  and 
atterward  edited  several  other  periodicals  of 
a  like  character.  His  'Vocabulary  of  Tuscan 
Usage '  and  other  "  vocabularies "  are  works 
of  high  authority.  The  '  Writ  at  Random,'  and 
the  whimsical  satire  '  The  Laughing  Demo- 
critus :  Literary  Recreations,'  are  specimens  of 
his  brimming  hum.or.     His  novels  are:  <Cecco 


of    Ascoli';  'Paolina';  <The   Coachman  aad 
his  Family ' ;  etc. 

Fanshawe,  Anne  Harrison,  Lady.  An  Eng- 
lish memoirist;  born  (Harrison)  in  London, 
March  25,  1625;  died  there,  Jan.  30,  1679  or 
1680.  Her  admirably  written  and  accurate  ob- 
servations of  life  and  manners  ii.  many  lands, 
preserved  in  '  Memoirs,'  from  which  extracts 
have  been  published,  are  of  historical  value. 

Fanshawe,  Catherine  Maria.  An  English 
poet;  born  in  Chipstead,  Surrey,  July  6,  1765; 
died  at  Putney  Heath,  April  17,  1834.  A  lively 
fancy,  brilliant  wit,  sound  sense,  and  personal 
charm  made  this  lady  and  her  poetry  admired 
in  her  own  circle;  but  she  rarely  consented  to 
publication,  and  only  her  riddle  on  the  letter 
H,  sometimes  credited  to  Byron,  is  generally 
known,  her  stanzas  not  having  been  collected. 

Faraday,  Michael.  An  English  physicist 
and  chemist  of  great  authority ;  born  in  New- 
ington  Butts,  near  London,  Sept.  22,  1791 ;  died 
in  Hampton  Court,  Aug.  25,  1867.  His  achieve- 
ments in  the  departments  of  chemistry  and 
electrical  induction  and  magnetism  are  of  per- 
manent importance  ;  and  his  works,  particularly 
'  Experimental  Researches  in  Electricity'  (1832- 
55);  'Chemical  Manipulations'  (1843);  'Exper- 
imental Researches  in  Chemistry '  (new  ed. 
1882);  and  'Lectures  on  the  Chemical  History 
of  a  Candle'  (3d  ed.  1874),  are  repositories  of 
valuable  knowledge. 

Fargus,  Frederick  John.  ("  Hugh  Con- 
way.") An  English  novelist  (1847-85).  His 
death  cut  short  what  seemed  a  promising  ca- 
reer. He  is  best  known  by  his  novel  '  Called 
Back,'  but  he  wrote  'Dark  Days'  and  other 
stories. 

Faria,  Manoel  Severim  de  (fa-re'a).  A  Por- 
tuguese biograplier,  essayist,  and  scholar;  bom 
in  Lisbon,  1583;  died  at  Evora,  Sept.  25,  1655. 
He  devoted  many  jears  to  the  study  of  his 
country's  literature,  giving  his  researches  and 
thought  a  lasting  form  in  '  Various  Essays  > 
(1624),  containing  appreciations  and  biogra- 
phies of  Camoens  and  other  great  writers.  He 
also  wrote  'Jottings  of  Portugal'  (1655). 

Faria  y  Sousa,  Manoel  de  (fa-re'a  e  so'zii). 
A  Portuguese  poet  and  historical  writer  (1590- 
1649).  His  four  volumes  ('  Fount  of  Aganippe  ') 
of  sonnets,  eclogues,  songs,  and  madrigals,  are 
eccentric  but  original.  He  wrote  a  'History 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Portugal,'  a  history  of 
'  Portuguese  Asia,'  '  Portuguese  Africa,'  etc., 
besides  many  essays  in  literary  criticism.  Most 
of  his  works  are  in  Spanish. 

Farina,  Salvatore  (fa-re'na).  A  distin- 
guished Italian  novelist;  born  at  Sorso  in  Sar- 
dinia, Jan.  10,  1846.  His  tales  were  successful 
from  the  first,  which  was  'Two  Amours'  (1S69). 
Among  the  others  are  'A  Secret'  (1870);  '  Kor- 
b'dden    Fruit';    'Romance    of    a    Widower'; 

<  Dounina's  Treasure ' ;  '  Courage  and  Onward  ' ; 

<  Little  Don  Quixote  '  ( 1890) ;  <  Living  for  Love  ' 
(1890);  'For  Life  and  for  Death'  (iSyi).    The 


i8o 


FARINI  —  FASTENRATH 


sympathy  with  lowly  life  and  the  rich  humor 
of  his  stories  have  gained  him  the  title  of 
<The  Italian  Dickens.>  He  is  the  best  known 
abroad  of  all  Italian  novelists. 

Farlnl,  Carlo  Lulgi.  An  Italian  statesman 
and  historian;  born  at  Russi,  Oct.  22,  1812; 
died  Aug.  i,  1866.  He  studied  medicine  at 
Bologna,  but  early  entered  upon  a  political 
career,  becoming  Minister  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion in  1850,  of  Commerce  in  1861,  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Council  in  1862  during  Cavour's 
administration.  His  influence  contributed  much 
to  the  union  of  Central  Italy  with  the  king- 
dom of  Victor  Emmanuel  II.  His  <  History  of 
the  Roman  State  from  1815  to  1850  >  (1850) 
was  translated  into  English ;  and  his  <  History 
of  Italy,*  a  continuation  of  Botta's  celebrated 
work,  is  a  performance  of  standard  merit. 

Farjeon,  Benjamin  Leopold.  An  English 
journalist  and  novelist;  born  in  London  in 
1833.  He  went  to  Australia  in  early  life,  and 
after  some  experience  in  the  gold  diggings  of 
Victoria,  migrated  to  New  Zealand,  where  he 
became  business  manager  of  the  Otago  Daily 
Times  at  Dunedin.  He  returned  to  London 
in  1869  and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His 
first  novel,  <Grif>  (1870),  a  story  of  Australian 
life,  made  his  reputation ;  and  has  been  fol- 
lowed by  <  Joshua  Marvel  >  (1871);  <  Christmas 
Stories>  (1874);  <Jessie  Trim>  (1874);  < Duchess 
of  Rosemary  Lane'  (1876);  <The  Sacred  Nug- 
get >  (1885);  <  Toilers  of  Babylon  >  (1888);  <A 
Fair  Jewess  >  (1894);*  The  King  of  No  Land>; 
and  others.    Died  at  London,  July  23,  1903. 

Farley,  Harriet.  An  American  editor  and 
writer;  bom  in  New  Hampshire,  1817.  She 
was  employed  in  a  mill  at  Lowell,  Mass.,  and 
became  editor  of  the  Lowell  Offering,  a  peri- 
odical supported  by  the  factory  operatives,  who 
were  also  contributors  to  it.  Her  works  in- 
clude <Mind  among  the  Spindles,*  a  collec- 
tion of  her  miscellany,  and  <  Fancy's  Frolics.* 

Farley,  James  Lewis.  An  Irish  journalist, 
topical  and  descriptive  writer;  born  in  Dublin, 
Sept.  9,  1823;  died  in  London,  Nov.  12,  1885. 
Established  in  Turkey  as  a  bank  official,  he 
became  correspondent  of  two  or  three  great 
London  dailies  and  speedily  made  himself  an 
authority  on  Turkish  questions.  His  books  in- 
clude :  <  The  Resources  of  Turkey  >  (  1862  ) ; 
<  Turkey :  Its  Rise,  Progress,  and  Present  Con- 
dition* (1866);  and  < Modem  Turkey*  (1872). 

Farlow,  William  Gilson.  An  American  bot- 
anist; bom  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  17,  1844. 
After  graduating  at  Harvard,  he  spent  several 
years  in  Europe  pursuing  his  favorite  study. 
His  publications  treat  mainly  of  marine  algae, 
fungi,  and  diseases  of  plants.  Upon  these  sub- 
jects, and  particularly  upon  cryptogamic  bot- 
any, he  is  considered  an  authority.  He  also 
published  <The  Potato  Rot*  (1875);  < Diseases 
of  Olive  and  Orange  Trees*  (1876);  <  The 
Marine  Algse  of  New  England*  (1881). 

Farman,  Ella.    See  Pratt. 


Farmer,  Henry  Tudor.  An  American  poet , 
born  in  England  in  1782;  died  in  Charleston, 
S.  C,  January  1828.  While  very  young  he  emi- 
grated to  Charleston,  S.  C,  where  he  continued 
to  reside  until  his  death.  He  published  a 
small  volume  of  poems  entitled  <  Imagination, 
the  Maniac's  Dream,  and  Other  Poems*  (1819). 
He  also  published  an  <  Essay  on  Taste.* 

Farmer,  Mrs.  Lydia  Hoyt.  An  American 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  Ohio,  1842.  Her 
books  include  <  Aunt  Belindy's  Points  of  View  * 
and  <  The  Doom  of  the  Holy  City.*  Died,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  Dec.  27,  1903. 

Farnham,  Eliza  Woodson.  An  American 
prose-writer;  bornin  Rensselaerville.N  Y., Nov. 
17,  1815 ;  died  m  New  York  city,  Dec.  15,  1864. 
A  philanthropist,  and  the  author  of  <  California, 
Indoors  and  Out*;  <  My  Early  Days*  (1859); 
and  <  Woman  and  her  Era*  (1864). 

Farqubar,  George.  An  Irish  pla>'wright 
(1678-1707).  On  leaving  Dublin  University  he 
joined  a  troop  of  players,  but  quitted  the  stage 
before  long,  having  accidentally  stabbed  to 
death  one  of  his  fellows.  He  wrote  eight  com- 
edies which  are  ranked  among  the  best  of  the 
Restoration  drama.  Among  them  are  :  <  Love 
and  a  Bottle*  (1698);  'The  Constant  Couple* 
(1699),  and  its  sequel  <Sir  Harry  Wildair* 
(1701);  <The  Recruiting  Officer*  (1706);  <The 
Beaux'  Stratagem*  (1707). 

Farrar,  Charles  A.  J.  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  born  18 — ;  died  1893.  He 
published  <  Moosehead  Lake  and  the  North 
Maine  Wilderness  * ;  <  Camp  Life  in  the  Wil- 
derness * ;  <  From  Lake  to  Lake  * ;  etc. 

Farrar,  Eliza  Ware.  An  American  story- 
writer;  born  in  Flanders  (Belgium),  in  1791 , 
died  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  April  22,  1870.  Her 
works  include :  <  The  Children's  Robinson 
Crusoe ' ;  *  The  Story  of  Lafayette  * ;  <  The 
Youth's  Love-Letters  * ;  <  Congo  in  Search  of 
his  Master*  (1854);  and  <  Recollections  of  Sev- 
enty Years*  (1865). 

Farrar,  Frederick  William.  An  English 
clergyman,  dean  of  Canterbury ;  bom  at  Bom- 
bay, India,  Aug.  7,  1831.  Of  his  religious  and 
theological  writings  the  most  notable  are  :  <  The 
Witness  of  History  to  Christ*  (1871);  <The 
Life  of  Christ*  (2  vols.,  1874),  a  work  written 
for  the  people  and  which  has  had  a  large 
circulation ;  <  Life  and  Works  of  St.  Paul  *  (2 
vols.,  1879);  <The  Early  Days  of  Christianity* 
(2  vols.,  1882);  'Eternal  Hope,*  a  work  which 
has  been  severely  criticized  by  the  strait  or- 
thodox school  on  account  of  its  lax  doctrine 
regarding  the  question  of  everlasting  punish- 
ment. He  is  author  also  of  works  on  language, 
as  <The  Origin  of  Language*  (i860);  < Chap- 
ters on  Language  *  (1865);  < Families  of  Speech* 
(1870);  <  Language  and  Languages*  (1878);  He 
died  in  London,  March  22,  1903. 

Fastenrath,  Johannes  (fas'ten-rat).  A  Ger- 
man poet  and  story-teller ;  born  at  Remscheid, 
May  3,  1839.  A  brief  sojourn  in  Spain  (1864) 
filled  him  with   a   permanent  enthusiasm   for 


FAURIEL  — FAY 


the  land  and  literature  which  has  inspired 
nearly  all  his  life-work.  He  translated  Juan 
Diana's  comedy  <  Receipt  against  Mothers-in- 
Law  > ;  and  compiled  a  series  of  volumes  which 
are  less  translations  than  transcriptions  in  the 
spirit  of  the  originals, —  <A  Wreath  of  Spanish 
Romances  > ;  ^  Hesperian  Blooms  > ;  <  The  Book 
of  my  Spanish  P'riends  > ;  <  Voices  of  Christmas.' 
He  also  wrote  many  works  on  the  history  of 
Spanish  literature ;  and  in  Spanish,  <  Passion- 
Books  of  a  German-Spaniard,'  a  description 
of  the  Oberammergau  Passion-Play ;  and  <Wal- 
halla  and  the  Glories  of  Germany.'  A  volume 
of  war  songs  dedicated  ■<  To  the  German  Heroes 
of  1870'  is  also  his. 

Fauriel,  Claude  (fS^re-el').  A  French  his- 
torian; born  in  St.  Etienne,  Oct.  21,  1772; 
died  in  Paris,  July  15,  1844.  He  shone  in  the 
most  brilliant  literary  society  of  his  time  and 
studied  diligently  before  producing  his  great 
<  History  of  Southern  Gaul  under  its  German 
Conquerors'  (1836).  Other  noteworthy  books 
by  him  are :  <  The  Origin  of  the  Epic  of 
the  Middle  Ages'  (1833);  <  History  of  Pro- 
ven9al  Poetry'  (1846);  and  <  Dante  and  the 
Origin  of  the  Italian  Language  and  Literature ' 
(1854) ;  all  charmingly  written. 

Fava,  Onorato  (fa'va).  An  Italian  story- 
writer,  versifier,  and  essayist;  born  in  Collo- 
biano,  Piedmont,  July  7,  1859.  He  is  versatile 
and  sprightly  in  <  Against  the  Majority  '  (1888) ; 
a  novel,  <  In  the  Country  of  the  Stars'  (1889) ; 
a  juvenile,  <Our  Life'  {1885);  and  inany  other 
capitally  written  and  original  things. 

Favart,  Charles  Simon  (fa-var').  A  French 
dramatist;  born  at  Paris,  Nov.  13,  1710;  died 
May  18,  1792.  His  very  youthful  poem  <  France 
Freed  by  the  Maid  of  Orleans'  won  the  prize 
of  the  Floral  Plays ;  and  at  24  he  was  writing 
successful  comedies.  These  and  his  operettas 
number  about  150  (his  wife,  Marie  Justine 
B^n^dicte  Duronceray,  1727-72,  being  his  con- 
stant collaborator),  and  are  for  the  most  part 
pretty  and  realistic  scenes  of  love  in  the  coun- 
try ;  but  some  of  them  are  amusing  drolleries 
like  the  mediaeval  fabliaux.  His  most  celebrated 
compositions  are  <  Annette  and  Lubin ' ;  <  Tlie 
Village  Astrologer';  < Ninette  at  Court';  <  The 
Three  Sultanas';  <The  Englishman  at  Bor- 
deaux.' His  <  Memoirs  and  Correspondence' 
(3  vols.,  1808)  is  of  great  value  for  the  history 
of  literature. 

Fawcett,  Edgar.  An  American  novelist, 
poet,  and  dramatist ;  born  in  New  York  city,  May 
26,  1847.  Among  his  novels  are :  <  Purple  and 
Fine  Linen'  (1873);  <A  Hopeless  Case'  (1880); 
<A  Gentleman  of  Leisure'  (1881);  <An  Ambi- 
tious Woman'  (1883);  <  Rutherford'  (1884); 
<The  Adventures  of  a  Widow'  (1884);  <The 
Confessions  of  Claude'  (1886);  <The  House  at 
High  Bridge'  (1887);  < Miriam Balestier'  (1888); 
<A  Man's  Will'  (1888);  < Olivia  Delaplaine' 
(1888);  <A  Demoralizing  Marriage'  (1889); 
•Fabian  Dimitry'  (1890);  <A  New  York  Fam- 
ily' (1891);  <An  Heir  to  Millions'  (1892); 
< Women  Must  Weep'   (1892);  <A  Mild  Bar- 


barian' (1894);  < Outrageous  Fortune'  (1894). 
His  poetical  works  include :  <  Short  Poems  for 
Short  People'  (1872);  <  Fantasy  and  Passion' 
(1877);  <Song  and  Story'  (1884);  <  Romance 
and  Revery  '  (i886j.     Died  London,  May  2, 1904. 

Fawcett,  Henry.  An  English  political  econo- 
mist and  publicist ;  born  in  Salisbury,  Aug.  26, 
1833;  died  in  Cambridge,  Nov.  6,  1884.  An 
accident  which  deprived  him  of  sight  early  in 
life  did  not  prevent  his  attainment  of  distinc- 
tion as  postmaster-general  under  Gladstone, 
and  as  a  writer  of  force  in  <  Manual  of  Po- 
litical Economy'  (6th  ed.  1883);  <  The  Economic 
Position  of  the  British  Labourer'  (1865);  <  Pau- 
perism :  Its  Causes  and  Remedies'  (1871);  and 
'Protection  and  Reciprocity'  (6th  ed.  1885),  in 
which  the  liberal  theory  of  the  younger  Mill  is 
carried  to  its  logical  extreme. 

Fawcett,  Millicent  (Garrett)  Mrs.  An  Eng- 
lish writer,  widow  of  Henry ;  born  at  Aldburgh, 
Suffolk,  June  11,  1847.  She  is  a  leader  in  the 
movement  for  university  education  for  women. 
Her  published  works  comprise  :  <  Political  Econ- 
omy for  Beginners'  (1870);  < Tales  in  Political 
Economy'  (1874);  < Janet  Doncaster'  (1875), 
a  novel ;  <  Some  Eminent  Women  of  Our  Time ' 
(i88q):  <  Life  of  Sir  Wm.  Mollesworth.' 

Fawkes,  Francis.  An  English  poet  and 
translator;  born  in  Doncaster  (?),  March  (?), 
1720  (?);  died  at  Hayes,  Kent  (?),  Aug.  26, 
1777.  He  is  happiest  in  depicting  emotional 
states  and  sentiments,  notably  in  <  Original 
Poems  and  Translations'  (1761);  his  versions 
of  Anacreon,  Sappho,  Bion,  and  Moschus  earned 
him  a  reputation  as  the  ablest  worker  in  this 
field  since  Pope, —  a  reputation  which  later 
changes  in  taste  have  much  diminished. 

Fiy,  Andreas  (fl  or  fay).  A  Hungarian  poet 
and  novelist;  bom  at  Kohdny  (Zemplin), 
May  30,  1786 ;  died  July  26,  1864.  Till  the  ap- 
pearance of  Kossuth  on  the  scene  (1840)  he 
was  the  foremost  leader  at  Pesth  of  the  Oppo- 
sition party ;  thereafter  he  took  no  considerable 
part  in  politics,  but  promoted  many  important 
national  enterprises.  His  volume  of  poems  <  New 
Garland'  (1818)  established  his  fame  as  a  poet, 
but  his  admirable  prose  <  F-ibles '  (1820)  attained 
a  far  wider  popularity.  Among  his  dramatic 
works  are  the  tragedy  <The  Two  Bithorys' 
(1827)  ;  and  several  comedies,  the  most  notable 
being  <The  Old  Coins;  or  tiie  Transylvanians 
in  Hungary'  (1824),  and  <The  Hunt  in  the 
Matra'  (i860).  His  social  novel,  <The  House 
of  the  B^ltekys'  (2  vols.,  1832),  and  a  number 
of  short  stories,  entitle  him  to  a  place  among 
the  great  masters  of  Hungarian  prose. 

Pay,  Theodore  Sedgwick  or  Sedgewick.  An 
American  poet,  story-writer,  and  essayist ;  bom 
in  New  York,  Feb.  10,  1807  ;  died  in  Berlin, 
Nov.  17,  1898.  Eminent  in  periodical  journal- 
ism. To  this  period  belongs  his  book,  <  Dreams 
and  Reveries  of  a  Quiet  Man  >(l832).  He  served 
with  ability  in  the  United  States  diplomatic 
service,  and  wrote  <  The  Countess  Ida  >  ( 1841), 
a  tale;  <Ulric>  (1851),  a  poem;  <  The  Three 


l83 


FAZIO  DEGLI   UBERTI  — FELETZ 


Germanys'  (1889);  <  Great  Outlines  of  Geogra- 
phy'; <  History  of  Switzerland*;  various  vol- 
umes of  verse,  travel,  description,  etc. 

Fazio  degll  Uberti  (fat'se-o  dal'ye  6-bar'te). 
All  Italian  poet;  born  in  Pisa  (?)  or  in  Flor- 
ence about  1300 ;  died  at  Verona,  about  1367. 
He  seems  to  have  led  a  life  of  political  tur- 
moil. He  very  early  yearned  to  place  his  name 
beside  Dante's ;  the  result  being  a  curious  poem, 
<  The  World  Described,*  a  servile  but  not  en- 
tirely contemptible  imitation  of  the  <  Divine 
Comedy.*  He  wrote  also  inferior  stanzas  and 
sonnets. 

Fearing,  Lillien  Blanche.  An  American 
writer  of  verse ;  born  in  Davenport,  Iowa,  1863. 
She  was  a  member  of  the  Chicago  bar.  Her 
works  are:  <The  Sleeping  World  and  Other 
Poems*  (1887);  <In  the  City  by  the  Lake,*  poems; 
'Roberta.*     Died  in  Chicago, ,  1901. 

Fechner,  Gustav  Theodor  (fech'ner).  A 
German  humorist  and  writer  on  physics  and 
psychiatry;  born  in  Great  Siirchen  in  the  Nie- 
derlausitz,  April  19,  1801 ;  died  in  Leipsic,  Nov. 
18,  1887.  His  works  on  purely  scientific  topics, 
•Elements  of  Psychophysics  *  (1S60)  and  <Text 
Book  of  Experimental  Physics*  (1828)  among 
them,  and  his  <  Three  Motives  and  Grounds  of 
Faith*  (1863),  have  made  him  eminent;  while 
under  the  name  of  <*  Doctor  Mises  '*  he  has 
written  various  popular  humorous  tales  and 
fancies,  notably  <A  Proof  that  the  Moon  is 
Made  of  Iodine  *  ( 1821 ),  <  Comparative  Anatomy 
of  the  Angels*  (1825),  and  <The  Little  Book 
of  Life  after  Death*  (1836). 

Federici,  Camillo  (fa-da-re'che).  [Properly 
Giovanni  Battista  Viassolo,  or  (according  to 
others)  Ogeri.]  An  Italian  comedy-writer; 
born  at  Poggiolo  di  Garessio,  Mondovi,  April 
9,  1749 ;  died  in  Turin,  Dec.  23,  1802.  He  set 
up  as  a  lawyer,  but  turned  to  the  stage  and 
wrote  several  comedies,  including  <  A  Word  of 
Advice  to  Husbands*;  < The  Sculptor  and  the 
Blind  Man  * ;  and  <  Falsehood  is  Short-lived.* 

Fedkovic,  Josepb  Horodencuk  (fed-ko'vich). 
A  Ruthenian  (Austria)  poet  and  story-writer; 
born  in  Bukovina,  1834 ;  died  at  Czernowitz, 
Jan.  II,  1888.  He  was  early  a  journalist  of  re- 
pute, and  took  to  the  writing  of  German  verse ; 
producing  subsequently  poems  in  his  native  Ru- 
thenian. <  Poems*  (1862)  and  <  Stories*  (1876) 
show  an  engaging  realism  in  local  color. 

Feis,  Jakob  (fis  or  fvis).  A  German  dram- 
atist, essayist,  and  translator;  born  in  Deides- 
heim,  July  10,  1842.  Long  a  resident  of  Lon- 
don, he  has  studied  the  literature  of  England 
thoroughly ;  translating  Tennyson's  <  Locksley 
Hall  Sixty  Years  Later*  (1888),  and  producing 
the  series  of  studies  on  <  Shakespeare  and  Mon- 
taigne *  (1884)  to  which  his  chief  celebrity  is 
due.  'Johanna  Grey*  (1881)  and  <The  New 
Master*  (1891)  are  well -written  dramas  on  con- 
temporary social  questions. 

Feisi,  Abul-Feis  ibn  Mubarak  (fa-e-se').  A 
celebrated  Indo-Persian  poet  and  scholar ;  born 
at  Agra,  1547;  died  1595.    He  surpassed  all  his 


contemporaries  in  philological,  philosophical, 
historical,  and  medical  knowledge,  and  about 
1572  was  crowned  «king  of  poesy**  in  the  court 
of  the  Emperor  Akbar.  Of  his  poems  the  most 
noteworthy  are  his  lyrics, —  odes,  encomia,  ele- 
gies, and  specially  his  four-line  pieces  or  apo- 
thegms. Their  exalted  pantheism  brought  on 
him  the  enmity  of  the  orthodox  Muslim  clergy. 
He  wrote  also  many  double-rhymed  poems ; 
and  a  Persian  imitation  of  the  famous  Indian 
epic  <Nala  and  Damajanti,*  designed  to  form 
the  third  member  of  an  epic  cycle,  of  which 
the  first  was  to  be  <  The  Centre  of  the  Circle,* 
the  second  'Solomon  and  Balkis*  (the  Queen 
of  Sheba),  the  fourth  'The  Seven  Zones  of 
the  Earth,*  and  the  fifth  <  The  History  of 
Akbar  * :  only  the  first  and  third  were  com- 
pleted.   His  scientific  treatises  were  numerous" 

Feitama,  Sybrand  (fi'ta-ma).  A  Dutch  minor 
poet  and  critic  ;  born  in  Amsterdam,  Dec.  lO, 
1694 ;  died  there,  June  13,  1758.  Quite  destitute 
of  originality,  but  of  faultless  taste,  he  made 
his  literary  verdicts  respected ;  and  translated 
Voltaire's  '  Henriade,*  F^nelon's  '  Telemachus,* 
and  other  French  plays  into  correct  if  somewhat 
insipid  Dutch  verse  of  marked  Gallic  flavor. 

Feitb,  Rbijnvis  (fit).  A  Dutch  poet  and 
story-teller;  boi^n  at  Zwolle  in  Oberyssel,  Feb. 
7,  1753;  died  Feb.  8,  1824.  Among  his  'Odes 
and  Poems*  (5  vols.,  1796-1810)  are  several 
that  show  true  poetic  inspiration.  His  trage- 
dies are:  'Thirza*  (1784);  'Lady  Jane  Grey* 
(1791);  'Inez  de  Castro*  (1793);  'Mucins  Cor- 
dus*  (1795);  and  'The  Resuscitation  of  Laz- 
arus* (1811).  He  wrote  also  some  stories  — 
'Julia*  (1783);  'Ferdinand  and  Constance* 
(1785) — which,  like  his  odes  and  his  didactic 
poem  'The  Count,*  show  plainly  the  influence 
of  German  poetry  in  the  "Werther**  period. 

Felder,  Franz  Michael  (fel'der).  An  Aus- 
trian story-writer;  born  at  Schoppernau,  in  the 
Bregenzer  Wald,  May  13,  1839;  died  at  Bre- 
genz,  April  26,  1869.  Though  condemned  to  the 
labor  of  the  field  and  "  hy  poverty  oppressed,** 
his  '  Out  of  the  Ordinary :  Life  and  Character 
Pictures  of  the  Bregenzer  Wald*  (1867),  and 
'Rich  and  Poor*  (1868),  markedly  original  in 
style  and  view,  gave  him  an  acknowledged  lit- 
erary standing. 

Feldmann,  Leopold  (feld'man).  A  German 
dramatist  and  journalist ;  born  at  Munich,  May 
22,  1802 ;  died  March  26,  18S2.  In  1835  ap- 
peared his  '  Lays  of  Hell,*  on  the  theme  of 
unrequited  love ;  next  the  comedy  '  The  Son 
on  his  Travels,*  which  made  a  brilliant  suc- 
cess at  Munich.  After  five  years  in  travel, 
chiefly  in  Greece,  as  correspondent  of  the  All- 
gemeine  Zeitung,  in  1850  he  settled  in  Vienna 
for  life.  His  comedies  were  very  popular  in 
their  day ;  the  most  worthy  of  mention  are : 
'  Free  Choice  * ;  '  Sweetheart's  Portrait  * ;  '  The 
Late  Countess  * ;  '  The  Comptroller  and  his 
Daughter.* 

Feletz,  Charles  Marie  Dorimond  de  (fa-lets'). 
A  French  critic  and  essayist ;  born  at  Grimont, 


FELLOWS  —  FERNALD 


183 


Limousin  (?),  about  1767;  died  in  Paris  (?),  Feb. 
II,  1850.  After  some  thrilling  experiences  in 
the  Revolutionary  period,  he  settled  down  to 
journalism  in  Paris,  writing  many  celebrated 
essays  and  reviews,  and  entering  the  French 
Academy.  The  volumes  of  <  Philosophical,  His- 
torical, and  Literary  Miscellany  >  (1828),  and 
♦Historical  and  Literary  Estimates  >  (1840),  con- 
tain his  finest  studies. 

Fellows,  Sir  Charles.  An  English  archaeol- 
ogist and  writer  on  classical  antiquities ;  born 
in  Nottingham,  Aug.  1799;  died  in  London,  Nov. 
8,  i860.  Learning  and  accuracy  are  manifest 
in  <  An  Account  of  Discoveries  in  Lycia>  (1841), 
<The  Xanthian  Marbles >  (1843),  and  many 
like  investigations. 

Fellows,  John.  An  American  prose-writer; 
born  in  Sheffield,  Mass.,  in  1760 ;  died  in  New 
York  city,  Jan.  3,  1844.  His  publications  in- 
clude <The  Veil  Removed  >  (1843);  <  Exposi- 
tion of  the  Mysteries  or  Religious  Dogmas 
and  Customs  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians,  Pyth- 
agoreans, and  Druids  > ;  <  Mysteries  of  Free- 
Masonry  > ;  and  a  work  on  the  authorship  of 
the  Junius  Letters. 

Felt,  Josepli  Barlow.  An  American  his- 
torical writer ;  born  in  Salem,  Mass.,  Dec.  22, 
1789;  .died  there,  Sept.  8,  1869.  He  was  well 
known  for  his  extensive  and  accurate  knowl- 
edge of  New  England  history.  Among  his 
publications  are :  <  Annals  of  Salem,>  said  by 
Bancroft  to  be  ♦*  an  accurate  and  useful  work  >^ 
(1827;  2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  1845-49);  <The  Customs 
of  New  England'  (1853);  and  < Ecclesiastical 
History  of  New  England  >  (2  vols.,  1855-62). 

Felton,  Cornelius  Conway.  An  American 
scholar  and  writer;  born  in  Newbury,  Mass., 
Nov.  6,  1807 ;  died  in  Chester,  Pa.,  Feb.  26, 
1862.  In  1834  he  became  professor  of  Greek 
literature  at  Harvard;  in  i860  its  president. 
His  publications  include  many  translations  from- 
German,  French,  and  Greek,  of  which  <The 
Clouds  >  and  <  The  Birds  >  of  Aristophanes  are 
the  most  distinguished ;  also  <  Familiar  Letters 
from  Europe*  (1864);  < Greece,  Ancient  and 
Modern  >  (1867);  *  Selections  from  Modern 
Greek  Writers  > ;  etc. 

Fenelon,  Frangois  de  Salignac  de  la  Mothe 

(fan-Ion').  A  French  theologian  and  writer; 
born  in  the  Chateau  Fdnelon  in  Pdrigord, 
Dordogne,  Aug.  6,  1651 ;  died  Jan.  7,  1715. 
He  is  especially  famous  for  his  story  <Telem- 
achus.>  His  other  writings  include  :  <  Treatise 
on  the  Education  of  Young  Girls  > ;  <  Fables  > ; 
•Dialogues  of  the  Dead';  <Life  of  Charle- 
magne ' ;  ♦  Exposition  of  the  Maxims  of  the 
Saints  Regarding  the  Inner  Life';  and  many 
others. 

Fenn,  George  Manville.  An  English  story- 
writer;  born  in  London,  Jan.  3,  1831.  He 
graduated  from  journalism  into  fiction,  gaining 
prom.inence  b\-  '  i'",li's  ("hiUircn'  flSSj),  a  tale 
of  clerical  life;  <  Tlie  Golden  Magnet'  (1884), 
a  story   for  boysf,   <The   Master  of  the  Cere- 


monies' (1886),  a  novel  of  old-fashioned  Eng- 
land ;<  Uncle  Bart  >  ( 1900)  ;<  Old  Gold  >  (1901). 

Fenton,  Elijah.  An  English  poet,  dramatist, 
and  biographer;  born  at  Shelton,  Staffordshire, 
May  20,  1683;  died  in  Berkshire,  August  (not 
July)  1730.  He  worked  with  Pope  at  the  trans- 
lation of  the  Odysse)%  wrote  <  Mariamne,'  a 
tragedy,  and  produced  a  <  Hymn  to  the  Sun,' 
with  other  verse  displaying  taste  and  talent. 

Ferguson,  Adam.  A  Scotch  historian  and 
ethical  writer;  born  June  20,  1723;  died  at 
St.  Andrews,  Feb.  22,  1816.  As  a  professor, 
and  later  as  traveling  companion  to  the  young 
Lord  Chesterfield,  he  exhibited  the  taste,  refine- 
ment, and  charm  which  characterize  no  less 
his  writings  than  his  personality  as  revealed 
by  his  contemporaries.  <  Institutes  of  Moral 
Philosophy'  (1769),  < Observations  on  Civil  and 
Political  Liberty'  (1776),  and  <  History  of  the 
Progress  and  Termination  of  the  Roman  Repub- 
lic' (1805),  are  a  few  of  his  interesting  books. 

Ferguson,  Sir  Samuel.  An  Irish  lawyer,  anti- 
quarian, and  poet;  bom  in  Belfast,  Ireland,  in 
1810 ;  died  in  1886.  In  early  life  he  was  a  prom- 
inent member  of  the  Irish  bar;  in  1867  was 
appointed  Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Public  Rec- 
ords of  Ireland ;  and  in  1878  was  knighted  in 
recognition  of  his  antiquarian  and  literary  ac- 
complishments. He  will  best  be  remembered  as 
the  author  of  the  stirring  poem,  <  The  Forging 
of  the  Anchor,'  which  first  appeared  in  Black- 
wood's Magazine.  Chief  among  his  other  pub- 
lications are  :  <  Lays  of  the  Western  Gael '  (1864); 
<  Congal '  (1872),  a  poem  in  five  books ;  <  Poems' 
(1880);  < Shakespearean  Brevities'  (1882). 

Fergusson,  James.  A  celebrated  Scotch 
writer  on  architecture ;  born  at  A>t,  Scotland, 
Jan.  22,  1808;  died  in  London,  Jan.  9,  1886.  His 
early  travels  in  the  Orient  resulted  in  the  <  His- 
torical Inquiry  into  the  True  Principles  of  Art' 
(1849).  His  monumental  achievement,  which 
constitutes  him  perhaps  the  greatest  of  writers 
on  the  subject,  is  <  History  of  Architecture  in 
All  Countries'  (3d  ed.  1894).  Among  his  titles, 
which  include  volumes  incorporated  into  his 
great  history,  are  <  Illustrated  Handbook  of 
Architecture'  (1855);  <  History  of  the  Modern 
Styles  of  Architecture ' ;  <  The  History  of  Indian 
and  Eastern  Architecture ' ;  <  Fire  and  Serpent 
Worship  > ;  and  innumerable  pamphlets  on  the 
scientific  and  aesthetic  aspects  of  architecture 
and  kindred  themes. 

Fergusson,  Robert.  A  Scotch  poet ;  born 
in  Edinburgh,  Sept.  5,  1750 ;  died  there,  Oct.  16, 
1774.  He  had  a  precocious  and  versatile  poeti- 
cal genius,  but  of  the  kind  nearly  allied  to 
madness;  and  after  publishing  <  Poems'  (1773), 
a  collection  of  many  gems,  he  was  carried  to 
an  insane  asylum. 

Fern,  Fanny.    See  Parton. 

Fernald,  Chester  Bailey.  An  American 
writer;  born  in  1869.  lie  is  a  resident  of  San 
I'lancisco, Cal.  lie  isaconlriliuUir  to  uiuya/inc.N, 
and  the  author  of  *  The  Cat  and  the  Ciicnili,  and 
Other  Stories  ' ;  <  John  Kcndrys'  Idea.' 


i84 


FERNANDEZ  —  FERRARI 


Fern&ndez,  Diego  (fer-nan'deth).  A  Spanish- 
American  historian ;  born  in  Palencia,  Spain, 
1530  (?);  died  in  Seville,  Spain,  1581.  He  was 
apparently  a  soldier  of  fortune,  lured  to  the 
scene  of  Pizarro's  great  conquest  in  the  hope 
of  fabulous  wealth;  the  upshot  being  some 
fighting  experiences,  and  *■  The  First  and  Sec- 
ond Parts  of  the  History  of  Peru>  (i57l).  a 
warm  and  interesting,  although  perhaps  parti- 
san, narrative  of  the  subjugation  of  the  Incas. 

Fernandez,  Lucas.  A  Spanish  dramatist  of 
the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries.  His 
works,  publislied  under  the  general  title  <  Farces 
and  Eclogues  in  the  Pastoral  Style  and  Man- 
ner >  (1514).  consist  of  six  pastoral  dramas  in 
his  native  Castilian  dialect  :  three  religious, 
the  others  pictures  of  actual  pastoral  life,  with 
shepherds  acting  simply  and  discoursing  in 
their  naive  way. 

Fernandez  de  los  Rios,  Angel  (fer-nan'deth 
da  los  re'os).  A  Spanish  publicist,  topical  and 
descriptive  writer,  and  journalist ;  born  in  Ma- 
drid, July  27,  1821 ;  died  near  Paris  (?),  1879. 
Active  in  politics  and  political  journalism  at 
home,  he  was  banished  at  last,  and  became  a 
man  of  letters  in  Paris.  To  his  credit  are 
placed  <A11  or  Nothing  >  (1876),  an  anti-Bourbon 
prose  study  of  social  conditions ;  <A  Week  in 
Lisbon  >  (1876);  and  many  essays  of  value  on 
the  politics  and  resources  of  the  Peninsula. 

Fernandez  de  Piedrahita,  Lucas  (fer- 
nan'deth  da  pya-dra-e'ta).  A  South-American 
historian  and  prelate ;  born  in  Bogota,  Colom- 
bia, 1624 ;  died  in  Panama,  1688.  Educated  by 
the  Jesuits,  he  was  soon  noted  as  far  as  Rome 
for  his  learning,  piety,  and  capacity ;  his  pro- 
motion to  episcopal  rank  coming  early.  A 
'History  of  the  Kingdom  of  New  Granada* 
(1688),  the  result  of  many  years'  researches,  is 
an  inestimable  storehouse,  from  which  every 
subsequent  worker  has  drawn  treasures ;  the 
performance  remaining  incomplete,  however, 
in  consequence  of  the  disappearance  of  the 
author's  manuscript  after  his  death. 

Fernandez-Guerra  y  Orbe,  Aureliano  (fer- 
nan'deth  ger'a  e  or'be).  A  Spanish  poet,  dram- 
atist, and  critic ;  born  in  Granada,  June  16, 
1816  (not  1817).  A  long  life  devoted  to  literary 
stuaies  has  resulted  in  *  The  Lovers'  Punish- 
ment' (1838),  a  comedy  ;  <  Odes  and  Romances* 
(1842),  a  collection  of  verse;  a  critical  edition 
of  the  works  of  Francisco  de  Quevedo ;  and 
many  other  performances  as  brilliant.    D.  1894. 

Fernandez-Guerra  y  Orbe,  Luis.  A  Span- 
ish dramatist  and  verse-writer,  brother  of  Au- 
reliano;  born  in  Granada,  April  ii,  1818.  The 
law  was  his  first  calling,  but  he  wrote  <A 
Vow,>  <  Her  Highness's  Hair-Dresser,*  and  other 
stage  skits,  and  established  himself  in  literature ; 
producing  much  verse,  and  a  highly  prized  crit- 
ical work  on  the  eminent  dramatist  Alarcon 
y  Mendoza.     He  died  Sept.  7.  1894. 

Fornandez-Lizardi,  Jos6  Joaquin  (fer-nan'- 
deth le-thar'de).  A  distinguished  Mexican  nov- 
elist; born  in  the  City  of  Mexico  in  1771 ;  died 


there,  June  1827.  His  most  famous  work  is 
<  Periquillo  Sarniento  *  (1816;  new  ed.,  illus- 
trated, 2  vols.,  1884).  He  also  published  two 
novels,  <Sad  Nights  and  Gala  Days'  (1S23) 
and  <  Life  and  Exploits  of  the  Famous  Knight 
Don  Catrin  de  la  Facheuda*  (1832). 

Fern&ndez-Madrid,  Jose.  A  South-American 
poet ;  born  in  Cartagena,  Colombia,  Feb.  9, 
1789;  died  near  London,  England,  June  28, 
1829.  He  published  a  volume  of  poems,  <Las 
Rosas'  (1822);  also  two  tragedies,  <Atala> 
(1822)  and  <Guatimozin>  (1827). 

Fernandez  y  Gonzalez,  Manuel  (fer-nJin'- 
deth  e  gon-tha'leth).  A  Spanish  poet  and  nov- 
elist; born  at  Seville,  1826;  died  Jan.  16,  1888. 
A  boyhood  in  Granada  and  seven  years'  army 
service  gave  him  varied  experience  of  life  and 
men.  From  1846  he  gave  himself  to  literature ; 
and  the  plays  <  Struggling  Against  Fate '  (1848); 
'The  Cid>  (1858);  <A  Duel  on  Time'  (1859); 
'Imperial  Adventures'  (1864),  well  constructed 
and  full  of  humor,  won  great  popularity. 
Among  his  more  notable  novels,  which  circu- 
lated widely,  are :  '  The  Seven  Children  of 
Lara'  (1862);  <The  Bloody  Queen'  (1883); 
<The  Plantagenet  Brothers'  (1889). 

Ferrand,  Eduard  (fe-ron'),  pseudonym  of 
Eduard  Schulz.  A  German  poet  and  ^story- 
writer;  born  in  Landsberg-on-the-Warta,  Jan. 
23,  1813 ;  died  in  Berlin,  Oct.  23,  1842.  In  vari- 
ous 'Poems'  (1834),  and  collected  'Tales' 
(1835),  and  in  ' E.xperiences  of  the  Heart' 
(1839),  he  shows  imaginativeness,  and  great  sus- 
ceptibility to  love  in  all  its  exquisite  emanci- 
pation from  the  practical. 

Ferrari,  Giuseppe  (fer-ra're).  An  Italian 
historian  and  philosophical  writer ;  born  in 
Milan,  1812 ;  died  in  Rome,  July  i,  1876.  Early 
trained  to  an  unsparingly  material  and  real- 
istic standpoint,  he  became  noted  for  the  vigor 
and  democratic  impartiality  of  his  'On  Error' 
(1840);  '  Campanella's  Religious  Opinions' 
(1840);  '  Machiavelli  as  Judge  of  the  Revolu- 
tions of  our  Time'  (1849);  'Philosophy  of  Rev- 
olutions' (1851);  'History  of  Italian  Revolu- 
tions, or  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines'  (1856-58); 
etc., —  mostly  happy  in  style,  and  profoundly 
influential    in   molding    contemporary    thought. 

Ferrari,  Paolo.  An  Italian  dramatist ;  born 
at  Modena,  April  5,  1822;  died  March  9,  1889. 
His  early  comedies  had  little  success ;  and  his 
masterpiece,  '  Goldoni  and  his  Sixteen  Com- 
edies'  (1852)  was  refused  production  for  two 
years,  but  when  acted  won  both  a  popular  and 
a  critical  ovation.  Its  successor,  '  Parini  and 
Satire'  (1857),  gained  equal  favor.  Among  his 
others  are:  'The  Modern  Tartuffe'  (1862); 
'Suicide'  (1875);  'The  Rival  Friends'  (1S78); 
'  Antonietta  '  ( 1880 );  '  Fulvio  Testi '  (1889). 

Ferrari,  Severino.  An  Italian  poet  and 
scholar;  born  in  Alberino,  near  Bologna,  1856. 
Much  study  and  cunning  workmanship  are 
manifest  in  the  verse  collections  '  For  Him  and 
His'  (1876);  'New  Stanzas'  (1888);  and  in 
longer  experiments. 


FERRAZZI  —  FESZLER 


185 


Ferrazzi,  Giuseppe  Jacopo  (fer-ats'e).  An 
Italian  critic,  essayist,  and  Dante  scholar;  born 
in  Cartigliano,  near  Bassano,  March  20,  1813 ; 
died  at  Bassano,  1887  (not  1881).  He  is  best 
known  for  his  invaluable  <  Handbooks  to 
Dante  >  (1865-77);  but<Torquato  Tasso  :  a  Bio- 
graphical, Critical,  and  Bibliographical  Study  > 
(1880),  and  studies  of  Ariosto,  besides  an 
< Italian  Anthology*  (1858-59),  would  in  them- 
selves make  him  a  conspicuous  literary  figure. 

Ferreira,  Antonio.  A  celebrated  Portuguese 
poet  and  dramatist;  born  at  Lisbon  in  1528; 
died  of  the  plague  in  1569.  He  held  a  pro- 
fessorship at  the  University  of  Coimbra ;  subse- 
quently became  judge  of  the  supreme  court  at 
Lisbon.  During  his  leisure  he  composed  son- 
nets, odes,  and  epigrams,  which  earned  for  him 
the  title  of  the  "  Portuguese  Horace.'*  His 
high  literary  reputation,  however,  is  due  to  his 

<  Epistles  *  and  the  tragedy  of  <  Inez  de  Castro,* 
the  second  regular  tragedy  produced  in  Europe. 
The  subject  is  a  popular  Portuguese  legend ;  the 
play  is  modeled  upon  the  Greek  tragic  drama. 

Ferreira  de  Vasconcellos,  Jorge  (fer-ra'e-ra 
da  vas"kon-serosh).  A  Portuguese  dramatist; 
died  1585-  His  prose  comedies,  <Euphrosyne* 
(1560),  <  Usilippo*  (1618),  < Aulegraphia  >  (1619), 
are  strictly  national,  and  are  valuable  both 
philologically  and  for  the  proverbs  in  which 
they  abound.  He  wrote  also  a  romance  of  chiv- 
alry, <The  Triumph  of  Sagramor*  (1567). 

Ferreras,  Juan  de  (fer-ra'ras).  A  Spanish 
historian  and  poetaster;  born  in  Labaileza, 
June  7,  1652;  died  (probably)  near  Madrid,  June 
8,  1735-  He  was  a  scholarly  and  respected 
priest,  whose  careful  < History  of  Spain*  (1700- 
27)  is  authoritative  for  the  period  prior  to 
1598;  his  < Poems*  (1726)  are  less  important. 

Ferrero  Guglielmo,  an  Italian  historian, 
born  at  Portici,  in  1871  ;  wrote  the  bril- 
liant works  <  The  Greatness  and  Decline  of 
Rome,*  and  <  Characters  and  Events  of  Roman 
History*  (1901).  This  work,  a  departure  in 
historical  writing,  consists  of  a  series  of  studies 
of  ancient  Rome's  great  men  and  women,  and  of 
critical  moments  and  events  in  Roman  history. 
He,  in  1909,  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  in  the 
United  States. 

Ferreyra  de  la  Cerda,  Bernarda  (fer-ri'ra 
da  la  ther'da).  A  Portuguese  poet ;  (1595-1644). 
She  became,  when  a  little  more  than  twenty,  a 
cherished  verse  and  play  writer,  of  pleasing 
style  and  great  beauty  of  diction  and  imagery. 

<  Liberated  Spain,*  a  sort  of  poetic  history,  ex- 
emplifies her  merits. 

Ferrler,  Susan  Edmonstone.  A  Scotch  nov- 
elist (1782-1854).  She  wrote  three  tales: 
<Marriage*  (1818);  <  The  Inheritance*  (1824); 
< Destiny*  (1831).  In  them  is  seen  a  faithful 
and  spirited  delineation  of  Scotch  character ; 
and  her  pages  are  illumined  by  a  genial  wit  and 
a  quick  sense  of  the  ludicrous. 

Ferrlgni,  Piero  Francesco  Leopoldo  Coc- 
ooluto  (fer-en'ye).  An  Italian  journalist,  and 
topical  and  descriptive  writer;  bom  in  Li- 
vomo  (Leghorn),  Nov.  15,  1836.    A  genius  for 


throwing  literary  flash-lights  on  the  subjects 
of  the  day  has  made  him  a  prodigious  favorite ; 
among  the  many  stepping-stones  to  his  pop- 
ularity being  < Among  Pictures  and  Statues* 
(1872);  <See  Naples  and  .  .  .*;  <Up  and 
Down  in  Florence*  (1877);  <The  King  Is 
Dead  >  (187S) ;  <  Jousts  and  Tourneys  *.    D.  1895. 

Ferris,  George  Titus.  An  American  writer 
on  music  and  musicians.  His  works  include : 
'Great  German  Composers*  (1879);  'Great 
Italian  and  French  Composers*  (1879);  'Great 
Singers*  (1880-81);  < Great  Violinists  and  Pian- 
ists* (1881). 

Ferry,  Gabriel  (fe-re'),  the  Elder,  pseudo- 
nym of  Eugene  Louis  Gabriel  Ferry  de  Belle- 
mare.  A  French  story-teller  (1809-52).  His 
stories  appeared  first  serially  in  the  Revue  des 
Deux  Mondes.  He  made  repeated  voyages  to 
America :  in  his  last  voyage,  to  California,  he 
lost  his  life  in  the  burning  at  sea  of  the  ship 
Amazon.  Among  his  tales  are :  '  The  Wood- 
ranger  ' ;  <  Hunting  with  Cossacks  * ;  <  Costal 
the  Indian*;  'Scenes  of  Military  Life  in  Mex- 
ico*; 'The  Squatters.* 

Ferry,  Gabriel,  the  Younger.  A  French 
dramatist  and  novelist,  son  of  Gabriel  the 
Elder  and  continuing  his  pseudonym ;  born  in 
Paris,  May  30,  1846.  He  has  produced  plays,— 
'Rdginah*  (1874),  being  one  of  the  be,st;  while 
his  miscellaneous  prose  includes  <  The  Las) 
Years  of  Alexandre  Dumas,  1864-70*  (1883)1 
<  Balzac  and  his  (Feminine)  Friends  *  (1888);  and 
'  The  Exploits  of  Caesar  :  A  Parisian  Novel  > 
(1889);  'The  Last  Days  of  King-Sun*  (1896). 

Fessenden,  Thomas  Green.  An  Americai. 
who  wrote  partly  under  the  name  "  Christophet- 
Caustic**;  born  in  Walpole,  N.  H.,  April  22 
1771 ;  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  11,  1837.  Ht< 
graduated  from  Dartmouth.  While  in  college 
he  wrote  a  ballad,  'Jonathan's  Courtship.*  Ho 
went  to  London  in  1801,  and  while  there  pub . 
lished  anonymously  a  satirical  poem,  <  TerribU 
Tractoration  *  ( 1803) .  He  returned  to  the  United 
States ;  did  literary  work  in  New  York ;  went 
to  Boston  and  founded  the  New  England 
Farmer  (1822).  Some  of  his  publications  were 
'The  American  Clerk's  Companion*  (1815)^ 
'The  Ladies'  Monitor*  (1818);  and  'Laws  of 
Patents  for  New  Inventions*  (1822). 

Feszler,  Ignaz  Aurelius  (fes'ler).  A  Hun- 
garian historian  and  novelist  (1756-1S39).  A 
Capuchin  priest,  his  secret  communication  to 
Joseph  II.  in  1781  regarding  the  monasteries 
brought  about  a  radical  reformation  of  them. 
Appointed  professor  of  Oriental  languages  in 
the  Vienna  University,  he  had  to  leave  the  post 
and  Austria  for  his  atheistic  and  seditious 
tragedy  'Sidney*  (1787);  similar  reasons  cost 
him  a  professorship  in  the  Alexander  Nevsky 
Academy  of  St.  Petersburg;  afterward  he  be- 
came general  superintendent  of  the  Lutheran 
congregations  in  that  city.  He  wrote  the  his- 
torical novels  <  Marcus  Aurelius*  (1790);  'Aris- 
tides  and  Themistocles  *  (1792);  'Matthias 
Corvinus*  (1793);   'Attila*  (1794).  His  greatest 


i86 


FET  — FIBIGER 


work  is  a  <  History  of  Hungar}'*  (lo  vols.,  1812- 
25).  He  wrote  voluminously  on  Freemasonry, 
and  published  an  interesting  autobiography,  *A 
Review  of  my  Seventy  Years'  Pilgrimage  > 
(1826J. 

Fet,  A.  (fet),  pseudonym  of  Afanasy  Afana- 
sievitch  Shenshin.  A  Russian  poet;  born  in 
Orel,  Dec.  5,  1820 ;  died  at  Moscow,  Dec.  4,  1892. 
A  versifier  almost  from  his  cradle,  he  made 
himself  noted  in  early  manhood  by  his  many 
charming  poems :  his  most  enduring  fame  rest- 
ing upon  the  collection  called  <  Evenings  and 
Nights'  (1883),  although  versions  of  Horace, 
Juvenal,  Goethe,  and  even  Shakespeare,  show 
his  scholarly  and  literary  attainments. 

Fetis,  Frangois  Joseph  (fa-tes').  A  Belgian 
composer  and  authority  on  music ;  born  at 
Mons,  March  25,  1784 ;  died  in  Brussels,  March 
26,  1871.  His  music  is  admired  for  original 
harmony  and  a  sympathetic  interpretation  of 
emotion  ;  and  his  writings,  especially  the  <  His- 
tory of  Music'  (1868)  and  < Biography  and  Bib- 
liography of  Music  and  Musicians'  (1837),  are 
respected  by  experts. 

Feuchtersleben,  Baron  Ernst  von  (foich'- 
ters-la"ben).  An  Austrian  poet  and  physician; 
bom  at  Vienna,  April  29,  1806;  died  there, 
Sept.  3,  1849.  In  medicine  he  stood  in  the 
foremost  rank  as  a  practitioner;  and  his  works, 
especially  on  psychiatry,  were  widely  read  for 
authority  and  lucid  exposition.  Among  his 
<  Poems'  (1836)  is  the  lyric  —  now  become  a 
popular  melody — "It  stands  in  God's  decrees" 
(Es  ist  bestimmt  in  Gottes  Rat). 

Feuerbach,  Anselm  (foi'er-bach).  A  Ger- 
man archieologist,  brother  of  Ludwig ;  born 
Sept.  9,  1798;  died  Sept.  8,  1851.  His  <  Vatican 
Apollo*  (1833),  and  essa)S  and  studies  in  classic 
art  and  art  history,  are  of  great  merit  and  im- 
portance. 

Feuerbacb,  Ludwig  Andreas.  A  noted  Ger- 
man philosopher ;  born  in  Landshut,  July  28, 
1804 ;  died  in  the  Reichenberg,  near  Nuremberg, 
Sept.  13,  1872.  He  was  a  Hegelian  and  ma- 
terialist whose  opinions  hindered  a  professional 
career,  and  who  devoted  himself  to  metaphys- 
ics in  retirement;  but  in  his  masterpiece,  <The 
Essence  of  Christianity'  (4th  ed.  1883),  he  is  no 
longer  a  Hegelian.  In  his  'Theogonie'  (2d  ed. 
1866),  he  deals  with  worship  from  the  historical 
standpoint. 

Feuerbach,  Paul  Johann  Anselm  von.  An 
eminent  German  criminalist  and  reformer  of 
the  penal  laws ;  bom  in  Hainichen,  near  Jena, 
Nov.  14,  1775;  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
May  29,  1833.  He  is  at  his  best  in  :  <  Review 
of  the  Fundamental  Principles  and  Ideals  of 
Penal  Law'  (1799);  < Exposition  of  Remarkable 
Crimes'  (1828);  <Kaspar  Hauser :  An  Instance 
of  a  Crime  against  a  Soul'  (1832). 

Feuillet,  Octave  (fe-ya').  A  distinguished 
French  novelist;  bom  at  St.  E6,  Aug.  11,  1821 ; 
died  at  Paris,  Deo.  29,  1S90.  <  The  Great  Old 
Man'  (1845)  was  his  first  story;  but  the  < Ro- 
mance of  a  Poor  Young  Man'    (1858),  which 


was  dramatized,  first  made  him  famous.  Among 
his  numerous  other  novels  are  :  *  The  History 
of  Sibylla'    (1862),   a   romance   of    mysticism; 

<  Julia  de  Trecceur'  (1872),  dramatized  as  <  The 
Sphinx';   <A  Marriage  in   High   Life'    (1875); 

<  Story  of  a  Parisienne  ' ;  <  La  Morte  '  (1886). 
He  was  also  a  successful  playwright :  '  Mont- 
joj-e'  (1863)  mirrored  the  moral  rottenness  of 
the  Second  Empire.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Academy  in  1863.  Beginning  as  a  young-girls' 
novelist  of  the  discreetest  sort,  he  ended  in 
much  the  usual  French  fashion. 

Feuillet  de  Conches,  Baron  F^Ux  Sebas- 
tien  (fe-ya  de  kohsh).  A  French  writer  of 
biographical  and  historical  miscellany;  born 
in  Paris,  Dec.  4,  1798 ;  died  there,  Feb.  6,  1887. 
Literary  criticism  is  the  mother  of  <  Metaphysi- 
cal Meditations  and  Correspondence  of  Male- 
branche'  (1841)  and  'Leopold  Robert:  His 
Life,  Labors,  and  Letters'  (1849);  while  a  gos- 
sipy fluency  imparts  interest  to  <  An  Old  Child's 
Tales'  (i860)  and  a  'History  of  the  English 
School  of  Painting'  (1883). 

Feval,  Paul  (fa-val').  A  notable  French  nov- 
elist; born  at  Rennes,  Sept.  27,  1817;  died  at 
Paris,  March  8,  1887.  His  first  story,  <  The  Seals' 
Club'  (1841),  and  others,  having  given  him 
some  note,  he  was  offered  a  large  sum  to  write, 
under  the  pseudonym  <*  Francis  Trollope"  (as 
though    an    Englishman),    a    sensational    story 

<  The  Mysteries  of  London,'  after  the  manner 
of  Sue's  <  Mysteries  of  Paris.'  It  was  done  in 
II  vols.,  was  immensely  successful,  widely  trans- 
lated, and  put  on  the  stage.  He  remained  a 
very  fertile,  spirited,  and  popular  writer,  often 
dramatized,  with  long  runs.  Especially  success- 
ful were:  < The  Son  of  the  Devil'  (1847);  <The 
Hunchback'  (1858);  <  Mrs.  Gil  Bias';  <The 
Last  Man  Alive'  (1873);  <The  Wonders  of  Mt. 
St.  Michael'  (1879). 

Feydeau,  Ernest  (fa-do').  A  French  novel- 
ist (1821-73).  His  ill-famed  story  < Fanny' 
(1858)  had  an  unprecedented  success.  It  was 
followed  by  '  Daniel  >  (1859);  <  Catherine  d'Over- 
meire'  (1S60);  <  Sylvie '  fi86l);  and  <A  D^but 
at  the  Opera'  (1863).  Of  his  later  works  one 
only  had  any  marked  success,  <  The  Countess 
de  Chalis,  or  the  Morals  of  our  Day'  (1868). 
He  tried,  but  with  little  success,  to  write  for 
the  stage.  He  repeatedly  felt  the  need  of 
rebutting  the  charge  of  indecency :  <  On  the 
Luxury  of  Women ;  on  Morals,  Literature,  and 
Virtue'  (1866)  is  an  elaborate  apologia. 

Ffraid,  I.  D.,  pseudonym  of  John  Evans. 
A  Welsh  poet  and  essayist ;  born  at  Ty  Mawr. 
Llansantffraid  yn  Nghonwy,  July  23,  1814;  died 
there  (?),  March  4,  1876.  He  wrote  brilliant 
papers  for  the  Baner  and  other  journals ;  while 
his  <  Mixed  Poems'  (Difyrwch  Bechgyn  Glanau 
Conwy)    (1835)  aroused  general  admiration. 

Fibiger,  Johannes  Henrik  Tauber  (fib'e- 
ger).  A  Danish  poet;  born  at  Nykjobing,  Jan, 
27,  182 1.  He  v.rote  dramas  founded  on  Biblical 
history, —  'Jephtha's  Daughter'  (1849J;  < Jere- 
miah' (1850);  <John  the  Baptist'  (1857);   also 


FICHTE  — FIELDS 


187 


a  few  secular  tragedies,  the  most  notable  among 
them  being*  Cross  and  Love>  (1858)  and  <The 
Everlasting  Struggle'  fi866);  and  a  narrative 
poem  in  16  cantos,  <The  Gray  Friars'  (1882). 

Fichte,  Immanuel  Hermann  von  (lich'tcj. 
A  German  philosopher,  son  of  Johann ;  born 
in  Jena,  July  18,  1796;  died  in  Stuttgart,  Aug. 
8,  1879.  lie  was  a  mystic  theist,  but  tried  to 
frame  a  compromise  which  should  not  exclude 
disbelief  in  a  supreme  being.  <  Speculative 
Theology'  (1847);  < System  of  Ethics'  (1850); 
and  <  The  Soul  Question :  A  Philosophic  Con- 
fession' (1859),  are  his  typical  works. 

Fichte,  Jobann  Gottlieb.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man philosopher;  born  at  Rammenau  in  Upper 
Lusatia,  May  19,  1762;  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  27, 
1814.  He  wrote  his  treatise  <  Essay  toward  a 
Critique  of  All  Revelation'  (1792)  as  a  "letter 
of  introduction"  to  Kant.  He  was  appointed 
professor  of  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Jena 
in   1794 ;  and  the  following  year  published  his 

<  Doctrine  of  Science,'  a  fundamental  departure 
from  Kant.  Of  his  philosophical  writings  the 
most  important  are  :  <  The  Doctrine  of  Science ' 
(1794);  <  Foundations  of  the  Whole  Doctrine  of 
Science'  (1794);  <  Introduction  to  the  Doctrine 
of  Science'  (1798);  < System  of  Moral  Doctrine' 
(1798);  <  Man's  Destiny'  (1800). 

Field,  Mrs.  Caroline  Leslie  (Whitney). 
An  Anierican  writer,  daughter  of  Mrs.  A.  D.  T. 
Whitney;  born  at  Milton,  Mass.,  Nov.  10,  1853; 
died  there  Dec.  i,  1902.  Her  works  are: 
<High  Lights'  (1885),  a  novel;  'The  Unseen 
King,  and  Other  Verses'  (1887). 

Field,  Eugene.  An  American  poet  and  hu- 
morous journalist ;  born  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept. 
2,  1850 ;  died  Nov.  4,  1895.  His  latter  years 
were  spent  in  Chicago.  By  his  poems  and 
tales  in  the  press  he  won  a  high  reputation 
in  the  West,  which  before  his  death  had  be- 
come national.  His  poems  for  children  are 
admirable  in  their  simplicity  and  in  their  sym- 
pathetic insight  into  the  child's  world  of  thought 
and   feeling.      His   complete  works   comprise : 

<  Love  Songs  of  Childhood  > ;  <  A  Little  Book 
of  Western  Verse  ' ;  <A  Second  Book  of  Verse ' ; 

<  The  Holy  Cross,  and  Other  Tales ' ;  <  The  Love 
Affairs  of  a  Bibliomaniac'  He  made,  in  col- 
laboration with  his  brother  Roswell  Martin 
Field,  some  good  translations  from    Horace — ■ 

<  Echoes  from  the  Sabine  Farm.' 

Field,  Henry  Martyn.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  scholar;  born  in  Stockbridge,  Mass., 
April  3,  1822.  He  is  a  graduate  of  Williams 
College,  and  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  in 
1842.  In  1854  he  became  editor  and  proprietor 
of  the  New  York  Evangelist.  He  has  been  a 
lifelong  traveler.  Among  his  works  are : 
< Summer  Pictures  from  Copenhagen  to  Venice' 
(1859);  'History  of  the  Atlantic  Telegraph' 
fiS66);  <From  the  Lakes  of  Killarney  to  the 
Golden  Horn'  (1876);  <From  Egypt  to  Japan' 
(1878);  <On  the  Desert'  (1883);  'Among  the 
Holy  Hills'  (1883);  <The  Greek  Islands  and 
Turkey    after  the  War'    (1885);   <Our   West- 


ern Archipelago  > ;  <  The  Barbary  Coast ' ;  <  Old 
Spain  and  New  Spain';  'Gibraltar';  'Bright 
Skies  and  Dark  Shadows';  'The  Story  of  the 
Atlantic  Cable.'    Died  Jan.  2b,  1907. 

Field,  Kate.  [Mary  Katherine  Kemble.]  An 
American  author  and  lecturer ;  born  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  about  1840 ;  died  in  Honolulu,  Hawaii, 
May  19,  1896.  During  several  years  she  was 
P'uropean  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
Tribune  and  other  journals.  She  founded  Kate 
Field's  Washington  (1889),  in  Washington, 
D.  C.  Among  her  books  are :  '  Planchette's 
Diary'  (1868);  'Ten  Days  in  Spain'  ("1875); 
'  History  of  Bell's  Telephone  > ; '  Life  of  Fechter  > ; 
etc. 

Field,  Maunsell  Bradhurst.  An  American 
prose  and  verse  writer;  bom  in  New  York 
city,  March  26,  1822 ;  died  there,  Jan.  24,  1875. 
Among  his  published  works  are  a  volume  of 
poems  (1869).  In  collaboration  with  G.  P.  R. 
James  he  wrote  'Adrian;  or  the  Clouds  of  the 
Mind'  (1852),  and  'Memoirs  of  Many  Men 
and  Some  Women'  (1874). 

Fielding,  Henry.  A  celebrated  English  nov- 
elist; bom  at  Sharpham  Park,  Somersetshire, 
April  22,  1707,  of  the  blood  of  the  Ilapsburgs ; 
died  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  8,  1754.  After  ill  success 
as  plaj'wright  and  lawyer  he  wrote  'The  Ad- 
ventures of  Joseph  Andrews'  (1742),  to  bur- 
lesque Richardson's  '  Pamela ' ;  it  grew  in  his 
hands  into  a  strong  novel  of  a  new  type,  and 
his  career  and  fame  were  determined.  His 
masterpiece  is  '  Tom  Jones ;  or  the  History  of 
a  Foundling'  (1749).  His  last  novel, '  Amelia' 
(1752),  is  characteristic  of  his  sentiments  rather 
than  of  his  genius.  '  The  History  of  Jonathan 
Wild  >  is  a  piece  of  irony  directed  against  the 
professors  of  conventional  morality. 

Fielding,  Sarah.  An  English  novelist,  sister 
to  Henry;  born  in  East  Stour,  Dorsetshire, 
Nov.  8,  1710;  died  at  Bath,  1768.  Contem- 
poraries adjudged  her  to  show  something  like 
genius  in  her  novels  '  The  Adventures  of  David 
Simple  in  Search  of  a  Faithful  Friend'  (1744), 
and  'The  Governess'  (1749).  She  also  did  a 
few  important  biographies  and  translations. 

Fields,  Annie  (Adams).  An  American  poet 
and  essayist,  wife  of  James  T.  Fields ;  born  in 
Boston,  1834.  She  has  been  a  leader  in  char- 
ity organization  and  work.  She  published : 
'Under  the  Olive,'  poems  (1881);  'Biographv 
of  James  T.  Fields'  (1884);  'How  to  Help 
the  Poor'  (1S85);  'The  Singing  Shepherd'; 
'Authors  and  their  Friends';  '.\  Shelf  of  Old 
Books'  (1896J;  'Life  and  Letters  of  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe '  (1897)  ;  *  Orpheus  >  (1900). 

Fields,  James  Thomas.  An  American  pub- 
lisher and  author;  born  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
Dec.  31,  1S17 ;  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  April  24, 
1881.  The  various  publishing  firms  of  which 
he  was  partner,  with  Ticknor,  Osgood,  and 
others,  were  of  the  first  rank.  He  edited  the 
Atlantic  Monthly  in  1862-70 ;  and  was  an  ac- 
ceptable lectureron  literary  subjects  and  autliors. 
He  published:  'Poems'  (1849);  'A  Few  Verses 


1 88 


FIfiVfiE  — FINCK 


for  a  Few  Friends'  (1858);  < Yesterdays  with 
Authors'  (1872);  <  Hawthorne'  (1875);  'Old 
Acquaintance :  Barry  Cornwall  and  Some  of 
his  Friends'  (1875);  <  In  and  Out  of  Doors 
with  Dickens'  (1876);  < Underbrush'  (1881), 
essays;  < Ballads  and  Other  Verses'  (1881); 
and  (with  Edwin  P.  Whipple)  edited  <The 
Family  Library  of  British  Poetry'  (1878). 

Ti6v6e,  Joseph  ffya-va').  A  French  political 
writer  and  journalist;  bom  in  Paris,  April  9, 
1767;  died  there,  May  7,  1839.  His  experiences 
during  the  French  Revolution  were  not  happy, 
largely  in  consequence  of  his  work  <On  the 
Necessity  of  a  Religion'  (1795);  but  the  Na- 
poleonic rule  proved  more  favorable  to  him. 
He  produced  <  Suzette's  Dowry '  and  <  Frede- 
rick,' two  rather  colorless  fictions,  besides  a 
variety  of  historical  works  on  aspects  of  the 
republic,  consulate,  and  empire. 

Figueroa,  Cristbval  Suarez  de  (fe-ga-ro'a). 
A  Spanish  poet  of  the  first  half  of  the  seven- 
teenth century.  His  most  celebrated  poems 
are  a  translation  of  the  <  Faithful  Shepherd ' 
(1602)  of  Guarini,  and  < Constant  Amaryllis' 
(1609).  He  wrote  a  history  of  <The  Deeds  of 
Don  Garcia  Hurtado  de  Mendoza'  (1613)  in 
the  wars  with  the  Araucanians,  interesting  but 
written  in  an  inflated  style ;  also  an  epic, 
<  Spain  Defended'  (1612). 

Figueroa,  Francisco  de.  A  Spanish  poet 
('i540?-l620?).  He  was  called  by  his  contempo- 
raries « the  Divine  Figueroa,"  and  at  Rome  he 
won  the  poet's  crown.  He  wrote  verse  with 
equal  facility  and  elegance  in  Castilian  and 
Italian.  When  dying  he  burned  all  his  verses ; 
but  they  were  published  —  including  the  cele- 
brated volume  of  eclogues  in  blank  verse,  the 
•  Tirsi '  —  from  copies  in  the  hands  of  his 
friends. 

Figueroa,  Francisco.  A  Mexican  annalist, 
diarist,  and  theologian  ;  bom  in  Toluca,  1730 
(?);  died  in  the  City  of  Mexico,  1800  (?).  He 
was  a  Franciscan  priest,  and  taught  and  lect- 
ured well ;  but  his  great  service  to  literature 
consisted  in  the  compilation  of  materials  for 
a  history  of  Mexico,  among  them  a  <  History 
of  the  Conquest  of  New  Galicia,'  by  Mota 
Padilla,  besides  diaries  and  letters. 

Figueroa,  Francisco  Acufla  de.  A  Uru- 
guayan poet ;  born  in  Montevideo,  1791 ;  died 
there,  Oct.  6,  1862.  A  civil-service  post  af- 
forded him  leisure  to  prepare  his  <  Poetic  Mo- 
saic' (1857),  a  verse  collection,  and  his  more 
notable  '  Paraphrases  of  the  Psalms,'  and  <  The 
Tordidas,'  a  series  of  Paraguayan  notes.  He 
has  been  assigned  a  high  rank  by  competent 
European  critics;  lofty  inspiration  and  sonor- 
ous diction  being  his  characteristics,  exemplified 
in  the  <  National  Hymn  of  Umguay.' 

Flguier,  Guillaume  Louis.  A  French  scien- 
tific writer;  born  at  Montpellier,  Feb.  15,  1819; 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  9,  1894.  He  has  done  much 
for  the  popularization  of  science  as  editor  of 
the  scientific  column  of  the  Presse,  and  as  au- 
thor of  <  The  Exposition  and   History  of  the 


Principal  Modern  Scientific  Discoveries'  (1851- 
53);  <Alchemy  and  Alchemists'  (1854);  < Great 
Ancient  and  Modem  Inventions'  (1864,  3d  ed.); 
'The  Earth  before  the  Deluge'  (1866,  5th  ed.); 
<  Lives  of  Illustrious  Savants'  (1866);  <  Marvels 
of  Science'  (1867-69). 

Fileti  -  Ramondetta,  Concettina  (fe-la'te- 
ra-mon-det'ta).  An  Italian  poet;  born  (Ra- 
mondetta) in  Palermo,  Dec.  31,  1830.  Although 
of  a  distinguished  family,  her  childhood  was 
passed  in  comparative  poverty,  and  she  had 
little  formal  schooling.  Her  talent  was  pre- 
cocious, and  at  sixteen  she  wrote  verses  which 
captivated  the  public.  Becoming  a  wife  and 
mother,  however, —  with  ten  children  at  that,— 
her  association  with  the  Muse  has  been  inter- 
mittent in  recent  years ;  but  she  has  made 
even  this  of  some  literary  service,  as  in  her 
later  <  Poems'  (1887). 

Filicaja,  Vincenzo  da  (fe-le-ka'ya).  A  dis- 
tinguished Italian  poet  (1642-1707).  He  lived 
several  years  in  retirement,  devoted  to  political 
study  and  composition,  but  publishing  nothing 
till  1684,  when  appeared  his  grand  odes  on  the 
rescue  of  Vienna  from  the  Turks,  which  won 
for  him  the  admiration  of  all  Italy,  and  hon- 
orable notice  on  the  part  of  the  Emperor  Leo- 
pold and  King  John  Sobieski  of  Poland.  Queen 
Christina  of  Sweden  named  him  a  member  of 
her  newly  founded  Academy.  In  depth  and 
nobility  of  thought,  in  beauty  of  expression, 
and  in  the  melodiousness  of  his  verse,  Filicaja 
is  one  of  the  foremost  lyrists  of  Italy;  never- 
theless he  trusts  perhaps  too  much  to  art  and 
less  to  nature  and  inspiration. 

Filon,  Auguste  (fe-16h').  A  French  histo- 
rian; born  in  Paris,  June  7,  1800 ;  died  there, 
Dec.  I,  1875.  A  commanding  point  of  view 
and  an  alluring  style  are  conspicuous  through- 
out his  <  Comparative  History  of  France  and 
England'  (1832);  <The  Spiritual  Power  in  its 
Relations  with  the  State'  (1844);  < History  of 
the  Roman  Senate'  (1850);  <  History  of  the 
Athenian  Democracy'  (1854);  and  several  other 
important  works. 

Finch,  Francis  Miles.  An  American  poet, 
and  a  judge  of  the  U.  S.  District  Court ;  born 
in  Ithaca,  N.  ¥.,  June  9,  1827.  He  graduated 
at  Yale ;  and  is  the  author  of  the  well-known 
lyrics  <  Nathan  Hale '  and  <  'I'he  Blue  and 
the  Gray,'  and  a  popular  college  song  begin- 
ning « Floating  away  like  the  fountain's 
spray."  Died  1907. 

Finck,  Henry  Theophilus.  An  American 
musical  critic  and  author;  born  in  Bethel,  Mo., 
Sept.  22,  1854.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1876;  and  from  1878  to  1881  studied  physio- 
logical psychology  at  Berlin,  Heidelberg,  and 
Vienna.  He  is  musical  critic  of  the  New  York 
Evening  Post,  and  a  contributor  to  the  Nation. 
His  works  include:  < Wagner  and  Other  Musi- 
cians' (1887);  < Romantic  Love  and  Personal 
Beauty'  (1887);  <The  Pacific  Coast  Scenic 
Tour'  (1890);  < Chopin,  and  Other  Musical 
Essays';  <  Lotos  Time  in  Japan'  (1895);  ^ind 
<  Spain  and  Morocco ' ;  <  Edward  Grieg  >  ( 1905). 


PINLA  Y  —  PISCHART 


189 


Flnlay,  George.  An  English  historian  of 
the  first  rank ;  born  in  Faversham,  Kent,  of 
Scotch  blood,  Dec.  21,  1799;  died  in  Athens, 
Greece,  Jan.  26,  1875.  An  ardent  Philhellene, 
he  joined  Byron's  company  at  Missolonghi  in 
1823  to  assist  in  liberating  Greece  from  the 
Turks;  and  ended  by  residing  there  perma- 
nently,—  at  first  a  cultivator,  and  then  a  student 
of  and  writer  upon  Greek  history.  He  was  for 
many  years  the  Athens  correspondent  of  the 
London  Times.  His  <  Greece  under  the  Ro- 
mans, B.C.  146  to  A.  D.  7I7>  (1844)  raised  him 
at  once  to  a  place  among  the  few  foremost 
historians :  Edward  A.  Freeman  declared  it  to 
be  the  most  truly  original  historical  work  of 
modem  times;  and  for  sound  broad  humanity, 
acute  judgment,  and  luminous  common-sense 
on  both  the  practical  and  the  philosophic  sides 
of  history,  it  has  few  equals  of  any  age.  It  is 
not  in  the  form  of  detailed  annals  except  in 
the  last  part,  most  of  it  being  a  set  of  essays 
on  the  political  and  social  conditions  of  Greece 
as  a  subject  province.  Succeeding  volumes 
carried  the  story  more  in  detail  down  to  mod- 
ern times,  ending  with  two  volumes  on  the 
Greek  Revolution.  The  whole,  revised  and 
some  volumes  wholly  rewritten  by  the  author, 
was  published  posthumously  in  7  vols.   (1877). 

Finley,  Jolin.  An  American  poet;  born  at 
Brownsburg,  Va.,  Jan.  11,  1797;  died  in  Rich- 
mond, Ind.,  Dec.  23,  1866.  He  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Richmond  Palladium,  1831-34. 
His  poems  were  collected  in  one  volume,  <  The 
Hoosier's  Nest,  and  Other  Poems  >  (1865). 

Finley,  Martha.  An  American  novelist; 
born  in  Chillicothe,  O.,  April  26,  1828.  She  is 
the  author,  under  the  name  of  <<  Martha  Far- 
quharson,>>  of  a  number  of  novels,  including 
<  Elsie  Dinsmore>  (1868);  <  Wanted  — A  Pedi- 
gree' (1S72);  and  <The  Thorn  in  the  Nest* 
(1886).  She  has  written  in  all  over  twenty*  Elsie 
Books,'  as  well  as  <  The  Mildred  Books,*  etc. 

Finotti,  Joseph  Maria.  An  American  cler- 
gyman and  author;  born  at  Ferrara,  Italy,  in 
1817;  died  at  Denver,  Col.,  in  1S79.  He  studied 
theology  in  the  Jesuit  College,  Rome,  and  in 
1845  removed  to  the  United  States.  He  was 
ordained  priest,  and  stationed  at  Alexandria, 
Va.  In  1852  he  left  the  Jesuit  Society  and 
became  literary  editor  of  the  Boston  Pilot. 
His  health  having  failed,  he  removed  to  Cin- 
cinnati, and  afterwards  to  Omaha,  and  to  Cen- 
tral City,  Col.  His  works  include  :  <A  Month 
of  Mary>  (1853);  <  Italy  in  the  Fifteenth  Cen- 
tury'; <The  French  Zouave'  (1863);  <Ameri- 
jan  Catholic  Bibliography'  (unfinished). 

Firdausl  or  Firdusi  (fer-dou'se).  A  cele- 
brated Persian  poet  who  lived  from  about  935 
to  about  1020.  He  is  the  greatest  of  Persian 
epic  poets.  In  loio,  after  35  years  of  labor,  was 
completed  his  first  heroic  epic,  the  <Shah- 
Namah'  (King's  Book)  in  about  60,000  distichs  : 
it  recounts  the  ancient  Persian  traditions  of 
heroism.  His  other  great  poem,  <Jussuf  and 
Zulikha,'  a  religious-romantic  epos,  is  founded 
on  the  Biblical  story  of  Joseph  and  Potiphar's 


wife.  There  are  English  translations  of  sun- 
dry passages  from  the  <  Shah-Namah,'  and  a 
German  translation  of  the  whole  of  the  <Jussuf 
and  Zulikha.' 

Firenzuola,  Agnolo  (fe-rents-wo'la).  [Prop- 
erly Girolamo  Giovannini.]  An  Italian  poet ; 
born  in  Florence,  Sept.  28,  1493;  died  at  Prato 
or  in  Rome,  about  1545.  His  works  consist 
of  burlesque  poems;  two  comedies,  including 
<The  Shining  Ones';  a  translation  of  Apu- 
leius's  <  Golden  Ass ' ;  a  didactic  story,  <  Dis- 
courses about  Animals ' ;  <  Dialogue  on  the 
Beauties  of  Women  > ;  and  ten  "  novels,"  mostly 
stories  in  the  vein  of  Boccaccio.  He  writes  in 
a  style  of  great  elegance,  but  with  unpardon- 
able lubricity. 

Firmenich-Richartz,  Johannes  Matthias 
(fer'men-ich-rich'arts).  A  German  poet,  phil- 
ological literary  critic  and  student,  and  drama- 
tist; bom  in  Cologne,  July  5,  1808;  died  in 
Potsdam,  May  10,  1889.  His  play  <Clotilde 
Montalvi'  (1840),  a  romantic  tragedy,  and 
'After  a  Hundred  Years,'  a  humorous  compo- 
sition in  dialogue,  as  well  as  poems  in  vari- 
ous languages,  are  highly  meritorious ;  but  his 
monumental  achievement  is  <  Germany's  Folk- 
Voices  :  A  Collection  of  German  Dialect 
Poems,  Songs,  Fables,  Sagas,  etc'  (1843-66, 
sup.  1868),  showing  the  most  profound  learning 
and  scholarly  acuteness. 

Flschart,  Johann  (fish'art).  A  famous  Ger- 
man satirist  (about  1545-91).  He  took  the  doc- 
tor's degree  in  the  University  of  Basel  1574, 
and  afterward  was  an  official  of  the  Imperial 
Chamber  of  Justice  at  Spires.  The  period  of 
his  literary  production  lies  between  1575  and 
1581,  while  he  assisted  his  brother-in-law 
Jobin,  who  had  a  printing-office  in  Strasburg. 
He  was  a  man  of  deep  patriotic  feeling,  a 
notable  poet,  and  the  greatest  Protestant  pub- 
licist of  his  time.  Among  his  compositions 
in  verse  may  be  mentioned  :  <  The  Jester  in 
Rhyme,'  a  satire  on  the  Dominicans  and 
Franciscans  (1571);  <  Description  of  the  Four- 
Cornered  Hat'  (1580),  against  the  Jesuits;  the 
<Flohhatz  Weibertratz '  (1573),  in  which  he 
describes  a  contest  at  law  between  fleas  and 
women ;  <  Podagramic  Book  of  Consolation  • 
(1577).  showing  how  the  gout  (podagra)  spares 
the  laboring  poor  and  kindly  chastens  the  rich, 
while  leaving  their  minds  free  for  wit  and 
humor;  <The  Hive  of  the  Holy  Roman  Swarm ' 
(1579).  In  imitation  of  Rabelais's  <Gargantua,' 
but  giving  free  play  to  his  own  native  humor 
and  wit,  he  wrote  of  <  The  Wondrous  Deeds, 
Thoughts,  and  Words  of  tlie  Famous  Heroes 
and  Lords  Grandgusier,  Gargantua,  and  Pan- 
tagruei'  (1575).  Here,  in  full  accord  with  the 
spirit  of  the  Reformation,  he  "  contrasts  the 
sound  human  understanding  with  the  vagaries 
of  idealism,  the  common  people's  bluntness 
and  uncouthness  with  the  aristocratic-romantic 
perversity  of  the  upper  class";  all  the  while 
glorifying  intellectual  progress.  As  a  treasury 
of  ingeniously  contrived  word  compounds  the 
work  is  of  great  value  to  the  philologist. 


190 


FISCHER  — FLAGG 


.*^scher,  Johann Georg  ( fish'ei).  f '.ei ii;an  pott ; 
^i;ni  at  Gross  Siissen,  Oct.  25,  1816  ;  died  at 
Stuttgart,  May  4,  1S97.  His  lyric  poems  are  in 
>i  vols.  (1854-91 ).  He  excels  in  popular  songs 
and  ballads  ;  he  has  the  gift  of  combining  humor 
with  gravity.  In  his  love  songs  he  nobly  ideal- 
izes nature  and  passion.  He  wrote  four  dramas  : 
<  Saul '  (1862) ;  <Frederic  II.  of  Hohenstaufen  > 
<l863);  <FlorianGeyer  >  f  1866);  <Eniperor  Maxi- 
milian of  Mexico  >  ( 186S).  In  <From  Bird  Life* 
( 1863)  he  notes  the  characteristic  phenomena  of 
the  psychic  life  of  animals  with  the  acuteness  of 
a  naturalist  and  the  sympathy  of  a  poet. 

Fisclier,  Kuno.  A  German  historian  of  phi- 
losophy ;  born  at  Sandevvalde,  in  Silesia,  July 
23,  1824.  He  was  interdicted  from  teaching 
philosophy  at  Heidelberg  in  1853 ;  but  after 
filling  professorships  in  Berlin  and  Jena,  he 
had  the  satisfaction  of  being  called  to  the 
chair  of  philosophy  at  Heidelberg  in  1872.  He 
is  of  the  school  of  Hegel.  His  principal  writ- 
ings are :  <  Diotima :  The  Idea  of  the  Beautiful  > 
(1849);  <  Logic  and  Metaphysic,  or  the  Doctrine 
of  Science*  (1852);  < History  of  Modern  Phi- 
losophy >  (8  vols.,  1852-93),  his  greatest  work, 
written  in  the  form  of  brilliant  monographs  on 
Descartes,  Kant,  Fichte,  Schelling,  and  other 
great  philosophers  down  to  Schopenhauer; 
< Francis  Bacon  and  his  Successors'  (1856); 
<Lessing's  Nathan  the  Wise'  (1864);  < Spino- 
za's Life  and  Character'  (1865);  ^Origin  and 
Evolution-Forms  of  Wit  >  (1871).     D.July  4,  1907. 

Fislier,  George  Park.  An  American  divine 
and  writer ;  born  in  Wrentham,  Mass.,  Aug.  10, 
1827;  became  professor  of  divinity  at  Yale 
{1854),  and  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history 
(1861).  Included  in  his  works  are:  < Essays  on 
the  Supernatural  Origin  of  Christianity ' ;  <  His- 
tory of  the  Reformation'  (1873);  < Faith  and 
Rationalism'  (1879);  < Outlines  of  Universal 
History';  < History  of  the  Christian  Church' 
(1888);  < Nature  and  Method  of  Revelation' 
(1890);  < Colonial  History  of  the  United  States.' 

Fiske,  Daniel  Willard,  scholar  and  librarian  ; 
born  in  Ellisburg,  Jefferson  Count}-,  N.  Y.,  Nov. 
II,  1831 ;  was  educated  at  Hamilton  College, 
N.  Y.,  and  Upsala  University,  Sweden.  He 
was  secretary  of  the  New  York  Geographical 
Society,  and  attached  to  the  American  Lega- 
tion at  Vienna  under  Motley.  He  is  an  adept 
in  many  modern  languages ;  in  1869  was  made 
professor  of  North-European  languages,  and 
librarian,  at  Cornell;  and  has  been  a  volu- 
minous contributor  to  Swedish,  German,  Ice- 
landic, Italian,  English,  and  American  journals. 
He  has  made  the  largest  existing  collections 
of  Icelandic  and  of  Petrarch,  and  the  largest 
in  America  of  Dante.  He  is  now  engaged  in 
trying  to  create  a  written  Egyptian  language. 

Fiske,  Jolm.  A  famous  American  historian; 
born  at  Hartford  Conn.,  March  30,  1842;  died  at 
E.  Gloucester,  Mass.,  July  4,  1901.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  College  ini863,  and  studied  law, 
but  never  practiced.  He  was  lecturer  on  philoso- 
phy at  Harvard,  and  in  1872-79  assistant  libra- 
rian.     He    wrote   *  Myths  and    Myth-Makers' 


(1872);  <  Outlines  of  Cosmic  Philosophy*  (2 
vols.,  1875),  his  principal  work,  in  which  he 
gives  an  exposition  of  the  philosophy  of  nat- 
ural evolution;  < The  Unseen  World'  (1876); 
< Darwinism'  (1879);  < The  Idea  of  God'  (1885). 
On  phases  of  American  history,  he  has  writ- 
ten:  < American  Political  Ideas'  (1885);  <The 
Critical  Period  of  American  History,  1783-89' 
(1888);  <The  Beginnings  of  New  England' 
(1889);  <The  American  Revolution'  (3  vols., 
1891);  < Discovery  of  America'  (2  vols.,  1892). 

Fitch,  William  Clyde.  An  American  play- 
wright and  author ;  born  in  1865.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  Amherst  College, 
Amherst,  Mass.  He  has  written  and  adapted 
a    number    of    successful    plays,  among    them 

<  Beau  Brummell '  and  <  Bohemia.'  Fle  is  also 
the  author  of  <  The  Knighting  of  the  Twins, 
and  Ten  Other  Tales'  (1891);  <Some  Corre- 
spondence and  Six  Conversations  > ;  <  The 
Truth  > ;  <  The  Woman  in  the  Case  > ;  <  The 
Straight  I\oad  > ;  <  The  Girl  who  has  Everything' ; 

<  The  Blue  Mouse.'     lie  died  Sept.  4,  1909. 

Fitts,  James  Franklin.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  novelist;  (1840-1890).  Of  his  novels 
the  most  popular  were  :  <  The  Parted  Veil '  ;  <  A 
Version ' ;  <  A  Modern  Miracle  ' ;  <  Captain 
Kidd's  Gold.' 

Fitzgerald,  Edward.    A  great  English  poet ; 

born  at  Bredfield  House,  near  Suffolk,  March 
31,  1809;  died  June  14,  1883.  (Fitzgerald  was 
his  mother's  family  name,  assumed  by  his  father 
John  Purcell.)  His  writings  are  mostly  remod- 
eled translations  of  foreign  poems ;  among  them 
are  versions  of  <  Six  Dramas  from  Calderon ' 
(1853),  and  two  more,  and  far  finer  (<The 
Mighty  Magician '  and  <  Such  Stuff  as  Dreams 
are  Made  Of)  subsequently;  <The  Rubiiyit 
of  Omar  Khayyim'  (1859),  which  ultimately 
won  him  assured  immortality,  though  at  first 
published  anonymously  and  utterly  neglected ; 
yEschylus's  <  Agamemnon '  and  Sophocles's 
<Qidipus'  plays,  and  part  of  Attdr's  <Bird  Par- 
liament.' 

Fitzgerald,  Percy  Hethrington.  A  pleasing 
Irish  novelist  and  biographical  essayist ;  born 
in  Fane  Valley,  Louth,  Ireland,  1834.  He 
wrote:  <The  Romance  of  the  English  Stage' 
(1874);  <  Lives  of  the  Sheridans'  (1887);  and 
of  novels,  < Never  Forgotten,'  'Diana  Gay,' 
•Bella    Donna,'  <Dear  Girl,'  etc. 

Fitzpatrick,  William  John.  An  I  ish  biogra- 
pher and  topical  historian;  bora  in  Dublin  Aug. 
31,  1830;  died  there,  Dec.  24,  1895.  From  his 
graduation  at  the  Catholic  College,  Clongowes 
Wood,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  Ireland' s 
rights  and  wrongs,  and  of  the  actors  in  Irish 
history.  <  Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald  and  his 
Betrayers'  (1859);  <  The  Sham  Squire  and  the 
Informers  of  1798'  (1866);  and  <  Daniel  O'Con- 
nell,  the  Liberator'  (1888),  are  a  few  among 
his  many  widely  read  productions. 

Flagg,  Edmund.  An  American  novelist  and 
journalist;    born    in   Wiscasset,   Me.,   Nov.  24, 


PLAGG  ^  FLETCHER 


191 


1815.  He  was  the  author  of  a  number  of  novels 
and  other  prose  writings.  His  best  work  is 
'Venice,  the  City  of  the  Sea>  {2  vols.,  1853). 
He  contributed  to  the  New  World  Magazine 
seven  historical  romances,  based  on  the  dramas 
of  Victor  Hugo.  <Edmond  Dant^s,*  a  sequel 
to  <  Monte  Cristo,>  was  written  by  him,  as  also 
was  <Mary  Tudor.>     He  died  in  1890. 

Flagg,  Wilson.  An  American  naturalist, 
scientific  and  political  writer ;  born  in  Beverly, 
Mass.,  Nov.  5,  1805 ;  died  in  North  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  May  6,  1884.  Some  of  his  books  are  : 
< Studies  in  the  Field  and  Forest>  (1857);  'Hal- 
cyon Days' ;  *A  Year  among  the  Trees'  (1881); 
and  <  A  Year  among  the  Birds.' 

Flammarion,  Camille  (fla-ma-re-6n').  A 
French  astronomer,  writer  on  descriptive  as- 
tronomy, and  "astronomical  novelist";  born 
in  Montigny-le-Roi,  Feb.  25,  1842.  He  was 
designed  by  his  parents  for  the  Church,  but 
went  over  to  science,  and  by  a  long  course  of 
writings  of  a  more  or  less  popular  character 
has  made  his  name  widely  known.  <  The  Plural- 
ity of  Inhabited  Worlds'  (1862J;  'Celestial 
Wonders'  (1865);  <The  Atmosphere'  (1872); 
<  Urania'  (  1889  );  and  <  The  Planet  Mars  and 
its  Habitability '  (1892),  are  his  best-known 
works,  not  to  mention  an  experiment  or  two 
in  "  romance  "  of  the  "  astronomical  creation." 

Flash,  Henry  Lynden.  An  American  writer 
of  verse ;  born  in  Cincinnati,  O.,  Jan.  20,  1835. 
He  is  the  author  of  'Poems'  (i86oj,  and  of 
many  popular  ballads  which  appeared  during 
the  Civil  War. 

Flassan,  Gaetan  Raxis,  Count  de  (flas-an'). 
A  French  diplomatist  and  historian  of  diplo- 
macy; born  at  Bedouin,  Venaissin,  1770;  died 
in  Paris,  March  20,  1845.  His  career  in  the 
diplomatic  service  was  fairly  distinguished, 
enabling  him  to  gather  material  for  a  valu- 
able '  History  of  French  Diplomacy  from  the 
Foundation  of  the  Monarchy  to  Aug.  10,  1792' 
(1808-11),  and  one  or  two  works  of  less  im- 
portance. 

Flautoert,  Gustav  (flo-bar').  A  distinguished 
French  novelist ;  born  at  Rouen,  Dec.  12,  1821 ; 
died  there,  May  8,  1880.  His  greatest  novel 
was  his  first,  'Madame  Bovary'  (1857).  He 
next  wrote  a  historical  novel,  '  Salammbo,'  the 
scene  laid  in  the  most  flourishing  period  of 
Carthage, —  a  splendid  description  of  ancient 
Punic  life,»but  having  lively  interest  as  a  story; 
'The  History  of  a  Young  Man'  (1869),  like 
'Madame  Bovary'  a  pessimistic  picture  of  so- 
cial life;  'The  Temptation  of  St.  Anthony' 
(1874),  a  piece  of  imaginative  writing  dealing 
with  philosophical  problems ;  and  <  Three  Sto- 
ries'  (1877),  which  had  a  favorable  reception. 
Die  posthumous  novel '  Bouvard  and  P^cuchet ' 
(1881)  is  a  satire  on  humanity  in  general.  His 
comedy  'The  Candidate'  (1874)  failed  on  the 
stage. 

FlecMer,  Esprit  (fla-shya').  A  notable 
French  pulpit  orator  and  writer;  born  at 
Femes,  in  the  Venaissin,  June  10,  1632;  died  at 


Montpellier,  Feb.  16,  1710.  His  funeral  orations, 
especially  those  on  Montausier  and  Turenne, 
are  models  of  elegiac  oratory.  He  wrote  a 
'History  of  Theodosius  the  Great'  (1679); 
'Panegyrics  of  Saints'  (1690);  'History  of 
Cardinal  Ximenes'    (1693). 

Fleming,  George.    See  Fletcher,  Julia. 

Fleming,  Mrs.  May  Agnes  (Early).  A 
Canadian  story-writer;  born  in  New  Brunswick, 
1840 ;  died  1S80.  She  was  a  prolific  author  of 
romances,  mostly  sensational,  among  them  be- 
ing :  '  Guy  Earlscourt's  Wife ' ;  <  Lost  for  a 
Woman';  <  Pride  and  Passion';  etc. 

Fleming,  Paul  (flem'ingj.  A  distinguished 
German  poet;  born  at  Hartenstein  in  Saxony, 
Oct.  5,  1609;  died  at  Hamburg,  April  2,  1640. 
As  an  attache  of  an  embassy  to  Russia  and  Per- 
sia, he  had  an  opportunity  (1635-39)  of  studying 
many  peoples.  His  'German  Poems,'  which 
appeared  in  1642,  were  often  republished.  His 
poetry  is  a  true  reflection  of  his  inmost  thought  : 
he  is  seen  to  be  a  man  of  unsophisticated  tastes, 
of  childlike  piety,  and  yet  of  virile  sense  and 
passion. 

Fletcher,  Giles.  An  English  clergyman  and 
poet,  cousin  to  John ;  born  in  London  about 
1580;  died  at  Alderton  in  1623.  His  only 
notable  composition  was  a  sacred  poem  en- 
titled '  Christ's  Victorie  and  Triumph  in  Heaven 
and  Earth  over  and  after  Death'  (1610),  rich 
in  imagery  and  descriptions  of  natural  scenery. 
Parts  of  it  were  utilized  by  Milton  in  his 
'  Paradise  Regained.' 

Fletcher,  John.  An  English  dramatist ;  born 
in  Rye,  Sussex,  in  December  1579;  died  in  Lon- 
don during  the  plague,  in  August  1625.  His 
partnership  with  Beaumont  is  called  by  Swin- 
burne « the  most  perfect  union  in  genius  and 
friendship."  'The  Woman  Hater,'  published 
anonymously  in  1607  and  usually  accorded  to 
Fletcher,  Swinburne  and  Bullen  assign  to  Beau- 
mont. Fletcher  survived  his  friend  nine  years, 
during  which  he  produced  many  plays  with  and 
without  collaborators;  the  latter  include  Mas- 
singer,  Middleton,  Rowley,  Shirk)-,  and  others. 
It  is  certain  that  he  wrote  alone  'The  Faithful 
Shepherdess,'  '  Bonduca,'  <  Valentinian,'  '  The 
Wild  Goose  Chase,'  and  '  Monsieur  Thomas,' 
his  greatest  works;  'Rule  a  Wife  and  Have  a 
Wife';  'The  Loyal  Subject';  'Wit  Without 
Money ' ;  <  A  Wife  for  a  Month  > ;  <  The  Chances  > ; 
'The  Mad  Lover';  and  'The  Humorous  Lieu- 
tenant.' Bullen,  the  most  authoritative  critic 
of  Elizabethan  literature,  says  he  had  Massin- 
ger's  aid  in  'The  Knight  of  Malta,'  'Thierry 
and  Theodoret,'  'The  Little  French  Lawyer,' 
'The  Beggar's  Bush,'  'The  Spanish  Curate,' 
'The  FaTse  One,'  and  <A  Very  Woman.'  The 
same  authority  gives  'The  Queen  of  Corinth' 
with  Massinger,  Rowley,  and  Middleton;  'The 
Jeweller  of  Amsterdam'  witii  Massinger  and 
Field;  'The  Bloody  Brother'  with  Ben  Jonson, 
revised  by  Middleton;  'Two  Noble  Kinsmen' 
with  Massinger,  after  Shakespeare's  death ;  and 
considers  <  Henry  VIII.'  the  work  of  Fletche/ 


192 


FLETCHER  — FOGAZZARO 


and  Massinger  with  Shakespearean  passages. 

Fletcher,  Julia  Constance.  ["George Flem- 
ing."] An  American  novelist;  born  in  Indian- 
apolis,     ,    1858,     daughter    of    James 

C.  Fletcher,  who  was  a  missionary  to  Brazil 
and  wrote  <  Brazil  and  the  Brazilians.*  Among 
her  novels  are:  <  Kismet'  (1877);  <The  Head 
of  the  Medusa >  (1880);  <  Andromeda >  (1885); 
<The  Truth  about  Clement  Ker>  (1889)  ;  <For 
Plain  Women  Only  > ;  <JThe  Canary.' 

Fleury,  Claude  (fle-re').  A  French  Church 
historian  and  pedagogue;  born  in  Paris,  Dec. 
6,  1640;  died  there  (?),  July  14,  1723.  His 
learning  and  unaffected  simplicity  made  him 
a  notable  figure  at  the  court  of  Louis  XIV.,  and 
later  at  that  of  Louis  XV.,  whose  confessor  he 
became.  An  < Ecclesiastical  History'  (1691- 
1720)  forms  his  claim  to  enduring  renown; 
the  work  coming  down  to  1414,  at  which  point 
a  later  writer  has  attempted,  although  not  sym- 
pathetically, to  round  out  the  master's  perform- 
ance. 'A  History  of  French  Law'  (1674)  and 
a  < Historical  Catechism'  (1679)  are  less  im- 
portant achievements. 

Fleury-Husson,  Jules.     See  Champfleury. 

Flint,  Timotliy.  An  American  clergyman 
and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  North  Read- 
ing, Mass.,  July  11,  1780;  died  in  Salem,  Mass., 
Aug.  16,  1840.  H^e  was  a  Congregational  min- 
ister during  1812-14;  subsequently  he  devoted 
himself  to  editorial  work,  descriptive  writing, 
and  fiction.  In  these  departments  his  most 
important  work  is  included  in :  *  The  Geogra- 
phy and   History  of  the   Mississippi  Valley'; 

<  Indian   Wars   in   the   West ' ;    and   in  fiction, 

<  Francis  Berrian ' ;  <  George  Mason ' ;  and  <  The 
Shoshone  Valley.' 

Floquet,  Pierre  Amable  (flo-ka').  A  French 
historian  and  biographical  writer ;  born  in 
Rouen,  July  9,  1797  ;  died  in  Fomientin,  Aug.  6, 
1881.  He  made  Normandy's  annals  and  per- 
sonages the  objects  of  his  painstaking  study 
in  <  Norman  Anecdotes';  <  History  of  the  Par- 
liament of  Normandy'  (1840-43);  < Studies  in 
the  Life  of  Bossuet'  (1855);  of  which  the  last 
two  were  crowned  by  the  Academy.  Subse- 
quent volumes  show  the  rich  harvest  the  field 
has  yielded  him. 

Florez,  Henrique  (flo'reth).  A  Spanish  his- 
torian and  antiquarian;  born  in  Valladolid, 
Feb.  14,  1701 ;  died  in  Madrid,  Aug.  20,  1773. 
He  was  an  Augustinian  ordinary  who  taught 
theology  and  history  with  brilliant  success, 
and  charmed  his  classes  by  presenting  dogmas 
and  annals  from  the  standpoint  of  their  human 
interest.  <  Sacred  Spain'  (1747-73),  on  the  his- 
tory and  dominion  of  the  Church  in  the  penin- 
sula, brought  down  to  the  present  'time  by  a 
recent  writer ;  <  Memorials  of  Catholic  Queens ' ; 
and  other  works  of  importance,  justify  the  high 
opinion  entertained  of  him. 

Florian,  Jean  Pierre  Claris  de  (flo-ryon'). 
A  French  poet  and  romancer  (1755-94).  At 
10  he  captivated  Voltaire  by  his  quick  repartee 


and  sprightliness.  He  made  his  d^but  with 
some  pleasing  farces  (1779),  and  added  greatly 
to  his  fame  with  the  two  jDastoral  stories  <  Gala- 
tea' (1783)  and  <Estelle'  (1787);  but  both  are 
sentimental  romances  in  the  dominant  taste  of 
that  time.  A  like  judgment  is  to  be  passed  on 
his  metrical  romances  <Numa  Pompilius'  (1786) 
and  <Gonsalvo  of  Cordova'  (1791).  He  also 
wrote  <  Medleys  of  Poetry  and  Literature ' ;  and 

<  Florian's  Youth,'  in  which  he  recounts  the 
story  of  his  boyhood. 

Flourens,  Marie  Jean  Pierre  (flo-rofi').  An 
eminent  French  writer  on  physiology  and  anat- 
omy;  born  in  Maurilhan,  H^rault,  April  15, 
1794;  died  at  Montgeron,  near  Paris,  Dec.  5, 
1867.  His  special  studies  were  neurology,  oste- 
ology, and  cellular  pathology.  The  following 
partial  list  of  his  writings  indicates  his  wide 
scope  and  massive  knowledge :  <  Physical  Re- 
searches into  Irritability  and  Sensibility'  (1822); 

<  General  Anatomy  of  the  Skin  and  of  its  Mu- 
cous Membranes'  (1843);  *Life  and  Intelli- 
gence' (1857);  <  Natural  Ontology'  (1864);  and 
works  in  which  he  traces  with  admirable  lucid- 
ity the  connection  between  the  respective  as- 
pects of  physical,  intellectual,  and  ethical  stat<;s. 

Flower,  Benjamin  Orange.  An  American 
editor  and  author;  born  in  Illinois  in  185S. 
He  was  until  recently  the  publisher  and  editor 
of  the  Arena,  Boston,  Mass.  Among  his  numer- 
ous works  are  :  *  Civilization's  Inferno  ;  or  Studies 
in  the  Social  Cellar'  (1893);  <  The  New  Time' 
(1894);  <  Persons,  Places,  and  Ideas';  < Gerald 
Massey :  Poet,  Prophet,  and  Mystic'  (1895); 
<  How  England  Averted  a  Revolution  of  Force' 
(1901 ). 

Flower,  Frank  Abial.  An  American  histor- 
ical writer;  born  in  Cottage,  N.  Y.,  May  II,  1854. 
Has  written  several  local  histories.  Among 
his  works  are  to  be  found  :  <  Old  Abe,  the  W^is- 
consin  War  Eagle'  (1880);  <The  Life  of  Mat- 
thew H.  Carpenter'  (1883);  and  a  <  History  of 
the  Republican  Party '  (1884)  ;  <  International 
Deep  Waterways  ' ;  <  Life  of  E.  M.  Stanton.* 

Flugel,  Johann  Gottfried  (flii'gel).  A  Ger- 
man lexicographer  and  compiler  of  language 
manuals ;  born  in  Barby  on  the  Elbe,  Nov.  22, 
1788 ;  died  in  Leipsic,  June  24,  1855.  He  spent 
many  years  in  this  country  in  business,  diplo- 
matic, and  official  occupations,  and  compiled 
(with  J.  Sporschil)  a  <  Complete  English-Ger- 
man and  German-English  Dictionary'  (1830), 
besides  publishing  <  A  Series  of  Commercial 
Letters'  (9th  ed.  1874);  < Practical  Handbook 
of  English  Business  Correspondence '  (9th  ed. 
1873);  < Triglot;  or  Mercantile  Dictionary  in 
Three  Tongues  —  German,  English,  French' 
(2d  ed.  1854);  and  other  useful  manuals,  all 
revised,  or  brought  down  to  contemporary 
needs,  by  his  son. 

Flygare-Carl6n.    See  Carlen. 

Fogazzaro,  Antonio  (fo-gats-ar'o).  An  Ital- 
ian poet  and  story-teller;  born  at  Vicenza,  1842. 
He  first  came  into  notice  with  <  Miranda,'  a 
story  in  verse  (1874),  and  added  greatly  to  hit 
reputation  as  a  poet  with  <  Valsonda,'  a  volume 


FOGLAR  -  FONTENELLE 


tgi 


of  lyrics  (1876).  He  is  author  of  several  novels 
which  were  received  with  marked  favor,  among 
them  <  Master  Chicco'sFiasco>;  <  Daniel  Cortis>- 
!J^f,  ^°'''^  Mystery  >;  <The  Little  Modern 
World.' 

Foglar,  Ludwlg  (fo'glar).  An  Austrian  poet; 
born  in  Vienna,  Dec.  24,  1819;  died  at  Kam- 
mer,  Aug.  15,  1889.  Among  his  poems,  mostly 
lyric,  are  < Cypresses >  (1842);  < Sunbeams  and 
Shadows'  (1846);  <  Clara  von  Vissegrad>  an 
ppic  (1847);  <  Freedom's  Breviary'  (1848);  < Joy- 
ful and  Sorrowful'  (1867);  < Saint  Velocipede' 
(1869),  a  satire  (under  the  pseudonym  "  Leb- 
erecht  Flott"). 

Fokke  Simonsz,  Arend  (fok'6).  A  Dutch 
essayist ;  bom  at  Amsterdam,  July  2,  1755  ;  died 
there,  Nov.  15,  1812.  All  his  writings,  especially 
his  < Catechism  of  Arts  and  Sciences'  (il  vols., 
1785-1804),  give  proof  of  the  extraordinary 
compass  of  his  learning;  but  he  is  most  cele- 
brated for  his  popular  scientific  works,  mostly 
written  in  a  burlesque  or  a  satiric  vein.  From 
him  we  have  the  delightful  literary  satires  <  The 
Modern  Helicon'  (1792)  and  <  Apollo,  Sergeant 
of  the  Burghers'  Guard ' ;  <  Life  of  Lucifer ' 
(1799).  ^  history  of  demonology  in  form  of  a 
comic  romance ;  the  psychological  disquisition 
<The  Different  Aspects  of  Human  .\ife'  (1786); 
< Woman  Is  Boss'  (1807). 

Folengo,  Teofilo  (fo-len'go).  [Pseudonym 
<•  Merlino  Coccajo."]  An  Italian  poet  (1491- 
1554).  He  was  the  first  to  win  fame  as  a  writer 
of  macaronic  verses.  His  <  Macaronic  Work  of 
Merlino  Coccajo,  Mantuan  Poet '  —  first  pub- 
lished in  17  cantos  (1517),  and  four  years  later 
in  25  —  comprises  the  comico-heroic  poems 
•Baldus'  and  'Moscaea'  (War  of  the  Midges). 
His  satire  is  mostly  against  monachism.  He 
writes  in  cynic  humor,  but  under  his  burlesque 
lies  a  vein  of  serious  purpose  :  to  him  Rabelais 
owes  not  a  little.  Under  the  pseudonym  <<Li- 
merno  Pitocco  "  he  wrote  in  Italian  the  epic  sat- 
ire <Orlandino'  (1526)  in  ridicule  of  the  story 
of  Roland ;  then,  partly  in  macaronic,  partly  in 
pure  Italian,  partly  in  pure  Latin,  <The  Chaos 
of  Three  by  One'  (1527),  in  which  he  darkly 
recounts  the  events  of  his  own  life.  He  wrote 
them  while  a  vagrant  from  his  monastery ;  he 
returned  later  and  composed  some  religious 
poems  of  little  value. 

Follen,  August  (fol'len).  A  German  poet 
of  patriotism,  and  popular  song-writer;  born 
in  Giessen,  Jan.  21,  1794;  died  in  Bern,  Dec. 
26,  1855.  He  was  a  little  of  a  soldier,  a  little 
of  a  lawyer,  and  a  good  deal  of  an  enthusiast, 
suffering  imprisonment  for  alleged  demagogy. 
He  became  intensely  popular  as  the  author  of 
<  Sons  of  Fatherland,'  a  patriotic  hymn ;  <  Ma- 
legys  and  Vivian '  (1829),  a  romance  of  chivalry ; 
and  numerous  fine  translations  and  poetic  ap- 
peals to  the  instinct  for  liberty. 

Follen,  Eliza  Lee  (Cabot).  An  American 
prose-writer  and  poet ;  born  in  Boston,  Aug. 
15,  1787 ;  died  in  Brookline,  Mass.,  Jan.  26, 
i860.  She  was  the  wife  of  Charles  T.  C.  Fol- 
len, whose  memoir  she  wrote  (1842).    Her  other 

13 


works  are:  <  Poems' (1839);  <  Twilight  Stories* 
(1858);  and  <  Home  Dramas'  (1859). 

Folz,  Hans  (folts).  A  German  master- 
singer;  native  of  Worms;  died  about  1515,  at 
Nuremberg,  where  he  followed  the  trade  of 
barber-surgeon.  He  is  best  known  for  his 
Shrove  Tuesday  plays  ;  but  he  wrote  also  many 
jests,  New-Year's  lays,  minstrel  songs,  etc., 
highly  prized  by  his  contemporaries,  but  all  of 
them  marred  by  indelicacy.  In  better  tone  are 
some  of  his  poems  on  the  events  of  his  time, 
as  <The  Plague'  (1482);  'Investiture  of  the 
Emperor  Maximilian'  (1491). 

Fontan,  Louis  Marie  (foh-taii').  A  French 
dramatist,  pamphleteer,  and  journalist;  born 
in  Lorient,  Nov.  4,  1801 ;  died  in  Thiais,  Seine, 
Oct.  10,  1839.  His  newspaper  articles  and 
political  pamphlets,  particularly  <The  Rabid 
Sheep'  (1829),  got  him  into  prison,  from  which 
he  was  freed. by  the  Revolution  of  Juiy.  His 
eminence  as  a  writer  for  the  stage  rests  upon 
<The    Reckless   Girl   Jeanne';    <The    Monk'; 

<  The  Count  of  St.  Germain ' ;  and  a  few  others. 
He  produced  also  a  volume  of  <Odes  and  Epis- 
tles' (1825). 

Fontana,  Ferdinand  (foii-ta'na).  An  Italian 
poet;  born  in  Milan,  Jan.  30,  1850.  He  made 
his  mark  early  in  journalism,  and  wrote  some 
good  librettos  — <f.  g.,  <Colomba'  (1887);  but 
his  is  essentially  a  poet's  fame, —  <The  Song 
of  Hate,'  <  Socialism,'  and  <  The  Meeting'  being 
effective  and  beautiful  compositions. 

Fontana,  Theodore  (fon-ta^n6).  A  German  poet 
and  novelist;  born  at  Neu-Ruppin,  Dec.  30, 1819; 
died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  21,  1898.  He  visited  Eng- 
land several  times  on  literary  quests,  particularly 
of  old  ballad  poetry.  Among  his  writings  are 
three  volumes  on  England,  one  'A  Summer  in 
London'  (1854);  <The  Sleswick-Holstein  War 
of  1864'  (1866),  and  other  war  histories.  His 
first  volume  of  lyrics,  <  Men  and  Heroes,)  was 
published  in  1850;  his  collected  <Ballads>  in 
1892.  They  are  full  at  once  of  fire  and  of  firmly 
exact  phrasing.  He  was  the  author  of  many 
masterly  stories  of  North  German  life,  as  <Count 
Pet6fy>;  <Under  the  Pear-Tree  >  (1885^  <Mrs. 
Jenny  Treibel  >  (1892).  He  was  a  tnorough 
realist,  yet  had  a  kindly,  homely  humor. 

Fontanes,  Marquis  Louis  de  (fontan').  A 
French  poet  and  statesman ;  born  at  Niort, 
March  6,  1757 ;  died  March  17,  1821.  Pro- 
scribed by  the  Revolution  for  editing  papers 
opposed  to  the  Terror,  he  Bed  to  England, 
where  he  became  intimate  with  Chateaubriand. 
Returning  when  it  was  safe,  he  attained  high 
office  under  Napoleon  and  the  restored  Bour- 
bons. He  was  a  brilliant  orator  and  also  lit- 
erary critic ;  and  wrote  several  most  graceful 
descriptive  poems  —  among  them  <The  F'orest 
of  Navarre'  (1778);  <The  Carthusian  Nun';  and 

<  All-Souls'     (1796),    an     imitation    of    Gray's 

<  Elegy'  —  and  a  translation  of  Pope's  <  Essay 
on  Man.' 

Fontenelle,  Bernard  le  Bovier  de  (foftt-nel'). 
A  distinguished  French  essayist ;  born  at  Rouen, 


194 


FONVIELLE  —  FORBES 


Feb.  II,  1657;  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  9,  1757.  A 
gift  of  luminous  popular  exposition  made  his 
historical,  philosophical,  moral,  and  scientific 
writings  highly  esteemed.  Best  known  among 
his  prose  writings  are  :  <  Dialogues  of  the  Dead, 
after  the  Manner  of  Lucian*  (1683);  < Conver- 
sations on  the  Plurality  of  Worlds'  (1686), 
which  was  translated  into  many  languages  and 
is  still  republished;  'History  of  the  Oracles > 
(1686).  He  was  unsuccessful  as  a  writer  for 
the  stage. 

Fonvlelle,  Wilfried  de  (fon-vyal'  or  foft- 
vya').  A  P>ench  popular  scientific  prose-writer; 
born  in  Paris,  July  21,  1828  He  has  long  aimed 
to  propagate  scientific  truths  by  his  writings,  of 
which  the  best  known  are  :  <  Fossil  Man'  (1865); 
< Balloons  in  the  Siege  of  Paris'  (1871);  <The 
Physics  of  Miracles'  (1872);  <  The  Conquest  of 
the  North  Pole'  (1877);  <The  Wonders  of  the 
Invisible  World'  (5th  ed.  1880);  and  'Thun- 
ders and  Lightnings'  (4th  ed.  1885);  —  besides 
one  or  two  minor  historical  works. 

Fonvlzin    (Von   Wisin),  Denis   Ivanovich 

(fon-vis'in).  A  Russian  dramatist,  satirist,  and 
epistolary  writer;  born  in  Moscow,  April  14, 
1745;  died  in  St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  12,  1792. 
His  fame  as  the  Moli^re  of  his  country  arises 
from  the  merit  of  two  comedies,  <  The  Briga- 
dier' (1766)  and  <The  Minor'  (or  'Mother's 
Favorite  Son':  1782),  ridiculing  certain  pecul- 
iarities of  Russian  character.  A  burlesque, 
<  Court  Grammar,'  and  mock  "  correspond- 
ence" of  a  facetious  sort,  add  to  his  renown. 

Foote,  Henry  Stewart.  An  American  states- 
man and  author ;  bom  in  Fauquier  County,  Va., 
Sept.  20,  1800 ;  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  May 
20,  1880.  In  1847  he  was  chosen  to  the  United 
States  Senate ;  resigning  in  1852  to  serve  as 
governor  of  his  State.  Subsequently  he  was 
elected  to  the  Confederate  Congress.  His  pub- 
lications include:  'Texas  and  the  Texans'  (2 
vols.,  1841);  'The  War  of  the  Rebellion,  or 
Scylla  and  Charybdis'  (1866);  and  'Personal 
Reminiscences.' 

Foote,  Mary  (Hallock).  An  Am.erican  nov- 
elist, descriptive  writer,  and  illustrator ;  bom  at 
Milton,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  19,  1847 ;  married  a  mining 
engineer,  and  lives  mainly  in  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ain districts.  She  is  the  author  of  several 
novels  and  collections  of  short  stories  on  the 
life  of  these  regions :  '  The  Led  Horse  Claim ' 
(1883) ;  <  John  Bodewin's  Testimony  '  (1886)  ;  <  In 
Exile ' ; '  The  Chosen  Valley ' ; '  Coeur  d'Alfene ' ; 
'  The  Cup  of  Trembling  and  Other  Stories ' ; 
'  The  Prodigal ' ;  '  The  Desert  and  the  Town.' 

Foote,  Samuel.  An  English  wag,  imperson- 
itor,  and  comic  playwright;  born  at  Truro 
in  Cornwall,  1720 ;  died  at  Dover,  Oct.  21, 
1777.  From  Oxford  he  went  to  London  to 
study  law,  but  had  to  go  on  the  stage  for  a 
living ;  tried  tragic  parts  and  failed ;  then 
began  to  give  entertainments  of  a  sort  now 
familiar  but  then  new,  impersonating  real  and 
imaginary  people  and  acting  little  farces  by 
himself.   Later  he  wrote  regular  farce-plays,  22 


in  number;  the  most  notable  being  'The  Mi- 
nor' (1760),  a  skit  at  the  Methodists;  'The 
Liar';  'The  Mayor  of  Garratt.'  His  repartees 
are  famous,  and  have  been  collected  into  a 
volume. 

Foran,  Joseph  K.  A  Canadian  poet  and 
novelist ;  born  in  Greenpark,  Aylmer,  P.  Q., 
1857.  Among  his  poems  the  best  known  are 
a  '  Lament  for  Longfellow '  and  <  Indian  Trans- 
lations.' From  1879  till  1883  he  published  a 
series  of  essays  on  monuments,  coins,  art ;  and 
subsequently  '  Irish-Canadian  Representatives : 
Their  Past  Acts,  Present  Stand,  and  Future 
Prospects ' ;  '  The  Spirit  of  the  Age ' ;  also  two 
novels  —  'Tom  Ellis,  a  Story  of  the  Northwest 
Rebellion,'  and  '  Simon,  the  Abenakis.' 

Forbes,  Archibald.  A  British  war  correspond- 
ent and  journalist ;  born  in  Morayshire,  Scotland, 
1838;  died  in  London,  March  30,  1900.  He 
became  famous  during  the  Franco-German  war 
and  the  Paris  communard  insurrection  by  the 
vivid  power  of  his  letters  to  the  London  Daily 
News.  He  also  did  distinguished  work  during 
the  Russo-Turkish  war.  His  books  include  : 
<Drawn  from  Life'  (1870)  ;  'My  experiences  of 
the  War  between  France  and  Germany'  ( 1871 ) ; 
'Chinese  Gordon,  a  Succinct  Record  of  his  Life' 
(1884),  a  very  able  work;  'Soldiering  and 
Scribbling';  'Glimpses  through  the  Cannon 
Smoke';  'Life  of  Colin  Campbell,  Lord  Clyde' 
(1895);  'Memories  and  Studies  of  War  and 
Peace'  (1891;);  'Czar  and  Sultan';  etc. 

Forbes,  David.  An  English  geologist  and 
traveler ;  born  at  Douglas,  Isle  of  Man,  Sept. 
6,  1828;  died  in  London,  Dec.  5,  1876.  As  a 
civil  engineer  he  traveled  all  over  the  world, 
studying  rock  formations  and  fossils,  and  writ- 
ing '  On  the  Relations  of  the  Silurian  and 
Metamorphic  Rocks  of  the  South  of  Norway* 
(1855);  'On  the  Geology  of  Bolivia  and  South- 
ern Peru'  (1861);  and  kindred  treatises. 

Forbes,  Edward.  An  eminent  English  nat- 
uralist ;  born  in  Douglas,  Isle  of  Man,  Feb.  12, 
1815;  died  in  Edinburgh,  Nov.  18, 1854.  Scarcely 
any  department  of  botany,  palaeontology,  geol- 
ogy, and  the  allied  sciences,  remained  without 
obligation  to  his  energy  and  research.  The 
'History  of  British  Starfishes'  (1841),  'De- 
scription of  Fossil  Invertebrate  from  South 
India'  (1846),  <  Zoology  of  the  European  Seas* 
(posthumous,  1859),  and  like  studies,  remain 
monuments  of  his  scientific  attainments. 

Forbes,  Henry  0.  A  Scotch  naturalist ;  born 
in  Drumblade,  Aberdeen,  Jan.  30,  185 1.  His 
learning,  supplemented  by  pilgrimages  to  Java, 
Sumatra,  Timor,  and  New  Guinea,  has  enriched 
the  literature  of  science  with  'A  Naturalist's 
Wanderings  in  the  Eastern  Archipelago '  (1885); 
'Three  Months'  Exploration  in  the  Tenimbur 
Islands  of  Timor  Laut'  (1884);  and  'New 
Guinea'  (1886),  which  last  domain  he  has  most 
exhaustively  explored. 

Forbes,  James.  An  English  writer  of  me- 
moirs, and  Indian  civil  servant;  born  in  Lon- 
don, 1749;  died   at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Germany, 


FORBES  — FORNEY 


195 


Aug.  I,  1819.  He  lived  almost  a  generation  in 
the  vicinity  of  Calcutta,  where  he  obtained  his 
material  for  the  < Oriental  Memoirs>  (1813-15), 
a  narrative  of  his  experiences  and  impressions. 

Forbes,  James  David.  A  noted  English 
physicist;  born  in  Edinburgh,  April  20,  1809; 
died  in  Clifton,  Dec.  31,  1868.  He  investigated 
glacial  formation,  recording  his  deductions  in 

<  Travels  through   the  Alps  of  Savoy  >  (1843); 

<  Illustrations  of  the  Viscous  Theory  of  Glacier 
Motion >  (1845);  'Norway  and  its  Glaciers* 
(1853);  etc.;  in  addition  to  which  a  <  Review 
of  the  Progress  of  Mathematical  and  Physical 
Science'  (1858),  and  < Experiments  on  the  Tem- 
perature of  the  Earth  >  (1846),  must  be  cited. 

Force,  Manning  Ferguson.  An  American 
general  in  the  Civil  War;  born  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  Dec.  17,  1824.  He  joined  the  Fed- 
eral Army  in  1861,  and  continued  in  active 
service  until  the  close  of  the  war.  His  publi- 
cations include  :  <  From  Fort  Henry  to  Corinth  > 
(1881);    < Marching    Across    Carolina'    (1883); 

<  The  Mound  Builders  ♦ ;  <  Prehistoric  Man  > ; 
and  <  Personal  Recollections  of  the  Vicksburg 
Campaign'  (1885).    Died  1899. 

Force,  Peter.  An  American  historical  writer 
and  journalist ;  born  near  Little  Falls,  N.  J., 
Nov.  26,  1790 ;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Jan. 
23,  1868.  His  life  work,  entitled  <  American 
Archives,'  a  valuable  collection  of  22,000  books 
and  40,000  pamphlets,  was  bought  by  the  gov- 
ernment (1867)  and  placed  in  the  library  of 
Congress.  He  has  published  also  'Grinnell 
Land  :  Remarks  on  the  English  Maps  of  Arctic 
Discoveries  in  1850-1 '  (1852);  and  < Notes  on 
Lord  Mahon's  History  of  the  American  Dec- 
laration of  Independence'  (1855). 

Forcellinl,  Egldlo  (for-chel-e'ne).  A  notable 
Italian  lexicographer;  born  in  Feltre,  Belluno, 
Aug.  26,  1688;  died  in  Padua,  April  4,  1768. 
Notwithstanding  a  humble  origin  and  impov- 
erished circumstances,  he  acquired  scholarly 
distinction  early  in  life,  and  consecrated  his 
best  years  and  efforts  to  a  <  Dictionary  of  all 
Latinity'  (1771),  published  posthumously;  and 
so  thoroughly  well  done  that  every  subsequent 
work  of  the  kind  has  been  indebted  to  it. 
The  success  of  the  volumes  was  largely  due 
to  the  guidance  and  support  of  Facciolati,  his 
collaborator. 

Forchhammer,  Peter  Willielm  (fordh'ham- 
mer).  A  German  classical  scholar  and  anti- 
quarian ;  born  in  Husum,  Oct.  23,  1801 ;  died  in 
Kiel,  Jan.  9,  1894.  Topography  and  mythology 
were  his  special  fields;  and  in  <Hellenica' 
(1837);  <The  Topography  of  Athens'  (1841); 
< Description  of  the  Plain  of  Troy'  (1850);  and 
works  on  the  interpretation  of  myth,  he  places 
scholars  under  great  obligations. 

Ford,  James  Lauren.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  author;  born  in  Missouri  in  1854. 
He  has  written  several  volumes  of  short  stories 
and  essays,  among  which  are  :  <  Hypnotic  Tales ' 
(1891);  <The  Literary  Shop'  (1894);  < Bohemia 
Invaded';  'Dolly  Dillenback.'    He  is  also  the 


author  of  two  books  for  young  readers ;  <  Dr. 
Dodd's  School '  (1892)  and  <The  Third  Alarm  ' 
(1893);  <The  Brazen  Calf;  <The  Wooing  of 
Folly.' 

Ford,  John.  An  English  dramatist ;  born  at 
Islington  in  Devon,  April  1586 ;  died  about  1640. 
He  turned  from  law  to  devote  himself  to  the 
drama.  His  first  poem  was  <  Fame's  Memorial,' 
an  elegy  on  the  Earl  of  Devonshire.  Alone 
and  in  collaboration  he  wrote  a  series  of  very 
successful  plays.  His  tragedies  sometimes  go 
beyond  even  the  elastic  Elizabethan  limits  of 
the  permissible,  and  are  Greek  in  repulsive- 
ness  of  theme ;  his  comedies  are  sometimes 
distasteful :  but  as  a  poet  he  ranks  among  the 
foremost  outside  of  Shakespeare.  Among  his 
best  plays  are  :  <  The  Lover's  Melancholy ' ; 
*  The  Broken  Heart  > ;  <  Love's  Sacrifice.' 

Ford,  Paul  Leicester.  An  American  historian 
and  novelist ;  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  March 
23,  1865;  died  in  New  York,  May  8,  1902. 
Among  his  works  are :  'The  Honorable  Peter 
Stirling)  (1894) ;  <The  Great  H.  &  A.  Train  Rob- 
bery>  (1897);  <The  True  George  Washington' 
(1896);  <The  Many-Sided  Franklin'  (1898); 
'Franklin  Bibliography':  'Works  of  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson' (1897);  'The  Story  of  an  Untold  Love> 
(1897);  (Janice  Meredith'  (1899);  <Wanted — a 
Matchmaker'  (1900);  etc. 

Ford,  Sallle  Rochester.  An  American  story- 
writer  ;  born  in  Rochester  Springs,  Boyle  County, 
Ky.,  in  1828.  Together  with  her  husband  she 
edited  the  Christian  Repository  and  the  Home 
Circle  for  many  years.  Among  her  published 
works  are  : '  Grace  Truman'  (1857);  <  Mary  Bun- 
yan'  (1859); '  Morgan  and  his  Men'  (1864);  and 
'Ernest  Quest'  (1887). 

Forn&ris,  Job6  (for-na'res).  A  Cuban  poet; 
born  in  Bayamo,  Cuba,  1826.  He  wrote  the 
dramas  'The  Daughter  of  the  People'  and 
<  Love  and  Sacrifice ' ;  and  is  the  author  of 
'The  Harp  of  the  Home,'  'Songs  of  the 
Tropics,'  and  other  volumes  of  verse. 

Forneron,  Henri  (for-nS-ron').  A  French 
historian  and  biographer;  born  in  Troyes,  Nov. 
16,  1834;  died  in  Paris,  March  26,  1886.  He 
was  connected  with  the  ministry  of  finance,  but 
preferred  historical  and  biographical  studies, 
the  results  of  which  were  highly  profitable  and 
entertaining,  particularly  his  'Amours  of  Car- 
dinal Richelieu'  (1870);  'History  of  the  Polit- 
ical Debates  in  the  English  Parliament  since 
the  Revolution  of  1688'  (1871);  'The  Dukes  of 
Guise  and  their  Time'  (1877);  aad  '  Histor>' 
of  Philip  IL'  (1880-S2). 

Forney,  John  Weiss.  An  American  poli- 
tician, journalist,  and  author;  born  in  Lancas- 
ter, Pa.,  Sept  30,  1817;  died  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  Dec.  9,  1881.  He  was  apprenticed  in  the 
office  of  the  Lancaster  Journal  in  1833;  was 
clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives  from 
1851  to  1855;  and  secretary  of  the  United  States 
Serate  from  i86l  to  1868.  He  was  connected 
with  several  papers  in  Philadelphia  and  Wash- 
ington. Among  his  works  are :  '  What  I  Saw 
iu  Texas'  (1872);  'Anecdotes  of  Public  Men' 


196 


FORSTER  —  PORTUNATUS 


(1873);  < Forty  Years  of  American  Journalism' 
(1877). 

FbrBter,  Ernst  (fer'ster).  A  German  artist, 
art  writer,  and  critic ;  born  in  Miinchengosser- 
stadt  on  the  Saale,  April  8, 1800 ;  died  in  Munich, 
April  29,  1885.  His  capacity  with  pencil  and 
brush  speedily  made  him  known ;  and  in  <  The 
Truth  about  Jean  Paul's  Life>  (1827-33),  'His- 
tory of  German  Art>  (1851-60),  'History  of 
Italian  Art*  (1869-78),  and  numerous  kindred 
studies,  he  showed  his  literary  skill.  His  essays 
on  the  works  of  the  old  masters  are  invaluable 
to  tourist  and  student. 

Fbrster,  Friedrich  Christoph.  A  Ger- 
man historian,  poet,  essayist,  and  critic ;  born 
in  Munchengosserstadt  on  the  Saale,  Sept.  24, 
1791 ;  died  in  Berlin,  Nov.  8,  1868.  He  fought 
in  the  war  of  liberation,  and  with  a  <Battle- 
Cry  to  the  Aroused  Germans'  won  fame  as  a 
song-writer :  but  *  The  Courts  and  Cabinets  of 
Europe  in  the  Eighteenth  Century*  (1836-39); 
<Gustavus  Adolphus'  (1832),  a  historical  drama; 
<  Prussian  Heroes  in  War  and  Peace,*  a  history 
in  detached  studies;  < Poems'  (1838),  a  verse 
collection ;  and  many  short  fictions,  comprise 
his  enduring  works. 

Forster,  Georg  (fors'ter).  A  German  tour- 
ist and  writer  of  travel,  son  of  Johann  Rein- 
hold;  born  1754;  died  1794.  He  wrote  <  Views 
on  the  Lower  Rhine,'  and  <  Minor  Writings' on 
philosophy. 

Forster,  Johann  Belnhold.  A  German  nat- 
uralist and  voyager;  born  in  Dirschau,  West 
Prussia,  Oct.  22,  1729;  died  in  Halle,  Dec.  9, 
1798,  An  inveterate  student  and  investigator, 
he  was  master  of  seventeen  languages,  besides 
his  accomplishments  in  the  physical  sciences, 
theology,  and  metaphysics.  His  specialties  are 
indicated  by  the  titles  of  his  brilliant  and 
famous  works :  *■  Introduction  to  Mineralogy ' 
(1768);  <  Flora  of  South  America'  (1771);  'De- 
scription of  the  Kinds  and  Qualities  of  Plants 
Gathered  during  a  Journey  to  the  Islands  of 
the  South  Sea,  1772-75'  (1776);  'Observations 
Made  during  a  Voyage  Round  the  World' 
(1778);  and  many  more. 

Forster,  John.  An  English  biographer  and 
historical  writer ;  born  in  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
April  2,  1812;  died  in  London,  Feb.  2,  1876. 
He  was  educated  for  the  law ;  held  one  or  two 
public  offices,  and  finally  engaged  in  literature 
and  journalism.  He  is  noted  for  his  <  Life  of 
Charles  Dickens'  (1871-74).  He  also  wrote: 
'  Statesmen  of  the  Commonwealth  of  England ' 
(1831-34);  'Life  of  Oliver  Goldsmith'  (1848); 
'  Biographical  and  Historical  Essays '  (1859) ;  etc. 

Forster,  Karl  August  (fers'ter).  A  German 
poet  and  translator  of  poetry ;  born  in  Naum- 
burg  on  the  Saale,  April  3,  1784;  died  in  Dres- 
den, Dec.  18,  1841.  His  versions  of  Petrarch, 
of  Tasso's  choicer  lyric  verse,  and  of  Dante's 
•New  Life'  (1841),  won  admiration.  He  wrote 
a  work  on  'Raphael'  (1827),  and  has  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  'Poems'  (1842). 


Forsyth,  Joseph.  A  Scotch  descriptive  writer ; 
born  in  Elgin,  Feb.  18,  1763;  died  there.  Sept 
20,  1815.  He  was  a  man  of  taste  and  training 
who  gratified  a  life's  ambition  by  visiting  Italy, 
where  he  observed  and  studied  much;  after- 
wards writing  '  Remarks  on  Antiquities,  Arts, 
and  Letters,  during  an  Excursion  in  Italy  in 
the  Years  1802  and  1803'  (1813),  a  work  of  such 
merit  that  it  has  run  through  many  editions. 

Forsyth,  William.  A  Scotch  poet  and  jour- 
nalist; born  in  Turriff,  Aberdeenshire,  Oct.  24, 
1818;  died  at  Aberdeen,  June  21,  1879.  Sol- 
diering songs  and  descriptive  poems  show  him 
favorably  as  a  poet ;  <  Idylls  and  Lyrics'  (1872), 
a  miscellaneous  collection,  being  probably  his 
best  work. 

Forteguerri,  Giovanni  (for-ta-gwa're).  An 
Italian  story-writer  ;  born  1508 ;  died  in  Pistoja, 
1582.  He  is  remembered  for  a  series  of  tales 
cast  in  the  Boccaccian  mold,  and  interesting 
as  revelations  of  contemporary  life  and  speci- 
mens of  Italian  in  the  course  of  its  develop- 
ment. 

Fortier,  Alcee,  A  distinguished  American 
educator  and  miscellaneous  prose-writer;  born 
in  Louisiana,  1856.  He  won  distinction  when 
very  young,  with  stories  of  life  in  his  native 
State.  He  is  now  professor  in  Tulane  Univer- 
sity. His  works  include :  '  Le  Chateau  de 
Chambord ' ;  '  Gabriel  d'Ennerich,'  a  historical 
tale ;  '  Bits  of  Louisiana  Folk-Lore ' ;  '  Sept 
Grands  Auteurs  du  XIXe  Si&cle';  '  Histoire 
de  la  Litterature  Fran^aise '; '  Louisiana  Studies'; 
<  Louisiana  Folk  Tales  > ; '  History  of  Mexico.' 

Fortiguerri,  Niccold  ( for-te-gwa'ra ).  An 
Italian  poet  (1674-1735).  He  wrote  a  comico- 
satirical  epic  '  Ricciardetto'  (1737),  in  which 
he,  a  canon  of  Santa  Maria  Maggiore  and  sec- 
retary of  the  Propaganda,  lashes  the  vices  of 
the  clergy :  it  revived  the  ironic  romantic  spirit 
of  Ariosto  with  admirable  taste. 

Fortis,  Giovanni  Battista  (for'tes).  An  Ital- 
ian descriptive  writer,  naturalist,  versifier,  r.nd 
biographer;  bom  in  Padua,  Nov.  Ii,  1741 ;  died 
in  Bologna,  Oct.  21,  1803.  He  is  sometimes 
alluded  to  as  Alberto.  He  was  a  priest  of 
attractive  personality  and  great  versatility,  be- 
sides being  a  noted  conversationalist.  His  best- 
known  work  is  'Travels  in  Dalmatia'  (1774). 

Fortlage,  Karl  (fort'lag-6).  A  German  phi- 
losopher; born  in  Osnabriick,  June  12,  1806; 
died  in  Jena,  Nov.  8,  1881.  A  Hegelian  in  his 
student  days,  he  arrived  finally  at  what  we 
might  designate  "  transcendental  pantheism  "  ; 
his  chief  works  being  the  'Genetic  History  of 
Philosophy  since  Kant'  (1852)  and  'A  System 
of  Empirical  Psychology'  (1855).  In  the  latter 
he  emphasizes  the  importance  of  introspection. 

Fortunatus,  Venantlus  Honorius  Clemen- 
tianus.  A  Latin  poet;  bom  near  Treviso,  in 
northern  Italy,  about  530;  died  at  Poitiers, 
France,  about  609.  He  was  educated  at  Milan 
and  Ravenna ;  in  565  went  to  France,  where 
he   was   welcomed   at   the   court   of   Sigebert; 


FORTUNE  — FOUQUE 


197 


icing  of  Austrasia.  At  Poitiers  lie  became 
chaplain  to  Queen  Radegonda,  and  about  592 
succeeded  to  the  episcopate  of  Poitiers.  His 
prose  is  mechanical,  but  his  poetry  has  an  easy 
rhythmical  flow.  Besides  the  beautiful  hymn 
beginning  <<  Vexilla  regis  prodeunt'^  (The  ban- 
ners of  the  king  advance),  which  has  been 
translated  into  several  modern  languages,  he 
wrote  lives  of  St.  Martin  of  Tours,  Saint  Rade- 
gonda, etc.;  hymns;  epitaphs,  poetical  epistles, 
and  some  other  verses. 

Fortune,  Robert.  An  English  botanist ;  born 
at  Kelloe,  Berwickshire,  Sept.  16,  1813;  died  at 
South  Kensington,  April  13,  1880.  His  <  Three 
Years'  Wanderings  in  China  >  (1847)  and  <A 
Residence  among  the  Chinese,  Inland,  on  the 
Coast,  and  at  Sea'  (1857),  in  addition  to  the 
charm  of  their  plant  lore,  possess  literary  grace. 

Fosbroke,  Thomas  Dudley.  An  English 
antiquary;  born  in  London,  May 27,  1770 ;  died 
at  Walford,  Herefordshire,  Jan.  i,  1842.  His 
devotion  to  archaeology  and  the  older  Anglo- 
Saxon  lore  inspired  'British  Monachism*  (1802) 
and  an  <  Encyclopaedia  of  Antiquities*  (1825), 
which  show  learning  and  patient  investigation. 

FoscolO,  Ugo  (fos'ko-Io).  A  celebrated  Italian 
poet  and  patriot;  born  on  the  island  of  Zante, 
Jan.  26,  1778;  died  Oct.  10,  1827,  in  London. 
His  tragedy  <  Thyeste '  was  received  with  great 
favor  at  Venice  in  1797.  'The  True  Story  of 
Two  Luckless  Lovers,  or  Last  Letters  of  Ja- 
copo  Ortis*  (1799),  afterward  rewritten  and 
renamed  < Italy*  (1802),  voices  his  disappoint- 
ment that  the  French  armies  did  not  liberate 
Italy ;  as  did  an  outspoken  apostrophe  to  Bona- 
parte. In  1807  was  published  his  finest  poem, 
<The  Graves.*  His  second  tragedy,  <Ajax,* 
brought  out  at  Milan  in  1809,  caused  his  expul- 
sion from  Lombardy ;  he  went  to  Florence  and 
there  produced  the  tragedy  <  Ricciarda*  (1813); 
compelled  to  flee  from  Italy,  he  composed  in 
Switzerland  the  bitter  satire  against  his  ene- 
mies, <The  One-Volume  Book  of  the  Super- 
Revelations  of  the  Cleric  Didymus,  Least  of 
the  Prophets.*  He  wrote  many  critical  and 
literary  essays. 

Fosdick,  Charles  Austin.  A  popular  Amer- 
ican writer  of  juvenile  books;  born  at  Ran- 
dolph, N.  Y.,  in  1842.  He  served  in  the  Union 
navy  in  the  Civil  War  from  1862  to  1865. 
Besides  contributions  to  periodicals,  he  has 
published  under  the  pseudonym  <*  Harry  Cas- 
tlemon  '*  over  thirty  books  for  boys,  among  which 
are:  <The  Gunboat  Series  '  (1864-68);  <  Rocky 
Mountain  Series*  (1868-71);  <  Rod  and  Gun 
Series*  (1883-84);  <  The  Buried  Treasure  >,<  The 
Steel  Horse  * ;  <  The  White  Beaver  * ;  <  Carl  the 
Trailer.* 

Fosdick,  William  Wbiteman.  An  American 
poet;  born  in  Cincinnati,  O.,  Jan.  28,  1825;  died 
there,  March  8,  1862.  He  gained  some  distinc- 
tion as  a  poet  by  a  drama  entitled  <  Tecumseh.* 
He  also  published  <  Malmiztic  the  Toltec  *  ( 1851 ) 
and  < Ariel  and  Other  Poems'  (1855). 

Foster,  Hannah  (Webster).  An  American 
novelist;  born  1759;  died  at  Montreal,  Canada. 


April  17,  1840.  Her  published  works  are  :  <The 
Coquette,  or  the  History  of  Eliza  Wharton,* 
one  of  the  earliest  of  American  novels;  <The 
Boarding  School*  (1796);  and  < Lessons  of  a 
Preceptress*  (1798). 

Foster,  John.  An  English  essayist;  bom 
(prol)ably)  in  Halifax,  Yorkshire,  Sept.  17, 1770 ; 
died  at  Stapleton,  near  Bristol,  Oct.  14  or  15, 1843. 
A  clergyman,  self-educated  and  with  an  ad- 
vanced point  of  view,  he  wrote  regularly  and 
delightfully;  but  his  volume  of  'Essays'  (1805) 
constitutes  his  chief  title  to  recognition.  Four 
in  number,  these  compositions  are  respectively : 
<0n  a  Man's  Writing  Memoirs  of  Himself*; 
<0n  Decision  of  Character*;  <0n  the  Applica- 
tion of  the  Epithet  Romantic ' ;  and  <  On  Some 
of  the  Causes  by  which  Evangelical  Religion 
has  been  Rendered  Less  Acceptable  to  Persons 
of  Cultivated  Taste.* 

Foster,  Stephen  Collins.  A  famous  Amer- 
ican song-writer  and  composer;  bom  at  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  July  4,  1826 ;  died  in  New  York  city, 
Jan.  13,  1864.  He  was  educated  at  Athens 
Academy  and  Jefferson  College,  Pennsylvania. 
He  composed  the  music  and  wrote  the  words 
of  over  125  popular  songs  and  melodies,  among 
which  are  :  <  Old  Folks  at  Home ' ;  <  Nelly  Bly  > ; 
<  Old  Dog  Tray  > ;  <  Come  Where  my  Love  Lies 
Dreaming';  < Suwanee  River';  etc. 

Fothergill,  Jessie.  An  English  story-teller; 
born  at  Manchester,  June  7,  185 1 ;  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  1891.  Her  stories  show  a  keen  faculty 
of  observation  ;  among  them  are  :  *  Healey,  a 
Romance'  (1875);  <The  First  Violin'  (1878), 
in  which  German  life  is  faithfully  portrayed ; 
'Probation'  (1879);  <  Kith  and  Kin'  (1881); 
'The  Lasses  of  Laverhouse'  (1888);  'Oriole's 
Daughter'  (1893). 

Foucher,  Paul  (fo-sha').  A  French  play- 
wright (1810-75).  Partly  in  collaboration  with 
others  and  partly  alone,  he  composed  about  70 
romantic  dramas  of  very  unequal  value  for  the 
Boulevard  Theatre  of  Paris.  His  'Notre  Dame 
de  Paris,'  after  Victor  Hugo's  novel,  alone  of 
all  his  pieces  now  holds  the  stage. 

Foucher  de  Careil,  Louis  Alexandre,  Count 

(fo-sha'  de  kar-a'e).  A  French  diplomatist  and 
philosophical  essayist  and  critic;  born  in  Paris, 
March  I,  1826;  died  there,  Jan.  10,  1891.  lie 
aimed  at  popularizing,  or  at  least  propagating, 
the  philosophy  of  Leibnitz ;  for  which  purpose 
he  wrote  'Letters  and  Minor  Works  of  Leib- 
nitz' (1854),  'Leibnitz,  Descartes,  and  Spinoza' 
(1863),  and  other  books ;  as  well  as  '  Goethe  and 
his  Work'  (1865),  and  studies  of  Hegel  and 
Schopenhauer. 

Fouqu^,  Baron  Frledrich  de  la  Motte  (fo- 
ka').  A  German  roniancist  in  various  forms; 
born  at  Brandenburg,  Feb.  12,  1777;  flied  at 
Berlin,  Jan.  23,  1843.  His  first  contributions  to 
literature  were  :  '  Romances  from  the  Vale  of 
RoncesvaP  (1805);  '  Story  of  the  Noble  Knight 
Galmy  and  a  Fair  Duchess  of  Britanny'  (1806); 
'Alwin'  (1808);  followed  by  the  hero-drama 
'Sigurd    the    Snake-Killer'  '(180S):    the   titles 


198 


FOUQUIER  —  FRANCE 


show  his  thoughts  to  have  been  filled  with 
legends  of  mediaeval  France  and  the  Scandi- 
navian North.  The  work  by  which  he  is  chiefly 
known  to-day  is<Undine>  (1811);  <Sintram> 
is  also  still  familiar.  Among  his  other  works 
are :  <  The  Voyages  of  Thiodulf  the  Icelander  > 
(1815);  <  Short  Stories*  (6  vols.,  1814-19);  several 
dramas,  as  <Alf  and  Yngwi,>  <  Runes,'  <  The  Jarl 
of  the  Orkneys  > ;  the  epics  <  Corona,'  <  Charle- 
magne,' <  Bertrand  du  Guesclin.'  Karoline  Au- 
guste,  his  second  wife  (1773-1831),  wrote  many 
novels  and  tales,  including:  <Roderic>  (1807); 
<The  Heroic  Maid  of  La  Vendue'  (1816); 
< Valerie'  (1827). 

Fouquler,  Jacques  Francois  Henri  (fo-kya').  A 
French  journalist  and  topical  writer ;  bom  in 
Marseilles,  Sept.  i,  1838;  died  at  Neuilly,  Dec. 
25,  1 901.  He  long  enriched  the  columns  of  Gil 
Bias,  Figaro,  and  L,'Echo  de  Paris,  both  over 
his  own  name  and  such  pseudonyms  as  «Nestor,* 
"Columbine"  and  *Columba."  < Artistic  Studies' 
(1859),  <In  the  Last  Century'  (1884),  and 
♦Parisian  Goodness'  (1885),  are  happy  dashes 
at  men  and  women  and  things, 

Fourier,  Fran50is  Marie  Charles  (fo-rya'). 
A  French  social  economist,  a  very  original  and 
interesting  figure  ;  born  in  Besan9on,  April  7, 
1772;  died  in  Paris,  Oct.  10,  1837.  At  first  in 
trade,  then  in  the  army,  the  seeing  a  cargo  of 
rice  thrown  into  the  sea  to  raise  its  price  led 
him  to  attempt  a  reform  abolishing  the  com- 
petitive system,  by  means  of  associated  produc- 
tion and  life  in  ♦*  phalansteries."  <  The  Theory 
of  the  Four  Movements'  (1808),  <The  New 
Industrial  and  Social  World'  (1829),  and  < False 
Industry'  (1835),  set  forth  his  scheme. 

Fourier,  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph,  Baron.    A 

celebrated  French  mathematician  and  physicist ; 
born  in  Auxerre,  March  21,  1768;  died  in 
Paris  (?),  May  16,  1830.  He  was  an  active 
Jacobin  during  the  French  Revolution.  His 
later  energies  were  divorced  from  politics  and 
given  up  to  science.  ^Analytical  Theory  of 
Heat'  (1822)  is  his  most  noted  work;  but  in 
mathematics  his  speculations  and  methods  are 
of  high  permanent  utility. 

Fournel,  Fran50is  Victor  (for-nel')-  A 
writer  on  the  antiquities  and  curiosities  of 
Paris ;  bom  near  Varennes,  Feb.  8, 1829.  Among 
his  writings  are  :  <  What  One  Sees  in  the  Streets 
of  Paris' (1854);  <  Theatrical  Curiosities '  (1859); 
'Pictures  of  Old  Paris'  (1863);  < Paris  and  its 
Ruins  in  1871'  (1874);  < Paris  Cries'  (1886). 
He  also  wrote  <  The  Contemporaries  of  Molifere ' 
(1863);  <To  the  Sun  Lands,'  sketches  of  travel 
(1883);  <  Contemporary  French  Artists.'    D.  1894. 

Fournler,  August  (for-nya').  A  distin- 
guished Austrian  historian;  bom  in  Vienna, 
June  19, 1850.  <  Historical  Studies  and  Sketches  > 
(1885)  and  < Napoleon  L:  a  Biography'  (1886- 
89)  have  confirmed  the  presage  of  a  high  uni- 
versity standing.  He  has  written  also  many 
biographies  and  sketches  of  special  periods. 

Fournler,  f  douard.  A  French  historical  and 
descriptive  writer;  bora  in  Orleans,  June   15. 


1819 ;  died  in  Paris,  May  10,  1880.  The  annals 
of  the  capital  and  its  topographical  features 
have  received  interesting  treatment  at  his 
hands;  <The  Street  Lamps'  (1854),  <  Riddles  of 
Parisian  Streets'  (1859),  and  <  Paris  Through 
the  Ages'  {1876),  being  typical  themes.  In 
other  lines  he  is  instructive  and  pleasing,  as 
in  <  Music  among  the  People'  (1847)  and  <  La 
Bruy^re's  Comedy'  {1866). 

Fournler,  Marc  Jean  Louis.  A  French 
dramatist;  born  in  Geneva,  1818;  died  in  St. 
Mand^,  Jan.  5,  1879.  He  first  entered  journal- 
ism, but  afterwards  wrote  several  strong  and 
original  plays,  < Nights  on  the  Seine'  (1852) 
among  them ;  besides  work  done  in  collabora- 
tion, notably  < Paillasse'  (1849)  and  <Manon 
Lescaut'  (1852). 

Fowler,  William  Worthington.  An  Amer- 
ican prose-writer;  born  in  Middlebury,  Vt., 
June  24,  1833 ;  died  in  Durham,  Conn.,  Sept.  18, 
1881.  He  was  the  author  of  <  Ten  Years  in 
Wall  Street'  (1870);  <  Fighting  Fire'  (1873); 
< Woman  on  the  American  Frontier'  (1877); 
< Twenty  Years  of  Inside  Life  in  Wall  Street' 
(1880). 

Fox,  George.  Founder  of  the  sect  of  Quak- 
ers, and  an  English  diarist  and  epistolary  and 
doctrinal  writer;  born  at  Fenny  Drayton, 
Leicestershire,  July  1624 ;  died  in  London,  Jan. 
13,1691.  His  works  are  his  < Journal'  (1694); 
'Epistles'  (1698);  and  'Doctrinal  Pieces'  (1706): 
the  first  especially  made  a  very  deep  im- 
pression. 

Fox,  John  (William).  An  American  writer 
of  dialect  stories ;  born  about  i860.  He  is  a 
contributor  to  magazines,  and  has  published 
<  The  Cumberland  Vendetta,  and  Other  Stories ' 
(1895);  <Hell  Fer  Sartain,  and  Other  Stories' 
(1S97);  <  Knight  of  the  Cumberland'  (1906). 

Foxe,  John.  An  English  divine  and  martyr- 
ologist ;  born  at  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  in  15 16; 
died  April  1587.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  but 
was  expelled  in  1545  after  becoming  a  convert 
to  Protestantism.  His  fame  as  an  author 
mainly  rests  upon  his  <  History  of  the  Acts  and 
Monuments  of  the  Church,'  commonly  known 
as  'Foxe's  Book  of  Martyrs.'  This  celebrated 
work,  upon  which  he  labored  for  eleven  years, 
was  published  in  1563. 

Frakndi,  Wilhelm  (frank-no').  A  Hun- 
garian historian ;  born  in  Urm^ny,  Feb.  7,  1843. 
His  country's  annals  and  vicissitudes  are  graph- 
ically and  accurately  elaborated  in  '  Peter 
Pdzmdn  and  his  Time'  (1868-69);  'History  of 
Hungary'  (1873-74);  and  'Hungary  and  the 
League  of  Cambray'  (1883). 

France,  Anatole  (frans).  [Jacques  Anatole 
Thibault.]  A  French  novelist  and  poet  of  great 
perfection  and  distinction  of  style ;  born  at 
Paris,  April  16,  1844.  His  first  volume  of 
'  Poems '  was  published  in  1873,  ^"d  his  dra- 
matic poem  'Corinthian  Revels'  in  1876.  The 
humorous  story  'Jocaste  and  the  Lean  Cat' 
(1879)  was  received  with  indifference;  but 
he  had  brilliant  success  with  'The  Crime  of 


FRANCE  —  FRANgOIS 


199 


Sylvester  Bonnard>  (1881);  <The  Yule  Log> 
(1881);  and  <The  Wishes  of  Jean  Servient 
(1881).  His  other  works  include:  <Our  Child- 
ren :  Scenes  in  Town  and  in  the  Fields'  (1886); 

<  Queen  Pddauque's  Cook-Shop  > ;  <  Opinions  of 
the  Abbd  Jdrome  Coignard>  (1893);  <The  Gar- 
den of  Epicurus';  <Abeille>;  <  My  Friend's 
Book  > ;  <  Our  Children  > ;  <  Balthazar  > ;  <  Thais  > ; 

<  Literary  Life ' ;  <  Alfred  de  Vigny  > ;  etc. 

France,  Hector.  A  French  novelist;  bom 
at  Mirecourt,  Vosges,  1840.  By  profession  a  sol- 
dier, he  writes  ably  on  military  and  economic 
subjects,  as  <John  Bull's  Army>  (1887)  and 
several  pamphlets  evince.  His  fictions  show  a 
ioving  care  of  form  and  effect,  also  a  delight 
In  dwelling  on  painful  and  revolting  aspects 
of  passion.  <  The  Pastor's  Romance*  (1879); 
•Love  in  the  Blue  Country*  (1880);  and  < Sister 
Kuhnegunde's  Sins*  (1880),  exemplify  both. 

Franchi,  Ausonlo  (fran'ke),  pseudonym  of 
Cristoforo  Bonavino.  An  Italian  philosopher ; 
bom  in  Pegli,  Feb.  24,  1821.  He  wrote  <The 
Rationalism  of  the  People*  (1856);  <The  Reli- 
gion of  the  Nineteenth  Century*  (1853);  and 
other  works  in  which  the  Kantian  standpoint 
is  reconciled  as  much  as  possible  with  deistic 
mysticism.     He  died  Sept.  11,  1895. 

Francillon,  Robert  Edward.  An  English 
novelist;  bom  at  Gloucester,  1841.  Among  his 
novels  are:  <  Pearl  and  Emerald*  (1872); 
'Queen  Cophetua  *  (1880);  *  King  or  Knave* 
(1888).  He  wrote  also  many  Christmas  stories, 
as  •  Streaked  with  Gold  * ;  <  Rare  Good  Luck  * ; 
'  In  the  Dark  * ;  and  the  cantatas  <  The  Rose 
Maiden*  and  <The  Corsair.*  He  delights  in 
realistic  descriptions  of  scenes  of  adventure. 

Francis  d'Assisi,  St.  An  Italian  preacher, 
poet,  and  great  spiritual  force,  founder  of  the 
Franciscan  order ;  born  at  Assisi  in  Umbria, 
Italy,  1182;  died  Oct.  12,  1226.  His  literary 
works  consist  of  letters,  sermons,  ascetic  trea- 
tises, proverbs,  moral  apothegms,  and  hymns. 
The  most  celebrated  of  his  hymns  is  the  <  Can- 
ticle of  the  Sun.*  His  memory  is  held  in  great 
reverence  and  love  on  account  of  his  devotion 
to  religion  and  his  love  for  all  living  creatures. 
Many  anecdotes  on  this  point  are  contained  in 
a  collection  called  <The  Little  Flowers  of  St. 
Francis,*  which  is  still  very  popular  in  Italy. 

Francis,  Philip,  Sir.  An  Irish-English  pub- 
lic man  and  writer,  the  best  accredited  of  the 
candidates  for  authorship  of  the  «  Junius  '*  let- 
ters ;  born  in  Dublin,  Oct.  22,  1740 ;  died  in 
London,  Dec.  23,  1818.  He  entered  the  civil 
service  at  23,  and  was  rapidly  advanced,  owing 
partly  to  his  abilities  and  partly  to  personal 
influence  curiously  accordant  with  partialities 
shown  in  the  <  Letters.*  Suddenly  raised  to 
the  lofty  position  of  one  of  the  resident  India 
council  appointed  by  Parliament  to  control 
those  affairs,  he  went  out  to  India ;  spent  his 
time  there  in  a  furious  contest  for  supremacy 
with  Warren  Hastings ;  was  finally  vanquished, 
but  achieved  a  terrible  revenge  after  his  return 
to  England,  by  inciting  Hastings's  impeach- 


ment and  coaching  Burke ;  entered  Parliament, 
prepared  many  pamphlets  and  made  many 
speeches  of  much  ability  and  unfailing  acri- 
mony. The  <  Letters  *  —  savage  assaults  on  the 
heads  of  the  party  in  power,  up  to  George  III. 
himself  —  appeared  in  the  Public  Advertiser  of 
London  from  1768  to  1772;  ceasing  with  the 
dispersion  of  the  party  faction  most  liked  by 
Francis,  and  a  year  before  his  great  promotion 
and  his  departure  from  England.  The  case 
for  his  authorship  is  most  effectively  put  in 
Macaulay's  Essay  on  Warren  Hastings. 

Franck,  Adolphe  ffronk).  A  French  phi- 
losopher; born  in  Liocourt,  Meurthe,  Oct.  9, 
1809;  died  in  Paris,  April  11,  1893.  He  has 
made  a  specialty  of  the  Jewish  side  of  meta- 
physical and  humanist  subjects,  being  himself 
of  Jewish  origin.  His  works  are:  < Sketches  of 
a  History  of  Logic*  (1838);  <The  Cabbala,  or 
Religious  Philosophy  of  the  Hebrews*  (1843); 
< Oriental  Studies*  (1861);  and  many  similar 
productions. 

Franck,  Johann  (frangk).  A  German  hymn- 
writer;  born  in  Guben,  1618;  died  in  the  Nie- 
derlausitz,  1677.  His  hymns  are  distinguished 
for  a  fervent,  ecstatic  quality,  as  shown  in  the 
collection  <  Spiritual  Zion*  (1674);  among  the 
best  remembered  being  <Adorn  Thyself,  Loved 
Soul,*  and  <  Jesus,  My  Joy.* 

Franck,  Sebastian.  A  German  prose  Pietist 
and  spiritual  and  ethical  writer;  bom  in  Don- 
auworth,  1499;  died  in  Basle,  Switzerland,  1543. 
He  was  a  priest  who  enlisted  warmly  in  the 
cause  of  the  Reformation,  and  wrote  two  com- 
pilations,'Proverbs*  (1541)  and  a<  World-Book' 
(1534),  abounding  in  instructive  and  edifying 
miscellany ;  in  addition  to  which  he  produced 
historical  and  descriptive  tracts  and  monographs. 

Francke,  Kuno.  An  American  scholar  and 
author ;  born  in  Schleswig,  Germany,  in  1855. 
He  is  professor  of  German  literature  in  Har- 
vard University.  His  notable  book  <  Social 
Forces  in  German  Literature  *  appeared  in  1896. 

Franco,  Nlccolb  (fran'ko).  An  Italian  poet 
(1505-69).  He  was  long  the  intimate  friend 
of  Pietro  Aretino,  and  his  rival  in  licentious- 
ness of  verse ;  at  Rome  he  was  punished  re- 
peatedly for  his  offenses  against  decency,  and 
at  last  hanged  for  his  satires  against  Pius  V. 
Among  his  works  are:  'Popular  Epistles' 
(1538);  'Piscatorial  Eclogues*;  <  Priapea.* 

Fran90is,  Luise  von  (fran'swa'  or  frofi- 
swa').  A  German  novelist  (1817-93).  Her 
first  considerable  story,  'The  Last  Recken- 
burgerin*  (1871),  was  very  warmly  praised  by 
the  critics  for  its  power  in  character  delinea- 
tion :  it  was  followed  by  'Frau  Erdmuthen's 
Twin  Boys*  (1872);  'Climacteric  Years  of  a 
Lucky  Fellow*  (1877);  'Judith  tne  House- 
keeper*  (1868),  a  peasant  counterpart  to  'The 
Last  Reckenburgerin,*  and  next  after  that 
her  best  story.  She  wrote  a  '  Popular  History 
of  the  Prussian  War  of  Liberation,  1813-15*; 
and  a  comedy  relating  to  the  Seven  Years' 
War,  'Woman's  Station*  (1882), 


200 


FRANCOIS  DE  NEUFCHATEAU  — FRAUENLOB 


rran90is  de  Neufchateau,  Nicolas  Louis, 
Count  (froii-swa'  de  ne-sha-to').  A  French 
public  man  and  minor  poet ;  born  in  Saffais, 
Meurthe,  April  17.  1750;  died  in  Paris  (?),  Jan. 
10,  1828.  He  was  admitted  into  the  Academy 
as  the  author  of  <  Discourse  on  the  Way  to  Read 
Verse  >  (i775J;  <New  Moral  Tales  in  Verse  > 
(1781);  <  Fables  and  Tales  in  Verse  >  (1814);  and 
similar  productions. 

FrancQ  van  BerkHey,  Johannes  le  (frangk 
fvan  berk'hi).  A  Dutch  poet  and  naturalist; 
born  in  Leyden,  Jan.  23,  1729;  died  there  (?), 
March  13,  1812.  He  was  a  physician  in  Am- 
sterdam, whose  <  Flora  and  Fauna  of  Holland  > 
(1769-79),  and  <  Natural  History  of  Homed 
Cattle*  (1805-11),  received  high  praise.  In  his 
<  Poems  >  (1776-79),  and  the  <  Song  of  Gratitude  > 
(1773).  he  shows  talent. 

Frankl,  Ludwig  August,  Chevalier  von 
Hochwaii;  (frinkl).  An  Austrian  poet;  bom  at 
Chrast,  Feb.  3,  1810  ;  died  at  Vienna,  March  14, 
1894.  His  d^but  was  made  with  <A  Lay  of  Haps- 
burg>  (1832),  a  series  of  ballads,  followed  (1836) 
by  the  epic  'Christopher  Columbus';  the  Biblical 
poem  <  RacheP  (1842);  a  poem  <The  Univer- 
sity' (1848),  the  first  publication  in  Austria  not 
subjected  to  official  censorship  ;  <Don  John  of 
Austria,'  a  heroic  poem  (1846);  'Lyric  Poems,* 
and  <Epic  and  Lyric  Poetry.' 

Franklin,  Benjamin.  A  celebrated  Ameri- 
can philosopher,  statesman,  and  didactic  writer ; 
born  in  Boston,  Jan.  16,  1706;  died  in  Phila- 
delphia, April  17,  1790.  Bred  a  printer  from 
early  boyhood,  he  was  a  hard  student,  and 
a  wide  and  judicious  reader.  He  early  con- 
tributed political  articles  to  the  local  press. 
Removing  to  Philadelphia,  he  established  a 
printing  business  and  founded  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Gazette.  He  was  a  promoter  of  every 
enterprise  for  the  public  good.  His  talent  for 
invention  and  practical  scientific  research  soon 
made  itself  felt.  In  1752  he  made  his  memor- 
able discovery  of  the  electrical  nature  of  thun- 
derstorms. He  issued  the  first  Poor  Richard's 
Almanac  in  1732,  to  supplant  the  current  al- 
manacs—  full  of  worthless  astrological  predic- 
tions and  stupid  jests  —  with  maxims  of  thrift 
and  homely  practical  philosophy.  As  Deputy 
Postmaster-General  he  organized  a  paying 
postal  system  for  the  colonies.  He  was  twice 
agent  of  Pennsylvania  at  London  to  procure 
redress  of  grievances;  he  passed  several  years 
abroad  in  public  service  before  the  Revolution, 
returning  to  Philadelphia  in  1775.  Thencefor- 
ward, both  at  home  and  especially  as  agent 
and  diplomat  in  foreign  countries,  his  life  was 
devoted  to  his  country's  interests.  He  wrote 
his  'Autobiography,'  reaching  down  to  the  year 
1757 ;  it  has  been  edited  by  John  Bigelow,  and 
published  in  3  vols.  (3d  ed.  1893).  His  <  Works' 
(10  vols.,  1887-89)  contain  also  his  fugitive 
pieces  —  many  of  them  classics  for  style  and 
matter,  and  furnishing  some  proverbial  say- 
ings—  and  his  correspondence. 

Franul  von  Weissenthurn,  Johanna  (fran'- 
ol  ion  vis'eii-torn}.    A  Germw  draniiiUst  and 


actress;  born  at  Griinberg  in  Coblentz,  1773; 
died  in  Vienna,  May  17,  1845.  Her  interpreta- 
tions of  stage  emotions  and  characters  made 
her  an  international  celebrity;  and  her  plays, 
in  the  edition  of  'Newest  Dramas'  (1821),  are 
works  of  great  power. 

Franz^n,  Frans  Michael  (frant-san').  A 
Swedish  poet ;  born  at  Uleiborg  in  Finland, 
Feb.  9,  1772 ;  died  Aug.  14,  1847.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  literature  and  ethics  in  the  University 
of  Abo  ;  but  after  the  annexation  of  Finland  to 
Russia  he  settled  in  Sweden,  and  in  1831  was 
made  Bishop  of  Hernbsand.  As  a  poet  he 
refused  to  adopt  the  didactic  manner  then 
regnant  in  Swedish  poetry,  and  wrote  in  an 
unaffected  idyllic  vein  with  singular  grace  of 
style.  His  collected  works  were  published  in 
5  vols.  (1824-36). 

Franzos,  Karl  Emll  (frant-sos').  An  Aus- 
trian novelist ;  born  in  Podolia,  Oct.  25,  1848,  of 
Jewish  parentage.  First  studying  jurisprudence, 
he  became  a  newspaper  correspondent,  traveled 
extensively  in  Europe  and  Asia,  edited  an  illus- 
trated paper  in  Vienna,  and  finally  studied  in 
Berlin  as  a  man  of  letters.  His  first  volume  — 
'  Semi-Asia :  Pictures  of  Life  in  Galicia,  Buko- 
wina.  Southern  Russia,  and  Roumania'  (1876) 
—  was  a  brilliant  success  all  over  Europe,  being 
translated  everywhere ;  and  he  has  maintained 
high  rank.  Among  his  lively  and  graceful 
novels  are:  <A  Struggle  for  the  Right'  (1881); 
'Tragic  Stories'  (1886);  'Judith  Trachtenberg ' 
(1890);  'The  Old  Doctor's  God'  (1892);  'The 
Truth-Seeker'  (1894).     Died  Berlin,  Jan. 31, 1904. 

Frapan,  Use  (frap'an),  pseudonym  of  Use 
Levien.  A  German  story-writer;  born  in  Ham- 
burg, Feb.  3,  1852.  She  is  most  at  home  in 
delineations  of  the  life  and  traits  of  the  people ; 
as  in  'Bitter-Sweet'  (1891),  'Familiar  Faces' 
(1893),  and  other  stories  in  this  field. 

Fraser,  Alexander  Campbell.  A  Scotch 
philosophical  writer;  born  at  Ardchattan,  Ar- 
gyleshire,  September  1819.  He  was  a  lecturer 
on  mental  philosophy  in  the  New  College,  Edin- 
burgh, 1846 ;  editor  of  the  North  British  Review 
1850-50 ;  professor  of  logic  in  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity. His  principal  productions  are  : '  Essays 
in  Philosophy'  (1856)  ;  'Rational  Philosophy' 
(1858) ;  a  memoir  of  Bishop  Berkeley,  with  a  col- 
lected edition  of  his  works  (1871)  ;  an  annotated 
edition  of  '  Locke's  Essay  on  Human  Under- 
standing'; and  '  Philosophy  of  Theism.' 

Fraser,  James  Baillie.  An  English  traveler 
and  man  of  letters ;  born  at  Reelick,  Inverness- 
shire,  June  II,  1783;  died  January  1856.  He 
went  to  the  West  Indies,  and  thence  to  India, 
in  1815  making  explorations  in  the  Himala- 
yas. He  wrote  '  A  Historical  and  Descriptive 
Account  of  Persia,'  and  other  works. 

Frauenlob  (frou'en-l5b),  pseudonjon  of  Hein- 
rich  von  Meissen.  A  German  mastersinger 
(1250-1318).  He  was  a  roving  minstrel,  prac- 
ticing his  art  in  the  courts  of  the  princes  of 
southern  and  northern  Germany;  at  last  he 
settled  in   Mayence,  and  is  believed  to  bay? 


FRECHETTE  — FRENCH 


established  there  the  first  school  of  minstrelsy. 
His  pseudonym  or  nickname,  *'  Panegyric  of 
Woman,"  he  won  from  contending  in  a  poetical 
competition  for  the  word  <Mady'>  (frau)  instead 
of  « woman  >^  (weib).  Tradition  says  that 
women   bore   his  corpse  to  the   cathedral. 

Frechette,  Louis  Honore  (fra-shef).  A 
French-Canadian  poet ;  born  at  Quebec  about 
1839.  He  has  written  many  odes  and  lyrics 
exquisite  in  form  and  inspired  by  genuine 
passion  :  they  are  collected  in  the  volumes  <  My 
Leisure  Hours';  <Pell-MelP;  <The  Legend 
of  a  People.'  He  translated  for  the  Theatre 
Fran9ais  of  Paris  several  of  Shakespeare's  plays. 
His  poem  < Northern  Blooms'  was  crowned 
by  the  French  Academy.     Died  May  31,  1908. 

Frederic,  Harold.  An  American  journalist  and 
novelist ;  born  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  19,  1856  ; 
died  at  Henley,  England,  Oct.  19,  1898.  He 
was  for  years  London  correspondent  for  the 
American  press.  Among  his  stories  are  :  <The 
Lawton  Girl' ;  <  In  the  Valley' ;  <  The  Copper- 
head,'a  tale  of  the  Civil  War;  <  The  Damna- 
tion of  Theron  Ware' ;  <March  Hares,'  a  study 
of  contemporary  social  life. 

Frederlcq,  Paul  (fred-er-ek').  A  Belgian 
historian ;  born  in  Ghent,  Aug.  12,  1850.  Ac- 
curacy of  scholarship,  liberality  of  view,  and 
ease  of  style  are  manifest  in  his  <  Essay  on  the 
Political  and  Social  Part  Played  by  the  Dukes 
of  Burgundy  in  the  Low  Countries'  (1875), 
<The  Netherlands  under  the  Emperor  Charles 
V.'  (1885),  and  other  studies  in  Flemish  and 
Netherlandish  chronicles. 

Fredro,  Count  Alexander  (frad'ro).  A  nota- 
ble Polish  dramatist,  called  «the  Moli^re  of 
Poland";  born  at  Suchorow  in  Galicia,  1793; 
died  at  Lemberg,  July  15,  1876.  He  is  the 
founder  of  Polish  comedy,  those  who  preceded 
him  having  worked  over  French  plays.  <  Mr. 
Moneybags'  (his  first  piece,  1821),  <  Ladies  and 
Hussars,'  <  Man  and  Wife,'  and  <  Revenge,'  are 
his  titles.    The  scenes  are  taken  from  real  life. 

Fredro,  Johann  Alexander.  A  Polish  dram- 
atist, son  of  Count  Alexander  (1829-91).  He 
served  in  the  Polish-Hungarian  legion  in  the 
Hungarian  revolt  of  1848,  and  after  its  sup- 
pression lived  in  exile  till  1857.  Of  his  numer- 
ous comedies  these  may  be  mentioned  :  <  Before 
Breakfast'  (1864);  < Foreign  Elements'  (1872); 
<The  Goloshes'  (1879);  <  Poor  or  Rich'  (1880). 

Freeman,  Edward  Augustus.  A  distin- 
guished English  historian  ;  born  at  Harborne 
in  Staffordshire,  Aug.  2,  1823 ;  died  at  Alicante 
in  Spain,  Mav  16,  1892.  He  was  appointed 
protessor  of  history  at  Oxford,  1884.  The  prin- 
cipal of  his  very  numerous  works  are:  <  His- 
tory and  Conquests  of  the  Saracens'  (1856); 
'  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest  of  England ' 
(6  vols.,  1867-79);  *  General  Sketch  of  European 
History'  (1872);  < Growth  of  the  English  Con- 
stitution' (1872);  <  Reign  of  William  Rufus  and 
Accession  of  Henry  L'  (2  vols.,  1882);  <  Fifty 
Years  of  European  History'  (i888).'  At  the 
tiin?  of  his  death  he  was  engaged  on  a  great 


<  History  of  Sicily,'  of  which  four  volumes  have 
been  published.  Among  his  miscellaneous 
writings  are :  <  Lectures  to  American  Audi- 
ences'  (1882)  and  <Some  Impressions  of  the 
United  States'  (1883).  His  contributions  to 
the  periodicals  of  his  day  were  frequent  and 
of  great  weight;  and  he  was  a  fiery  and  un- 
varying champion  of  national  freedom. 

Freiligratli,  Ferdinand  (fri'lig-rat).  A  nota- 
ble German  poet ;  born  in  Detmold,  June  17, 
1810;  died  in  Cannstatt,  March  18,  1876.  His 
first  volume  of  <  Poems'  (1838),  full  of  grand 
Oriental  imagery,  won  universal  favor — and  a 
royal  pension,  which  he  renounced  as  discredit- 
ing his  liberalism,  publishing  a  <  Confession  of 
Faith'  in  verse  (1844).  Banished  as  a  sower 
of  sedition,  he  took  refuge  in  London  till  the 
revolution  of  1848.  Returning,  he  was  tried 
for  high  treason  for  his  poem  <  The  Dead  to 
the  Living,'  but  acquitted ;  then  threatened  with 
prosecution  for  <  Political  and  Social  Poems'; 
and  once  more  flying  to  London,  lived  there 
till  1868.  His  poems  are  imaginative  and  pas- 
sionate, with  ringing  and  spirited  diction ;  many 
of  his  songs  are  widely  popular.  He  was 
an  admirable  translator,  notably  from  Scott, 
Shakespeare,  and  Longfellow. 

Fremont,  Mrs.  Jessie  Benton.  An  Ameri- 
can prose-writer,  wife  of  John  Charles ;  born  in 
Virginia,  1824.  Her  father  was  Thomas  H. 
Benton  of  Missouri.  She  wrote:  <Story  of  the 
Guard:  A  Chronicle  of  the  War,'  with  a  German 
translation  (1863);  a  sketch  of  her  father  pre- 
fixed to  her  husband's  memoirs  ( i886) ;  <Souve- 
nirs  of  my  Time'  ( 1887) ;  and  <The  Will  and  the 
Way  Stories.'     She  died  Dec.  27,  1902. 

Fremont,  John  Charles.  An  American  ex- 
plorer, politician,  general,  and  writer ;  born  in 
Savannah,  Ga.,  Jan.  21,  1813;  died  in  New 
York  city,  July  13,  1890.  He  was  the  first 
Republican  nominee  for  the  Presidency,  and 
served  as  major-general  in  tlie  United  States 
army  during  the  Civil  War.  His  publications 
include  :  <  Report  of  the  Exploring  Expedition 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  1842,  and  to  Ore- 
gon and  Northern  California  in  1843-44';  'Fre- 
mont's Explorations';  and  'Memoirs  of  my 
Life'  (1886). 

French,  Alice.    See  Thanet. 

French,  Henry  Willard.  An  American  lect- 
urer and  author;  born  in  Connecticut  in  1854. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  :  <  Castle  Foam ' 
(1880),  a  Russian  story  ;  <  Ego  >  (1880),  a  nov6l ; 
<Gems  of  Genius'  (1880);  <  Nuna,  the  Brah- 
min Girl '  (1881)  ;  <  Our  Boys  in   China'  (1883)  ; 

<  Through  Arctics  and  Tropics' ;  *  Out  of  the 
Night.' 

French,  L.  Virginia  (Smith).  An  Ameri- 
can poet;  born  in  Maryland  in  1830 ;  died  at 
McMinnville,  Tenn.,  March  31,  1881.  She  was 
associate  editor  of  the  Southern  Lady's  Book, 
a  fashion  magazine,  published  in  New  Orleans 
(1852).  Her  collected  works  are:  <Wind 
Whispers,'  poems  (1856);  <  Iztalilxo,'  a  tragedy 
(1859);  and  <  Legends  of  the  South'  (1867). 


FRENEAU  —  FRIEDRICHS 


Freneau,  Philip.  An  American  poet;  born 
in  New  York  city,  Jan.  2,  1752;  died  near 
Freehold,  N.  J.,  Dec.  18,  1832.  His  connection 
with  Jefferson  and  other  men  of  the  time  made 
him  conspicuous.  <  The  Home  of  Night,>  an 
imaginative  poem,  possesses  merit  and  will  en- 
dure. <  The  College  Examination,)  <  Eutaw 
Springs,)  and  <  The  Indian  Student,*  are  favor- 
ably remembered.  A  competent  critic  com- 
mends his  <  Lines  to  a  Wild  Honeysuckle'  as 
sincere  and  delicate. 

Frenzel,  Karl  Wllhelm  (frents'el).  A  Ger- 
man novelist  and  essayist ;  born  at  Berlin,  Dec. 
6,  1827.  He  has  published  several  volumes  of 
historical  essays,  as  <  Poets  and  Women  >  (3 
vols.,    1859-66),   < Busts    and    Pictures'    (1864), 

<  Renaissance  and  Rococo>  (1878),  all  marked 
by  fine  discernment  and  just  historical  per- 
spective ;  also  two  volumes  of  dramatic  criti- 
cism, < Berlin  Dramaturgy'  (1877).  Among  his 
numerous  historical  novels  of  the  eighteenth 
century  are  :  <  Pope  Ganganelli'  (1864);  <  Char- 
lotte   Corday>    (1864);    <  La    Pucelle>    (1871); 

<  Lucifer:  A  Story  of  Napoleon's  Time'  (1873). 
Outside  the  field  of  historical  fiction  he  has 
written  many  stories,  as  <  Mrs.  Venus'  (1880); 
<Chambord'  (1883);  < Weary  of  Life'  (1886); 
< Woman's  Rights'  (1892).  He  is  also  author 
of  < German  Voyages'  (1868). 

Frere,  Jolin  Hookham.  An  English  poet, 
translator,  and  diplomatist;  born  in  London 
(not  Norfolk),  May  21,  1769;  died  in  Malta, 
Jan.  7,  1846.  He  was  a  Cambridge  graduate, 
and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Anti-Jacobin 
(see  Canning).  After  a  career  in  the  diplo- 
matic service,  he  produced  his  original  <  Pro- 
spectus and  Specimen  of  an  Intended  National 
Work  .  .  .  Relating  to  King  Arthur  and  his 
Round  Table'  (1817),  better  known  as  <  The 
Monks  and  the  Giants';  a  literary  burlesque, 
but  full  of  charming  verse  and  of  excellent 
character-drawing.  It  naturalized  in  English. 
the   ottava   rima   afterward   used   by  Byron  in 

<  Beppo  >  and  <  Don  Juan.'  A  version  of  a  large 
part  of  Aristophanes  succeeded  this  effort. 

Frey,  Adolf  (fri).  A  German  poet,  biogra- 
pher, and  essayist;  born  Feb.  18,  1855.     In  his 

<  Poems'  (1886),  and  < Recollections  of  Gottfried 
Keller'  (1892),  culture  and  scholarship  are  con- 
spicuous ;  and  a  volume  on  <Albrecht  von  Hal- 
ler  and  his  Importance  in  German  Literature' 
(1879)  shows  great  critical  acumen. 

Frey,  Friedricli  Hermann.    See  Greif. 

Frey,  Jakob.  A  Swiss  novelist;  born  at 
Gutenschwyl  in  Aargau,  May  13,  1824.  His 
novels  are  few  in  number,  but  they  are  to  be 
classed  with  the  finest  productions  of  Swiss 
literary  genius.  They  are :  <  Between  Jura  and 
Alps'  (1858);  <The  Orphan  Girl  of  Hollizen' 
(1863);  <  Swiss  Portraits'  (in  three  parts,  1864-77). 

Freylinghausen,  Johann  Anastasius  (fri'- 
ling-hou"zen).  A  German  theologian  and 
hymnist ;  born  in  Gandersheim,  Dec.  2,  1670 ; 
died  in  Halle,  Feb.  12,  1739.  His  < Song- Book' 
(1704)    is  one   of   the    most   voluminous    and 


meritorious  compilations  of  sacred  verse  ever 
made ;  and  his  work  on  the  •  Foundation  of 
Theology'  is  the  masterpiece  of  the  Pietist 
movement  of  Halle. 

Freytag,  Gustav  (fri'tag).  A  distinguished 
German  poet  and  novelist ;  born  at  Kreuzburg 
in  Silesia,  July  13,  1816 ;  died  at  Wiesbaden, 
April  30,  1895.  His  first  dramatic  composition 
was  <The  Bridal  Tour,'  a  comedy  (1844);  it 
was  followed  by  a  little  one-act  tragedy,  <  The 
Savant'  (1844),  and  by  a  small  volume  of  poems 
<In  Breslau'  (1845);  after  which  he  produced 
<The  Valentine'  (1846),  < Count  Valdemar' 
(1847),  and  <The  Journalists'  (1853).  Among 
his  works  outside  of  the  drama  may  be  men- 
tioned his  great  novel  of  social  life  <  Debit  and 
Credit'  (3  vols.,  1855  ;  40th  ed.  1893),  followed  by 
another  novel  of  social  life,  <  The  Lost  MS.' 
(1864;  23d  ed.  1893).  His  next  work,  'Ances- 
tors,' is  a  cycle  of  six  stories  portraying  the 
German  civilization  from  the  beginning  of  his- 
toric times. 

Fri6,  Joseph  V&clav  (frich).  A  Czech  jour- 
nalist, dramatist,  agitator,  and  poet;  bom  in 
Prague,  Sept.  5,  1829 ;  died  there,  Oct.  14,  1890. 
Political  activity  and  journalistic  independ- 
ence resulted  in  his  exile,  but  he  was  granted 
amnesty  after  wandering  through  Europe  and 
writing  anti-Austrian  books  and  papers.  His 
place  in  his  country's  literature  is  due  to 
<  Laments  of  the  Bohemian  Crown'  (1868),  a 
political  pamphlet;  <The  Vampire'  (1849),  a 
patriotic  poem ;  <  Ulric  von  Hutten '  and  <  Ma- 
zeppa,'  dramas ;  and  various  other  productions. 

Friedlander,  Ludwig  (fred'len-der).  A  Ger- 
man classical  philologist  and  scholar;  born  in 
Konigsberg,  July  16, 1824.  His  most  represent- 
ative work  is  <  Typical  Studies  in  the  History 
of  Roman  Manners  and  Morals'  (6th  ed.  1889), 
written  in  popular  style.  <The  Remains  of 
Nicanor's  Emendations  of  the  Punctuation  of 
the  Iliad'  (1850),  and  like  theses,  constitute 
him  an  authority  in  Homeric  criticism. 

Friedmann,  Alfred  (fred'man).  A  German 
poet  and  story-teller ;  born  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main,  Oct.  26,  1845.  His  poems  have  every 
grace  of  form,  but  lack  original  inspiration. 
Among  them  are:  <Merlin.  Orpheus'  (1874), 
two  ballads;  <  Biblical  Stars'  (1875),  compris- 
ing three  idylls ;  <  Love's  Fire  Test.  Angio- 
letta';  <  Lays  of  the  Heart'  (1888).  He  is  the 
author  of  many  novels,  including:  <Two  Mar- 
riages'; <  Suddenly  Rich'  (1891);  <The  Wild 
Rose  '  (1893).    *-  The  Reliable '  (1897). 

Friedrich,  Friedrich  (fred'rich).  A  German 
novelist ;  born  in  Gross-Vahlberg,  Little  Bruns- 
wick, May  2,  1828;  died  in  Plauen,  near  Dres- 
den, April  13,  1890.  He  was  the  author  of 
many  pleasing  romances ;  the  best  of  them  — 
<War  Scenes'  (i860);  <The  Minister's  Wife' 
(1871);  <Frank  and  Free'  (1872);  and  <  The 
Honor  of  the  House'  (1884) — evincing  a  con- 
siderable degree  of  constructive  ingenuity. 

Friedriohs,  Hermann  (fred'riihs).  A  Ger- 
man poet  and  story-writer;  born  in  St.  Gear 


FRIES  — FROMMEL 


203 


on  the  Rhine,  June  14,  1854.  He  has  distin- 
guished himself  in  periodical  journalism,  and 
shown  taste  as  a  maker  of  polite  literature  in 

<  The  Revenge  of  the  Bayadere*  (1880),  a 
lyric  ;  <  Love  Ordeals  *  (  1888  ),  a  volume  of 
stories;  and  'Forms  and  Passions'  (1889), 
poems,  all  uniting  tropical  intensity  to  rhetorical 
grace  and  purity  of  diction. 

Fries,  Jakob  Friedricli  (fres).  A  German 
philosopher;  born  in  Barby,  Aug.  23,  1773; 
died  at  Wartburg,  Aug.  10,  1843.  He  is  a  link 
between  Kant's  system  and  the  so-called  his- 
torical school.  *  The  New  or  Anthropological 
Critique  of  Reason'  (1807)  is  his  most  important 
book :  although  his  <  Handbook  to  Psychical 
Anthropology*  (1820),  < System  of  Metaphysics' 
(1824),  and  two  or  three  besides,  must  be  con- 
sidered in  an  estimation  of  his  position  in  Ger- 
man letters. 

Friis,  Jens  Andreas  (fres).  A  Norwegian 
philologist,  ethnologist,  and  sketch-writer ;  bom 
in  Sogndal,  May  2, 1821.  He  has  exhaustively  in- 
vestigated the  language  and  literature  of  the 
Finns  and  Laps  ;  a<  Lap  Grammar '(1856),'  Lap 
Mythology'  (1871),  and  like  works,  giving  him 
pre-eminence  in  this  field.  <  Holidays  among 
Crags  and  Mountains'  (1876) — hunting  and 
fishing  sketches,  with  the  mountains  of  his 
country  as  a  background  —  give  another  side 
of  his  literary  power.     Died  Feb.  16,  1896. 

Frlman,  Klaus  (fre'man).  A  Danish  poet; 
born  in  Selloe,  Norway,  Aug.  4,  1746 ;  died  in 
Dawigen,  Norway,  Oct.  16,  1829.  He  was  a 
country  clergyman.  His  descriptive  poem 
<Hornelen>  (1777)  had  merits;  but  the  grace- 
ful pastoral  lyrics  which  followed  constitute 
him  a  poet  of  strongly  individualized  charm. 

Friman,  Peder  Harboe.  A  Danish  poet, 
brother  of  Klaus ;  born  in  Selloe,  Nov.  19, 
1752 ;  died  in  Copenhagen,  Sept.  31,  1839.  He 
also  exploited  Hornelen  in  a  pleasing  metrical 
description  (1777).    He  wrote  odes,  and  a  poem, 

<  St.  Sunniva's  Cloister,'  of  much  beauty. 

Froebel,  Friedricli  (fre'bel).  A  notable  Ger- 
man educator;  born  at  Oberweissbach,  April 
21,  1782 ;  died  at  Marienthal,  June  21,  1852.  He 
was  for  some  time  associated  with  Pestalozzi, 
but  evolved  a  theory  of  education  of  his  own. 
To  explain  it  he  wrote  <  The  Education  of 
Man'  (Vol.  i.,  1826),  a  work  of  deep  and  ori- 
ginal thought.  He  opened  the  first  Kinder- 
garten or  Children's  Garden  at  Blankenburg, 
Thuringia,  1840. 

Froebel,  Julius.  A  German  journalist,  polit- 
ical and  descriptive  writer,  and  publicist ;  born 
in  Griesheim,  near  Stadtilm,  July  16,  1805 ; 
died  in  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Nov.  6,  1893.  He 
was  active  in  the  popular  movements  preced- 
ing and  during  1848.  He  wrote:  <The  Re- 
publicans,' a  political  drama;  <  Theory  of 
Politics'  (1861-64);  <  America:  Experiences, 
Studies,  and  Travels'  (1857-58),  the  latter  work 
the  fruit  of  much  personal  observation  and  a 
residence  there  of  nine  years ;  and  <  A  System 


of  Social  Politics'  (2d  ed.  1847).  He  was  a 
remarkably  keen  and  accurate  observer,  and  a 
writer  of  rare  plausibility. 

Frbhlicli,  Abraham  Emanuel  (frS'lich).  A 
Swiss  poet  and  fabulist  (1796-1865).  His  first 
work  was  a  volume  of  < Fables'  (1825),  fol- 
lowed (1827)  by  a  small  volume  of  <  Swiss 
Lays.'  <  The  Gospel  of  St.  John  in  Songs ' 
(1835)  explains  itself.  He  also  wrote  <  Elegies 
on  Cradle  and  Bier'  (1835);  three  epics  on 
the  Reformers  Zwingli,  Ulrich  von  Hutten, 
and  Calvin ;  a  volume  of  <  Rhymed  Proverbs ' 
(1850);  < Selected  Psalms  and  Spiritual  Songs' 
(2d  ed.  1845). 

Frohlicli,  Karl  Hermann.  A  German  juve- 
nile poet  and  artist ;  born  in  Stralsund,  April 
8,  1821.  His  silhouettes  and  figures,  accom- 
panied by  verse,  have  delighted  childhood  in 
two  continents.  'Fables  and  Tales'  (1853-54), 
and  <  New  Silhouettes  and  Rhymes'  (1855), 
are  particular  favorites.     He  died  at  Berlin,  1898. 

Frobschammer,  Jakob  (fr5'sham-er).  A 
German  philosopher ;  born  in  Illkosen,  Bavaria, 
Jan.,  6,  1821 ;  died  at  the  Kreuth,  June  14,  1893. 
He  was  a  Catholic  priest  when  he  began  the 
series  of  writings  which  called  public  attention 
to  him  and  cost  him  his  pastorate.  These 
include  '  Christianity  and  Modern  ( Nature ) 
Science'  (1868);  <The  Imagination  [PhantasieJ 
as  the  Fundamental  Factor  [Grundprinzip]  in 
Cosmic  Evolution  [WeltprozessJ '  (1877);  and 
'Outline  System  of  Philosophy'  (Part  i,  1892): 
in  which,  and  other  works,  mysticism,  "other- 
worldliness,"  and  the  phenomena  of  the  im- 
agination are  incorporated  among  the  more 
ordinary  particles  of  the  philosophic  mosaic. 

Froissart,  Jean  (froi'sart  or  frwa-s'ar').  A 
celebrated  French  chronicler  and  poet ;  born 
at  Valenciennes  in  Hainault,  1333;  died  at 
Chimay,  i4io(?).  He  began  at  20  to  write  the 
history  of  the  wars  of  his  time.  His  'Chron- 
icle' (as  the  title  is  usually  abbreviated)  cov- 
ering the  years  1326-1400,  is  of  capital  impor- 
tance for  its  period.  To  a  collection  of  the 
verses  of  Wenceslaus  of  Brabant,  Froissart 
added  some  of  his  own,  and  gave  to  the 
whole  the  title  '  Meliador,  or  the  Knight  of 
the  Golden  Sun.'  All  his  extant  poems  were 
published  at  Brussels  in  3  vols.,  1870-72. 

Fromentin,  Eugene  (fro-mon-tah').  A  French 
artist,  critic,  and  writer  of  travel  sketches ;  born 
in  La  Rochelle,  Oct.  24,  1820 ;  died  in  St. 
Maurice  near  La  Rochelle,  Aug.  27,  1876;  A 
journey  undertaken  in  the  interest  of  art  re- 
sulted in  'A  Year  in  the  Sahel '  (5th  ed.  1884) 
and  <  A  Summer  in  the  Sahara '  (9th  ed.  1888). 
He  has  also  entered  another  department  of  lit- 
erature with  'The  Masters  of  a  Former  Day' 
(1876),  a  happy  bit  of  appreciation  of  old 
painters. 

Frommel,  Emil  (from'el).  A  German  popu- 
lar story-writer  and  theologian ;  bom  in  Karls- 
ruhe, Jan.  5,  1828.  He  was  a  brave  amiy 
chaplain,  and  turned  out  good  sermons  to  the 
general  edification ;  but  '  Tales  for  the  People ' 


304 


FRONTAURA  —  FUA-FUSIN  ATO 


(9  vols.,  1873-86),  and  similar  collections  of 
humorous  and  realistic  compositions,  will  fonn 
his  memorials  in  the  future.  Died  Nov.  9,  1896. 
Frontaura,  Carlos  (fron-tou'ra).  A  Spanish 
story-writer  and  dramatist ;  born  in  ^Iad^id, 
Sept.  4,  1834.  <  The  Philanthropist,*  a  comedy, 
and  <  Fortunes  and  Misfortunes  of  Rosita,*  a 
novel,  illustrate  his  talent  at  its  best.  His 
compositions  are  characterized  in  general  by 
a  light  gayety.     He  was  a  very  prolific  writer. 

Frontlnus,  Sextus  Julius.  A  Roman  gen- 
eral, public  official,  and  author ;  born  about  40 
A.D.;  died  probably  in  103  A.  D.  He  was 
urban  praetor  of  Rome  in  70,  and  as  governor 
of  Britain  (76-78)  acquired  a  great  reputation 
by  the  conquest  of  the  warlike  Silures.  He 
was  twice  consul,  and  during  the  reign  of  Nerva 
became  superintendent  of  aqueducts,  to  which 
appointment  we  owe  his  valuable  treatise  <  On 
the  Aqueducts  of  Rome.*  Of  the  other  works 
attributed  to  him,  the  only  genuine  one  is  the 
<  Strategematicon,*  treating  of  military  tactics. 

Pronto,  Marcus  Cornelius  (fron'to).  A 
Roman  rhetorician  and  epistolary  writer;  bom 
in  Cirta,  Numidia,  about  100  A.  D. ;  died  in 
Rome(?),  i8o(?).  It  is  in  his  letters,  first 
brought  to  light  in  1815,  that  he  is  revealed  as 
a  writer  of  ability  and  importance. 

Frothingliam,     Natlianiel    Langdon.     An 

American  Unitarian  clergyman  and  religious 
writer;  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  July  23,  1793; 
died  there,  April  4,  1870.  He  was  author  of 
•Deism  or  Christianity*;  'Sermons  in  the  Or- 
der of  a  Twelvemonth*  (1852);  and  < Metrical 
Pieces*  (1855).  His  writings  are  marked  by 
grace  and  refinement. 

Frothingham,  Octavius  Brooks.  An  American 
Unitarian  clergyman,  son  of  Nathaniel ;  bom  in 
Boston,  Nov.  22,  1822  ;  died  there,  Nov.  27, 
1895.  His  radical  views  led  to  the  resignation 
of  his  pastorate  in  the  Unitarian  Church,  Salem, 
Mass.  He  preached  in  Jersey  City,  1855-59;  then 
organized  the  Third  Unitarian  Church  in  New 
York  city,  where  he  preached  very  radical  and 
advanced  views  until  the  dissolution  of  the 
church  in  1879.  The  remainder  of  his  life 
was  devoted  to  travel  and  literary  pursuits, 
his  home  being  in  Boston.      His  works  were : 

*  Stories  from  the  Lips  of  the  Teacher  * ;  <  Stories 
from  the  Old  Testament  * ;  <  The  Religion  of 
Humanity  * ;  <  The  Cradle  of  the  Christ  * ;  <  Me- 
moir of  W.  H.  Channing  * ;  <  The  Safest  Creed  * ; 
•Beliefs  of  the  Unbelievers*;  < Creed  and  Con- 
duct*; <The  Spirit  of  the  New  Faith*;  <The 
Rising  and  the  Setting  Faith*;  < Lives  of  Ger- 
rit  Smith,  George  Ripley,  Theodore    Parker*; 

•  Transcendentalism  in  New  England  * ;  •  Rec- 
ollections and  Impressions*;  etc. 

Froude,  James  Anthony  (frod).  A  notable 
English  historian ;  bom  at  Dartington  in  Devon- 
shire, April  23,  1818;  died  in  London.  Oct.  20, 
1894.  In  the  beginning  of  the  Tractarian  con- 
troversy he  was  a  close  friend  of  Newman,  and 
was  a  contributor  to  the  <  Lives  of  the  English 
Saints.*   He  took  orders  in  the  Anglican  Church 


(1844).  Among  his  works  may  be  mentioned: 
<  Luther:  A  Short  Biography*  (1833);  < Shadows 
of  a  Cloud*  (1847);  < Nemesis  of  Faith*  (1848); 
•History  of  England  from  the  Fall  of  Wolsey 
to  the  Death  of  Elizabeth*  (12  vols.,  1850-70); 
•  Influence  of  the  Reformation  on  the  Scottish 
Character*  (1867);  <The  English  in  Ireland  in 
the  Eighteenth  Century*  (3 vols.,  1872);  <Ca;sar: 
A  Sketch*  (1879);  •Thomas  Carlyle*  (1882); 
•Spanish  Story  of  the  Armada*  (1892).  He 
was  the  successor  of  E.  A.  Freeman  in  the  pro- 
fessorship of  modern  history  at  Oxford. 

Frugonl,  Carlo  Innocenzio  Maria  (fro- 
go'ne).  An  Italian  poet  (1692-1768).  He  was 
a  Franciscan  friar,  and  was  professor  of  rhet- 
oric at  Brescia,  Bologna,  Modena,  etc. ;  at  the 
court  of  Parma  he  was  appointed  poet  lau- 
reate and  historiographer.  His  •  History  of  the 
House  of  Farnese  *  was  published  in  1729.  His 
poetical  works  (15  vols.,  1779)  show  great  ele- 
gance of  style,  richness  of  imagery,  and  har- 
mony of  numbers.  He  was  happy  in  his  poet- 
ical 'Epistles*  after  the  manner  of  Horace. 

FruUani,  Emilio  (fro-lan'e).  An  Italian  poet ; 
born  at  Florence,  1808 ;  died  there,  Oct.  24, 
1879.  He  holds  honorable  rank  among  contem- 
porary Italian  lyrists.  He  is  a  master  of  elegiac 
verse ;  many  of  his  threnodies  on  the  death 
of  friends  —  above  all,  the  one  entitled  •The 
Three  Souls*  —  are  admirable.  His  poems  are 
collected  in  two  volumes:  •Verses*  (1863); 
•New  Verses*  (1874). 

Fry,  James  Barnet.  An  American  military 
officer  and  author ;  born  in  Carrollton,  111.,  Feb. 
22,  1827;  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  July  11,  1894. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1847 ;  served 
in  the  Mexican  War  (1847-48);  and  was  in- 
structor and  adjutant  at  West  Point  (1853-59). 
He  saw  active  service  in  the  Civil  War  and 
was  provost-marshal -general  (1863-66).  Aftei 
the  war  he  was  appointed  adjutant-general,  and 
retired  in  1881.  His  works  include:  •Histor- 
ical and  Legal  Effects  of  Brevets*  (1877); 
•Army  Sacrifices*  (1879);  •Operations  Under 
Buell*  (1884). 

Fryxell,  Anders  (friiks'el).  A  Swedish  his- 
torian, literary  critic,  and  grammarian ;  born 
in  Edsleskog,  Dalsland,  Feb.  7,  1795 ;  died  in 
Stockholm,  March  21,  1881.  He  was  a  clergy- 
man and  a  scholar.  His  writings  are  char- 
acterized by  purity  of  idiom  and  great  beauty 
of  style ;  the  strongest  of  his  works,  •  Stories 
from  Swedish  History*  (1832-79),  is  through- 
out its  many  volumes  admirable  in  its  combi- 
nation of  accuracy  with  historical  insight  and 
literary  grace.  •The  Prejudice  against  Aris- 
tocracy among  Historians  of  Sweden*  (1845- 
50);  •Contributions  to  Swedish  Literary  His- 
tory* (1860-62);  and  •Manual  of  the  Swedish 
Tongue,*  are  among  his  most  important  works. 

Fua-Fusinato,  Erminia  (fwa'fo-sen-a'to). 
An  Italian  poetess,  wife  of  the  poet  Arnaldo 
Fusinato;  bom  of  Jewish  parents  at  Rovigo, 
Oct.  5,  1834;  died  in  Rome,  Sept.  27,  1876. 
Her   spirited   appeals   to    national   sentiment 


PULDA  — FURST 


205 


in  1848  brought  her  widely  into  notice.  In 
1852  was  published  her  <  Verses  and  Flowers.* 
She  wrote  a  series  of  <  Stomelli,>  advocating 
Florence  as  the  national  capital  instead  of 
Rome.  Her  complete  poetical  works,  <Versi,> 
were  published  in  1879;  her  <  Literary  Writ- 
ings '  in  1883. 

Fulda,  Ludwig  (fol'da).  A  German  dram- 
atist; born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  July  15, 
1862.  One  of  his  first  pieces,  a  comedy  in  verse, 
•  Honest  Men,*  was  repeatedly  put  upon  the 
stage.  His  most  successful  plays  are  the  two 
comedies  <  Under  Four  Eyes*  (1886)  and  <The 
Wild  Chase*  (1888);  and  the  drama  of  society 
'The  Lost  Paradise*  (1890).  His  dramatic  tale 
<The  Talisman*  (1893)  was  received  with  ex- 
traordinary favor.  His  special  gifts  are  an 
easy  mastery  of  the  resources  of  language  and 
of  poetical  technique,  and  a  lively  wit  ever 
conscious  of  a  serious  purpose. 

Fuller,  Anna.  An  American  novelist ;  born 
in  Massachusetts  in  1853.  Her  works  are  :  <  Pratt 
Portraits  :  Sketched  in  a  New  England  Suburb  * 
(1892)  ;  <  A  Literary  Courtship*  (1893) ;  <  Peak 
and  Prairie*  (1894)  ;  <  A  Venetian  June  *  (1896). 
'Katharine  Day*  (1901) ;  <A  Bookful  of  Girls.* 

Fuller,  Henry  B.  An  American  story-writer 
and  novelist ;  born  in  Chicago  of  New  Eng- 
land blood,  1857.  He  was  intended  for  a  mer- 
cantile career,  but  entered  literature  anony- 
mously with  <  The  Chevalier  of  Pensieri-Vani  * 
(new  ed.  1892),  and  <The  Chatelaine  of  La 
Trinitd  (1892).  He  next  wrote  <  The  Cliff  Dwel- 
lers* (1893),  and  <With  the  Procession*  (1895), 
novels  of  Chicago  life;  <  Under  the  Skylights.* 

Fuller,  Hiram.  An  American  journalist; 
born  in  Plymouth  County,  Mass.,  about  1815; 
died  in  1880.  Together  with  N.  P.  Willis  and 
George  P.  Morris  he  published  the  New  Mir- 
ror. The  three  subsequently  established  the 
Daily  Mirror,  which  Mr.  Fuller  edited  for  four- 
teen years.  He  resided  for  a  number  of  years 
in  London  and  Paris,  and  on  his  return  wrote 
<  Grand  Transformation  Scenes  in  the  United 
States ;  or,  Glimpses  of  Home  after  Thirteen 
Years  Abroad*  (1875). 

Fuller,  Margaret.  See  OssoU,  Sarah  Mar- 
garet Fuller,  Marchioness  d'. 

Fuller,  Thomas.  A  noted  English  historian 
(1608-61).  He  was  a  presbyter  of  the  Estab- 
lished Church  and  a  prebendary  of  Salisbury 
Cathedral.  He  was  a  voluminous  writer.  His 
works  include:  < David's  Heinous  Sin*  (1631), 
a  poem;  'History  of  the  Holy  W^ar*  (1639); 
<A  Pisgah  Sight  of  Palestine*  (1650);  < Church 
History  of  Britain*  (1655).  The  one  work  for 
which  he  is  now  esteemed  is  <  The  Worthies 
of  England*  (folio,  1662),  which  is  full  of  bio- 
graphical anecdote  and  acute  observations  on 
men  and  manners. 

FuUerton,  Georglana,  Lady.  An  English 
novelist,  daughter  of  the  first  Earl  Granville 
and  wife  of  Alexander  Fullerton ;  born  at  Tixall 
Hall,  Staffordshire,  Sept.  23,  1812;  died  at 
Bournemouth,  Jan.   19,  1885.     Her  first  novel. 


<  Ellen    Middleton*    (1844)     was    followed    by 

<  Grantley  Manor*  (1847).  Her  later  stories, 
after  her  conversion  to  the  Catholic  faith  in 
1846,  are  in  a  mild  way  "  stories  with  a  pur- 
pose,** the  purpose  being  to  develop  the  influ- 
ence of  religious  belief  on  life  and  character; 
among  them  are:  <  Lady  Bird*  (1852);  'Too 
Strange  Not  to  be  True*  (1864);  <  Mrs.  Gerald's 
Niece*  (1871);  <A  Will  and  a  Way*  (1881). 
She  wrote  also  <  The  Gold-Digger,  and  Other 
Verses*  (1872). 

Funclc-Brentano,  Theophile  (fonk"bren- 
ta"no).  A  French  philosophical  and  critical 
writer;  born  in  Luxembourg,  Aug.  23,  1830. 
His  thorough  studies  in  law  and  medicine 
have  imparted  to  his  philosophical  writings  an 
exactitude  of  thought  and  inspired  a  special 
stress  upon  method,  as  in  <  New  Thoughts  and 
Maxims*  (1858);  <  Exact  Thought  in  Philoso- 
phy* (1869);  <  Greek  Sophists  and  Contempo- 
rary English  Sophists*  (1879);  and  others.  As 
a  critic  he  is  esteemed  for  the  happy  presenta- 
tion and  careful  elaboration  of  his  thought. 

Furness,  Horace  Howard.  An  American 
Shakespearean  scholar  and  editor,  son  of 
William  H. ;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Nov.  2, 
1833.  He  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1854-, 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1859.  The  honorary  degree  of  Ph.D.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  the  University  of  Gottingen 
in  recognition  of  his  services  to  Shakespearean 
literature.  He  is  the  editor  of  the  exhaustive 
New  Variorum  Edition  of  Shakespeare,  eight 
volumes  of  which  have  appeared  since  1871. 

Furness,  William  Henry.  An  American 
clergyman  and  author;  born  in  Boston,  April 
20,  1802;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Jan.  30,  1896. 
He  was  educated  at  Harvard ;  studied  theology 
at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  was  pastor  of  the 
First  Unitarian  Church  in  Philadelphia  from 
1825  to  1875.  Among  his  numerous  works  are : 
< Remarks  on  the  Four  Gospels*  (1836);  < Jesus 
and  his  Biographers*  (1838);  <  Verses  and 
Translations  from  the  German  Poets*  (1886); 
< Pastoral  Offices*  (1893). 

Furnivall,  Frederick  James.  An  English 
historian  of  literature ;  born  in  Egham,  Surrey, 
Feb.  4, 1825.  A  lawyer  by  profession,  he  became 
a  socialist  and  reformer,  and  a  student  of  de- 
batable literary  problems.  His  labors  resulted 
in  the  production  of  < Shakespeare's  England* 
(1877),  and  many  editions  of  old  masterpieces, 
such  as:  < Saint-Graal,  the  History  of  the  Holy 
Graal  in  English  Verse,  by  Henry  Lonelich> 
(1861-63),  and  <Caxton's  Book  of  Curtesye> 
(1868) ;  <The  Succession  of  Shakespeare  Works.* 

Furst,  Julius  (fiirst).  A  Polish  Oriental 
scholar;  born  in  Zerkovo,  Posen,  May  12,  1805; 
died  in  Leipsic,  Feb.  9,  1873.  His  origin  was 
Jewish.  He  obtained  a  marvelous  mastery  of 
the  rabbinical  literature,  utilized  in   his  great 

<  History  of  Jewish  General  and  Literary  Cult- 
ure in  Asia,*  and  <  History  of  Biblical  Litera- 
ture and  of  Hellenico-Judaic  Letters*  (1867-70), 
etc.    He  suffered  many  attacks  from  critic*. 


306 


PUSINATO  — GALL 


Fusinato,  Amaldo  (to-sen-a'to).  An  Italian 
poet;  born  at  Schio  in  the  district  of  Vicenza, 
1817;  died  at  Verona,  Dec.  2g,  1888.  His  high 
poetical  gifts  were  first  exercised  in  humorous 
poetry,  often  with  a  political  aim.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  revolution  of  1848  he  and  his 
brother  raised  a  battalion  of  volunteers  and 
took  part  in  several  actions.  His  collected 
<  Poems  >  were  published  in  1853,  and  have 
since  been  many  times  republished  in  cheap 
popular  editions.  His  <  Unpublished  Patriotic 
Poems*  appeared  in  1871. 

Fustel  de  Coulanges,  Numa  Denis  (fus-tel'- 
de  ko-lanzh').  A  French  historian;  born  in 
Paris,  March  18,  1830;  died  there,  Sept.  12, 
1S89.  His  <  Polybius,  or  Greece  Conquered  by 
the  Romans)  (1858);  < The  Ancient  City  >  (12th 
ed.   1889);   and   <  History  of  Political   Institu- 


tions in  Old  France*  (1875-92),  are  interesting 

and  exhaustive  works. 

Fyflfe,  Charles  Alan.  An  English  historian; 
born  at  Blackheath,  Dec.  3,  1845  ;  died  in 
London,  Feb.  19,  1892.  He  graduated  at  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  in  1868,  and  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1876,  but  never  actively  practiced.  As 
correspondent  of  the  Daily  News  during  the 
Franco-Prussian  war  he  is  said  to  have  sent  to 
that  journal  the  first  account  of  the  battle  of 
Sedan  that  appeared  in  print.  On  account  of 
a  false  charge,  he  became  depressed  and  com- 
mitted suicide.  His  historical  works  are  dis- 
tinguished by  accuracy  and  a  pleasing,  perspic- 
uous style.  They  include  :  <  History  of  Greece' 
(1875);  < History  Primers*;  and  the  well-known 
< History  of  Modern  Europe*  (1880,  1886,  1890), 
covering  the  period  from  1792  to  1878. 


Q 


Gaborlau,  ^mlle  (ga-bo-ryo').  A  French 
writer  of  detective  stories ;  born  in  Saujon, 
Nov.  9,  1835 ;  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  28,  1873.  His 
early  years  were  a  succession  of  vicissitudes ; 
the  army,  the  law,  and  even  the  church,  were 
in  turn  the  objects  of  his  inconstant  attentions, 
until  at  last  he  wrote  his  way  to  fame  and 
fortune  with  <The  Lerouge  Affair*  in  1866. 
He  had  previously  tried  his  luck  with  a  hu- 
morous tale  or  two.  His  works  include  :  <  File 
No.  II3>  (1867);  <The  Crime  of  OrcivaP  (1867); 
<  Monsieur  Lecoq>  (1869);  <The  Fall>  (1871); 
<The  Rope  about  the  Neck>  (1873);  etc. 

Gage,  William  Leonard.  An  American 
clergyman  and  author ;  born  in  Loudon,  N.  H., 
in  1832;  died  in  1889.  He  was  the  pastor  of 
a  Congregational  church  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
from  1868  to  1884.  Besides  several  translations 
from  the  German,  he  has  written  <  Trinitarian 
Sermons >  (i860);  <  Songs  of  War  Time  >  (1863); 
<Life  of  Carl  Ritter>  (1887);  <  Palestine,  His- 
toric and  Descriptive*  (1887). 

Gagneur,  Louise  (gan-yer').  A  French  nov- 
elist ;  born  at  Domblans,  in  the  Jura,  January  (?) 
1832.  At  18  she  wrote  an  essay  on  trades- 
unionism  which  attracted  the  attention  of  Vlad- 
imir Gagneur,  a  deputy  in  the  Chamber,  who 
married  her.  She  wrote  novels  of  a  socialistic 
and  anti-Catholic  tendency,  many  of  which 
proved  popular.  <An  Expiation';  < The  Black 
Crusade  > ;  <  The  Story  of  a  Priest  > ;  and  <  The 
Crime  of  the  Ahh6  Maufrac,*  are  some  of  the 
better  known  among  these  works,  which  are 
characterized  by  vividness  of  narration  and  in- 
tense warmth  of  partisan  feeling.    Died  1902. 

Gairdner,  James.  A  Scotch  compiler  and 
historical  writer ;  born  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
March  22,  1828.  Besides  memorials  and  com- 
jpilations  relating  to  the  mediaeval  period  of 


English  history,  he  has  published  <  The  Houses 
of  Lancaster  and  York*  (1874),  in  the  'Epochs 
of  History*  Series;  'Life  and  Reign  of  Rich- 
ard III.>  (1878);  the  volume  'England,*  in  the 
Christian  Knowledge  Society's  series  entitled 
'Early  Chroniclers  of  Europe*  (1879);  'Henry 
VII.,*  in  'Twelve  English  Statesmen*  (1889), 

Gald6s,  Benito  Perez  (gal'dos).  A  Span- 
ish  novelist;  born  in  Las  Palmas,  Canary 
Islands,  May  10,  1845.  He  went  to  Madrid 
when  a  lad  to  study  law;  but  instead  began 
writing  plays,  till  their  persistent  rejection  by 
managers  caused  him  to  try  novel-writing,  in 
which  he  established  his  fame  and  his  for- 
tune. <  The  Fountain  of  Gold '  is  the  first,  and 
'  Electra  *  is  one  of  the  latest,  of  a  long  series 
of  novels  demonstrating  that,  as  regards  life, 
"  few  see  it  more  clearly  than  Galdos.** 

Galen,  Philipp  (gal'en),  pseudonym  of  Ernst 
Philipp  Karl  Lange.  A  German  novelist ; 
born  in  Potsdam,  Dec.  21,  1813.  He  was 
for  years  an  army  physician,  retiring  with  a 
reputation  for  medical  lore ;  he  had  also  won 
fame  with  'The  Island  King,*  a  widely  popu- 
lar story,  and  'The  Madman  of  St.  James,* 
by  far  his  best  work.  'Fritz  Stilling*  is  the 
tale  of  a  practicing  physician's  adventures,  and 
'Walther  Lund*  deals  with  literary  life.  'The 
Diplomat's  Daughters*  and  'Free  from  the 
Yoke*  are  meritorious  fictions.  He  is  a  pleas- 
ing realist  with  no  special  "  tendency.**    D.  1899. 

Gall,  Kichard.  A  Scottish  song-writer ;  bom 
at  Linkhouse,  December  1776;  died  in  Edin- 
burgh, May  10,  1801.  At  first  apprenticed  to  his 
uncle,  a  carpenter,  afterwards  to  a  printer  in 
Edinburgh,  he  subsequently  became  a  traveling 
clerk.  Bums  and  Thomas  Campbell  were 
counted  among  his  friends.  Several  of  his 
songs  were  set  to  music,  and   were   popular. 


GALLAGHER  —  GANGHOPER 


207 


Two  of  these,  <  The  Farewell  to  Ayrshire  *  and 
that  beginning  «  Now  bank  and  brae  are  clad 
in  green,"  are  often  credited  to  Burns. 

GaHagher,  William  Davis.  An  American 
journalist  and  poet ;  born  at  Philadelphia,  Aug. 
21,  1808 ;  died  1894.  <  A  Journey  through 
Kentucky  and  Mississippi,*  published  in  the 
Cincinnati  Chronicle  in  1828,  first  drew  public 
attention  to  him.  He  wrote  <  The  Wreck  of  the 
Hornet,*  a  poem ;  and  edited  <  Selections  from 
the   Political   Literature  of  the   West*    (1841). 

<  Fruit  Culture  in  the  Ohio  Valley  >  is  among 
the  best  of  his  agricultural  writings.  <  Miami 
Woods,*  and  <A  Golden  Wedding  and  Other 
Poems,*  were  published  in  1881. 

Gallardo,  Aurelio  Luis  (gal-yar'-do).  A 
Mexican  poet ;  born  in  Leon,  Guanajuato,  Nov. 
3,  1831 ;  died  in  Napa,  Cal.,  Nov.  27,  1869.  He 
published  three  volumes  of  poems :  <  Dreams 
and  Visions  *  (Mexico,  1856)  ;  <  Clouds  and 
Stars*  (Guadalajara,  1865);  and  < Legends  and 
Romances*  (San  Francisco,  1868);  also  a  col- 
lection of  poems,  <  Home  Stories.*  He  wrote 
many  comedies.  The  drama  <  Maria  Antonieta 
de  Lorena*  is  regarded  as  his  best  work. 

Gallatin,  Albert.  An  American  statesman, 
financier,  and  author;  born  in  Geneva,  Switzer- 
land, Jan.  29,  1761 ;  came  to  this  country  in 
1780;  died  at  Astoria,  L.  I.,  Aug.  12,  1849. 
He  was  in  Congress  1795-1801 ;  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  1801-1813 ;  minister  to  France 
1815-1823,  and  to  England  1826-27.  Later  he 
engaged  in  banking.    Among  his  works   are : 

<  Considerations  of  the  Currency  and  Banking 
Systems  of  the  United  States*  (1831);  'Memoir 
on  Northeastern  Boundary*  (1843);  <  Notes  on 
the  Semi-Civilized  Nations  of  Mexico,  Yucatan, 
and  Central  America*  (1845). 

Gallaudet,  Thomas  Hopkins.  An  American 
writer  and  educator;  born  at  Philadelphia, 
1787;  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  1851.  In  1817 
founded  at  Hartford  the  first  deaf-mute  insti- 
tute in  America,  but  in  1830  he  resigned  the 
presidency  of  it.  He  was  afterwards  chaplain 
of  the  Connecticut  Retreat  for  the  Insane  from 
1838  until  his  death.  He  wrote  <  Bible  Stories 
for  the  Young*  (1838)  and  <The  Child's  Book 
of  the  Soul*  (1850). 

Gallego,  Juan  Nicasio  (gal-ya'go).  A  Span- 
ish lyric  poet ;  born  in  Zamora,  Dec.  14,  1777 ; 
died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  9,  1853.  He  studied  law, 
philosophy,  and  theology,  at  Salamanca ;  but 
began  a  poetical  career  upon  becoming  in- 
timate with  Valdds,  Quintana,  and  Cienfuegos. 
His  political  activity  resulted  in  his  imprison- 
ment in  1814,  and  banishment  for  a  short  time 
subsequently.  His  first  poetry  was  light  and 
amorous,  but  he  later  took  up  sterner  subjects. 
His  <The  Second  of  May,*  and  an  elegy  upon 
the  death  of  Queen  Isabella  (1818),  have  at- 
tained particular  celebrity.  He  served  in  the 
Spanish  Cortes  for  some  years. 

Gallenga,  Antonio  Carlo  Napoleone  (galleng''- 
ga).  An  Italian  publicist  and  author;  born  in 
Parma,  Nov.  4,  1810;  died  at  Llandogo,  Wales, 


Dec.  17,  1895.  He  left  Italy  in  1831  for 
political  reasons.  He  represented  Piedmont 
at  Frankfort  in  1848-49,  and  was  a  member  of 
Parliament  from  1854  to  1864.  He  was  long  the 
London  Times's  special  correspondent  in  Italy. 
His  works,  many  of  them  issued  under  the 
name  of  '<  Mariotti,**  include  :  <  Italy,  Past  and 
Present*  (1841-49);  <  Castellamonte,  an  Auto- 
biography* (1854);  <Mariotti's  Italian  Gram- 
mar,*  which    went    through    twelve    editions ; 

<  History  of  Piedmont*  (1855-56);  <  The  Pearl 
of  the  Antilles*  (1873);  ^"d  several  books  of 
travel. 

Gait,  John.  A  Scottish  novelist;  born  at 
Irvine,  Ayrshire,  May  2, 1779 ;  died  at  Greenock, 
April  II,  1839.  Going  abroad,  he  met  Lord 
Byron  at  Gibraltar,  and  sailed  with  him  for 
Greece.  Returning  to  London,  he  contributed 
to  Blackwood's.  <  The  Annals  of  the  Parish  * 
was  published  in  1821,  and  met  a  popular  wel- 
come. In  rapid  succession  appeared  <  Sir  An- 
drew Wylie,*  <  The   Entail,*  <  The   Steamboat,* 

<  The  Provost,*  <  Ringan  Gilhaize,*  <  The  Spae- 
wife,*  and  <  Rothelan.*  His  <  Literary  Miscel- 
lanies* was  published  in  1834.  He  also  wrote 
a  <  Life  of  Byron.* 

Galton,  Francis.  A  distinguished  English 
anthropologist  and  traveler;  born  at  Duddes- 
ton,  near  Birmingham,  1822.  He  is  grandson 
of  Erasmus  Darwin,  and  thus  a  kinsman  of  the 
celebrated  author  of  <  The  Origin  of  Species.* 
His  principal  works  are :  <  Narrative  of  an  Ex- 
plorer in  Tropical  South  Africa*  (1853);  <The 
Art  of  Travel,  or  Shifts  and  Contrivances  in 
Wild  Countries*  (1855);  'Hereditary  Genius, 
its  Laws  and  Consequences*  (1869);  'Experi- 
ments in  Pangenesis*  (1871);  and  in  the  same 
line  of  studies,  '  English  Men  of  Science,  their 
Nature  and  Nurture*  (1874);  'Inquiry  into 
Human  Faculty*  (1883);  '  Natural  Inheritance  * 
(1889);  'Finger  Prints*  (1893).  He  has  also 
written  several  memoirs  on  anthropometric  sub- 
jects and  kindred  topics.  He  has  held  official 
positions  in  connection  with  the  Royal  Societj', 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  and  other  scien- 
tific bodies.  He  invented  the  system  of  com- 
posite photography. 

Gama,  Jose  Basilio  da  (ga'ma).  A  Brazil- 
ian poet;  born  in  the  district  of  Rio-dos-Mor- 
tes,  Brazil,  in  1740 ;  died  in  Lisbon,  Portugal, 
July  31, 1795.  Educated  by  the  Jesuits,  he  joined 
their  order;  but  about  1786  renounced  his  al- 
legiance to  it,  and  published  the  poem  '  Uru- 
guay* to  expose  the  alleged  Jesuit  design  of 
forming  an  independent  State  among  the  Uru- 
guay Indians.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Academy  of  Lisbon.  He  also  published 
'Lenitivo  da  Sandade  do  Principe  D.  Jos6* 
(1788),  and  'Quitubia*  (1791). 

Ganghofer,  Ludwig  (gang'hof-er).  A  Ger- 
man dramatist  and  novelist ;  born  in  Kauf- 
beuren,  July  7,  1855 ;  resides  in  Vienna.  At 
first  engaged  in  mechanics,  he  later  embarked 
in  literature.  His  first  great  triumph  in  the 
drama  was  'The  Sculptor  of  Oberammergau,' 
written    in    collaboration    with    Hans    Neuert. 


208 


GANNETT  —  GARFIELD 


His  other  plays  have  been  staged  in  all  the 
European  capitals.  His  novels  steadily  grow 
in  repute ;  the  most  successful  are :  <  It  Was 
Once  Upon  a  Time,>  and  <  Discontent*  His 
volume  of  lyric  poetry,  <  From  the  Tribe  of 
Asia,'  has  attracted  great  attention. 

Gannett,  William  Channing.  An  American 
clergyman  and  author ;  born  in  Boston,  Mass., 
March  13,  1840.  He  graduated  from  Harvard 
in  i860.  He  has  held  the  pastorates  of  several 
Unitarian  churches  throughout  the  West  and 
East.  Among  his  works  are:  <  Memoir  of 
E.  S.  Gannett  >  (1875);  <A  Year  of  Miracle  > 
(1881);  <The  Thought  of  God>  (with  F.  L. 
Hosmer) ;  <  Of  Making  One's  Self  Beautiful.' 

Garay,  Jinos  (gor'oi).  A  Hungarian  dram- 
atist and  poet;  born  in  Szegszard,  Oct.  10, 
1812;  died  at  Buda-Pesth,  Nov.  5,  1853.  His 
work  was  inspired  by  the  German  drama;  as 
shown  in  <Arbocz,>  his  best-known  historical 
composition.  The  poems  <The  Skirmisher,' 
<  Bosny&k  Zsofia,'  and  <  Arp^dok,'  and  a  volume 
of  historical  ballads,  have  received  warm  praise 
from  the  best  European  critics. 

Garborg,  Arne.  A  Norwegian  novelist ;  born 
in  Jffideren,  Jan.  25,  1851.  He  was  the  son  of 
humble  parents,  and  prepared  himself  with  dififi- 
culty  for  a  school-teacher's  career.  He  took  up 
literature  as  a  means  of  expressing  his  theories, 
and  produced  the  novels  <  Pleasant  Students' 
and  <  Mannfolk,'  both  of  a  rebellious  and  often 
displeasing  realism,  which  brought  him  fame,— 
but  also  trouble,  for  the  truthful  portraiture  in 
one  of  them  cost  him  his  post  in  the  govern- 
ment service. 

Gar9ao,  Pedro  Antonio  Correa  (gar-san'). 
A  Portuguese  poet ;  born  in  Lisbon,  April  29, 
1724;  died  there,  Nov.  10,  1772.  As  a  lyric  poet 
he  stands  very  high;  while  his  satires,  odes, 
and  epistles,— upon  the  models  of  Horace,— 
are  dainty  and  spiritual.  He  also  wrote  suc- 
cessful dramas.  The  Portuguese  esteem  him 
for  the  perfection  with  which  he  employed 
their  language  in  his  works.  The  <  Hymn  to 
Dido'  is  one  of  his  most  popular  productions. 
He  was  arrested  for  a  personal  satire,  and 
died  in  prison  after  a  long  captivity. 

Garcia  de  Quevedo,  Jose  Heriberto  (gar- 
the'a  db  ka-va'do).  A  South-American  author; 
born  in  Coro,  Venezuela,  March  1819;  died  in 
Paris,  June  1871.  Educated  in  France  and 
Spain,  he  settled  in  Paris,  and  was  killed  in 
the  communard  insurrection  of  1871.  Among 
his  poems  are  :  <  To  Columbus ' ;  <  To  Liberty ' ; 
<  To  Pius  IX.' ;  <  F>enzy ' ;  <  The  Life  to  Come ' ; 
and  <The  Proscript.'  His  dramas  were  well 
received.  He  wrote  the  novels  <The  Love 
of  a  Girl'  and  <Two  Duels  Eighteen  Years 
Apart.' 
Garcia  Gutierrez.    See  Gutierrez. 

Garcia  y  Tassara,  Gabriel  (gar-the'a  e  fas- 
ar'a).  A  Spanish  poet  and  publicist;  born  in 
Seville,  June  16,  1817;  died  at  Madrid,  Feb. 
14,  1875.     Among  his  noteworthy  poems,  <A 


Devil  into  the  Bargain'   (Un  Diablo   Mds)  is 
reckoned  the  best.    His  lyrics  are  very  effective. 

Garcilaso  de  la  Vega  (garthe-las'6  da  la 
va'ga).  [Properly  Garcias  Laso.]  A  Spanish 
poet  of  high  rank;  born  in  Toledo  in  1503; 
died  at  Nice,  Oct.  14,  1536.  He  appeared  very 
early  at  the  court  of  Charles  V.,  where  his 
progress  was  rapid,  not  alone  in  letters  but  in 
arms.  He  became  ambassador  to  France  and 
subsequently  traveled  in  Alva's  suite,  only  to 
lose  the  Emperor's  favor  and  languish  long 
in  prison.  He  it  was  who  naturalized  the 
smoother  of  the  Italian  metres  in  Spain,  and 
softened  the  stern  outlines  of  his  country's 
models  into  a  delicate  elegance.  Theocritus, 
Virgil,  and  Petrarch,  he  copied  gracefully  but 
unblushingly,  as  in  his  famed  <  First  Eclogue.' 
Sonnets,  lyrics,  pastorals,  and  canzone  were 
written  by  him  in  great  profusion,  often  on  the 
eve  of  battle.  He  was  mortally  wounded  while 
charging  an  enemy  at  the  head  of  his  troops. 

Garczynski,  Stephen  (gar-chin'ske).  A  Po- 
lish poet;  bom  in  Kosmovo,  Oct.  13,  1806; 
died  at  Avignon,  Sept.  20,  1833.  He  studied 
law  at  Warsaw,  and  heard  Hegel  lecture  at 
Berlin ;  after  which  he  took  part  in  the  revolu- 
tion of  i83i,and  then  fled  to  France.  His  epic 
poem,  <The  Fate  of  Waclaw,'  and  his  minor 
poetry,  display  a  pronounced  tendency  to  mys- 
ticism ;  but  they  are  an  earnest  expression  of 
the  Polish  spirit  of  independence  and  its  yearn- 
ing for  a  national  life. 

Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson.  An  eminent 
English  historian;  bom  at  Ropley,  Hants, 
England,  March  4,  1829 ;  died  in  London, 
Feb.  23,  1902.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester 
and  Oxford,  and  later  was  professor  of  modern 
history  at  King's  College,  London.  His  great 
unfinished  <  History  of  England  from  the 
Accession  of  James  I.  to  the  Restoration'  is 
one  of  the  monuments  of  English  historical 
work.  Among  his  lesser  books,  but  all  of  the 
soundest  excellence,  are  <The  Fall  of  the  Mon- 
archy of  Charles  I.>  and  <The  Thirty  Years' 
War,'  in  the  <Epochs  of  History'  series ;  a 
<  Students'  History  of  England' ;  and  a  volume 
(1897)  on  the  Gunpowder  Plot. 

Gardner,  Dorsey.  An  American  editor,  com- 
piler, and  author;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Aug. 
I,  1842 ;  died  in  Short  Hills,  N.  J.,  Nov.  30, 
1894.  He  was  at  one  time  connected  with 
the  Christian  Union  and  New  York  Commer- 
cial Advertiser;  became  one  of  the  secretaries 
of  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission; 
and  since  1882  had  been  engaged  editorially 
in  the  revision  of  the  Webster  <  International 
Dictionary.'  He  published  t  <Quatre  Bras, 
Ligny,  and  Waterloo'  (1882);  <A  Condensed 
Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage' (1884). 

Garfield,  James  Abram.  Twentieth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States;  born  at  Orange,  O., 
1831 ;  died  at  Elberon,  N.  J.,  1881.  His  <  Col- 
lected Works'  (2  vols.,  1883)  have  been  edited 
bv  B.  A.  Hinsdale. 


GARLAND-GASPE 


209 


Garland,  Hamlin.  An  American  story-writer 
and  poet;  born  in  La  Crosse,  Wis.,  Sept.  16, 
i860.  His  works  include :  <  Main  Traveled 
Roads '  (1891);  <  A  Spoil  of  Office>;  <Prairie  Folks>; 
<  Prairie  Songs  *  ( 1893) ;  <  Crumbling  Idols ' ;  <  Lit- 
tle Norsk  >  (1893);  <  Rose  of  Butcher's  Coolly* 
(1895);  <  The  Long  Trail  • ;  <  Money  Magic.> 

Oarnett,  Bicliard.  An  English  librarian, 
editor,  and  poet ;  bom  in  Lichfield,  England, 
Feb.  27,  1835.  Keeper  of  Printed  Books  in  the 
British  Museum.  He  has  edited  the  works  of 
Shelley,  De  Quincey,  Peacock,  Drayton,  and 
others ;  and  is  the  author  of  biographies  of 
Carlyle,  Emerson,  and  Milton,  in  the  <  Great 
Writers'  series.  Besides  contributions  to  peri- 
odicals and  encyclopaedias,  he  has  published : 
'lo  in  Egypt,  and  Other  Poems  >  (1859); 
♦Poems  from  the  German*  (1862);  <The  Twi- 
light of  the  Gods,  and  Other  Tales  >  (1889); 
'Iphigeniain  Delphi,  a  Dramatic  Poem,*  <A  His- 
tory of  Italian  Literature.*     Died  Apr.  13,  1906. 

Gamier,  Robert  (gar-ne-a').  A  French 
poet ;  born  in  La  Fert^-Bernard,  Maine,  in 
1534;  died  at  Le  Mans,  Aug.  15,  1590.  He 
studied  law,  and  sat  in  the  Parliament  of  Paris, 
but  his  <  Floral  Diversions  *  caused  him  to  be 
more  widely  known  as  a  poet  than  as  a  law- 
yer. He  wrote  eight  tragedies  that  attracted 
much  attention,  <  Porcie  *  and  <  Bradamante ' 
being  the  best ;  but  they  are  scarcely  adapted 
to  the  stage.  He  was  the  predecessor  of  Cor- 
neille,  and  marks  a  distinct  epoch  in  the  de- 
velopment of  French  literature. 

Garrison,  William  Lloyd.  The  famous 
American  abolitionist  and  journalist;  born  in 
Newburyport,  Mass.,  Dec.  10  or  12,  1804  or  1805 
(authorities  conflict);  died  in  New  York  city. 
May  24,  1879.  He  began  life  as  a  printer. 
After  writing  for  various  papers  in  New  Eng- 
land, he  became  associate  editor  of  the  Genius 
of  Universal  Emancipation,  published  at  Balti- 
more, Md.  In  1831  he  founded  the  famous  anti- 
slavery  paper,  the  Liberator,  in  Boston.  He 
was  also  the  founder  of  the  American  Anti- 
Slavery  Society,  and  its  president  from  1843 
to  1865.  Among  his  works  are :  <  Thoughts  on 
African  Colonization*  (1832);  < Sonnets  and 
Poems*  (1843). 

GJirshin,  Vsevolod  Michailovicli  fgar'shin). 
A  Russian  novelist;  born  in  Bachmut,Yekate- 
rinoslav,  Feb.  14,  1855 ;  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
April  5,  1888.  He  took  part  in  the  Russo- 
Turkish  war,  and  was  wounded  at  Charkow. 
He  soon  after  finished  his  great  work  <  Four 
Days,*  in  which  the  sufferings  and  hallucina- 
tions of  a  wounded  soldier  are  strikingly  set 
forth.  <A  Very  Little  Story,*  <  The  Night,*  and 
several  more  novels,  came  from  his  pen  during 
the  next  few  years.  He  developed  a  tendency 
to  melancholy  (occasionally  relapsing  into  in- 
sanity), traces  of  which  are  to  be  found  in 
<Attalea  Princeps  *  and  <  Night,*  two  weird  tales  ; 
and  in  the  psychiatrical  study  of  <  The  Red 
Flower.*  He  had  intervals  of  sheer  mental 
blankness. 

H 


Garth,  Sir  Samuel.  An  English  physician 
and  poet;  born  in  Yorksliire  (?),  1661,  or  at 
Bolam,  Durham,  1660  (?);  died  in  London  (?), 
Jan.  18,  1719.  His  medical  practice  made  him 
famous;  still  more  so  the  <  Dispensary  *  (1699), 
a  polemic  poem,  written  to  sustain  the  physi- 
cians in  a  contemporary  war  upon  the  apothe- 
caries. He  also  translated  Ovid,  and  made 
stinging  epigrams. 

Gascoigne,  Caroline  Leigh  (gas'koin).  An 
English  novelist  and  poet;  born  (Smith)  at 
Dale  Park  (?),  May  2,  1813;  died  June  11,  1883. 
Literature  was  her  earliest  taste,  and  after  her 
marriage  to  a  noted  soldier  she  wrote  'Tempta- 
tion, or  a  Wife's  Perils*  (1839);  <The  School 
for  Wives*  (1839);  <The  Next-Door  Neighbors* 
(1855);  and  other  novels  showing  keen  obser- 
vation of  character  and  of  the  subjective  life. 
<Belgravia*  (1851)  reveals  her  pleasingly  as  a 
poet. 

Gascoigne,  George  (gas-koin').  An  English 
poet;  born  perhaps  in  Westmoreland,  1525  (?); 
died  in  Stamford,  Lincolnshire,  Oct.  7,  1577. 
<The  Steele  Glass*  (1576)  is  probably  the  first 
English  satire  written  in  blank  verse;  <Jo- 
casta*  is  a  tragedy  modeled  upon  a  play  by 
Euripides ;  these,  his  lyrics,  and  <  The  Glass  0/ 
Government,*  a  prose  comedy  intercalated  with 
poesies,  were  much  esteemed  in  their  day. 

Gaskell,  Elizabeth  Cleghorn  (Stevenson). 
An  English  novelist;  bom  in  Chelsea,  Sept. 
29,  1810;  died  Nov.  12,  1865.  She  had  been 
long  a  wife  and  mother  before  she  turned  her 
attention  to  story-writing,  which  she  did  for 
the  sake  of  forgetting  a  domestic  grief.  <  Mary 
Barton,*  a  book  of  the  class  to  which  Dick- 
ens's <  Hard  Times  *  belongs ;  <  Sylvia's  Lovers,* 
a  revelation  of  the  old  press-gang's  doings; 
<  Cousin  Phillis,*  a  story  of  humor  and  pathos 
in  tasteful  alternation ;  and  <  Cranford,*  a  series 
of  sketches, —  the  last-named  a  seemingly  en- 
during classic, —  are  her  best.  Her  <  Life  of 
Charlotte  Bronte*  brought  her  under  criticism, 
but  as  a  writer  she  belongs  to  a  rank  by  no 
means  crowded. 

Gasparin,  Ag^nor  f  tienne,  Comte  de  (gas- 
pa-ran').  A  French  publicist  and  author;  bom 
in  Orange,  France,  July  12,  1810;  died  near  Ge- 
neva, Switzerland,  May  14,  1871.  Elected  to 
the  Chamber  in  1846,  he  attracted  attention  by 
his  advocacy  of  religious  liberty,  prison  reform, 
abolition  of  slavery,  and  social  purity.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  American  Civil  War  he  pub- 
lished two  books  maintaining  the  justice  of 
the  Federal  cause,  entitled  <  The  Uprising  of  a 
Great  People*  (1861)  and  < America  before  Eu- 
rope* (1862).  Other  important  works  were: 
< Slavery*  (1838);  < Christianity  and  Paganism* 
(1850);  < Liberal  Christianity*  (1869);  <  Innocent 
HI.,*  published  posthumously. 

Ga8p6,  Philip  Aubert  de.  A  Canadian 
author;  born  in  Quebec,  Oct.  50,  1786;  died 
there,  Jan.  29,  1871.  A  lawyer,  afterwards 
sheriff,  he  became  involved  in  debt  for  which 
he    was    imprisoned    four    years;    and    when 


210 


GASSENDI  — GAY 


released,  secluded  himself  on  his  estate  of 
St.  Jean  Port-Joli.  His  <  Old-Time  Canadians  > 
(1862),  and  his  <  Memoirs  >  (1866),  treat  of  Cana- 
dian traditions  and  folk-lore,  and  were  writ- 
ten in  French.  The  former  was  perhaps  the 
most  popular  book  ever  published  in  Canada. 
An  English  translation  was  made  by  Mrs. 
Pennie. 

Gassendl,  Pierre  (gas-san-de).  A  French 
philosopher,  scholar,  and  astronomer;  born 
near  Digne,  Provence,  Jan.  22,  1592;  died 
at  Paris,  Oct.  24,  1655.  A  child-prodigy  at  4, 
despite  poverty  and  mean  birth  he  fought  his 
way  to  becoming  the  academic  miracle  of  his 
day.  A  list  of  his  works  would  be  a  catalogue 
of  seventeenth-century  science  :  but  above  the 
rest  stand  <  Exercises  in  Paradox  in  Opposi- 
tion to  Aristotle  > ;  <  Objections  to  the  Theories 
of  Descartes';  and  <On  the  Life,  Character, 
and  Doctrine  of  Epicurus.>  Either  because 
he  was  so  miscellaneous,  or  because  his  mind 
was  more  acquisitive  than  profound,  he  failed 
to  contribute  materially  to  the  sum  of  human 
knowledge;  but  his  writings  clearly  denote 
that  he  was  gifted  with  a  most  subtle  intel- 
lect. 

Gaszynski,  Konstantin  (ga-shin'ske  or  gash- 
tsin'ske).  A  Polish  poet  and  novelist;  born 
in  leziorno,  near  Warsaw,  March  30,  1809 ;  died 
at  Aix,  Provence,  Oct.  8,  1866.  His  early  liter- 
ary career  was  interfered  with  by  the  distracted 
condition  of  his  country,  and  he  took  refuge  in 
France  in  1831.  Among  his  productions,  <  Songs 
of  a  Polish  Pilgrim*;  <  Recollections  of  an 
Officer  * ;  <  Poems  * ;  <  Stories  and  Scenes  from 
Aristocratic  Life  > ;  and  two  or  three  others, 
are  prominent.  He  wrote  in  both  Polish  and 
French,  and  the  literary  studies  to  which  he 
devoted  himself  in  ProVence  are  widely  quoted 
as  authorities  on  its  language  and  people. 

Gatty,  Margaret.  An  English  juvenile 
writer;  born  (Scott)  at  Burnham,  Essex,  1809; 
died  in  Ecclesfield,  Oct.  3,  1873.  Her  career  in 
letters  was  inaugurated  with  <  The  Fairy  God- 
mother and  Other  Tales'  (1851);  but  <  Parables 
from  Nature'  (1855-71)  is  most  popular. 

Gaudy,  Baron  Franz  von  (goud'te  or  goud'e). 
A  German  poet  and  novelist;  born  in  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Oder,  April  19,  1800 ;  died  at  Berlin, 
Feb.  6,  1840.  He  began  life  a  soldier,  but 
abandoned  arms  for  literature  at  the  age  of 
33.  His  bent  was  toward  humorous  poetry 
and  epigram ;  and  <  Erato,'  his  first  book  of 
any  importance,  is  in  the  Heine  vein.  His 
lyric  poetry  is  of  unequal  merit,  while  his  songs 
are  more  or  less  imitations  of  French  popular 
authors.  < Desangaiio,'  'Extracts  from  the  Di- 
ary of  a  Traveling  Tailor,'  and  *  Venetian 
Sketches,'  are  distinguished  among  his  works 
of  fiction.  He  wrote  some  very  good  accounts 
of  his  travels  in  Europe. 

Gautler,  Judith  (go-tya').  A  French  novel- 
ist, poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  daughter  of 
Th^ophile  Gautier  and  Carlotta  Grisi  the  fa- 
mous Italian  singer;  bom  in  Paris,  1850.    She 


married  Catulle  Mendfes,  but  was  divorced. 
When  quite  young  she  learned  Chinese  from 
a  mandarin,  a  guest  of  her  father,  and  has 
ever  since  evinced  great  interest  in  the  Ori- 
ental languages  and  literature.  Her  first  work, 
under  the  name  "Judith  Walther,"  was  <The 
Book  of  Jade'  (1867),  a  collection  of  prose  and 
verse  translated  from  the  Chinese;  it  was  fol- 
lowed by  <The  Imperial  Dragon'  (1869),  a 
Chinese  romance,  signed  "Judith  Mend^s"; 
<The  Usurper,'  a  Japanese  romance,  crowned 
by  the  French  Academy  in  1875;  <Lucienne' 
(1877);  <The  Cruelties  of  Love'  (1878);  <Iso- 
line'  (1881);  <  Poems  of  the  Dragon  Fly'  (1884), 
adapted  from  the  Japanese ;  <  Potiphar's  Wife ' 
(1884),  a  Persian  romance;  <The  Merchant  of 
Smiles'  (1888),  a  drama  adapted  from  the  Chi- 
nese; <The  Marriage  of  Fingal'  (1888),  a  lyric 
poem;  <  The  Contemporaneous'  (1901). 

Gautier,  L€on.  A  French  scholar  and  critic ; 
born  in  Havre,  Aug.  8,  1832.  He  held  offi- 
cial positions  connected  with  the  schools  and 
libraries  of  his  native  place  till  his  growing 
eminence  as  a  writer  brought  him  to  Paris. 
His  works,  which  are  criticized  for  a  tendency 
to  overestimate  the  Middle  Ages,  count  among 
their  choicest  few:  <  Chivalry';  <  Benedict  XL, 
a  Study  of  the  Papacy ' ;  and  <  Contemporary 
Portraits  and  Present  Questions.'     Died.  1897. 

Gautier,  Theophile.  A  French  poet,  critic, 
and  novelist ;  born  in  Tarbes,  Hautes  Pyr^ndes, 
181 1;  died  near  Paris,  1872.  His  works  in- 
clude :  <  Poems  ''  ( 1830 );  <  Albertus  '  ( 1833 ); 
<  Young  France'  (1833);  'Mademoiselle  de 
Maupin'  (1835).  His  best  work  as  a  critic  is 
the  'History  of  Romanticism'  (1854).  As  a 
result  of  his  travels  he  wrote  :  '  A  Journey  in 
Spain'  (1843);  'Italy'  (1852); 'Constantinople' 
(1854);  etc.:  also  the  novels  'Miltona'  (1847); 
'  Arria  Marcella'  (1852);  etc.  Other  stories  are  : 
'  The  Golden  Fleece ' ;  <  Beautiful  Jenny ' ;  '  Ma- 
demoiselle Dafne '; '  Omphale '; '  The  Little  Dog 
of  the  Marquise ' ;  '  The  Nest  of  Nightingales  > 
(1833);  'The  Loving  Dead'  (1836);  'The 
Chain  of  Gold ' ;  'A  Night  of  Cleopatra's  > 
(1845);  'Jean  and  Jeannette'  (1846);  'The  Ti- 
ger Skin'  (1864-65);  'Spirite'  (1866);  etc.  For 
the  stage  he  wrote  :  '  Posthumus  Pierrot'  (1845); 
'The  Jewess  of  Constantine'  (1846);  'Look 
but  Do  Not  Touch'  (1847);  etc.  His  works  of 
pure  fantasy  are  :  '  Avatar ' ;  <  A  Year  of  the 
Devil'  (1839);  and  themes  for  ballets.  Some 
of  his  poems  have  been  collected  under  the 
title  of  'The  Comedy  of  Death.'  On  art  he 
has  written:  'Modern  Art'  (1852);  'The  Arts 
in  Europe'  (1852);  etc. 

Gay,  Delphine  (ga).  A  French  poet  and 
novelist,  daughter  of  Sophie ;  born  in  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  Jan.  26,  1804 ;  died  at  Paris,  June  29, 
1855.  Carefully  educated  by  her  celebrated 
mother,  Sophie  Gay,  she  won  fame  with  her 
poetry  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  an  academic  prize 
at  eighteen,  and  a  royal  pension  at  twenty. 
After  her  marriage  with  the  famous  Emile  de 
Girardin  in  1831,  she  began  to  write  romances, 
and   they  proved   prodigiously  popular.     Her 


GAY  — GEFFROY 


211 


poems  include  <  Sisters  of  St.  Camilla,'  <  The 
Vision  of  Joan  of  Arc,'  and  <  The  Widow  of 
Nain.'  Her  best-known  works  of  fiction  are 
*  Lorgnon,'  <  The  Marquis  de  Pontanges,'  and 
<  Balzac's  Cane.'  Her  literary  work  is  charac- 
terized by  a  tendency  to  mysticism  and  a  some- 
what lackadaisical  style. 

Gay,  John.  An  English  poet ;  born  near 
Barnstable,  Devonshire,  in  August  (?)  1685; 
died  at  London,  Dec.  4,  1732.  His  life  was 
a  series  of  vicissitudes :  starvation  and  luxury, 
neglect  and  admiration,  alternating  in  kaleido- 
scopic abruptness  throughout  his  bohemian 
existence.  His  <  Rural  Sports'  gave  him  his 
start  in  literature ;  and  <  Trivia,  or  the  Art  of 
Walking  the  Streets  of  London'  has  become 
a  classic.  But  <  The  Beggar's  Opera '  (the  first 
English  comic  opera),  the  <  Fables,'  and  <  The 
Shepherd's  Week,'  must  remain  his  enduring 
monuments.  He  wrote  also  <  The  Wife  of  Bath,' 
and  many  other  poems  which  add  to  his  repu- 
tation. 

Gay,  Sophie.  A  French  novelist;  born 
(Nichault  de  Lavalette)  in  Paris,  July  I,  1776; 
died  there,  March  5,  1852.  She  married  M. 
Liottier,  a  finai  "Aer,  in  1793 ;  was  divorced,  and 
married  M.  Gay,  a  high  government  official. 
Her  literary  talent  asserted  itself  early ;  and 
her  romantic  and  sentimental  but  not  silly 
novels  —  especially  *  Laure  d'Estell,'  <  L^onie  de 
Montbreuse,'  and  <Anatole'  —  made  her  famous 
early  in  the  century.  Her  play  'The  Marquis 
of  Pomenars'  had  quite  a  run. 

Gay,  Sydney  Howard.  An  American  author ; 
born  in  Hingham,  Mass.,  May  22,  1814;  died  in 
New  Brighton,  N.  Y.,  June  25, 1888.  He  left  Har- 
vard before  graduation  on  account  of  ill-health  ; 
and  studied  law,  but  abandoned  it  because  he 
could  not  conscientiously  take  the  required 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States.  He  became  a  "  Garrisonian 
abolitionist,"  and  in  1844  was  editor  of  the 
Anti-Slavery  Standard.  In  1858  he  became  edi- 
torially connected  with  the  New  York  Tribune, 
of  which  he  was  managing  editor  1862-66.  He 
wrote  a  <  History  of  the  United  States '  (4  vols., 
1876-81),  of  which  W.  C.  Bryant  wrote  the 
preface;  a  <Life  of  James  Madison'  (1884),  in 
the  'American  Statesmen'  series;  etc. 

Gayiingos  y  Arce,  Fascual  de  (gl-ang'gos  e 
ar'tha).  A  Spanish  scholar  and  historical  writer ; 
born  in  Seville,  Spain,  June  21,  1809.  From 
1843  to  1872  he  held  the  professorship  of  Ori- 
ental languages  at  the  University  of  Madrid ; 
since  1881  he  has  resided  mostly  in  London. 
He  has  published  the  <  Calendar  of  Letters 
Illustrative  of  the  History  of  England  in  Con- 
nection with  that  of  Spain,  during  the  Reign 
of  Henry  VIII.'  (7  vols.).  In  Spanish  he  has 
issued:  <Memoria  del  Mora  Raris'  (1845); 
•Memorial  History  of  Spain'  (19  vol^.);  and 
contributions  to  various  societies.     Died  1897. 

Gayarre,  Charles  ^tienne  Arthur  (gi-a-ra'). 
An  American  lawyer,  politician,  and  historian ; 
born  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  Jan.  9,  1805;  died 


there,  Feb.  11,  1895.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1829;  was  several  times  a  member  of  the  Lou- 
isiana Legislature;  deputy  State  Attorney-Gen- 
eral (1831);  Secretary  of  State  of  Louisiana 
(1846-53).  Among  his  works,  which  deal  largely 
with  the  history  of  his  native  State,  are :  <  His- 
tory of  Louisiana,'  in  French  (1830);  'Louisi- 
ana, its  History  as  a  French  Colony'  (1851); 
'Philip  II.  of  Spain'  (1866);  'Fernando  de 
Lemos,'  a  novel  (1872). 

Gayler,  Charles.  An  AmericcJi  journalist  and 
dramatist ;  bom  in  New  York  city,  April  i,  1820 ; 
died  in  Brooklyn,  May  28,  1892.  He  wrote  over 
200  plays,  and  at  one  time  had  five  produced 
simultaneously  at  New  York  theatres.  He  also 
wrote  the  first  drama  on  the  Civil  War,  en- 
titled <  Bull  Run.'  Among  his  dramas  are : 
'The  Gold  Hunters';  'Taking  the  Chances'; 
'  Lights  and  Shadows  of  New  York ' ;  '  Fritz.' 
Among  his  novels  are:  'Out  of  the  Streets' 
and  '  Romance  of  a  Poor  Young  Man.' 

Gazzoletti,  Antonio  (gats-6-let'te).  An  Ital- 
ian lyric  poet;  born  in  Nago,  March  20,  1813; 
died  at  Milan,  Aug.  21,  1866.  He  was  a  law- 
yer at  Trieste  for  many  years,  and  became 
a  government  pleader  upon  the  union  of  Lom- 
bardy  and  Piedmont.  Ballads  and  lyrics  were 
his  poetical  forms.  '  What  Is  the  Italian's  Coun- 
try ? '  is  an  attempt  to  write  a  national  hymn. 
'  Verses ' ;  '  Memories  and  Fancies ' ;  '  Umberto 
Biancamano';  and  a  poem  written  in  honor  of 
the  Dante  sexcentenary,  have  given  him  a  prom- 
inent position  among  modern  Italian  authors. 

Gebhart,  ^mile  (geb-ar').  A  French  critic 
and  essayist ;  born  in  Nancy,  July  19,  1839. 
His  numerous  writings  have  to  do  mostly  with 
the  poetry  and  art  of  antiquity.  '  History  of  the 
Poetic  Sentiment  in  Relation  to  Nature  during 
the  Greek  and  Roman  Classical  Period ' ; '  Essay 
on  Genre  Painting  in  Antiquity ' ;  and  '  Prax- 
iteles,' are  his  typical  productions. 

Geddes,  Patricli.  A  Scotch  botanist  and 
author ;  bom  in  1854.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Normal  School  of  Science  under  Professor 
Huxley,  and  at  several  foreign  universities ;  and 
is  now  professor  of  botany  at  University  Col- 
lege, Dundee.  He  is  the  founder  of  University 
Hall,  Edinburgh,  which  is  part  of  a  vast  scheme 
of  university  reform  and  social  reconstruction. 
Besides  numerous  monographs  and  articles  in 
the  <  Encyclopoedia  Britannica,'  he  has  written  : 
'Chapters  in  Modern  Botany';  'The  Evolution 
of  Sex'  (with  J.  Arthur  Thomson);  'The  Clas- 
sification of  Statistics'  (1882);  'John  Ruskin, 
Economist'  (1884);  'An  Analysis  of  ^he  Prin- 
ciples of  Economics ' ; '  Evolution  of  Sex.' 

Geffroy,  Mathieu  Auguste  (zhef-rvva').  A 
French  historian ;  born  in  Paris,  April  21, 
1820 ;  died  there,  Aug.  15,  1895.  He  was 
called  to  the  chair  of  history  at  Bordeaux  in 
1852.  He  became  professor  of  ancient  history 
at  Paris  in  1872 ;  and  three  years  later  was  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  French  school  at  Rome. 
Besides  several  articles  in  the  Revue  des 
Deux  Mondes,  he  published :  '  History  of  the 


GEIBEL  — GENEE 


2i2 

Scandinavians*  (1851);  < Letters  of  Charles 
XI1.>  (1852J;  <Gustavus  III.  and  his  Court> 
(1867);  <Rome  and  the  Barbarians  >  (1875); 
•Madame  de  Maintenon>  (1887). 

Geibel,  Emanuel  (gi'bel).  A  German  poet; 
born  in  Lubeck,  Oct.  18,  1815;  died  there,  April 
6,  1884.  His  early  choice  was  for  the  clerical 
life,  but  he  soon  turned  to  poetry  and  to  the 
study  of  Greek  history  and  letters.  He  was  a 
versatile  writer,  and  many  productions  of  ex- 
quisite sentiment  and  pathos,  as  well  as  works 
in  lighter  vein,— notably  <  Master  Andrea,>  a 
comedy,— have  proceeded  from  his  pen. 

Geljer,  Erik  Gustaf  (yi'er).  A  Swedish 
historian;  born  in  the  province  of  Wermland, 
Jan.  12,  1783 ;  died  in  Stockholm,  April  23,  1847. 
At  20  he  won  a  prize  from  the  Swedish  Academy 
for  a  eulogy  of  the  great  mediaeval  regent 
Sten  Sture,  and  at  27  became  professor  of 
history  at  the  University  of  Upsala.  He  sat 
in  the  national  Parliament  for  some  years, 
and  was  distinguished  for  his  eloquence.  His 
♦History  of  the  Swedish  People,>  <  History 
of  the  State  of  Sweden  from  17 18  to  1772,* 
and  various  contributions  to  the  history  of 
philosophy,  theology,  and  esthetics,  are  epoch- 
making  in  Swedish  letters.  He  had  considerable 
musical  talent,  and  many  of  his  compositions 
have  become  favorite  songs  in  Sweden. 

Geikie,  Arcbibald.  A  Scotch  geologist  and 
scientific  writer;  bom  in  Edinburgh,  1835.  In 
the  course  of  a  brilliant  career  of  discovery 
and  experiment  he  has  written :  <  Elementary 
Lessons  in  Physical  Geography  >  (4th  ed.  1884); 
•Scenery  of  Scotland  Viewed  in  Connection 
with  its  Physical  Geology'  (2d  ed.  1887);  •Out- 
lines of  Field  Geology  >  (4th  ed.  1891 V,  <  Text-Book 
of  Geology  > ;  and  •  The  Founders  of  Geology.' 

Geikie,  James.  A  Scotch  geologist  and 
scientific  writer,  brother  of  Archibald ;  born  in 
Edinburgh,  1839.  <The  Great  Ice  Age>  (2d  ed. 
1877), '  Prehistoric  Europe*  (1881),  and  <  Earth 
Sculpture  >  are  works  of  profound  learning  and 
distinguished  by  much  brilliancy  of  style. 

Gelregat,  Pieter  (gi-ra-gadt').  A  Flemish 
novelist  and  dramatist ;  born  in  Ghent,  Feb. 
25,  1828.  He  began  as  a  journalist,  but  soon 
became  known  as  a  writer  of  sketches  and 
stories,  and  plays  of  realistic  and  spectacular 
character.  His  best  fictions  are  :  <  The  Work- 
man's Life>  and  <  Folk  Voices.*  He  is  happy 
in  delineating  the  national  character,  and  suc- 
cessful also  as  a  historical  novelist.  Among 
the  most  widely  known  of  his  plays  are : 
<  Mother  Rosa  > ;  <  Egmont  > ;  and  <  The  Two 
Sisters. »     Died  at  Ghent,  in  1902. 

Gellert,  Ctiristian  Fiirchtegott  (gel'lert). 
A  German  prose-writer  of  eminence,  and  a 
popular  poet ;  born  in  Hainichen,  July  4,  1715  ; 
died  in  Leipzig,  Dec.  13,  1769.  His  place  in 
German  literature  is  that  of  a  restorer  and  a 
reformer.  He  began  his  literary  career  proper 
in  1743  with  his  famous  series  of  fables,  tales, 
and  proverbial  sayings.  Abandoning  a  church 
aareer,  he   took   up    school-teaching;   and    his 


lectures  on  literary  topics  won  him  a  new  re- 
nown. During  the  Seven  Years'  War  he  was 
visited  by  princes,  Frederick  the  Great  invited 
him  to  his  palace,  and  regiments  of  soldiers 
attended  his  class  recitations.  Later  in  life  he 
fell  into  a  profound  melancholy.  •  Spiritual 
Odes  and  Songs  > ;  <  Moral  Precepts  > ;  <  The 
Loving  Sisters  > ;  <  Moral  and  Didactic  Poems  ' ; 
and  above  all,  the  *  Fables,*  are  the  works 
most  widely  read  in  his  own  day. 

Gelli,  Giambattista  (jal'e).  An  Italian  lit- 
erary critic  and  dramatist ;  born  in  Florence, 
Aug.  12,  1493;  died  there,  July  24,  1563.  Origi- 
nally a  stocking-weaver,  he  devoted  his  leisure 
to  study,  became  known  for  his  learning,  and 
held  thronged  public  readings  upon  Dante.  His 
writings,  partly  in  dialogue  form,  are  excellent 
specimens  of  the  Italian  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

<  Readings  in  the  Florentine  Academy,*  <  Read- 
ings on  Petrarch,*  <  Lectures  on  Dante,*  and 
similar  studies,  are  authoritative  upon  their 
respective  subjects.  His  comedies— *  Sport,* 
founded  upon  the  <Aulularia>  of  Plautus,  and 

<  Error,*  a  broad  burlesque  —  are  famous  in  Ital- 
ian literature. 

Gellius,  Aulus  (jel'i-us).  A  Latin  diarist 
and  prose-writer;  born  in  Rome(?),  about  130 
A.  D. ;  died  about  180.  Like  other  rich  youths, 
he  studied  in  the  best  schools  at  Rome  and 
finished  off  at  Athens;  in  Rome  he  held  judi- 
cial office  for  some  years.  The  'Attic  Nights,* 
which  he  must  thank  for  his  fame,  is  based  on 
his  diary ;  and  it  owes  much  of  its  interest  to 
the  fact  that  every  modern  writer  of  historical 
novels  dealing  with  the  period  from  Augustus 
to  Marcus  Aurelius  is  compelled  to  study  its 
gossipy  pages,  owing  to  the  unrivaled  verisi- 
militude of  its  pictures. 

Gemmingen,    Baron    Otto    Heinricli    von 

(gem'ing-en).  A  German  dramatist;  born  in 
Heilbronn,  Nov.  5,  1755;  died  at  Heidelberg, 
March  15,  1836.  He  was  in  the  diplomatic 
service  of  Baden  for  a  time,  and  his  first 
dramatic  productions  saw  the  light  at  Vienna. 
His  best-known  works  are:  'The  German 
Family  Man,*  a  play  in  metre,  founded  upon 
Diderot's  •  Father  of  a  Family*;  and  a  brilliant 
adaptation  of  Shakespeare's  <  Richard  II.*  He 
wrote  a  number  of  minor  plays,  most  of  them 
metrical. 

Genast,  Karl  Albert  Wilhelm  (ga-nast).  A 
German  poet  and  dramatist ;  born  in  Leipsic, 
July  30,  1822 ;  died  at  Vv'eimar,  Jan.  18,  1887. 
He  studied  law  and  then  entered  politics,  be- 
coming one  of  the  leaders  of  the  popular  party 
at  Weimar.    <  Bernhard  of  Weimar,*  a  tragedy, 

<  Little  Thorn-Rose,*  a  volume  of  poems,  and 

<  Florian  Geyer,*  a  novel,  are  his  most  notable 
works. 

Gen^e,  Rudolf  (zha-na).  A  German  literary 
critic,  dramatist,  and  poet ;  born  in  Berlin,  Dec. 
12,  1824.  He  abandoned  wood  engraving  for 
journalism,  and  then  became  an  instructor  in 
literature  at  Berlin.  As  a  reader  and  in- 
terpreter of  Shakespeare  he  attained  distinc- 
tion; but  his  plays  — <  The  Prodigy*  (1854),  «A 


GENLIS  — GERBERT  DE  MONTREUIL 


213 


New  Timon,'  <  In  Front  of  the  Cannon,'  <  The 
[female]  Hermit,'  and  adaptations  from  Sher- 
idan,—  raised  him  to  the  front  rank.  His 
works  in  criticism,  treating  of  German  poetry, 
the  drama,  and  kindred  themes,  are  standard. 
<Marienburg'  is  his  successful  historical  novel. 

Genlis,  Stephanie  T6Ucit6  Ducrest  de 
Saint- Aubin,  Comtesse  de  (zhon-les').  A 
French  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  at  Champ- 
c^ri  near  Autun,  Jan.  25,  1746;  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  31,  1830.  Among  her  writings,  which 
amount  to  about  90  volumes,  are  several  little 
comedies  intended  to  be  acted  by  her  pupils, 
the  children  of  the  Duke  of  Chartres;  some 
stories,  among  them  the  romance  <  Mademoi- 
selle de  Clermont'  {1802);  <  Unpublished  Me- 
moirs on  the  Eighteenth  Century  and  the 
French  Revolution'  (10  vols.,  1825);  <  Baron 
d'Holbach's  Dinners.' 

Gensicben,  Otto  Fanz  (gen'sich-en).  A  Ger- 
man dramatist;  born  in  Driesen,  Feb.  4,  1847. 
He  has  produced  a  wide  variety  of  pieces,  as 

<  Caius    Gracchus  '    and    <  Danton,'    tragedies  ; 

<  Euphrosyne,'  <  Phryne,'  and  <Aspasia,>  spec- 
tacular plays ;  and  several  one-act  ^*  curtain- 
raisers."  His  most  brilliant  effects  have  been 
obtained  with  historical  love-stories.  He  has 
produced  a  volume  of  miscellaneous  poetry 
and  a  historical  novel  of  merit. 

Gentil-Bernard,    Pierre    Joseph    Bernard 

called  (zhoii-tel'  or  zhon-te'bar-nar').  A  French 
poet  and  dramatist;  bom  in  Grenoble,  Aug. 
26,  1708;  died  at  Choisy-le-Roi  (?),  Nov.  1,1775. 
He  was  educated  by  the  Jesuits  at  Lyons,  and 
rose  to  the  chief  secretaryship  on  Marshal  de 
Coigny's  staff.  He  became  immensely  fashion- 
able in  all  the  salons  in  1737,  when  his  <  Castor 
and  Pollux'  appeared,  with  music  by  Rameau. 
Voltaire  wrote  him  a  letter  of  appreciation, 
comparing  him  with  Ovid,  and  bestowing  the 
title  of  "  Gentil-Bemard  "  upon  him.  <  The  Art 
of  Love,'  another  of  his  works,  is,  like  all  his 
productions,  highly  erotic  and  in  utterly  false 
taste. 

Gentz,  Friedrich  von  (gents).  A  German 
publicist  and  controversial  writer ;  born  in  Bres- 
lau.  May  2,  1764 ;  died  near  Vienna,  June  9, 1832. 
His  early  predilections  were  favorable  to  the 
French  Revolution;  later  he  attacked  it  in 
various  writings,  including  translations  from 
Edmund  Burke,  Mallet  du  Pan,  and  Mounier. 
His  political  career  was  very  brilliant.  He 
labored  assiduously  to  form  the  Holy  Alliance. 
He  was  a  very  able  and  persuasive  writer  of 
political  pamphlets  and  of  books  against  Napo- 
leon ;  the  most  widely  read  being  <  Origin  and 
Character  of  the  War  against  the  French  Revo- 
lution,' and  <  Fragments  of  a  History  of  the 
Balance  of  Power  in  Europe.' 

Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  (jef'ri).  A  British 
chronicler;  born  in  Monmouth  (?),  iioo  (?); 
died  at  Llandaff,  1154.  In  his  <  Chronicle  or 
History  of  the  Britons,'  we  are  afforded  a 
myriorama  of  Albion's  Olympus,  with  Merlin 
and  King  Arthur,  Lancelot  and  Tristan,  and 


several  ladies,  indulging  themselves  in  the  char- 
acteristically lax  and  delightful  manner  of  fanci- 
ful personages. 

George,  Amara,  pseudonym  of  Mathilde 
Kaufmann.  A  German  poet  and  story-writer; 
born  (Binder)  in  Nuremberg,  Dec.  5,  1835.  Her 
reputation  was  achieved  with  <  Blooms  of  the 
Night,'  a  collection  of  poems.  She  has  written 
pleasing  tales,  among  them  <  Before  Daybreak.' 

George,  Henry.  An  American  political  econ- 
omist; born  in  Philadelphia,  Sept.  2,  1839; 
died  in  New  York,  Oct.  29,  1897.  His  <  Progress 
and  Poverty'  was  published  in  1879.  Mr. 
George  removed  to  New  York  in  1880.  The 
following  year  <  The  Irish  Land  Question  >  was 
given  to  the  world.  In  1886  he  was  candidate 
of  the  United  Labor  party  for  mayor  of  New 
York.  He  subsequently  founded  the  Standard, 
a  weekly  newspaper.  <  Social  Problems '  ap- 
peared in  1884,  and  <  Protection  or  Free  Trade  ♦ 
in  1886.  <The  Perplexed  Philosopher,'  etc.,  fol- 
lowed. A  posthumous  work  on  political  econ- 
omy is  announced  for  publication  in  1898.  He 
was  candidate  for  mayor  of  Greater  New  York 
at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Gerard,  Dorothea  (ji-rard').  A  Scotch  nov- 
elist; born  in  Rochsoles,  Lanarkshire,  Aug.  9, 
1855.  Her  youth  was  passed  on  the  Continent, 
and  she  married  an  Austrian,  Major- Gen  1. 
Julius  de  Lorggarde.  She  wrote  with  her 
sister,  <Reata'  (1880)  and  <  Beggar  My  Neigh- 
bor'; and  subsequently,  alone,  <  Lady  Baby' 
and  <Recha'  (1890).  The  latter  was  esteemed 
her  best.    <  Miss  Providence '  appeared  in  1897. 

Gerard  de  Nerval  (zha-rar'  d6  ner-val'), 
pseudonym  of  Gerard  Labrunie.  A  French 
poet,  dramatist,  and  novelist;  bom  in  Paris, 
May  21,  1808;  committed  suicide  there,  Jan. 
25,  1855.  His  <  National  Elegies,'  written  at 
college  and  published  at  19,  reached  two  edi- 
tions.     He    made    a    brilliant    translation    of 

<  Faust ' ;  and  had  a  comedy,  <  Tartuffe  at  Moli- 
^re's,'  brought  out  at  22.  <The  Queen  of 
Sheba,'  a  play  written  in  collaboration  with 
the  elder  Dumas;  <A  Voyage  to  Greece,'  a 
book  of  travel ;  <  Lorelei,'  a  novel ;  <  Misan- 
thropy   and    Remorse,'    an    imaginative    tale; 

<  The  Alchemist,'  a  play ;  and  <  Dream  and 
Reality,'  a  romance,  are  among  his  most  im- 
portant later  works.  But  the  splendid  career 
and  fortune  within  his  reach  were  ruined  by 
his  improvidence  and  recklessness,  which  grew 
on  him  with  age,  till  he  was  reduced  to  the 
direst  poverty,  and  ended  by  hanging  himself. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  imaginative  and 
graceful  writers  of  his  country.  The  use  of 
pseudonyms  was  habitual  with  him,  "Aloysius," 
«  Fritz,"  and  "  Lord  Pilgrim  "  among  them. 

Gerbert  de  Montreuil  (zher-bar'  de  moh- 
tr^y').  A  French  poet  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury. His  most  noted  work  is  a  continuation 
of  a  romance  of  the  Grail,  or  tale  of  knight- 
hood, written  by  Chrestien  de  Troyes  and  en- 
titled <The  Cavalier.'  Another  production, 
of  about  1225,  is  the  <  Romance  of  the  Violet,' 


GERHARDT-GHERARDI  DEL  TESTA 


214 

known  also  as  <  Gerard  de  Nevers  > ;  it  is  the 
model  taken  by  Weber  for  his  <  Euryanthe,>  and 
by  Shakespeare  for  <  Cymbeline.> 

Gerhardt,  Paul  (gar'hardt).  A  German 
hymn-writer  of  great  eminence ;  bom  in  Grafen- 
hainichen,  Saxony,  March  12,  1607;  died  at 
Lubben,  June  7.  1676.  He  was  a  stubbornly 
separatist  Lutheran  clergyman,  mvolved  m  the 
political  turmoils  of  the  time.  The  production 
of  his  more  than  loo  famous  hymns  — mcludmg 
particularly  «  O  Head  all  blood  and  wounds,» 
«  Now  all  the  woodlands  rest,»  «  Oh,  how  shall 
I  receive  Thee?"— began  about  1660.  They 
made  an  epoch  in  psalmody. 

Gerle,  Wolfgang  Adolf  (gar'16).  A  German 
story-writer  and  dramatist ;  born  in  Prague,  July 
9,  1781 ;  died  there  by  his  own  hand,  June  29, 
1846.  He  was  a  prolific  author  of  works  of  light 
fiction,  employing  at  times  different  pseudo- 
nyms, such  as  «G.  Erle,»  « Konrad  Spat,» 
«  Hilarius  Kurzweil,"  and  others.  <  Corals,* 
<  Schelmufsky's  Strange  Adventure,>  and  <  Moon- 
light Pictures  and  Shadows,*  are  popular.  His 
plays,  some  written  in  collaboration  with  other 
authors,  have  been  staged  with  success. 

Gerok,  Karl  (ga-rok').  A  German  religious 
poet;  born  in  Vaihingen,  Jan.  30,  1815;  died  at 
Stuttgart,  Jan.  14,  1890.  <  Palm  Leaves,*  his 
first  ambitious  effort,  brought  out  in  1857,  estab- 
lished his  reputation ;  and  in  the  ensuing  years 
he  put  forth  many  collections  of  verse,  mostly 
of  a  deeply  religious  and  devotional  character. 
They  include  :  <  In  Lonely  Ways,*  <  Flowers  and 
Stars,*  <  Beneath  the  Evening  Star,*  and  <The 
Last  Nosegay.*  His  patriotic  songs  are  widely 
known. 

Gerstacker,  Friedrich  (ger'stek-er  or  gar'- 
stek-er).  A  German  writer  of  travel  and  fic- 
tion; born  in  Hamburg,  May  10,  1816;  died  in 
Brunswick,  May  31,  1872.  He  was  the  son  of 
an  opera  singer  who  left  him  orphaned  at  an 
early  age.  After  a  seven-years'  self-supporting 
tour  in  the  United  States,  begun  at  20,  he  re- 
turned to  Germany  and  wrote  :  <  Sight-Seeing 
and  Hunting  Trips  through  the  United  States,* 
<The  Regulators  of  Arkansas,*  <  Mississippi 
Scenes,*  and  other  most  interesting  books 
which  gave  him  speedy  fame.  He  afterwards 
journeyed  through  Mexico  and  Venezuela,  put- 
ting his  impressions  into  works  that  sold  widely. 
As  a  story-writer  on  his  experiences  of  travel 
— 'California  Sketches,*  < Under  the  Equator,* 
<In  Mexico,*  etc.— he  has  been  fairly  successful. 

Gerstenberg,  Heinrich  Wilhelm  von  (gar'- 
sten-barg).  A  German  dramatist,  critic,  and 
poet;  bom  in  Tondern,  Schleswig,  Jan.  3,  1737; 
died  at  Altona,  Nov.  i,  1823.  He  studied  law 
at  Jena,  and  then  entered  the  Danish  army. 
He  subsequently  lived  in  Copenhagen.  His 
literary  career  began  with  <  Trifles,*  a  collection 
of  verse.  <  War  Songs  of  the  Danish  Grena- 
diers,* <  Song  of  a  Scandinavian  Bard,*  <  The 
Bride,*  and  ,<  Ariadne  in  Naxos,*  succeeded,— 
important  and  in  many  respects  splendid  ef- 
forts of  poetic   genius.    His   <  Letters   on   the 


Striking  Things  in  Literature  *  and  his  tragedy 
of  <Ugolino*  have  proved  very  popular.  As  a 
critic  he  pays  special  attention  to  Shakespeare 
and  to  the  old  dramatists  of  England. 

Gervinus,  Georg  Gottfried  (ger-fe'nos).  A 
German  historian  and  critic;  born  in  Darm- 
stadt, May  20,  1805 ;  died  at  Heidelberg,  March 
18, 1871.  His  early  work,<  History  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons,*  procured  him  a  place  at  Heidelberg 
in  1830,  and  after  some  preparatory  travel  he 
settled  down  to  scholarship.  <  History  of  Ger- 
man National  Literature  *  and  <  History  of 
German  Imaginative  Poetry  and  Prose*  mark 
this  period.  He  next  became  professor  of  liter- 
ature and  history  at  Gottingen,  bringing  out  his 
<  Essentials  of  Historic  Science.*  His  political 
activity,  however,  caused  him  to  lose  his  pro- 
fessorship, and  he  began  a  rather  wandering 
career  as  writer,  educator,  and  agitator  until 
1847,  when  he  helped  found  and  edited  the 
Deutsche  Zeitung.  <  History  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century,*  <  Handel  and  Shakespeare,*  and  many 
important  contributions  to  criticism  and  the 
philosophy  of  history,  made  during  this  period, 
shed  lustre  upon  his  name. 

Geszner,  Salomon  (ges'ner).  A  Swiss  poet 
and  painter ;  born  in  ZUrich,  April  I,  1730 ;  died 
there,  March  2, 1788.  Painting  and  etching  were 
his  earliest  pursuits,  and  he  distinguished  him- 
self in  both;  but  his  friendship  with  Wieland 
and  Kleist  turned  him  towards  literature.  His 
first  success  as  a  poet  was  in  the  <Song  of 
the  Swiss  to  his  Armed  Sweetheart,*  in  1751. 
<Daphnis*  and  a  volume  of  < Idylls*  spread 
his  fame  widely,  and  the  <  Death  of  Abel  *  had 
great  vogue  in  its  day.  He  affected  a  mock- 
heroic  style  that  is  now  distasteful. 

Gevaert,  Frangois  Auguste  (ge-var').  A 
French  composer  and  writer  on  music;  born 
at  Huysse,  near  Oudenarde,  July  30,  1828.  He 
is  the  composer  of  several  successful  operas, 
and  was  inspector  of  music  at  the  Academy 
of  Music,  Paris,  from  1867  to  1870.  Since  that 
time  he  has  devoted  himself  to  the  history  of 
music.  His  publications  include  :  <  History  and 
Theory  of  Music  in  Antiquity*  (first  part,  1875); 
<  Treatise  on  Instrumentation  * ;  <  The  Origin  of 
the  Liturgic  Chant  in  the  Latin  Church*  (1890). 

Geyter,  Julius  de  (cha'ter).  A  Flemish  poet ; 
born  in  Lede,  May  25,  1830.  He  was  in  early 
life  a  school-teacher  and  later  a  law-court  offi- 
cial, but  for  many  years  he  has  been  connected 
with  a  bank  in  Antwerp.  His  best-known  work 
is  the  epic  <  Emperor  Charles.*  His  songs,  which 
deal  with  national  heroic  topics,  and  his  can- 
tatas, are  exquisitely  melodious  and  metrically 
perfect,  and  are  favorites  with  his  people. 

Gherardi  del  Testa,  Tommaso  (ga-rar'de 
del  tes'ta).  An  Italian  comedy-writer;  born  in 
Terriciuola,  near  Pisa,  1815;  died  near  Pistoja, 
Oct.  13,  1881.  After  studying  at  Pisa,  he  set- 
tled as  a  lawyer  in  Florence;  but  in  1848  he 
enlisted  for  the  war  with  Austria  and  was  taken 
prisoner.  He  had  already  written  <  The  Son  of 
an  Illegitimate,*  a  novel ;  but  he  now  turned  his 


GHISLANZONI  —  GIDDINGS 


215 


attention  entirely  to  comedy,  and  rose  rapidly 
to  prominence  through  the  inimitable  drollery 
of  his  dialogue  and  the  originality  of  his  situa- 
tions. <  George's  System,'  <  Men  Must  Not  be 
Trifled  With,>  and  <  The  Reign  of  Adelaide,' 
are  conspicuous  among  his  many  productions. 
Of  a  less  mirthful  but  more  satirical  nature  are 
<The  Fashion  and  the  Family,*  <New  Life,* 
<The  False  Letters,'  and  other  efforts  of  his 
maturer  years. 

Gliislanzonl,  Antonio  (ges-Ian-z6'ne).  An 
Italian  dramatist,  journalist,  and  humorist ; 
born  in  Lecco,  1824 ;  died  there,  July  18,  1893. 
He  first  studied  medicine,  then  became  an 
opera-singer,  finally  entering  political  journal- 
ism. In  the  upheavals  of  1848  he  had  various 
adventures,  including  capture  on  the  battle- 
field. He  lost  his  voice  shortly  after  the  return 
of  peace,  and  for  a  time  supported  himself  by 
writing  for  the  comic  papers,  founding  one  or 
two  himself.  He  tried  his  hand  at  many  kmds 
of  literary  work,  and  was  most  successful  as  a 
writer  of  librettos,  <Aida>  being  probably  the 
best.  He  has  produced  <  Book  of  Oddities,' 
'  A  Forbidden  Book,'  <  Fashion  in  Art,'  and 
numerous  similar  volumes,  all  of  a  rather 
ephemeral  nature. 

Glacomettl,  Paolo  (ja-ko-met'e).  An  Ital- 
ian dramatist ;  born  in  Novi  Ligure,  March 
19,  1816;  died  at  Rome,  August  1882.  He 
achieved  distinction  in  his  twentieth  year  with 
a  drama,  <  Rosilda,'  written  during  his  law- 
student  days  in  Genoa.  Forced  into  literary 
work  by  his  family's  poverty,  his  dramaturgic 
talent  attained  him  a  competence.  Sickness 
and  domestic  adversity  did  not  interfere  with 
his  prolific  genius,  and  his  plays  show  aston- 
ishing versatility.  <  Queen  Elizabeth  of  Eng- 
land,' <  Torquato  Tasso,'  and  <  Lucrezia  David- 
son,' tragedies  ;  <  Sophocles,'  his  masterpiece, 
also  a  tragedy;  and  numerous  comedies,  in- 
cluding <  The  Woman  with  a  Second  Husband,' 
are  among  the  popular  examples  of  his  work. 

Giacomlno  da  Verona  (ja-ko-me'no  da  va- 
ro'na).  An  Italian  poet  of  the  thirteenth 
century.  He  owes  his  importance  in  literature 
chiefly  to  his  anticipation  of  Dante,  and  such 
influence  as  his  work  may  have  had  upon  the 
form  and  spirit  of  the  <  Divine  Comedy.'  He 
would  appear  to  have  been  a  Franciscan  monk, 
who  composed  two  crude  but  striking  poems 
in  the  Veronese  dialect  on  the  subjects  respect- 
ively of  heaven  and  hell,  <  The  Celestial  Jerusa- 
lem' being  one  and  <The  Infernal  City  of 
Babylon'  the  other. 

Giacosa,  Giuseppe  (ja-ko'sa).  An  Italian 
dramatist ;  born  in  Colleretto-Parella,  Pied- 
mont, Oct.  21,  1847.  A  lawyer  for  many  years, 
the  success  of  one  or  two  plays  in  metrical 
form,  the  fruit  ot  his  leisure,  led  him  to  turn 
playwright  solely.  His  wit  and  taste  have  long 
made  him  popular.  <  The  Husband  in  Love 
with  his  Wife'  and  <  Brothers  in  Arms'  are 
his  best  productions,  but  of  great  merit  are 
*The  Sons  of  the  Marquis'  and  'Arthur.'  He 
is  the  author  of  both  dramas  and  comedies, 


and    his    treatment    of    contemporary    Italian 
social  life  is  irresistibly  satirical. 

Giannone,  Pietro  (jan-no'na).  An  Italian 
poet ;  born  in  Campo  Santo,  near  Modena, 
1790 ;  died  at  Florence,  Dec.  24,  1873.  When  a 
lad  he  entered  the  army  of  the  first  Napoleon, 
on  whose  fall  he  went  to  Rome  and  lived  by 
his  pen.  His  political  affiliations  caused  his 
imprisonment,  and  later  he  lived  in  exile  at 
Paris;  but  finally  settled  in  Florence.  <The 
Exile'  and  <  The  Vision'  are  his  masterpieces; 
but  he  wrote  much  and  well,  patriotism  and 
Italian  political  evils  affording  him  his  inspira- 
tion. 

Gibbon,  Charles,  A  British  novelist;  born 
1836;  died  Aug.  15,  1890.  The  Scotch  masses 
were  studied  by  him  with  enthusiasm,  afford- 
ing subjects  for  <  Robin  Gray '  and  the  Jacobite 
tale  <  For  the  King ' ;  but  his  *  For  Lack  of 
Gold '  and  <A  Heart's  Problem,'  and  one  or 
two  more,  indicate  exhaustion,  although  '  The 
Braes  of  Yarrow'  is  a  fine  work. 

Gibbon,  Edward.  A  great  English  historian ; 
born  at  Putney,  Surrey,  April  27,  1737;  died 
at  London,  Jan.  16,  1794.  His  writings  are : 
< Essay  on  the  Study  of  Literature'  (1761),  in 
French;  'Critical  Observations'  (1770),  on  one 
of  the  arguments  of  Warburton's  <  Divine  Le- 
gation of  Moses';  'History  of  the  Decline  and 
Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire '  (6  vols.,  1776-88) ; 
'Vindication'  of  the  15th  and  i6th  chapters  of 
the  'History'  (1779);  'Miscellaneous  Works, 
with  Memoir  Composed  by  Himself  (1796). 
It  has  lately  been  discovered  that  this  Memoir 
was  not  printed  as  written  by  Gibbon,  but  had 
been  changed  in  important  particulars  by  who- 
ever prepared  it  for  the  press. 

Gibbons,  James  (Cardinal).  An  American 
prelate  of  great  celebrity ;  born  in  Baltimore, 
July  23,  1834.  He  was  raised  to  the  cardinalate 
June  30,  1886.  His  contributions  to  secular  and 
religious  reviews  are  frequent  and  valuable. 
Among  his  published  works  are:  'The  Faith 
of  Our  Fathers';  'Our  Christian  Heritage'; 
'The  Ambassador  of  Christ';  etc. 

Gibson,  William  Hamilton.  An  American 
artist  and  author;  born  in  Sandy  Hook, Conn., 
Oct.  5,  1850;  died  at  Washington,  Conn.,  July 
16,  1896.  A  specialist  in  botany,  he  contributed 
to  the  American  Agriculturist  and  Hearth  and 
Home,  and  supplied  many  natural-history  sub- 
jects for  the 'American  Cyclopaedia.'  Many  of  his 
illustrations  appeared  in  the  Art  Journal  and  in 
Picturesque  America;  and  his  illustrations  of 
books  were  numerous  and  popular.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Art  Union  and  the  Authors'  Club. 
The  essays  '  Birds  of  Plumage,'  '  A  Winter 
Idyl,'  and  '  Springtime,'  appeared  in  Harper's 
Magazine.  His  later  works  included  '  Our  Edi- 
ble Toadstools  and  Mushrooms.' 

Glddings,  Joshua  Reed.  An  eminent  Ameri- 
can lawyer,  politician,  and  author;  bom  at 
Athens,  Pa.,  Oct.  6,  1795 ,  died  at  Montreal,  May 
27,  1864.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Ohio  bar 
in  1820 ;  elected  a  member  of  its  Legislaturt 


!l6 


GIESEBRECHT  —  GILBERT 


in  1826,  and  of  Congress  in  1838,  where  he  was 
prominent  as  an  opponent  of  slavery.  In 
1861  he  was  appointed  consul-general  to  British 
North  America.  Among  his  works  are  :  <  The 
Exiles  of  riorida>  (1858);  <  History  of  the 
Rebellion  >  (1864). 

Giesebrecht,  Ludwlg  (ge'ze-brecht).  A  Ger- 
man poet ;  born  in  Mirow,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 
July  5, 1792 ;  died  at  Jasenitz,  near  Stettin,  March 
18,  1873.  He  was  a  clerg>Tnan's  son ;  studied  at 
the  University  of  Berlin,  and  later  at  Stettin ; 
fought  in  the  German  war  of  liberation  (1813); 
and  subsequently  became  a  professor.  <  Epic 
Poems,>  <  Wendish  Tales,'  and  poetry  in  dialect, 
comprise  his  most  popular  productions. 

Glffen,  Robert,  Sir.  An  English  editor,  statis- 
tician, and  writer  on  economic  and  financial 
subjects;  born  at  Strathaven,  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  in  1837.  At  first  in  trade  at  Glasgow, 
in  1862  he  came  to  London,  where  he  was  sub- 
editor of  the  Globe  till  1866.  He  was  acting 
editor  of  the  Economist  under  Walter  Bagehot 
1868-76 ;  then  founded  the  Statist,  and  became 
chief  of  the  Statistical  Department  in  the  Board 
of  Trade  —  since  1882  its  assistant  secretary. 
He  was  John  Morley's  assistant  on  the  Fort- 
nightly Review  1873-76 ;  and  is  the  author  of  a 
number  of  reports,  papers,  and  essays,  which 
have  given  him  a  high  rank.  <  American  Rail- 
ways as  Investments*  appeared  in  1873,  and 
was  followed  by  < Stock  Exchange  Securities' 
(1877);  <Essays  in  Finance'  (1879);  <The  Pro- 
eress  of  the  Working  Classes  in  the  Last  Half 

<  Century  > ;  <  Economic  Inquiries  and  Studies.* 

Gifford,  William.  An  English  satirical  poet, 
translator,  and  critic ;  born  at  Ashburton,  Dev- 
onshire, April  1756;  died  in  London,  Dec.  31, 
1826.  Hl»  <  Baviad'  (1791),  based  on  Juvenal's 
first  satire,  and  his  <MKviad'  (1795),  founded 
upon  Horace,  both  aimed  at  the  Delia  Crusca 
poetlings,  gave  him  an  authoritative  position 
in  the  literary  world.  He  edited  the  Anti- 
Jacobin  for  a  time ;  but  his  supreme  later  posi- 
tion was  as  editor  of  the  Quarterly  Review, 
the  great  Tory  organ,  which  made  him  a  power 
in  politics  as  well  as  letters.  He  probably 
wrote  the  famous  review  of  Keats's  <  Endy- 
mion,'  inaccurately  supposed  ti,  have  killed  that 
poet. 

Gil  Polo,  Caspar  (Hel  po'lo).  A  Spanish 
poet;  born  in  Valencia  about  1535;  died  at 
Barcelona  in  1591.  He  was  a  lawyer  in  his 
native  town,  and  successful ;  but  his  principal 
fame    arises   from   his   poems, —  one   of   them, 

<  Diana  Enamored,'  being  a  gem  of  Spanish 
literature.  It  is  a  continuation  of  Montemay- 
or's  <  Diana,'  but  excels  that  production  in 
beauty  of  style  and  metre,  and  in  the  number 
and  variety  of  its  episodes,  lifting  its  author 
high  above  the  lyric  level  of  his  time. 

Gil  Vicente  (Hel  ve-then'ta).  A  Portuguese 
dramatist  and  actor,  father  of  the  drama  of 
his  country;  born  in  Lisbon  (?),  about  1475 ; 
died  there  (?),  about  1536  or  1538.  He  studied 
law,  and  was  a  goldsmith  in  early  manhood. 


His  first  play  was  a  pastoral  in  Spanish,  writ- 
ten in  1502  in  honor  of  the  birth  of  the  Portu- 
guese prince  royal  (afterward  John  III.).  This 
made  an  immense  hit  at  court,  and  thereafter 
he  wrote  every  new  play  that  was  acted  at 
the  royal  festivals.  Farces,  comedies,  dramas, 
and  tragedies,  of  keen  wit,  originality,  and 
great  poetic  talent,  appear  among  his  works, 
which  rank  him  beside  the  very  great  authors 
not  of  Portugal  only,  but  of  the  whole  Ibe- 
rian peninsula.  He  originated  many  of  the 
methods  and  canons  of  taste  that  are  now  the 
accepted  tenets  of  the  European  theatre.  In 
construction  and  dialogue,  his  <  Dom  Duardos  > 
and  <  Amadis  de  Gaula'  are  masterpieces.  ♦  Inez 
Pereira'  is  the  best  of  his  farces. 

Gil  y  Z&rate,  Don  Antonio  (nel  e  tha'ra-ta). 
A  Spanish  dramatist ;  bom  in  the  Escorial,  Dec. 
I,  1793;  died  at  Marfrid,  Jan.  27,  1861.  Mathe- 
matics and  physics  were  his  university  special- 
ties; but  he  entered  upon  a  political  career 
when  a  young  man,  attaining  an  important  post 
in  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior  in  1820.  The 
revolutions  in  Spain  forced  him  out  of  public 
life,  and  he  became  a  professor  at  the  Madrid 
Lyceum.  About  this  time  he  turned  to  play- 
writing  ;  and  a  tragedy,  <  Doiia  Blanca  de  Bor- 
bon,'  made  his  name  widely  known  in  1832. 
His  next  efforts  were  less  conventionally  clas- 
sical and  more  on  the  romantic  order.  <  Carlos 
II.,  the  Bewitched,'  is  one  of  his  most  cele- 
brated tragedies,  but  <  Guzman  the  Good '  is  by 
far  the  best.  *  Rosmunda '  and  <  Don  Alvaro 
de  Luna '  also  stand  at  the  head  of  the  collec- 
tion of  plays  that  have  won  for  him  the  pre- 
miership of  the  modem  Spanish  drama. 

Gilbert.  John  Thomas.  An  Irish  historical 
writer;  bom  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  Jan.  23,  1829; 
died  there,  May  23,  1898.  He  was  the  editor  of 
a  series  of  important  publications  entitled  'His- 
toric Literature  of  Ireland.)  To  his  enterprise 
and  energy  is  largely  due  the  revival  of  interest  in 
Celtic  studies.  His  principal  published  works  in- 
clude:* History  of  the  City  of  Dublin'  (1854-59); 
<History  of  Affairs  in  Ireland,  1641-52'  (1879- 
81);  <History  of  the  Irish  Confederation  and 
War  in  Ireland,  1641-49,  (1882-90). 

Gilbert,  Josiah.  An  English  artist  and  writer 
on  art ;  bora  at  the  Independent  College, 
Rotherham,  Yorkshire,  Oct.  7,  1814.  He  was 
student  at  the  Royal  Academy,  and  practiced 
as  a  portrait-painter  for  several  years ;  but 
since  1843  has  been  engaged  in  literary  pur- 
suits and  art  criticism.  He  is  the  author  of: 
<Art,  its  Scope  and  Purpose'  (1858);  <Cadore, 
or  Titian's  Country'  (1869);  <Art  and  Religion > 
(1871);  was  joint  author  of  <The  Dolomite 
Mountains'  (1864);  and  published  <  Landscape 
in  Art  before  Claude  and  Salvator'  (1885). 

Gilbert,  Nicolas  Joseph  Laurent  (zhel-bar). 
A  French  poet;  bom  in  Fontenoy-le-Chateau, 
Lorraine,  in  175 1 ;  died  insane  at  Paris,  Nov.  16, 
1780.  He  went  to  Paris  in  his  teens  to  make 
himself  a  poet.  The  "philosophers,"  who  then 
lorded  it  over  all  forms  of  literature  at  Paris, 
conceived    a   violent   hatred    of   his   satirical 


GrLBBRT  — ©ILM  EU'ROSENEGG 


217 


eductions,  which  handled  their  pet  hob- 
bies without  gloves.  <  Farewells  to  Life,*  '  My 
Apolog)','  and  <The  Author's  Carnival,'  are 
among  his  best-known  pieces. 

Gilbert,  William.  An  English  novelist  and 
biographer;  born  1804;  died  1890.  His  earlier 
literary  activity  resulted  in  various  good  realistic 
fictions,  conspicuously  that  revelation  of  Lon- 
don dark  life,  <  De  Profundis>  (1864),  followed 
by  <The  Goldsworthy  Family*  (1864),  <  Clara 
Levesque*  (1872),  and  others;  his  most  serious 
achievement,  however,  being  a  gallant  but  not 
apparently  very  successful  effort  at  a  rehabilita- 
tion of  Lucrezia  Borgia  (1869). 

Gilbert,  William  Schwenck.  An  English 
librettist  and  comic  poet  and  prose-writer; 
bom  in  London,  Nov.  18,  1836.  He  prepared 
for  the  bar,  and  practiced  successfully ;  but  the 
fame  of  the  <  Bab  Ballads,*  and  of  his  librettos 
to  the  scores  of  <  Pinafore,*  <  Patience,*  <  The 
Mikado,*  and  other  comic  operas,  eclipsed 
his  legal  attainments,— which  however  are  not 
inconsiderable,  for  he  is  now  a  magistrate  with 
a  jurisdiction  near  London,  and  writes  for  law 
journals  more  or  less  regularly. 

Gilder,  Richard  Watson.  An  American 
poet;  born  in  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  Feb.  8,  1844. 
Since  1881  he  has  been  editor-in-chief  of  the 
Century.  His  works  include  :  <  The  New  Day  * 
(1875);  <The  Celestial  Passion*  (1887);  < Lyr- 
ics*; <Two  Worlds,  and  Other  Poems*  (1891); 
<The  Great  Remembrance,  and  Other  Poems* 
(1893);  <  Five  Books  of  Song*;  <A  Book  of 
Music*  (1906). 

Gilder,  William  Henry.  An  American  jour- 
nalist, Arctic  traveler,  and  author,  brother  01 
Richard  W.;  bom  in  Pennsylvania,  Aug.  16, 
1838;  died  at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  Feb.  5,  1900. 
He  served  in  the  Civil  War,  and  was  brevetled  a 
major  at  its  close.  He  accompanied  Lieutenant 
Schwatka  in  1878  on  a  polar  expedition,  and  in 
1 88 1  was  a  member  of  the  Rodgers  expedition 
as  a  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Herald. 
His  chief  works  are:  <Schwatka's  Search> 
(1881);  <Ice  Pack  and  Tundra*  (1883). 

Gildersleeve,  Basil  Lanneau.  An  Ameri- 
can classical  scholar ;  born  in  Charleston,  S.  C, 
Oct.  23,  1831.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1843,  and  studied  in  Germany  for  several  years. 
He  was  professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  at  the 
University  of  Virginia  from  1856  to  1876,  when 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  Greek  at  Johns 
Hopkins  University.  He  is  the  founder  and 
editor  of  the  American  Journal  of  Philology. 
Among  his  works  are :  <  Satires  of  Persius 
Flaccus*  {1875);  'Justin  Martyr*  (1875);  <Odes 
of  Pindar.*  He  has  published  a  Latin  Gram- 
mar and  a  volume  of  <  Essays  and  Studies.* 

Gildon,  Cbarles.  A  miscellaneous  English 
writer;  born  in  1665  at  Gillingham  in  rv>w«*> 
shire ;  died  in  1724.    The  for'5wlng  WOllaS  Hft 

ascribed  to  him :  <  History  of  the  Athenian 
Society*  (1691);  <The  Post-Boy  Robbed  of 
his  Mail  * ;  <  Miscellany,  Poems  upon  Various 
Occasions*    (1692);  <Life   and  Adventures   of 


Defoe.*  He  also  wrote  severaJ  plays.  In  1699 
he  edited  Langbaine's  <  Dramatic  Poets.* 

Giles,  Chauncey.    An  American  clerg)Tnan 

and  author ;  born  at  Charlemonfi,  Mass.,  in  1813 ; 
died  in  1893.  He  entered  the  jSwedenborgian 
Church  in  1853,  and  held  pastorates  in  Cin- 
cinnati, New  York,  and  Philadelphia.  Among 
his  numerous  works,  many  of  which  have  been 
translated  into  French,  German,  and  Italian, 
are  included:  <The  Magic  Spectacles*  (1868); 
<The  Gate  of  Pearl*  (1869);  <The  New  Jeru- 
salem* (1874);  <The  Valley  of  Diamonds,  and 
Other  Stories*  (1881);  < Perfect  Prayer*  (1883). 

Giles,  Henry.  An  American  Unitarian  minis* 
ter;  born  in  Crokford,  County  Wexford,  Ire« 
land,  Nov.  i,  1809;  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1840 ;  died  near  Boston,  July  10,  1882.  His 
published  works  are  in  part :  <  Lectures  and 
Essays*  (2  vols.,  1845);  < Christian  Thought  on 
Life*  (1850);  <  Human  Life  in  Shakespeare* 
(1868);  and  <  Lectures  and  Essays  on  Irish  and 
Other  Subjects*  (1869), 

Gilfillan,  Robert.  A  Scotch  poet;  bom  in 
Dumfermline,  July  7,  1798;  died  at  Leith,  Dec. 
4,  1850.  His  verse  is  very  popular  wherever 
hearts  "warm  to  the  tartan**;  and  his  'Ori- 
ginal Songs*  (1831)  ran  through  three  editions, 
the  best  pieces  in  the  collection  being  <The 
Exile's  Song,*  <  Peter  McCraw,*  and  <  In  the 
Days  o'  Langsyne.* 

Gille,  Philippe  (zhel).  A  French  drama- 
tist and  journalist ;  born  in  Paris,  Dec.  18,  1834. 
He  was  originally  a  sculptor,  and  his  work 
attracted  attention;  but  he  put  it  aside  for 
dramatic  composition  and  journalism,  succeed- 
ing in  both.  He  has  been  ^on  the  staff  of  the 
Petit  Journal,  Figaro,  and  Echo  de  Paris.  As 
a  librettist  he  has  written  to  the  scores  of 
eminent  composers.  He  has  produced  likewise 
a  variety  of  successful  plays,  of  the  kind  adapted 
to  the  somewhat  peculiar  exigencies  of  the 
Parisian  stage.  <  Gladiator's  Thirty  Millions,* 
<  Jean  de  Nevelle,*  and  <  My  Comrade,*  show 
him  probably  at  his  best ;  although  several  other 
pieces,  written  in  collaboration  and  independ- 
ently, have  had  long  runs.     Died  March  19,  1901. 

Gillette,  William.  An  American  actor  and 
playwright ;  born  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  July  24, 
1853.  He  is  the  author  of  several  successful 
plays,  in  rhany  of  which  he  has  assumed  the 
leading  parts.  Among  his  best-known  produo 
tions  are  :  'The  Professor*  (1881);  'Esmeralda* 
(1881),  with  Mrs.  F.  H.  Burnett;  'The  Private 
Secretary*  (adapted);  'Held  by  the  Enemy* 
(1886);  'A  Legal  Wreck*  (1888);  'Too  Much 
Johnson*  (1895);  and  'Secret  Service*  (1896). 

Gilm  zu  Rosenegg,  Hermann  von  (gilm 
tso  roz'en-eg").  A  German  lyric  poet;  bom  in 
Innsbmck,  Nov.  i,  1812;  died  at  Linz,  May  31, 
1864.  He  studied  jurispmdence  at  the  univer- 
sity in  Innsbruck,  and  then  began  a  career  in 
the  government  service,  rising  to  positions  of 
responsibility  by  years  of  valuable  service.  Of 
liberal  tendencies  in  religion  and  politics,  and 
enthusiastic  in  the  cause   of  the  Tyrolese,  be 


2l8 


GILMAN  — GIRALDI 


wrote  <  Sonnets  from  Tyrol  >  and  <  Songs  of  the 
Natter  Maids,>  which  achieved  quick  success. 
Other  poems  by  him  did  much  to  maintain 
among  tlie  Tyrolese  the  spirit  that  prompted 
their  uprising  for  independence  in  1809. 

Gilman,  Arthur.  An  American  educator 
and  author;  born  at  Alton,  HI.,  June  22,  1837. 
He  was  engaged  in  the  banking  business  in 
New  York  from  1857  to  1862,  when  he  removed 
to  Lenox,  Mass.,  and  devoted  himself  to  liter- 
ary and  educational  work  until  1871.  In  1876 
he  assisted  in  the  organization  of  the  Harvard 
Annex,  now  known  as  Radcliffe  College.  Among 
his  works  are :  <  F"irst  Steps  in  English  Litera- 
ture* (1870);  < First  Steps  in  General  History* 
(1874);  <  History  of  the  American  People*  (1883); 
•Early  American  Explorers*  (1885);  <  Coloniza- 
tion of  America*;  •  Tlie  Making  ot  the  Ameri- 
can Nation*  (1887I. 

Oilman,  Caroline  Howard.  An  American 
autnor ;  bom  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  8,  1794 ; 
died  in  1888.  Her  collected  writings  include : 
<  Recollections  of  a  New  England  Housekeeper* 
(1835);  'Recollections  of  a  Southern  Matron* 
(1836);  <  Poetry  of  Traveling  in  the  United 
States*  (1838);  etc.  The  'Recollections*  have 
passed  through  many  editions. 

Gilman,  Daniel  Coit.  An  American  edu- 
cator; bom  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  July  6,  1831. 
He  graduated  from  Yale  in  1852.  He  was 
superintendent  of  schools  in  Connecticut  for 
several  years;  professor  of  physical  geography 
at  Yale,  and  college  librarian,  1856-72;  pres- 
ident of  the  University  of  California,  1872-75 ; 
and  since  1875  president  of  Johns  Hopkins 
University,  Baltimore,  Md.  Besides  numerous 
reports  and  addresses  on  scientific  and  edu- 
cational subjects,  he  wrote :  <  Our  National 
Schools  of  Science*  (1867);*  James  Monroe  in  his 
Relations  to  the  Public  Service.*    Died  1908. 

Gilmore,  James  Roberts.  [«Edmund  Kirke.**] 
An  American  miscellaneous  prose-writer;  bom 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  10,  1823.  He  was  at 
first  in  mercantile  life,  subsequently  entering 
journalism  and  literature.  He  wrote :  'Among 
the  Pines  * ;  '  My  Southern  Friends  * ;  '  Down 
in  Tennessee  * ;  <  Life  of  Garfield  * ;  'Among 
the  Guerrillas*;  'Adrift  in  Dixie*;  'On  the 
Border*;  'Patriot  Boys*;  'The  Rear-Guard  of 
the  Revolution*;  'John  Sevier  as  a  Common- 
wealth Builder*;  'The  Advance-Guard  of 
^Vestern  Civilization  * ;  etc.     Died  Nov.  16, 1903. 

Gindely,  Anton  (gin'del-e).  A  Bohemian 
historian;  bom  in  Prague  in  1829;  died  Oct. 
24,  1892.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  University 
of  Prague,  and  subsequently  became  a  professor 
of  history  there.  His  most  important  work 
was  a  'History  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War,* 
projected  on  a  vast  scale,  but  only  a  condensed 
4-V0I.  form  completed,  which  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English.  His  'History  of  the  Bo- 
hemian Brethren*  (1856-57)  is  also  notable. 

Ginsburg,  Christian.  An  eminent  Polish 
Rabbinical  writer;  bom  in  Warsaw,  Poland, 
in  1830,  and  received  his  education  in  the 
Rabbinic  college  there.     He  was  one  of  the 


original  members  appointed  by  the  English 
Convocation  for  the  revision  of  the  English 
version  of  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  number  of  works  of  vast 
erudition,  among  which  are  :  <A  Historical  and 
Critical  Commentary  on  the  Song  of  Songs* 
(1857);  'The  Kariates*  (1862);  'The  Moabite 
Stone*  (1871);  'The  Massorah*  (1880-86). 

Giohertl,  Vincenzo  (j6-ber'te).  An  Italian 
philosopher  and  statesman ;  born  in  Turin,  in 
April  1801 ;  died  in  Paris,  October  1852.  In 
1831  he  became  chaplain  to  King  Charles 
Albert ;  but  being  accused  of  favoring  the  Lib- 
erals, he  was  imprisoned  and  exiled.  He  re- 
moved to  Bmssels,  where  he  wrote :  '  The 
Theory  of  the  Supernatural*  (1838);  'Introduc- 
tion to  the  Study  of  Philosophy*  (1839);  'Civil 
and  Moral  Supremacy  of  the  Italians*  (1843), 
in  which  he  advocated  the  restoration  of  the 
unity  of  Italy;  and  'The  Modern  Jesuit*  (1847). 
On  his  return  to  Turin  in  1848  he  was  received 
with  enthusiasm,  and  subsequently  became 
prime  minister. 

Gioja,  Melchiore  (jo'ya).  An  eminent 
Italian  political  economist;  born  at  Piacenza, 
Italy,  in  1767 ;  died  at  Milan  in  1829.  Impris- 
oned by  the  Austrian  government  in  his  youth 
on  account  of  his  republican  tendencies,  he 
welcomed  with  enthusiasm  the  advent  of  Na- 
poleon in  Italy  and  the  establishment  of  the 
Cisalpine  Republic,  under  which  he  received 
the  office  of  historiographer.  Among  his  re- 
markable works  are :  '  The  New  Galateo  * 
(1802);  'The  French,  Germans,  and  Russians 
in  Lombardy*  (1805);  'New  View  of  the  Eco- 
nomic Sciences*  (1815-19);  'The  Philosophy 
of  Statistics*  (1826). 

Giordani,  Pietro  (jor-da'ne).  An  Italian 
essayist,  controversialist,  and  critic ;  born  in 
Piacenza,  Jan.  i,  1774 ;  died  at  Parma,  Sept.  14, 
1848.  His  productions  are  mainly  essays  and 
criticisms  on  art  and  literature,  theses  on  aes- 
thetics, pamphlets,  panegyrics,  and  monographs, 
all  of  a  fugitive  nature,  which  keep  their  place 
in  letters  by  their  style.  His  'Letters,*  'Select 
Prose,*  and  '  Orations  and  Eulogies,*  show  his 
style  at  its  best. 

Giozza,  Pier  Giacinto  (jot'sa).  An  Italian 
critic,  poet,  essayist,  and  student  of  Dante ;  bom 
April  24,  1846,  in  Turin,  where  he  studied  lit- 
erature and  philosophy  in  the  university.  At 
the  present  time  he  is  a  professor  in  the  Ly- 
ceum at  Alessandria.  His  writings  are  noted  for 
their  poetic  qualities  and  correct  taste.  'Fan- 
tasies and  Scintillations,*  <  Excelsior,* '  Sighs  of 
the  Soul,* '  God  in  Dante's  Paradise,* '  Investi- 
gation of  Curious  Facts  concerning  Dante's 
Poetry,*  and  '  The  Legend  of  the  Inferno,*  are 
among  the  best  of  recent  Italian  writings. 

Giraldi,  Giglio  Gregorio  (je-ral'de).  An 
Italian  poet  and  scholar;  bom  in  Ferrara,  June 
13,  1479 ;  died  there,  February  1552.  His  most 
valuable  works, '  Historia  de  Diis  Gentium,*  a 
historical  manual  of  classical  mythology ;  '  De 
Annis  et  Mensibus,*  a  treatise  on  the  calendar; 


GIRALDI  — GIUSTI 


319 


'  Historise  Poetarum  Grsecorum  ac  Latinorum,'  a 
study  in  classical  literary  biography ;  and  sev- 
eral more,  are  still  quoted  as  authoritative.  He 
helped  greatly  to  spread  the  taste  for  knowl- 
edge characteristic  of  the  age,  and  his  Latin 
verses  prove  him  a  consummate  poet. 

Giraldi,  Giovanni  Battista.  An  Italian 
dramatist,  novelist,  and  poet ;  bom  in  Ferrara, 
November  1504;  died  there,  Dec.  30,  1573.  In 
early  life  he  was  so  brilliant  in  literature,  med- 
icine, and  philosophy  that  he  became  Secre- 
tary of  State  under  two  successive  dukes  of 
Este ;  but  a  contest  raised  by  an  impostor  who 
claimed  the  authorship  of  one  of  his  works 
brought  him  into  disfavor,  and  he  lost  his  of- 
fice (1560).  Becoming  a  distinguished  profes- 
sor of  literature,  he  ended  as  rhetorician  at  the 
Academy  of  Pavia,  where  he  was  admitted 
about  1570  under  the  name  of  Cinthio,  Cintio, 
or  Cinzio,  signing  his  works  thus  variously 
from  this  date.  Of  his  plays  the  best  known 
is  <Orbecche,>  perhaps  the  most  powerful  tra- 
gedy written  since  the  classical  period  and  till 
Shakespeare.  Shakespeare  and  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  in  fact,  appear  to  have  helped  them- 
selves to  his  productions  to  some  extent  in  the 
construction  of  their  own. 

Girardin,  ^niile  de  (zhe-rar-dan').  A  French 
journalistic  agitator  and  political  and  economic 
writer,  illegitimate  son  of  Count  Alexander  de 
Girardin  and  Madame  Dupuy ;  born  in  Paris 
(not  in  Switzerland),  June  22,  1806  (or  1803?); 
died  there,  April  27,  1881.  His  early  years  were 
passed  in  poverty  and  neglect,  but  he  contrived 
to  educate  himself  sufficiently  to  write  at  19  a 
sentimental  novel,  <  Emile,*  which  met  with  pop- 
ular favor.  It  was  as  a  journalist  that  he  first 
made  himself  known  among  the  French,  he 
being  indeed  the  originator  of  the  cheap  popu- 
lar press  of  Paris  with  its  enormous  circulations. 
His  first  wife  was  Sophie  Gay.  He  accumu- 
lated a  fortune,  and  led  an  anti-Prussian  agi- 
tation in  the  war  of  1870.  <  Political  Studies,' 
'  The  Abolition  of  Authority  through  the  Sim- 
plification of  Government,'  and  <  The  Periodical 
Press  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,'  are  among 
his  more  solid  writings.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  few  clever  comedies. 

Girardin,  Marie  Alfred  Jules  de.  A  French 
litterateur  and  translator;  born  Jan.  4,  1832; 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  26,  1888.  He  was  attached  to 
the  Lyceum  of  Versailles,  and  at  Loches ;  con- 
tributed stories  to  the  European  Review,  the 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  Paris  Illustrd,  and 
other  French  periodicals.  Among  his  works 
are:  < Brave  Men*  (1874),  crowned  by  the 
Academy;  <  Uncle  Placide'  (1878);  (The  Cap- 
tain's Niece';  <  Grandfather '  (1880),  crowned 
by  the  Academy;  <The  Gaudry  Family'  (1884); 
'The  Second  Violin'  {1887);  [and  translitions. 

Giraud,  Count  Giovanni  (zhe-ro').  An  Ital- 
ian comedy-writer ;  bom  in  Rome,  Oct.  28,  1776 ; 
died  in  Naples,  Oct.  i,  1834.  He  was  bred  to  the 
profession  of  arms,  but  relieved  the  monotony 
of  the  camp  by  writing  comedies.  They  were 
produced  with  immense  success  in  Venice,  and 


admired  by  Napoleon,  who  gave  him  an  im- 
portant theatrical  post ;  but  on  Napoleon's 
overthrow  he  entered  mercantile  life.  As  a 
playwright  he  makes  Molifere  his  model.  <  The 
Embarrassed  Governor,'  <The  Prophesying 
Fanatic,'  and  *  The  Discontented  Capricious 
One,'  are  good  examples  of  his  talent  as  a 
contriver  of  ludicrous  situations,  helped  out  by 
witty  dialogue. 

Girndt,  Otto  (gernt).  A  German  dramatist, 
humorist,  and  writer  of  fiction ;  bom  in  Lands- 
berg  on  the  Warthe,  Feb.  6,  1835.  His  profes- 
sion was  law;  but  the  vogue  of  his  comedy 

<  Y  I,'  acted  when  he  was  30,  turned  him  toward 
the  stage,  in  which  he  has  won  great  popular- 
ity. < Caesar  Borgia'  and  'Charlotte  Corday,* 
dramas,  <  Oriental  Entanglements,'  a  comedy 
that  won  a  prize,  and  <  Dankelman,'  a  tragedy, 
merit  special  mention.  His  stories  are  grace- 
ful and  replete  with  incident,  though  they  do 
not  rank  high ;  the  best  of  them,  <  The  Rescue 
of  the  King'  and  < Jolly  Company,'  are  fair 
specimens  of  a  lively  style. 

Glsecke,  Nikolaus  Dletriclx  (ge'zek-6).  A 
German  poet ;  born  in  Cso,  Hungary,  of  Ger- 
man parents,  April  2,  1724;  died  at  Sonders- 
hausen,  Feb.  23,  1765.  He  settled  early  in 
Hamburg,  where  he  formed  one  of  a  little  lit- 
erary circle.  He  was  a  clergyman,  and  his  ser- 
mons contain  elegant  diction ;  but  his  literary 
position  is  due  wholly  to  a  volume  of  poeins, 
simple  and  unaffected  in  style,  and  voicing  a 
mild  melancholy, 

Glseke,  Robert.  A  German  dramatist,  nov- 
elist, and  poet,  great-grandson  of  Nikolaus ; 
born  in  Marienwerder,  Jan.  15,  1827 ;  died  at 
Leubus,  Dec.  12,  1890.  Early  an  accomplished 
theologian  and  an  authority  on  philosophy  and 
history,  his  prospects  were  destroyed  by  his 
political  utterances  in  1848,  and  he  was  driven 
to  journalism  for  a  livelihood.  After  some 
years  he  began  to  write  novels,  of  which  the 
best  is  perhaps  'Otto  Ludwig  Brook.'  But  his 
original  and  striking  plays  gave  him  his  great- 
est renown ;    notably   <  The   Two   Cagliostros,' 

<  Lucifer,  or  the  Demagogues,'  <  The  Elector 
Maurice  of  Saxony,'  and  <A  Burgomaster  of 
Berlin.' 

Gissing,  George.  An  English  novelist ;  bom 
in  Wakefield,  1857.  He  had  made  a  remarka- 
ble study  of  the  London  masses,  from  the  ranks 
of  skilled  labor  to  the  most  noisome  human 
refuse  of  the  slums,  the  result  being  half  re- 
pulsive and  wholly  powerful ;  particularly  in 
<The    Nether    World,'    <New    Gmb    Street,' 

<  Demos,'  and  <  Sleeping  Fires.'    Died,  1903. 

Giusti,  Giuseppe  (jos'te).  An  Italian  poet 
and  political  satirist;  born  in  Monsummano, 
May  1809;  died  in  Florence,  March  31,  1850. 
His  maiden  masterpiece  was  the  <  Dies  Ir;r,' 
on  the  death  of  the  Emperor  Francis  I.,— a 
poem  in  which  a  mockery  of  woe  blends  tell- 
ingly with  sarcasm.  He  worked  this  vein  the 
next  ten  years,  as  <The  Boot,'  <The  Crowned,' 
and  <  The  Investiture  of  a  Knight '  demonstrate. 


220 


GJELLERUP  —  GLEIG 


These  and  the  satires  written  from  1847  to  1849, 
as  well  as  <  The  Papacy  of  Little  Peter,>  evince 
genius. 

GJellerup,  Karl  Adolf  (gyal'er-op).  A  Danish 
novelist,  dramatist,  poet,  and  critic ;  born  in 
Roholte,  Seeland,  July  2,  1857.  He  prepared 
for  the  ministry;  but  published  a  novel,  <An 
Idealist,>  under  the  pseudonym  «  Epigonos," 
at  21.  <  Rodtjorn,'  a  book  of  poems,  appeared 
a    few    years    later;    followed    by    the    novels 

<  Romulus,*  <The  Pupil  of  the  Germans,'  and 
several  others.  <Brynhild>  and  <  Saint  Just> 
are  tragedies;  <The  Book  of  my  Love>  is  an 
assortment  of  erotic  poems.  As  a  critic  his 
work  is  discriminating  and  accurate ;  but  all 
his  productions  show  the  influence  of  foreign 
literatures. 

GJorgJic,  Ignaz  (jor'jich).  A  Dalmatian  poet 
and  scholar;  born  in  Ragusa,  Feb.  13,  1676; 
died  there,  Jan.  21,  1737.  He  was  abbot  of  the 
Benedictine  monastery  on  the  island  of  Meleda, 
but  was  exiled  for  his  part  in  a  political  dis- 
pute. The  Pope  interceded  for  him  and  had 
him  restored  to  his  cloisters.  Of  his  poems, 
•The  Sighs  of  the  Penitent  Magdalen >  is  the 
most  deserving  of  mention.  <  Marunko  i  Pav- 
ica>  is  the  humorous  story  of  two  Venetian 
youths,  and  <The  Slav  Psalter  >  is  a  hymnal. 

Gladden,  Washington.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  author ;  born  at  Pottsgrove,  Pa.,  Feb. 
II,  1836.  He  has  held  pastorates  in  Congrega- 
tional churches  in  New  York,  Massachusetts, 
and  Ohio,  and  served  on  the  editorial  staff 
of  the  Independent  and  Sunday  Afternoon. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  :  <  Plain  Thoughts 
on  the  Art  of  Living*  (1868);  <From  the  Hub 
to  th«  Hudson*  (1869);  <The  Young  Men  and 
the  Church'  (1885);    <  Cosmopolis    City  Club  >; 

<  Christianity  and  Socialism.' 

Gladstone,  William  Ewart.  A  Great  Eng- 
lish statesman  and  writer  on  theological  and 
philological  subjects,  essayist,  and  translator 
from  the  classics;  born  in  Liverpool,  Dec.  29, 
1809;  died  at  Hawarden,  May  19,  1898.  His 
place  in  literature  has  been  made  enduring  by 
"Juventus  Mundi,>  <Studies  in  Homer  and  ih.; 
Homeric  Age,)  and  a  large  number  of  essays, 
rich  in  thought  and  clear  and  weighty  in  style. 
His  works  include:  <Church  and  State';  <Ho- 
meric  Synchronism';  <Gleanings  of  Past  Years'; 
a  version  of  Horace;  etc. 

Glaisher,  James.  An  English  astronomer; 
born  in  London,  England,  April  7,  1809.  From 
1836  until  his  retirement  in  1874  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich. 
He  is  the  author  of  more  than  a  hundred  books 
and  papers  relating  to  astronomy,  meteorology, 
and  the  theory  of  numbers.  Between  1863  and 
1866  he  made  twenty-nine  balloon  ascents  for 
scientific  purposes,  in  one  of  which  he  attained 
the  greatest  height  till  then  reached  ( seven 
miles).  The  results  of  his  observations  are 
published  in  the  popular  < Travels  in  the  Air' 
(1870).  He  transiated  and  edited  'The  Atmo- 
sphere' by  Flammarion,  and  <The  World  of 
Comets  >  by  Guillemin,     Died  Feb.  7,  1903. 


Glaptborne,  Henry.  An  English  dramatist 
who  is  known  to  have  flourished  about  1639. 
He  wrote  many  plays,  five  of  which  have  been 
printed  :  <  Albertus  Wallenstein ' ;  <  The  Hol- 
lander ' ;  < Argalus  and  Parthenia ' ;  <  Wit  in  a 
Constable ' ;  *  The  Lady's  Privilege ' ;  etc. 

Glascock,  William  Nugent.  A  Scottish  au- 
thori;  born  1787;  died  Oct.  8,  1847,  at  Baltin- 
glass.  He  was  captain  in  the  navy ;  entering 
service  January  1800,  and  retiring  in  1847.  His 
literary  works  include :  <  The  Naval  Sketch 
Book'  (2  vols.,  1826);  'Sailors  and  Saints;  or. 
Matrimonial  Manoeuvres'  (3  vols.,  1829);  'Tales 
of  a  Tar:  With  Characteristic  Anecdotes' 
(1836);  'Land  Sharks  and  Sea  Gulls'  (3  vols., 
1838); 'Naval  Service;  or.  Officers'  Manual'  (2 
vols.,  1836),  which  has  had  a  great  sale  and 
been  translated  for  all  the  Continental  services. 

Glaser,  Adolf  (gla'zer).  A  German  novel- 
ist, poet,  dramatist,  and  translator;  born  in 
Wiesbaden,  Dec.  15,  1829.  He  won  success  in 
journalism ;  and  published  poems  under  the 
pseudonym  "  Reinald  Reimar,"  as  well  as  two 
or  three  plays.  His  first  novel,  written  in  1857, 
was  '  The  Schaller  Family,'  followed  by  many 
popular  works  of  fiction.  'What  Is  Truth?' 
'A  Magdalen  without  a  Halo,'  'Savonarola,' 
'Cordula,'  are  absorbing  tales,  in  which  im- 
agination, humor,  and  ingenuity  of  plot  are 
predominating  qualities.  '  Galileo  Galilei,'  a 
tragedy,  and  a  series  of  translations  from  Dutch 
authors,  must  be  included. 

Glassbrenner,  Adolf  (glas'bran-er).  A  Ger. 
man  humorist;  born  in  Berlin,  March  27,  1810; 
died  there,  Sept.  25,  1876.  He  was  editing  the 
satiric  paper  Don  Quixote  when  it  was  sup- 
pressed in  1833,  and  then  turned  to  comic 
sketch-writing.  'Berlin  as  it  Is  and  —  Drinks,' 
with] 'Lively  Berlin,'  published  under  the  pseu- 
don>'m  "Adolf  Brennglas,"  quickly  brought  him 
into  popularity,  which  'Life  and  Conduct  in 
the  Exclusive  World'  and  'Berlin  Folk  Life* 
increased ;  while  '  The  New  Reineke  Fuchs ' 
and  '  Forbidden  Songs '  displayed  his  versatil- 
ity. He  produced  stories  for  children,  and 
comedies  of  exquisite  drollery.  He  was  a  leader 
in  the  popular  agitation  of  1848. 

Glazier,  Willard.  An  American  author; 
born  in  Fowler,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  22,  1841.  His 
works  include :  '  Capture,  Prison  Pen,  and  Es- 
cape' (1865),  which  was  very  popular;  'Three 
Years  in  the  Federal  Cavalry'  (1870);  'Battles 
for  the  Union  ' ;  '  Heroes  of  Three  Wars  > ; 
'  Peculiarities  of  American  Cities ' ;  and  '  Down 
the  Great  River.'     Died  April  26,  igoS. 

Gleig,  George  Robert.  A  British  historian 
and  miscellaneous  prose-writer;  born  in  Stir- 
ling, Scotland,  April  20,  1796  ;  died  near  Winch- 
field,  England,  July  9,  1888.  He  was  a  soldier 
under  Wellington  in  Spain,  and  commanded  a 
regiment  in  the  American  war  of  1812,  being 
wounded  during  the  sack  of  Washington.  He 
wrote  'The  Subaltern'  (1825),  an  admirable 
account  of  a  soldier's  life  in  war,  used  by  Par- 
ton  in  his  life  of  Jackson;  'Campaigns  of  the 


GLEIM  — GOBINEAU 


221 


British  Army  at  Washington  and  New  Orleans  > 
(new  ed.  1861);  <  Lives  of  Eminent  British  Com- 
manders* (1831);  and  many  others, 

Glelm,  Johann  Wllhelm  Ludwig  (glim).  A 
German  poet  and  patron  of  literature ;  born 
in  Ermsleben,  Halberstadt,  April  2,  1719;  died 
Feb.  18,  1803.  He  attained  an  immense  pres- 
tige and  popularity  among  his  countrymen  as 
a  sort  of  Msecenas.  His  passion  for  letters  in- 
duced him  to  resign  profitable  government  posts 
while  still  young.  <An  Essay  in  Sportive 
Rhyme,*  an  early  work,  shows  French  influence. 
The  Seven  Years'  War  afforded  him  themes 
for  his  best  work :  <  Songs  of  a  Prussian  Grena- 
dier* are  patriotic  outbursts.  <  Petrarcan  Songs,* 

<  Horatian  Odes,*  <  Songs  in  Imitation  of  Anac- 
reon,'  and  <  Epigrammatic  Verse,*  are  pleas- 
ing, but  less  interesting.  His  fables  and  tales 
became  extremely  popular. 

Glen,  William.  A  Scottish  song-writer; 
born  in  Glasgow,  Nov.  14,  1789;  died  there, 
December  1826.  He  was  trained  to  mercan- 
tile business,  but  preferred  conviviality  and 
the  Muse.  His  fame  rests  upon  his  <  Poems, 
Chiefly  Lyrical*  (1815):  «Wae's  me  for  Prince 
Charlie,'*  a  Jacobite  song,  is  widely  known. 

Glinka,  Avdotia  Pavlovna  (glink'ka).  A 
Russian  writer  of  stories  and  devotional  works, 
wife  of  Fedor;  bom  in  Koutousof  in  1795; 
died  in  1863.  She  translated  Schiller's  <Song 
of  the  Bell,*  and  wrote  many  popular  books 
of  devotion. 

Glinlsa,  Fedor  Nicolalevich.  A  Russian  poet, 
historian,  and  essayist ;  born  in  Smolensk  in 
1788;  died  at  Tver,  March  6,  1880.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  campaign  of  Auster- 
litz  at  18,  but  upon  falling  into  disfavor  at 
court   gave   up   an  army  career  for  literature. 

<  Letters  of  a  Russian  Officer  on  the  Cam- 
paigns of  1805-6  and  1812-15,*  <  Presents  to 
Russian  Soldiers,*  and  <  The  Liberation  of  Lit- 
tle Russia,*  are  the  best  known  of  his  books. 
He  also  translated  the  Psalms  and  the  Book 
of  Job  into  verse. 

Olinlca,  Gregory  Andr^evich.  A  Russian 
historian,  dramatist,  and  poet,  cousin  of  Fedor 
N.;  born  near  Smolensk  in  1774 ;  died  at  Mos- 
cow in  18 18.  He  was  in  boyhood  a  page  at 
the  imperial  court.  He  entered  upon  a  distin- 
guished career  as  an  educator,  and  accompanied 
Alexander  I.'s  brothers  on  their  Continental 
tour  in  181 1.  His  works  include  :  <  The  Ancient 
Religion  of  the  Slavs  * ;  <  Miscellanies  in  Prose 
and  Verse*;  and  a  play,  <The  Daughters  of 
Love.* 

Glinka,  Sergiua  Nlcolaievich.  A  Russian 
poet  and  writer  of  juvenile  literature ;  brother 
of  Fedor;  born  in  Smolensk  in  1774  or  1771 ; 
died  at  Moscow  in  1847.  He  entered  the  mili- 
tary service  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  major, 
when  he  retired.  His  literary  work  was  de- 
voted mainly  to  the  young  and  their  training. 
<  Readings  for  Children,'  *  History  of  Russia 
for  the  Use  of  Boys  and  Girls.'  and  similar 
books,  are   highly    esteemed.    He    also    com- 


posed a  few  plays  in  verse,  edited  the  Rus- 
sian Messenger,  and  translated  Young's  <  Night 
Thoughts.* 

Glover,  Richard.  An  English  epic  poet  and 
dramatist;  born  in  London,  1712;  died  there, 
Nov.  25,  1785.  He  abandoned  trade  for  poetry, 
and  made  himself  famous  with  <Leonidas* 
(1737).  3.  heroic  poem,  fiery  but  rather  exag- 
gerated in  rhetoric.  <The  Athenaid*  (1787)  is 
a  continuation  of  it.  < London*  (1739),  a  poem 
of  commerce,  and  <  Boadicea*  (1735),  a  tragedy, 
are  among  his  works. 

Gliimer,  Claire  von  (gliim'er).  A  German 
novelist  and  translator;  born  in  Blankenburg- 
am-Harz,  Oct.  iS,  1825.  Her  youth  was  spent 
in  France,  but  she  has  lived  in  Germany  since 
1848.  She  first  attracted  attention  by  the  great 
merit  of  her  translations  from  English  and 
French  authors, —  Swift,  Daudet,  George  Sand, 
and  others.  A  volume  of  <  Sketches  of  the  Pyr- 
enees,' and  studies  in  fiction, —  <Frau  Domina' 
and  *  Young  Hearts'  among  them, —  prove  her 
a  capable  writer  and  an  attentive  observer  of 
life. 

Glum  Eyjolfsson  (glom  i"yolf'son).  An  Ice- 
landic bard ;  born  about  940 ;  died  about  1003. 
His  youth  was  spent  in  Norway.  He  is  spe- 
cially famed  for  the  brave  fight  he  waged  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  his  native  island,  the 
particulars  of  which  he  recounted  in  a  poem  or 
saga,  orally  transmitted  to  posterity  until  it  was 
put  in  writing  in  the  thirteenth  century.  Shortly 
before  his  death  he  became  a  Christian.  His 
legend  is  variously  known  as  the  <  Viga-Glums- 
saga,'  the  <Glumssaga,'  etc. 

Gnedich,  Nicolai  Ivanovich  (gna'didh).  A 
Russian  poet;  born  in  Pultowa,  Feb.  2,  1784; 
died  in  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  15,  1833.  He  stud- 
ied classical  philology,  and  made  himself  the 
most  accomplished  Russian  scholar  of  his  day. 
A  translation  of  Schiller's  <  Conspiracy  of 
Fiesco  *  was  an  early  effort ;  but  his  master- 
piece is  the  translation  of  the  Iliad  into  Rus- 
sian (1829),  not  unworthy  of  the  original,  at 
which  he  worked  for  twenty  years.  A  tran& 
lation  of  Shakespeare's  <King  Lear,'  of  Voi- 
taire's  <  Tancrede,'  and  of  notable  modern  Greek 
poems,  occupied  his  later  years.  His  own 
poem,  <The  Fishers,'  is  much  admired. 

Gneist,  Rudolph  (nist).  A  German  jurist  and 
historical  writer;  born  in  Berlin,  Aug.  13^  1816; 
died  there,  July  21,  1895.  He  was  a  National 
Liberal,  and  was  in  the  Prussian  Parliament  many 
years.  William  I.  made  him  instructor  in  political 
science  to  Prince  William  (now  William  II.). 
Among  his  numerous  works  are :  <  Nobility 
and  Knighthood  in  England'  (1853);  <The 
English  Constitutional  and  Administrative  Law 
of  the  Present  Day*  (1857-63);  <SeIf-Govern- 
ment  in  England*  (1863);  *  History  of  the  Eng- 
lish Parliament*  (1886);  <The  Imperial  Law 
•  against  the  Machinations  of  the  Socialists.* 

Gobineau,  Joseph  Arthur,  Comte  de.  A 
French  diplomatist,  ethnologist,  and  romance- 
writer  ;  born  at  Bordeaux  in  1S16 :  died  at  Pari^ 


GOCKINGK  —  GOETHE 


October  1882.  During  a  long  diplomatic  career 
he  held  important  positions  at  Athens,  Copen- 
hagen, and  Rio  Janeiro ;  was  a  member  of  the 
embassy  to  Persia,  1855 ;  Imperial  Commis- 
sary to  the  United  States,  1861.  During  his 
long  stay  in  the  East  he  studied  Oriental 
religions,   and   brought    out    his    famous   work 

<  Religions  and  Philosophies  in  Central  Asia  > 
( 1865 ),  a  vivid  and  unprejudiced  treatise. 
Among    his    other    notable     publications    are : 

<  On  the  Inequality  of  Human  (Races  >  (  1853- 
55),  which  has  been  the  point  of  departure 
for  a  new  ethnological  school ;  <  History  of 
the  Persians  >  (1869).  In  fiction  he  has  pro. 
duced:  <  Typhaine  Abbey'  (1867),  a  romance; 

<  Souvenirs  of  Travels'  (1872),  stories  ;  <  Asiatic 
Tales  '  (  1876  ),  a  masterpiece  of  pure  literature 
and  imaginative  realization  of  character  —  trans- 
lated into  English  as  <  Romances  of  the  East ; ' 
<Amadis,'  a  poem  in  three  books  (unfinished), 
published  posthumously  in  1887. 

Gbcklngk,  Leopold  Friedrlch  Guntlier  von 
(gek'ingk).  A  German  poet;  born  in  Gron- 
ingen,  Halberstadt,  July  13,  1748 ;  died  at 
Wartenburg,  Silesia,  Feb.  18,  1828.  His  prime 
was  passed  in  official  employment,  and  in 
1789  he  was  ennobled.  He  retired  some  years 
later,  and  devoted  himself  seriously  to  litera- 
ture. His  principal  works  are:  'Epigrams' 
(1772),  some  of  which  are  admirable;  'Songs 
of  Two  Lovers'  (1777),  greatly  admired  by  his 
contemporaries,  who  read  between  the  lines 
the  story  of  the  writer's  life ;  three  volumes 
of  'Poems'  (i77Q)  ;  'Charades  and  Riddles' 
(1817) ;  '  Life  and  Literary  Remains  ot  Nicolai ' 
(1800). 

Godefroy,  Frederic  (  god-fr^va').  A  French 
lexicographer  and  historian  of  literature  ;  born 
in  Paris,  Feb.  13,  1826.  His  life  has  been  given 
up  to  literary  studies ;  the  results  of  which, 
the  celebrated  '  Comparative  Lexicon  of  the 
Language  of  Corneille  and  of  the  Seventeenth 
Century  in  General,'  and  '  History  of  French 
Literature  from  the  Sixteenth  Century  to  Our 
Own  Day,'  have  given  him  an  international 
reputation.  His  monumental  effort,  however,  is 
the  voluminous  '  Dictionary  of  the  Old  French 
Language  and  of  All  its  Dialects  from  the 
Ninth  to  the  Fifteenth  Century.'  The  8th  vol. 
published  1895. 

Godet,  Philippe  Ernest  (go-da').  A  Swiss 
poet  and  historian  of  literature ;  born  in  Neu- 
chatel,  April  23,  1850.  He  was  bred  to  the 
law,  but  abandoned  it  for  journalism.  He  be- 
came instructor  in  literature  in  the  Academy 
at  Neuchatel.  As  a  poet  he  pleases,  without 
stirring  any  profound  depths,  in  such  volumes 
as  <  A  Handful  of  Rhymes,'  <  First  Poems,'  and 
'  Realities.'  In  prose  he  wrote  :  '  The  Literary 
History  of  French  Switzerland,'  his  greatest 
work,  which  won  the  French  Academy's  Gudrin 
prize;  'Studies  and  Talks';  and  a  biography 
of  Pierre  Viret. 

Godfrey,  Thomas.  An  American  poet ;  born 
in  Philadelphia,  Dec.  4,  1736;  died  near  Wil- 
mington, N.  C,  Aug.  3,  1763.     He  wrote  in  1759 


<  The  Prince  of  Parthia,'  a  tragedy,  believed  to 
be  the  first  dramatic  work  written  in  this  coun- 
try. In  1763  he  published  <  The  Court  of  Fancy  : 
A  Poem.'  His  poems  were  collected  in  1767  by 
his  friend  Nathaniel  Evans. 

Godkin,  Edwin  Lawrence.  An  American 
journalist  and  essayist ;  born  in  Moyne,  Ireland, 
Oct.  2,  1831 ;  died  at  Brixham,  Eng.,  May  20, 
1902.  He  graduated  from  Queen's  College,  and 
came  to  this  country  in  early  manhood.  From 
1865  he  was  prominent  in  journalism.  In  addi- 
tion to  a  '  History  of  Hungary,'  and  editorial 
work  on  the  New  York  Nation,  which  he 
founded,  and  Evening  Post,  he  produced  volumes 
of  essays ; '  The  Problems  of  Modern  Democracy' 
and  '  Impressions  and  Comments,'  etc. 

Gbdsche,  Hermann  (ged'sha).  A  German 
journalist,  critic,  and  romance-writer ;  born  in 
Trachenberg,  Silesia,  Feb.  12,  1815;  died  at 
Warmbrunn,  Nov.  8,  1878.  At  first  in  the 
postal  service,  he  began  writing  in  1849,  over 
the  name  of  "Armin  "  ;  and  rose  to  eminence 
in  journalism.  As  a  novelist,  his  '  Nena  Sahib,' 
'  Villafranca,'  and  'Biarritz,'  written  under  the 
pseudonym  of  "  Sir  John  Retcliffe,"  are  repre- 
sentative of  his  talent. 

Godwin,  Parke.  An  American  author ;  born 
at  Paterson,  N.  J.,  Feb.  25,  1816.  He  began 
the  study  of  law,  but  abandoned  it  for  literary 
pursuits.  From  1837  until  recently  he  was 
connected  with  the  New  York  Evening  Post, 
besides  contributing  frequently  to  Putnam's 
Magazine.  In  addition  to  translations  from 
the  German,  and  the  well-known  compilation, 
'Handbook  of  Universal  Biography'  (1851), 
he  published  : '  Constructive  Democracy'  (1851); 
'Vala:  A  Mythological  Tale'  (1851)  ;  '  Out  of 
the  Past '  (1870) ;  Essays  ; '  Biography  of  Bryant ' 
(1883).     He  died.  New  York,  Jan.  7,  1904. 

Godwin,  William.  An  English  political  phi- 
losopher; born  at  Wisbeach,  Cambridge,  March 
3,  1756;  died  in  London,  April  7,  1836.  His 
principal  works  are  :  <  Political  Justice  '  (1793), 
one  of  the  strongest  political  essays  in  the 
language  ;  '  Caleb  Williams  ;  or,  Things  as  They 
Are'  (1794),  a  novel  enforcing  the  principles 
of  the  greater  work  ;  '  St.  Leon'  (1799),  a  novel 
of  domestic  life ;  several  other  novels ;  '  The 
Inquirer,'  a  series  of  essays  (1796);  'An- 
tonio,' a  tragedy  (1801)  ;  'Life  of  Chaucer' 
(1803) ;  'History  of  the  Commonwealth  '  (1824)  ; 
'Thoughts  on  Man,'  a  series  of  essays  (1834). 
His  wife,  Mary  Wollstonecraft  (1759-97).  wrote 
a  memorable  work  on  '  The  Rights  of  Woman' 
(1792),  and  many  others. 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolfgang  (ge'ta).  One  of 
the  world's  greatest  poets  ;  born  at  Frankfort 
on  the  Main,  Aug.  28,  1749;  died  at  Weimar, 
March  22.  1832.  Among  his  early  works  are 
the  tragedy  '  Prometheus '  (1773);  '  Erwin  and 
Elmira'  C1774),  a  comedy;  'Sorrows  of  Young 
Werther'  (1774)  ;  '  Clavigo,'  a  tragedy  (1774)  ; 
'  Stella '  ( 1775),  '^  drama  suggested  by  Swift's 
life.  In  1776  he  became  privy  counselor  to  the 
reigning  Duke  of  Weimar,  and  for  some  years 
was  fully  occupied  with  business  of  State.    His 


GOEVERNEUR  — GOMES 


223 


leisure  he  devoted  to  composing,  in  prose,  his 
great  tragedy  <  Iphigenia,'  which  was  recast  in 
verse  in  1786;  in  writing  the  novel  <Wilhelm 
Meister';  and  in  building  up  his  greatest  work, 

<  Faust.'  The  succession  of  his  works  from 
1789  forward  was:  < Tasso,*  a  drama  (1789); 
< Metamorphosis  of  Plants'  (1790);  <The  Grand 
Cophta,'  a  dramatization  of  the  affair  of  the 
Diamond  Necklace  ;  <  Wilhelm  Meister's  Ap- 
prenticeship >  (1796);  'Hermann  and  Dorothea' 
(1796-97);  < Elective  Affinities*  (1808);  <P'iction 
and  Truth'  (1811);  <  West-Eastern  Divan' 
(1814);  < Wilhelm  Meister's  Years  of  Travel' 
(1821);  second  part  of  <Faust'  (1831 :  the 
first  part  had  appeared  as  <A  Fragment'  in 
1790). 

Goeverneur,  Jan  Jacob  Antonie  (go-ver- 
n^r').  A  Dutch  poet;  born  in  HoeveJaken, 
Feb.  14,  1809 ;  died  at  Groningen,  March  19, 
1889.  His  poems  in  serious  vein  appeared  over 
the  pseudonym  of  "Jan  de  Rijmer";  but  they 
are  not  so  meritorious  as  his  verses  for  child- 
ren, which  the  little  people  of  the  Netherlands 
now  know  by  heart. 

Gogol,  Nikolai  Vasiljevich  (go'gol).  A 
great  Russian  novelist  and  humorist;  born 
at  Sorochintzy  in  the  government  of  Poltava, 
March  31,  1809 ;  died  at  Moscow,  March  4, 
1852.  His  principal  works  are  :  <  Evenings  on 
a  Farm,'  a  collection  of  stories  and  sketches 
of  life  in  Little  Russia  (1831);  a  second  series 
of  the  same  (1834),  including  the  prose  epic 
'  Taras    Bulba,'   <  Old- World    Proprietors,'   and 

<  How  the  Two  Ivans  Quarreled ' ;  then  fol- 
lowed stories  of  life  in  St.  Petersburg, —  <Nev- 
sky  Prospect ' ;  <  Akakia  Akakievich's  New 
Cloak.'  The  five  last  mentioned  have  been 
translated  into  English ;  as  also  <  Dead  Souls ' 
(1837),  the  author's  masterpiece. 

Goiorani,  Giro  (go-yor-iin'-e).  An  Italian 
poet  and  prose-writer;  born  in  Pescia,  Jan.  21, 
1834.  He  got  into  trouble  with  the  authorities 
when  a  student  at  college  in  consequence  of 
his  political  activities ;  and .  has  been  in  the 
same  trouble  more  or  less  all  his  life,  banish- 
ment resulting  on  two  or  three  occasions.  The 
volume  of  <  Poems  of  a  Tuscan  Exile  >  ade- 
quately typifies  his  poetry.  His  prose  has  been 
written  mostly  for  political  journals. 

Goldoni,  Carlo  (gol-do'ne).  An  Italian 
comedy-writer;  born  in  Venice,  Feb.  25,  1707; 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  6,  1793.  He  was  brought 
up  by  the  Jesuits,  and  began  the  study  of  law ; 
succeeding  in  his  practice  after  some  early 
vicissitudes,  but  always  manifesting  his  genius 
for  dramatic  authorship.  <The  Good  Father' 
and  <  The  Singer'  are  among  his  early  attempts ; 
but  his  enduring  renown  dates  from  the  ap- 
pearance of  <  The  Venetian  Gondolier,'  <  Beli- 
sarius,'  and  <  Rosamond,'  although  as  a  writer 
of  pure  comedy  he  is  best  represented  by 
works  like  <  The  Coffee  House.' 

Goldschmidt,  Meir  Aaron  (golt'shmit;.  A 
Danish  novelist  and  publicist ;  bom  in  Vording- 
horg,  Oct.  26,  1819;  died  at  Coi?enhagen,  Aug. 


15,  1887.  He  entered  journalism  when  quite 
young,  with  recognized  power  till  the  govern- 
ment censorship  interfered  with  him.  <A  Jew' 
and  <  Homeless '  are  among  the  novels  to  which 
his  international  reputation  is  due.  His  later 
years  were  spent  in  an  exhaustive  investigation 
into  the  state  of  public  education  throughout 
Europe. 

Goldsmid,  Frederic  John,  Sir.  An  English 
general  and  author;  born  at  Milan,  Aug.  19, 
1818.  He  held  several  military  staff  appoint- 
ments, both  general  and  regimental.  In  1874 
he  brought  out  a  volume  entitled  'Telegraph 
and  Travel';  edited  'Eastern  Persia:  An  Ac- 
count of  the  Journeys  of  the  Persian  Boundary 
Commission'  (1876);  and  published  'The  Life 
of  Sir  James  Outram'  (1880). 

Goldsmith,  Oliver.  An  English-Irish  poet, 
novelist,  dramatist,  and  miscellaneous  prose- 
writer  ;  born  in  Pallas,  County  Longford,  Ire- 
land, Nov.  10,  1728;  died  at  London,  April  4, 
1774.  His  first  literary  ventures  were  'Enquiry 
into  the  Present  State  of  Polite  Learning  in 
Europe'  and  'The  Citizen  of  the  World.' 
Next  appeared  '  The  Traveller ' ; '  The  Deserted 
Village';  'The  Vicar  of  Wakefield';  'The 
Good-Natured  Man';  and  'She  Stoops  to 
Conquer.'  His  essays  and  his  histories,  his 
biographies  and  his  text-books,  are  numerous 
and  famed. 

Goll,  Jaroslav  (gol).  A  Czech  poet  and  his- 
torian ;  born  in  Chlumetz,  July  li,  1846.  His 
'  Poems,'  in  one  volume,  include  some  very 
popular  '  Songs  of  the  Exiles.'  His  historical 
works,  among  them  'The  French  Marriages 
France  and  England,  1624  and  1625,'  are  im- 
portant and  popular.  He  is  professor  of  history 
at  the  Czech  University  in  Prague. 

Gomberville,  Marin  Le  Roy  de  (goh-ber-vel'). 
A  French  romancer  and  poet,  and  one  of  the 
original  members  of  the  French  Academy; 
bom  in  Paris  (?)  in  1599  or  1600 ;  died  there, 
June  14,  1674.  At  14  he  brought  out  a  vol- 
ume of  poems,  some  of  them  above  the  current 
level  of  popular  verse.  At  20  he  plunged  into 
the  writing  of  interminable  and  extravagant 
romances,  which  won  unmerited  admiration. 
'Polexandre'  is  the  only  one  now  valued, —  to 
this  he  wrote  a  sequel,  and  projected  a  sequel 
to  this  sequel.  A  sonnet  on  the  '  Blessed  Sac- 
rament '  attained  celebrity ;  and  his  '  Discourse 
on  the  Merits  and  Defects  of  History  and  the 
Method  of  Writing  it  Well '  was  extensively 
quoted  by  contemporary  authors.  His  Latin 
poems  and  his  philosophical  works  are  alike 
preposterous. 

Gomes,  Joao  Baptista  (go'mes).  A  Portu- 
guese dramatist ;  born  in  Oporto  about  1775 ; 
died  there  (?),  Dec.  20,  1803.  He  was  a  very 
poor  boy,  and  entered  a  mercantile  house  when 
a  young  man ;  while  thus  employed,  he  wrote 
in  his  early  twenties  a  tragedy, '  The  New  Cas- 
tro,' on  the  love  of  Dom  Pedro  for  Inez  de 
Castro,  which  was  staged  in  Lisbon  about  1800 
and  was  highly  successful.  It  is  rich  in  effect- 
ive   situations    and    stately    periods,  while   its 


224 


GOMES  DE  AMORIM  —  GONZALEZ  DEL  VALLE 


dialogue   and  action   adhere  to  the  standards 
of  an  almost  perfect  taste. 

Qomes  de  Amorim,  Francisco  (go'mes  de 
a-mo-reii').  A  Portuguese  poet  and  romance- 
writer;  born  in  Avelomar,  Minho,  Aug.  13, 
1827,  died  at  Lisbon  (?),  Nov.  4,  i8gi  not  1892. 
His  childliood  was  one  of  dire  poverty,  and 
when  a  lad  he  drifted  to  Brazil,  where  he  lived 
in  privation  for  several  years.  He  returned  to 
his  native  land  in  1846,  and  in  the  revolution- 
ary movements  of  the  next  few  years  employed 
his  poetic  talent  in  the  patriotic  cause.  He  has 
a  European  reputation  as  being  in  the  first 
rank  of  modern  Portuguese  poets.  <  Morning 
Songs  >  and  <Ephemeros>  are  the  most  cele- 
brated of  his  poems.  He  has  also  written  plays 
and  romances ;  among  the  latter,  <  Love  of 
Country'  may  be  mentioned. 

Gomes  Leal,  Antonio  Duarte  (go'mes 
la'al).  A  Portuguese  poet;  bom  in  Lisbon, 
June  6,  1848.  His  poems  made  their  appear- 
ance when  he  was  quite  young,  and  all  are 
characterized  by  radical  thought  and  decided 
heterodoxy  in  matters  of  religion.  One  or  two 
of  his  more  recent  productions  brought  him 
into  conflict  with  the  authorities,  and  he  was 
arrested  and  imprisoned.  <  Antichrist,*  ^  Rene- 
gade,' and  <The  Defense  against  England' 
have  been  most  widely  read. 

OoncIiar6v,  Ivan  Aleksandrovlch  (gon -il  •• 
rov').  A  Russian  novelist;  born  in  Simbirsk, 
June  18,  1812;  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  27, 
1891.  Upon  completing  his  university  studies 
at  Moscow,  he  obtained  a  post  under  the  gov- 
ernment and  was  sent  to  Japan  in  its  service. 
He  studied  languages  and  translated  numer- 
ous masterpieces  of  literature  into  Russian,  but 
soon  began  the  production  of  works  of  his 
own.  These  include  <Jean  Podzabryn,*  a  tale 
of  life  among  the  high  functionaries  of  the 
empire,  and  <  Oblomof.' 

Goncourt,  Edmond  and  Jules  de  (gori-kor'). 
French  novelists  and  miscellaneous  prose- 
writers,  brothers.  Edmond  was  born  in  Nancy, 
May  26,  1822;  died  at  Paris,  July  16,  1896. 
Jules  was  born  in  Paris,  Dec.  17,  1830;  died 
near  Paris,  June  20,  1870.  From  childhood  their 
personal  intimacy  was  as  close  as  their  literary 
union  subsequently  became.  The  detailed  ac- 
count of  them  presented  elsewhere  makes  it 
necessary  to  allude  only  to  a  work  on  <Art  in 
the  Eighteenth  Century,'  many  of  the  pictures 
in  which  are  from  the  brush  of  Jules,  who  was 
a  finished  artist.  Both  were  scholars  of  no 
mean  attainments,  'and  possessed  equally  the 
facile  and  strenuous  talent  that  made  them 
co-builders  of  a  single  renown. 

Gondlnet,  Edmond  (goh-de-na).  A  French 
dramatist;  born  in  LauriSre,  March  7,  1828; 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  19,  1888.  His  early  com- 
edies, <  Too  Curious  >  and  <  The  Victims  of 
Money,'  were  received  with  a  favor  which  led 
to  his  writing  regularly  for  the  stage ;  and  the 
farce  <Christiane'  in  187 1  approved  him  as  one 
of  the  first  members  of  his  profession.  He 
draws  best  from  Parisian  social  life :  <  Panazol,' 


<  Papa's  Convictions,'  and  <  The  Ladies'  Pro- 
fessor' afford  typical  examples.  His  pieces 
written  in  collaboration  have  yielded  enormous 
royalties,  especially  <  The  Happiest  of  the 
Three.' 

Gondola,  Giovanni  (gon-do'la).  See  Gun- 
dullc. 

G6ngora  y  Argote,  Luis  de  (gon'g5-ra  e  ar- 
go'ta).  A  Spanish  poet;  born  in  Cordova,  June 
II,  1561;  died  there.  May  24,  1627.  Intended 
for  the  law,  he  gave  himself  to  poetry  instead. 
He  entered  the  Church  in  1606,  gaining  in  con- 
sequence a  petty  clerical  post  at  the  court  ot 
Philip  in.,  from  which  he  retired  disheartened. 
Now  began  that  singular  stream  of  verse  to 
which  he  owes  his  place  in  letters;  the  domi- 
nant traits  in  which  are  studied  artificiality, 
extreme  pedantry  and  obscurity,  and  violent 
metaphors.  Thus,  he  says  of  the  beauty  ot  a 
young  girl  that  <*it  would  inflame  .Norway 
with  its  two  suns  [eyesPJ,  and  whiten  Ethiopia 
with  its  hands."  Gongorism,  as  this  sort  ot 
thing  was  termed,  had  a  horde  of  imitators, 
spread  rapidly  from  Spain  to  France,  and 
spoiled  the  style  ot  a  whole  generation  in  both 
countries : '  The  Story  of  Polyphemus  and  Gala- 
tea' and  <The  Story  of  Pyramus  and  Thisbe' 
are  its  choicest  expositions  by  its  originator. 

Gonzaga,  Thomaz  Antonio  (gon-za'ga). 
[Known  also  as  <<Dirceu."]  A  Portuguese 
poet;  born  in  Oporto  in  August  1744;  died  at 
Mozambique  in  1807  or  1809.  Graduating  from 
Coimbra,  he  emigrated  to  Brazil  and  became 
a  judge  for  some  years.  Here  he  conceived 
a  violent  passion  for  one  Doiia  Maria  Seixas, 
whose  connection  with  the  development  of  his 
genius  suggests  the  relation  ot  Lesbia  to  Ca- 
tullus, giving  birth  to  his  celebrated  *  Marilia.' 
These  love  poems  are  the  most  exquisite  lyr- 
ics in  Portuguese  literature,  flawless  in  metre 
and  immaculate  in  style.  The  marriage  was 
prevented  by  his  banishment  to  Mozambique 
on  a  seemingly  trumped-up  charge  of  treason, 
and  a  fever  there  left  him  permanently  insane. 

Gonzales,  Emmanuel  (goh-sal-az').  A  French 
novelist  of  Spanish  origin ;  born  in  Saintes, 
Oct.  25,  1815;  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  15,  1887.  On 
very  little  capital  and  no  encouragement  he 
founded  the  Revue  de  France,  and  estab- 
lished his  fame  as  a  writer  of  fiction  in  its 
columns.  Emile  de  Girardin  engaged  him  for 
the  Presse,  where  he  made  the  hit  of  a  season. 
•An  Angel's  Memoirs,'  <  Buckingham's  Sevetv 
Kisses,'  <  The  Russian  Princess,'  and  <  The 
Gold  Seekers,'  are  among  the  romances  in 
which  he  most  happily  shows  his  genius  for 
narration,  vivid  style,  and  fertility  of  expedient. 

Gonz&lez  del  Valle,  Jos6  Z.  (gon  tha'lath 
del  va'la),  A  Spanish  author,  born  in  Havana, 
Cuba,  in  1820;  died  in  Madrid,  Spain,  October 
1851.  He  was  professor  of  natural  philosophy 
in  the  University  of  Havana  until  failing  health 
compelled  him  to  relinquish  this  post.  He  was 
appointed  honorary  secretary  to  the  Queen. 
Among  his  novels  are  :  <  Luisa,'  <  Carmen  and 


GONZALO  DE  BERCEO  — GORDON 


225 


Adela,>  and  <Love  and  Death  >  (1839);  <Tropi- 
cales,'  a  volume  of  poems  (Havana,  1842); 
♦European  Journeys*  (1843);  <A  Funeral 
Wreath'  (1844);  < Historical  Sketch  of  Philos- 
ophy' (1848);  and  < Lectures  on  Meteorology' 
{1849). 

Gonzalo  de  Berceo  (gon-tha'lo  da  ber-tha'6). 
A  Spanish  poet;  born  in  Berceo  about  1196; 
died  at  the  monastery  of  San  Millan  de  la 
Cogolla,  about  1270 ;  was  parish  priest  of 
Berceo;  and  one  of  the  first  rhymesters  to 
write  in  Castilian.  He  wrote  in  rhymed  quat- 
rains and  we  have  more  than  13,000  of  his 
verses  on  the  lives  of  obscure  Castilian  Saints, 
on  the  Mass,  the  Dolors  of  the  Virgin  Mary, 
th»  Judgment  Day,  etc.  His  style  is  rude  and 
ine:e?ant,  but  the  poet  writes  out  of  a  full 
simple  heart,  and  he  tells  a  story  well.  He 
arrays  with  wonderful  effectiveness  the  stage 
properties  of  the  Last  Judgment ;  and  his  con- 
templation of  Mary  at  the  Cross  strikes  the 
chord  of  human  sympathy. 

Goodale,  Elaine  — Mrs.  Eastman.  An 
American  poet ;  bom  in  Mt.  Washington,  Mass., 
Oct.  9,  1863.  She  became  a  teacher  in  the 
Hampton  Institute  in  Virginia,  and  wrote  edi- 
torially for  the  Southern  Workman  (1883).  In 
1885  she  visited  the  Great  Sioux  reservation, 
reporting  her  views  to  New  York  and  Boston 
journals.  She  taught  school  at  White  River 
Camp,  Lower  Brul^  Agency,  Dakota.  Her 
'Journal  of  a  Farmer's  Daughter'  was  published 
in  1881.  Together  with  her  sister  Dora  Read, 
the  produced  :  <  Apple  Blossoms  :  Verses  of 
Two  Children'  (1878);  <In  Berkshire  with  the 
Wild  Flowers'  (1879);  and  < Verses  from  Sky 
Farm'  (1880). 

Goodale,  George  Lincoln.  An  American 
botanist;  born  at  Saco,  Me.,  Aug.  3,  1839.  He 
graduated  from  Amherst  in  i860,  and  from  the 
Harvard  Medical  School  in  1863.  For  some 
time  he  was  a  lecturer  in  medical  schools  in 
Maine.  In  187 1  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
Natural  Sciences  in  Bowdoin  College.  Since 
1872  he  has  been  connected  with  Harvard 
University,  at  first  as  instructor  and  later  as 
professor  of  botany.  Among  his  works  are : 
'Concerning  a  Few  Common  Plants'  (1879); 
< Physiological  Botany'  (1885);  <Wild  Flowers 
of  America'  (1886);  < Useful  Plants  of  the 
Future.' 

Goode,  George  Brown.  An  American  ich- 
thyologist ;  born  at  New  Albany,  Ind.,  Feb.  13, 
185 1 ;  died  in  Washington,  Sept.  6,  1896.  He 
was  a  member  of  several  commissions  and  scien- 
tific societies,  and  was  identified  with  exposi- 
tions both  here  and  abroad.  Besides  over  two 
hundred  papers  on  ichthyology,  he  published : 
<The  Game  Fishes  of  the  United  Sta*es>  (1879); 
'The  Beginnings  of  Natural  History  in  America' 
(1886);  < Virginia  Cousins'  (1888);  <Museums 
of  the  Future'  (1890). 

Goodrich,  Charles  Augustus.  An  American 
clergyman  and  author,  brother  of  Samuel  G. ; 
bom  at  Ridgefield,  Conn.,  in  1790 ;  died  at 
Hartford.  Conn„  Jan.  4,  1862.     He  graduated 


at  Yale  in  1812.  He  held  the  pastorates  of 
Congregational  churches  in  Worcester,  Mass., 
and  Berlin  and  Hartford,  Conn.  Among  his 
works  are  :  <  Lives  of  the  Signers'  (1829);  <  His- 
tory of  the  United  States'  (1852-55);  <  Universal 
Traveller.' 

Goodrich,  Frank  Boot.  [«Dick  Tinto."] 
An  American  author ;  bom  in  Boston,  Dec. 
14,  1826 ;  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1845.  His 
Paris  letters  to  the  New  York  Times,  signed 
« Dick  Tinto,"  first  brought  him  into  notice. 
He  published  :  <  Court  of  Napoleon ;  or.  Society 
under  the  First  Empire'  (1857);  < Women  of 
Beauty  and  Heroism'  (1859);  < World-Famous 
Women,  from  Semiramis  to  Eugenie'  (1870); 
and  others. 

Goodrich,  Samuel  Grlswold.  [« Peter  Par- 
ley."] An  American  author;  bom  in  Ridge- 
field, Conn.,  Aug.  19,  1793 ;  died  in  New  York, 
May  9,  i860.  He  edited  the  Token,  published 
in  Boston  from  1828  till  1842.  From  1841  till 
1854  he  edited  Merry's  Museum  and  Parley's 
Magazine.  His  <<  Peter  Parley "  books  won 
great  popularity,  evidenced  by  the  fact  that 
the  pen-name  was  attached  to  more  than  70 
spurious  volumes.  Among  the  200  volumes 
published  by  him  are :  <  The  Poetical  Works 
of  John  Trumbull'  (1820);  < Tales  of  Peter  Par- 
ley about  America'  (1827);  similar  books  on 
Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  other  countries. 

Goodwin,  Mrs.  Maud  (Wilder).  An  Amer- 
ican historical  novelist ;  bom  in  New  York 
State  in  1856.  She  is  a  resident  of  New  York 
city.  Among  her  works  are :  <  The  Colonial 
Cavalier';  <The  Head  of  a  Hundred';  < White 
Aprons :  An  Historical  Romance ' ;  <  Dolly  Mad- 
ison, '  a  biography ;  <  Four  Roads  to  Paradise.' 

Goodyear,  William  Henry.  An  American 
writer  on  art ;  born  in  Connecticut,  1846.  He 
has  published  :   <  Roman  and  Mediaeval   Art ' ; 

<  Renaissance  and  Modem  Art';  <  History  of 
Art ' ;  <  The  Grammar  of  the  Lotus  ' ;  etc. 

Gookln,  Daniel  (go'kin).  An  American  col- 
onist; born  in  Kent,  England,  about  l6l2; 
died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  19,  1687.  He 
came  to  Virginia  in  1621,  but  removed  to  Mas- 
sachusetts in  1644.  He  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  the  Indians  of  that  colony  in  1656, 
and  major-general  in  1681.    His  chief  work  is 

<  Historical  Collections  of  the  Indians  in  New 
England,'  which  was  not  published  until  1792. 

Gordon,  Adam  Llndsey.  An  Australian 
poet ;  bom  in  Fayal,  Azores,  in  1833 ;  died 
June  24,  1870.  He  was  an  Oxford  man,  who 
emigrated  to  Australia  and  became  a  noted 
lover  of  the  turf.  He  won  considerable  repu- 
tation as  a  writer  of  verse ;  his  <  Poems  '  (1868), 
largely  bush  ballads  and  lyrics  of  the  antipodes, 
reaching  a  fifth  edition. 

Gordon,  Archibald  D.  An  American  dra- 
matic critic  and  play^vright;  bom  in  Ceylon, 
Oct.  II,  1848;  died  in  Port  Richmond,  Staten 
Island,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  9,  1895.  He  entered  a 
publishing-house    in   New  York   city   in    186$, 


226 


GORDON -GOSSE 


and  subsequently  became  connected  with  New 
York  and  Chicago  papers  as  dramatic  critic. 
His  works  include:  <Trixie>;  <  The  Ugly 
Duckling';  <Is  Marriage  a  Failure?';  <That 
Girl  from  Mexico.' 

Gordon,  Armistead  Churchill.  An  Ameri- 
can poet ;  born  in  Albemarle  County,  Va.,  Dec. 
20,  1855.  After  graduating  from  the  University 
of  Virginia  he  became  a  lawyer  in  Staunton, 
Va.  In  collaboration  with  Thomas  Nelson 
Page  he  wrote  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  <  Befo'  de 
War '  ;  <  Echoes  in  Negro  Dialect  >  ( 1888) ;  <  Con- 
gressional Currency  >  ;  <  The  Ivory  Gate. ' 

Gordon,  Clarence.  ["Vieux  Moustache."]  An 
American  juvenile-story  writer;  born  in  New 
York,  1835.  He  has  written  <  Christmas  at 
Under  Tor';  < Boarding-School  Days';  etc. 

Gordon,  Julien.    See  Cruger. 

Gordon-Cununing,  Constance  Frederlca. 
An  English  traveler  and  writer,  sister  of  the 
famous  sportsman  Roualeyn  Gordon-Cumming  ; 
born  at  Altyre,  Morayshire,  Scotland,  May  26, 
1837.  She  traveled  extensively  in  Great  Britain 
in  her  early  years,  and  recently  has  passed  her 
time  in  Oriental  countries.  Among  her  works 
are :  *  In  the  Hebrides ' ;  <  Via  Cornwall  to 
Egypt';  <In  the  Himalayas';  <At  Home  in 
Fiji*;  <A  Lady's  Cruise  in  a  French  Man-of- 
War';  <Two  Happy  Years  in  Ceylon';  <Work 
for  the  Blind  in  China.' 

Gore,  Catherine  Grace.  An  English  novel- 
ist; born  (Moody)  in  East  Retford,  Nottingham, 
1799 ;  died  at  Linwood,  Hampshire,  Jan.  26, 
1861.  She  married  a  captain  in  the  army,  saw 
much  high  life,  and  wrote  of  it  in  many  novels. 
<  Women  as  They  Are'  (1830),  <  Mothers  and 
Daughters'  (1831),  and  <  Cecil '  (1845)  are  the 
best  known  of  her  works. 

Gore,  Charles.  An  English  clergyman  and 
author;  born  in  1853.  He  is  a  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and  is  now  the  Bishop 
of  Worcester.  He  is  best  known  as  the 
editor  of  <  Lux  Mundi,'  and  author  of  the  essay 
on  *The  Holy  Spirit  and  Inspiration'  in  that 
volume.  He  has  also  written :  <  The  Church 
and  the  Ministry';  the  Bampton  Lecture  for 
1891  on  <  The  Incarnation  of  the  Son  of  God'; 
and  <  Roman  Catholic  Claims'  (1888). 

Gorner,  Karl  August  (ger'ner).  A  German 
playwright;  born  in  Berlin,  Jan.  29,  1806;  died 
in  Hamburg,  April  9,  1884.  He  ran  away  from 
home  when  a  lad  in  order  to  become  an  actor; 
eventually  had  a  company  of  his  own;  and 
wrote  over  100  successful  plays,  beginning  with 
<The  Gardener  and  his  Wife.'  <  Niece  and 
Aunt';  <  Black  Peter';  <A  Happy  Paterfamil- 
ias ' ;  and  <  The  Ennobled  Shopkeeper,'  are 
some  of  the  others. 

Gorostiza  y  Cepeda,  Don  Manuel  Eduardo 
de  (gor-os-te'tha  e  tha-pa'THa).  A  Mexican 
comedy-writer  and  diplomat ;  born  in  Vera 
Cruz,  Nov.  13,  1791 ;  died  at  Tacubaya,  Oct. 
23,  1851.  His  father  was  Spanish  governor  of 
Mexico.  At  25  he  had  made  theatre-goers  of 
Madrid  familiar  with  his  name,  but  his  impli- 


cation in  schemes  of  Mexican  independence 
interfered  with  his  literary  career.  He  was 
made  Mexican  minister  to  England  when  in- 
dependence was  secured,  and  later  had  himself 
transferred  to  Paris,  in  which  city  he  achieved 
his  most  enduring  renown  as  a  writer  of  plays. 
Among  them,  <  Bread  and  an  Onion,  with  Thee, 
Love,'  merits  special  notice  as  the  source  of 
Scribe's  <  A  Cottage  and  its  Heart.'  His  'Al- 
lowance for  All '  and  <  Such  as  It  Is '  are  master- 
pieces in  comedy  construction. 

Gbrres,  Joseph  (ger'es).  A  celebrated 
German  publicist  and  philosopher ;  born  at 
Coblentz,  Jan.  25,  1776;  died  1848.  His  Rhein- 
ischer  Merkur,  in  which  he  combatted  French 
republican  ideas  was  by  far  the  most  powerful 
journal  in  Germany :  it  was  called  by  Napoleon 
'•the  fifth  power"  of  Europe.  He  was  a  man 
of  vast  learning  and  great  versatility;  a  few 
of  his  writings  are  :  <  Aphorisms  on  Art ' ;  <  Faith 
and  Science ' ;  <  History  of  Asian  Myths ' ;  <  The 
Hero-Book  of  Iran,'  translated  from   Persian ; 

<  The  Holy  Alliance ' ;  <  Swedenborg,  his  Visions 
and  his  Relation  to  the  Church  ' ;  <  Christian  Mys- 
ticism,' a  work  of  high  authority  ( latest  ed.  5  vols., 
1879);  <Athanasius,'  a  strong  polemic  against 
Protestantism  and  Prussian  bureaucracy;  the 
author  had  shortly  before  embraced  Catholicism, 

Goschen,  George  Joachim.  An  English 
statesman ;  born  in  London,  Aug.  10,  1831,  of 
German  parentage.  From  Oxford  he  entered 
mercantile  life ;  became  vice-president  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  and  director  of  the  Bank  of 
England  ;  Liberal  M.  P.  1863 ;  Privy-Councilor 
1865;  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  1871-74.  He 
was  sent  on  important  missions  to  Cairo  and 
Constantinople.  In  1887  he  seceded  from  the 
Liberal  party  and  joined  the  Liberal-Unionists, 
and  was  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  in  Lord 
Salisbury's  administration.  Besides  speeches 
and  addresses  on  political,  educational,  and 
economical  questions,  he  published  :  <  The  The- 
ory of  the  Foreign  Exchanges'  (1864;  14th  ed. 
1890);  <  Probable  Result  of  an  Increase  in  the 
Purchasing  Power  of  Gold.'  Died  Feb.  7,  1907. 

Goslavski,  Maurycy  (gos-lav'ske).  A  Polish 
poet ;  born  in  Podolia  in  1802 ;  died  in  Stan- 
islavof,  Aug.  17,  1834.  He  was  a  soldier  by 
profession ;  but  published  a  volume  of  poetry 
in  1828.  He  took  part  in  the  war  for  Polish  in- 
dependence in  1830,  at  which  time  he  produced 
his  most  famous  stanzas,  <  The  Poems  of  a  Pol- 
ish Uhlan.'  They  were  very  popular  among  his 
countrymen  during  the  great  agitation. 

Gosse,  Edmund  William.  An  English  poet, 
essayist,  and  critic ;  born  in  London,  Sept.  21, 
1849.  He  attracted  attention  when  very  young 
by  the  grace  and  finish  of  papers  contributed 
to  London  periodicals,  and  for  many  years  his 
literary  judgments  have  been  regarded  as  of 
considerable  weight.  As  a  poet  he  is  known 
by  <  Madrigals,  Songs,  and  Sonnets';  <On  Viol 
and  Flute ' ;  <  The  Unknown  Lover ' ;  etc.  Some 
of  his  literary  criticisms  and  biographies  are 
contained  in  <  Seventeenth-Century  Studies  >  and 

<  From  Shakespeare  to  Pope.' 


GOSSE- GOULD 


227 


Oosse,  Philip  Henry.  An  English  natural- 
ist and  author;  born  in  Worcester,  1810; 
died  188S.  In  1827  he  started  on  a  scientific 
tour  through  Canada,  the  Southern  United 
States,  and  Jamaica,  and  on  his  return  pub- 
lished :  <The  Canadian  Naturalist*  (1840);  <The 
Birds  of  Jamaica  >  (1845);  <A  Naturalist's  So- 
journ in  Jamaica.*  In  1856  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  His  works,  which 
amount  to  nearly  fifty  volumes,  also  include : 
<  Rambles  of  a  Naturalist  on  the  Devonshire 
Coast'  (1853);  <Aquarium>  (1854). 

Gosson,  Stephen.  An  English  poet  and 
satirist;  born  in  Kent  (?),  1555  ;  died  at  Bishops- 
gate,  Feb.  13,  1623  or  1624.  He  was  a  clergy- 
man. The  < School  of  Abuse*  (1576)  contains 
good  prose,  and  the  < Pleasant  Quips*  (1595) 
good  rhymes,  but  the  latter  are  disfigured  by 
coarse  language. 

Goszczynslti,  Severin  (gosh-chin'ske).  A 
Polish  poet ;  born  1803,  in  Ilinze  in  the  Ukraine ; 
died  in  Lemberg,  Feb.  25,  1876.  The  influence 
of  Byron  is  unmistakable  in  his  youthful  <  Castle 
of  Kanioff.'  In  the  struggle  for  independence 
in  1830  he  achieved  brilliant  feats  of  arms,  and 
composed  national  odes  that  spread  his  fame 
throughout  Europe.  Polish  freedom  proving  a 
chimera,  he  wandered  through  France  and 
Switzerland,  writing  poetry  and  prose  as  occas- 
ion served.  <  The  Terrible  Huntsman,*  <  The 
Three  Chords,*  and  <  Dziela  *  are  powerful  poems. 

Gbtter,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  (got'ter).  An 
important  and  even  epoch-making  German 
poet;  born  in  Gotha,  Sept.  3,  1746;  died  there, 
March  18,  1797.  He  wrote  dramas  while  study- 
ing foreign  literatures  at  the  University ;  entered 
the  diplomatic  service,  but  gave  it  up  to  be- 
come a  private  tutor,  and  fell  under  the  in- 
fluence of  Goethe.  <  Media,'  a  drama,  a  volume 
of  collected  <  Poems,'  and  numerous  comedies 
and  minor  pieces,  represent  his  highest  efforts. 
He  was  the  last  German  poet  to  use  French 
models  largely. 

Gottfried  von  Strassburg  (got'fret  fon 
stras'borG).  A  German  poet  of  the  middle 
ages,  and  the  most  brilliant  bard  of  chivalry; 
born  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  died  between 
1210  and  1220.  In  collaboration  with  Von 
Eschenbach,  he  was  author  of  *  Parsifal,*  the 
popular  "  minna  **  song  of  its  time  ;  but  he  owes 
his  permanent  fame  to  <  Tristan  and  Isolde,* 
apparently  written  between  1204  and  1215,  and 
left  unfinished.  In  this  story-poem  Tristan  is 
sent  to  woo  Isolde  in  his  uncle's  name ;  but 
he  having  swallowed  a  philtre,  the  two  young 
people  fall  deeply  in  love.  Straszburg's  work 
is  graceful  and  simple,  and  he  chooses  his 
legendary  material  with  nice  critical  judgment. 

Gotthelf,  Jeremias  (got'helf),  pseudonym  of 
Albert  Bitzius.  A  Swiss  novelist  and  poet ; 
born  in  Murton,  Canton  of  Freiburg,  Oct.  4, 
1797;  died  at  Liitzelfliih,  Bern,  Oct.  22,  1854. 
As  a  pastor  in  retired  districts,  he  saw  the 
hard  conditions  of  the  poor,  and  in  1837  wrote 
<The  Peasant's  Mirror,*  a  vividly  realistic  pres- 


entation of  peasant  life, — the  imaginary  auto- 
biography of  one  Jeremias  Gotthelf;  the  im- 
mense success  of  the  book  led  him  to  adopt 
the  name  as  a  pseudonym.  He  worked  this 
vein  with  unflagging  industry:  <Joys  and  Sor- 
rows of  a  Schoolmaster,'  <  How  Five  Maids 
Came  to  Grief  through  Brandy,'  <How  Uli, 
the  Servant,  was  Made  Happy,'  and  numerous 
others,  « tendency**  novels,  followed  swiftly. 

Gottschall,  Rudolf  von  (got'shal).  A  Ger- 
man novelist,  poet,  and  critic ;  born  in  Bres- 
lau,  Sept.  30,  1823.  As  a  critic  his  subtlety 
and  acuteness  of  treatment  give  him  a  grow- 
ing influence.  Among  his  works  in  criticism 
are :  <  Pictures  of  Travel  in  Italy  * ;  <  Portraits  and 
Studies*;  < Studies  in  the  Direction  of  a  New 
German  Literature  * ;  and  <  Literary  Silhouettes.* 
His  critical  studies  are  not  permitted  to  inter- 
rupt the  production  of  brilliant  plays,  stories, 
and  poems. 

Gough,  John  Ballantine.  An  eminent  Amer- 
ican temperance  advocate ;  bom  in  England, 
1817;  died  1885.  He  published  an  <Autobi- 
ography  * ;  <  Temperance  Lectures  * ;  <  Sunlight 
and  Shadow*;  <  Platform  Echoes*;  etc. 

Goulburn,  Edward  Meyrick.  An  English 
clergyman  and  religious  writer;  born  in  1818. 
He  became  head-master  of  Rugby  in  1850,  and 
dean  of  Norwich,  1886-89.  Besides  many  sin- 
gle sermons  and  lectures,  he  has  published 
over  forty  works,  among  which  are :  <  Intro- 
duction to  the  Devotional  Study  of  the  Holy 
Scripture*  (1854);  < Manual  of  Confirmation* 
(1855);  a  collection  of  <  Family  Prayers*  (1857); 
<  The  Functions  of  Our  Cathedrals*  (1869); 
<The  Holy  Catholic  Church*  (1873);  (Fare- 
well to  Norwich  Cathedral*  (1891). 

Gould,  Benjamin  Apthorp.  A  distinguished 
American  astronomer ;  bom  in  Boston,  Sept.  27, 
1824  ;  died  at  Cambridge,  Nov.  26,  1896.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1844  and  afterwards 
studied  abroad.  In  1849  he  received  an  appoint- 
ment to  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  and  de- 
vised methods  for  determining  the  longitudes  tele- 
graphically. From  1870  to  1885  he  was  director 
of  the  national  observatory  at  Cordova,  Argen- 
tine Republic,  where  he  completed  three  ex- 
tensive catalogues  of  stars,  and  conducted 
meteorological  and  climatological  investiga- 
tions. He  was  the  founder  and  editor  of  the 
Astronomical  Journal  (1849-61).  His  princi- 
pal works  are:  <0n  the  Transatlantic  Longi- 
tude, as  Determined  by  the  Coast  Survey* 
(1869);  <  Uranometria  Argentina*  (1879),  which 
gives  the  brightness  and  the  position  of  every 
fixed  star,  to  the  seventh  magnitude  inclusive, 
within  100  degrees  of  the  South  Pole. 

Gould,  Edward  Sherman.  An  American 
prose-writer;  born  in  Connecticut,  1808;  died 
1885.  He  published  :  <  The  Sleep  Rider  * ;  <  The 
Very  Age,*  a  comedy ;  <  John  Doe  and  Richard 
Roe,*  a  tale  of  New  York  life ;  etc. 

Gould,  Hannah  Flagg.  An  American  poet ; 
born  in  Vermont,  1789;  died  1865.  Among  the 
collections  of  her  verse  are  <  Hymns  and  Poems 


228 


GOULD  —  GRABOVSKI 


for  Children);  <  The  Golden  Vase>;  <The 
Youth's  Coronal  * ;  etc.  The  best-known  piece 
by  her  is  *The  Snow-Flake  and  the  Frost.> 

Gould,  John.  An  English  ornithologist;  bom 
in  1804;  died  in  1881.  In  1827  he  was  appointed 
curator  to  the  Zoological  Society's  Museum,  and 
in  1838  proceeded  to  study  the  Australian  birds 
in  Tasmania,  South  Australia,  and  New  South 
Wales.  The  results  of  his  researches  are  em- 
bodied in  his  great  work  on  the  <  Birds  of 
Australia'.  (7  vols.,  1840-48).  His  other  import- 
ant works  are :  <  A  Century  of  Birds  from  the 
Himalayan  Mountains ' ;  <  The  Birds  of  Europe  > 
(1832-37);  <The  Mammals  of  Australia*;  <The 
Birds  of  Great  Britain.' 

Gould,  Jolin  W.  An  American  stor>'-writer ; 
born  in  Connecticut,  1814;  died  1838.     He  wrote 

<  Forecastle  Yarns  > ;  <  Private  Journal  of  Voyage 
from  New  York  to  Rio  Janeiro';  etc. 

Gould,  Robert  Freeke.  An  English  barris- 
ter and  writer  on  Freemasonry ;  born  at  Ilfra- 
combe,  Devonshire,  England,  in  1836.  From 
i860  to  1862  he  participated,  under  the  rank  of 
lieutenant,  in  militarj'  campaigns  in  southern 
China,  and  in  different  expeditions  against  the 
Tii  Ping  rebels.  His  works  include:  <The 
Atholl  Lodges'  (1879);  < The  Four  Old  Lodges' 
(1879);  <The  History  of  Freemasonry:  Its  An- 
tiquities, Symbols,  Constitutions,  Customs,  etc' 
(6  vols.,  1884-87). 

Goulding,  Francis  Robert.  An  American 
story-writer;  born  in  Georgia,  1810;  died  1881. 
He  was  a  Presbyterian  clerg}Tnan.    He  wrote : 

<  Young  Marooners  on  the  Florida  Coast ' ; 
'  Marooner's  Island ' ;  and  other  tales  for  boys. 

Govean,  Felice  (go'va"an).  An  Italian 
dramatist  and  publicist;  bom  in  Racconigi, 
Piedmont,  1819.  He  began  as  a  miscellaneous 
prose-writer,  and  founded  the  democratic  Gaz- 
zetta  del  Popolo,  which  reached  an  immense 
circulation.  His  true  success,  however,  was  in 
the  drama.  His  first  plays,  <The  Waldenses' 
and  <  Jesus  Christ,'  attracted  wide  notice ;  and 
the  success  of  <The  Siege  of  Turin'  and  <The 
Siege  of  Alessandria'  made  his  reputation  in- 
ternational. His  plays  are  essentially  popular 
in  theme  and  character.  He  has  written  a 
variety  of  meritorious  short  stories. 

Gower,  John.  An  English  poet ;  bom  in 
Kent  (?)  in  1325  (?);  died  at  Lcndon  in  August 
or  September  1408.  At  one  time  ranked  high 
among  Britain's  early  singers,  his  note  has  been 
decried  by  modem  critics,  and  to-day  he  is 
falling  into  neglect.  Still  his  <  Mirror  of  Med- 
itation' (Speculum  Meditantis),  <  Voice  of  One 
Crying'  (Vox  Clamantis),  and  'Lover's  Con- 
fession' (Confessio  Amantis),  contain  speci- 
mens of  genuine  poetry.  He  wrote  excellent 
sonnets  in  French. 

Goalan,  L6on  (goz-l^n').  A  French  novel- 
ist; bom  in  Marseilles,  Sept.  i,  1803;  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  14,  1866.  From  clerk  in  a  Paris 
book-store  he  became  a  writer  for  Figaro,  and 
then  produced  novels ;  sometimes  socialistic, 
but  well  conceived  and  executed,  with  a  vein 


of  peculiar  irony,  but  an  over-elaboration  that 
spoils  at  times  his  best  effects.  *  The  Notary 
of  Chantilly,'  <A  Millionaire's  Most  Beautiful 
Dream,'  and  <  The  Lambert  Family,'  deserve 
special  mention. 

Gozzi,  Carlo,  Count  (got'se).  An  Italian 
comedy-writer ;  bora  in  Venice,  Dec.  13,  1720 ; 
died  there  (?),  April  4,  1806.  Forced  into  the 
army  by  poverty  while  a  boy,  he  left  it  for 
literature ;  at  first  under  French  influence,  but 
later  turning  his  native  folk-lore  into  delight- 
ful comedies,  worked  up  with  infinite  clever- 
ness. <  The  Love  of  the  Three  Oranges,'  <  Lady 
Serpent,'  and  <The  Triumph  of  Friendship,' 
may  be  mentioned. 

Gozzi,  Gasparo,  Count.  An  Italian  poet 
and  essayist,  brother  of  Carlo ;  bom  in  Ven- 
ice, Dec.  4,  1713;  died  at  Padua,  Dec.  25, 
1786.  He  married  at  26  Louise  Bergalli,  the 
celebrated  painter  and  poet,  who  was  36,  the 
alliance  bringing  him  into  literary  and  artistic 
associations.  He  founded  the  Gazzetta  Veneta, 
which   was   a  great   popular  success ;  but  his 

<  Osservatore  Veneto,'  on  the  model  of  the 
Spectator,  is  of  a  higher  order  as  literature. 
His  polemic  writings  on  Dante's  <  Divine  Com- 
edy '  are  classic  authorities  on  the  resources 
of  the  Italian  language.  His  Horatian  poems 
are  graceful ;  and  his  literary  essays  are  as 
good  in  thought  as  in  style. 

Grabbe,  Christian  Dietrich  (grab'bfe).  A 
German  dramatic  poet ;  bom  in  Detmold,  Dec. 
II,  1801 ;  died  there,  Sept.  12,  1836.  Developing 
from  an  unhappy  boy  to  a  man  of  brilliant 
powers  and  ripe  scholarship,  his  incurable  pas- 
sion for  drink  spoiled  his  married  life  and  his 
fortunes,  though  Heine,  Tieck,  and  others,  per- 
suaded him  to  spasmodic  reform ;  he  was  suc- 
cessively lawyer,  actor,  and  soldier.  Yet  he  won 
a  place  in  German  drama  second  only  to  Goethe 
and  Schiller.  His  plays  are  striking  and  origi- 
nal in  conception,  and  commanding  in  execu- 
tion. The  impression  they  leave  is  of  an 
uncontrolled,  discordant,  and  unrestful  genius. 

<  Hannibal,'  <  Don  Juan,'  and  <  Faust,'  the  frag- 
ment entitled  <  Marius  and  Sulla,'  and  <  The 
Hermann  Battle,'  exemplify  these  conditions 
in  a  marked  degree. 

Grabovskl,  Michael  (grab-ov'ske).  A  Polish 
novelist,  essayist,  and  critic ;  bom  in  Volhynia 
in  1805 ;  died  at  Warsaw,  Nov.  18,  1863.  While 
still  a  student  at  Warsaw,  he  won  a  literary 
reputation  in  the  war  of  the  romantic  upon  the 
then  dominant  classical  school.  'Thoughts  on 
Polish  Literature '  and  <  Melodies  from  the 
Ukraine '  were  his  first  noteworthy  volumes ; 
but  the  revolution  of  1830  interrupted  his  lit- 
erary career  for  nearly  ten  years,  when  he  com- 
pleted 'Criticism  and  Literature.'  Two  histor- 
ical novels,  one  based  on  a  tragic  episode  in 
the  Ukraine,  and  the  other  upon  a  peasant  out- 
break in  the  same  region,  entitled  respectively 
'The  Koliszezysna  and  the  Steppe  Dwellers' 
and  '  The  Storm  in  the  Steppes,'  are  fine  ex- 
amples of  Polish  literature.  An  epoch-making 
work  is  his  'Tht  Old  and  the  New  Ukraine/ 


GRAF  — GRANT 


229 


Graf,  Arturo  (graf).  An  Italian  poet,  his- 
torian of  literature,  and  critic ;  born  in  Athens, 
o'l  German  parentage,  in  1848.  His  youth  was 
spent  in  Roumania ;  he  studied  law  at  Naples  ; 
became  a  tutor  at  the  University  of  Rome  in 
1874,  and  in  1882  professor  of  literature  at 
Turin,  a  post  he  still  holds.  <  Poems,'  light  in 
spirit  and  substance,  <  Medusa,*  a  powerful  but 
somewhat  heavy  tragic  outburst,  and  some  oc- 
casional effusions,  speak  well  for  his  poetic 
talent.  In  prose  he  is  a  master  when  dealing 
with  <The  Origin  of  the  Modern  Drama,>  <  His- 
torical Literature  and  its  Methods,'  and  <  The 
Legend  of  the  Terrestrial  Paradise.' 

Grafflgny,  Franfoise  d'Issembourg  d'Hap- 
poncourt,  Madame  de  (graf-fin'ye).  A 
French  epistolary  writer;  born  in  Nancy,  Feb. 
13.  1695 ;  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  12,  1758.  Married 
young,  but  separating  from  her  husband,  she 
took  refuge  at  Cirey  with  Madame  du  Cnate- 
let  and  Voltaire.  Her  first  appearance  in  lit- 
erature was  with  the  <  Peruvian  Letters,'  a 
palpable  imitation  of  Montesquieu's  '  Persian 
Letters,'  but  successful.  A  volume  of  her  let- 
ters appeared  posthumously  under  the  title 
<The  Private  Life  of  Voltaire  and  Madame 
du  Chatelet,'  a  gossipy  and  trifling  but  very 
readable  work. 

Graham,  Nellie.    See  Dunning. 

Grand,  Mme.  Sarah.  An  English  novelist; 
bom  (Frances  Elizabeth  Clarke)  in  Ireland. 
She  married  a  British  naval  officer  almost  im- 
mediately upon  leaving  school,  and  has  trav- 
eled widely.  <  The  Heavenly  Twins'  made  her 
famous.  <  Singularly  Deluded'  and  <Ideala' 
are  among  her  other  works  of  fiction. 

Grand-Carteret,  John  (gran-kar-ter-a).  A 
French  journalist  and  critic ;  born  in  Paris, 
about  1850.  He  is  of  Swiss  origin,  and  first 
distinguished  himself  in  French  journalism 
through  the  accuracy  and  acuteness  with  which 
he  treated  German  themes.  Of  late  years  he 
has  made  important  studies  of  life  and  man- 
ners in  Europe.  <  Character  and  Caricature  in 
Germany,  Austria,  and  Switzerland,'  <  France 
Judged  by  a  German,'  <  Woman  and  Germany,' 
and  <J.  J.  Rousseau,  Judged  by  a  Frenchman 
of  To-Day,'  are  among  his  many  successes. 

Grant,  Alexander,  Sir.  An  English  edu- 
cator and  writer;  born  in  New  York  city, 
Sept.  13,  1826;  died  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
Nov.  30,  1884.  After  graduating  at  Oxford  he 
went  in  1859  to  Madras,  where  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  political  economy.  He 
was  subsequently  appointed  director  of  public 
instruction  at  Bombay,  his  administration  mark- 
ing an  epoch  in  the  history  of  education  in 
India.  From  his  return  to  Scotland  in  1868 
till  his  death  he  was  principal  of  the  University 
of  Edinburgh.  Besides  contributions  to  peri- 
odicals and  the  <  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,'  he 
published  a  translation  of  the  <  Ethics  of  Aris- 
totle' (1857-58),  his  best-known  work;  lives  of 
Xenophon  and  Aristotle  in  'Ancient  Classics 
for  English  Readers'  (1871-77);  <The  Story  of 
the  University  of  Edinburgh'  (1883). 


Grant,  Anne.  A  Scotch  memoirist  and  de- 
scriptive prose-writer;  bom  in  Glasgow,  Feb. 
21,  1755;  died  in  Edinburgh,  Nov.  7,  1838. 
She  was  in  this  country  when  a  child,  and 
from  her  observations  gathered  at  that  time 
wrote  <  Memoirs  of  an  American  Lady'  (1808), 
a  highly  attractive  delineation  of  our  colonial 
life.  She  is  also  the  author  of  'Essays  on  the 
Superstitions  of  the  Highlands  of  Scotland' 
( 181 1 ),  besides  miscellaneous  prose. 

Grant,  George  Monroe.  A  Canadian  clergy- 
man, educator,  and  author;  born  at  Stellarton, 
Pictou  County,  Nova  Scotia,  Dec.  22,  1835.  He 
received  his  education  in  his  native  province, 
and  subsequently  won  academic  distinction  in 
the  University  of  Glasgow,  Scotland.  On  his 
return  to  Nova  Scotia  he  spent  some  time  as  a 
missionary  in  the  Maritime  Provinces ;  became 
pastor  of  St.  Matthew's  Church,  Halifax ;  and 
in  1877  acceqjted  the  principalship  of  Queen's 
University.  Besides  contributions  to  periodical 
literature  his  works  include  :  <  Ocean  to  Ocean ' 
(1872),  an  interesting  diary  of  a  tour  across 
the  American  continent;  'Picturesque  Canada' 
(1884),  a  valuable  work  on  the  scenery,  in- 
dustries, and  social  life  of  the  Canadian  Do- 
minion. 

Grant,  James.  A  Scottish  novelist  and  his- 
torical writer ;  born  in  Edinburgh,  Aug.  I,  1822 ; 
died  in  London,  May  5,  1887.  He  was  a  kins- 
man of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1839,  but  resigned  in  1843,  and  devoted 
himself  to  literary  pursuits.  'The  Romance  of 
War'  (1845)  became  at  once  popular,  as  also 
'The  Adventures  of  an  Aide-de-Camp '  (1848). 
Among  his  other  novels  are :  '  Walter  Fenton, 
or  the  Scottish  Cavalier'  (1850);  'Bothwell' 
(1851);  'Jane  Seton'  (1853);  'The  Phantom 
Regiment '  ( 1856) ; '  The  Secret  Dispatch '  ( 1869) ; 
'Under  the  Red  Dragon'  (1872);  '  Playing  with 
Fire'  (1887),  a  story  of  the  war  in  the  Sou- 
dan. He  also  wrote :  '  Memoirs  of  Kirkaldy 
of  Grange'  (1849);  'Memorials  of  the  Castle  of 
Edinburgh'  (1850);  'Old  and  New  Edinburgh' 
(1881);  'Scottish  Soldiers  of  Fortune'  (1889); 
and  others. 

Grant,  James  Augustus.  An  English  mili- 
tary officer,  explorer,  and  author ;  born  at  Nairn, 
Scotland,  April  li,  1827;  died  Feb.  11,  1892. 
He  served  in  the  Indian  Mutiny  at  Multan  and 
Gujerat;  and  was  wounded  at  I>ucknow,  when 
as  lieutenant-colonel  he  commanded  the  rear 
guard.  In  1860-63  he  undertook  with  Capt. 
Speke  an  expedition  to  find  the  sources  of  the 
Nile,  which  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  Lake 
Victoria  Nyanza.  In  1868  he  received  "  The 
Star  of  India"  for  services  rendered  in  the 
Abyssinian  campaign.  He  published  :  'A  Walk 
Across  Africa'  (1863);  'Botany  of  the  Speke 
and  Grant  Expedition'  (1872);  'Khartoum  as 
I  Saw  It  in  1863'  (1885). 

Grant,  Robert.  An  American  lawyer  and 
author;  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  24,  1852. 
He  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1873  and  the 
Harvard  Law  School  in  1879.  Since  1893  he 
has  been  a  judge  of  probate  and   insolvency 


23© 


GRANT -GRAY 


for  Suffolk  County,  Mass.  Among  his  most 
popular  works  are :  <  The  Little  Tin  Gods  on 
Wheels>  (1879);  < Confessions  of  a  Frivolous 
Girl>  (1880);  <An  Average  Man>  (i88;5);  <  Face 
to  Face>  (1886);  <  The  Reflections  of  a  Married 
Man>  (1892);  'The  Art  of  Living.>  He  also 
wrote  the  well-known  boy's  stories,  <Jack  Hall' 
(1887)  ;  <Jack  in  the  Bush> ;  <  The  Law-Break- 
ers' (1906). 

Grant,  Robert  Edmond.  A  Scotch  natural 
ist;  bom  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  1793;  died 
in  1874.  He  was  educated  in  his  native  city 
and  on  the  Continent.  Upon  his  return  to 
Edinburgh  in  1819  he  became  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  and  began  the 
practice  of  medicine.  In  1827  he  was  elected 
professor  of  zoology  and  comparative  anatomy 
in  University  College,  London,  a  position  which 
he  occupied  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  His  chief 
work  is  <  Outlines  of  Comparative  Anatomy,' 
for  many  years  a  favorite  .text-book,  not  only 
in  Great  Britain,  but  on  the  Continent  and  in 
America. 

Grant,  Ulysses  Simpson.  The  greatest  of 
American  generals,  and  eighteenth  President 
of  the  United  States ;  bom  at  Point  Pleasant, 
O.,  April  27,  1822 ;  died  at  Mt.  McGregor,  near 
Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  July  23,  1885.  His 
<  Personal  Memoirs  >  seem  destined  to  give 
him  enduring  literary  fame. 

Gras,  Felix.  A  Proven9al  poet  and  novelist  -, 
bom  at  Malemort  (Vaucluse),  France,  May  3, 
1844  ;  died  at  Avignon,  March  4,  190I.  He  was 
a  lawyer  and  *  juge  de  paix»  in  the  department 
of  Vaucluse,  and  one  of  the  leading  Provencal 
writers,  ranking  next  to  Mistral.  His  most  fa- 
mous  work  is  <The  Reds  of  the  Midi,>  a  story  of 
the  French  Revolution,  translated  into  English 
by  Mrs.  T.  A.  Janvier;  next  in  importance,  <  Li 
Carbounie)  (1876),  and  <  Toloza)  (1882),  epic 
poems  ;  <Lou  Roumancero  Prouven<;au>  (1887), 
shorter  poems  ;  <Li  Papalino>  (1891),  Avignon 
stories.  He  was  also  editor  of  the  «Armana  Prou- 
vencjau,*  a  literary  annual,  and  from  1891  was 
the  «Capoulie,»  or  official  head,  of  the  «F61i- 
brige,»  the  society  of  Provencal  men  of  letters. 
Grassi,  Angela  (gras'se).  A  Spanish  poet, 
novelist,  and  playwright;  born  in  Crema,  Italy, 
April  2,  1826.  Her  childhood  was  passed  at 
Barcelona,  where  at  15  she  wrote  the  success- 
ful drama  <  Crime  and  Expiation.'  <  Riches  of 
the  SouP  and  <The  Drop  of  Water  >  won  a 
prize  from  the  Spanish  Academy.  <The  Son- 
in-Law,>  <  The  First  Year  of  Marriage,'  and 
<The  Snowball'  are  her  best-known  novels. 

Grattan,  Henry.  An  Irish  orator  and  states- 
man; bom  in  Dublin,  June  (?)  or  July  (?)  3, 
1746;  died  in  London,  June  4,  1820.  His  works, 
with  the  exception  of  the  political  pamphlets, 
the  <  Correspondence,'  and  <  Letter  on  the  Irish 
Union,'  consist  wholly  of  his  speeches  as  the 
champion  of  Catholic  emancipation  and  the 
inviolability  of  the  Irish  Parliament.  His  lan- 
guage is  vivid,  warm,  and  "  contagious." 

Grattan,  Thomas  Colley.  An  Irish  novel- 
ist  and   sketch-writer;  bom   in   Dublin,  1792; 


died  in  London,  July  4,  1864.  He  abandoned 
law  for  the  army,  and  from  a  wandering  life 
obtained  materials  for  his  <  Highways  and  By- 
ways' (1823),  a  collection  of  tales  and  studies 
that  proved  highly  popular.  <  The  Heiress  of 
Bruges'  (1828)  is  a  historical  novel.  Some  less 
important  fictions,  plays,  and  translations  of 
French  poetry  complete  the  sum  of  his  literary 
product. 

Graviere,  Jean  Pierre  Edmond  Jurien  de  la 
(grav-yar').  A  French  admiral  and  author ;  bom 
in  Brest,  France,  Nov.  19,  1812;  died  m  Paris, 
March  5,  1892.  He  served  with  distinction  in 
Chinese  waters  (1841),  the  Black  Sea,  and  the 
Mediterranean ;  and  as  commander  of  the  expe- 
dition against  Mexico  arranged  the  treaty  of 
Soledad  (1861).  He  was  chosen  a  member  oi 
the  French  Academy  in  1868.  His  numer- 
ous works  include:  < Sardinia  in  1841 '  (1841); 
'Souvenir  of  an  Admiral'  (i860);  *The  An- 
cient Navy ' ;  <  The  Modern  Navy ' ;  <  Mari- 
time Wars  of  the  Revolution  and  Empire'; 
<  The  Navy  of  the  Ancients  and  the  Cam- 
paigns of  Alexander'  (10  vols.),  a  great  work 
which  places  the  author  in  the  front  rank  of 
military  historians. 

Gray,  Asa.  An  eminent  American  botanist; 
born  at  Paris,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  18,  1810;  died  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  January  1888.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  Harvard  from  1842  to 
1873,  when  he  resigned  to  take  charge  of  the 
herbarium  of  Harvard.  In  1874  he  was  chosen 
a  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  He 
was  recognized  throughout  the  world  as  one 
of  the  leading  botanists  of  the  age.  Besides 
contributions  to  scientific  journals,  his  numer- 
ous works  include :  <  Elements  of  Botany  > 
(1836);  <  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  North- 
ern United  States'  (1848);  < Botany  of  the 
United  States  Pacific  Exploring  Expedition' 
(1854);  <  School  and  Field  Book  of  Botany' 
(1869);  < Natural  Science  and  Religion'  (1880). 

Gray,  David.  An  American  journalist  and 
poet;  born  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  Nov.  9, 
1836;  died  in  Binghamton,  N.  Y.,  March  18, 
1888.  He  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
Buffalo  Courier  from  1856  to  1882.  A  volume 
of  his  letters,  poems,  and  selected  prose  writ- 
ings was  published  posthumously  in  1888. 

Gray,  David.  A  Scotch  poet ;  born  in  Merk- 
land,  Dumbartonshire,  Jan.  29,  1838 ;  died  there, 
Dec.  3,  1861.  He  was  the  son  of  a  factory 
operative,  and  his  education  was  obtained 
through  many  difficulties.  <The  Luggie,'  a 
poem  of  the  didactic  and  descriptive  order, 
published  posthumously,  displays  an  exquisite 
though  ill-regulated  genius. 

Gray,  Thomas.  A  great  English  poet ;  bora 
at  Cornhill,  London,  Dec.  26,  17 16;  died  at 
Cambridge,  July  24, 1771.  He  is  known  in  every 
household  for  the  *■  Elegy  in  a  Country  Church- 
Yard,'  published  1751,  though  begun  seven  years 
before.  The  <Ode  on  a  Distant  Prospect  of 
Eton  College'  (1747);  <Ode  to  Adversity'; 
< Progress  of  Poetry';  and  <The  Bard'  (1757), 
are  also  famous, 


GRAZl AM  I  —  GREENE 


231 


Grazlanl,  Girolamo  (grats"e-an'e).  An  Ital- 
ian poet;  born  in  Pergola  in  1604;  died  there, 
Sept.  10,  1675.  He  received  his  education  at 
Bologna  and  Padua,  and  became  prominent  in 
the  service  of  various  Italian  princes,  until  the 
Duke  of  Modena,  Francis  I.,  created  him  Count 
of  Sarzano  (or  Saryana),  vi'hen  he  retired,  to 
devote  himself  to  literature.  <  Cleopatra,*  a 
heroic  poem  on  the  model  of  Tasso,  and  'The 
Conquest  of  Granada,*  are  his  happiest  efforts 
in  metre.  A  tragedy,  <  Cromwell,*  was  extraor- 
dinarily popular  for  a  time. 

Grazzlni,  Antonio  Francesco  (grat-se'ne). 
An  Italian  humorist  and  poet ;  bom  in  Flor- 
ence, March  22,  1503;  died  there,  Feb.  18,  1584. 
Of  much  native  humor,  he  graduated  from 
apothecary  to  writer  of  literary  burlesques.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  celebrated 
Florentine  Academy ;  was  expelled  in  conse- 
quence of  a  disputed  question  of  grammar,  and 
established  the  renowned  Accad&mia  della 
Crusca,  whose  mission  was  the  purification  of 
the  Italian  tongue.  His  literary  reputation  rests 
on  his  <  Suppers,*  written  on  the  model  of  Boc- 
caccio, and  vastly  popular  at  one  time.  In 
style  they  are  pure  and  refined,  and  they  con- 
tributed much  to  the  literary  development  of 
the  language.  Seven  highly  amusing  comedies, 
of  a  not  high  literary  flavor,  and  a  burlesque 
poem,  <The  War  of  Monsters,*  complete  the 
list  of  his  remembered  achievements. 

Greeley,  Horace.  A  famous  American  edi- 
tor and  controversial  writer;  born  in  Amherst, 
N.  H.,  Feb.  3,  1811;  died  in  New  York,  Nov. 
29,  1872.  In  the  countless  articles,  papers,  and 
pamphlets  that  issued  from  his  pen,  as  well  as 
in  <The  American  Conflict*  and  <  Recollections 
of  a  Busy  Life,*  he  is  revealed  as  the  consist- 
ent and  able  opponent  of  social  wrongs  and 
ills  of  every  description ;  and  as  a  writer  he  is 
gifted  with  a  nervous,  living  style  that  power- 
fully supports  the  arguments  he  advances.  In 
'  Glances  at  Europe  *  and  like  works  he  is 
happy  in  description. 

Greely,  Adolphus  Washington.  An  Amer- 
ican soldier,  Arctic  explorer,  and  author;  bom 
at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  March  27,  1844.  Be- 
longing to  the  regular  army,  in  1881  he  com- 
manded an  Arctic  expedition  to  establish  cir- 
cumpolar  stations  for  scientific  purposes,  in 
accordance  with  a  plan  made  by  the  Inter- 
national Congress  at  Hamburg  in  1879.  He 
reached  the  highest  point  north  attained  up  to 
that  time,  but  endured  great  suffering  and  loss 
of  men  from  cold  and  starvation.  Among  his 
■works  are :  <  Three  Years  of  Arctic  Service  * 
(1886) ;  <  American  Weather  >  (1888);  <  Hand-book 
of  Arctic  Discoveries* ;  'American  Explorers.* 

Green,  Anna  Katharine  —  Mrs.  Rohlfs.    An 

American  author  ;  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Nov. 
II,  1846.  She  graduated  at  Ripley  (female)  Col- 
lege, Poultney,  Vt.,  1867.  Her  novels  are  detect- 
ive stories,  and  enjoy  great  popularity.  'The 
Leavenworth  Case*  (1878)  is  one  of  her  best. 
Included  in  her  publications  are :  '  Risifi's 
Daughter*     (1866),    a    dramatic   poem;    'The 


Sword  of  Damocles*;  'A  Strange  Disappear- 
ance * ;  <  Hand  and  Ring* ; '  The  Mill  Mystery  * ; 
'Behind  Closed  Doors*;  'X,  Y,  Z*;  'That 
Affair  Next  Door  > ; '  The  Mayor's  Wife.* 

Green,  John  Richard.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  historian;  born  in  Oxford,  1837;  died 
at  Mentone,  France,  March  7,  1883.  He  ruined 
his  health  and  died  early  through  fiery  zeal  in 
work  among  the  London  poor;  much  of  his 
vast  research  and  his  writing  were  done  in  bed. 
The  'Short  History  of  the  English  People* 
is  perhaps  the  highest  combination  in  his- 
torical writing  of  sound  scholarship,  immense 
and  perfectly  assimilated  reading,  and  a  liter- 
arj'  style  of  great  charm,  lucidity,  and  swiftness. 
'  The  Making  of  England  *  and  '  The  Conquest 
of  England  *  are  studies  of  special  periods. 

Green,  Joseph.  An  American  poet,— famed 
for  his  loyalty  to  England ;  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  1706;  died  in  London,  England,  Dec. 
II,  1780;  graduated  at  Harvard  1726.  He  was 
a  ready  wit  and  satirist.  His  works  include : 
'The  Wonderful  Lament  of  Old  Mr.  Tenor* 
(1744);  'Poems  and  Satires*  (1780). 

Green,  Matthew.  A  British  poet;  bom  in 
1696;  died  in  Nag's  Head  Court,  in  1737.  'The 
Spleen,*  most  noted  of  his  poems  for  originality 
and  wit,  was  published  (1737)  after  his  death, 
by  his  friend  Richard  Glover.  It  is  one  of  the 
best  of  its  class,  and  was  a  favorite  with  Gray. 
The  familiar  quotation  "  Fling  but  a  stone,  the 
giant  dies,**  is  from  this  poem. 

Green,  Thomas  Hill.  An  English  philoso- 
pher and  humanist ;  born  in  Birkin,  Yorkshire, 
April  7,  1836;  died  at  Oxford,  March  26,  1882. 
His  profound  learning  and  attractive  personal 
qualities  made  him  a  strong  influence  in  British 
thought,  and  the  chief  exponent  of  the  Neo- 
Hegelian  movement.  His  works  include:  'In- 
troduction to  Hume*;  'Treatise  on  Human 
Nature  * ;  <  Collected  Writings  * ;  and  '  Proleojom- 
ena  to  Ethics.* 

Greene,  Aella.  An  American  journalist  and 
poet;  born  in  Chester,  Mass.,  in  1S38.  He  was 
connected  with  the  press.  His  works  include  : 
'Rhvmes  of  Yankee-Land*;  'Into  the  .Sunshine* 
(1881);  'Stanza  and  Sequel*  (1884);  'Gathered 
from  Life.'     Died  Jan.  8,  1903. 

Greene,  Albert  Gorton.  An  American  law- 
yer and  poet;  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Feb. 
10,  1802;  died  in  Cleveland,  O.,  Jan.  4,  1868. 
He  wrote  the  famous  poem  "  Old  Grimes.'* 

Greene,  Asa.  An  American  author;  born  in 
Ashburnham,  Mass.,  1788;  died  in  New  York 
city,  1837.  He  graduated  at  Williams  Col- 
lege, and  in  1827  received  a  degree  from  the 
Berkshire  Medical  School.  He  was  a  book- 
seller of  the  old-fashioned  kind,  and  noted  as 
a  humorist.  He  served  for  some  time  as  edi- 
tor of  the  New  York  Evening  Transcript.  His 
publications  include :  '  Adventures  of  Dr.  Dodi- 
mus  Duckworth,  A.  N.  Q.;  to  which  is  added, 
the  History  of  a  Steam  Doctor*  (1833);  and 
'Debtor's  Prison*  (1837K 


23» 


©REENE--GREIP 


Oreene,  FranclB  Vinton.  An  American  sol- 
dier and  author;  bom  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
June  27,  1850.  He  graduated  from  West  Point 
in  1870,  and  served  until  1886,  when  he  resigned 
with  the  rank  of  captain.  He  was  assistant 
astronomer  on  the  Northwest  Boundary  Sur- 
vey from  1872  to  1876,  and  was  attached  to 
the  headquarters  of  the  Russian  army  during 
the  Russo-Turkish  War  of  1877-78.  His  chief 
works  are  :  *  The  Russian  Army  and  its  Cam- 
paigns in  Turkey  >  (1879);  <Army  Life  in  Rus- 
sia >  (1880);  <The  Mississippi  >  (1882);  <Life  of 
Nathaniel  Greene  >  (1893). 

Oreene,  Qeorge  Washington.  An  Ameri- 
can historian,  grandson  of  Gen.  Nathanael 
Greene  ;  bom  in  East  Greenwich,  R.  I  ,  April 
8,  1811;  died  tliere,  Feb.  2,  1883.  Among  his 
works  are :  *  History  and  Geography  of  the 
Middle  Ages>  (1851);  <  Historical  View  of  the 
American  Revolution*  (1865);  <Life  of  Nathan- 
iel Greene  >  (1867-71). 

Oreene,  Homer.  An  American  story-writer ; 
born  at  Ariel,  Pa.,  in  1853,  and  resides  at  Hones- 
dale,  Pa.  He  is  the  author  of  <The  Blind 
Brother,  a  Story  of  the  Pennsylvania  Coal 
Mines  >  (1887);  <Burnham  Breaker  >  (1887); 
<  Riverpark  Rebellion  > ;  <  Pickett's  Gap  >  (1902). 

Oreene,  Louisa  Lelias,  Hon.  An  English 
writer  of  juveniles;  born  (third  Lord  Plunket's 
daughter)  in  1833.  Her  works,  widely  popular, 
include:  <A  Winter  and  Summer  at  Burton 
HilP  (1861);  <  Cushions  and  Comers  >  (1864); 
•The  Schoolboy  Baronet >  (1870);  < Gilbert's 
Shadow  >  (1875);  <  Jubilee  Hall>  (1881).  She 
wrote  with  her  cousin  W.  H.  Wills  the  drama- 
tist :  <  Drawing-Room  Dramas  * ;  '  Prince  Crce- 
sus  in  Search  of  a  Wife*  (1873),  ^  translation. 

Oreene,  Robert.  An  English  dramatist ;  born 
in  Norwich  about  1560 ;  died  in  London,  Sept. 
3,  1592.  His  works  rank  him  as  the  most  ori- 
ginal and  perhaps  the  ablest  British  dramatist 
before  Shakespeare  :  especially  the  <  History  of 
Orlando  Furioso*;  'Comical  History  of  Al- 
phonsus,  King  of  Aragon  > ;  <  Honorable  History 
of  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay  > ;  and  <  The 
Scottish  Historic  of  James  IV.>  His  pamphlets 
and  tracts,  which  he  wrote  with  great  rapidity 
and  ability,  are  noteworthy ;  <  Never  Too  Late  > 
and  <  Greene's  Groat's  Worth  of  Wit  Bought 
with  a  Million  of  Repentance'  being  most 
widely  known. 

Oreene,  Mrs.  Sarah  Pratt  (McLean).  An 
American  novelist;  bom  at  Simsbury,  Conn., in 
1856.  She  was  educated  at  South  Hadley  Semi- 
nary, and  for  several  years  taught  school  in 
Plymouth,  Mass.  Her  best-known  novel  is 
<Cape  Cod  Folks*  (1881).  Among  her  other  works 
are:  'Towhead,  the  Story  of  a  Girl  >  (1884); 
•  Lastchance  Junction*;  <  Power  Lot  >  (iqo6). 

Oreenough,  Sarah  Dana  (Loring).  An 
American  author ;  born  in  Boston,  Feb.  19, 1827 ; 
died  in  Franzensbad,  Austria,  Aug.  9,  1885. 
Among  her  works  are :  <  Treason  at  Home,*  a 
novel  (3  Tols.,  1865);  'Arabesques*  (1871);  <In 
Extremis,  a  Story  of  a  Broken  Law*  (1872); 
and  <Mary  Magdalene,*  a  poem  (1880). 


Oreenwood,  Orace.    See  Lippincott. 

Oreey,  Edward  (gre).  An  English- American 
story-writer;  born  in  Sandwich,  Kent,  England, 
Dec.  I,  1835;  died  in  New  York,  Oct.  i,  1888. 
After  spending  several  years  in  Japan,  he  came 
to  the  United  States  in  1868,  became  a  citizen, 
and  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits  in  New 
York.  Among  his  plays  are  <Vendome*  and 
<  Uncle  Abner.*  His  historical  works  include 
< Young  Americans  in  Japan*  (Boston,  1881), 
and  <  The  Wonderful  City  of  Tokio.*  He  wrote 
a  pleasing  collection  of  Japanese  short  stories, 
<The  Golden  Lotus,*  etc.  (1883);  <The  Captive 
of  Love,*  founded  on  a  Japanese  romance; 
translated  <The  Loyal  Renins*;  etc. 

Oreg,  William  Rathbone.  A  religious  and 
economic  essayist ;  born  in  Manchester,  Eng- 
land, in  1809;  died  in  1881.  In  1856  he  be- 
came a  commissioner  of  customs,  and  in  1864 
was  appointed  comptroller  of  the  Stationery 
Office.  His  views  of  life  were  profoundly 
serious  and  even  melancholy,  and  his  works 
exerted  a  great  influence  from  their  earnest- 
ness and  sincerity.  The  most  important  are  : 
'Sketches  in  Greece  and  Turkey*  (1833);  'The 
German  Schism  and  the  Irish  Priests*  (1845); 
'The  Creed  of  Christendom*  (1851),  his  chief 
work ;  <  Essays  in  Political  and  Social  Science  * 
(1853);  'Enigmas  of  Life*  (1872);  'Literary 
and  Social  Judgments*  (1877). 

Oregoroviua,  Ferdinand  (greg-o-ro've-os). 
A  German  historian  and  poet;  bom  in  Nei- 
denburg,  East  Prussia,  Jan.  19,  1821 ;  died  at 
Munich,  May  I,  1891.  He  studied  severely  at 
Konigsberg  and  at  home,  and  wrote  essays  of 
deep  scholarship ;  '  Socialistic  Elements  in 
Goethe's  Wilhelm  Meister*;  a  tragedy,  'The 
Death  of  Tiberius,*  of  the  ripest  historical  learn- 
ing ;  '  Corsica  * ;  and  other  most  authoritative 
books  of  travel  and  description,  based  on  close 
personal  study.  He  wrote  also  '  Euphorion,* 
an  epic,  and  other  poems  of  high  repute.  But 
his  historical  works,  of  unsurpassed  learning 
and  vivid  realization  of  the  spirit  of  their  times, 
are  the  most  commanding  monument  of  his 
genius.  'The  City  of  Rome  in  the  Middle 
Ages,*  '  Lucretia  Borgia,*  '  Urban  VIII.,*  <  The 
Monuments  of  the  Popes,*  and  'Athenais,*  need 
but  be  named. 

Oregory,  Robert.  An  English  clergj-mar. 
and  writer ;  born  in  1819.  He  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Oxford ;  was  curate  of  St.  Mary-the- 
Less,  Lambeth  (1853-73);  became  canon  of  St. 
Paul's  in  1868,  and  dean  in  1890  in  succession 
to  Dean  Church.  Aside  from  his  clerical  duties, 
he  has  devoted  much  attention  to  charitable 
and  educational  work.  Among  his  publications 
are :  '  A  Plea  in  Behalf  of  Small  Parishes  * 
(1849); '  Lectures  at  St.  Paul's*  (1871-82);  'Posi- 
tion of  the  Celebrant  Aspect  in  Convocation  * 
(1875)- 

Greif,  Martin  (grif).  [An  adopted  name.] 
A  German  poet  and  dramatist,  son  of  Max 
Frey  the  publicist;  born  in  Speyer,  June  18, 
1839.  Designed  for  public  life,  he  preferred 
the  literary  career.    '  Hans  Sachs,'  a  successfu' 


GREIFENSON  —  GRIEPENKERL 


233 


drama,  was  followed  by  a  volume  of  poems, 
the  tragedies  <Corfiz  Ulfeldt,  the  Count  Chan- 
cellor of  Denmark,*  <  Marino  Faliero,>  the  light 
comedy  <  Walter's  Return  to  his  Country,*  and 
numerous  other  works  of  high  literary  qualities 
and  scholarship.  Strikingly  successful  plays 
also  are  <  Francesca  da  Rimini,*  and  <  Agnes 
Bemauer,  the  Angel  of  Augsburg.*  He  is  also 
a  noted  lyric  poet. 

Orelfenson.    See  Grimmelsbausen. 

Orein,  J.  T.  An  Anglo-Dutch  attorney,  jour- 
nalist, playwright,  and  dramatic  critic ;  bom  in 
Amsterdam,  Oct.  11,  1862.  He  was  educated 
in  Holland,  Germany,  and  Belgium,  and  from 
1879  to  1885  was  engaged  in  the  East  India 
trade  and  banking.  He  is  at  present  an  attor- 
ney in  London,  besides  being  dramatic  critic 
of  Life  and  the  Westminster  Review,  London 
editor  of  three  papers  in  Holland,  and  corre- 
spondent of  several  French  and  German  jour- 
nals. In  1891  he  founded  the  Independent 
Theatre  Society.  Besides  <A  Man's  Love,* 
produced  in  1889  with  C.  W.  Jarvis  as  co- 
author, and  other  plays,  his  works  include 
(in  Dutch):  'Dramatic  Essays*  (1884);  < Sil- 
houettes* (short  novels),  published  in  1885; 
< London:  Wealth  and  Poverty*  (1890);  <'Twixt 
Light  and  Dark,*  short  stories. 

Grtoler,  idouard  (gran-ya').  A  French  poet; 
bom  in  Baumes-les-Dames,  Doubs,  in  181 9;  died 
in  Paris,  Dec.  5.  iQOi.  He  abandoned  diplom- 
acy for  poetry.  'Little  Poems '  was  his  maiden 
collection  ;  <The  Death  of  the  Wandering  Jew* 
attained  repute  for  delicacy  and  suggestiveness, 
and  'Dramatic  Poems*  for  intense  power.  His 
lines  on  'The  Death  of  President  Lincoln'  wer« 
crowned  by  the  Academy. 

Grenville-Murray,     Eustace     Clare.      An 

English  descriptive  and  topical  writer  and  di- 
plomatist ;  born  1824 ;  died  Dec.  20,  1881.  He 
experimented  unsuccessfully  in  fiction,  and  then 
won  reputation  with  '  French  Pictures  in  Eng- 
lish Chalks,*  a  series  of  humorous  sketches; 
'History  of  the  French  Press*  (1874);  'Round 
about  France*  (1878);  and  'Side  Lights  on 
English  Society*  (3d  ed.  1889).  'The  Member 
for  Paris*  (1871)  had  some  vogue. 

Gresset,  Jean  Baptists  Louis  de  (gres-sa). 
A  French  poet,  dramatist,  and  satirist ;  bom 
in  Amiens,  Aug.  29,  1709;  died  there,  June  16, 
1777.  Early  a  Jesuit  and  teacher,  he  gained 
some  repute  from  a  pleasing  ode  <  On  the 
Love  of  One's  Native  Land ' ;  and  rose  to 
fame  by  'Vert- Vert,*  a  highly  original  and  de- 
liciously  humorous  verse  narrative  of  a  parrot 
brought  up  in  a  nunnery  but  falling  into  evil 
society.  His  tendency  to  burlesque  and  irrev- 
erence in  his  poetry  caused  his  expulsion  from 
the  order  on  the  appearance  of  '  The  Impro- 
vised Carnival*  and  'The  Living  Reading- 
Desk.*  He  cared  nothing  for  this,  and  shortly 
after  rose  to  the  pinnacle  of  popularity  through 
'  The  Naughty  Man.*  He  entered  the  Academy 
in  1748,  and  wrote  much  popular  prose  and 
poetry ;  but  later  in  life  became  alarmed  con- 
cerning his  soul,  and  abjured  all  his  writings. 


GrivlUe,  Henry  (gra-vel'),  pseudonym  of  Ma- 
dame Alice  Durand.  A  French  novelist; 
born  (Fleury)  in  Paris,  Oct.  12,  1842.  She  was 
educated  in  Russia,  and  began  her  literary  career 
with  contributions  to  St.  Petersburg  journals. 
Upon  her  marriage  to  Prof,  femile  Durand,  she 
returned  to  France  and  continued  her  literary 
activity,makinguseof  her  Russian  experiences  in 
a  seriesof  novels  which  became  very  popular,  nota- 
bly 'Dosia*  and  'The  Expiation  of  Saveli.*  Her 
genius  is  essentially  realistic,  with  an  occasional 
tendency  towards  the  romantic.  'Cleopatra,* 
'A  Russian  Violin,*  'A  Crime,*  and  'An  Ancient 
Household,*  are  types  of  this  class  of  novel. 
Died  in  Paris,  May  20,  1902. 

Greyson,  ^mile  (gra-zoii').  A  Belgian  poet, 
novelist,  and  essayist;  born  Aug.  17,  1823,  in 
Bmssels,  where  he  is  a  high  educational  offi- 
cial. His  early  reputation  was  through  poems, 
stories,  and  essays  in  Belgian  papers ;  his  later 
fame  is  European.  'Fiamma  Colonna*  and 
'Tales  of  a  Flemish  Subject*  are  his  best  fic- 
tions. His  translations  and  literary  papers  in 
the  Belgian  Review,  etc.,  make  him  a  repre- 
sentative man  of  letters  at  home. 

Gribojedov,  Alexander  Sergeievich  (gre-bo- 
ya'dov).  A  Russian  dramatic  poet  and  states- 
man; born  in  Moscow,  Jan.  l"!,  1793;  killed 
at  Teheran,  Persia,  Feb.  11,  1829.  A  distin- 
guished soldier  and  diplomat,  he  was  assassin- 
ated while  minister  to  Persia,  during  an  anti- 
Russian  tumult  in  Teheran.  As  a  writer  his 
reputation  rests  mainly  upon  '  Knowledge 
Brings  Suffering,*  a  drama  in  verse,  delineat- 
ing Russian  society  with  bitter  fidelity.  '  A 
Georgian  Night*  and  a  rendering  of  the  Pre- 
lude to  <  Faust  *  are  also  creditable  productions. 

Grieben,  Hermann  (gre'ben).  A  German 
poet  and  journalist ;  born  in  Koslin,  Feb.  8, 
1822;  died  at  Cologne,  Sept.  24,  1890.  He 
studied  at  Breslau  and  rose  to  prominence  in 
journalism,  editing  the  Ostsee  Zeitung,  the 
Kblnische  Zeitung,  and  other  equally  important 
sheets.  He  wrote  '  Too  Late,*  a  tragedy,  under 
the  pseudon>Tn  of  "  Roderick,**  and  a  valuable 
volume  on  Dante ;  besides  poems  in  three  col- 
lected editions,  including  '  Voices  of  the  Time.* 

Griepenkerl,  Wolfgang  Robert  (grep'ben- 
karl).  A  German  poet,  dramatist,  and  essayist; 
born  in  Hofwyl,  Bem,  Switzerland,  May  4, 
1810;  died  at  Brunswick,  Oct.  16,  1868.  He  be- 
came a  tutor  and  professor  of  literature  soon 
after  the  completion  of  his  university  course. 
His  <  Pictures  from  Classic  Greece,*  a  collection 
of  poems,  attracted  attention,  and  an  epic  on 
'The  Sistine  Madonna*  made  him  celebrated. 
He  wrote  several  excellent  works  on  music. 
'Artistic  Genius  in  German  Literature  during 
the  Last  Century*  was  for  years  an  authority 
upon  the  subject.  As  a  playwright,  '  Maximil- 
ian Robespierre*  and  'The  Girondins*  entitle 
him  to  no  minor  place,  and  his  <  Ideal  and 
World  >  and  '  In  the  Upper  Sphere  *  have  been 
staged  many  times.  He  wrote  a  volume  of 
stories  that  possess  merit. 


234 


GRIESINGER  —  GRIMMELSH  AUSEN 


Griesinger,  Karl  Theodor  (gre'zinc-er).  A 
German  novelist  and  sketch-writer;  born  Dec. 
II,  1809,  in  Kirnbach,  in  the  Black  Forest; 
died  at  Stuttgart,  March  2,  1884.  He  studied 
theology  at  Tubingen  and  became  a  clergy- 
man, then  drifted  into  authorship.  His  first  hit 
was  made  with  *  Silhouettes  from  Suabia  > ;  and 
he  founded  the  Suabian  Humorist,  only  to 
meet  ruin  by  the  upheavals  of  1848.  After  an- 
other attempt  to  establish  a  popular  paper,  and 
an  ensuing  term  of  imprisonment,  he  visited  the 
United  States.  <  Living  Pictures  from  Amer- 
ica'; <  Emigrant  Stories  >;  <  The  Old  Brewery, 
or  New  York  Mysteries  of  Crime  > ;  and  <  Vatican 
Mysteries,*  were  written  upon  his  return  home. 

Griffln,  Gerald.  An  Irish  novelist,  dramatist, 
and  poet;  born  at  Limerick,  Dec.  12,  180.V, 
died  at  Cork,  June  12,  1840.  In  1823  he  went 
to  London  and  embarked  upon  a  literary 
career.  His  first  success  in  fiction  was  <  Hol- 
land Tide;  or  Munster  Popular  Tales >  (1827), 
a  series  of  short  stories.  <  Tales  of  the  Mun- 
ster Festivals'  (1827)  also  became  speedily 
popular,  and  <The  Collegians'  (1829),  a  second 
series  of  the  former,  still  further  increased  his 
reputation ;  on  it  Dion  Boucicault  founded  his 
well-known  play  <  The  Colleen  Bawn.'  Among 
his  other  works  are :  <  Tales  Illustrative  of  the 
Five  Senses'  (1830);  <The  Invasion'  (1832),  a 
historical  novel;  < Tales  of  my  Neighborhood' 
(1835);  <Gisippus,  or  the  Forgotten  Friend,'  a 
tragedy ;  and  many  spirited  lyrics. 

Griffin,  Gilderoy  Wells.  An  American  law- 
yer and  author;  born  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  in 
1840.  He  was  educated  at  Louisville  Univer- 
sity, and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1861.  He  was 
consul  to  Copenhagen  in  1871 ;  to  the  Samoan 
Islands  in  1876;  to  Auckland,  New  Zealand, 
in  1879;  and  to  Sydney,  Australia,  in  1884. 
He  wrote:  'Studies  in  Literature'  (1870);  <My 
Danish  Days'  (1875);  <New  Zealand-  Her 
Commerce  and  Resources'  (1884);  etc. 

Grlffls,  William  Elliot.  An  American  author ; 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept.  17,  1843.  His 
published  works  are,  in  part :  <  New  Japan  Se- 
ries'  Reading  Books  (5  vols.,  Yokohama:  1872); 
«  The  Mikado's  Empire'  (1876);  'Japanese  Fairy 
World '  ( 1880)  ;  <  Asiatic  History  ' ;  <  The  Japan- 
ese Nation,  in  Evolution.' 

Grigordvicli,  Dimitrij  Vasilievicli  (j^reg- 
5r'6-vich).  A  Russian  novelist  and  prose-writer; 
born  in  Simbirsk,  March  31,  1822.  He  be- 
Ejan  life  as  a  civil  engineer.  His  first  stories, 
I  The  Village '  and  <  Anton  the  Unfortunate,' 
achieved  wide  popularity.  <  A  Failure  in  Life,' 
'  The  Fishers,'  and  <  The  Emigrants,'  are  real- 
istic stories  of  village  life  which  rank  him 
among  the  first  of  Russian  novelists.     Died  1900. 

Grlllparzer,  Franz  (gril'parts-er).  An  Aus- 
trian poet  and  dramatist  of  high  rank ;  born 
in  Vienna,  Jan.  I3,  1791 ;  died  there,  Jan.  21, 1872. 

<  Blanche  of  Castile,'  a  tragedy,  written  at  17, 
and  <  Spartacus,'  a  tragedy,  showed  genius  ;  but 

<  The  Ancestress '  first  called  popular  attention 
to  him.  <  Sappho,'  a  tragedy  based  upon  classi- 
cal tradition,  made  him  eminent  in  scholarship 


also.  <  The  Golden  Fleece,'  <  The  Argonauts,' 
and  <  Medea '  constitute  a  trilogy.  <  The  Career 
and  End  of  King  Ottokar,'  <A  True  Servant 
of  his  Master,'  and  < Woe  to  Him  who  Lies' 
call  for  mention ;  but  his  poem  <  Waves  of 
Ocean:  Thrills  of  Love'  is  the  supreme  mani- 
festation of  his  art.  <  in  thy  Camp  is  Austria  ' ' 
a  poem  of  the  times,  created  a  sensation.  Later 
works  of  note  are  <  The  Jewess  of  Toledo,' 
'Fraternal  Strife  in  the  House  of  Hapsburg,' 
and  <  Libussa,'  plays  published  posthumously; 
and  a  story,  <The  Poor  Minstrel.' 

Grimm,  Hermann  Friedrich  ( grim).  A  German 
essayist,  critic,  and  biographer,  son  of  Wilhelm; 
bom  in  Cassel,  Jan.  6,  1828;  died  at  Berlin,  June 
18,  1901.  He  studied  law,  but  never  practiced 
it.  His  most  famous  work  is  his  <Life  of  Michael 
Angelo.'  Among  others,  <Ten  Essays  Selected 
as  an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Modern  Art,' 
'Fifteen  Essays'  (new  series),  and  <Life  of 
Raphael,)  are  entitled  to  mention. 

Grimm,  Jacob.  A  German  philologist, 
archteologist,  and  folk-lorist;  bom  in  Hanau, 
Jan.  4,  1785  ;  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  20,  1863.  He 
studied  at  Cassel  and  Marburg;  and  at  20  be- 
came Savigny's  assistant  at  Paris.  His  abili- 
ties becoming  renowned,  he  was  sent  as  secre- 
tary to  the  Hessian  ambassador  at  the  Vienna 
Congress,  and  then  to  Paris  to  reclaim  the 
plundered  treasures  of  German  libraries.  He 
continued  in  similar  employments  with  in- 
creasing reputation  till  his  liberalism  in  1848 
forced  him  out  of  public  life.  Thenceforward 
till  his  death  he  busied  himself  with  antiquarian 
and  philological  researches.  <The  Poetry  of 
the  Meistersingers,'  a  <  German  Grammar,^ 
<  German  Mythology,'  'Antiquities  of  German 
Jurisprudence,'  <  History  of  the  German  Lan- 
guage,' and  many  similar  works,  cover  the  en- 
tire field  of  their  subjects,  and  are  among  the 
chief  creators  of  modern  philology  and  its 
methods.  His  popular  fame  rests  upon  his 
collaboration  with  his  brother  W'ilhelm  in  the 
'Fables  for  Children'  ('Grimm's  Fairy  Tales'), 
universally  known. 

Grimm,  Wilhelm.  A  German  philologist 
and  folk-lorist,  brother  of  Jacob ;  born  in  Ha- 
nau, Feb.  24,  1786;  died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  16, 
1859.  In  their  early  work  the  brothers  were 
practically  one :  but  to  Wilhelm's  taste,  less 
severely  scientific  than  his  brother's,  belongs 
the  chief  credit  for  the  undertaking  and  exe- 
cution of  the  Fables  and  other  popular  works ; 
and  he  made  a  special  study  of  mediaeval  Ger- 
man poetry,  publishing  '  Old  Danish  Hero 
Songs,'  '  The  Song  of  Roland,'  '  German  Hero 
Songs,'  and  '  Mediaeval  German  Topics.' 

Grimmelsbausen,  Hans   Jakob   Christoffel 

von  (grim'mels-hou-zen).  ["Samuel  Greifenson 
v.  Hirschfeld."]  A  German  romance-writer; 
born  in  Gelnhausen  about  1625 ;  died  at  Ren- 
chen,  Baden,  Aug.  16,  1676.  In  youth  he  was  a 
military  adventurer.  According  to  some  ac- 
counts he  served  the  Bishop  of  Strasburg  for 
a  time,  and  became  a  Catholic.  He  became 
celebrated  as  the  author  of  'The  Adventures 


ORIMOD  DE  LA  REYNIERE  — GROSZMANN 


235 


of  Simplicius  Simplicissimus,*  the  life  story  of 
a  vagabond  adventurer  of  the  Thirty  Years' 
War,  who  settles  into  a  peaceful  old  age  in 
the  Black  Forest.  His  other  romances  —  <The 
World  Inside  Out,>  <  Joseph  in  Egypt,>  and 
'Pluto's  Council  Chamber,*  among  them  —  are 
unimportant. 

Grimod  de  la  Reynidre  (gre-mo'  d6  la  ran- 
yar').  A  French  wit  and  authority  on  gastron- 
omy; born  in  Paris,  Nov.  20,  1758;  died  at 
Villiers-sur-Orge,  Dec.  25,  1837.  He  was  de- 
signed for  the  law,  but  chose  letters  and  the 
pleasures  of  the  table.  The  biting  venom  of 
his  wit,  added  to  a  grotesque  hideousness  of 
aspect,  made  him  renowned.  His  celebrity  was 
heightened  by  the  eccentricities  of  his  costly 
and  delicious  banquets.  <  Reflections  on  Pleas- 
ure,>  <The  Philosophical  Lorgnette,*  and  <The 
Almanac  of  Gourmands,*  are  in  the  number  of 
his  literary  extravagances. 

Grimthorpe,  Edmund  Beckett  Denison, 
Lord.  An  English  barrister  and  author;  born 
at  Carlton  Hall,  Nottinghamshire,  England, 
May  12,  1816.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge ; 
appointed  chancellor  and  vicar-general  of 
York  in  1877 ;  and  has  for  many  years  been  a 
leader  of  the  Parliamentary  bar.  He  has 
taken  much  interest  in  architecture,  and  de- 
signed many  churches  and  houses.  His  works 
include  :  'Origin  of  the  Laws  of  Nature*  (1879); 
<A  Book  on  Building*  (2d  ed.  1880);  'Should 
the  Revised  New  Testament  be  Authorized?* 
(1882);  'Astronomy  without  Mathematics*  (7th 
ed.  1883);  'Treatise  on  Clocks,  Watches,  and 
Bells*  (7th  ed.  1883). 

Gringoire,  Pierre  (grafi-gwar').  A  French 
poet ;  born  in  Caen,  about  1475 ;  died  about 
1539.  He  made  himself  a  sort  of  court  poet 
to  Louis  XH.,  celebrating  among  other  things 
the  conquest  of  Milan  and  the  expedition 
against  Naples.  He  was  the  creator  of  French 
political  or  topical  drama,  his  best  work  in 
that  line  being  '  The  Game  of  the  Prince  of 
Fools,*  in  which  the  king  is  said  to  have  col- 
laborated ;  it  was  aimed  against  Pope  Julius  H., 
as  was  his  '  Morality  of  the  Obstinate  Man.* 
His  name  figures  in  Victor  Hugo's  '  Notre 
Dame.* 

Grinnell,  George  Bird.  An  American  orni- 
thologist, editor,  and  author;  bom  in  New 
York  State  in  1849.  He  is  the  editor  of  For- 
est and  Stream.  His  works  deal  principally 
with  Indian  life  and  folk-lore.  Among  the 
best  known  are :  <  The  Story  of  a  Prairie  People  '; 
'The  Story  of  the  Indian  * ; '  Pawnee  Hero  Stories 
and  P'olk  Tales  * ;  '  Jack,  the  Young  Trapper.  * 

Grisebach,  Eduard  (gre'ze-bach).  A  Ger- 
man poet,  critic,  and  historian  of  literature ; 
born  in  Gottingen,  Oct.  9,  1845.  He  was  a  con- 
sular agent  for  many  years.  '  The  New  Tann- 
hauser*  and  'Tannhauser  in  Rome*  represent 
his  poems.  'German  Literature  since  1770* 
and  '  The  Goethe  Period  of  German  Poetry  * 
are  masterpieces.  He  utilizes  philological 
Studies  in  <The  Faithless  Widow,*  in  tracing 


an  old  Chinese  legend  through  its  transforma- 
tions in  all  literatures.  '  Kin  Ku-Ki-Kuan  *  is 
a  similar  study.  His  editing  of  Schopenhauer 
has  been  very  important. 

Griswold,  Hattie  Tyng.  An  American  writer 
of  prose  and  verse ;  bom  in  Boston,  Jan.  26, 
1842.  She  wrote  many  tales  and  poems ;  pub- 
lished 'Apple  Blossoms*  (1878),  and  'Home 
Life  of  Great  Authors*  (1886).  'Under  the 
Daisies*  is  one  of  her  best-known  poems. 

Griswold,  Rufus  Wilmot.  An  American 
journalist  and  prose-writer ;  born  in  Benson, 
Vt.,  Feb.  15,  1815 ;  died  in  New  York,  Aug.  27, 
1857.  He  left  the  pulpit  to  enter  journal- 
ism, and  edited  Graham's  Magazine  with  signal 
ability.  In  1852  he  conducted  the  International 
Magazine.  His  works  include  '  Poets  and  Poetry 
of  America,*  which  reached  twenty  editions; 
'  Poets  and  Poetry  of  England  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century ' ;  '  Prose  Writers  of  America  * ; 
'Female  Poets  of  America*;  etc. 

Grosse,  Julius  (gros-'e).  A  very  prolific  Ger- 
man poet,  story-writer,  and  dramatist  ;  bom  in 
Erfurt,  April  25,  1828.  He  was  lawyer,  play- 
wright, and  journalist.  His  poems  include  'The 
Maid  of  Capri,*  'Pesach  Pardel,*  and  'Against 
France.*  Among  his  stories  are:  'Untrue 
Through  Sympathy*;  'An  Old  Love';  'A  Revo- 
lutionist'; and  'Against  the  Stream,' — dainty  and 
interesting  narratives.  A  tragedy,  'Tiberius.* 
Died  at  Forbola,  May  2,  1902. 

Gross!,  Tommaso  (gros'se).  An  Italian  poet 
and  romance-writer ;  born  in  Bellano,  Jan.  24, 
1791 ;  died  at  Milan,  Dec.  20,  1853.  Satirically 
pungent  political  poems, '  The  Fugitive,*  a  nar- 
rative in  verse,  made  his  reputation ;  and  a 
play,  '  Sforza,  Duke  of  Milan  *  (in  collabora- 
tion), was  a  literary  sensation.  His '  Ildegonda  * 
is  a  poem  on  a  mediseval  legend ;  '  The  Lom- 
bards in  the  First  Crusade,*  a  happy  essay  in 
metre ;  '  Marco  Visconti,*  a  historical  romance. 
Of  his  lyrics,  '  The  Swallow  *  has  found  most 
favor.    'Ulric  and  Lida*  was  his  last  work. 

Grosz,  Ferdinand  (gros).  An  Austrian  jour- 
nalist ;  bom  in  Vienna,  April  8,  1849.  He 
wrote  while  still  a  boy;  but  his  first  success 
was '  Literary  Music  of  the  Future '  (1877).  Since 
then  he  has  traveled  extensively  and  written 
for  the  best  papers.  <  In  Passing,*  '  Unbound  * 
'  Passion-Play  Letters,*  '  Leaves  in  the  Wind,' 
and  other  collections,  have  been  very  popular. 
His  poems,  notably  '  Songs  from  the  Mountain 
Tops,*  and  his  plays,  'The  First  Letter*  and 
'  At  Three  o'Clock,*  are  of  special  merit. 

Groszmann,    Gustav    Friedrich    Wilhelm 

(gros'man).  A  German  dramatist  and  actor; 
born  in  Berlin,  Nov.  30,  1746;  died  at  Hanover, 
May  20,  1796.  While  in  the  diplomatic  service, 
he  became  intimate  in  a  literary  circle  which 
included  Lessing;  and  successively  wrote  in  a 
few  days  each  'The  Fire  of  Passion,*  a  com- 
edy, and  'Wilhelmine  von  Blondheim,*  a  tra- 
gedy, which  were  extremely  successful.  He 
turned  actor,  rose  to  high  reputation,  and  pro- 
duced  much-admired  comedies, 


GROTE  — GRUPPE 


236 

Orote,  George.  An  English  historian  of  the 
first  order;  born  in  Clay  Hill,  Kent,  Nov.  17, 
1794;  died  in  London,  June  18,  1871.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  massive  scholars  of  the  century 
in  the  classics  and  in  logic,  with  a  mind  of 
rare  power,  breadth,  and  discrimination.  His 
works  on  Plato  and  Aristotle,  and  various  es- 
says, are  alone  sufficient  to  give  him  a  solid 
reputation ;  and  he  was  an  able  Parliament- 
ary speaker  and  reformer.  But  his  fame  rests 
on  his  epoch-making  < History  of  Greece'  (12 
vols.,  1845-56),  the  first  ever  written  from  a 
democratic  standpoint. 

Grotius,  Hugo.  A  famous  Dutch  jurist  and 
scholar;  born  at  Delft,  April  10,  1583;  died  at 
Rostock,  Aug.  29,  1645.  His  treatise  <On  the 
Law  of  War  and  Peace '  made  him  the  founder 
of  the  modern  science  of  international  law. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  important  histori- 
cal works  and  Biblical  commentaries.  Next 
to  Barneveld  he  was  the  Remonstrant  leader  in 
Holland,  and  barely  escaped  sharing  his  fate. 

Groto,  Luigi  (gro'to).  An  Italian  poet, 
called  «the  Blind  Man  of  Adria»;  bom  there, 
Sept.  7,  1541 ;  died  at  Venice,  Dec.  13,  1585. 
He  lost  his  sight  when  eight  days  old,  but 
studied  literature  and  philosophy  with  preco- 
cious ability,  delivering  a  speech  before  the 
Queen  of  Poland  at  18,  gaining  commissions 
from  Italian  States  to  compose  addresses  for 
public  occasions,  and  taking  the  part  of  the 
blind  seer  Tiresias  in  Sophocles's  'Oidipus.' 
His  orations  and  letters  were  collected :  he  left 
also  a  small  volume  of  poems  ;  <  The  Treasure,* 
a  comedy;  and  <  Delilah,'  a  tragedy.  His  style 
is  affected,  but  his  thoughts  are  original. 

Grove,  George,  Sir.  An  English  civil  engineer, 
editor,  and  compiler  ;  born  in  London,  Aug  13, 
1820;  died  there.  May  28,  1900.  During  his 
early  life  he  was  a  civil  engineer,  and  secretary 
of  the  Crystal  Palace  Company  (1852-73).  Sub- 
sequently he  became  editor  of  Macmillan's 
Magazine,  and  from  1882  to  1894  was  director 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Music  at  Kensington. 
He  was  knighted  in  1885.  He  was  one  of  the 
principal  contributors  to  Dr.  William  Smith's 
<  Dictionary  of  the  Bible  > ;  and  compiled  <  A 
Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians,  A.  D.  1450- 
1878*  {1878-89),  a  work  of  vast  and  accurate 
information. 

Griibel,  Konrad  (grii'bel).  A  German  dialect 
poet;  born  in  Nuremberg,  June  3,  1736;  died 
there,  March  8,  1809.  He  was  a  saddler  and 
harness-maker,  and  passed  his  youth  in  priva- 
tion ;  but  he  possessed  genuine  poetic  gifts,  as 
shown  in  the  pictures  he  has  given  of  the  lives 
and  manners  of  his  countrymen  in  the  three 
volumes  of  <  Poems  in  the  Nuremberg  Dialect.' 

Griin,  Anastasius  fgriin),  pseudonym  of 
Anton  Alexander,  Count  of  Auersperg.  An 
Austrian  poet  and  statesman ;  bom  in  Laibach, 
April  II,  1806;  died  at  Gratz,  Sept.  12,  1876. 
Although  of  aristocratic  birth  and  breeding,  his 
political  leanings  were  liberal,  and  he  became 
immersed  in  the  progressive  movement  of  his 


day  His  literary  work,  for  the  most  part, 
grew  out  of  and  developed  his  public  policy. 
His  first  volume,  '  Leaves  of  Love,'  did  not 
attract  much  attention.  'The  Last  Knight' 
was  more  successful;  it  celebrated  the  chivalry 
of  the  first  Maximilian's  time.  <  Strolls  of  a 
Viennese  Poet'  and  a  second  volume  of  <  Poems ' 
made  him  known.  <  The  Nibelungen  in  a 
Dress  Coat'  is  a  humorous  narrative;  < Robin 
Hood '  is  a  powerful  poem  in  ballad  form ; 
<The  Kalenberg  Pastor'  is  a  picture  of  simple 
life;  and  'Popular  Songs  of  the  Krains'  (in- 
habitants of  Carinthia,  Austria)  forms  a  very 
important  collection  of  native   folk-lore. 

Grundtvig,     Nikolai     Frederik     Severln 

(gront-vig).  A  Danish  theologian,  historian, 
and  poet;  born  in  Udby,  Island  of  Seeland, 
Sept.  8,  1783;  died  at  Copenhagen,  Sept.  3, 
1872.  He  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman,  a  very 
precocious  child ;  educated  first  by  his  father 
thoroughly,  then  at  the  University  of  Copen- 
hagen, later  taking  up  a  course  of  study  in 
history,  languages,  religions,  etc.,  with  enor- 
mous industry  and  power  of  assimilation.  His 
first  writings  were  <A  Masked  Ball  in  Den- 
mark,' a  protest  in  prose  and  verse  against  the 
intellectual  frivolity  of  the  time:  <An  Abridg- 
ment of  Norse  Mythology ' ;  and  <  The  Pro- 
gressive Decadence  of  Military  Prowess  and 
Science  in  the  North.'  In  1814  he  took  part 
with  distinction  in  the  Holstein  war.  Later 
becoming  a  pastor,  he  had  to  resign  in  1825 
on  account  of  his  religious  opinions,  devoting 
his  time  thereafter  to  study.  The  powerful 
religious  movement  known  as  Grundtvigism  — 
designed  to  reconstruct  Christianity,  institu- 
tionally and  to  some  extent  doctrinally  —  now 
began  to  shape  itself  in  his  mind.  <  The  Man- 
ual of  Universal  History,'  a  monumental  work 
of  great  value,  clearly  reveals  his  theological 
point  of  view.  <  The  Mythology  of  the  North, 
or  the  Language  of  Symbols  Developed  and 
Explained  by  Means  of  History  and  Poetry' 
(1832)  made  a  sensation  in  the  intellectual 
world.  As  a  poet, '  Little  Norse  Poems,'  <  Phoe- 
nix,' and  others,  have  made  his  name  a  house- 
hold   word    in    the    North.      <  Roskilde    Riin,' 

<  Danish  War  Song,'  <  The  Deliverance  of  Jut- 
land,' and  <  Legends  of  the  Poets  and  Heroes 
of  the  North,'  are  among  his  celebrated  works. 

Gruppe,  Otto  Friedrich  (grop'pe).  A  Ger- 
man poet,  philosopher,  and  critic;  born  in 
Dantzig,  April  15,  1804;  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  7, 
1876.  He  graduated  at  Berlin,  and  after  some 
experiences  in  journalism  and  public  office,  he 
became  a  professor  at  his  alma  mater.  He 
first  won  attention  with  his  <  Antaeus,'  a  work 
on  speculative  philosophy,  written  in  opposi- 
tion to  Hegelianism.  '  The  Tuming-Point  of 
Nineteenth-Century  Philosophy,'  'Ariadne,  the 
Tragic  Art  of  the  Greeks,'  <  Roman  Elegy,> 
'The  Theogony  of  Hesiod,'  and  a  variety  of 
similar  works,  have  earned  him  distinction. 
His  poems  include:  'The  Winds,'  an  effort 
at    Aristophanean    comedy ;    '  Queen    Bertha,' 

<  Emperor  Charles,'  and  '  Alboin,'  three   epic? 


GRYPHIUS  —  GUfiROULT 


937 


of  great  beauty ;  <  Poems  of  Fatherland,'  <  The 
War  of  i866,>  and  other  martial  poems;  <Otto 
von  Wittelsbach,*  a  drama.  These  have  fully 
sustained  the  reputation  made  by  his  earlier 
work.  His  books  on  the  history  of  literature 
are  authoritative. 

Gryphius,  Andreas  (gre'fe-osorgrif'i-us).  A 
German  poet,  dramatist,  and  scholar;  bom  in 
Glogau,  Silesia,  Oct.  ii,  1616;  died  there,  July 
16,  1664.  An  orphan  who  struggled  into  an 
education,  he  was  finally  left  a  comfortable 
legacy  by  a  nobleman  he  had  been  tutor  for: 
he  traveled,  and  published  his  poems ;  but  his 
naturally  morose  temper  was  further  soured  by 
the  political  conditions  of  his  time,  and  his  po- 
etry is  tinctured  with  a  deep  bitterness.  <  Leo 
Armenius,*  <  Catherine  of  Georgia,'  <  The  Mur- 
dered Royalty;  or  Charles  Stuart,*  are  power- 
ful but  sombre  tragedies.  He  was  deemed  one 
of  the  most  profound  scholars  of  his  day, 
having  an  acquaintance  with  eleven  languages. 
Among  his  performances  was  <  Peter  Squenz,' 
an  adaptation  from  a  garbled  transcript  of 
Shakespeare's  <  Midsummer  Night's  Dream.* 

GuadagnoU,  Antonio  (gwad"an-y6'le).  An 
Italian  poet ;  born  in  Arezzo,  in  1798 ;  died  at 
Cortona,  Feb.  21,  1858.  He  belonged  to  an  aris- 
tocratic family,  but  his  means  were  slender 
during  the  greater  part  of  his  life.  His  poems, 
*  The  Nose,>  <  Prattle,*  <  My  Clothes,*  and  <  A 
Woman's  Tongue  Put  to  the  Test,*  display  a 
lively  wit  with  no  malicious  ingredient.  In 
Tuscany  he  was  especially  popular.  His  <  Col- 
lection of  Light  Poetry  *  is  much  quoted. 

Oualandi  (gwal-an'de).    See  Guerrazzi. 

Gualtieri,  Lnigi  (gwaPte-a-'re).  An  Italian 
novelist  and  dramatist ;  born  in  Bologna,  in  1826; 
died  at  San  Remo,  Dec.  — ,  1901.  At  twenty- 
two  he  settled  in  Milan  and  married  the  popular 
actress  Giacinta  Pezzana,  whom  he  accompanied 
on  her  professional  tours.  His  first  novel  was 
<The  Mysteries  of  Italy,*  followed  by  <The 
Anonymous,*  <The  Serpent  of  the  Viscount,* 
< Recollections  of  Ugo  Bassi,*  <God  and  Man,* 
and  the  'Last  Pope,'  together  with  many  others, 
all  of  which  became  popular.  For  the  stage  he 
wrote  :  <The  Duel';  The  Love  of  an  Hour*; 
'Aspects  of  Marriage-' ;  'Heidelberg  Students'; 
and  others. 

Guarlnl,  Giovanni  Battlsta  (gwar-e'ne).  An 
Italian  poet;  born  in  Ferrara,  Dec.  10,  1538; 
died  at  Venice,  Oct.  7, 1612.  He  was  a  very  pre- 
cocious child,  and  extremely  early  became  pro- 
fessor of  literature  and  philosophy  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Ferrara.  He  was  in  diplomatic  posts 
for  various  Italian  princes,  but  lost  them  all 
from  a  quarrelsome  temper,  which  kept  him 
in  hot  water  all  his  life.  As  a  poet,  his  pas- 
toral <  The  Faithful  Shepherd'  (II  Pastor  Fido), 
in  the  style  of  Tasso's  '  Aminta,'  is  the  jewel 
in  his  crown.  The  theme  is  on  the  yearly  sacri- 
fice of  a  maiden  to  Diana  by  the  Arcadians, 
and  offers  opportunities  for  passages  of  offens- 
ive sensuality  as  well  as  of  exquisite  beauty. 
'  Idropica,*  a  five-act  comedy  ;  '  Poems,'  a  small 


collection  of    verse;  and  some   miscellaneous 
writings,  complete  his  productions. 

Gubernatls,  Angelo  de  (go-bar-na'tes).  An 
Italian  critic,  poet,  philologist,  and  historian; 
born  in  Turin,  April  7>  1840.  His  profound 
scholarship  and  versatility  have  won  him  dis- 
tinction in  widely  separated  departments  ol 
literature.  <  The  First  Twenty  Hymns  of  the 
Rig- Veda'  (text  and  translation,  1865);  'Death 
of  Cato'  (1863),  a  drama  in  metre;  'King 
Nala,'  an  Indo-Brahmin  play ;  '  Gabriel,'  a 
novel;  'Zoological  Mythology'  (1872);  and 
many  other  works,  evince  a  complete  mastery 
of  style,  and  exhibit  his  brilliant  attainments. 
Literature  is  further  indebted  to  him  for  his 
invaluable  work  of  reference  entitled  '  Writers 
of  the  Day.' 

Guell  y  Rent6,  J086  (gwely'  e  ran-ta').  A 
Spanish  poet,  historian,  statesman,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  born  in  Havana,  Cuba, 
Sept.  14,  1818;  died  at  Madrid,  Dec.  20,  1884. 
He  studied  law  in  Havana  and  Barcelona, 
A  romantic  attachment  for  Doiia  Josepha 
de  Bourbon,  sister  of  the  King,  ended  in  his 
marriage  to  her,  in  spite  of  tremendous  court 
opposition,  in  1848.  He  sided  with  the  popular 
party  in  the  revolution  of  1854,  and  was  sub- 
sequently elected  to  the  Cortes.  'Tears  of 
the  Heart '  and  <  Heart-Chagrin '  brought  him 
into  prominence  as  a  poet.  '  Meditations, 
Christian,  Philosophical,  and  Political,  for  the 
Use  of  the  People,'  '  Thoughts,  Literary  and 
Political,'  and  many  essays  and  political  pam- 
phlets, comprise  his  prose  writings. 

Guell  y  Rent^,  Juan.  A  Cuban  poet;  born 
in  Havana,  in  1815;  died  in  Madrid,  Spain, 
1875,  ^'^  ^^^^  volume  was  published  in  1843. 
<Sentiments  of  the  Soul,*  poems  (1844);  'Last 
Poems'  (1859)  :  and  'Summer  Nights'  (1861). 

Gu6rin,  Eugenie  and  Maurice  de  (ga-rafi^). 
French  diarists  and  prose-writers ;  sister  and 
brother.  Eugenie  was  born  in  Languedoc, 
Jan.  II  (?),  1805;  died  there  (?),  May  31, 
1848.  Maurice  was  bom  Languedoc,  Aug.  5, 
1810;  died  there,  July  19,  1839.  The  rare  and 
somewhat  hectic  genius  of  the  brother,  enforc- 
ing the  sister's  active  participation,  led  to  their 
joint  literary  career.  The  'Journals'  and  'Letters* 
comprise  the  result  of  this  partnership, 

Guernsey,  Alfred  Hudson.  An  American  editor; 
born  at  Brandon,  Vt.,  1818;  died  in  New  York 
city,  Jan.  I6,  1902.  He  was  for  several  years 
editor  of  Harper's  Magazine  and  associate  editor 
of  the  '  American  Cyclopaedia  '  (1872-76).  To- 
gether with  Henry  M.  Alden  he  was  author  of 
'Harper's  Pictorial  History  of  the  Great  Rebel- 
lion,* writing  the  Eastern  campaigns  (2  vols., 
1862-65)  ;   and  'The  Spanish  Armada'  ( 1882). 

Guernsey,  Lucy  Ellen.  An  American  juvenile- 
story  writer;  born  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  12, 
1826;  died,  Nov,  3,  1899,  She  wrote:  'Old  Stan- 
field  House* ;  '  Through  Unknown  Ways  *  { 
<  Winifred  > ;  etc. 

Gu^roult,  Constant  (ga-rS'^.  A  French 
writer  of  sensational   fiction  |    oam  in  Elbeuf, 


238 


GUERRAZZI  — GUILD 


Feb.  II,  1814;  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  29,  1882.  At 
first  engaged  in  trade,  he  wrote  novels  in  his 
leisure,  and  soon  made  his  fortune.  <  The 
Stranglers  of  Paris,'  written  partly  in  collabo- 
ration, is  his  representative  effort ;  but  <  The 
Beggar  of  Toledo,'  <  Captain  Zamore,'  <  The 
Depths  of  Paris,>  and  <The  Marcellange  Affair  > 
are  powerful  tales  of  the  sensational  order, 
and  gave  rise  to  a  school  of  imitators. 

Guerrazzi,  Francesco  Domenico  (gwer- 
riit'se).  An  Italian  statesman,  romance-writer, 
and  satirist;  born  in  Livorno  (Leghorn),  Aug. 
12,  1804;  died  there,  Sept.  23,  1873.  After  a 
turbulent  political  career,  a  dictatorship  of  some 
months  in  1848,  and  then  a  cell  and  exile,  he 
devoted  himself  mainly  to  literature.  He  had 
already  written  at  23  <  The  Battle  of  Benevento,* 
a  historical  novel  and  his  best  work  in  fiction. 
Other  novels  are :  <  The  Siege  of  Florence,'  a 
romance,  published  under  the  pseudonym  "  An- 
selmo  Gualandi";  'Beatrice  Cenci,'  a  highly 
popular  story ;  <  Veronica  Cybo,  Duchess  of  San 
Giuliano'  and  <The  Hiding-Place  in  the  Wall,' 
both  fine  efforts  of  the  imagination.  A  drama, 
<The  Whites  and  the  Blacks';  a  biographical 
study,  <  The  Life  of  Andrea  Doria ' ;  and  a  vol- 
ume of  orations,  all  show  power.  He  founded 
L'Asino  (The  Ass),  a  satirical  sheet. 

Guerrero,  Teodoro  (ga-ray'ro).  A  Cuban 
poet  and  dramatist ;  born  in  Havana  in  1825. 
He  was  educated  in  Spain,  returning  to  Cuba 
in  1845,  in  which  year  his  first  volume  of 
poems  was  published.  His  drama  <  La  Escala 
del  Poder,'  and  his  comedy  •  La  Cabeza  y 
el  Corazon,'  were  successful.  <  Lecciones  de 
Mundo'  reached  many  editions. 

Guevara,  Antonio  de  (ga-va'ra).  A  Spanish 
historical  and  moral  essayist ;  born  in  Viscaya, 
about  1490 ;  died  in  1545.  After  a  short  career 
at  court  ne  became  a  Franciscan.  Charles  V. 
made  him  his  companion  in  some  of  his  voyages, 
and  gave  him  a  rich  bishopric.  His  humility 
was  proverbial.  His  writings  were  an  influence 
in  the  development  of  Spanish  letters,  being 
distinguished  by  a  great  purity  of  diction  and 
a  courtly  and  graceful  style.  He  applies  the 
teachings    of    history    to    daily    conduct.    His 

<  Marcus  Aurelius,'  for  example,   is   a  sort  of 

<  CyTopsedia,'  and  has  been  translated  into 
many  languages.  'The  Prince's  Time-Piece' 
and  <The  First  Ten  Csesars'  are  manuals  for 
the  ethical  guidance  of  youthful  royalty. 

Guevara  y  Due&as,  Luis  Velez  de  (ga-va'- 
ra e  dwan'yaz).  A  Spanish  dramatist  and 
romancer;  born  in  Ecija,  Andalusia,  January 
1570 ;  died  at  Madrid,  Nov.  10,  1646.  As  a 
young  lawyer  he  won  the  favor  of  King  Philip, 
who  gave  him  his  first  literary  encouragement. 
He  wrote  four  hundred  plays,  all  very  long 
and   full  of  wit.    <  Empire    after   Death '   and 

<  The  King  is  More  Important  than  One's  Own 
Flesh  and  Blood '  are  the  best  known.  He 
also  wrote  a  novel  or  romance,  <  The  Lame 
Devil,'  from  which  Le  Sage  freely  borrowed  in 
writing  upon  the  same  theme. 


Guicciardini,  Francesco  (gwe-char-de'ne). 
^^  distinguished  Italian  historian ;  born  at  Flor- 
ence, March  6,  1483;  died  May  23,  1540.  He 
was  a  prominent  figure  in  the  Italian  public 
life  of  his  time.  His  principal  work,  <  History 
of  Italy,'  recounts  without  passion  or  partisan- 
ship the  political  events  of  1492-1534;  it  was 
published  in  1561-64,  and  republished  ten  times 
m  the  fifty  years  succeeding.  Long  after  his 
death,  appeared  as  <  Unpublished  Works'  (1857- 
67,  10  vols.)  his  < Political  Reminiscences,'  a 
series  of  aphorisms  on  politics;  <The  Govern- 
ment of  Florence,'  an  essay  on  the  forms  of 
government  suited  for  an  Italian  State ;  and  a 

<  History  of  Florence.' 

Guidi,  Carlo  Alessandro  (gwe'de).  An  Ital- 
ian poet ;  born  in  Pavia,  June  14,  1650 ;  died  at 
Frascati,  June  12,  1712.  He  attracted  notice  at 
the  Roman  court  by  his  extreme  hideousness 
of  aspect  and  precocious  charm  of  mind  and 
character.  The  Queen  of  Sweden  lodged  him 
in  her  villa  on  the  Rialto,  and  Pope  Clement 
XL  was  his  patron.  His  fame  depends  prin- 
cipally   upon    his    graceful    lyrics.      <  Poems,' 

<  Daphne,'  <  Six  Homilies  of  Pope  Clement  XI. 
Done  into  Verse,'  and  <  Endymion,'  are  his 
most  admired  compositions.  He  was  killed  by 
the  shock  consequent  upon  discovering  a  typo- 
graphical error  in  one  of  his  works. 

Guidiccionl,  Giovanni  (gwe-de-che-o'ne). 
An  Italian  poet  and  ecclesiastic;  born  in 
Lucca,  Feb.  25,  1500 ;  died  at  Macerata  in  1541. 
He  lived  at  the  court  of  the  Cardinal  Farnese, 
afterwards  Pope  Paul  HI.,  who  employed  him 
in  difficult  diplomatic  missions  and  made  him 
a  bishop.  He  wrote  a  small  volume  of  <  Poems,' 
distinguished  by  a  correct  taste  and  elegant 
diction. 

Guido  y  Spano,  Carlos  (gwe-do  e  spa'no). 
An  Argentine  poet;  born  in  Salta,  March  8, 
1832.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
San  Carlos,  Buenos  Ayres ;  practiced  law ;  was 
elected  deputy  to  the  national  congress,  and 
became  its  president.  He  gained  reputation 
as  a  poet,  and  is  held  in  highest  esteem  by  his 
countrymen.  His  poems  are  gathered  in  the 
volume  entitled  <  Hojas  al  Viento,'  published 
in  1871. 

Guild,  Curtis.  An  American  journalist  and 
author;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1827.  He 
was  the  editor  of  the  Boston  Commercial  Bul- 
letin, which  he  founded  in  1859,  and  was  the 
author  of  several  popular  books  of  travel. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  Over  the  Ocean '  (1871); 
•Abroad  Again'  (1877);  < Britons  and  Musco- 
vites' (1888);  <A  Chat  about  Celebrities.' 

Guild,  Reuben  Aldridge.  An  American  prose- 
writer  ;  born  in  West  Dedham,  Mass.,  Alay  4, 
1822;  died  at  Providence,  May  14,  1899.  His 
published  works  include  :  <  History  of  Brown 
University  with  Illustrative  Documents'  (1867); 
<Chaplain  Smith  and  the  Baptists'  (  1885  ).  He 
edited<Rhode  Island  in  the  Continental  Congress, 
1765-1790,'  by  Wm.  R.  Staples,  ( 1870);  'Letter 
of  John   Cotton,  and   Roger  Williams'  Reply> 


GUILLAUME  DE  LORRIS  — GUMMERE 


239 


(1866);  and  'Queries  of  Highest  Consideration, > 
by  Roger  Williams  ^1867). 

Guillaume  de  Lorris  (ge-yom'  de  16-res'). 
A  French  poet;  born  at  Lorris,  about  121 1; 
died  between  1240  and  1260.  He  appears  to 
have  been  about  25  when  he  wrote  the  first 
part  of  the  famous  <  Roman  de  la  Rose.*  This 
poem  has  been  the  subject  of  extravagant 
eulogy  until  well  within  the  present  century. 
It  has  to  do  with  a  knight  who  arrives  at  the 
Palace  of  Pleasure,  and  has  varied  experiences 
with  Venus  and  her  alluring  but  erratic  com- 
panions. The  rose  in  the  story  has  no  particu- 
lar meaning,  though  the  hero's  task  is  to  pluck 
it.  The  poem  is  in  two  parts,  the  last  being 
from  the  pen  of  Jean  de  Meung. 

Guillaume  de  Machaut  (ge-yom'  de  ma- 
cho'). A  French  poet  and  musician;  born  in 
Machaut,  Seine-et-Marne,  between  1282  and 
3284 ;  died  at  Rheims  about  1377.  He  first 
appeared  in  a  menial  office  at  the  court  of 
Jeanne  of  Navarre,  wife  of  Philip  the  Fair;  be- 
coming the  latter's  valet  in  time,  and  subse- 
quently clerk  to  the  King  of  Bohemia.  A  lady 
of  prominence  at  the  French  court  —  the  wife  of 
the  Comte  de  Foix  according  to  some,  P^ronne 
d'Armenti^res  according  to  others  —  fell  in  love 
with  him,  and  their  amours  are  set  forth  in 
his  <  Voir  Dit  *  or  <  Book  of  Said  and  Seen.' 
'The  Taking  of  Alexandria >  narrates  the  ad- 
ventures of  King  Peter  I.  of  Cyprus.  His 
musical  compositions  were  much  esteemed. 

Guillemard,  Francis  Henry  Hill  (gil'- 
mard").  An  English  traveler  and  scientist  of 
French  descent ;  born  in  Eltham,  Kent,  in  1852. 
He  is  a  graduate  of  Cambridge,  and  for  some 
time  taught  there.  He  has  traveled  extens- 
ively and  explored  many  unfrequented  lands. 
Besides  contributions  to  scientific,  literary,  and 
medical  reviews,  he  has  published  <  The  Cruise 
of  the  Marchesa  to  Kamchatka  and  New 
Guinea  >  (1886;  2d  ed.  1887),  interesting  alike 
to  naturalist,  traveler,  and  general  reader. 

Guiney,  Louise  Imogen.  An  American  poet 
and  essayist;  born  in  Boston,  Jan.  7,  1861. 
Among  her  volumes  of  verse  may  be  men- 
tioned :  <  Verse  > ;  <  Songs  at  the  Start  > ;  <  A 
Roadside  Harp>;  etc.    She  has  also  published: 

<  Goose-Quill  Papers  > ;  <  Brownies  and  Bogles  > ; 
'Monsieur  Henri >;  <A  Little  English  Gallery'; 

<  Lovers'    Saint    Ruths ' ;    <  Patrins ' ;    etc.    She 
has  edited  an  edition  of  Mangan's  poems. 

Guinicelli,  Guido  (gwe-ne-chel'e).  An  Ital- 
ian poet;  born  in  Bologna  about  1240 ;  died  in 
exile  in  1276.  He  held  a  judgeship  in  Bologna 
until  expelled  for  political  reasons.  His  im- 
portance is  due  to  his  great  influence  upon 
Dante,  who  pronounced  him  a  model  of  grace 
and  style,  and  apostrophized  him  in  the  '  In- 
ferno.' The  poems,  so  far  as  they  have  sur- 
vived, scarcely  justify  Dante's  praise.  They 
comprise  seven  canzone  or  songs  in  the  style 
of  the  ode,  and  five  sonnets,  all  dealing  with 
love,  and  characterized  more  by  feeling  and 
beauty  of  sentiment  than  by  power. 


Guinness,  Mrs.  Fanny  E.  An  English  evan- 
gelist and  religious  writer,  wife  of  Henry  G.; 
born  (Fitzgerald)  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  April 
1831.  She  was  one  of  the  earliest  woman 
preachers  of  the  gospel,  and  was  secretary  of 
the  first  Christian  mission  on  the  Congo. 
Besides  works  written  in  collaboration  with 
her  husband,  she  has  published  :  <  She  Spake 
of  Him :  Being  Recollections  of  Mrs.  H.  Den- 
ning' (1872);  'Sitwana's  Story'  (1882);  <The 
Wide  World  and  Our  Work'  (1886);  <New 
World  of  Central  Africa.' 

Guinness,  Henry  Grattan.  An  Irish  evan- 
gelist and  religious  writer;  born  near  Dublin, 
August  1835.  His  chief  work, 'The  Approach- 
ing End  of  the  Age,'  was  issued  in  1878,  and 
has  passed  through  ten  editions.  He  has  also 
written:  'Preaching  for  the  Million'  (1859); 
and  with  his  wife,  '  Light  for  the  Last  Days ' 
( 1886) ; '  Romanism  and  the  Reformation '  ( 1887) ; 
'The  Divine  Programme  of  the  World's  His- 
tory' (1888). 

Guiraud,  Alexandre,  Baron  (ge-ro').  A 
French  poet  and  dramatist ;  born  in  Limoux, 
Dec.  25,  1788;  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  24,  1847.  He 
gave  up  the  management  of  large  inherited 
business  interests  and  took  up  literary  pursuits 
in  Paris,  writing  poems,  plays,  and  miscellane- 
ous prose.  '  The  Maccabees,'  a  tragedy,  was 
his  first  unqualified  success.  His  ode  addressed 
to  tlie  Greeks  had  attracted  some  notice ;  and 
he  now  brought  out  a  volume  of  '  Songs  of 
a  Savoyard,'  which  attained  great  popularity, 
especially  '  The  Little  Savoyard.'  He  wrote 
several  other  dramas,  and  a  romance  or  two. 

Guittone  d'Arezzo  (gwe-to'na  dar-rets'6). 
An  Italian  poet;  born  in  Santa  Firmina,  near 
Arezzo,  about  1230 ;  died  at  Florence,  1294.  He 
received  a  scholarly  training  and  knew  several 
languages.  When  young  he  was  a  military  ad- 
venturer. In  middle  life  he  founded  an  order 
of  monks.  His  poetry  is  remarkable  for  ele- 
gance of  form  and  matter ;  to  him  the  present 
fixed  form  of  the  sonnet  is  largely  due.  He 
left  much  verse,  of  which  thirty-five  sonnets  and 
four  canzone  have  been  preserved. 

Guizot,  Frangois  Pierre  Guillaume  (ge-z6' 
or  giie-zo').  A  great  French  historian  and 
statesman ;  born  at  Nimes,  Oct.  4,  1787 ;  died  at 
Val  Richer,  near  Lisieux,  Sept.  12,  1874.  His 
most  important  works  are :  '  The  History  of 
Civilization  in  Europe';  'The  History  of  Civ- 
ilization in  France';  'History  of  the  English 
Revolution ' ;  '  Shakespeare  and  his  Time ' ; 
and  his  own  '  Memoirs.'  He  also  wrote : 
'  Memoirs  relating  to  the  History  of  France 
to  the  Thirteenth  Century';  'Corneille  and  his 
Time'  (1852);  'Meditations  on  the  Present 
State  of  the  Christian  Religion'  (1865);  'His- 
tory of  France  for  my  Grandchildren'  (1870- 
75). 

Guldberg,  Frederick  Hbegb.  See  H'degh- 
Guldberg. 

Gummere,  Francis  Barton  (gum'ery).  An 
American  teacher  and  author ;  born  at  Burling- 
ton, N.  J.,  March  6,  1855.     He  was   instructor 


a40 


GUMPERT  —  GUSTAPSON 


in  Harvard  College  from  l88l  to  1882;  and  in 
1887  became  professor  of  Englisn  at  Haver- 
ford  College,  Pa.  Besides  miscellaneous  papers 
in  Germanic  philology  and  English  literature, 
he  has  written  :  <The  Anglo-Saxon  Metaphor  > 
( 18S1 ) ;  <  Handbook  of  Poetics  >  ( 1885) ;  <Germanic 
Origins  >  {1862);  <The  Popular  Ballad>  (1907)- 

Gumpert,  Thekla  von  (gom'part).  A  Ger- 
man juvenile  writer ;  born  in  Kalisch,  June  28, 
1810.  She  was  the  daughter  of  a  prominent 
physician.  When  comparatively  young  she 
undertook  the  training  of  the  Princess  Czartor- 
iski's  children,  developing  then  her  talent  as  a 
stury-teller.  <  The  Little  Father  and  his  Grand- 
child,>  <  Aunt's  Trip  to  the  Baths,>  and  <  My 
First  White  Hair,'  are  among  her  greatest 
successes.  In  1856  she  married  Franz  von 
Schober,  under  whose  name  she  is  also  known. 
Her  later  productions,  especially  <  Heart-leaf 
Pastime,*  and  <  Treasury  of  Books  for  Ger- 
many's Daughters,*  have  maintained  her  popu- 
larity.   She  died  April  2, 1897. 

Gunderode,  KaroUne  von  (gUn'de-ro-di).  A 
German  poet ;  bom  in  Karlsruhe,  Feb.  II,  1780; 
died  at  Winkel  on  the  Rhine,  July  26,  1806. 
An  unfortunate  love  affair  with  the  scholar 
Creuzer  confirmed  her  natural  tendency  to  mel- 
ancholy and  mysticism,  by  which  her  poetry 
is  much  colored,  and  she  finally  committed  sui- 
cide. She  sometimes  used  the  pseudonym 
"  Tian.»  <  Poems  and  Fancies  *  and  <  Poetic 
Fragments*  are  her  best  efforts. 

Gundulic,  Ivan  (gbn'dd-litch).  [""Ciovanni 
Gondola.**]  A  Dalmatian  poet;  born  in  Ra- 
gusa,  Jan.  8,  1588;  died  there,  Dec.  8,  1638.  His 
writings  show  extensive  acquaintance  with  the 
philosophy,  jurisprudence,  and  ethics  of  his 
time,  but  little  is  known  of  this  first  dramatic 
poet  among  the  Slavs.  His  greatest  poem  is 
'  Osman,*  an  epic  in  twenty  books,  presenting 
a  stirring  panorama  of  the  career  of  one  of 
the  Turkish  Sultans,  with  the  Polish-Turkish 
war  of  1621  for  a  background.  His  dramas 
are  pleasing  and  finished  productions.  <  Proser- 
pina,* 'Cleopatra,*  <Arijadna,*  and  <Dubravka> 
show  a  rich  and  fertile  imagination.  Among 
his  elegies,  <  The  Tears  of  a  Lost  Son  *  is  full 
of  lofty  and  tender  expression. 

Gunaaulus,  Frank  Wakeley.  An  American 
clergyman,  novelist,  and  poet ;  born  at  Chester- 
ville,  O.,  Jan.  I,  1856.  He  graduated  at  the 
Ohio  Wesleyan  University  in  1875.  Since  1887 
he  has  been  the  pastor  of  a  Congregational 
church  in  Chicago,  and  has  been  for  some 
years  director  of  the  Armour  Institute.  Among 
his  works  are :  <  The  Transfiguration  of  Christ  * 
(1886);  <Monk  and  Knight:  An  Historical 
Study  in  Fiction*  (1890);  <  Phidias  and  Other 
Poems*  (1892);  < Songs  of  Night  and  Day.* 

Gunter,  Archibald  Clavering.  An  Ameri- 
can civil  engineer,  stock-broker,  playwright, 
publisher,  and  novelist ;  bom  in  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  25,  1847.  When  five  years  old  he 
was  taken  to  California  by  his  parents.  He 
received    his    education   mostly   in   California, 


taking  the  degree  of  Ph.  B.  at  University  Col- 
lege, San  Francisco.  He  was  a  mining  and 
civil  engineer  in  the  West  from  1867  until  1874, 
when  he  became  a  stock-broker.  In  1877  he 
removed  to  New  York,  where  he  devoted  him- 
self to  writing  plays  and  novels.  The  best- 
known  of  the  former  are  :  <  Courage  * ;  <  Prince 
Karl*;  <The  Deacon's  Daughter.*  His  most 
popular  novels  are  :  *  Mr.  Barnes  of  New  York  * 
(1887),  translated  into  several  foreign  languages, 
and  <Mr.  Potter  of  Texas*  (1888),  both  suc- 
cessfully dramatized ;  <  That  Frenchman  *  (1889); 
<Miss  Nobody  of  Nowhere*  (1890);  < Baron 
Montez  of  Panama  and  Paris*  (1893);  <A 
Florida  Enchantment.*     He  died  1907. 

Giinther,  Albert  Karl  Ludwlg  Gotthelf 
(giin'ter).  A  German  librarian  and  ichthyolo- 
gist; born  at  Esslingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  3, 
1830.  He  is  co-editor  of  the  <  Annals  and 
Magazine  of  Natural  History,*  and  author  of 
<The  Reptiles  of  British  India*  (1864);  <The 
Fishes  of  the  South  Seas*  (1873-78);  <Thc 
Gigantic  Land  Tortoises,  Living  and  Extinct' 
(1877);  <An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Fishes 
(1880);  <  Reptiles  and  Batrachians  of  Central 
America.' 

Giintber,  Johann  Christian.  A  German 
poet ;  born  in  Striegau,  Lower  Silesia,  April  8, 
1695;  died  at  Jena,  March  15,  1723.  He  i;t 
celebrated  for  his  <  Peace  of  Passarowitz  *  and 
numerous  lyrics. 

Gurowskl,  Adam  de.  Count  (grof'ske).  A 
Polish  scholar  and  author;  born  at  Kalisz,  Sept. 
10,  1805 ;  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  May  4, 
1866.  In  early  life  he  was  a  leading  Polish 
patriot,  and  an  instigator  of  the  revolution  of 
1830.  Later  he  became  an  advocate  of  Pan- 
slavism,  and  was  employed  in  Russia.  In  1841 
he  left  the  latter  country  and  studied  in  Ber- 
lin, and  in  Bern,  Switzerland.  In  1849  he  came 
to  the  United  States,  and  from  1861  to  1863 
was  a  translator  in  the  State  Department  at 
Washington.  Among  his  works,  several  of 
which  were  written  in  French  and  German, 
are:  < Civilization  and  Russia*  (1840);  'Pan- 
slavism*  (1848);  'Russia  as  It  Is*  (1854);  <The 
Turkish  Question*  {1854);  'My  Diary:  Notes 
on  the  Civil  War*  (1862  to  1866), 

Guseck,  Bernd  von  (gos'ek),  pseudonym 
of  Gustave  von  Berneck,  a  German  novelist 
and  writer  on  military  topics;  born  in  Kirch- 
hain,  Niederlausitz,  Oct.  28,  1803;  died  at 
Berlin,  July  8,  1871.  His  novels  have  for 
the  most  part  a  historical  background,  and 
are  meritorious  without  being  great.  'The 
Hand  of  the  Stranger,*  <  The  First  Robbery  in 
Germany,*  and  '  Katharina  von  Schwarzburg,* 
are  noteworthy  in  a  somewhat  extended  list. 
He  wrote  a  play  or  two,  translated  Dante's 
'  Divine  Comedy,*  and  completed  a  history  of 
the  art  of  war. 

Gustafsou,  Zadel  Barnes  Buddlngton.    An 

American  poet  and  prose-writer;  born  in  Mid- 
dletown.  Conn.,  about  1841.  Her  poem  'Little 
Martin  Craghan*  was  very  popular.  Among 
her    well-known    works    are :    '  Can    the    Old 


GUSTAV  VOM  SEE  — GYULAI 


241 


Lov«?>  (1871);  <Megr,  a   Pastoral  >;  and  other 
poems,  1879  ;  <  Zophiel.or  the  Bride  of  Seven.> 

Gufltav  vom  See  (gos'taf  vom  sa),  pseudonym 
of  Gustav  von  Struensee.  A  German  novelist; 
bom  in  Greifenberg,  Pomerania,  Dec.  13,  1803; 
died  at  Breslau,  Sept.  29,  1875.  He  gave  up 
law  to  write  the  series  of  romances  and  nov- 
els—  notably  <  Ranc<,>  <  The  Siege  of  Rheinfels,> 
and  <The  Egoists' — which  have  given  him  a 
name. 

Guthrie,  James  Carglll,  A  Scotch  poet; 
bom  in  Forfarshire,  Aug.  27,  1814;  a  promi- 
nent clergyman,  but  for  years  a  librarian  at 
Dundee.  He  has  written  some  exceedingly 
happy  studies  in  verse,  —  <  Village  Scenes' 
(1851),  <  Wedded  Love>  (1865),  and  <  Woodland 
Echoes'  (1878);  besides  a  volume  on  <01d 
Scottish  Customs*  (1885),  a  pleasing  work  in 
prose. 

Guthrie,  Thomas  A.    See  Ansley, 

Gutierrez,  Antonio  Garcia  (go-te-ar'eth). 
A  Spanish  dramatist ;  bom  in  Chiclana,  Cadiz, 
in  1812;  died  at  Madrid,  Aug.  26,  1884.  He 
gave  up  medicine  for  the  profession  of  letters ; 
living  at  first  in  great  destitution,  until  the 
play  <E1  Trovador'  made  him  famous  and 
immensely  popular.  He  visited  the  United 
States  in  1844.  Later  he  became  a  theatrical 
manager  in  Madrid,  writing  <The  Campaign 
of  Huesca,'  <The  Page,'  and  other  noble  tra- 
gedies. 

Guttlnguer,  Ulric  (gii-tang-wa').  A  French 
poet,  journalist,  and  man  of  letters;  bom  in 
Rouen  in  1785 ;  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  21,  1866. 
He  was  an  extreme  partisan  of  the  romantic 
school.  He  won  fame  with  <  Nadir,'  a  collec- 
tion of  criticisms,  and  essays  on  literary  and 
sentimental  subjects.  His  masterpiece,  how- 
ever, is  the  volume  of  <  Poetic  Miscellany,'  ori- 
ginally contributed  to  the  Muse  Fran9aise. 
He  wrote  several  novels,  a  <  Dithyramb  on 
Lord  Byron's  Death,'  impressions  of  travel, 
and  much  fugitive  verse. 

Gutzkow,  Karl  Ferdinand  (gots'ko).  A 
German  poet,  journalist,  dramatist,  and  critic ; 
bom  in  Berlin,  March  17,  1811;  died  at  Sachs- 
enhausen,  near  Frankfort  on  the  Main,  Dec.  16, 
1878.  He  was  an  early  and  thorough  student 
of  history  and  literature.  His  essay  <0n  the 
Fate-Decreeing  Deities'  (De  Diis  Fatalibus) 
won  him  a  prize  and  reputation;  and  his  next 
performance,  <  The  Forum  of  Literature  and  the 
Press,'  obtained  for  him  a  place  as  assistant 
to  Wolfgang  Menzel,  then  the  greatest  editor 
in  Stuttgart.  <  The  Letters  of  a  Fool  of  a  Man 
to  a  Fool  of  a  Woman,'  and  a  fanciful  tale, 
<  Maha  Gum,  the  Story  of  a  God,'  were  very 
popular.  He  incurred  the  censure  of  the  au- 
thorities, and  brought  about  a  rupture  with 
Menzel,  by  injudicious  utterances  in  his  journal ; 


and  was  thrown  into  prison,  where  he  wrote 
his  <  Philosophy  of  History.'  He  had  already 
brought  out  his  <Wally,  the  Skeptic,'  a  novel 
which  added  as  much  to  his  troubles  as  to 
his  fame.  His  plays  are  considered  his  best 
woik  :  notably  <  Queue  and  Sword,' a  comedy ; 

<  Uriel  Acosta,'  a  tragedy ;  <  The  King's  Lieu- 
tenant,' a  drama  in  which  the  young  Goethe 
is  portrayed ;  and  five  or  six  others.  Of  his 
novels,  *  Die  Ritter  vom  Geiste'  (The  Knight« 
of  the  Mind)  and  <  The  Magician  of  Rome  > 
have  attained  a  wide  popular  circulation  and 
influence. 

Guyot,  Arnold  Henry  (ge-5').  A  Swiss 
geographer  and  author;  bom  near  Neuchatel, 
Switzerland,  Sept  28,  1807;  died  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  Feb.  8,  1884.  He  studied  at  several  Eu- 
ropean universities,  and  graduated  as  Ph.  D. 
from  Berlin  in  1835.  After  four  years  of  study 
in  Paris  he  became  the  colleague  of  Agassir 
at  the  Academy  of  Neuchatel,  as  professor  of 
physical  geography  there.  He  removed  to  the 
United  States  in  1848,  and  from  1854  till  his 
death  was  professor  of  physical  geography  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.  Among  his  numerous  works 
are:  <  Earth  and  Man'  (1849);  <  Directions  for 
Meteorological  Observations'  {1850);  a  series 
of  school  geographies  (1866-75);  *A  Memoir  of 
Louis  Agassiz'  (1883);  'Biblical  Cosmogony' 
(1884). 

Gyllembourg  -  Ehrensvard,  Thomaslne 
Christine,  Countess  (gul'em-borG"  a'rens- 
verd").  A  Danish  writer  of  fiction;  bom 
(Buntzen)  in  Copenhagen,  Nov.  19,  1773;  died 
there  (?),  July  2,  1856.  Her  first  marriage  at 
16  being  annulled  at  25  by  her  husband's  exile 
for  liberalism,  she  married  a  Swedish  noble- 
man, who,  implicated  in  Gustavus  HI.'s  assas- 
sination, had  taken  refuge  in  Denmark.  At  53 
she  wrote  her  first  novel,  the  <  Polonius  Family,' 
as  a  contribution  to  her  son's  paper;  and  its 
success  induced  the  production  of  <  Dream  and 
Reality,'  <Two  Ages,'  and  many  others  that 
made  her  famous.  She  signed  herself  "  The 
Author  of  Every-Day  History,"  and  concealed 
her  identity  until  death. 

Gyp.    See  Martel  de  Janvllle. 

Gyulal,  Pftl  (jo'll).  A  Hungarian  poet  and 
critic  ;  born  at  Klausenburg  in  1826.  He  began 
as  a  journalist.  Later  he  was  made  professor 
of  Hungarian  literature  at  the  University  of 
Buda-Pesth.  His  works  include  <  The  Life  of 
Vorosmarty,'  <  Memorial  Addresses,'  and  many 
literary  studies  and  criticisms.  His  collected 
poems  appeared  in  1867,  in  a  volume  entitled 

<  Sketches  and  Pictures.'  For  many  years  past 
he  has  been  at  work  upon  a  satirical  poem 
scathing  the  present  age  and  its  follies,  called 

<  Romh&nyi '  and  modeled  upon  Byron.  He 
edits  the  Buda-Pesth  Szemle,  a  monthly  maga< 
zine. 


16 


242 


HAAR-HAGEDORN 


H 


Haar,  Bernard  ter  (har).  A  Dutch  poet; 
born  in  Amsterdam,  June  13, 1806;  died  at  Velp, 
near  Arnheim,  Nov.  19,  1880.  For  a  time  he 
held  the  professorship  of  church  history  at  the 
Utrecht  University.  His  work,  chiefly  on  the 
subject  of  Christianity  and  its  development,  is 
characterized  by  elegance  of  diction  and  wealth 
of  imagery.  His  •  Herbert  and  Clara,>  first  pub- 
lished in  1844,  is  now  one  of  the  most  popular 
pieces  of  verse  with  the  people  of  the  Nether- 
lands. His  other  works  include  <  Eliza's  Flight,* 
and  a  collected  edition  of  the  various  poems. 

Habberton,  John.  An  American  journalist 
and  novelist ;  born  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Feb. 
24,  1842.  After  service  in  the  Civil  War,  he 
became  literary  editor  of  the  Christian  Union 
(1874),  and  editorial  writer  on  the  New  York 
Herald  (1877).  His  best  known  novel  is 
< Helen's  Babies*  (1876),  of  which  over  150,000 
copies  were  sold.  Among  the  others  are  :  <  The 
Barton  Experiment*  (1876);  <  The  Worst  Boy 
in  Town*  (1880);  <Mrs.  Mayburn's  Twins* 
(1882);  <Who  was  Paul  Grayson?*  <  Brueton's 
Bayou*;  <Grown-Up-Babies  *;  <Deacon  Crankett.* 

Haberstich,  Samuel.    See  Bitter. 

Habicht.  Ludwig  (hab'icht).  A  German 
novelist;  born  in  Sprottau,  July  23,  1830.  His 
first  success  was  the  novel  <The  Town  Clerk 
of  Liegnitz,*  which  still  remains  his  best-known 
work;  but  among  his  popular  fictions,  'Will 
and  World,*  <  In  the  Sunshine,*  and  <  Before 
the  Storm,*  are  worthy  of  special  mention. 

Hackett,  Horatio  Balch.  A  distinguished 
American  Baptist  divine ;  born  at  Salisbury, 
Mass.,  Dec.  27,  1808 ;  died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
Nov.  2,  1875.  He  was  one  of  the  committee 
of  New  Testament  revision,  and  with  Ezra 
Abbot  edited  the  American  edition  of  Smith's 
'Bible  Dictionary*  (1868-70).  His  chief  work 
was  a  'Commentary  on  Acts*  (1851);  besides 
which  he  wrote  <  Memorials  of  Christian  Men 
in  the  War*  (1864);  <Tour  in  the  Holy  Land* 
(new  ed.  1882);  etc. 

Hackett,  James  Henry.  A  famous  Ameri- 
can actor;  bom  at  New  York,  March  15,  1800; 
died  at  Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  28,  1871.  He  was 
particularly  successful  in  impersonating  Yan- 
kees and  Westerners,  but  was  best  known  by 
his  Falstaff,  which  he  played  first  about  1832. 
He  wrote  <  Notes  and  Comments  on  Shakes- 
peare* (1863). 

Hacklander,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  von  (hak'- 
len-der).  A  German  romance-writer  and  hu- 
morist; born  1816;  died  1877.  He  was  in  both 
military  and  mercantile  life  for  a  time,  and 
based  some  of  his  most  popular  works  on  his 
personal  experiences.  Among  his  writings  are  : 
'  Scenes  of  Military  Life  * ;  <  The  Soldier's  Life 


in  Peace*;  'Traffic  and  Trade >  (Handel  und 
Wandel);  'Anonymous  Stories  * ;  <  Pilgrimage  to 
Mecca  * ;  <  Pictures  of  Life  * :  <  Forbidden  Fruit.* 
His  position  in  German  literature  is  one  of 
great  distinction. 

Hadlaub,  Jobann  (had'loub).  A  German 
writer  of  pleasing  minne  or  love  songs;  flour- 
ished about  1400 ;  lived  mostly  in  or  near  Zu- 
rich. His  poetry  is  of  special  historical  value 
as  affording  our  sole  insight  into  some  customs 
of  private  life  and  the  way  they  were  then 
viewed.  Harvests  and  autumn  scenes  also  af- 
ford him  themes  for  attractive  lines. 

Hadley,    Arthur   Twining.      An   American 

political  economist,  president  of  Yale  Univer- 
sity since  1899  ;  born  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
April  23,  1856.  He  has  published :  <  Railroad 
Transportation*  (1885);  'Private  Property  and 
Public  Welfare  * ;  and  a  manual  of  <  Economics.* 

Haeckel,  Ernst  (hek'el).  A  German  natur- 
alist of  the  first  rank,  born  at  Potsdam,  Feb. 
16,  1834.  His  purely  scientific  works  have  been 
translated  into  many  languages.  His  popular 
books  include :  '  On  the  Division  of  Labor 
in  Nature  and  Human  Life'  (1869);  <On  the 
Origin  and  Genealogy  of  the  Human  Race* 
(1870);  'Life  in  the  Great  Marine  Animals' 
(1870);  'The  Arabian  Corals'  (1873);  'The 
System  of  the  Medusa'  (1880);  and  'A  Visit 
to  Ceylon  ' ;  '  World  Riddles  >  (1899). 

Haflfner,  Karl  (haf'ner).  An  Austrian  play- 
wright ;  born  in  Konigsberg,  Nov.  8,  1804 ;  died 
at  Vienna,  Feb.  29,  1876.  He  went  on  the 
stage  at  16,  and  rose  rapidly  to  eminence.  He 
wrote  a  hundred  or  so  dramatic  pieces  of  vari- 
ous kinds ;  '  Theresa  Krones '  alone  merits 
notice,  the  others  being  local  and  ephemeral. 

Hafiz,  Ebwaja  Shams-ad-dIn   Muhammad 

(Pers.  pro.  ha-fiz).  Persia's  famous  lyric  poet; 
born  at  Shiraz,  about  1300 ;  died  there,  1389. 
The  most  complete  English  edition  of  his 
works  is  that  of  H.  Wilberforce  Clarke  :  '  The 
Divan  i  Hafiz,  Translated'  (1891).  Hafiz  seems 
to  be  most  characteristic  in  his  many  '  Ghazels' 
or  odes,  whose  themes  are  his  own  emotions. 
Sir  William  Jones  was  one  of  the  first  English 
translators.  Other  English  translations  include  : 
'  Selections  from  Hafiz'  (1875),  by  H.  Bicknell ; 
<  Persian  Poetry  for  English  Readers  *  (pri- 
vately printed,  1883),  by  S.  Robinson;  'Ghazels 
from  the  Divan  of  Hafiz*  (1893),  by  Justin 
Huntley  McCarthy.  There  is  a  complete  Ger- 
man translation  by  V.  von  Rosenzweig  (3  vols,, 
1856-64). 

Hagedorn,  Friedrich  von  (ha'ge-dorn).  A 
German  poet ;  born  at  Hamburg,  April  23, 
1708;  died  there,  Oct.  28,  1754.  He  was  suc- 
cessively in  diplomacy,  law,  and  trade,  giving 


HAGGARD -HALE 


M3 


his  leisure  to  literature.  A  volume  of  'Poetry, 
Fables,  and  Narratives,'  in  1738,  after  Lafon- 
taine's  style,  was  well  received,  and  followed 
by  <  Odes  and  Songs,'  and  versified  tales  of  a 
moral  tendency.  He  is  noted  for  good  taste 
and  a  pleasing  style. 

Haggard,  Henry  Rider.  An  English  nov- 
elist; bom  at  Bradenham,  Norfolk,  June  22, 
1856.  His  long  residence  in  South  Africa 
afforded  him  much  of  the  material  for  his 
fictions.  'King  Solomon's  Mines'  (1885)  and 
< Allan  Quatermain>  (1887)  were  not  particu- 
larly successful ;  but  <  She,'  an  extravaganza  of 
adventure  and  supematuralism,  made  his  name 
really  celebrated.  His  later  works  include  <  Mr. 
Meeson's  Will,^  'Cleopatra,'  'The  World's  De- 
sire ' ; '  Stella  Fregelius ' ;  <  The  Brethren  >;  etc. 

Hague,  Arnold.  An  American  geologist; 
born  in  Boston,  Dec.  3,  1840 ;  graduated  at  the 
Sheffield  Scientific  School  of  Yale  (1863);  after 
which  he  studied  three  years  at  the  univer- 
sities of  Gottingen  and  Heidelberg.  In  1867 
he  was  appointed  assistant  geologist  on  the 
United  States  geological  exploration  of  the  40th 
parallel,  under  Clarence  King.  In  part,  his 
published  works  are :  <  The  Volcanoes  of  Cal- 
ifornia, Oregon,  and  Washington  Territory' 
(1883); '  The  Volcanic  Rocks  of  theGreat  Basin' 
(1884);  <  The  Volcanic  Rocks  of  Salvador ';  <  Crys- 
tallization in  the  Igneous  Rocks  of  Washoe ' ; 
<  Geology  of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park.' 

Hague,  William.  An  American  clergyman 
and  prose-writer;  born  in  Pelham,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
4,  1808 ;  died  in  Boston,  Aug.  i,  1887.  He  held 
pastorates  in  Baptist  churches  in  Utica,  N.  Y., 
Boston,  Providence,  and  New  York ;  and  was 
professor  of  homiletics  in  the  Baptist  Theo- 
logical Seminary  at  Chicago  in  1869.  Besides 
his  writings  on  religion,  he  published  <  Ralph 
Waldo  Emerson,'  and  '  Life  Notes,  or  Fifty 
Years'  Outlook.' 

Hahn,  Yelena  Andreyevna  (han).  A  Rus- 
sian novelist;  born  (Fadeyev)  in  1814;  died  at 
St  Petersburg  in  1842.  Of  her  stories,  'Ut- 
balla,'  'The  World's  Judgment,'  and  'Theo- 
phania,'  are  the  most  important. 

Hahn,  Ludwlg  Phillpp  (han).  A  German 
dramatist ;  born  in  Trippstedt,  Pfalz,  March  22, 
1746;  died  at  Zweibriicken,  1814.  His  trage- 
dies 'Count  Karl  of  Adelsberg'  and  'Robert 
von  Hohenecken'  are  his  ablest  efforts.  He 
belongs  to  the  "  storm  and  stress "  period  of 
German  literature,  and  displays  its  traits.  He 
is  sometimes  confused  with  Johann  Friedrich 
Hahn,  an  occasional  poet,  bo'n  about  I75<'» 
died  in  1779. 

Hahn-Habn,  Ida  von,  Countess  (han'han). 
A  German  novelist;  bom  at  Tressow,  Meck- 
lenburg-Schwerin,  June  22,  1805  ;  died  at  Mainz, 
May  12,  1880.  Domestic  troubles  involving  a 
separation  from  her  husband  turned  her  mind 
to  travel  and  literature.  The  scenes  familiar 
to  her  were  reproduced  in  her  novels,  which 
met  with  popular  favor,  particularly  'Ulrich' 
and    <Two    Women.'    At    the    height   of    her 


career  she  became  a  convert  to  the  Catholic 
faith.  She  now  produced  various  books  of  •»• 
proselytizing  nature,  and  in  1852  took  the  veil. 
Her  death  took  place  in  a  convent  founded 
by  herself. 

Hake,  Thomas  Gordon.  An  English  poet 
and  physician;  born  in  Leeds,  in  1809;  died  in 
London,  Jan.  il,  1895.  He  took  his  medical 
degree  at  Glasgow  University  in  1831,  and 
practiced  his  profession  in  East  Anglia,  later 
becoming  the  physician  and  friend  of  Dante 
Gabriel  Rossetti.  His  poetry  is  thoroughly 
original,  but  quaint,  vague,  and  subtly  philo- 
sophical. His  works  include  :  '  Poetic  Lucubra- 
tions'  (1828);  'Vates:  A  Prose  Epic'  (1839); 
'  New  S>Tnbols,'  verse  (1875);  '  Maiden  Ecstasy,' 
verse  (1880);  <A  Divine  Pastoral'  (1883). 

Hakluyt,  Richard  (hak'lot).  An  eminent 
English  geographer ;  born  in  Herefordshire  (or 
London?)  in  1552  or  1553  ;  died  Nov,  23, 
161 6.  He  had  a  passion  for  and  keen  insight 
into  cosmographic  questions ;  and  introduced 
globes  into  English  schools.  He  took  holy 
orders,  and  held  befitting  positions  under  gov- 
ernment. In  1598  appeared  his  great  history 
of  the  important  voyages  of  English  seamen. 
The  Hakluyt  Society,  of  London,  which  pub- 
lishes old  and  rare  books  on  geography  and 
navigation,  was  named  in  his  honor. 

Halderman,  Samuel  Stehman.  An  Ameri- 
can naturalist  and  prose-writer ;  bom  in  Locust 
Grove,  Pa.,  Aug.  12,  1812;  died  in  Chickies, 
Pa.,  Sept.  10,  1880.  He  was  the  first  to  hold 
the  chair  of  comparative  philology  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania;  was  a  member  of 
many  scientific  societies,  and  was  editor  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Farmers'  Journal.  Among  his  pub- 
lished works  are:  'Zoological  Contributions' 
(1842-43);  'Rhymes  of  the  Poets,'  published 
under  the  pen-name  of  "Felix  Ago"  (1868); 
'Pennsylvania  Dutch'  (1872);  'Outlines  of  Ety- 
mology' (1877);  and  'Word  Building'  (1881). 

Hale,  Edward  Everett.  A  distinguished 
American  divine  and  prose-writer;  born  April 
3,  1822,  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  where  he  re- 
sides. He  has  strongly  impressed  his  individu- 
ality upon  his  time.  He  is  singularly  felicitous 
as  a  writer  of  short  stories,  among  which  the 
most  widely  read  are :  '  My  Double  and  How 
He  Undid  Me';  'The  Man  Without  a  Coun- 
try'; 'The  Skeleton  in  the  Closet';  'Ten 
Times  One  Is  Ten';  'In  His  Name.'  One 
well-known  collection  is  entitled  '  The  Ing- 
ham Papers.'  Among  his  longer  stories  are : 
'  Philip  Nolan's  Friends  > ;  '  Mr.  Tangier's  Va- 
cations ' ;  'Ups  and  Downs';  'Fortunes  of  Rachel'; 
'  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson ' ;  '  We  the  People  > ; 
'  New  England  Ballads  ' ; '  Prayers  in  the  United 
States  Senate ' ;  Foundation  of  the  Republic' 
His  influence  has  been  marked,  and  his  name  is 
familiarly  known  and  cherished  throughout  the 
United  States.  He  died  June  10,  1909,  at  Rox- 
hury,  Mass. 

Hale,  Horatio.  An  American  ethnologist  and 
lawyer  ;  bom  in  Newport,  N.  11.,  May  3,  1817; 
died  in  Clinton,  Can.,  Dec.  29,  1896.     Shortly 


«44 


HALE  — HALL 


after  graduating  at  Hanrard  he  was  made  phi- 
lologist to  the  government  exploring  expedition 
under  Capt.  Wilkes,  and  studied  the  languages 
of  the  Pacific  Islands,  North  and  South  Amer- 
ica, Australia,  and  Africa.  The  results  of  his 
observations  were  published  in  <  Ethnography 
and  Philology)  (1846).  From  1855  he  practiced 
law  at  C'inton.  His  other  works  are:  <  Indian 
Migrations  as  Evidenced  by  Language*  (1883); 
<The  Iroquois  Book  of  Rites>  (1883);  <  A  Report 
on  Blackfoot  Tribes  >  (1885). 

Hale,  Lucretia  Peabody.  An  American  author, 
sister  of  E.  E.  Hale;  born  in  Boston,  Mass., 
Sept.  3,  1820;  died  there,  June  12,  19CX).  She 
published,  among  other  works,  <The  Lord's 
Supper  and  its  Observance*  (1866);  <The  Ser- 
vice of  Sorrow)  (1867) ;  <The  Wolf  at  the  Door) 
in  the  <No  Name  Series)  (1877);  <The  Peterkin 
Papers)  (1882);  <The  Last  of  the  Peterkins) 
(1886).  She  also  wrote  <The  New  Harry  and 
Lucy)  (with  E.  E.  Hale).  Her  chief  fame  is  as 
the  creator  of  the  Peterkins,  who  have  become 
recognized  types  of  humorous  character. 

Hale,  Sarah  Josepha  (Buell).  An  Ameri- 
can editor  and  writer ;  born  in  Newport,  N.  H., 
Oct  24,  1788;  died  in  Philadelphia,  April  30, 
1879.  From  1828  until  1837  she  edited  the 
Ladies'  Magazine,  which  was  then  merged  into 
Godey's  Lady's  Book,  of  which  she  became  edi- 
tor. Among  her  publications  are  :  <  Sketches 
of  all  Distinguished  Women  from  the  Creation 
to  the  Present  Day>  (1853);  <  The  Genms  of 
Oblivion,  and  Other  Poems  > ;  <  Northwood,)  a 
novel  {1827);  <  Sketches  of  American  Charac- 
ter*; <  Traits  of  American  Life  > ;  and  many 
others. 

Hale,  Susan.  An  American  artist,  writer  of 
travels,  and  biographer,  sister  of  E.  E.  Hale ; 
born  at  Boston,  1838.  She  has  written  <  Life 
and  Letters  of  Thomas  Gold  Appleton*  {1885). 
With  her  brother  she  wrote  the  <  Family  Flight  * 
scries  of  travels  for  young  people. 

Hd,le]E  Vitezlav  (hal'ek).  A  Czech  poet; 
born  at  Dolinek,  Bohemia,  April  5,  1835;  died 
at  Prague,  Oct.  8,  1874.  His  lyric  poems  have 
met  with  wider  appreciation  than  his  stories 
among  his  countrymen.  His  plays  have  been 
staged  with  success.  His  best  poetry  appears 
in  a  volume  entitled  •  Nature.) 

Halivy,  Ludovic  (a-la-ve').  A  French  nov- 
elist and  dramatist  of  Jewish  extraction ;  born 
at  Paris  July  i,  1834.  At  first  adopting  an  official 
career,  the  success  of  his  librettos  for  Offen- 
bach turned  him  towards  the  drama,  where  he 
won  fame  and  fortune.  With  Henri  Meilhac 
he  collaborated  in  works  unique  even  on  the 
French  stage.  His  peculiar  gift  is  an  irony 
exquisitely  adapted  to  a  French  audience:  <  La 
Belle  H^l&ne>  and  <The  Grand  Duchess  of 
G^rolstein)  are  instances.  In  1882  appeared 
<  L'Abb<  Constantin,)  a  novel  which  has  been 
enormously  successful.  He  has  since  written 
three  or  four  others,  besides  sketches;  and  in 
dramatic  trifles  he  is  most  prolific.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Academy  in  1886.    D.  May  8, 1908. 


Eallburton,    Thomai    Cliaudl«r.      ["  Sam 

Slick.))]  A  Canadian  author;  bom  at  Wind- 
sor, Nova  Scotia,  in  1796;  died  at  Isleworth, 
near  London,  Aug.  27, 1865.  Originally  a  lawyer, 
he  became  a  judge  in  Nova  Scotia.  In  addition 
to  his  famous  <Sam  Slick)  papers  (1835)  he 
produced  serious  historical  and  sociological 
books,  dealing  principally  with  conditions  in 
Nova  Scotia.  He  removed  to  England  after 
resigning  his  colonial  judgeship,  and  was  a 
Member  of  Parliament  m  1859. 

Hall,  Ann  Maria  Fielding,  Mrs.  An  Irish 
writer  of  fiction,  wife  of  Samuel  C;  born  at 
Dublin,  Jan.  6,  1800 ;  died  Jan.  30,  1881.  At  one 
time  her  novels  and  short  stories  of  Irish  life 
enjoyed  great  popularity.  Besides  the  works 
written  in  collaboration  with  her  husband  (for 
which  see  his  name)  she  published:  <  Sketches 
of  Irish  Character)  (1829);  <The  Buccaneer) 
(1832);  < Lights  and  Shadows  of  Irish  Life* 
(1838);  < Tales  of  the  Irish  Peasantry)  (1840). 
Of  her  dramas  the  most  successful  was  <The 
French  Refugee,)  produced  in  1837. 

Hall,  Basil.  A  British  naval  officer  and 
traveler;  bom  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  31,  1788; 
died  at  Portsmouth,  England,  Sept.  11,  1844- 
He  accompanied  Lord  Amherst's  embassy  to 
China  (1815-17),  assisting  in  important  explora- 
tions of  the  eastern  seas ;  and  visited  the  United 
States  in  1827.  He  wrote :  <  Voyage  of  Dis- 
covery to  the  West  Coast  of  Corea,  etc.)  (1818) ; 
< Travels  in  North  America)  (1829);  < Frag- 
ments of  Voyages  and  Travels)  (1831-33),  his 
best  work ;  and  others. 

TTftH,  Christopher  Newman.  An  English 
clergyman  and  religious  writer  ;  bom  at  Maid- 
stone, May  22,  1816;  died  in  London,  Feb.  18, 
1902.  He  was  minister  of  Christ  Church  in 
Hull.  He  was  a  staunch  friend  of  the  Northern 
cause  during  the  Civil  War,  and  afterwards 
made  two  tours  in  the  United  States  to  allay  the 
feeling  against  Great  Britain.  Of  his  religious 
writings  a  devotional  treatise,  <Come  to  Jesus,  > 
is  the  best  known,  having  had  a  circulation  of 
3,000,000  in  twenty  languages.  He  also  wrote  : 
^Antidote  to  Fear';  <  Homeward  Bound);  <Land 
of  the  Forum  and  Vatican*  (1854);  <Pilgrim 
Songs  in  Cloud  and  Sunshine)  (1871);  *Geth- 
semane.) 

Hall,  Charles  Winslow.  An  American  law- 
yer, and  writer  of  romance  and  adventure  ;  born 
1843.     He  has  written  :  <  Arctic  Rovings  )  ( 1861 ) ; 

<  Twice  Taken )  ( 1867) ;  <  A  Drift  in  the  Icefields  ) 
(1877);  <  Drifting    Round    the  World  >   (1881); 

<  Regiments  and  Armories  of  Massachusetts.) 

Hall,  Fitzedward.  An  American  philologist; 
born  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  March  21,  1825  ,  died  at 
Marlesford,  England,  Feb.  i,  1901.  He  gradu- 
ated from  Harvard  in  1846.  He  lived  long  in 
India,  and  made  a  thorough  study  of  its  tongues, 
producing  many  translations  in  prose  and  verse. 
He  had  the  D.  C.  L.  from  Oxford  in  i860.  Set- 
tling in  London  in  1862,  he  accepted  tht-  chair 
of  Sanskrit  and  Indian  jurisprudence  in  King's 
College.     He  was  the  first  American  to  edit  a 


HALL  —  HALLOWELL 


»45 


Sanskrit  text.  Professor  Hall  discovered  the 
supposed  lost  works  :  *  Bharata's  Natyasastra,* 
'  Harshaacharita,>  and  a  complete  copy  of  the 
valuable  <  Brihaddevati.'  His  contributions  to 
our  knowledge  of  Hindu  and  allied  literatures 
are  of  inestimable  value,  and  his  text-books  in 
this  field  are  valuable  and  authoritative.  He 
is  one  of  the  chief  collaborators  in  Dr.  Mur- 
ray's ^eat  <  Etymological  Dictionary.* 

Hall,  Gertrude.  An  American  poet  and 
writer  of  short  stories;  bom  1863.  Her  home 
is  in  Boston.  She  has  written :  <  Far  from 
To-day,>  a  collection  of  short  stories ;  <  Alle- 
gretto,' a  book  of  verse ;  <  Foam  of  the  Sea, 
and  Other  Tales' ;  <  The  Wagnerian  Romances.' 

Hall,  Granville  Stanley.  An  American 
educator  and  psychologist;  born  at  Ashfield, 
Mass.,  May  6,  1845.  From  1872  to  1 876  he 
Was  professor  of  psychology  in  Antioch  Col- 
lege, Ohio,  and  in  1882  became  a  professor  of 
that  subject  in  Johns  Hopkins  University  at 
Baltimore.  On  the  establishment  of  Clark  Uni- 
versity at  Worcester,  Mass.,  he  was  made  its 
president.  He  is  the  editor  of  the  American 
Journal  of  Psychology  and  the  Pedagogical 
Seminary,  and  the  author  of  <  Aspects  of  German 
Culture'  (1881);  <  Hints  toward  a  Bibliography 
of  Education'  (1886),  with  J.  M.  Mansfield; 
<  How  to  Teach  Reading ' ;  <  Adolescence.' 

Hall,  John.  An  American  clergyman  and  re- 
ligious writer  bom  in  County  Armagh,  Ireland, 
July  31,  1829;  died  at  Bangor,  Ireland,  Sept.  17, 
1898.  He  became  pastor  of  a  Presbyterian 
church  in  Armagh  in  1852,  and  in  1858  of  St. 
Mary's  Abbey,  Dublin.  In  1867  he  was  called 
to  the  Fifth  Avenue  Church,  New  York  city. 
His  works  include  :  'Family  Prayers  for  Four 
Weeks'  (1868)  ;  <Papers  for  Home  Reading) 
(1871 ) ;  'Questions  of  the  Day'  ( 1873) ;  'Founda- 
tion Stones  for  Young  Builders'  (1879). 

Hall,  Samuel  Carter.  An  English  editor 
and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  at  Topsham, 
Devonshire,  England,  in  1801 ;  died  March  16, 
1889.  For  over  forty  years  he  was  the  editor 
of  the  Art  Journal,  which  he  founded  in  1839. 
In  collaboration  with  his  wife  (see  Ann  Maria) 
he  published  the  well-known  work,  <  Ireland, 
its  Scenery  and  Character'  (1841-43);  'Book 
of  Royalty'  (1838);  <  A  Woman's  Story'  (1857); 
'The  Book  of  the  Thames'  (1859);  'A  Com- 
panion to  Killamey'  (1878);  and  others.  His 
separate  works  were  :  '  A  Book  of  Memories ' ; 
<Book  of  British  Ballads';  'Baronial   Halls.' 

Hallam,  Henry.  An  English  historian ; 
bom  at  Windsor,  July  9,  1777 ;  died  at  Pick- 
hurst,  Kent,  Jan.  21,  1859.  He  was  of  astonish- 
ing precocity  both  in  reading  and  in  composi- 
tion ;  graduated  from  Oxford  at  22,  and  at 
once  settled  down  to  the  bar;  but  marrying 
one  fortune  and  inheriting  another,  retired 
from  legal  practice  and  devoted  himself  to 
history.  In  1818  the  appearance  of  'A  View 
of  the  State  of  Europe  during  the  Middle 
Ages 'gave  him  an  instant  and  enduring  fame 
•uch  as  no  other  mere  compilation  has  ever 


won  for  a  writer ;  a  result  due  to  the  sagacity, 
judgment,  and  impartiality  it  displays.  Nine 
years  later  came  the  '  Constitutional  History 
of  England,'  continuing  the  last  chapter  of  hia 
'Middle  Ages';  and  in  1837-39  the  'Intro- 
duction to  the  Literature  of  Europe  during  the 
Fifteenth,  Sixteenth,  and  Seventeenth  Cen- 
turies.' 

Halleck,  Fitz-Greene.  An  American  poet; 
bom  in  Guilford,  Conn.,  July  8,  1790 ;  died 
there,  Nov.  19,  1867.  He  was  one  of  the  origi- 
nal trustees  of  the  Astor  Library,  and  held 
other  posts  of  responsibility  in  connection  with 
it.  His  best-known  poems  include :  '  Marco 
Bozzaris'  (1827),  and  'Fanny.'  He  was  joint 
author  with  Joseph  Rodman  Drake  of  the 
'Croaker'  papers,  which  appeared  in  a  New 
York  newspaper  in  1819. 

Haller,  Albrecht  von  (hal'ler).  A  Swiss 
German  botanist,  physiologist,  and  poet;  waj 
bom  at  Bern,  Oct.  16,  1708;  and  died  there, 
Dec.  12,  1777.  His  scientific  writings  form  a 
considerable  part  of  the  literature  of  his  several 
specialties ;  but  the  most  charming  of  these  is 
his  work  as  a  poet.  His  celebrated  lines  on 
'  The  Alps '  have  been  quoted  as  an  example 
of  great  strength  of  imagery.  His  poem  'On 
the  Origin  of  Evil'  shows  no  falling  off  in 
power.  In  his  later  years  he  wrote  some  po- 
litical novels,  among  them  '  Alfred,  King  of 
the  Anglo-Saxons'  (1773). 

Hallevi.  Jehudah  (ha'la-ve).  A  Spanish* 
Jewish  poet,  physician,  astronomer,  and  mathe- 
matician, under  the  Arabic  caliphate ;  bom  in 
Toledo,  in  1080  (?);  died  at  Jerusalem,  about 
1 150. 

Halliday,  Samuel  Byram.  An  American 
Congregational  minister;  born  in  New  Jersey, 

1812;  died  there ,  1897.     He  was  for 

I  many  years  assistant  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher  at 
Plymouth  Church.  He  has  written  'The  Lit- 
tle Street  Sweeper';  'The  Lost  and  Found > 
(1859);  'Winning  Souls'  (1873);  'The  Church 
in  America  and  its  Baptisms  of  Fire  > ;  etc. 

Halliwell-Phillipps,  James  Orchard.     An 

eminent  English  Shakespearian  and  antiqua- 
rian ;  bom  in  London,  June  21,  1820 ;  died 
near  Brighton,  Jan.  3,  1889.  He  devoted  his 
life  and  large  wealth  to  research  among  old 
records  for  traces  of  Shakespeare,  publishing 
private  editions  of  Shakespeariana,  buying 
singly  or  with  others  Shakespeare  buildings  at 
Stratford,  etc. ;  and  to  editing  old  English 
works.  A  large  part  of  the  verified  knowledge 
of  Shakespeare's  personality  we  possess  is  due 
to  him. 

Hallock,  Charles.  An  American  journalist ; 
born  in  New  York,  1834.  He  was  founder  and 
proprietor  (1873-80)  of  Forest  and  Stream. 
He  has  written  '  The  F'ishing  Tourist '  (1873),  a 
guide  for  anglers  ;  'Camp  Life  in  Florida'  (187s)' 
'  Our  New  Alaska'  1886) ;  '  Hallock  Ancestry.* 

Halloclc,  William  Allen.  An  Americaa 
clergyman,  noted  as  the  lifelong  secretary  of 
the   American  Tract  Society;  born  in  Piai^* 


^4^ 


HALLO  WELL— HAMLEY 


field,  Mass.,  June  2,  1794;  died  in  New  York, 
Oct.  2,  1880.  He  published  <Li{e  of  Harlan 
Page>;  <Life  of  Moses  Hallock>;  <Life  of 
Justin  Edwards  > ;  and  many  tracts. 

Hallowell,  Richard  Price.  An  American 
writer  and  merchant;  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Dec.  16,  1835.  He  was  a  follower  of  Phillips 
and  Garrison  in  the  abolition  movement,  and 
wrote  much  for  the  Index.  Among  his  works 
are  <The  Quaker  Invasion  of  Massachusetts* 
(1883 1,  and  <  The  Pioneer  Quakers.)     Died  1905. 

Halm,  Friedricli  (halm).  See  Miincli- 
Bellinghauseii. 

Halpine,  Charles  Graham.  ["Miles  O'Reil- 
ly.wj  An  Irish-American  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  in  Ireland,  1829;  came  to  this  country  at 
23;  died  1868.  He  was  a  New  York  journal- 
ist. He  served  through  the  Civil  War,  attain- 
ing the  rank  of  colonel.  His  writings  include: 
< Lyrics*;  < Poems*;  < Miles  O'Reilly  Papers'; 

<  Life  and  Adventures  of  Private  Miles  O'Reil- 
ly'; 'Baked  Meats  of  the  Funeral';  'Poetical 
Works';  etc. 

Hamerling,  Robert  (ha'mer-ling).  An  Aus- 
trian poet  of  high  and  enduring  place ;  born 
in  Kirchberg-am-Walde,  March  24,  1830 ;  died 
at  Gratz,  July  13,  1889.  Of  humble  parents,  but 
reared  and  well  educated  in  Vienna,  he  gained 
influential  patronage  by  poems  published  at 
20,  and  became  a  lecturer  in  the  University 
of  Trieste ;  but  retiring  on  account  of  illness, 
was  pensioned  during  the  next  twenty  years. 
He  produced  poems,  plays,  and  romances, 
which  rank  him  among  the  first  poets  of  <•  the 
new  time  "  for  thought,  euphony,  and  technique. 
His  greatest  work  is  <  Ahasuerus  in  Rome ' 
{1866),  a  vivid  epic  of  Nero's  time  and  the 
dying  paganism.  The  later  <  King  of  Zion,' 
in    hexameters ;    <  Cupid    and     Psyche ' ;    and 

<  Homunculus,'  a  satire  on  the  unspirituality 
of  the  present  age,  are  worthy  his  genius. 
<Aspasia'  is  a  powerful,  graphic,  and  erudite, 
but  sometimes  tedious,  picture  of  Hellenic  life 
and  manners  in  Pericles's  time.  <The  Seven 
Deadly  Sins '  is  a  noteworthy  but  minor  flight 
of  fancy.  In  his  latter  years  he  published  an 
autobiography,  <  Stages  of  my  Life  Pilgrimage.' 

Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert.  An  English  artist, 
art-writer,  and  writer  on  many  topics ;  born  at 
Laneside,  Lancashire,  Sept.  10,  1834 ;  died  near 
Boulogne,  France,  Nov.  4,1894.  His  works  in- 
clude :  <  Thoughts  about  Art ' ;  <  Etching  and 
Etchers ' ;    <  Contemporary    French    Painters  * ; 

<  Painting  in  France  ' ;  <  The  Intellectual  Life  > ; 

<  The  Graphic  Arts ' ;  <  Human  Intercourse ' ; 
<The  Quest  of  Happiness';  'Autobiography' 
(incomplete,  but  supplemented  by  his  widow); 
and  two  or  three  novels.  His  most  character- 
istic work  is  <A  Painter's  Camp  in  the  High- 
lands.' 

Hamilton,  Alexander.  An  American  states- 
man ;  bom  in  the  island  of  Nevis,  West  Indies, 
Jan.  II,  1757;  killed  in  a  duel  by  Aaron  Burr, 
near  New  York,  July  12,  1804.     He  became  a 


captain  in  the  Continental  Army  1776;  mem- 
ber of  the  Continental  Congress  1782-83 ;  of 
the  Constitutional  Convention  1787.  He  was 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  1789-95.  In  1798, 
during  the  trouble  with  France,  he  was  made 
inspector-general  of  the  army,  with  the  rank 
of  major-general,  and  was  for  a  short  time  in 
1799  commander-in-chief.  His  works  include 
the  larger  part  of  <The  Federalist,'  and  nu- 
merous political  pamphlets  and  public  docu- 
ments and  reports.  His  'Collected  Works 'in 
8  vols.,  edited  by  his  son,  appeared  in  1851. 

Hamilton,  Anthony.  An  English  author; 
born  in  Tipperary,  Ireland,  about  1646 ;  died  at 
St.  Germain-en-Laye,  France,  in  1720.  Of  a 
Royalist  family,  and  forced  to  live  in  France 
from  childhood  till  the  Restoration,  his  wit  and 
moral  tone  are  rather  French  than  English. 
His  'Memoirs  of  the  Count  de  Grammont' 
(1713)  has  been  universally  read  and  admired; 
and  his  mock-Oriental  tales  are  full  of  grace 
and  subtle  irony. 

Hamilton,  Elizabeth.  An  Irish  miscella- 
neous writer;  born  at  Belfast,  1758;  died  at 
Harrogate,  England,  1816.  Her  first  serious 
work,  'The  Letters  of  a  Hindoo  Rajah'  (2 
vols.),  appeared  in  1796.  'The  Modern  Phi- 
losophers' (1800)  was  followed  by  'Memoirs 
of  Agrippina '  and  <  Letters  to  the  Daughters 
of  a  Nobleman.'  The  best  of  her  works, '  The 
Cottagers  of  Glenburnie,'  was  published  in  1808. 

Hamilton,  Gail.    See  Dodge,  Mary  Abigail. 

Hamilton,  John  Church.  An  American  bi- 
ographer and  historian,  son  of  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton ;  born  in  Philadelphia,  1792 ;  died  1882. 
Besides  editing  his  father's  works  (1851),  he 
wrote:  'Memoirs  and  Life  of  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton' (2  vols.,  1834-40);  'History  of  the  Re- 
public' (4th  ed.  1879);  'The  Prairie  Province' 
(1876),  sketches  of  travel. 

Hamilton,  Thomas.  A  Scottish  novelist; 
born  in  1789;  died  at  Pisa,  Italy,  Dec.  7,  1842. 
He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  University.  After 
showing  an  incapacity  for  business,  he  obtained 
a  commission  in  the  29th  Regiment.  Retiring 
from  the  service  about  1818,  he  soon  became 
known  as  contributor  to  Blackwood's.  His 
novel,  'Cyril  Thornton,'  published  in  1827, 
reached  several  editions.  'Annals  of  the  Pen- 
insular Campaign  >  came  out  in  1829  ;  '  Men  and 
Manners  in  America'  in  1833. 

Hamilton,  William.  A  Scottish  poet;  born 
in  1704,  at  Bangour,  Linlithgowshire ;  died 
March  25,  1754,  at  Lyons,  France.  He  wrote 
'jThe  Braes  of  Yarrow,'  and  other  poems. 

Hamley,  Edward  Bruce,  Sir.  An  English 
general  ;  born  at  Bodmin,  England,  April  27, 
1824;  died  in  London,  Aug.  12,  1893.  He  served 
through  the  Crimean  War ;  was  professor  of 
military  history  at  Sandhurst  1S58-64,  and  com. 
mandant  there  1870-77;  and  was  division  com- 
mander in  the  Egyptian  war  of  1882.  His 
chief  work  is  <  Operations  of  War  '  (xS66  ;  4th 
cd.  1878),  the  recognized  text-book  '  x  militiU/ 


HAMMER  —  HARDY 


247 


examinations.  Among  his  other  publications 
are:  <The  Story  of  the  Campaign'  (1855),  a 
narrative  of  the  Crimean  War;  < Wellington's 
Career >  (i860);  <  Voltaire'  in  < Foreign  Classics' 
(1877);  <The  War  in  the  Crimea'  (1890). 

Hammer,  Julius  (ham'mer).  A  German 
poet  and  prose-writer ;  born  in  Dresden,  June 
7,  1810;  died  at  Pillnitz,  Aug.  23,  1862.  His 
comedy  called  <The  Strange  Breakfast'  (1834) 
was  followed  by  a  volume  of  charming  lyric 
poetry  under  the  title  <  Look  About  You,  Look 
Within  You'  (1851);  and  by  <  Learn,  Live, 
Love,'  and  other  successful  efforts.  His  nov- 
els show  talent ;  but  his  reputation  must  rest 
upon  his  verse,  which  is  graceful,  unhackneyed, 
and  ingenious. 

Hammerich,  Peter  Frederlk  Adolf  (ham'- 
mer-ich).  A  Danish  poet,  theologian,  and  his- 
torian ;  born  in  Copenhagen,  1809 ;  died  there, 
Feb.  9,  1877.  During  the  Danish-German  War 
he  was  an  army  chaplain ;  and  after  it  he  was 
elected  to  Parliament,  and  began  to  write  his- 
tory. As  a  poet  his  <  Hero  Songs '  deserve 
special  mention. 

Hammond,  Mrs.Henrletta(Hardy).  [«  Henri 
Dangd."]  An  American  novelist;  born  in  Vir- 
ginia, 1854;  died  1883.  She  wrote:  <The 
Georgians  ' ;  <  A  Fair  Philosopher' ;  <  Her  Wait- 
ing Heart ' ;  <  Woman's  Secrets,  or  How  to  be 
Beautiful ' ;  and  other  books. 

Hammond,  William  Alexander.  A  distin- 
guished American  physician  and  medical  writer, 
also  a  novelist ;  bom  at  Annapolis,  Md. ,  Aug.  28, 
1828;  died  in  Washington,  Jam  5,  1900.  He 
was  surgeon-general  in  the  Civil  War  ( 1862-64). 
Among  his  novels  are  :  <  Robert  Seveme  > 
(1866);  <Dr.  Grattan)  (1884);  <  Lai »  (1884); 
<On  the  Susquehanna'  (1887). 

Hanaford,  Mrs.  Phebe  Ann  (Cofian).  An 
American  miscellaneous  writer  and  Universalist 
minister;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1829.  She 
was  the  first  of  her  sex  to  become  a  member 
of  the  Universalist  clergy.  In  1887  she  was 
called  to  a  church  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  and 
has  retained  the  charge  ever  since.  Her  works 
are  :  <  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  > ;  <  Life  of 
George  Peabody ' ;  <  Lucretia  the  Quakeress ' ; 

<  Leonette,  or  Truth  Sought  and  Found ' ;  <  The 
Best  of  Books  and  its  History';  < Frank  Nel- 
son, the  Runaway  Boy';  <The  Soldier's  Daugh- 
ter'; <  Field,  Gunboat,  and  Hospital ' ;  <  Women 
of  the  Century';  <From  Shore  to  Shore,  and 
Other  Poems  > ;  etc. 

Hannay,  James.  An  English  novelist  and 
essayist ;  born  at  Dumfries,  Scotland,  Feb.  17, 
1827 ;  died  near  Barcelona,  Spain,  Jan.  9,  1873. 
He  was  a  midshipman  for  some  years.  His 
contributions  to  Edinburgh  periodicals,  since 
collected,  have  been  widely  read ;  and  his  nov- 
els <  King  Dobbs,'  <  Singleton   P'ontenoy,'  and 

<  Eustace  Conyers,'  went  through  more  than 
one  edition.  His  ability  is  in  satire  and  deli- 
cate irony  rather  than  in  characterization. 

Hansen,  Maurits  Christoplier  (han'sen).  A 
Norwegian  poet;  born  in  iNlodum,  July  5,  17^4, 


died  at  Kongsberg,  March  16,  1842.  His  models 
in  fiction  seem  to  have  been  Fouqud  and  Tieck. 
As  a  poet  he  is  best  represented  by  the  volume 
of  <  Norse  Idylls.'  His  style  is  limpid,  and 
shows  the  influence  of  German  studies.  He 
also  wrote  school  grammars,  and  manuals  of 
literature,  that  have  been  widely  used  in  Nor- 
way. 

Hansllck,  Eduard  (hans'lik).  A  German 
musical  critic  and  writer  on  aesthetics;  born 
at  Prague,  Sept.  11,  1825.  He  surpassed  all 
contemporary  workers  in  the  field  of  musical 
criticism,  holding  the  position  of  professor  of 
musical  criticism  and  history  in  the  Vienna 
University.  He  is  a  recognized  authority  among 
European  authors  in  music  and  aesthetics,  owing 
to  his  wit,  imaginative  power,  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  his  specialties,  and  perfect  command 
of  style.     Died  at  Vienna,  Aug.  7,  1904. 

Hanssen,  Ola  (han'sen).  A  Swedish-German 
poet  and  author;  born  in  Housing,  Sweden, 
Nov.  12,  i860.  He  had  a  passion  for  travel ; 
going  on  foot  in  his  impecunious  early  years, 
but  his  first  poems  were  successful  enough  to 
improve  his  means.  His  masterpiece  was  <  Love 
Longings'  (Sensitiva  Amorosa),  brought  out 
in  1887,  and  since  translated  into  German  and 
French.  He  has  lived  in  Berlin  since  1889, 
and  written  in  German  with  grace  and  facility. 
His  poems  combine  vigorous  thought  with  deli- 
cate workmanship,  and  his  literary  essays  are 
those  of  an  able  and  learned  critic. 

Hapgood,  Isabella  Florence.  An  American 
translator  and  writer,  who  has  paid  particular 
attention  to  Russian  subjects ;  born  in  Massa- 
chusetts in  185 1.  She  has  published  <The  Epic 
Songs  of  Russia';  < Russian  Rambles';  and  is 
well  known  as  a  translator  of  the  works  of  Go- 
gol, Hugo,  and  other  great  European  writers. 

Hapgood,  Norman,  An  American  journalist 
of  New  York;  born  in  Chicago,  March  28,  1868. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard,  and  studied  in  Europe. 
He  has  published  <  Literary  Statesmen  and  Oth- 
ers > ;  <  Daniel  Webster ' ;  <  Abraham  Lincoln ' ; 

<  The  Stage  in  America*  (1901). 

Happel,  Eberhard  Werner  (hap'el).  A 
German  writer  of  fiction  and  prose  miscellany ; 
born  in  Kirchhain,  Hesse,  Aug.  12,  1647 ;  died 
at  Hamburg,  May  15,  1690.  His  <  Academic 
Romance '  is  important  as  a  contribution  to 
the  records  of  literary  and  artistic  evolution. 

Harby,  Isaac.  An  American  dramatist ; 
born  in  South  Carolina,  1788;  died  1828.  His 
home    was    in    Charleston,    S.   C.    He   wrote : 

<  Alexander  Severus ' ;  <  The  Gordian  Knot ' ; 
<Alberti';  etc. 

Hardenberg,  Frledrich  von.    See  Novalls. 

Hardinge,  Mrs.  Belle  Boyd.  An  American 
Southern  woman  who  acted  as  a  Confederate 
spy  in  the  Civil  War.  She  wrote  <  Belle  Boyd 
in  Camp  and  Prison'  (London  and  New  York, 
1865). 

Hardy,  Alexandre  (ar-de').  A  French  play- 
wright ;   born   at  Paris   about  1570 ;   died  near 


34^ 

Versailles  (?),  1631.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
one  of  the  first  French  «  playwrights,"  properly 
speaking.  His  plays  number  some  hundreds, 
and  he  borrowed  his  materials  from  Cervantes, 
Boccaccio,  and  any  other  author  he  found  avail- 
able. His  best  effort  is  probably  <Mariamne,> 
produced  in  1610.  Such  talent  as  he  possessed 
was  for  construction  and  adaptation,  and  for 
felicitous  dialogue. 

Hardy,  Arthur  Sherburne.  An  American 
novelist,  poet,  and  man  of  letters ;  bom  at  An- 
dover,  Mass.,  Aug.  13,  1847.  He  graduated  from 
West  Point,  and  commanded  a  military  post  in 
the  South  for  two  years.  His  poetry  consists 
mainly  of  lyrics  and  sonnets,  while  his  novels 
are  full  of  interest  and  charm.  He  is  a  skilled 
musician.  In  1897  he  was  appointed  minister 
to  Persia.  <  But  Yet  a  Woman  >  and  <The 
Wind  of  Destiny  >  are  among  the  more  im- 
portant of  his  novels.  <  Passe-Rose  >  is  a  French 
idyl.  His  poems  have  been  published  in  nu- 
merous magazines,  and  some  of  his  mathemati- 
cal studies  have  taken  shape  in  a  volume  on 
<  Quaternions.'  His  latest  work  is  <  His  Daugh- 
ter Fir.st>  (1903). 

Hardy,  Iza  Dufifus.  An  English  novelist, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas.  She  began  story- 
writing  very  early,  and  has  been  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  magazines.  Among  her  nu- 
merous novels  are:  <Glencairn>  (1877);  <Only 
a  Love  Story  >  (1877);  <  A  Broken  Faith  >  (1878); 
<The  Love  that  He  Passed  By>  (1884),  an 
American  novel;  <  A  Woman's  Loyalty'  (1893); 
and  two  volumes  of  transatlantic  reminis- 
cences, < Between  Two  Oceans'  (1884)  and 
'Oranges  and  Alligators:  Sketches  of  South 
Florida  Life'  (1886). 

Hardy,  Thomas.  An  English  novelist ;  bom 
in  Dorsetshire,  June  2,  1840.  His  works  in- 
clude:  < Desperate  Remedies'  (1871);  'Under 
the  Greenwood  Tree'  (1872);  <A  Pair  of  Blue 
Eyes'  (1873);  <Far  from  the  Madding  Crowd' 
(1874);  <  The  Hand  of  Ethelberta'  (1876);  <  The 
Retum  of  the  Native'  (1878);  <The  Tmmpet 
Major'  (1880);  <A  Laodicean'  (1881);  <Two 
on  a  Tower'  (1882);  'The  Mayor  of  Caster- 
bridge'  (1886);  'The  Woodlanders'  (1887); 
'Wessex  Tales'  (1888);  'A  Group  of  Noble 
Dames'  (1891);  'Tess  of  the  D'Urbervilles ' 
(1891);  'Life's  Little  Ironies'  (1894);  <Jude 
the   Obscure ' ; '  Poems  of  the  Past  and  Present.' 

Hare,  Augustus  John  Cuthbert.  An  Eng- 
lish descriptive  writer ;  born  in  Rome,  March 
13,  1834.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Oxford.  The 
son  of  a  rich  father,  he  was  enabled  from  his 
earliest  youth  to  gratify  a  taste  for  travel,  on 
descriptions  of  which  his  fame  chiefly  rests. 
Among  his  happiest  efforts  are :  '  A  Winter  at 
Mentone'  (1861);  'Walks  in  Rome'  (1870); 
'Wanderings  in  Spain'  (1872);  'Walks  in  Lon- 
don' (1877);  'Days  near  Paris'  (1887);  and 
a  narrative  of  travel  in  southern  France.  A 
Tolume  of  personal  recollections  (1895).  ^^^ 
died  at  Holmhurst,  Eng.,  Jan.  22,  1903. 

Hare,  Augustus  William.  An  English  cler- 
gyman and  writer;  born  1792;  died  1834.     With 


HARBY  —  HARRADEN 


his  brother  Julius  Charles  he  wrote  'Guesses 
at  Truth.' 

Hare,  Julius  Charles.  An  English  theolo- 
gian ;  born  1795 ;  died  1855.  His  works  include  : 
'Mission  of  the  Comforter'  (1846);  'The  Con- 
test with  Rome'  (1852);  <  Vindication  of  Luther' 
(1854).    See  also  Augustus  William. 

Haren,  Onno  Zwier  van  (har'en).  A  Dutch 
poet  and  statesman ;  born  at  Leeuwarden, 
April  2,  1713;  died  near  Wolvega,  Friesland, 
Sept.  2,  1779.  An  active  public  man  on  the 
Orange  side,  he  was  forced  into  retirement  by 
an  obscure  scandal  after  the  death  of  Anne, 
wife  of  William  IV.,  and  took  to  literary  work. 
His  best  production  is  an  epic,  'The  Father- 
land,' portraying  the  Dutch  struggle  for  free- 
dom. His  lyric  poetry  is  good ;  and  a  tra- 
gedy, '  William  I.,'  is  still  generally  read.  His 
work  on  William  IV.  is  a  masterpiece  of  Dutch 
prose. 

Haren,  Willem  van.  A  Dutch  poet  and 
statesman,  brother  of  Onno ;  born  at  Leeu- 
warden, Feb.  21,  1710;  committed  suicide  in 
North  Brabant,  July  4,  1768.  He  held  import- 
ant governmental  posts  but  was  ruined  by 
speculation.  His  celebrated  poem  'Leonidas' 
(1742)  was  written  to  inspire  the  Hollanders 
with  his  own  enthusiasm  for  liberty  and  the 
war  of  the  Austrian  succession.  Even  more 
meritorious  are  his  odes  on  human  happiness 
and  the  vicissitudes  of  life ;  but  his  epic  poem 
'  Friso,'  despite  imperfections,  won  him  his 
greatest  fame. 

Harington,  Sir  John.  An  English  poet  and 
wit;  born  at  Kelston,  near  Bath,  in  1561 ;  died 
there,  Nov.  20,  1612.  He  was  a  soldier,  courtier, 
and  scholar,  in  favor  with  Queen  Elizabeth, 
and  a  power  in  public  affairs.  His  translation 
of  Ariosto's  'Orlando  Furioso,'  undertaken  by 
command  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  is  meritorious ; 
but  his  talent  displayed  itself  best  in  epigram. 
His  witty  verses  in  ridicule  of  his  contempo- 
raries got  him  into  trouble  occasionally,  but 
never  into  serious  difficulty.  He  was  the  Mar- 
tial of  his  day,  though  of  less  genius. 

Harland,  Henry.  ["Sidney  Luska."]  An 
American  novelist ;  born  at  St.  Petersburg. 
1 861.  A  few  years  ago  he  removed  to  London, 
where  he  died,  December  19,  1905.  He  is  author 
of:  'As  It  was  Written'  (1885),  a  musician's 
story;  'Mrs.  Peixada'  (1886);  'The  Land  of 
Love'  (1887);  'My  Uncle  Florimond'  (1888 1; 
'The  Yoke  of  the  Thorah'  (1887);  'Mr.  Son- 
nenschein's  Inheritance'  (1888);  <A  Latin 
Quarter  Courtship' ;  'The  Cardinal's  Snuff  Box.' 

Harland,  Marion.    See  Terhune. 

Harraden,  Beatrice.  An  English  novelist, 
daughter  of  an  East  India  agent  in  London ; 
born  Jan.  24,  1864.  After  schooling  and  a 
season  in  Germany,  she  took  her  degree  at 
London  University  at  21,  showing  marked  ex- 
cellence in  languages.  She  was  then  employed 
in  a  publishing-house,  but  ill-health  compelled 
her  to  leave.   Her  first  novel, '  Ships  that  Pa»s 


HARRIGAN  —  HARRISON 


249 


in  the  Night,'  was  instantly  successful.  This 
was  followed  by  <  In  Varying  Moods  >  (1894); 
< Things  will  Take  a  Turn'  (1894);  <  Hilda 
Strafford,'  a  Californian  story ;  <  Katharine 
Frensham'  (1903). 

Harrigan,  Edward.  A  noted  American  actor 
and  playwright ;  born  in  New  York,  1845.  He 
formed  a  partnership  with  Tony  Hart  (1871- 
85),  when  the  two  opened  in  New  York  their 
first  Theatre  Comique  (1876),  bringing  out  there 
the  <  Mulligan  Guard  >  series  of  plays.  Among 
his  dramas,  which  are  all  of  humble  New  York 
life,  strong  in  character-drawing  though  weak 
in  a  literary  sense,  may  be  named  <  Squatter 
Sovereignty'  and  'Cordelia's  Aspirations.' 

Harris,  Amanda  Bartlett.  An  American 
writer  of  juveniles ;  bom  at  Warner,  N.  H.,  1824. 
Besides  numerous  contributions  to  periodicals, 
she  has  published  many  pleasing  books,  in- 
cluding <  IIow  We  Went  Bird-Nesting';  <Wild 
Flowers,  and  where  They  Grow ' ;  <  The  Luck 
of  Edenhall';  etc. 

Harris,  Augustus  Henry  GIossop,  Sir.  An  Eng- 
lish actor,  manager,  and  dramatist;  born  in  Paris 
in  1852 ;  died  in  Folkestone,  England,  June 
22,  1896.  Appearing  on  the  stage  in  1873,  in 
1879  he  became  lessee  and  manager  of  Drury 
Lane  Theatre,  where  he  produced  popular  pan- 
tomimes and  melodramas  written  in  collabora- 
tion—  among  them:  <  The  World';  <  Youth'; 
<  Human  Nature ' ;  <  Run  of  Luck ' ;  <  Prodigal 
Daughter';  <Life  of  Pleasure';  < Derby  Win- 
ner.' He  induced  the  revival  of  grand  opera 
at  Covent  Garden.  He  was  made  sheriff  of 
London  and  knighted  in  1891. 

Harris,  George  Washington.  An  American 
humorist;  born  in  Allegheny  County,  Pa.,  1814; 
died  1869.  While  a  Tennessee  River  steam- 
boat captain  he  wrote,  about  i860,  for  the  New 
York  Spirit  of  the  Times,  a  series  of  broadly 
humorous  character  sketches  called  <  Sut  Loven- 
good's  Yams,'  published  in  book  form  in  1867. 

Harris,  Joel  Chandler.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  story-writer ;  bom  at  Eatonton,  Geor- 
gia, Dec.  8,  1848.  He  began  life  as  a  printer's 
apprentice,  and  afterwards  studied  law,  drifting 
finally  into  journalism.  He  had  a  thorough 
familiarity  with  the  negro  of  the  post-bellum 
period,  and  while  editing  an  Atlanta  paper  he 
produced  for  it  the  series  of  <  Uncle  Remus ' 
sketches  and  songs  which  immediately  made 
him  known.  <  The  Folk-Lore  of  the  Old  Plant- 
ation' appeared  in  1880,  followed  by  <  Nights 
with  Uncle  Remus'  (1883);  <  Mingo  and  Other 
Sketches'  (1883);  < Daddy  Jake,  the  Runaway' 
(1889);  <  Uncle  Remus'  and  «Br'er  Rabbit' 
(1907).  In  a  more  serious  vein  is  his  biography 
of  the  lamented  Henry  W.  Grady,  a  work  of 
genuine  power.    He  died  July  3,  1908. 

Harris,  Mrs.  Miriam  (Coles).  A  well-known 
American  novelist ;  born  at  Dosoris,  L.  I.,  1834. 
Her  home  is  in  New  York.  She  has  written : 
•Rutledge'  (i860);  <The  Sutherlands'  (1862)— 
both  widely  read  ;  <  Frank  Warrington ' ;  < A 
Perfect  Adonis ' ;  <  Missy ' ;  etc.  A  complete 
edition  of  her  novels  appeared  in  1885. 


Harris,  Thomas  Lake.  A  noted  American 
mystic  philosopher  and  religious  and  social 
reformer;  born  at  Fenny  Stratford,  England, 
May  15,  1823.  He  founded  the  Brotherhood 
of  the  New  Life,  of  which  Laurence  Oliphant 
was  a  member.  Among  his  numerous  works 
in  prose  and  verse  are :  *  The  Great  Republic, 
a  Poem  of  the  Sun'  (1867);  <Arcana  of  Christ 
ianity'  (2  vols.,  1868);  < God's  Breath  in  Man' 
(1891). 

Harris,  William  Torrey.  A  distinguished 
American  educator,  and  writer  on  education 
and  philosophy;  bom  at  Killingly,  Conn.,  Sept. 
10,  1835.  He  established  the  Journal  of  Spec- 
ulative Philosophy  (1867),  the  first  publication 
of  its  kind  in  the  English  language,  and  be- 
came United  States  Commissioner  of  Education 
(1889).  Among  his  works  are  :  <  Hegel's  Logic' 
(1890),  a  critical  exposition;  <  The  Spiritual 
Sense   of   Dante's    Divina  Commedia'  (1891); 

<  Introduction  to  Philosophy ' ;  <  Psychologic 
Foundation  of  Education.' 

Harrison,   Mrs.  Burton  (Constance  Caryi. 

An  American  novelist  and  miscellaneous  wrucr ; 
born  at  Vaucluse,  Va.,  April  25,  1846  ;  resides 
in  New  York.  She  has  written  :  < Woman's 
Handiwork  in  Modern  Homes'  (1881);  < Old- 
Fashioned  Fairy-Book'  (1884);  'Bar  Harbor 
Days'  (1887);  and  the  novels  <The  Anglo- 
maniacs  ' ;  <  An  Errant  Wooing ' ;  <  A  Bachelor 
Maid':  <A  Son  of  th?  Old  Dominion'  (,1897) ; 
<A  Princess  of  the  Hills  '  ;<Latter-Day  Sweet- 
hearts.' 

Harrison,  Frederic.  An  English  essayist, 
thinker,  and  publicist ;  born  in  London,  Oct,  18, 
1831.  Since  graduation  from  Oxford  he  has 
served  on  various  scientific  and  legal  commis- 
sions ;  writing  in  connection  therewith,  reports, 
essays,  books  on  sociology,  law,  and  ethics. 
In  the  domain  of  philosophy  his  expositions 
of  Comte  have  given  him  an  international  rep- 
utation. <The  Meaning  of  History*  (1862); 
< Order  and  Progress'  (1875);  < Choice  of  Books' 
( 1886) ;  <  Oliver  Cromwell '  ( 1888) ;  <  Annals  of  an 
Old  Manor  House ' ;  <  The  Study  of  History  ' ; 

<  Moral  and  Religious  Socialism  ' ;  <  William  the 
Silent ' ;  <  George  Washington  and  Other  Ameri- 
can Addresses.' 

Harrison,  James  Albert.  An  American 
educator  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at 
Pass  Christian,  Miss.,  1848.  He  is  now  professor 
of  Teutonic  languages  at  the  University  of 
Virginia.  He  has  written :  <  A  Group  of 
Poets  and  their  Haunts'  (1875);  <  Greek 
Vignettes'    (1878);    <  Spain   in   Profile'    (1879); 

<  History  of  Spain'  (1881);  <  Autrefois  :  Tales  of 
Old  New  Orleans  and  Elsewhere'  (1888);  etc. 

Harrison,  Jane  Ellen.  An  English  lecturer 
and  writer  on  Greek  art  and  mythology;  bom 
in  1850.  She  began  her  career  as  a  lecturer 
in  1882  at  the  British  Museum,  and  has  since 
extended  her  work  to  South  Kensington  and 
most  of  the  provincial  towns.  She  has  been 
prominently  identified  with  the  university  ex- 
tension movement.  Among  her  publications 
may  be  mentioned  :  <  Myths  of  the  Odyssey ' 
(1881)  ;  <  Introductory  Studies  in  Greek  Art' 
(1885);  <  Mythology  and  Monuments  of  Ancient 
Athens ' ;  <  Phoebe  > ;  <  Rosary  for  Lent ' ;  <  Dear 
Feast  of  Lent  > ;  <  A  Comer  in  Spain.  > 


250 


HARRISSE  —  HARTING 


Harrisse,  Henri  (har-es').  An  American 
critic,  bibliographer,  and  historian ;  born  in  Paris, 
1830,  of  Russian-Hebrew  parentage.  He  became 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  for  several 
jears  practiced  law  in  New  York.  He  has 
written  <  Christopher  Columbus  >  (2  vols.,  1884- 
85);  <John  and  Sebastian  Cabot>  (1883);  < The 
Discovery  of  North  America  >;  etc. 

Harsdbrfer,  George  Philip  (hars'derf-er). 
A  German  poet;  born  in  Nurnberg,  Nov.  i, 
1607;  died  there,  Sept.  22,  1658.  After  legal 
studies  and  extensive  travel,  he  settled  down 
to  official  employment  in  his  native  town.  In 
1644  he  helped  to  found  a  fraternal  literary 
and  horticultural  society,  the  Pegnitz  Order, 
which  did  good  work  in  improving  literary 
language.  Best  remembered  of  his  many 
works  are  :  ^  The  Poetical  Funnel,'  for  '<  pour- 
ing in  knowledge,''  a  satirical  <*  royal  road » 
to  poesy ;  and  a  *■  Manual  of  Polite  Conversa- 
tion,' which  e.xplains  itself. 

Harslia,  David  Addison.  An  American  re- 
ligious writer  and  biographer  ;  born  at  Argyle, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  15,  1827.  He  wrote  <Lives>  of 
Charles  Sumner,  Doddridge,  Baxter,  Bunyan, 
Addison,  James  Hervey,  Watts,  Whitefield, 
Abraham  Booth,  and  < Eminent  Orators  and 
Statesmen.'     Died  at  South  Argyle,  in  1895. 

Hart,  Albert  Bushnell.  An  American  edu- 
cator, historian,  biographer,  and  essayist ;  born 
at  Clarksville,  Pa.,  July  i,  1854.  He  is  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  Harvard  University.  He 
has  written :  <  Coercive  Powers  of  the  United 
States  Government'  (1885);  < Introduction  to 
the    Study    of    Federal    Government'     (1890); 

<  Studies  in  Education ' ;  <  Life  of  Salmon  P. 
Chase ' ;  <  Practical  Essays  on  American  Gov- 
ernment' ;  etc.  He  edited  a  series  of  works  on 
special  periods  of  our  national  history  which 
were   published  from  1897-1907. 

Hart,  Charles  Henry.  An  American  art 
critic,  antiquarian,  and  biographer ;  born  in 
Philadelphia,  1847.  Among  his  published  works 
are:  <  Remarks  on   Tabasco,  Mexico'    (1865); 

<  Memoirs  of  William  Hickling  Prescott'  (1868); 
< Memoirs  of  William  Willis'  (1870);  < George 
Ticknor'  (1871);  < Turner,  the  Dream  Painter' 
(1879);  and  <Samuel  S.  Haldeman'  (1881). 

Hart,  Heinrich  (hart).  A  German  poet  and 
critic ;  bom  in  Wesel,  Dec.  30,  1855.  His  early 
studies  were  historical,  philosophical,  and  phi- 
lological. He  is  a  journalist,  a  dramatic  and 
literary  critic,  and  one  of  the  leaders  of  what 
is  known  as  the  naturalistic  movement  in  lit- 
erature. In  collaboration  with  his  brother 
Julius,  he  projected  a  variety  of  successful  peri- 
odical publications.  His  poetical  works  include 
a  volume  of  verse ;  a  tragedy,  <  Sedan ' ;  and  an 
elaborate  <Song  of  Mankind,'  of  which  but  the 
first  few  parts  have  yet  appeared.  He  has 
issued  a  volume  of  sketches,  <  Children  of  the 
Light' 

Hart,  Julius.  A  German  poet  and  prose- 
writer,  brother  of  Heinrich ;  born  in  Miinster, 
April  9,  1859;  resides  in  Berlin.    His  earliest 


efforts  were  in  newspaper  dramatic  criticisms. 
His  poems  include :  <  Sansara,'  a  volume  of 
verse ;  *  Don  Juan  Tenorio,'  a  tragedy  in  lyric 
form ;  and  <  Homo  Sum.'  He  is  a  graceful 
translator  of  poetry  from  the  Persian,  English, 
and  Spanish.  His  poetry  and  prose  are  char- 
acterized by  euphony  and  limpidity  of  style. 

Harte,  [Francis]  Bret.  A  famous  American 
short-story  writer  and  poet ;  born  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  25,  1839;  died  at  Camberley, 
England,  May  5,  1902.  He  published  <Out- 
croppings'  (1866),  a  collection  of  verse  by 
Californians ;  *The  Lost  Galleon,  and  Other 
Tales'  (1867);  'Condensed  Novels'  (1867); 
<The  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp,  and  Other 
Sketches'  (1870);  <Plain  Language  from  Truth- 
ful James'  (1 870),  illustrated  edition;  <  The 
Heathen  Chinee' (187 1 ),  special  edition;  <Poems> 
(1871);  <East  and  West  Poems'  (1871);  <Stories 
of  the  Sierras  )  (1872);  < Poetical  Works'  (1872); 
<Mrs.  Skaggs's  Husbands,  and  Other  Sketches'; 
<M'liss>  (1873);  <  An  Episode  of  Fiddle- 
town,  and  Other  Sketches*  (1873);  <Echoes 
of  the  Foot-Hills'  (1875);  'Tales  of  the  Argo- 
nauts, and  Other  Sketches'  (1875);  'Gabriel 
Conroy'  (1876);  'Two  Men  of  Sandy  Bar' 
(1876),  a  drama;  'Thankful  Blossom'  (1877); 
'The  Story  of  a  Mine'  (1878);  'The  Hoodlum 
Band,  and  Other  Stories'  (1878);  'Drift  from 
Two  Shores'  (1878);  'An  Heiress  of  Red  Dog, 
and  Other  Tales'  (1879);  'The  Twins  of  Mar- 
ble Mountain,  and  Other  Stories'  (1879);  'Com- 
plete Works'  (1882);  '  Flip  and  Other  Stories' 
(1882);  'In  the  Carquinez  Woods'  (1884);  'On 
the  Frontier'  (1884);  'Maruja'  (1885);  'By 
Shore  and  Sedge'  (1S85);  'Snow  Bound  at 
Eagle's'  (1885);  'The  Queen  of  the  Pirate  Isle' 
(1886);  'A  Millionaire  of  Rough  and  Ready' 
(1887);  'Devil's  Ford'  (1887);  'The  Crusade  of 
the  Excelsior '  (1887); '  The  Argonauts  of  North 
Liberty'  {1888);  <A  Phyllis  of  the  Sierras' 
(1888);  'Cressy'  (1889);  '  The  Heritage  of  Ded- 
low  Marsh,  and  Other  Tales'  (1889);  <A  Waif 
of  the  Plains'  (1890);  'A  Ward  of  the  Golden 
Gate'  (1890);  'A  Sappho  of  Green  Springs,  and 
Other  Stories'  (1891);  'Colonel  Starbottle's 
Client  and  Other  People '  ( 1892);  'A  First  Family 
of  Tasajera'  (1892);  'Susy'  (1893);  'Sally 
Dows,  and  Other  Stories'  (1893);  'A  Protegee 
of  Jack  Hamlin's,  and  Other  Stories'  (1894); 
'The  Bell-Ringerof  Angel's,  and  Other  Stories' 
(1894);  'Clarence'  (1895);  'In  the  Hollow  of 
the  Hills'  (1895);  'Three  Partners';  etc. 

Harting,  James  Edmund.  An  English  nat- 
uralist ;  bom  in  London,  April  29,  1841.  He 
matriculated  at  the  University  of  London  in 
1859,  and  followed  the  profession  of  a  solicitor 
until  1878,  when  he  retired  and  devoted  him- 
self to  zoological  research.  He  is  editor  of 
the  natural-history  columns  of  the  Field,  and 
also  has  charge  of  the  Zoologist.  Among  his 
numerous  publications  are  :  '  The  Ornithology 
of  Shakespeare'  (1871);  'Handbook  of  British 
Birds'  (1871);  'Rambles  in  Search  of  Shells' 
(1875);  'British  Animals  Extinct  within  His- 
toric Times'  (1880);  'Essays  on  Sport  ani 
Natural  History'  (1883). 


HARTLEY  —  H  ASSARD 


251 


Hartley,  Cecil  B.  An  American  biographer 
and  miscellaneous  writer  ;  born  18 — •  died  18 — . 
He  wrote  <  Lives  >  of  Louis  Wetzel,  the  Vir- 
ginia ranger;  of  the  Empress  Josephine  (i860); 
of  Francis  Marion ;  and  of  Daniel  Boone. 
Also  <  Hunting  Sports  of  the  \Yest.> 

Hartmann,  Alfred  (hart'man).  A  Swiss  au- 
thor ;  born  Jan.  I,  1814,  near  Langenthal,  Bern. 
He  studied  law  at  German  universities,  but 
after  a  sojourn  in  Paris  abandoned  jurispru- 
dence and  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits 
at  Solothurn,  where  for  many  years  he  pub- 
lished a  comic  periodical  called  Postheiri.  His 
chief  works  are  the  romance  <  Master  Putsch 
and  his  Companions*  (1858);  < Martin  Disteli> 
(1861),  a  biography;  <  Gallery  of  Famous  Swiss  > 
( 1863-71 ) ;  <  Tales  from  the  Swiss  >  ( 1863) ;  <  Swiss 
Tales  >  (1877)  ;  <  P'ortunatus.*      D.  Dec.  10,  1897. 

Hartmann,  Eduard  von.  A  German  phi- 
losopher ;  born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  23,  1842.  At  22 
he  chose  for  his  life  vocation  «thinking,'> 
or  philosophy,  and  on  his  retirement  from 
the  Prussian  military  service  (1865),  devoted 
himself  wholly  for  some  years  to  writing  his 
great  work  <  The  Philosophy  of  the  Uncon- 
scious >  (1868;  loth  ed.,  3  vols.,  1890);  in  the 
later  editions  of  this  work  are  incorporated 
his  <  Physiology  of  the  Nerve-Centres >  (1876); 
*  The  Truth  and  the  Error  in  Darwinism ' 
(1875);  and  <The  Unconscious  from  the  Stand- 
point of  Physiology  and  the  Doctrine  of  De- 
scent >  (1872).  Then  followed  <The  Ethical 
Consciousness,'  or  as   it   was   at  first  entitled, 

<  Phenomenology  of  the  Ethical  Consciousness  > 
(1879);  <The  Philosophy  of  Religion  >  (2d  ed. 
1888),  comprising  <The  Religious  Conscious- 
ness of  Mankind  >  and  <  The  Religion  of  the 
SouP;  <^sthetics>  (2  vols.,  1886-87),  compris- 
ing <  German  ^Esthetics  since  Kant '  and  <  The 
Philosophy  of  the  Beautiful.*  Besides  these 
works,  which  constitute  his  exposition  of  a 
system  of  philosophy,  he  has  written  :  <  On  the 
Dialectic  Method*  (1868);  <The  Thing  in  It- 
self and  its  Nature*  (1871);  < Critical  Grounds 
of  Transcendental  Realism  >  (3d  ed.  1885);  <  Elu- 
cidations of  the  Metaphysics  of  the  Uncon- 
scious* (1874),  afterwards  styled  <  New-Kant- 
ianism, Schopenhauerism,   and    Hegelianism  * ; 

<  Self-Destniction  of  Christianity,  and  the  Reli- 
gion of  the  Future*  (3d  ed.  1888);  < The  Crisis  of 
Christianity  in  Modern  Theology*  (1880);  <Juda- 
ism  in  the  Present  and  the  Future*  (1885); 
<Lotze's  Philosophy*  (1888);  <The  Ghost-The- 
ory in  Spiritism*  (1891);  <The  Fundamental 
Social  Questions*  (1894);  <Shelling's  Philosoph- 
ical System*  (1897);  <  History  of  Metaphysics* 
(1900);  <The  Problem  of  Life*  (1906).  Died 
June  6,  1906. 

Hartmann,  Moritz.  An  Austrian  poet  and 
agitator;  born  in  Duschnik,  Bohemia,  Oct. 
15,  1821 ;  died  in  Vienna,  May  13,  1872.  He 
was  from  youth  an  ardent  social  reformer, 
and  wrote  poems  under  this  inspiration.  His 
< Chalice  and  Sword*  (1845)  was  distinctly 
revolutionary.  He  became  a  « poet  of  the 
people,**  participated  in  the  movement  of  1848, 
and  was  elected  to  the  Frankfurt  Parliament. 


His  < Poetic  Chronicle  of  Father  Mauritius* 
(1849)  attained  a  wide  popularity.  He  lived 
in  exile  for  some  years,  but  continued  to  write 
poetry  and  prose  in  his  wanderings,  his  repu- 
tation constantly  increasing.  Deep  feeling  and 
love  of  freedom  permeate  all  his  work. 

Hartmann  von  Aue  (hart'man  fon  ou'6).  A 
German  mediaeval  poet;  bom  about  1170;  died 
between  1210  and  1220.  He  took  part  in  the 
Crusades.  He  was  one  of  the  most  eminent 
poets  of  his  time,  and  through  the  study  and 
imitation  of  the  poets  of  Northern  France, 
brought  about  a  revival  of  poetry  in  Germany. 
His  chief  work  is  <  Poor  Heinrich,*  a  senti- 
mental legend,  on  which  Longfellow  based  his 
<  Golden  Legend.*  His  romances  <Erek*  and 
<Iwein,*  written  about  1190  and  1200  respect- 
ively, were  derived  from  Chrestien  de  Troyes. 
His  love  songs,  the  noted  "minne**  poems,  are 
light  and  gracefuh 

Hartshome,  Henry.  [«Corinne  L'Estrange.*'] 
An  American  physician,  writer  and  poet  ;  bom 
in  Philadelphia,  March  16,  1823;  died  at  Tokio, 
Feb.  10,  1897.  He  was  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  Haverford  College,  and 
the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania. 
Besides  valuable  medical  works,  he  wrote 
'Woman's  Witchcraft, '  a  dramatic  romance,  and 
'Summer  Songs*  ( 1865 ),  a  volume  of  verse. 

Hartzenbusch,  Juan  Eugenio  (harts'en- 
bosh).  A  Spanish  poet  and  playwright;  son  of 
a  German  father  and  a  Spanish  mother;  born 
in  Madrid,  Sept.  6,  1806 ;  died  there,  Aug.  2,  1880. 
His  plays  adapted  from  the  French  were  pro- 
duced with  success.  <  The  Lovers  of  Teruel,* 
his  first  original  drama  and  his  masterpiece, 
achieved  speedy  popularity.  Others  of  his  best 
plays  are:  <Doiia  Mencia>;  *The  Bachelor 
Mendarias  * ;  and  <  The  Courtesan  and  the 
Coward.*  They  show  liveliness  of  fancy,  inge- 
nuity of  plot,  and  good  metrical  workmanship. 
He  also  edited  the  Spanish  playwrights,  and 
wrote  pleasing  poems  and  stories. 

Haschka,  Laurenz  Leopold  (hash'ka).  An 
Austrian  poet;  born  in  Vienna,  Sept.  i,  1749; 
died  there,  Aug.  3,  1827.  His  fame  is  mainly 
due  to  <God  Save  Emperor  Francis,*  the  na- 
tional h}Tnn  of  its  period,  and  still  an  Aus- 
trian popular  song. 

Hasebroek,  Johannes  Petrus  (has'e-brok). 
A  Dutch  poet,  preacher,  and  prose-writer; 
bom  in  Leyden,  Nov.  6,  1812.  His  collected 
<  Poems,*  and  two  volumes  entitled  <  Vesper  * 
and  <  Hesperides  *  respectivel)',  reveal  him  a 
pleasing  maker  of  verse ;  but  his  best-known 
work  is  a  collection  of  droll  poems  called  *  Jona- 
than's Truth  and  Dreams.*  His  sermons  have 
been  widely  circulated  in  book  form.     Died  1896. 

Hassard,  John  Rose  Greene.  An  American 
journalist  and  musical  and  literary  critic ;  bom 
in  New  York,  Sept.  4,  1836;  died  there,  April 
18,  1888.  He  was  for  many  years  on  the  staff 
of  the  New  York  Tribune  as  an  authoritative 
musical  critic.  His  most  important  work  is 
*  The    Ring   of   the   Nibelung  * ;    but   he    also 


tsa 


HASSAUREK  —  H  AUPT 


achieved  distinction  with  such  books  as  <Life 
of  Archbishop  Hughes*;  <  Life  ot  Pope  Piui 
IX.>;  <A  Pickwickian  Pilgrimage*;  etc. 

Haasaurek,  Frledrlch  (has'sour"ek).  An 
Austrian- American  prose  and  verse-writer; 
born  in  Vienna,  Oct.  9,  1832;  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  3,  1885.  As  a  boy  he  was  a  volunteer 
soldier  in  the  Austrian  army  in  1848,  but  came 
to  this  country  the  next  year,  and  was  long  a 
journalist  in  Cincinnati.  He  was  United  States 
minister  to  Ecuador  under  Lincoln.  <Four 
Years  among  the  South-Americans,*  a  volume 
of  sketches;  <The  Secret  of  the  Andes,*  a 
novel ;  and  a  collection  of  verses  written  in 
German,  are  his  remembered  works. 

Hasselt,  Andr6  Henri  Constant  van  (has'- 
selt).  A  Belgian  poet  and  historian ;  born  in 
Maastricht,  Holland,  Jan.  5,  1806 ;  died  in  Brus- 
sels, Nov.  30,  1874.  As  a  naturalized  Belgian 
he  early  made  that  country  his  own  from  a 
literary  point  of  view,  and  became  in  1837  a 
member  of  the  Belgian  Academy.  His  leading 
historical  works  are  :  <  History  of  French  Poetry 
in  Belgium  * ;  <  The  Belgians  in  the  Crusades  * ; 
'History  of  the  Belgian  People*;  and  <The 
Glories  of  Art  in  Belgium.*  He  also  produced 
a  variety  of  verses,  stories,  and  essays.  His 
poems  are  highly  spoken  of,  especially  the  one 
entitled  <  Four  Incarnations  of  Christ.* 

Hatbaway,  Benjamin.  An  American  writer 
of  verse ;  born  in  Cayuga  County,  N.  Y.,  1822. 
He  wrote  poems  with  chalk  on  barrel  heads 
while  working  as  a  cooper,  and  was  for  thirty 
years  a  nurseryman  and  farmer.  He  has  writ- 
ten:    <Art    Life,  and    Other    Poems*    (1877); 

<  League  of  the  Iroquois  *  (1881);  <  The  Fmished 
Creation.* 

Hatlfl,  Maul&n&  Abdallah  (Pers.  pron.  ha- 
tif'i).  A  Persian  poet;  born  in  Chargird, 
province  of  Herat,  in  the  fifteenth  century; 
died  1520  (?).  His  fame  rests  upon  a  series  of 
five  epic  poems  in  couplets,  in  which  he  takes 
Nisami  and  Amir  Chusrau,  of  Delhi,  as  his 
models.  Three  of  the  series  are  :  <  Laila  and 
Mejnunnun  * ;  <  Love  of  the  Sassanid  Khosru  * ; 

<  Haft  Mansar*  (Seven  Beauties).  The  fourth 
is  in  a  fragmentary  state,  while  the  final  one 
is  the  <  Book  of  the  Seven  Timurs.*  He  was 
one  of  the  last  of  Persia's  great  epic  poets,  and 
his  genius  is  of  a  high  order. 

Hatton,  Josepb.  An  English  journalist,  nov- 
elist, and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  An- 
dover,  Feb.  3,  1837.  Beginning  journalism  on 
his  father's  paper,  the  Derbyshire  Times,  he 
edited  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  (1868-74); 
and  has  since  been  a  newspaper  correspondent, 
(particularly  for  the  New  York  Times),  and 
magazinist.  As  a  novelist  he  will  be  remem- 
bered for<Clytie*  (1874);  < Queen  of  Bohemia* 
(1877);  <John  Needham's  Double*  (1885),  dra- 
matized for  E.  S.  Willard;  <By  Order  of  the 
Czar,*  a  novel  of  Russian  life ;  <  Princess  Ma- 
raroff  * ;  <  Under  the  Great  Seal  * ;  <  When  Greek 
Meets  Greek,*  a  novel  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion successfully  dramatixed.    Among  his  mis- 


cellaneous publications  the  best  known  are : 
< Journalistic  London*  (1882);  <The  New  Cey- 
lon* (1882);  <  Henry  Irving's  Impressions  of 
America*  (1884);  <  Reminiscences  of  J.  L.Toole. 
Comedian*  (1888). 

Hauch,  Jobannes  Carsten  (houdh).  A  Dan> 
ish  poet  and  novelist ;  born  in  Frederikshald, 
Norway,  May  12,  1790;  died  at  Rome,  March 
4,  1872.  A  several-years'  European  tour  ended 
by  the  amputation  of  his  foot  in  Italy.  He 
lectured  on  physics  at  Soro,  and  was  professor 
of  poetry  at  Kiel.  The  revolution  of  1848  drew 
him  in,  and  he  took  permanent  refuge  in  Scan- 
dinavia ;  was  made  professor  of  aesthetics  in  the 
Copenhagen  University,  and  held  the  post  till 
his  death.  His  plays  won  him  his  first  general 
recognition,  and  several  have  had  brilliant  suc- 
cess both  in  Scandinavia  and  Germany.  <  Con- 
trasterne*  and  <  Rosaura*  were  the  earliest;  and 

<  Tiberius,*  <  Don  Juan,*  and  <  Tycho  Brahe,* 
among  the  later.  <  Hamadryads  *  gave  him  fame 
in  romantic  poetry,  and  his  lyrics  rank  him  as 
Denmark's  foremost  poet  of  nature  and  senti- 
ment. His  romances,  especially  <  William  Za- 
bern,*  <  Guldmageren,*  <  The  Story  of  Thorwald 
Vidforle,*  and  <  Robert  Fulton,*  have  passed 
through  many  editions.  In  him,  depth  of  feel- 
ing unites  with  taste  and  mysticism  in  a  charm- 
ing whole. 

Hauenscblld,  Richard  Georg  Spiller  von. 
See  Waldau. 

Hauff,  Wllhelm  (houf).  A  German  story- 
writer  ;  born  at  Stuttgart,  Nov.  29,  1802 ;  died 
there,  Oct.  18,  1827.  From  the  monastery  at 
Blaubeuren,  he  went  to  Tubingen  to  study  the- 
ology, but  became  tutor  in  the  family  of  a  high 
official.  His  works  include :  <  Almanach  of 
Fables  for  1826*;  'Extracts  from  Satan's  Me- 
moirs*; 'Lichtenstein* ;  'Othello*;  'The  Beg- 
gar of  the  Pont  des  Arts  * ;  and  a  medley  of  the 
most  fascinating  and  amusing  tales.  His  most 
delightful  creation  is  '  Phantasies  of  the  Bremen 
Rathskeller,*  in  which  his  fertility  of  resource 
and  sparkling  wit  seem  unfailing. 

Hang,  Johann.  Cristoph  Frledrlch  (houg). 
^Pseudonym  "  Hophthalmos  **  used  in  one  book 
only.]  A  German  poet  and  epigrammatist; 
born  in  Niederstotzingen,  Wiirtemberg,  March 
9,  1761 ;  died  at  Stuttgart,  Jan.  30,  1829.  His 
fame  dates  from  the  appearance  of  two  books : 

<  Epigrams  and  Miscellaneous  Poems,*  and  <  Ep- 
igrams.* A  fine  example  of  his  ever  juvenes- 
cent wit  is  'Two  Hundred  Hyperboles  upon 
Herr  Wahl's  Enormous  Nose.*  He  wrote  also 
fables,  ballads,  and  charades,  in  smooth  and 
elegant  metre. 

Haupt,  William  Ayers.  [«  William  A.  Mes. 
tayer.**]  An  American  actor  and  playwright; 
born  in  Philadelphia,  June  8,  1846;  died  in 
New  York,  Nov.  21,  1896.  He  made  his  first 
appearance  in  1862.  He  was  a  popular  co- 
median, and  has  played  with  Edwin  Forrest; 
Lester  Wallack,  and  other  well-known  actors. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  served  in  the  en- 
gineering corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 
AmonfiT  the  plays  which  he  wrote  or  assisted  in 


HAUPTM  ANN  —  HAWKER 


253 


writing  are:  <The  Tourist  in  a  Pullman  Car>; 
<We,  Us  &  Ca>;  <  Tobogganing  > ;  <The  Grab 
Bag  >;<  The  Kitty  >. 

Hauptmann,  Oerhart  (houpt'man).  A  Ger- 
man dramatist  and  poet ;  born  Nov.  15,  1862, 
in  Salzbrunn,  Silesia.  He  was  a  scholar  of 
solid  attainments  at  Jena  and  Berlin.  His 
taste  for  practical  sociology  comes  out  strongly 
in  his  intense  and  powerful  poems  and  dramas ; 
he  settled  on  a  small  Silesian  farm  solely  to 
study  peasant  life.  He  traveled  widely,  visit- 
ing the  United  States  in  1894.     His  first  play, 

<  Promethidenlos  *  (1885),  was  conventional ;  but 
under  Ibsen's  inspiration  he  soon  broke  away 
from  the  old  lines,  producing  <  Before  Sunrise  * 
and  <  A  Family  Catastrophe,*  tragedies  pre- 
senting the  genetic  conditions  of  proletarian- 
ism.  These  and  subsequent  plays  have  given 
him  world-wide  repute.  He  has  lately  turned 
to  comedy  but  <  The  Weavers  >  represent  his  forte. 
*  The  Apostle  > ;  <  Hannele  * ;  *  Poor  Henry  '  and 

<  The  Railway-Guard  >  are  an  attempt  at  fiction. 

HausBonyllle,  Gabriel  Paul  Othenin  de 
Citron,  Comte  d'  (dos'oii-vel).  A  French  lit- 
terateur, son  of  Count  Joseph ;  bom  at  Guscy- 
et-Chatel,  Dept.  Seine-et-Mame,  Sept.  21,  1843. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  French  Academy,  and 
one  of  the  leading  contributors  to  the  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes.  His  reputation  rests  on  lit- 
erary monographs,  among  which  are  <  Sainte- 
Beuve,  his  Life  and  Works  >  (1875),  <  George 
Sand,>  <  Prescott,>  etc.  (1879-88);  and  works  like 
•Across  the  United  States  >  (1883),  notes  and 
impressions  ;  <  Social  Studies  > ;  <  Socialism  and 
Charity.) 

Haussonvllle,  Joseph  Othenln  Bernard  de 
Cleron,  Comte  d'.  A  French  historian ;  bom 
in  Paris,  May  27,  1809 ;  died  May  28,  1884.  He 
was  once  in  the  diplomatic  service,  but  entered 
parliamentary  life.  His  <  History  of  the  Re- 
union of  Lorraine  to  France,*  and  <  History  of 
the  Foreign  Policy  of  the  French  Government 
from  1830  to  1848,*  are  valuable. 

Haussonvllle,  Louise  d'.  A  French  novel- 
ist, wife  of  Joseph;  bom  (Princess  de  Broglie) 
in  1818;  died  1882.  <  Robert  Emmet  >  is  her 
best  novel.    She  wrote  much  about  Byron. 

Haven,  Gilbert.  A  distinguished  American 
prose-writer  and  bishop  of  the  M.  E.  Church ; 
bom  in  Maiden,  Mass.,  Sept.  19,  1821 ;  died 
there,  Jan.  30,  1880.  An  able  writer,  a  forceful 
preacher,  and  a  persistent  worker,  he  refused 
all  honorary  collegiate  degrees.  He  published 
'The  Pilgrim's  Wallet,  or  Sketches  of  Travel 
in  England,  France,  and  Germany  > ;  <  Life  of 
Father  Taylor,  the  Sailor  Preacher'  (1871); 
'Our  Next-Door  Neighbor,  or  a  Winter  in 
Mexico*  (1875);  etc. 

Havergal,  Frances  Ridley.  An  English 
religious  writer  and  poet;  bom  at  Astley, 
Worcestershire,  Dec.  14,  1836;  died  at  Swan- 
sea, Wales,  June  3,  1879.  She  began  to  write 
hymns  and  letters  in  verse  at  the  age  of  seven, 
but  did  not  publish  anything  until  i860.  She 
was  a  frequent  contributor  to  Good  Words. 
Among  over  -p  publications,  which  ooce  enioved 


considerable  popularity,  may  be  noticed  •.  <  The 
Four  Happy  Days>  (1873);  'Under the  Surface* 
(1874),  poems;  <  Royal  Graces  and  Loyal  Gifts* 
(6  vols.,  1879);  'Under  His  Shadow*  (1879); 
and  a  number  of  posthumous  works  by  various 
editors. 

Haver-Schmidt,  Francois  (hav'er-shmit). 
["  Piet  Paaltjens.'*]  A  Dutch  prose  and  verse 
writer ;  born  at  Leeuwarden,  Feb.  14,  1835 ;  died 
at  Schiedam,  Jan.  19,  1894.  He  studied  theology 
at  Leyden,  and  was  pastor  of  « Reformed  ** 
churches  in  various  parts  of  the  Netherlands 
for  some  years.  While  still  a  student  he  pro- 
duced a  series  of  parodies,  love  songs,  and 
sketches  (called  in  collected  form  '  Skits  and 
Jests*),  which  are  now  known  almost  by  heart 
to  the  whole  Dutch  collegiate  world.  Later 
he  wrote  realistic  novels  and  tales  of  a  some- 
what serious  tendency.  Among  them  are :  '  My 
Brother's  House >;  'The  Pastorate  of  Mv 
Grandfather*;  and  various  others.  His  pictures 
of  Dutch  life  are  vivid  and  well  drawn. 

Havliiiek,  Karel  (hav'li-chek).  ["Borovsky.**] 
A  Czech  prose-writer  and  agitator ;  bom  at 
Borova,  Oct.  31,  1821 ;  died  at  Prague,  July  29, 
1856.  As  a  tutor  at  Moscow,  he  gathered  the 
material  for  his  <  Pictures  from  Russia.*  Later 
he  became  an  influential  journalist  in  Bohemia. 
His  Czech  agitation  resulted  in  imprisonment 
for  some  years,  during  which  he  wrote  '  Tyro- 
lese  Elegies,*  satires  popular  with  his  country- 
men. In  1855  he  was  released.  He  was  the 
most  picturesque  figure  in  the  "new  Czech** 
movement.  His  fierce  sarcasm  and  unsparing 
wit  were  the  dread  of  friend  and  enemy  alike, 
and  not  until  he  had  been  dead  some  years 
were  the  most  effective  of  his  epigrams  pub- 
lished at  all.  His  posthumous  poem,  '  The 
Baptism  of  St.  Vladimir,*  appeared  first  in 
1877 ;  and  later  his  collected  works  were  pub- 
lished at  Prague. 

Haweis,  Hugh  Beginald  (hois).  An  English 
clergyman  and  author  ;  born  at  Egham,  Surrey, 
April  3,  1839  ;  died  in  London,  Jan.  29,  1901. 
He  was  a  Cambridge  graduate.  His  terse  and 
vigorous  language  and  capacity  for  exposition 
gave  his  books  a  wide  circulation  ;  among  them 
may  be  mentioned:  'Music  and  Morals*  (1871 ; 
13th  ed.  1885),  in  which  he  expounds  the  emo- 
tional theory  of  music;  'Thoughts  for  the 
Times*  (1872);  'Shakespeare  and  the  Stage*; 
'Unsectarian  Family  Prayers*  (1874);  *Pet,  or 
Pastimes  and  Penalties*  (1874);  'American  Hu- 
morists *  ( 1883) ;  <  Life  of  Queen  Victoria  *  (1887) ; 
'  The  Broad  Church.* 

Hawes,  Joel.  An  American  Congregational 
divine,  and  religious  and  ethical  writer;  bom 
in  Massachusetts,  1789;  died  1867.  He  was 
settled  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  1818-67.  He  wrote  : 
'  Religion  of  the  East  * ;  <  Looking-Glass  for 
Ladies  * ;  <  Washington  and  Jay  * ;  '  Tribute  to 
the  Pilgrims  * ;  etc. 

Hawker,  Morwenna  Pauline.  An  English 
novelist;  born  1865.  She  has  written  'Cecilia 
de  Noel*  (1891),  and  other  novels,  employing 
the  pen-name  of  "  Laooe  Falconer.** 


254 


HAWKESWORTH  —  HAYES 


Hawkesworth,  John.  A  noted  English  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  born  in  London  about  1715; 
died  Nov.  16,  1773.  He  is  best  known  as  editor 
of  the  Adventurer,  and  as  author  of  about  half 
its  contents.  He  wrote  also  an  account  of  the 
voyages  of  Captain  Cook,  Byron,  Wallis,  and 
Carteret  (3  vols.,  1773);  <Zimri>  (1760),  an  ex- 
cellent oratorio;  <  Edgar  and  Emeline'  (1761), 
a  drama;  'Almoran  and  Hamet*  (1761),  a  tale; 
'Life  of  Swift'  (1765-66);  etc.  Allibone  speaks 
of  him  as  occupying  <<the  first  rank  among 
English  classical  essayists.'' 

Hawkins,  Anthony  Hope.  A  popular  Eng- 
lish novelist,  writing  under  the  name  <<An- 
thony  Hope "  ;  born  in  London,  Feb.  9,  1863. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1887.  Among 
his  best-known  works  are :  <A  Man  of  Mark ' 
(1890);  'Father  Stafford';  'The  Prisoner  of 
Zenda ' ;  <  The  Indiscretion  of  the  Duchess  > ; 
<  Phroso ' ;  '  Heart  of  the  Princess  Osra.^ 

Hawkins,  Frederick.  An  English  journal- 
ist and  author ;  born  in  1849.  He  assisted  in 
establishing  the  Theatre,  a  periodical  exclus- 
ively devoted  to  the  literature  and  art  of  the 
stage,  and  was  its  editor  until  1879.  He  was 
dramatic  critic  of  the  Times  for  a  short  period, 
and  has  been  for  some  time  on  its  editorial 
staff.  His  works  are :  'Life  of  Edmund  Kean> 
(1869);  'Annals  of  the  French  Stage,  from  its 
Origin  to  the  Death  of  Racine'  (1884);  and  a 
continuation  of  it  to  the  Revolution  period  in- 
clusive under  the  title  of  'The  French  Stage 
in  the  Eighteenth  Century*  (1882). 

Hawks,  Francis  Lister.  An  American  Epis- 
copal divine ;  born  at  New  Berne,  N.  C,  June 
10,  1798;  died  in  New  York,  Sept.  26,  1866.  Ori- 
ginally a  lawyer,  he  was  the  first  president  of 
the  University  of  Louisiana.  Besides  legal  and 
religious  works  he  wrote  :  '  Contributions  to  the 
Ecclesiastical  History  of  the  United  States' 
(1836-41);  'Narrative  of  Commodore  Perry's 
Expedition'  (i8t;6);  'History  of  North  Caro- 
lina' (1857-68);  etc. 

Hawthorne,  Julian.  An  American  novelist 
and  journalist,  son  of  Nathaniel ;  born  in  Bos- 
ton, June  22,  1846.  His  boyhood  was  passed 
in  Europe,  his  youth  in  New  England.  Upon 
leaving  Harvard  he  studied  civil  engineering 
in  Dresden,  but  took  to  authorship  almost  in 
spite  of  himself.  His  success  was  not  rapid, 
but  popular  favor  has  been  accorded  to  the 
novels  'Idolatry,'  'Fortune's  Fool,'  'Sinfire,' 
'Beatrix  Randolph,'  and  'Garth.'  As  a  jour- 
nalist he  has  traveled  widely  in  prosecution  of 
his  work,  his  latest  task  being  a  study  on  the 
spot  of  the  horrors  of  the  Indian  famine  plague 
of  1896-97. 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel.  An  American  novel- 
ist and  short-story  writer ;  born  in  Salem.  Mass., 
July  4,  1804 ;  died  at  Pl}Tnouth,  N.  H.,  May  19, 
1864.  He  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1825; 
held  a  customs  post  at  Boston  from  1838  to 
1841;  was  a  member  of  the  Brook  Farm  com- 
munity, 184 1 ;  was  suneyor  of  the  port  at 
Salem  from  1846  to  1849,  and  consul  at  Liver- 


pool from  1853  to  1857,  returning  to  the  United 
States  in  1861.  Among  his  works  are :  '  Fan- 
shawe'  (1826);  'Twice-Told  Tales'  (1837,  a 
second  series  appearing  some  years  later); 
'Mosses  from  an  Old  Manse'  (1846);  'The 
Scarlet  Letter'  (1850);  'The  House  of  the 
Seven  Gables'  (1851);  'The  Wonder  Book' 
(1851);  'The  Blithedale  Romance'  (1852);  'The 
Snow  Image  and  Other  Twice-Told  Tales' 
(1852);  'Life  of  Franklin  Pierce'  (1852);  'Tan- 
glewood  Tales'  (1853);  'The  Marble  Faun' 
(i860);  'Our  Old  Home'  (1863);  'Pansie,'  some- 
times called  'The  Dolliver  Romance'  (1864); 
'Note  Books'  (1868-72);  'Septimius  Felton' 
(1872);  'Tales  of  the  White  Hills'  (1877);  and 
<  Dr.  Grimshawe's  Secret'  (1883),  the  last-named 
being  left  in  a  fragmentary  condition. 

Hay,  John.  An  American  poet  and  prose- 
writer;  bom  in  Salem,  Ind.,  Oct.  8,  1838.  He 
graduated  from  Brown  University,  and  settled 
in  Illinois  as  a  lawyer,  but  went  to  Washington 
in  1861  as  one  of  Lincoln's  private  secretaries, 
acting  also  as  his  aide-de-camp.  He  served 
under  Gens.  Hunter  and  Gillmore  with  the  rank 
of  major  and  assistant  adjutant-general.  He 
was  subsequently  in  the  United  States  diplo- 
matic service,  stationed  at  Paris,  Vienna, 
Madrid,  and  London.  In  1905  he  was  made 
Secretary  of  State.  His  literary  reputation  rests 
upon  <  Pike  County  Ballads,'  the  best  known  of 
which  are  perhaps  'Little  Breeches'  and  'Jim 
Bludso';  'Castilian  Days,'  a  volume  of  travel; 
and  '  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln '  (with  J.  G. 
Nicolav').     Died  July  i,  1905. 

Hay,  John  Charles  Dalrymple,  Sir.  An 
English  admiral  and  author;  bom  Feb.  II, 
1821.  He  was  actively  engaged  in  Borneo 
(1845-46),  in  operations  against  the  Chinese 
pirates  (1849),  and  in  the  Crimean  War  (1854- 
56),  retiring  with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral  in 
1870.  He  has  been  several  times  a  member  of 
Parliament  in  the  Conservative  interest.  His 
works  include :  '  The  Reward  of  Loyalty ' 
(1862),  being  suggestions  in  regard  to  the  Amer- 
ican colonies  ;  'Remarks  on  the  Lossof  the  "  Cap- 
tain'" (1871);  'Ashanti  and  the  Gold  Coast:  A 
Sketch'  (1871)  ;  'Piracy  in  the  Chinese  Sea.' 

Hay,  Mary  Cecil.  A  popular  English  nov- 
elist; born  at  Shrewsbury,  1840  (?);  died  1886. 
Her  home  in  later  life  was  at  East  Preston, 
Sussex.  Among  her  best  works  are :  '  Hidden 
Perils'  (1873);  'Old  Myddleton's  Money'  (1874); 
'The  Arundel  Motto'  (1877):  'For  Her  Dear 
Sake'  (1880). 

Hayes,  Augustas  Allen.  An  American  novelist; 
born  in  Boston,  1837;  died  in  Paris,  April  18, 
1892.  His  home  was  in  Brookline,  Mass.  He 
wrote  :  '  New  Colorado  and  the  Santa  Fe  Trail ' 
(newed.  1880);  'The  Jesuit's  Ring  (1887),  a  ro- 
mance of  Mt.  Desert;  'The  Denver  Express';  etc. 

Hayes,  Henry.     See  Eirk. 

Hayes,  Isaac  Israel.  An  American  explorer 
and  prose -writer  ;  bom  in  Chester  County,  Pa., 
March  5.  J 832;  died  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  17, 
188 1.    Graduating  in  medicine  at  the  University 


HAYGOOD  —  HEADLEY 


255 


of  Pennsylvania  (1853),  he  joined  Dr,  Kane's 
expedition  in  searcii  of  Sir  John  Franklin.  In 
i860,  as  commander  of  the  ship  United  States, 
he  sailed  for  exploration  of  the  open  polar  sea. 
His  reputation  was  gained  as  explorer,  author, 
lecturer,  surgeon,  and  legislator.  Among  his 
writings  are:  <The  Open  Polar  Sea>  (1867); 
<The  Land  of  Desolation  >  (1871). 

Haygood,  AttlcuB  Green.  An  American 
Methodist  divine,  and  religious  and  miscellane- 
ous writer ;  bom  at  Watkinsville,  Ga.,  Nov.  19, 
1839;  died  1896.  He  became  bishop  in  1890. 
He  wrote  :  <  The  Monk  and  the  Prince,*  a  study 
of  Savonarola  and  Lorenzo  de'  Medici ;  <  Our 
Brother  in  Black  >  (1881);  <  Pleas  for  Progress  > 
(1889);  etc. 

Hayley,  William.  An  English  poet;  born 
at  Chichester,  Oct.  29,  1745 ;  died  at  Felpham, 
Nov.  12, 1820.  He  was  the  biographer  of  Cowper. 
who  received  his  pension  through  Hayley's  in- 
fluence with  Pitt.  <  Essay  on  History  >  appeared 
in  1780 ;  <The  Triumphs  of  Temper  >  in  1781; 
an  <  Essay  on  Epic  Poetry*  in  1782;  an  <  Essay 
on  Old  Maids*  in  1785;  < Essays  on  Sculpt- 
ure* in  1800;  and  <The  Triumph  of  Music* 
in  1804.  He  wrote  also  a  <Life  of  Milton* 
(1796).  Cowper  and  Gibbon  commended  his 
<  Essay  on  Epic  Poetry.* 

Hayne,  Paul  Hamilton.  An  American  poet ; 
bom  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  Jan.  I,  1830;  died  at 
Augusta,  Ga.,  July  6,  1886.  At  first  a  lawyer, 
he  turned  to  journalism,  and  in  1855  his  maiden 
volume  of  verse  appeared.  <  Sonnets  and  Other 
Poems*  followed  it  two  years  later,  and  then 
came  <Avolio,  a  Legend  of  the  Island  of  Cos.* 
He  served  through  the  war,  retired  from  the 
field  in  poverty,  and  wr^te  poetry.  <  Legends 
and  Lyrics  * ;  <  The  Mountain  of  Lovers  * ;  <  The 
Wife  of  Brittany  * ;  and  other  productions  of 
this  period,  mark  him  easily  first  among  South- 
em  poets, 

Haynes,  Emory  James.  An  American 
Methodist  divine  and  novelist;  born  at  Cabot,  Vt., 
1847.  He  has  written  :  <  Fairest  of  Three  >  ( 1883), 
a  tale  of  American  life  ;  <  Dollars  and  Duties  > 
(1887);  <A  Farmhouse  Cobweb,*  a  Vermont 
novel ;  <  Are  These  Things  So  ?  >  <  None  Such.* 

Hays,  William  Shakespeare.  An  American 
popular  ballad  and  song  writer;  born  in  Ken- 
tucky, 1837.  His  home  is  in  Louisville,  Ky. 
One  of  his  best-known  songs  is  <  Norah  O'Neill.* 
He  has  written  '  Poems  and  Songs.*     Died  1907. 

Hayter,  Henry  Heylyn.  An  English  statis- 
tician and  author;  bom  at  Eden  Vale,  Wilt- 
shire, October  1821.  He  emigrated  to  Victoria, 
Australia,  in  1852,  in  1857  joined  the  department 
of  the  Registrar-General,  and  in  1874  was  made 
government  statist.  He  soon  after  originated 
the  well-known  Victorian  Year-Book,  which  he 
still  edits.  His  publications  include:  <Notes  of  a 
Tour  in  New  Zealand';  <Notes  on  the  Colony  of 
Victoria*  (1875);  ^School  History  of  Victoria'; 
<My  Christmas  Adventure,  Carboona,  and  Other 
Poems'  (1887);  besides  scientific  papers.  Died 
at  Melbourne,  Australia,  Mar.  23,  1895. 


Hay  ward,  Abraham.  An  English  essayist; 
born  Nov.  22,  1801 ;  died  in  London,  Feb. 
2,  1884.  Educated  as  a  lawyer,  he  became  a 
contributor  to  the  Edinburgh  Review;  also 
wrote  regularly  for  the  Quarterly  Review.  He 
translated  Goethe's  <  Faust  *  in  1883,  and  wrote 

<  Sketches  of  Eminent  Statesmen  and  Writers  * 
(1880). 

Hazard,  Samuel.  An  American  writer  of 
travels ;  born  in  Pennsylvania,  1834 ;  died  1876. 
He  was  an  officer  in  the  United  States  army. 
He  wrote  :  <  Cuba  with  Pen  and  Pencil*  (1870); 

<  Santo  Domingo  Past  and  Present  *  ( 1873). 

Hazeltine,  Mayo  Williamson.  An  Ameri- 
can journalist;  born  at  Belfast,  Me.,  1841. 
Originally  a  lawyer,  he  is  now  the  well-known 
literary  editor  of  the  New  York  Sun.  He  has 
published  :  <  The  American  Woman  in  Europe  > ; 

<  British  and  American  Education  > ;  <  Chats 
about  Books*;  etc. 

Hazlitt,  William,  An  English  critic  and 
prose-writer;  born  in  Maidstone,  Kent,  April 
10,  1778 ;  died  at  London,  Sept.  18,  1830.  He 
was  at  first  a  painter.  His  characteristic  work 
is  interesting  but  bizarre,  like  himself.  <  Char- 
acters of  Shakespeare's  Plays  * ;  <  Lectures  on 
English  Poets*;  <The  Spirit  of  the  Age*;  and 
other  collected  volumes  of  his  essays,  are  still 
widely  read. 

Hazlitt,  William  Carew.  An  English  com- 
piler and  author,  son  of  William ;  born  Aug. 
22,  1834.  He  was  a  lawyer,  but  did  not  follow 
his  profession,  and  has  either  written  or  edited 
a  large  body  of  literature  on  archaeological  and 
popular  subjects.  He  is  the  author  of  <  The 
History  of  the  Venetian  Republic*  (4  vols., 
i860),  and  is  the  editor  of  the  works  of  Henry 
Constable,  Richard  Lovelace,  Robert  Herrick, 
William  Hazlitt,  Charles  Lamb,  and  others ; 
<01d  English  Jest-Books*  (1864);  <  Remains  of 
the  Early  Popular  Poetry  of  England*  (1864-66); 
*  Bibliographical  Collections  and  Notes  *  (1876- 
82).  'Venetian  Republic  :  Rise,  Growth,  Fall ' 
(1900). 

Head,  Barclay  Vincent.  An  English  numis- 
matist ;  born  at  Ipswich,  England,  in  1844.  He 
entered  the  British  Museum  in  1864,  became 
Assistant  Keeper  of  the  Coin  Department  in 
1871,  and  Keeper  in  1893.  He  has  made  a 
special  study  of  ancient  Greek  coinage,  and 
was  the  first  to  methodize  the  science  of  Greek 
numismatics  by  introducing  a  chronological 
system  of   classification.     His  works   include: 

<  History  of  the  Coinage  of  Syracuse*  (1874); 

<  Guide  to  the  Principal  Gold  and  Silver  Coins 
of  the  Ancients*  (1881),  both  crowned  by  the 
French  Institute;  <Historia  Numorum*  (1887), 
a  complete  illustrated  historical  manual  of  the 
whole  science  of  Greek  numismatics. 

Headley,  Joel  Tyler.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  inWalton,  N.Y  ,  Dec.  30, 1813;  died 
at  Newburgh,  J'^n.  16,  1897.  Gra-.iiating  from 
Union  College  in  1S46,  he  became  assistant 
editor  of  the  New  York  Tribune.  His  writings 
had  great  currency  in  their  day,  and  include : 
<Napoleonand  his  Marshals*  (1846);  < Washing- 


256 


HEADLE  Y  —  HEDGE 


ton  and  hfs  Generals>  (1847);  <Grant  and  Sher- 
man, their  Campaigns  and  Generals'  (1865); 
and  <rhe  Great  Rebellion'  (1864). 

Headley,  Fhlneaa  Camp.  An  American 
Congregational  divine  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
brother  of  Joel  T.;  born  at  Walton,  N.Y.,  June 
24,  1819.  He  has  written  :  <  Women  of  the  Bi- 
ble >  (1850);  'Lives'  of  Josephine  (1850),  Kos- 
suth (1852),  Lafayette  (1855),  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  (1856),  etc.;  a  series  of  <  Heroes  of  the 
Rebellion  >  (Grant,  Ericsson,  Farragut,  Sherman, 
etc.:  (1864-65);  'Court  and  Camp  of  David> 
(1868).    Died  at  Lexington,  Mass.,  Jan.  5, 1903. 

Hearn,  Lafcadlo  (him).  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  of  an 
English  father  and  a  Greek  mother,  at  Santa 
Maura,  Ionian  Islands,  June  27,  1850.  He  was 
educated  in  England  and  France,  and  has  since 
resided  in  this  country  and  in  Japan.  He  has 
written:  'Some  Chinese  Ghosts'  (1887),  six 
stories  exquisitely  told ;  '  Two  Years  in  the 
French  West  Indies'  (1890);  <Youma>  (1890), 
the  story  of  a  West-Indian  slave ;  '  Glimpses 
of  Unfamiliar  Japan,'  and  several  other  books 
on  Japan,  including  '  Kokovo ;  Hints  and  Ech- 
oes of  Japanese  Inner  Life ' ;  <  Gleanings  in 
Buddha  Fields,'  etc.  Died  Tokio,  Sept.  26, 1904. 

Heath,  Francis  George.  An  English  bota- 
nist; born  at  Totnes,  Devonshire,  Jan.  15,  1843. 
He  is  a  surveyor  in  the  customs  department, 
and  has  supported  movements  for  the  extension 
of  open  spaces,  chiefly  in  and  around  London. 
His  works  on  agricultural  subjects  include : 
'The  Romance  of  Peasant  Life'  (1872);  'The 
English  Peasantry'  (1874);  'The  Fern  World' 
(1877);  'Sylvan  Spring'  (1880);  'My  Garden 
Wild'(i88i) ;  <  More  about  Ferns'  (1903). 

Heaton,  John  Henniker.  An  English  jour- 
nalist and  publicist ;  born  at  Rochester,  May 
18,  1848.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  emigrated 
to  Australia,  became  connected  with  the  press, 
and  was  prominent  in  all  public  and  philan- 
thropic works  in  the  Australasian  colonies. 
As  M.  P.  for  Canterbury,  England,  he  intro- 
duced a  proposal  for  a  universal  international 
penny  postage  system.  His  chief  works  are: 
'  The  Australian  Dictionary  of  Dates  and  Men 
of  the  Time,'  a  standard  work  of  reference  on 
Australia;  'The  Manners,  Customs,  Traditions, 
and  Annihilation  of  the  Aborigines  of  Aus- 
tralia'; 'A  Short  Account  of  a  Canonization  at 
Rome.' 

Hebbel,  Frledrlch  (heboel).  A  German 
dramatist  of  the  first  rank ;  bom  in  Wessel- 
buren,  Holstein,  March  18,  1813 ;  died  at  Vi- 
enna, Dec.  13,  1863.  A  poor  but  precocious 
peasant  lad,  his  youthful  poems  brought  him 
patrons,  and  education  in  philosophy  and  his- 
tory at  Heidelberg.  In  1839  appeared  his  first 
tragedy,  'Judith,'  and  his  recognition  was  in- 
stantaneous; a  volume  of  short  poems  in  1842 
widened  his  reputation ;  an  allowance  from  the 
Duke  of  Holstein  enabled  him  to  travel.  In 
1844  the  tragedy  <  Mary  Magdalen'  appeared  at 
Paris.     He  married   a  celebrated   actress,  set- 


tled in  Vienna,  and  produced  <  Herod  and  Mari- 
amne ' ; '  Julia ' ;  and  other  plays.  These  display 
great  versatility  and  exhaustless  fertility,  but 
are  too  terrific  to  be  pleasing.  Recognizing  this 
himself,  he  essayed  a  gentler  mood  in  '  Mi- 
chael Angelo,'  'Agnes  Bernauer,'  and  others. 
In  the  Nibelungen  trilogy  and  in  '  Demetrius ' 
he  has  produced  what  many  consider  his  mas- 
terpieces. 

Hebel,  Johann  Peter  (ha'bel).  A  German 
dialect  poet ;  born  in  Basle,  Switzerland,  May 
II,  1760;  died  at  Schwetzingen,  Sept.  22,  1826. 
Educated  for  the  ministry,  he  held  various 
pastorates  and  rectorships ;  and  devoted  his 
leisure  to  poetry,  his  subjects  drawn  from  the 
dialect  and  folk-lore  of  his  parishioners.  His 
'  Alemannische  Gedichte,'  "  for  friends  of  rural 
life  and  manners,"  published  in  1803,  has  at- 
tained wide  celebrity.  This  and  other  poetry 
owed  its  vogue  to  exquisite  appreciation  of 
nature,  pleasing  revelations  of  rustic  simplicity, 
and  vivid  realism. 

Heber,  Reginald.  A  British  hymn-writer 
and  clergyman;  born  in  Cheshire,  April  21, 
1783  ;  died  at  Trichinopoly,  India,  April  3, 1826. 
Graduating  at  Oxford  with  honors,  he  became 
prominent  as  prebendary  of  St.  Asaph,  1812; 
preacher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1822 ;  and  Bishop  of 
Calcutta,  1822.  The  most  popular  of  his  h>  miis, 
'  From  Greenland's  Icy  Mountains,'  appeareil 
in  1819;  and  his  sermon  on  'The  Personality 
and  Office  of  the  Christian  Comforter'  also 
brought  him  fame.  He  wrote  <A  Journey 
through  India  from  Calcutta  to  Bombay.' 

Hecker,  Isaac  Thomas.  A  distinguished 
American  Roman  Catholic  clergyman ;  born  in 
New  York,  Dec.  18,  1819;  died  there,  Dec.  22, 
1888.  In  early  life  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Brook  Farm  community.  He  founded  the  order 
of  the  Paulists  (1858),  becoming  their  superior; 
and  established  the  Catholic  World  (1865), 
editing  it  till  he  died.  He  wrote  <  Questions 
of  the  Soul '  (1855);  'The  Church  and  the  Age> 
(1888);  etc. 

Hector,  Annie.    See  Alexander,  Mrs. 

Hedberg,  Frans  Theodor  (hed'bferg).  A 
Swedish  dramatic  poet ;  born  in  Stockholm, 
March  2,  1828.  He  began  life  in  a  store,  then 
turned  to  wig-making,  and  at  last  drifted  to 
the  stage.  <  The  Wedding  at  Ulfasa,'  published 
in  1865,  a  historical  piece ;  and  <  When  You 
Have  No  Money,'  a  comedy  brought  out  in 
1854  and  afterwards  rewritten,  are  typical  of 
his  talent.  He  has  produced  many  plays,  be- 
sides writing  a  history  of  the  Swedish  stage. 

H^delln,  Frangols.    See  Aublgnac. 

Hedenstierna,  Earl  Joseph  Alfred  (hed'-en- 
sher-na).  A  Swedish  humorist  and  prose-writer; 
born  in  W^edisa,  March  12,  1852.  He  writes 
sketches  of  native  peasant  life  and  humorous 
skits.  'All  Kinds  of  People'  is  his  most  popular 
work. 

Hedge,  Frederick  Henry.  A  distinguished 
American  scholar  and  Unitarian  divine;  bom 


HEEMSKERK  —  HEIGEL 


257 


at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  12,  1805 ;  died  there, 
Aug.  21,  1890.  He  edited  tJie  Christian  Ex- 
aminer (1857-60),  and  was  professor  of  German 
at  Harvard  University  (1872-81).  Deeply  read 
in  philosophy,  ecclesiastical  history,  and  Ger- 
man literature,  he  vi'as  a  finished  writer  and  a 
polished  orator.  Among  his  writings  are : 
<  Reason  in  Religion'  (1865);  <The  Primeval 
World  of  Hebrew  Tradition  >  (1870);  <  Martin 
Luther  and  Other  Essays >  (1888);  etc.  His 
< Prose  Writers  of  Germany'  (1848)  is  a  stand- 
ard work.  He  translated  and  wrote  numer- 
ous hymns  for  the  Unitarian  Church,  and  in- 
troduced German  scholarship  and  literature  into 
this  country. 

Heemskerk,  Joliaun  van  (hemz'kerk).  A 
Dutch  poet  and  jurist ;  born  1597 ;  died  at  The 
Hague,  Feb.  27,  1656.  He  studied  law  at  Ley- 
den  and  Paris,  under  his  kinsman  Grotius. 
He  held  important  government  posts  in  Hol- 
land for  years.  His  'Batavian  Arcadia*  (1637) 
is  his  principal  poetical  work,  but  his  love 
poems  and  elegies  are  much  admired.  His 
works  on  jurisprudence  are  valuable  but  super- 
seded. 

Heeren,  Arnold  Hermann  Ludwig  (ha'ren;. 
A  German  historian  of  eminence ;  born  near 
Bremen,  Oct.  25,  1760 ;  died  in  Gottingen, 
March  6,  1842.  His  fame  rests  upon  <  Views  on 
the  Politics,  Commerce,  and  Mercantile  Condi- 
tions of  the  Ancient  World*  (4th  ed.  1824-26), 
a  work  characteristic  of  his  method,  style,  and 
province  as  a  historian.  Scarcely  less  note- 
worthy is  <  History  of  the  Study  of  Classical 
Literature  since  the  Revival  of  Learning*  (new 
ed.  1822);  <  History  of  the  States  [Staat]  of 
Antiquity*  (5th  ed.  1828);  <  History  of  the  Eu- 
ropean State-System  >  (5th  ed.  1839).  His  <  His- 
torical Works*  (1821-26)  comprise  15  volumes. 

Hefner-Alteneck,  Jacob  Heinrich  von  (hef- 
ner-al'te-nek).  A  German  writer  on  art;  born 
at  Aschaffenburg,  May  20,  181 1.  He  went 
through  a  complete  course  of  artistic  educa- 
tion, and  then  devoted  his  attention  to  the 
history  of  art,  particularly  of  the  Middle  Ages. 
In  1868  he  became  Conservator-General  of  the 
artistic  monuments  of  Bavaria,  and  director  of 
the  Bavarian  National  Museum.  His  num.er- 
ous  works  include:  < Costumes  of  the  Christian 
Middle  Ages*  (1840-54);  < Works  of  Art  and 
Furniture  of  the  Middle  Ages  and  Renais- 
sance* (1848-55);  <Iron  Work  of  the  Middle 
Ages  and  Renaissance*  (1861-86);  < Costumes, 
Works  of  Art,  and  Furniture  *  (1879-90).     D.  1903. 

Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich  (ha'gel). 
An  eminent  German  philosopher ;  born  at  Stutt- 
gart, Aug.  27,  1770;  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  14, 1831. 
Among  his  writings  are :  <  On  the  Difference 
between  the  Fichtean  and  Schellingian  Sys- 
tems* (1801);  <The  Orbits  of  the  Planets* 
(1801);  <  Phenomenology  of  the  Human  Mind* 
(1807),  the  first  part  of  his  < System  of  Science* ; 
< Science  of  Logic*  (3  vols.,  1812-16);  <Ency- 
clopsedia  of  the  Philosophical  Sciences*  (1817); 
'  Principles  of  the   Philosophy  of  Law,  or  the 


Law  of  Nature  and  Politicaj  Science*  (  1821 ). 
His  *  Complete  Works  *  appeared  in  18  vol- 
umes, 1832-42. 

Hegner,  Ulrich  (heg'ner).  A  Swiss  story- 
writer  and  humorist ;  born  in  Winterthur,  Feb. 
7, 1759  ;  died  there,  Jan.  3,  1840.  His  reputation 
was  made  by  <  The  Whey  Cure  *  (Die  Molken- 
kur)  and  <  Susan's  Nuptials.*  <  Sally's  Revolution 
Days*  is  an  effective  picture  of  conditions  in 
Switzerland  at  the  end  of  the  last  century. 

Heiberg,  Hermann  (hi'berc).  A  German 
novelist;  born  in  Schleswig,  Nov.  17,  1840. 
He  retired  in  1870  from  the  publishing  busi- 
ness left  him  by  his  father,  to  devote  himself 
to  letters  and  journalism.  His  numerous  stories, 
novels,  and  essays  have  been  widely  read,  par-, 
ticularly  <  Talks  with  the  Duchess  of  Seeland.* 
Other  successful  books  include :  <  Shoulder  to 
Shoulder*;  <  Blind  Love*;  <  The  Golden  Ser- 
pent* ;  <  Home  * ;  <  The  Black  Marit* 

Heiberg,  Jobann  Ludvig.  An  eminent  Dan- 
ish poet  and  critic,  son  of  Peter  Andreas ;  born 
in  Copenhagen,  Dec.  14,  1791 ;  died  at  Bon- 
derup,  in  the  island  of  Seeland,  Aug.  25,  i860. 
His  first  literary  training  was  received  from  his 
father,  whose  widow  became  Baroness  Gyllem- 
bourg-Ehrensvard.  His  early  attempts  in  liter- 
ature were  as  an  exponent  of  the  philosophical 
system  of  Hegel.  He  then  turned  to  play- 
writing:  <  King  Solomon  and  the  Hatter*  and 
<  April  Fools  *  were  extremely  successful,  the 
latter  being  still  popular  with  Danish  audiences. 
He  is  known  as  a  sound  critic  and  a  graceful 
essayist.  « He  was  long  the  undisputed  law- 
giver of  the  Danish  Parnassus.** 

Heiberg,  Peter  Andreas.  A  Danish  dra- 
matic poet,  satirist,  and  political  writer;  born 
in  Vordingborg,  Nov.  16,  1758  ;  died  at  Paris 
April  30,  1841.  His  early  political  writings  re- 
sulted in  his  banishment.  He  went  to  Paris 
and  entered  the  service  of  Talleyrand,  and  ob- 
tained lucrative  posts  under  the  first  French 
empire.  His  comedies,  especially  <  Hecking- 
born,*  have  been  much  admired,  and  success- 
fully produced  on  the  English,  French,  Dan- 
ish, and  German  stage.  He  had  a  rare  genius 
for  social  satire.  His  <  Life  of  a  Dollar  Bill* 
is  a  prose  fancy. 

Heidenstam,  Werner  von  (hi'den-stam).  A 
Swedish  poet  and  novelist ;  born  at  Olshammer, 
July  6,  1859.  He  is  the  originator  of  the  move- 
ment in  Sweden  against  extreme  realism.  He 
has  made  Oriental  themes  his  specialty.  His 
novel  <  Endvmion,*  published  in  1889,  is  very 
popular.  <  Pilgrimages^  a  collection  of  poems 
appearing  in  1888,  and  <  Modern  Barbarism  '  es- 
tablished his  international  reputation. 

Heigel,  Karl  von  (hi'gel).    A   German  poet; 

born  in  Munich,  March  25,  1835.  His  father's 
influence  as  an  official  of  the  Hoftheater  intro- 
duced him  to  dramatic  authorship.  He  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  King  Ludwig  IL  of 
Bavaria,  for  whom  he  wrote  numerous  plays, 
and  by  whom  he  was  decorated.  He  has  writ- 
ten, besides  the  plays,  several  volumes  of  verse. 


HEIJE  — HELMERS 


His  dramas  include  <  Marfa,'  which  has  been 
widely  staged.  His  best-known  poems  are 
'  Walpurg,>  a  Bavarian  legend,  and  his  lyrics, 
which  are  technically  perfect.  <  The  Way  to 
Heaven,*  <  The  Theatrical  Devil,>  and  <  The 
King's  Secret,'  are  among  his  successful  works 
of  fiction. 

Heije,  Jan  Pieter  (hi'e).  A  Dutch  poet  and 
critic ;  born  in  Amsterdam,  March  I,  1809 ; 
died  there,  Feb.  24,  1876.  He  was  a  prominent 
physician  in  Amsterdam  when,  with  a  friend, 
he  founded  in  1834  The  Muses,  as  a  national 
organ  of  the  arts.  He  composed  songs  and 
rectified  scores ;  his  <  Songs  of  Childhood  >  and 
<  Book  of  Songs  for  the  People  >  being  two 
among  many  works  that  largely  influenced 
popular  melody.  His  poetry  is  strongly  na- 
tional. His  prose,  comprising  essays  and  criti- 
cisms, is  terse  and  vigorous. 

Heimburg,  WilLelmine  (him'bbrg),  pseudo- 
nym of  Bertha  Behrens.  A  German  story- 
writer  ;  born  at  Thale,  Sept.  7,  1850.  Her  prin- 
cipal works  are :  <  From  the  Life  of  my  Old 
Friend  >  (1879);  <  Lumpenmiiller's  Lisbeth> 
(1879);  <The  Wendhusen  Cloister  >  (1880); 
<Her  Only  Brother  >  (2d  ed.  1883);  <  Crises  of 
the  Heart>  (1888);  <  Under  the  Linden>  (i888j, 
short  stories;  < Forest  P'lowers>  (sth  ed.  1891), 
a  collection  of  short  stories;  <An  Insignificant 
Woman >  (1891);  < Miss  Useless*  (1893). 

Heine,  Heinrich  (hi'ne).  A  German  poet 
of  the  first  rank ;  born  at  Diisseldorf,  Dec.  13, 
1799;  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  17,  1856.  His  chief 
works  are:  a  volume  of  <  Poems*  (1822);  two 
tragedies,  <Almansor*  and  <Radcliff*  (1823); 
< Pictures  of  Travel*  (vols,  i  and  2,  1826-27; 
to  which  were  added  two  volumes  more,  1830- 
31);  <Book  of  Songs*  (1827);  <  History  of  Re- 
cent Polite  Literature  in  Germany*  (2  vols., 
1833);  <The  Salon*  (4  vols.,  1835-40);  <The 
Romantic  School*  (1836);  <  Shakespeare's  Maids 
and    Matrons*    (1839);    <New    Poems*    (1844); 

<  Germany:  A  Winter's  Tale*  (1844);  <  The 
Romancers*  (1851);  < Doctor  Faust*  (1851); 
•Miscellanaous  Writings*  (3  vols.,  1854).  ('Com- 
plete Works,*  22  vols.,  1861-66.) 

Heinrich  Julius  (hm'rifih),  Duke  of  Bruns< 
wick.  A  German  dramatist  and  jurist;  bom 
Oct.  IS,  1564;  died  at  Prague,  July  20,  1613. 
Contests  with  the  city  of  Brunswick  resulted  in 
his  repairing  to  the  imperial  court  at  Prague, 
where  he  officiated  for  a  time  in  the  royal  privy 
council.  His  dramas,  mostly  written  under  the 
pseudonpn  <'Hibaldeha,'>  are  palpably  inspired 
by  foreign  models,  English  and  Italian  mainly. 
The  tragedy  of  -The  Adulteress*  is  reminiscent 
of  Shakespeare;  his  comedy  <The  Nobleman* 
suggested     Biirger's    <  Emperor    and    Abbot.* 

<  Vincentius  Ladislaus  >  is  the  counterpart  of  an 
older  Italian  play  and  of  Plautus's  *  Miles  Glori- 
osus.' 

Heinrich  von  Veldecke  (hin'rich  fon  vel'- 
de-k6).  A  Gennan  poet  of  the  twelfth  century. 
He  celebrated  in  verse  the  jousts  and  tourna- 
menu  of  his  day.    His  love  songs  are  among 


the  most  exquisite  that  have  survived  from  that 
period.  His  epic  of  <Eneit*  is  a  classic.  It  is 
not  modeled  after  Virgil's  <yEneid,*  but  after 
the  <  Roman  d'^ndas,*  attributed  to  Benoit 
de  St.  Maure.  He  practically  originated  the 
« minne  '*  or  love-song  as  it  has  come  down 
to  us.  His  principal  work  was  completed  about 
1 190. 

Heinse,  Wilhelm  (hin'ze).  A  German  poet, 
essayist,  and  romance-writer;  born  in  Lange- 
wiesen,  Thuringia,  Feb.  15,  1749;  died  at 
Aschaffenburg,  June  22,  1803.  His  youth  was 
oppressed  with  poverty.  At  Jena,  where  he 
finished  his  education,  he  met  Wieland,  whose 
influence  over  him  was  very  great.  A  little 
book  of  poems  brought  out  at  this  time  com- 
mended him  to  "Father**  Gleim,  the  poet, 
through  whom  he  obtained  good  situations  and 
the  means  wherewith  to  travel.  In  1783  ap- 
peared his  masterpiece,  <  Ardinghello,*  a  power- 
ful if  somewhat  Utopian  romance  of  art  and 
aesthetics.  <Hildegard  von  Hohenthal,*  a  ro- 
mance, besides  poetical  and  prose  works  based 
upon  his  classical  and  artistic  studies,  testify  to 
his  genius  which,  although  great,  was  marred 
by  mistaken  points  of  view. 

Heliodorus  (he-li-6-do'rus).  A  Greek  ro 
mance-writer ;  bom  in  Emesa,  Phoenicia,  about 
346;  died  about  420  (?).  He  became  bishop 
of  Tricca,  Thessaly,  after  what  seems  to  have 
been  a  creditable  clerical  career,  but  at  precisely 
what  date  he  wrote  his  famous  romance  <.Et]ii- 
opica  *  is  unknown.  The  circumstances  surround- 
ing the  production  and  preservation  of  this  book 
make  it  a  unique  work  of  fiction  and  its  au- 
thor worth  remembering. 

Heller,  Louise  R.  An  American  miscellane- 
ous writer;  born  in  Covington,  K}'.,  1870.  She 
is  the  author  of  <  Andrd  Chenier,*  a  memorial 
volume,  and  has  translated  <  Madame  Sans 
Gene.* 

Heller,  Robert  (hel'er).  A  German  histor- 
ical novelist ;  born  in  Grossdrebnitz,  Saxony, 
Nov.  24,  1812;  died  at  Hamburg,  May  7,  1871. 
He  left  the  law  for  journalism,  subsequently 
writing  <  Busts  from  St.  Paul's  Church,*  which 
established  his  reputation.  <Alhambra,*  <A 
New  World,*  and  *  The  Earthquake  at  Caracas  * 
are  distinguished  by  vividness,  fluency  of  style, 
and  historic  accuracy. 

Helmbold,  Ludwig  (helm'bSld).  A  Gemian 
hymn-writer;  born  in  Miihlhausen,  Thuringia, 
Jan.  21,  1532;  died  there,  April  12,  1598.  He 
wrote  sacred  songs  in  Latin  and  Gennan,  tl.e 
best  in  the  latter  tongue.  Those  beginnin,^ 
"  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  Thou  prince  of  peace  >* 
and  w  I  will  not  give  God  up  **  are  most  widely 
known. 

Helmers,  Jan  Frederik  (hel'mers).  A  Dutch 
poet  and  dramatist ;  born  in  Amsterdam,  March 
4,  1767 ;  died  there,  Feb.  26,  1813.  He  left  a 
mercantile  career  for  the  pursuit  of  letters.  In 
1789  he  produced  a  tragedy,  <  Dinomache,* 
founded  upon  Athenian  history,  following  it 
with  a  poem.  <  Socrates.*     His  best  work  was 


HELPER-  HENRY 


«59 


UiSpired  by  the  reverses  of  his  country  growinjj 
out  of  the  Napoleonic  wars.  When  a  Bona- 
parte ascended  the  Dutch  throne,  the  poet's 
patriotism  found  expression  in  the  <  Fragment 
of  a  Tragedy  upon  the  Fall  of  Corinth.>  His 
finest  composition,  <  The  Dutch  Nation,*  is  a 
poetical  apotheosis  of  Holland. 

Helper,  Hilton  Rowen.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  near  Mocksville,  N.  C,  Dec.  27, 
1829.  In  1857  appeared  the  notable  work  <  The 
Impending  Crisis  of  the  South,'  which  the 
Republican  party  used  as  a  campaign  docu- 
ment, with  great  effect.  <  The  Three  Americas 
Railway  >  was  published  in  1881,  and  was  fol- 
lowed by  <  Nojoque ' ;  <  The  Negroes  in  Negro- 
land  >;  <The  Land  of  Gold>;  <  Oddments  of 
Andean  Diplomacy ' ;  etc. 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur.  A  noted  English  essay- 
ist, historian,  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at 
Streatham,  Surrey,  July  10,  1S13;  died  in  Lon- 
don, Marcli  7,  1875.  He  was  clerk  of  the  privy 
council  of  England  in  i860,  and  enjoyed  the 
queen's  special  confidence.  His  works,  written 
in  a  pure  style,  evince  high  moral  purpose. 
Among  the  best  of  them  are :  <  Friends  in 
CounciP  (a  series,  1847-59);  a  collection  of 
essays,  < Companions  of  my  Solitude'  (1851); 
'Realmah>  (1868);  <  Spanish  Conquest  in  Amer- 
ica' (1855-61);  etc.  He  wrote  also  several  ro- 
mances and  dramas,  one  of  the  best  of  the 
former  being  <Casimir  Maremma'  (1870). 

Helvetius,   Claude   Adrien    (al-vas'yos"). 

A  French  philosopher;  born  in  Paris,  1715; 
died  there,  Dec.  26,  1771.  He  was  trained  to 
finance,  but  the  circle  of  the  Encyclopedists 
drew  him  into  philosophy.  His  <  On  the  Un- 
derstanding,' and,  some  years  later,  <  Man  :  His 
Intellectual  Faculties  and  His  Training,'  were 
celebrated  at  the  time  as  strong  philosophic 
works,  but  they  are  of  importance  in  political 
history  rather  than  in  that  of  philosophy.  He 
is,  however,  in  sympathy  with  the  new  histori- 
cal school  of  economics,  and  may  have  some 
revival  of  interest. 

Hemans,  Felicia   Dorothed   Browne.     An 

English  Irish  poet;  born  (Browne)  in  Liverpool, 
Sept.  25,  1793;  died  at  Redesdale,  near  Dublin, 
May  16,  1835.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  she  pub- 
lished creditable  poems  in  newspapers.  Her 
highest  note  was  reached   in  the   collections : 

<  Domestic  Affections';  <  Tales  and  Historic 
Scenes  in  Verse';  and  <Lays  of  Many  Lands.' 
Other  compositions   are  :  <  Forest   Sanctuary ' ; 

<  Songs  of  the  Cid ' ;  and  <  The  Siege  of  Valen- 
cia, the  Last  Constantine.' 

Henderson,  Isaac.  An  American  journalist 
and  novelist ;  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1850. 
He  was  part  owner  and  publisher  of  the  New 
York  Evening  Post  (1872-81);  since  then  he 
has  resided  in  Europe.  He  has  written  two 
novels,  <The  Prelate'  (1886),  and  < Agatha 
Page'  (1888),  tlie  second  of  which  has  been 
dramatized  ;  <  The  Silent  Battle,'  etc. 

Henderson,  William  James.  An  American 
ioumalist   and   miscellaneous  writer;  bora  in 


New  Jersey,  1855 ;  connected  with  the  New 
York  Times.     He  lias  written  :  <  Story  of  Music '; 

<  Preludes  and  Studies ' ;  <  Sea  Yarns  for  Boys ' ; 

<  Afloat  with  the  Flag  ' ;  <  The  Art  of  the  Singer.' 

Henley,  William  Ernest.  An  English  poeti 
horn  Gloucester,  Eng.,  Aug.  23,  1849.  He  was 
variously  engaged  in  journalism,  play-writin^ 
and  magazine  work,  but  appeared  more  promi- 
nently as  a  poet.  His  <  Book  of  Verses,'  followed 
by  <  The  Song  of  the  Sword,'  shows  his  poetic 
genius  ;  his  note  is  strongly  modern,  and  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  younger  school  of  British  poets. 
Died  at  Woking,  Eng.,  July  12,  1903. 

Henne-am-Rhyn,  Otto  (hen'ne-am-rin").   A 

Swiss  historian ;  born  in  St.  Gall,  Aug.  26,  1828. 
His  <Book  of  Mysteries'  and  *  History  of  the 
Swiss  People*  are  widely  known.  He  is  a 
graphic  and.  voluminous  exponent  of  Free- 
masonry and  ancient  religious  rites  and  cere- 
monies. 

Hennequln,  Alfred  (en'kaA).  A  French 
dramatist;  born  in  Li&ge,  Jan.  13,  1842;  died 
at  Epinay,  Aug.  7,  1887.  <The  Veauradieux 
Trial'  and  <The  Pink  Dominoes'  are  his  most 
popular  comedies.  <  Papa's  Wife '  was  also  suc- 
cessfully staged. 

Henningsen,  Charles  Frederick.  A  Swed- 
ish-American soldier,  poet,  novelist,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  born  of  Swedish  parentage 
in  England,  1815 ;  died  1877.  He  served  in 
the  Carlist  army  in  Spain  in  1834;  in  the  Rus- 
sian army  in  Circassia ;  took  part  in  the  Hun- 
garian revolution  of  1848 ;  was  with  William 
Walker  in  Nicaragua,  and  became  a  Confeder- 
ate brigadier-general  in  our  Civil  War.  He 
wrote   <Last  of  the   Sophis'    (1831),  a  poem; 

<  Campaign  with  Zumalacarregui '  (2  vols.,  1836) ; 
the  two  novels  <  The  White  Slave'  (1845)  and 
< Sixty  Years  Hence'  (1847);  < Personal  Recol- 
lections of  Nicaragua';  etc. 

Henry,  Caleb  Sprague.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  philosophical  and  miscellaneous  writer ; 
born  at  Rutland,  Mass.,  Aug.  2,  1804;  died  at 
Newburg,  N.  Y.,  March  9,  1884.  He  was  pro- 
fessor in  the  University  of  New  York  1838-52. 
He  translated  Guizot's  <  History  of  Civilization,' 
etc.,  and  wrote  < About  Men  and  Things'  (1873); 
< Satan  as  a  Moral  Philosopher'  (1877);  <The 
Endless  Future  of  the  Human  Race'  (1879); 
and  others. 

Henry,  Patrick.  An  eminent  American  ora- 
tor and  public  man ;  born  at  Studley,  Va.,  May 
29,  1736;  died  at  Red  Hill,  Va.,  June  6,  1799. 
His  literary  fame  rests  upon  his  speeches,  even 
the  meagre  reports  of  which  show  the  fire  and 
substance  of  a  great  orator.  He  would  be  a 
recreant  .American  schoolboy  indeed  who  has 
not  declaimed  ^<  But  as  for  me,  give  me  liberty 
or  give  me  death;"  <•  If  this  be  treason,  make 
the  most  of  it ; "  '<  I  repeat  it,  sir,  let  it  come  ! " 
His  speeches  and  correspondence  may  be  seen 
in  the  <  Life '  by  William  Wirt  Henry  (3  vols., 
1891),  the  third  volume  of  which  is  devoted 
exclusively  to  them. 


26o 


HENSEL  —  HEREDIA 


Hensel,  Luise  (hen'sel).  A  German  religious 
poet;  born  in  Linum,  Brandenburg,  March  30, 
1798;  died  at  Paderbom,  Dec.  18,  1876.  "I 
am  weary  and  go  to  rest"  is  not  only  one  of 
the  best  of  her  poems,  but  one  of  the  best 
pieces  of  religious  verse  in  the  German  language. 
Her  poetry  has  been  collected  into  a  volume 
of  <  Songs.' 

Hensler,  Karl  Frledricli  (hens'ler).  A  Swiss- 
Austrian  dramatist ;  born  in  Schaffhausen,  1761 ; 
died  at  Vienna,  Nov.  23,  1825.  Of  his  count- 
less plays,  <  The  Little  Danube  Woman  >  is  best 
known. 

Henty,  George  Alfred.  A  popular  English 
novelist  and  writer  for  boys;  born  at  Trump- 
ington,  Cambridgeshire,  Dec.  8, 1832.  He  edited 
Union  Jack,  a  journal  for  boys,  and  had  been 
war  correspondent  of  the  London  Standard  in 
various  quarters  of  the  globe.  A  voluminous 
writer,  among  his  best  works  are  :  <The  Young 
Franc-Tireurs'  (1871);  <  Winning  his  Spurs' 
(1882);  <Facing  Death'  (1882);  <The  Lion  of 
St.  Mark's'  (1888);  and  many  others.  Died  at 
W\vmouth,  Nov.  16,  1902. 

Hentz,  Mrs.  Caroline  Lee  (Whiting).    An 

American  writer  of  popular  romances ;  bom  at 
Lancaster,  Mass.,  1800 ;  died  at  Marianna,  Fla., 
Feb.  II,  1856.  Among  her  works  may  be 
named:  <Aunt  Patty's  Scrap-Bag >  (1846);  <The 
Mob  Cap>  (1848);  <The  Planter's  Northern 
Bride  >  (1854);  etc. 

Henzen,  Karl  Georg  Wilhelm  (henz'en).  A 
German  dramatist ;  born  in  Bremen,  Nov.  30, 
1850.  <Ossian'  and  <  Ulrich  von  Hutten  >  are 
typical  among  his  dramas.  He  has  employed 
the  pseudon}!!!  "Fritz  von  Sakken." 

Hepworth,  George  Hughes.  A  prominent 
American  clergyman  and  journalist ;  bom  at 
Boston,  Feb.  4,  i83_;;  died  in  New  York  city, 
June  7,  1902.  He  was  first  a  Unitarian,  after- 
ward a  Presbyterian,  minister,  and  finally  took 
an  editorial  position  on  th.  New  York  Herald. 
He  published  :  The  Whip,  H02,  and  Sword  > 
(1864);  'Th  Criminal  the  Crime,  the  Penalty) 
(1865)  ;  Starboard  and  Port'  (1876);  a  book 
entitled  <  !  !  !  > ;  <  Rocks  and  Shoals ' ;  <  Brown 
Studies';  < Hiram  Golf 's  Religion  >;  <  They  Met 
in  Heaven  > ;  etc. 

Heraclitus  (her-a-kli'tus).  A  Greek  philoso- 
pher ;  born  in  Ephesus,  about  535  B.  C. ;  died 
about  475  B,  C.  His  system  has  been  summed 
up  in  his  own  favorite  words :  <<  All  things 
flow.')  By  this  he  is  said,  according  to  modern 
critics,  to  convey  the  idea  that  the  law  of  being 
is  one  of  perpetual  change. 

Heraud,  John  Abraham  (her-6').  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  dramatist,  and  poet ;  born  in  Lon- 
don, July  5,  1799;  died  there,  April  20,  1887. 
At  nineteen  he  began  writing  for  English  peri- 
odicals. His  first  poem  was  a  versified  chron- 
icle, <The  Legend  of  St.  Loy.>  His  eccentric 
genius  evolved  <  The  Descent  Into  Hell '  in 
1830,  followed  by  <The  Judgement  of  the 
Flood.)    His  dramas  are  somewhat  impressive. 


notably  <  Videna,'  and  <  Wife  or  No  Wife.'  He 
wrote  some  good  biographies,  inchiding  a  work 
on  Savonarola,  and  is  the  author  of  *A  Study  of 
Shakespeare.'    Two  romances,    <Uxinal,'    and 

<  Macde  de  Leodepart,'  the  latter  historic,  have 
gone  to  third  editions. 

Herbert,  Edward.  Lord  Herbert  of  Cher- 
bury.  A  famous  English  philosopher,  historian, 
soldier,  and  diplomatist ;  born  at  Eyton,  Shrop- 
shire, 1583;  died  in  London,  Aug.  20,  1648. 
His  philosophy  was  somewhat  mystical.  His 
chief  work  was  <  De  Veritate '  (On  Truth :  1624). 

Herbert,  George.  An  English  poet;  born 
in  Montgomery  Castle,  Montgomeryshire,  April 
3,  1593 ;  died  at  Bemerton,  Wiltshire,  in  1633. 
He  was  of  high  birth  and  breeding  and  pro- 
found learning.  His  genial  saintliness  is  re- 
flected  in   his  devotional    poetry.      His  poem 

<  Sweet  Day,  So  Cool,  So  Calm,  So  Bright  >  is 
probably  best  known  and  most  often  quoted.  * 

Herbert,  Henry  William.  ["Frank  For- 
ester."] An  American  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  in  London,  England,  April  7,  1807;  died 
in  New  York  city.  May  17,  1858.  He  grad- 
uated from  Oxford,  and  came  to  this  coun- 
try in  1830,  rising  to  eminence  as  a  writer  and 
scholar  of  decided  versatility.  His  works  in- 
clude :  <  Cromwell ' ;  <  Mamiaduke  N3'vil ' ;  <  The 
Puritans   of   New    England ' ;    *  The   Fronde ' ; 

<  Sherwood  Forest' ;  and  other  historical  novels. 
His  histories  comprise  <  Captains  of  the  Old 
World ' ;  <  Cavaliers  of  England  > ;  <  Captains  of 
the  Great  Roman  Republic';  etc.  Over  the 
pseudonym   "Frank    Forester"   he   published: 

<  Field  Sports  of  the  United  States  and  British 
Provinces';   Frank  Forester  and  his  Friends'; 

<  Manual  for  Young  Sportsmen ' ;  etc. 

Herculano  de  Carvalho  e  Araujo,  Ales- 
sandro  (er-ko-la'no  de  kar-val'yo  e  a-rou'zho). 
A  Portuguese  poet  and  scholar;  born  in 
Lisbon,  March  28,  1810;  died  near  Santarem, 
Sept.  12,  1877.  He  early  distinguished  himself 
as  a  political  refoiTner,  editor,  and  poet  of  re- 
form. He  also  wrote  valuable  histories  and 
historical  novels.  <  The  Prophet's  Voice  >  is 
the  best  of  his  poems.  <  Eurico '  is  a  strongly 
original  historical  novel.  The  *  History  of  Por- 
tugal' and  <The  Origin  and  Development  of 
the  Inquisition  in  Portugal '  are  his  best  efforts 
in  histor}'. 

Herder,  Johann  Gottfried  von  (her'der). 
A  German  philosopher  and  historian  of  litera- 
ture ;  born  at  Mohrungen,  Aug.  25,  1744 ;  died 
at  Weimar,  Dec.  18,  1803.  He  wrote:  < Frag- 
ments on  Recent  German  Literature'  (1767); 
'Voices  of  Nations  in  Song'  (1778),  translations 
and  imitations  of  popular  songs  from  several 
European  languages ;  <  The  Cid ' ;  <  Spirit  of 
Hebrew  Poetry'  (1872-S3);  < Ideas  for  a  Phi- 
losophy of  the  History  of  iViankind '  (4  vols., 
1784-91),  his  greatest  work.  His  <  Complete 
W^orks'  were  published  in  45  volumes,  1805- 
20. 

Her^dia,  Jose  Maria  de  (a-raoe-a).  A 
French  poet;  bom  in  Fortuna-Cafayere,  neai 


HERLOSZSOHN  -^  HERRIG 


36  r 


Santiago  de  Cuba,  Nov.  22,  1842.  He  went  to 
France  in  boyhood  to  study  art,  but  preferred 
belles-lettres.  He  early  attracted  notice  by 
the  originality  and  charm  of  his  essays  in 
Parisian  periodicals,  and  his  sonnets  <  Trophies  > 
made  him  famous.  In  1894  he  was  elected  to 
iJie  French  Academy.     Died  Oct.,  1905. 

Herloszsolin,  Karl  (her'los-6n).  A  German 
novelist ;  born  in  Prague,  Sept.  i,  1804 ;  died 
at  Leipzig,  Dec.  10,  1849.  He  plunged  into 
story-writing  at  an  early  age,  founding  also  a 
periodical,  The  Comet,  that  continued  from 
1830  to  1848.  His  numerous  novels  show  rich 
fancy,  and  sustain  the  interest  well,  but  are 
marred  by  hasty  execution.  The  best  among 
them  are  :  <  The  Venetians  > ;  <  Wallenstein's 
First  Love ' ;  and  <  Christmas  Tales.>  Financial 
reverses  overtook  him,  his  paper  suspended, 
and  he  died  at  a  comparatively  early  age,  in 
&  public  hospital,  poor  and  friendless. 

Herman,  Henry.  An  English  novelist  and  play- 
wright; born  in  Alsace  in  1832;  died  in  London, 
Sept.  24,  1894.  He  was  collaborator  with  Henry 
Arthur  Jones  in  the  popular  melodrama  <  The 
Silver  King>  (1882),  and  with  W.  G.  Wills 
wrote  <  Claudian,)  a  classic  drama,  both  of 
which  were  features  of  Wilson  Barrett's  reper- 
toire for  many  seasons.  His  other  plays  in- 
clude: <  Jeanne  Dubarry'  (1875),  and  *  Slight 
Mistakes*  (1876).  As  a  writer  of  fiction  he 
'vill  be  best  remembered  for  <A  Leading 
Lady,*  <  Hearts  of  Gold  and  Hearts  of  Steel,> 
and  other  stories ;  and  <  One  Traveler  Returns ' 
and  <  He  Fell  Among  Thieves,*  written  with 
D.  C.  Murray. 

Hermann,  Nikolaus  (her'man).  A  church- 
song  writer;  born  about  1480;  died  at  Joachims- 
thal,  Bohemia  (?),  May  3,  1561.  His  brief  but 
numerous  songs  are  mainly  of  a  liturgical 
character. 

Herndon,  William  Henry.  An  American 
lawyer  and  biographer ;  born  at  Greensburg, 
Ky.,  Dec.  28,  1818;  died  near  Springfield,  111., 
March  18,  1891.  In  1843  he  formed  a  law 
partnership  with  Abraham  Lincoln,  which  con- 
tinued formally  till  the  latter's  death.  He 
wrote  the  well-known  <  Life  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln* (1889). 

Herodianus  (he-ro-di-a'-nus).  A  Greek  his- 
torian, who  lived  in  the  last  part  of  the  second 
and  the  first  half  of  the  third  century  A.  D. 
He  wrote  a  history  of  Rome  from  the  death  of 
Marcus  Aurelius  (180  A.  D.)  to  the  accession 
of  Gordianus  HI.  (238  A.  D.),  which  is  of  spe- 
cial value  for  the  reigns  of  the  emperors  sub- 
sequent to  Alexander  Severus.  Although  written 
in  a  rather  declamatory  style,  it  is  distinguished 
for  candor  and  independence  of  view. 

Herodotus  (he-rod'o-tus).  «The  Father  of 
History**;  born  at  Halicarnassus,  in  Caria, 
about  500  B.  C. ;  died  at  Thurii,  in  Magna 
Graecia,  between  B.C.  428  and  B.C.  426.  He 
wrote  his  < Exposition  of  History*  in  nine 
books  in  the  Ionic  dialect,  naming  them  after 
the  nine  Muses. 


Herpln,  Luce  (5r-pan).    See  Perey. 

Herrera,  Fernando  de  (er-ra'ra).  A  Span- 
ish poet;  born  in  Seville  about  1534;  died  in 
1597-  On  his  ordination  to  the  priesthood  he 
devoted  his  leisure  to  the  composition  of  a 
series  of  exquisite  lyrics,  which  have  earned 
for  him  the  title  of  <•  the  divine.**  His  grace 
and  sonorousness  are  marred  occasionally  by 
an  excessive  exactness  of  statement,  leading  to 
meaningless  repetition.  Among  his  more  seri- 
ous poems  are  those  on  the  battle  of  Lepanto 
and  the  fall  of  the  Portuguese  King  Sebastian. 
His  first  volume  was  published  under  his  im- 
mediate supervision,  comprising  a  selection  en- 
titled, <  Some  Works  in  Verse,*  dated  at  Seville, 
1582.  This  was  followed  some  years  later  by 
another   collection  of   <  Verses.*     He   wrote   a 

<  History  of  the  Cyprus  War  and  the  Battle 
of  Lepanto*  and,  as  one  authority  declares,  a 

<  Life  and  Death  of  Sir  Thomas  More.*  He 
was  the  friend  of  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega,  and 
the  founder  of  a  school  of  poetry. 

Herrick,  Mrs.  Christine  (Terhune).  An 
American  writer  on  domestic  economy ;  born 
at  Newark,  N.  J.,  1859.  Her  home  is  in  New 
York.  She  has  written  :  <  Housekeeping  Made 
Easy*  (1888);  <The  Little  Dinner*;  < Liberal 
Living  upon  Narrow  Means  * ;  etc. 

Herrick,  Robert.  An  English  poet;  born  in 
London  in  August  1591 ;  died  at  Dean  Prior, 
Devonshire,  Oct.  15,  1674.  He  was  a  royalist 
clergyman  forced  from  his  living  during  the 
Civil  War,  but  reinstated  upon  the  restoration. 
Moody  and  merry  by  turns,  the  many  'Noble 
Numbers,*  as  well  as  the  <  Hesperides,*  pro- 
duce in  succession  laughter  and  tears,  but  are 
sometimes  open  to  the  charge  of  mischievous- 
ness.  Every  revival  of  the  forms  of  the  lighter 
Muse  brings  the  poet  into  remembrance. 

Herrick,  Robert.  An  American  educator 
and  novelist;  born  in  Massachusetts,  1868.  He 
is  assistant  professor  at  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago. He  has  written  <  The  Man  Who  Wins,*  a 
novel ;  '  The  Real  World  * ;  <  The  Common  Lot.' 

Herrick,  Mrs.  Sophia  Mcllvaine  (Bledsoe). 

An  American  editor  and  microscopist,  daughter 
of  Albert  T.  Bledsoe  ;  bom  at  Gambier,  O.,  1S37. 
She  became  editor  of  the  Southern  Review  in 
1877,  and  afterward  joined  the  editorial  staff 
of  Scribner's  Monthly.  She  has  written  <  Won- 
ders of  Plant  Life  under  the  Microscope*,  <  The 
Earth  in  Past  Ages  * ;  <  A  Century  of  Sonnets.* 

Herrig,  Hans  (her'ig).  A  German  poet, 
dramatist,  and  editor;  born  in  Brunswick, 
Dec.  10,  1845;  died  at  Weimar,  May  4,  1S92. 
He  abandoned  law  for  literature  and  journal- 
ism, joining  the  staff  of  the  Deutsches  Tage- 
blatt  when  it  started.  His  plays  have  been 
numerous  and  successful,  notably  <  Alexander 
the  Great  * ;  <  Jerusalem  * ;  <  Nero  * ;  and  others 
serious  in  subject.  His  greatest  success  was 
with  the  << church  play**  arranged  and  written 
for  the  Luther  Jubilee  of  1883,  and  widely  per- 
formed. His  poetry  includes  both  the  light 
and  serious,  <  The  Fat  King  *  among  the  former 


•  63 


HERRON  —  HESEKIEL 


and  <  The  Swine  >  among  the  latter.  His  prose 
works  include  essays  on  Schopenhauer  and 
upon  the  development  of  the  stage. 

Harron,  George  Davis.  A  prominent  Ameri- 
can Congregational  clergyman,  writer,  and  lect- 
urer; born  in  Indiana,  1862.  He  is  professor 
of  Applied  Christianity  in  Iowa  College.  He 
has  published  several  worlis  on  Christian  So- 
cialism, among  them  :  <  The  Christian  Society  > ; 

<  The  Message  of  Jesus  to  Men  of  Wealth  ' ;  <  The 
Christian  State  > ;  <  The  Day  of  Judgment.' 

Herscliel,  John  Frederick  William,  Sir 
(her'shel).  An  English  astronomer  and  author, 
son  of  Sir  F.  \V.  Herschel ;  born  at  Slough, 
March  7,  1792;  died  at  Collingwood,  May  11, 
1871.  He  continued  the  work  of  his  father  on 
double  stars  and  nebulae,  and  in  1833  went  to 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  for  astronomical  in- 
vestigations, which  occupied  four  years,  and  are 
embodied  in  his  <  Results  of  Observations  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope*  {1847).  Besides  several 
encyclopaedia  articles,  his  works  include  :  <  On 
the  Study  of  Natural  Philosophy  >  (1830);  <  Out- 
lines of  Astronomy  >  (1849);  <  A  Manual  of  Sci- 
entific Inquiry >  (1849);  'Physical  Geography* 
(1871);  <  Popular  Lectures  on  Scientific  Sub- 
jects* (new  ed.  1880). 

Hertz,  Henrik  (herts).  A  Danish  poet  and 
dramatist ;  born  in  Copenhagen,  Aug.  25,  1798; 
died  there,  Feb.  25,  1870.  He  abandoned  law 
for  literature.  <  Letters  of  a  Ghost,*  a  poetical 
satire  purporting  to  be  written  by  the  spirit  of 
Jens  Baggesen,  made  him  famous.  He  fol- 
lowed this  with  < Nature  and  Art*;  <Four  Let- 
ters of  Knut  the  Seelander,*  a  good  piece  of 
■word-painting ;  <  TyTfing,*  a  poem  ;  and  miscel- 
lanies. As  a  playwright  he  has  won  a  perma- 
nent place  with  <  The  Savings  Bank,*  a  comedy ; 

<  Svend  Dyring's  House,*  a  tragedy ;  and  <  The 
Daughter  of  King  Rend,*  his  masterpiece. 

Hertz,  "Willielm.  A  German  poet ;  born  in 
Stuttgart,  Sept.  24,  1835.  Upon  leaving  college 
he  devoted  himself  to  agricultural  pursuits, 
after  which  he  studied  at  Tubingen.  He  was 
encouraged  to  write  by  a  Munich  literary  cir- 
cle including  Geibel,  Heyse,  Bodenstedt,  and 
others.  In  1859  appeared  his  <  Poems,*  remark- 
able for  delicate  sentiment,  warmth  of  feeling, 
and  perfect  technique.  Among  his  best-known 
productions  are  :  <  Launcelot  and  Guinevere  * ; 
'Henry  of  Suabia*;  and  especially  'Tristan 
and  Isolde.*  He  was  professor  of  literature  at 
the  Technological  school  in  Munich,  and  a  lec- 
turer and  critic  of  high  authority.     Died  1902. 

Hervilly,  Ernest  d'  (ar-vi-ye).  A  French 
journalist,  humorist,  and  dramatist;  born  in 
Paris,  May  26,  1839.  From  railroad  operative 
he  became  editorial  and  sketch  writer,  contrib- 
uting to  the  Rappel  in  1872  under  the  pseudo- 
nym "  Le  Passant.'*  A  few  years  later  ap- 
peared  volumes   of  verse,  'The   Kisses*   and 

<  The  Harem,*  which  won  general  admiration. 
Humorous  sketches  —  'Tales  for  Great  Per- 
sonages,* '  Pastime  Stories,*  <  The  Weapons 
of  Women,*  and  others  —  extended  his  fame 
throughout  France ;  and  his  plays,  '  The  True 


Invalid*;   <Bigondis>    and 'Midas*  especially, 
have  been  very  successful  in  Paris. 

Herwegh,  Georg  (her'veg).  An  eminent 
German  poet ;  bom  in  Stuttgart,  May  31,  1817 ; 
died  at  Baden-Baden,  April  7,  1875.  His  early 
theological  studies  were  abandoned  for  poetry. 
The  'Lyrics  of  a  Live  Man*  appeared  in  1841. 
His  poems,  these  particularly,  display  sponta- 
neity and  a  deep  love  of  liberty ;  they  speedily 
became  popular,  even  winning  a  personal  trib- 
ute from  Frederick  William  IV.  He  had  to 
flee  from  Prussia  soon  afterwards,  owing  to  his 
letter  of  protest  to  the  king  against  his  pro- 
hibition of  a  periodical  which  the  poet  con- 
templated founding.  He  retired  to  Switzerland, 
married  a  wealthy  banker's  daughter,  and 
plunged  into  the  movement  of  1848.  He  was 
often  pursued  by  the  authorities,  and  once 
nearly  lost  his  life  while  leading  a  riot,  being 
saved  by  his  wife's  daring.  He  spent  his  riper 
years  in  retirement.  His  poems  are  the  finest 
expression  in  verse  of  the  movement  to  which 
he  devoted  his  energies. 

Herzen,  Alexander  (liert'sen).  A  Russian 
journalist,  novelist,  and  political  writer;  bom 
in  Moscow,  March  25,  1S12;  died  in  Paris,  Jan. 
21,  1870.  For  his  outspoken  lil-eral  ideas  he 
was  imprisoned,  and  subsequently  banished  to 
Matka  and  Vladimir.  In  1851  he  settled  in 
I-ondon  and  started  the  weekly  paper  Kolokol 
(The  Alarm  Bell),  exposing  countless  abuses 
and.  State  secrets  of  the  Russian  Government. 
Copies  of  the  papers  were  smuggled  into  Rus- 
sia, and  had  a  large  circulation  there.  Among 
his  publications  (many  of  which  are  written  in 
English,  French,  and  German)  are:  'Dilettan- 
teism  in  Science*  (1842);  'The  Development 
of  Revolutionary  Ideas  in  Russia*  (1851);  'Im- 
prisonment and  Exile.*  In  fiction,  under  the 
pseudonym  of  "Iskandar,"  he  issued:  'Doctor 
Krupov*  (1847);  'Whose  Fault  Is  It?*  (1847); 
'Interrupted  Tales*  (1854). 

Hesekiel,  Georg  Ludwig  (he-za'ke-el).  A 
German  poet  and  storywriter;  born  in  Halle, 
Aug.  12,  1819;  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  26,  1874. 
He  was  intended  for  the  church,  but  preferred 
literature  and  political  journalism.  His  early 
prose  and  poetry  were  of  a  trifling  and  fleet- 
ing character,  but  his  <  Prussian  Songs  *  in  1846 
made  him  famous.  Then  followed  numerous 
political  novels,  notably  'Before  Jena*;  'The 
Calm  Before  the  Storm  * ;  and  his  masterpiece, 
'  Under  the  Iron  Tooth.*  Other  poems  are 
'  New  Songs,*  and  several  volumes  devoted  to 
patriotic  themes.  Flis  'Prince  Bismarck*  is  a 
popular  and  important  biographical  study. 

Hesekiel,  Ludovika.  A  Geiman  novelist, 
daughter  of  George  Ludwig ;  born  in  Altenburg, 
July  3,  1847 ;  died  at  Neustadt,  April  6,  i88g. 
Her  forte  was  historical-romance  composition ; 
and  she  wrote  a  sequel  to  one  of  her  father's 
books,  under  the  title  '  From  Brandenburg  to 
Bismarck.*  Her  most  successful  productions 
are  '  God  with  Us,*  and  a  collection  of  short  sto- 
ries. Her  study  of  '  Elizabeth  Louise,  Queen 
of  Pmssia,*  is  brilliant  and  valuable. 


HESIOD  —  HE  YWOOD 


Hesiod  (he'si  gd).  A  great  Greek  poet ;  born 
at  Ascra  in  Bceotia;  he  lived  in  the  eighth 
century  B.C.  Among  his  writings  which  are 
still  extant  are  the  ^Theogony,'  or  origin  of  the 
gods;  < Works  and  Days,'  in  which  are  con- 
tained precepts  for  the  conduct  of  life,  edu- 
cation, etc.,  with  counsels  regarding  agriculture. 
Of  hrs  other  works  only  fragments  remain; 
among  which  is  a  piece  on  <  The  Shield  of 
Hercules,'  which  is  complete  in  itself,  but  the 
authenticity  of  which  is  doubted. 

Hettner,  Hermann  Theodor  (het'ner).  A 
German  historian ;  born  in  Leisersdorf,  March 
2,  1821 ;  died  at  Dresden,  May  29,  1882.  He 
tudied  'xt  Heidelberg,  Berlin,  and  Halle,  and 
filled  tjrofessorships  at  Jena  and  elsewhere. 
His  m-istcpiece,  published  in  1856,  <  History 
of  Eighteenth-Century  Literature,'  gave  him 
high  rank  as  a  philosophical  historian.  Pre- 
viously he  had  made  valuable  studies  on  the 
art  of  the  ancients.  He  traveled  extensively, 
especially  in  Greece  and  Italy.  His  writings 
ire  varied,  but  all  relate  to  the  historical  as- 
pects of  literature,  painting,  and  sculpture, 
indent  and  modem. 

Hetzel,  Pierre  Jules  (het'zel)     See  Stahl. 

Heuff,  Az  Johan  Adrian  (h6f).  A  Dutch 
prose-writer;  born  in  Avezath,  March  5,  1843. 
He  abandoned  civil  engineering  for  humorous 
sketch-writing.  Under  the  pseudonym  of  «J. 
Huf  van  Buren''  he  wrote  a  number  of  his- 
torical romances,  among  them  <  Hertog  Adolf  > ; 
a  Dutch  adaptation  of  the  <  Pseudolus  >  of  Plau- 
tus;  and  an  original  comedy  entitled  <Oom 
Frederik,'  and  other  dramatic  pieces.  Under 
the  pen-name  <'Cosinus''  he  produced  a  hu- 
morous novel,  <Kippeveer,>  wherein  certain 
leaders  of  the  clerical  party  are  ridiculed.  He 
is  most  successful  in  satire  and  caricature. 

Heun,  Earl.    See  Clauren. 

Hevesi,  Ludwig  (hev'esh-i).  A  German- 
Hungarian  story-writer  and  humorist;  born  in 
Heves,  Hungary,  Dec.  20,  1843.  He  studied 
medicine  at  Vienna,  and  afterwards  entered  a 
business  office ;  then  in  1866  he  founded  the 
popular  comic  sheet  Borsszem  Janko,  read  by 
a'l  classes  in  the  Magyar  country.  He  writes 
German  and  Hungarian  with  equal  facility. 
His  humor  has  found  its  happiest  expression 
in  <  Rainbows ' ;  <  On  the  Sunny  Side  > ;  and 
above  all  <  Andreas  Jelky,>  a  sketch  of  a  jour- 
neyman tailor  and  his  amusing  adventures  in 
the  «four  quarters  of  the  world.» 

Hewit,  Augustus  Francis.  An  American  Roman 
Catholic  priest  and  religious  writer;  Pseud.  :  Na- 
thaniel Augustus  ;  born  at  Fairfield,  Conn.,  Nov. 
19,  1820;  died  in  New  York  cjty,  July  3,  1897. 
He  had  a  varied  experience,  as  law  student,  as 
Congregational  minister.  Episcopal  deacon,  and 
Roman  Catholic  priest ;  joining,  under  the  name 
of  Augustine  Francis,  the  Paulist  order  founded 
by  Father  Hecker,  and  becoming  professor  and 
superior  in  the  Paulist  Seminary,  New  York. 
He  wrote  <  Life  of  Princess  Borghese  >  (1S56); 


263 

'Problems  of  the  Age>  (1868);  < Light  in  Dark- 
ness* (1871);  etc. 

Hewitt,  John  Hill.  An  American  ballad 
and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  New  York 
1801 ;  died  1890.  Engaging  in  literary  work  at 
Baltimore  in  1825,  he  is  said  to  have  been  a 
"rival  of  Poe.»  His  best-known  work  is  the 
ballad  <The  Minstrel's  Return  from  the  War.> 
He  wrote  also :  <  The   Governess,'  a  comedy ; 

<  Washington,'  a  play ;  <  Shadows  on  the  Wall,' 
a  volume  of  reminiscences ;  etc. 

Hewitt,  Mrs.  Mary.    See  Stebbins. 

Hey.  Wilhelm  (hi).  A  German  table-writer; 
born  in  Leina  near  Gotha,  March  26,  1789; 
died  at  Ichtershausen,  May  19,  1854.  He  was 
pastor  at  Tottelstadt  and  court  chaplain  at 
Gotha.  His  <  Fables  for  Children,'  published 
in  1833,  had  an  enormous  circulation  from  their 
first  appearance.  He  wrote  a  rhyming  <  Life 
of  Jesus.' 

Heyden,  Friedrich  August  von  (hi'den). 
A  German  poet,  story- writer,  and  dramatist; 
born  in  Nerfken,  East  Prussia,  Sept.  3,  1789; 
died  at  Breslau,  Nov.  5,  185 1.  He  gave  up 
law  and  entered  the  army.  Of  distinguished 
family,  he  was  employed  in  official  posts  at 
court  in  1843,  but  fell  into  disfavor  through 
reluctance  to  act  as  a  literary  censor.  His 
verse  is  graceful  and  pleasing.  His  reputation 
was  made  with  <  Reginald,'  and  'A  Woman's 
Word.'  <  The  Intriguers '  was  a  highly  suc- 
cessful novel.  As  a  dramatist  he  is  not  im- 
portant. 

Heyduk,  Adolf  (hl'diik).  A  Czech  poet; 
born  in  Richenburg,  June  7,  1835.  He  studied 
in  Prague  and  traveled  through  Italy  and 
Germany;  is  now  a  professor  at  Pisek.  His 
earlier  poetry,  beginning  in  1859,  was  of  a 
light  order,  but  his  volume  'Cymbal  and  Vio- 
lin >  established  his  reputation.  An  idyl  of 
life  among  his  countrymen,  <  Grandfather's 
Legacy,'  and  a  powerful  study  in  realism,  '  The 
Wood-Cutter,'  are  extremely  popular.  <  Cymbal 
and  Fiddle'  is  considered  his  best  work. 

Heyse,  Johann  Ludwig  Paul  (hi'za).  A 
German  poet  and  novelist;  bom  in  Berlin, 
March  15,  1830.  At  twenty-four  he  became 
noted  for  the  purity  and  elegance  of  his  elegiac 
verses,  and  the  succeeding  fertile  years  have 
brought  him  high  and  enduring  renown.  '  Fran- 
cesca  da  Rimini,'  a  tragedy;  'The  Sabines,' a 
play  that  under  severe  tests  won  the  prize 
offered  by  the  King  of  Bavaria  in  1857;  'The 
Brothers';  <  Ourika,'  a  tale;  'Rafael,'  a  legend 
and  metrical  study, —  all  poems, —  and  'New 
Tales  of  Marianne,'  a  series  of  prose  idyls, 
the  dramas '  Meleager';'  Hadrian  >;  <  Alcibiades'; 

<  Vamina     Vamini ' ;     <  Elizabeth     Charlotte  ' ; 

<  The  Right  of  the  Stronger '  are  among  his  num- 
erous works. 

Heywood,  John.  An  English  dramatist . 
His  literary  fame  rests  upon  such  produc- 
tions as  a  '  A  Mery  Play  between  the  Par- 
doner and  the  Frere,  the  Curate  and  Neybour 


a64 


HEYWOOD  — HILL 


Pratte,*  printed  in  1533.  He  remained  a  Catho- 
lic, and  upon  Elizabeth's  accession  retired  to 
private  life. 

Heywood,  Thomas.  An  English  dramatic 
poet;  born  in  Lincolnshire  (?)  about  IS75!; 
died  in  London  (?),  1650  (?).  Altliough  he 
Wrote  all  sorts  of  poetry  and  prose,  for  any 
who  would  pay  him,  his  reputation  rests  upon 
his  sparkling  song  and  still  more  sparkling 
comedy.  <A  Woman  Killed  with  Kindness,> 
a  play  of  contemporary  middle-class  manners ; 
*  The  Wise  Woman  of  Hogsdon,>  a  comedy 
of  low  life ;  <  Love's  Mistress,*  a  travesty  in- 
troducing Apuleius  and  Midas;  and  the  amus- 
ing <  Rape  of  Lucrece,*  show  his  range. 

Hlbbard,  George  Abiali.  An  American 
short-story  writer ;  born  in  New  York  State, 
1858.  His  home  is  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  He  has 
written  :  •  Iduna,  and  Other  Stories,*  <  Nowa- 
days,' <The  Governor,'  and  other  collections 
of  short  stories. 

Hichens,  Robert  S.  An  English  journalist 
and  novelist ;  born  in  1864.  Although  at  the 
age  of  seventeen  he  wrote  a  novel  which  was 
actually  published,  he  seems  to  have  been  most 
bent  on  a  musical  career;  but  he  wearied  of 
music,  and  turned  to  journalism.  In  1S93  he 
visited  Egypt  for  his  health,  and  while  there 
conceived  the  idea  which  ^materialized  in  the 

<  Imaginative  Man '  (1895).  <  The  Green  Carna- 
tion' (1894),  however,  epigrammatic  and  keenly 
satirical  in  tone,  first  brought  him  into  public 
notice,  and  was  followed  by  <  After  To-morrow,' 
and  <New  Love'  (1895);  <  The  Folly  of  Eus- 
tace and  Other  Stories'  (1896);  < Flames'  (1897). 

Hicks,  Elias.  A  famous  American  Quaker 
reformer,  founder  of  the  sect  known  as  <*  Hick- 
site  "  Quakers ;  bom  at  Hempstead,  L.  I.,  March 
19,  1748;  died  at  Jericho,  N.  Y.,  1830.  In  1781 
he  began  visiting  the  meetings  and  families 
both  of  Friends  and  of  other  denominations 
throughout  the  country,  preaching  greater  con- 
secration. He  was  a  fearless  and  impressive 
exhorter.  An  early  and  determined  foe  of 
slavery,  he  secured  the  emancipation  of  many 
slaves.  He  was  bred  a  carpenter,  and  paid 
his  traveling  expenses  by  working  at  his  trade. 
His  neighbors  esteemed  him  so  highly  tliat 
they  often  called  on  him  to  act  as  umpire  in 
settling  their  disputes.  Neither  he  nor  his  fol- 
lowers ever  recognized  the  name  <•  Hicksite," 
given  them  in  reproach.  He  wrote  :  <  Observa- 
tions on  Slaverv'  (1811);  <  Doctrinal  Epistle' 
(1824);  < Journal'  (1828;  3d  ed.  1832);  etc. 

Hiel,  Enunannel  (hel).  A  Flemish  poet;  bom 
in  St.  Gilles  dez  Termonde,  Belgium,  May  31, 
1834.  He  is  professor  of  rhetoric  and  music  in 
the  Industria'l  Institute  at  Brussels.  He  has 
been  prominent  in  political  reform  movements, 
those  of  his  poems  which  are  not  of  a  sentimental 
order  relating  mainly  to  such  themes.  His 
beautiful  poem  <  The  Wind  >  won  a  prize,  while 

<  Lucifer'  and  <  The  Scheldt  >  rank  high  in  popu- 
lar esteem.  His  poems  for  children  and  one  or 
two  oratorios  and  dramatic  compositions  are 
especially  notable.    He  died  Aug.  27,  1899. 


Higginson,  Mary  Tbacher.  [«  Mrs.  Potter.»] 
An  American  author  and  poet,  wife  of  T.  W. 
Higginson ;  born  in  Machias,  Me.,  Nov.  27, 
1843.  Her  works  are:  <  Seashore  and  Prairies' 
(1876);  <Such  as  They  Are'  (1893),  a  volume 
of  poems  written  in  collaboration  with  her 
husband;  <  The  Playmate  Hours'  (1904). 

Higginson,   Mrs.    Sarah   Jane    (Hatfield). 

An  American  writer  of  stories  and  sketches; 
born  in  Pennsylvania,  1840.  Her  home  is  in 
New  York.  She  has  written :  <A  Princess  of 
Java'  (1887),  a  tale  of  the  far  east;  <Java,  the 
Pearl  of  the  East,'  a  book  of  travel;  <  The 
Bedouin  Girl.' 

Higginson,  Thomas  Wentworth.  A  distin- 
guished American  essayist,  poet,  and  novelist ; 
born  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  22,  1823.  His 
interesting  and  varied  career  includes  having 
been  an  active  abolitionist,  a  Unitarian  clergy- 
man, and  (most  striking  of  all)  colonel  of  the 
first  negro  regiment  in  the  Civil  War.  Among 
his  publications  are  :  < Out-Door  Papers'  (1863); 

<  Malbone,  an  Oldport  Romance'  (1869);  'Army 
Life  in  a  Black  Regiment'  (1870);  < Atlantic 
Essays'  (1871);  < Oldport  Days'  (1873);  <  Young 
Folks'  History  of  the  United  States'  (1884); 
<Life  of  Margaret  Fuller'  (1884);  <  The  After- 
noon Landscape  '  ( 1S90),  a  volume  of  poems.  <  A 
Reader's  History  of  American  Literature'  .(1903). 

Hildreth,  Charles  Lotin.  An  American  novel- 
ist, author,  and  poet ;  born  in  New  York  city, 
Aug.  28,  1856  ;  died  there,  Aug.  19,  1896. 
He  served  on  the  stai^  of  the  New  York  World 
and  later  on  Belford's  Magazine.  Among  his 
works  are:  'Judith'  (1876);  <  The  New  Sym- 
phony and  Other  Stories'  ( 1878)  ;  and  the 
<Masque  of  Death  and  Other  Poems'  (1889). 

Hildreth,  Richard.  An  American  historian  ; 
born  in  Decrfield,  Mass.,  June  22,  1807 ;  died  in 
Florence,  Italy,  July  11,  1865.  He  first  became 
known  as  a  miscellaneous  prose-writer  and  po- 
litical journalist.  The  <  History  of  the  United 
States  >  is  his  greatest  work,  covering  the  period 
from  the  discovery  of  America  to  the  end  of 
President  Monroe's  first  administration  (6  vols., 
1849-56).  Among  his  other  works  are:  <Archy 
Moore,'  an  anti-slavery  romance;  < History  of 
Banks ' ;  <  Theory  of  Morals  > ;  <  Theory  of  Pol- 
itics ' ;  and  <Atrocious  Judges  as  Tools  of  Ty- 
rants,' compiled  for  political  purposes  from  Lord 
Campbell's  <  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices.'  He 
went  to  Italy  in  1861  as  United  States  consul. 

HileSi^Henry.  An  English  organist,  com- 
poser, and  author;  born  at  Shrewsbury,  Dec. 
31,  1826.  He  is  a  lecturer  on  harmony  and 
musical  composition  at  the  Owens  College. 
Manchester,  and  professor  of  harmony  at  the 
Royal  Manchester  College  of  Music.  He  is 
the  author  of   the  standard  theoretical  works : 

<  The  Harmony  of  Sounds'  (1872 1;  <  The  Gram- 
mar of  Music'  (1879);  <  Part -Writing,  or  Mod- 
ern Counterpoint'  (1884). 

Hill,  Mrs.  Agnes  Leonard  (Scanland).    An 

American  novelist,  writing  under  the  pseudp- 


HILL  — HIPPEAU 


265 


nym  "  Mollie  Myrtle » ;  born  at  Louisville, 
Ky.,  1842.  She  has  written  <  Myrtle  Blossoms ' 
(1863);  <  Vanquished)  (1866),  a  novel;  <  Heights 
and  Depths  >  (1S71);  <  The  Cry  of  the  Soul  >  (1907). 

Hill,  David  Jayne.  An  American  educator ; 
born  at  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  1850.  He  was  made 
president  of  Rochester  Universit)',  N.  Y.,  in 
1888.  He  has  written  biographies  of  <  Wash- 
ington Irving*  (1879)  and  <  William  Cullen 
Bryant*  (1879);  *  Principles  and  Fallacies  of 
Socialism*  (1885);  etc.,  besides  text-books. 

Hill,  George,  An  American  writer  of  verse ; 
born  at  Guilford,  Conn.,  1796;  died  1871.  He 
held  several  government  clerkships.    He  wrote  : 

<  Ruins  of  Athens,  and  Other  Poems*;  <Ti- 
tania's  Banquet,  and  Other  Poems.* 

Hill,  George  Canning.  An  American  bio- 
grapher and  essayist ;  born  in  Connecticut,  1825. 
He  has  written  <  Lives*  of  Capt.  John  Smith, 
Israel  Putnam,  Benedict  Arnold,  and  Daniel 
Boone  ;  *  Homespun,  or  Five-and-Twenty  Years 
Ago,  by  Thomas  Lackland  >  (pseudonym  :  1867); 

<  Our  Parish,  or  Pen-Paintings  of  Village  Life  * 
(187-). 

Hill,  Theophilus  Hunter.  An  American 
writer  of  verse ;  born  near  Raleigh,  N.  C,  1836. 
He  is  a  lawyer  in  Raleigh,  and  was  once  State 
librarian.  He  has  written  <  Hesper  and  Other 
Poems*  (1861),  distinguished  as  being  the  first 
book  copyrighted  by  the  Confederate  gov- 
ernment ;  <  Poems*  (1869);  <  Passion  Flower  and 
Other  Poems*  (1883);  etc.    Died  1901. 

Hill,  Thomas.  A  distinguished  Unitarian 
clergyman  and  educator;  born  at  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.,  Jan.  7, 1818 ;  died  at  Waltham,  Mass., 
Nov.  2,  1891.  He  was  president  of  Harvard 
College  from  1862  to  1868.  He  wrote  <  Geom- 
etry and  Faith*  (1849);  < Curvature*  (1850); 
<In  the  Woods  and  Elsewhere*  (1888),  a  col- 
lection of  poetry,  etc.;  and  several  text-books. 

Hillard,  George  Stillman.  A  distinguished 
American  lawyer  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  at  Machias,  Me.,  Sept.  22,  1808;  died  at 
Boston,  Jan.  21,  1879.  As  a  Massachusetts  legis- 
lator he  was  commended  by  Daniel  Webster, 
and  he  was  conspicuous  as  an  orator.  He  pub- 
lished <Six  Months  in  Italy*  (1853);  <Life  of 
George  Ticknor*  (with  Mrs.  Ticknor);  <Life 
of  George  B.  McClellan*  (1864);  also  a  series 
of  school  readers,  and  an  edition  of  Spenser. 

Hillebrand,  Karl  (hil'lfe-branf).  A  German 
critic  and  historian;  born  at  Giessen,  Sept.  17, 
1829;  died  in  Florence,  Oct.  19,  1884.  For  par- 
ticipation in  the  insurrection  in  Baden  (1849) 
he  was  imprisoned,  but  escaped  to  France, 
where  he  graduated  at  the  Sorbonne,  and  in 
1863  became  professor  of  foreign  languages  at 
Douai.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Franco-Prussian 
War,  he  removed  to  Italy  and  pas.sed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  there.  Among  his  valuable 
publications  in  French,  German,  Italian,  and 
English,  are  :  <  On  Good  Comedy*  (1863);  <  Con- 
temporary Prussia*  (1867);  <  Italian  Studies* 
(1868);  < Times,  Peoples,  and  Men*   (7  vols., 


1875-85);  two  volumes  of  a 'History  of  France 
from  the  Accession  of  Louis  Philippe  to  the 
Fall  of  Napoleon  III.*  (1877-79);  <  Lectures  on 
German  Thought*  (1880). 

Hlllern,  Wilhelmine  von  (hil'ern).  A  Ger- 
man novelist  (daughter  of  Charlotte  Birch- 
Pfeiffer);  born  in  Munich,  March  11,  1836.  In 
early  life  she  was  an  actress.  In  1857  she 
married  Baron  von  Hillern.  Her  novels  began 
to  appear  in  1862,  winning  rapid  fame.  Since 
1882  she  has  been  a  widow.    <  Double   Life  * ; 

<  A  Physician  to  the  Soul  * ;  <  The  Geyer-Wally  * ; 
and  numerous  other  works  of  fiction  have  had 
a  wide  circulation.  Her  efforts  as  a  dramatist 
have  not  endured,  but  one  or  two  of  her  novels 
have  been  adapted  for  the  stage. 

Hillhouse,  James  Abraham.  An  American 
dramatic  poet;  born  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Sept.  26,  1789;  died  near  there,  Jan.  4, 1841.  A 
merchant  in  New-  York,  he  retired  from  busi- 
ness in  1822.  He  wrote  :  *  The  Judgment,  a  Vis- 
ion* (1812);  and  the  dramas  <  Percy's  Masque* 
(1820)  and  <Hadad*  (1825).  His  <  Dramas, 
Discourses,  and  other  Pieces  *  appeared  in  1839. 

Hilllard,  Henry  Washington.  An  American 
soldier,  diplomat,  and  lawyer ;  born  at  Fayette- 
ville,  N.  C,  Aug.  4,  1808 ;  died  at  Atlanta,  Ga., 
Dec.  17,  1892.  He  was  brigadier-general  in  the 
Confederate  army,  charg(^  d'affaires  in  Belgium, 
and  minister  to  Brazil.  He  wrote  :  *  De  Vane, 
a  Story  of  Plebeians  and  Patricians*  (2d  ed. 
1886);  <  Politics  and  Pen  Pictures*  (1892);  and 
a  volume  of  <  Speeches  and  Addresses.* 

Hind,  John  Bnssell.  An  English  astronomer  ; 
born  in  Nottingham,  May  12,  1823  ;  died  in 
Twickenham,  Dec.  23,  1895.  He  became  a 
Fellow  of  the  Astronomical  Society  in  1843,  and 
received  three  medals  from  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  Paris  for  the  discovery  of  asteroids. 
His  most  important  works  are :  <The  Solar 
System  >  ( 184^,  \  ;  < Astronomical  Vocabulary  * 
(1852);  <Comcts>  (1852);  (Illustrated  London 
Astronomy*  (1853). 

Hindley,  Charles.  An  English  bookseller 
and  journalist;  died  at  Brighton,  May  1893. 
He  wrote  several  books,  but  is  best  known  as 
the  author  of  <  Mother  Shipton's  Prophecy.* 

Hlnton,  James.  A  famous  English  surgeon 
and  philosophical  essayist;  born  at  Reading, 
1822 ;  died  1875.  He  was  noted  as  an  aurist. 
He  visited  the  United  States  in  1850.  His 
great  work  <  The  Mystery  of  Pain :  a  Book  for 
the  Sorrowful*  appeared  in  1866.  Other  notable 
productions  were:  <Art  of  Thinking*   (1879); 

<  Philosophy  and  Religion*  (1881);  etc. 

Hippeau,  Celestin  (e-p6').  A  French  edu- 
cator and  author;  born  at  Niort,  Deux-S^vres, 
May  II,  1803;  died  in  Paris,  May  31,  1883. 
He  filled  different  positions  as  a  teacher  and 
professor  at  Strasburg,  Paris,  Caen,  etc.,  and 
was  sent  to  England  and  the  United  States 
by  the  minister  of  public  instruction  to  study 
their  educational  systems.  His  publications  on 
educational  and  literary  subjects  include  :  <  Nor- 
man   Writers    of    the    Seventeenth   Century* 


266 


HIPPEL-HOBBES 


(1857);  <  History  of  the  Government  of  Nor- 
mandy* (9  vols.,  1863-73);  <  Public  Instruction 
in  the  United  States>  {1869);  'Dictionary  of 
the  French  Language  in  the  Twelfth  and 
Thirteenth  Centuries >  (1873). 

Hippel,  Tlieodor  Gottlieb  von  (hip'pel).  A 
German  sociological  and  ethical  writer,  ro- 
mancer, and  jurisconsult;  born  in  Gerdauen, 
East  Prussia,  Jan.  31,  1741 ;  died  at  Konigsberg, 
April  23,  1796.  His  great  but  singularly  con- 
tradictory character  is  revealed  in  his  many 
writings.  His  best-known  work  is  on  <  Mar- 
riage.>  Other  productions  include  :  <  The  Edu- 
cation of  Woman  >;  <The  Civil  Emancipation 
of  Woman  > ;  and  <  Biographies  in  the  Ascend- 
ing Line,  with  Supplements  A,  B,  C,'  a  pecul- 
iar piece  of  fiction  in  which  a  sardonic  humor 
is  combined  with  profound  observation  and 
knowledge  of  life.  A  powerful  political  satire, 
<  Carpenter  L  and  Frederick  H.,  by  John  Henry 
Frederick  Quincetree,  Wood  Carver,  of  Han- 
over. Printed  at  Solitude,>  and  other  similar 
efforts,  are  characteristic  exhibitions  of  his 
strange  genius. 

Hirst,  Henry  Beck.  An  American  lawyer 
and  writer  of  verse;  born  in  Pennsylvania, 
181 3;  died  1874.  His  home  was  in  Philadel- 
phia. He  wrote  <  Endymion,  a  Tale  of  Greece  > ; 
<The  Penance  of  Roland  >;  <The  Coming  of 
the  Mammoth,  and  Other  Poems.>  He  also 
published  a  *  Poetical  Dictionary.' 

Hita,  Gines  Perez  de  (e-ta')-  A  Spanish  ro- 
mantic historian  of  the  sixteenth  century,  author 
of  the  celebrated  <  History  of  the  Civil  Wars 
of  Granada.>  He  was  of  Murcian  origin,  and 
fought  bravely  in  the  campaigns  against  the 
Moors  1568-70.  His  <  History  >  is  the  first  histori- 
cal romance  produced  by  the  Spaniards,  and  re- 
lates in  picturesque  and  imaginative  style,  and 
with  exquisite  purity  of  language,  the  events 
leading  up  to  the  expulsion  of  the  Moors  from 
Spain.  The  narrative  is  interspersed  with  de- 
lightful legends  and  stories.  The  first  portion 
appeared  in  1588,  the  last  in  1604. 

Hitchcock,  Edward.  American  geologist 
and  author;  born  in  Deerfield,  Mass.,  May  24, 
1793;  died  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1864. 
In  the  beginning  of  his  career  he  was  pastor 
of  a  Congregational  church  in  Conway,  Mass. 
He  was  made  president  of  Amherst  College 
in  1845,  but  resigned  in  1854,  continuing  his 
professorship  there  till  his  death.  Amherst  Col- 
lege owes  to  him  the  founding  of  its  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  and  his  writings  were  among 
the  earliest  to  call  attention  in  this  country 
to  the  study  of  geology.  His  <  Religion  of 
Geology  and  its  Connected  Sciences  >  marks 
a  distinct  epoch  in  scientific  study  in  this 
country.  He  published  also  <  Reminiscences  of 
Amherst  College*  in  1863. 

Hitchcock,  Ethan  Allen.  An  American 
soldier  and  miscellaneous  writer,  grandson  of 
the  famous  patriot  Ethan  Allen;  born  at  Ver- 
gennes,  Vt,  May  18,  1798;  died  at  Hancock, 
Ga.,  Aug.  5,  1870.    A  graduate  of  West  Point, 


he  served  in  the  Florida  war,  in  the  Mexican 
War,  and  in  the  Civil  War.  He  wrote :  <  The 
Doctrines  of  Swedenborg  and  Spinoza  Identi- 
fied* (1846);  <On  the  Sonnets  of  Shakespeare  > 
(1865);  <On  the  Vita  Nuova  of  Dante*  (1866); 
etc. 

Hitchcock,  James  Ripley  Wellman.  An 
American  writer  on  art,  etc.;  born  at  Fitchburg, 
Mass.,  July  3,  1857;  died  in  New  York,  March 
7, 1 901.  He  wrote:  <The  Western  Art  Movement* 
(1885);  <A  Study  of  George  Genness*  (1885); 
< Madonnas  by  Old  Masters*  (1888),  the  text 
to  photogravures ;  <  The  Future  of  Etching  * ; 
'Some  American  Painters  in  Water  Colors*; 
<  Etching  in  America  * ;  <  Notable  Etchings  by 
American  Artists*;  etc. 

Hitchcock,  Roswell  Dwight.  A  distin- 
guished American  Congregational  divine  and 
theologian ;  born  at  East  Machias,  Me.,  Aug. 
15,  1817 ;  died  at  Somerset,  Mass.,  June  16,  1887. 
He  was  long  president  of  Union  Theological 
Seminary.  He  wrote  <  Anal)'sis  of  the  Bible  * 
(1869);  'Socialism*  (1879);  'Life  of  Edward 
Robinson  * ;  '  Hymns  and  Songs  for  Social  and 
Sabbath  Worship  * ; '  Eternal  Atonement  *  (with 
Francis  Brown);  etc. 

Hittell,  John  Shertzer.  An  American  jour- 
nalist   and    writer;     born    at    Jonestown,    Pa., 

Dec.  25,  1825;    died  in  San  Francisco,  , 

1901.  He  wrote:  'Evidences  against  Christian- 
ity* (2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  1857);  'Resources  of  Cali- 
fornia* (6th  ed.  1874);  'A  Brief  History  of 
Culture*  (1875);  etc. 

Hittell,  Theodore  Henry.  An  American 
lawyer  and  historian,  brother  of  John  Shertzer ; 
born  in  Pennsylvania,  1830.  His  home  is  in 
San  Francisco.  Besides  valuable  legal  works, 
including  'General  Laws  of  California  1850-64* 
(1868),  commonly  known  as  'Hittell's  Digest,* 
he  has  published  a  critical  review  of  '  Goethe's 
Faust*  (1872);  the  important  'History  of  Califor- 
nia >  (4  vols.,  1885-97  ;  <  Review  of  Goethe's  Faust.* 

Hlinka,  Vojtech  [Adalbert]  (leng'ka).  A 
Czech  story-writer;  born  in  Nekrasin,  near 
Neuhaus,  Bohemia,  April  17,  1817.  He  was  a 
Catholic  chaplain  at  Hr^dek.  For  the  past 
thirty  years  he  has  written  stories  and  novels 
in  profusion  under  the  pseudonym  of  "Fran- 
tisek  [Francis]  Pravda,**  all  of  which  deal  with 
life  among  the  Czechs,  and  are  exceedingly 
popular  with  that  people.  The  tales  are  of  a 
moral  nature,  and  while  lacking  high  qualities 
of  genius,  merit  notice  as  studies  in  a  pleasing 
school  of  realism. 

Hoadly,  Benjamin.  An  English  dramatist ; 
born  in  London,  Feb.  10,  1706 ;  died  at  Chelsea, 
Aug.  10,  1757.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge. 
He  settled  in  London  and  became  a  Fellow  of 
the  College  of  Physicians.  Among  his  works 
are  the  'Suspicious  Husband*  (1747),  a  comedy 
which  was  well  received.  He  also  wrote  <  The 
Tatlers,*  and  assisted  Hogarth  in  his  '  Analysis 
of  Beauty.* 

Hohbes,  John  Oliver,  pseudonym  of  Pearl 
(Richards)   Craigie,  an  English  novelist;  bom 


HOBBES  —  HOFFMAN 


267 


1867.  She  has  published:  'The  Sinner's  Com- 
edy > ;  <  Sonie  Emotions  and  a  Moral  > ;  <  A  Study 
in  Temptations*;  *A  Bundle  of  Life*;  <The 
Harvest  Moon';   etc.     Died  Aug.  13, 1906. 

Hobbes,  Thomas.  An  English  philosopher; 
born  in  Malmesbury,  April  5,  1588 ;  died  at 
Hardvvick  Hall,  Derbyshire,  Dec.  4,  1679.  One 
of  the  greatest  and  most  discriminating  intel- 
lects employed  on  metaphysical  and  social 
analyses  in  any  age,  his  thought  has  left  deep 
traces  on  all  related  speculation  since,  even 
when  adverse.  Of  his  voluminous  works,  ex- 
pository and  controversial,  carried  on  in  the 
leisure  of  aristocratic  patronage  to  extreme  old 
age,  the  most  vigorously  living  one  to  be  con- 
stantly reckoned  with  is  <  Leviathan,*  dealing 
with  the  origins,  functions,  and  possibilities  of 
human  society,  conceived  as  an  organism. 

Hobhouse,  John  Cam,  Lord  Brougbton.    An 

English  statesman  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  at  Redland,  near  Bristol,  June  27,  1786; 
died  in  London,  June  3,  1869.  He  was  Secre- 
tary of  War  in  1831,  and  Secretary  of  State 
for  Ireland  in  1833.  He  was  one  of  Lord 
Byron's  most  intimate  friends.  He  wrote  :  <  His- 
torical Illustrations  of  the  Fourth  Canto  of 
Childe  Harold*  (2d  ed.  1818);  < Journey  into 
Albania*  (1813);  <  Letters  Written  by  an  Eng- 
lishman During  the  Last  Reign  of  Napoleon  * 
(i8i6j;  <  Essay  on  the  Origin  and  Intention  of 
Sacrifices*;  <  A  Defense  of  the  People*;  etc. 

Hodell,  Frans  Oscar  Leonard  (ho'del).  A 
popular  Swedish  dramatist ;  born  in  Stockholm, 
Aug.  13,  1840 ;  died  May  24, 1890.  For  ten  years 
he  was  an  actor.  His  original  and  adapted 
plays  number  nearly  a  hundred.  Among  the 
most  popular  were :  <  Andersson,  Petersson, 
and  Lundstrom*  (1866);  <The  Factory  Girl* 
(1868);  <The  Seamstresses*  (1868);  <Three  Pairs 
of  Shoes*  (1881).  From  1870  until  his  death 
he  was  editor  of  the  Sunday  Puck,  a  comic 
paper. 

Hoefer,  Edmund  (ho'fer).  A  German  nov- 
elist; born  in  Greifswald,  Oct.  15,  1819;  died 
at  Cannstadt,  May  23,  1882.  He  studied  phi- 
lology and  history  at  Heidelberg.  In  1852  he 
resided  in  Stuttgart,  and  was  associated  with 
Hacklander  in  founding  the  Hausblatter.  He 
began  early  to  write  fiction,  his  first  stories 
appearing  in  collected  form  under  the  title 
<  From  the  People,*  and  proving  very  popular. 
They  were  followed  by  <Out  of  the  Old  Time 
and  the  New*;  <As  the  People  Speak*;  and 
*  Days  that  Are  no  More.*  In  1858,  the  success 
of  <  Norien,  the  Recollections  of  an  Old  Wo- 
man,* encouraged  him  to  write  a  long  story. 
The  novels  that  followed,  especially  <  German 
I  learts  * ;  <  The  Demagogue  * ;  <  The  Lost  Son  * ; 
and  <Lost  in  the  World,*  have  had  a  wide 
circulation,  but  are  marred  by  hasty  execution. 
He  was  a  truthful  delineator  of  character  and 
of  the  every-day  life  of  the  North-German 
people. 

Hbegh-Guidberg,  Frederick  (hech-gold'- 
barc).     A  Danish  poet  and  philologist;  born 


in  Copenhagen,  March  26,  1771 ;  died  there, 
Sept.  21,  1852.  Son  of  the  eminent  statesman 
Ove  Hoegh-Guldberg,  he  early  became  noted 
for  his  patriotic  poems,  a  collected  edition  of 
which,  in  one  volume,  has  sold  extensively.  He 
is  an  authority  on  Danish  grammar. 

Hoey,  Mrs.  Frances  Sarah.  An  Irish  novel- 
ist and  translator;  born  at  Bushy  Park,  in 
Rathfarnham,  County  Dublin,  Feb.  15,  1830. 
She  married,  in  1846,  the  late  Adam  Murray 
Stewart,  Esq.,  and  in  1858,  her  present  husband, 
Mr.  Cashel  Hoey.  Since  i860  she  has  been  a 
contributor  to  Chambers'  Journal,  Belgravia, 
and  other  periodicals.  She  is  the  author  of  the 
popular  novels:  <A  House  of  Cards*  (1863); 
<A  Golden  Sorrow*  (1872);  <Out  of  Court* 
(1874);  <  The  Blossoming  of  an  Aloe*  (1874; 
newed.  1880J;  <  The  Lover's  Creed  >  (1884);  <A 
Stern  Chase*  (1886).  Among  her  translations 
from  the  French  are  <  Memoirs  of  Madame  de 
R^musat  * ;  <  The  King's  Secret  * ;  <  The  Last 
Days  of  the  Consulate.* 

Hofdyk,  Willem  Jakobsz  (hof'dik).  A 
Dutch  historian  and  poet ;  born  in  Alkmaar, 
June  27,  1816;  died  in  Arnheim,  Aug.  29,  1888. 
As  village  schoolmaster  his  leisure  was  de- 
voted to  the  study  of  Dutch  philology,  history, 
and  the  arts.  From  1850  to  1856  he  was  in- 
structor in  history  and  literature  at  the  college 
in  Amsterdam.  Among  his  numerous  and  valu- 
able historical  writings  are:  <  Historic  Eras,* 
in  Dutch  annals ;  <  The  Netherlands  People  * ; 
and  <  Historical  View  of  the  Monasteries  in  the 
Netherlands.*  The  best  of  his  poems  is  <  Ken- 
nemerland*;  but  his  narrative  poems  '  Helene,* 
<  Griffo  de  Salier,*  and  some  others  would  give 
him  a  conspicuous  place  in  Dutch  literature. 

Hoffman,  Charles  Fenno.  An  American 
poet  and  novelist;  born  in  New  York,  1806; 
died  at  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  June  7,  1884.  He  was 
originally  a  lawyer.  He  founded  the  Knicker- 
bocker Magazine,  edited  the  Literary  World, 
and  was  owner  and  editor  of  the  American 
Magazine.  His  finest  work  was  his  songs,  the 
best  known  being  <  Sparkling  and  Bright,*  and 
*The  Myrtle  and  Steel.*  He  wrote  the  novel 
'Grayslaer*  (1840).  His  complete  poetical 
works  appeared  in  1874. 

Hoffman,  David.  An  American  lawyer,  and 
legal  and  historical  writer ;  born  at  Baltimore, 
Md.,  Dec.  25,  1784;  died  in  New  York,  Nov.  il, 
1854.  He  was  professor  of  law  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Maryland  1817-36.  He  wrote  <  Chroni- 
cles Selected  from  the  Originals  of  Cartaphihis, 
the  Wandering  Jew*  (2  vols.,  1853),  being  the 
beginning  of  what  he  intended  to  be  a  history 
of  the  world  hut  never  completed  ;  <  Thoughts 
on  Men  and  Things*  (1837);  <  Viator,  or  a  Peep 
into  my  Note-Book*  (1S41);  etc. 

Hoffman,  Wickham.  An  American  soldier 
and  diplomatist;  born  in  New  York,  1821.  He 
served  in  the  Civil  War,  was  secretary  of  lega- 
tion at  Paris,  London,  St.  Petersburg,  and 
minister  to  Denmark.  He  has  written  <  Camp, 
Court,  and   Siege*    (1877),  narrating  personal 


36S 


HOFFMANN  —  HOGAN 


adventures  and  observations  during  the  Civil 
War,  and  the  siege  of  Paris  and  the  Commune  ; 
'Leisure  Hours  in  Russia*  (1883).    Died  1900. 

Hoflfmann,  Auguat  Heinrlch  (hof'man),  com- 
monly called  Hoffmann  von  Fallersleben.  A 
celebrated  German  philologist  and  poet;  born 
at  Fallersleben,  district  of  Luneburg,  April  2, 
1798;  died  at  Castle  of  Korvei,  on  the  Weser, 
Prussia,  Jan.  19,  1874.  He  was  destined  for 
theology,  but  having  made  the  acquaintance  of 
the  brothers  Grimm,  he  devoted  himself  to  phil- 
ological studies,  and  traveled  through  the 
Rhine  countries  and  Holland  in  search  of  popu- 
lar poetry.  In  1830  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  German  literature,  but  the  publication 
of  his  <  Unpolitical  Songs>  (1840-41),  in  spite 
of  their  innocent  title,  led  to  his  dismissal. 
For  several  years  afterward  he  wandered 
through  Europe  until  restored  to  favor  in  1848. 
His  own  <Poems>  (1834);  <  German  Street 
Songs  >  (1843);  <  Soldier  Songs  >  (1851-52);  etc., 
are  characterized  by  genuine  simplicity  and 
pathos:  and  his  other  publications  — <  Belgian 
Hours'  (1830-52),  a  collection  of  Low  German 
folk-songs ;  <  Foundations  for  the  History  of 
the  German  Language  and  Literature'  (1830- 
37);  <  History  of  German  Church  Hymn'  (1832), 
are  of  great  philological  value. 

Hoffmann,  Ernest  Tbeodor  Amadeus  (ori- 
ginally Wilhelm).  One  of  the  most  original 
of  German  story-tellers;  born  at  Konigsberg, 
Prussia,  Jan.  24,  1776 ;  died  in  Berlin,  1S22.  He 
led  an  irregular,  dissipated  life ;  ranging  at 
different  times  from  councilor  in  the  Supreme 
Court  at  Posen,  —  where  his  cleverness  at 
caricature  led  to  his  dismissal, —  musical  con- 
ductor at  Warsaw,  and  scene  painter.  In  1816, 
having  secured  a  clerical  appointment  at  Ber- 
lin, he  settled  down  to  a  quiet  life,  but  weak- 
ened by  the  excesses  of  his  early  career,  died 
in  1822.  The  magic  and  demoniac  element 
pervades  the  majority  of  his  works,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  :  <The  Devil's  Elixir' 
(1816);  < Night  Pieces'  (1817);  < Fantastic  Pieces 
in  Callot's  Manner';  <The  Brothers  of  Sera- 
pion.' 

Hoffmann,  Franz.  A  German  writer  of 
juvenile  stories ;  born  in  Bernburg,  Feb.  21, 
1814;  died  in  Dresden,  July  11,  1882.  He  was 
partner  with  his  brother  Karl  in  the  book 
business,  but  subsequently  traveled  about  and 
supported  himself  by  writing  stories  for  child- 
ren. His  many  books  have  attained  wide  pop- 
ularity, and  not  a  few  have  been  translated 
into  all  civilized  tongues.  He  founded  a  pop- 
ular periodical  for  children,  Neuer  Deutsche 
Jugendfreund. 

Hoffmann,  Hans.  A  German  novelist  and 
poet ;  born  in  Stettin,  July  27,  1848.  He  studied 
philology  at  Bonn  and  in  Italy,  and  became  a 
professor  at  the  Stettin  Academy  after  the 
publication  in  187 1  of  his  noteworthy  disser- 
tation on  the  Nibelungen.  After  a  brilliant 
career  as  an  educator,  he  began,  in  1878,  the 
writing  of  novels  and  lyrics  which  rapidly  won 
him  reputation.    His   first   fiction  was   on   an 


Italian  theme,  < Under  Blue  Skies'  (1881), 
Among  others,  <  Brigitta  von  Wisby,'  <  Ivan 
the  Terrible  and  his  Dog,'  and  a  humorous 
romance,  <  The  Iron  Captain  of  the  Horse,* 
met  with  favor.  <  Landsturm '  is  a  tragic  tale. 
His  <  In  Life's  Path'  and  other  volumes  of 
lyrics  and  narrative  poems  won  instant  appre- 
ciation, like  <  The  Harz  ';  <  Erring  Mother's  Love.' 
Hoffmann,  Heinrich.  A  German  physician 
and  humorist ;  born  in  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
June  21,  1809;  died  there,  Sept.  20,  1894.  He 
made  a  practice  of  drawing  comical  pictures 
to  amuse  children  while  treating  their  com- 
plaints. These  were  published  in  1845  under 
the  title  of  <  Struwwelpeter,'  which  has  gone 
through  140  editions  and  was  reproduced  in 
nearly  every  country  of  Europe,  with  transla- 
tions of  the  humorous  letterpress.  He  also 
published  several  volumes  of  drama  and  verse 
under  the  assumed  name  of  '<  Donner." 

Hofmann  von  Hofmannswaldau,  Christian 

(hof'man  fon  hof'mans-vald'ou).  A  German 
poet ;  born  in  Breslau,  Dec.  25,  1617 ;  died  there, 
April  18,  1679.  After  traveling  through  Eng- 
land, PVance,  and  Italy,  he  returned  to  Breslau, 
and  although  not  of  legal  age  was  chosen  to 
the  legislative  chamber,  of  which  he  afterwards 
became  the  presiding  officer.  He  was  in  the 
diplomatic  service  for  a  time.  His  literary 
work  comprises  odes,  epigrams,  wedding  songs, 
and   the    like.     His   'Occasional    Poems'    and 

<  Hero  Letters'  are  admirable,  although  be- 
traying English  influence.  He  was  the  great 
reformer  of  what  is  known  as  the  Silesian 
school  of  poetic  art,  and  may  be  said  to  have 
founded  a  distinct  movement  in  German  liter- 
ature. 

Hofmann,  Friedrich  (hof'man).  A  Ger- 
man editor  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in 
Coburg,  April  18,  1813;  died  at  Ilmenau,  Aug. 
14,  1888.  After  graduating  at  Jena  he  formed 
a  connection  with  the  editorial  staff  of  Meyer's 

<  Konversations-Lexikon'  and  subsequently 
with  other  important  educational  undertakings. 
He  wrote  <  The  Battle  of  Focksan,'  a  drama ; 

<  Childhood  Joys,'  poems ;  <  The  Harp  in  the 
Storm,'  a  work  of  a  historical  nature ;  <  The 
Rat  Catcher  of  Hameln';  and  many  other 
productions. 

Hogan,  James  Francis.  An  Irish  journal- 
ist, statesman,  and  author.  He  was  born  at 
Nenagh,  Tipperary,  in  1855,  and  while  still  an 
infant  was  taken  by  his  parents  to  Australia. 
He  was  educated  at  St.  Patrick's  College,  Mel- 
bourne, and  in  1881  joined  the  staff  of  the 
Melbourne  Argus,  besides  contributing  to  other 
journals  and  colonial  periodicals.  In  1893  he 
was  elected  a  Member  of  Parliament  for  the 
Mid  Division  of  Tipperary,  and  organized  the 
Colonial  Party.  He  is  the  author  of  <An  Aus- 
tralian Christmas  Collection'  (1886);  'History 
of  the  Irish  in  Australia'  (1887);  'The  Austral- 
ian in  London'  (1888);  'The  Lost  Explorer' 
(1890);  'The  Convict  King'  (1891),  the  last 
two  being  romantic  stories  of  Australian  ad- 
venture. 


HOGG  — HOLINSHED 


369 


Hogg,  James.  A  Scotch  pastoral  poet ;  bom 
in  Ettrick,  Dec.  i  (or  Nov.  i,  not  Jan.  25,  1772), 
1770;  died  at  Eltrive  Lake,  Nov.  21,  1835. 
He  was  an  <<  Ettrick  shepherd »  from  his  sev- 
enth year,  and  so  remained,  notwithstanding 
various  ineffectual  efforts  to  become  an  Ettrick 
farmer.  In  <  Scottish  Pastorals,'  <  Poems  and 
Songs,'  and  <  The  Mountain  Bard  >  his  essen- 
tially Caledonian  and  pastoral  quality  finds 
happy  expression,  but  <  The  Queen's  Wake '  is 
his  masterpiece. 

HotLenhausen,  Baroness  Elizabeth  Philip- 
pine Amalie  (ho"en-hous'en).  A  German  poet, 
dramatist,  and  romancer ;  born  in  Waldau,  near 
Cassel,  Nov.  4,  1789;  died  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Oder,  Dec.  2,  1857.  Her  father  was  General 
Adam  Ludwig  von  Ochs,  and  in  1809  she  mar- 
ried Baron  Leopold  von  Hohenhausen,  who 
left  her  a  widow  in  1848.  Her  poetry  was  pub- 
lished in  1817,  under  the  title  <  Flowers  of 
Spring.'  < Nature,  Art,  and  Life'  is  a  volume 
of  her  recollections,  and  <John  and  Cornelius 
de  Witt*  is  a  historical  play  of  merit. 

Holbach,  Paul  Heinricli  Dietrich,  Baron 
von  (G.  pron.  hol'bach;  F.  pron.  61-bak').  A 
French  philosopher  and  writer;  bom  at  Hei- 
delsheim,  in  the  Palatinate,  in  1723 ;  died  June 
21,  1789,  He  inherited  great  wealth  from  his 
father,  and  entertained  in  his  elegant  house  a 
number  of  eminent  writers  and  thinkers  of  the 
day,  among  them  Rousseau,  Diderot,  and  Buf- 
fon.  He  was  himself  a  man  of  no  ordinary 
talent,  and  held  materialistic  and  atheistic  views 
characteristic  of  the  period  preceding  the  French 
Revolution,  which  are  expounded  in  <  Christian- 
ity Unveiled'  (1767);  <  Spirit  of  the  Clergy' 
(1767);  <  Sacerdotal  Imposture'  (1767);  <The 
System  of  Nature'  (1770);  <The  Social  System' 
(1773)- 

Holberg,  Ludwig  (hol'berg).  A  Danish  poet, 
and  <*  father  of  Danish  comedy  "  ;  born  in  Ber 
gen,  Norway,  Dec.  3,  1684 ;  died  at  Copenhagen, 
Jan.  28,  1754.  He  wrote:  <  Peder  Paars'  (1719- 
20),  a  mock-epic  poem  ;  <  Plutus ' ;  <  Ulysses  von 
Ithacia  > ;  <  Melampe ' ;  <  The  Arabian  Powder ' ; 
'Without  Head  or  Tail';  <  Witchcraft';  <  The 
Busy  Man';  <The  Fickle-Minded  Woman'; 
*Jean  de  France,'  directed  against  the  aping 
of  French  fashions;  <The   Proper  Ambition'; 

<  Henrich  og  Pernille ' ;  <  The  Political  Pew- 
terer,'  a  satire  on  <'  labor  politics "  ;  <  Erasmus 
Montanus';  <The  Fortunate  Shipwreck';  etc. 
He  also  published  <  History  of  the  Kingdom 
of  Denmark ' ;  <  Hero  Stories ' ;  etc. 

Holcroft,  Thomas.  An  English  dramatic 
author  and  adapter;  born  in  London,  Dec.  10, 
1745 ;  died  there,  March  23,  1809.  By  turn  stable 
boy,  school  usher,  journalist,  and  strolling  actor, 
he    began    to  write   for   the   stage   about   1778. 

<  The  Road  to  Ruin,'  the  best  of  his  many 
plays,  was  staged  in  1792.  At  its  last  London 
revival  in  1873  it  ran  nearly  four  consecutive 
months.  His  <Tale  of  Mystery'  (1802)  brought 
into  favor  the  melodrama,  which  has  kept  the 
stage  ever  since.  He  translated  the  <  Mariage 
de    Figaro'    and    other    French    and    German 


plays.  He  left  'Memoirs'  pronounced  by 
Thomas  Moore  the  most  interesting  in  the 
language. 

Holden,  Edward  Singleton.  A  prominent 
American  educator,  and  writer  on  scientific  and 
Oriental  topics ;  born  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Nov.  5, 
1846.  He  became  president  of  the  University 
of  California  in  1886.  Until  1897  he  was  as- 
tronomer in  charge  of  the  Lick  Observatory 
at  Mount  Hamilton,  connected  with  the  Uni- 
versity of  California.  He  has  published :  '  Life 
of  Sir  William  Herschel  > ;  <  The  Mogul  Emperors 
of  Hindustan  ' ;  <  Stories  of  the  Great  Astrono- 
mers >;  <  Things  in  Nature  ' ;  '  The  Sciences.' 

Holder,  Charles  Frederick.  An  American 
popular  writer  and  lecturer  on  natural  history; 
bom  £,t  Lynn,  Mass.,  1851.  He  was  assistant 
at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
New  York,  from  1870  to  1877.  He  has  written : 
'Marvels  of  Animal  Life'  (1886);  'Wonder 
Wings'  (1887);  'A  Frozen  Dragon,  and  Other 
Tales'  (1888),  a  natural-history  story-book  for 
young  people  ;  <  Life  of  Agassiz ' ;  <  Big  Game 
at  Sea.' 

Hblderlln,  Frledrlch  (hel'der-lin).  A  Ger- 
man poet ;  born  in  Lauffen-am-Neckar,  Marcli 
20,  1770 ;  died  at  Tubingen,  June  7,  1843.  He 
was  a  profound  Greek  scholar,  and  an  instructor 
at  Jena,  afterwards  private  tutor.  He  was  inti- 
mate with  Goethe,  Herder,  and  Schiller,  the  lat- 
ter of  wJiom  influenced  him  strongly.  Later  he 
traveled  in  Holland,  Switzerland,  and  France, 
showing  upon  his  return  symptoms  of  mental 
decay  which  necessitated  his  being  placed 
under  restraint.  '  Hyperion,  or  the  Hermit  in 
Greece'  (1797)  is  a  brilliant  story  in  epistolary 
form  ;  <  Empedocles '  an  unfinished  drama ;  and 
'Emily  before  her  Bridal  Day'  a  prose  idyl. 
His  translations  of  the  'Antigone'  and  '  CEdi- 
pus '  are  powerful,  and  faithful  to  the  Hellenic 
spirit.  Other  works  are :  '  German  Men  and 
Women,'  a  series  of  studies ;  and  several  vol- 
umes of  'Poems.' 

Eole,  Samuel  Reynolds.  An  English  cler- 
gyman, lecturer,  and  author;  born  Dec.  5,  1819. 
He  was  ordained  a  curate  in  his  native  parish 
in  1844,  became  canon  of  Lincoln  1875,  and 
in  1887  was  appointed  to  the  deanery  of  Roches- 
ter. He  has  done  much  to  promote  the  influ- 
ence of  the  Church  of  England  as  the  church 
of  the  poor,  and  has  advocated  the  principles 
of  the  Free  and  Open  Church  Association. 
As  a  lecturer  he  is  well  known  to  American 
audiences.  Among  his  works  are :  'A  Little 
Tour  in  Ireland'  (1858),  illustrated  by  John 
Leech;  'A  Book  About  Roses'  (1869;  8th  ed. 
1884),  an  authority  on  the  subject  and  trans- 
lated into  several  languages ;  <  Nice  and  her 
Neighbors'  (1881);  'Memories  of  Dean  Hole' 
(iS(}2).     Died  Auff.  27,  1904. 

Holinshed,  Raphael  (hol'inz-hed).  An  Eng- 
lish chronicler;  bom  at  Bosley,  Cheshire  (?), 
about  1520  (?)  ;  died  at  Bramcote  (?),  1580  (?). 
Nothing  is  known  of  his  personality.  The 
famous  <  Chronicles'  —  not  wholly  his,  however 
—  reveal    an    accomplished    historical  student. 


270 


HOLLAND  —  HOLMES 


specially  versed  in  Scotch  affairs,  which  knowl- 
edge, however,  may  have  been  drawn  from 
previous  workers.  The  Elizabethan  dramatists, 
especially  Shakespeare,  drew  largely  on  this 
work  for  material. 

Holland,  Frederick  May.  An  American 
Unitarian  divine  and  miscellaneous  writer ; 
born  at  Boston,  1836.  He  has  written :  <  The 
Reign  of  the  Stoics  >  (1879),  giving  their  his- 
tory, religion,  maxims,  etc.;  <  Stories  from 
Browning'  (1882);  <  Life  of  Frederick  Doug- 
lass > ;  <  Rise  of  Intellectual  Liberty  from  Thales 
to  Copernicus  > ;  etc. 

Holland,  Henry  Scott.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  religious  writer ;  born  at  Ledbury, 
Herefordshire,  in  1847.  He  was  a  theological 
tutor  at  Christ  Church,  O.xford  (1872-85);  be- 
came canon  of  Truro  in  18S2,  and  in  1884  canon, 
afterwards  precentor,  of  St.  Paul's.  His  pub- 
lished sermons  and  addresses  include  :  <  Logic 
and  Life  >  (1882);  <  Creed  and  Character)  (1886); 

<  Christ  and  Ecclesiastes >  (1887);  <0n  Behalf 
of  Belief)  (1888);  <  Pleas  and  Claims'  (1893). 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert.  A  noted  Amer- 
ican poet,  novelist,  and  editor ;  bom  at  Belcher- 
town,  Mass.,  July  24,  1819 ;  died  in  New  York, 
Oct.  12,  1881.  He  left  the  practice  of  medicine 
to  become  editor  of  fhe  Springfield  Republican, 
which  position  he  held  from  1849  to  1866.  He 
was  editor  of  Scribner's  Monthly,  later  the 
Century  Magazine,  1870-81.  Among  his  prose 
works  are  :  <  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  > ;  <  Let- 
ters to  the  Young);  <  Plain  Talks  on  Familiar 
Subjects ) ;  <  Gold  Foil ) ;  and  the  novels  < Arthur 
Bonnicastle,)  <  Sevenoaks,)  and  <  Nicholas  Min- 
turn.)  His  poems  are  published  under  the 
titles:  < Bitter-Sweet ) ;  <Kathrina);  <The  Mis- 
tress of  the  Manse ) ;  <  Garnered  Sheaves ) ;  and 

<  The  Puritan's  Guest.)  Part  of  his  poems  were 
written  under  the  pseudonym  ^<  Timothy  Tit- 
comb.)) 

Holland,  Thomas  Erskine.  An  English  ju- 
rist ;  born  at  Brighton,  July  17,  1835.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford ;  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1863 ;  and  in  1874  was  elected  Chichele  pro- 
fessor of  international  law,  which  post  he  still 
holds.  He  is  a  member  of  several  foreign 
societies,  and  the  recipient  of  honorary  degrees 
from  Oxford,  Bologna,  and  Dublin.  His  mon- 
umental work  is  <The  Elements  of  Jurispru- 
dence) (1880),  now  in  its  sixth  edition,  which 
has  become  a  text-book  in  most  English  and 
American  universities.  Among  his  other  pub- 
lications the  most  notable  are  :  <An  Essay  on 
Composition  Deeds)  {1864);  <The  Institutes  of 
Justinian)  (1873);  <The  European  Concert  in 
the  Eastern  Question)  (iS8=;);  •A  Manual  of 
Naval  Prize  Law' ;  (1888);  <  The  Laws  and  Cus- 
toms of  War  at  Land  >  (1904). 

Holley,  Marietta.  An  American  writer  of 
humorous  stories ;  born  in  Ellisburg,  N.  Y.,  1844. 
The  most  noted  of  her  works  are :  <  My  Opin- 
ions and  Betsey  Bobbet's)  (1872),  and  <  Josiah 
Allen's  Wife)  (1878),  both  of  which  had  an 
extensive  sale. 


Hollingshead,  John.  An  English  journalist, 
theatrical  manager,  and  author;  born  at  Hox- 
ton.  Sept  8,  1827  He  was  a  constant  con- 
tributor to  Household  Words,  All  the  Year 
Round,  etc.  In  1868  he  became  lessee  and 
manager  of  the  Gaiety  Theatre,  and  now  con- 
trols many  theatrical  enterprises  in  London 
and  the  provinces.  Besides  several  original 
and  adapted  plays,  his  works  include :  <  Under 
Bow  Bells)  (1859);  <  Rubbing  the  Gilt  Off) 
(i860);  <  Ragged  London)  (1861);  <  Miscella- 
nies :  Stories  and  Essays)  (1874);  < Footlights' 
(1883)  ;  Gayeties  Chronicles'  (1900). 

Hollister,  Gideon  Hiram.  An  American 
lawyer  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Wash- 
ington, Conn.,  1817 ;  died  1881.  His  home  was 
in  Litchfield,  Conn.  He  was  minister  to  Hayti 
1868-69.  He  wrote:  < Mount  Hope'  (1851),  a 
historical  romance;  < History  of  Connecticut'  [2 
vols.,  1855);  'Thomas  k  Becket,  a  Tragedy; 
and  Other  Poems'  (1866);  and  <  Kinley  Hol- 
low'  (1882),  a  novel,  published  posthumously. 

Holloway,  Mrs.  Laura  (Carter).  An  Amer- 
ican editor  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  1848.  She  was  for  twelve 
years  associate  editor  of  the  Brooklyn  Daily 
Eagle.  She  has  written  :  <  Ladies  of  the  White 
House'  (new  ed.  1880);  <The  Mothers  of  Great 
Men  and  Women,  and  Some  Wives  of  Great 
Men'  (1883);  <The  Home  in  Poetry'  (1884); 
< Chinese  Gordon'  (1885);  <An  Hour  with 
Charlotte  Bronte ' ;  <  The  Buddhist  Diet  Book ' ; 
etc. 

Holmes,  Abiel.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional divine  and  historical  writer ;  father  of 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes ;  born  at  Woodstock, 
Conn.,  Dec.  24,  1763 ;  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
June  4, 1837.  He  was  pastor  of  the  First  Church, 
Cambridge,  Mass.  He  wrote :  <  Life  of  Ezra 
Stiles'  (1798);  <  Annals  of  America'  (enlarged 
ed.  1829),  a  work  of  enduring  value ;  <  Memoir 
of  the  French  Protestants';  etc. 

Holmes,  Mrs.  Mary  Jane  (Hawes).  An 
American  novelist ;  born  at  Brookfield,  Mass., 
18 — .  A  voluminous  writer,  her  works  are 
mostly  domestic  in  character,  and  moral  in  tend- 
ency. Some  of  them  are  said  to  have  had  a 
circulation  of  over  50,000  copies.  Among  them 
are:  <  Tempest  and  Sunshine'  (i854);<Lena 
Rivers'  (1856);  <  Marian  Gray'  (1863);  <  Mil- 
bank'  (1871);  <Queenie  Hetherton'  (1883); 
etc.  She  was  for  a  number  of  years  a  resident 
of  Kentucky;  her  present  home  is  at  Brock- 
port,  N.  Y.     Died  Oct.  6,  1907. 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell.  An  American 
man  of  letters ;  born  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Aug. 
29,  1809;  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  7,  1894.  His 
poetical  works  include:  <  Poems'  (1836);  <  Ura- 
nia' (1846);  <Astr£Ea:  the  Balance  of  Illu- 
sions' (1850);  <  Songs  in  Many  Keys'  (1861); 
< Songs  of  Many  Seasons'  (1875);  <The  Iron 
Gate'  (1880).  In  prose  he  wrote:  <The  Auto- 
crat of  the  Breakfast  Table'  (1859);  <The 
Professor  at  the  Breakfast  Table'  (i860);  <Tke 
Poet  at  the  Breakfast  Table '  (1872);  which  had 


HOLST— HOMES 


27i 


all  previously  appeared  serially  in  the  Atlantic 
Monthly.  He  wrote,  also,  the  novels  <  Elsie 
Venner>  {1861)  and  <The  Guardian  AngeP 
(1868J.  His  other  prose  works,  exclusive  of  his 
numerous  writings  on  medical  science,  are : 
'Soundings  from  the  Atlantic*  (1864);  < Mech- 
anism in  Thought  and  Morals'  (1871);  <John 
Lothrop  Motley  >  (1879);  <  Ralph  Waldo  Emer- 
son >  (1884);  <A  Mortal  Antipathy  >  (1885);  <Our 
Hundred  Days  in  Europe'  (1887);  <Over  the 
Teacups'  (1891);  numerous  prefaces  and  intro- 
ductions to  special  volumes ;  etc.  His  works 
on  medicine  are  likewise  important,  for  Dr. 
Holmes  was  by  profession  a  physician,  and  in 
1847  was  made  professor  of  anatomy  and  phys- 
iology in  th2  medical  school  of  Harvard. 

Hoist,  Hans  Peter  (hoist).  A  Danish  poet 
and  novelist ;  born  in  Copenhagen,  Oct.  22, 
181 1 ;  died  near  that  city,  June  2,  1893.  He  was 
made  professor  of  language  and  literature  at 
the  Copenhagen  Academy,  1836,  and  traveled 
through  Europe  later  at  government  expense. 
His  writings  are  exceedingly  varied,  elegant, 
and  tasteful.  The  <  Poem  in  Memory  of  Fred- 
eric IV.,'  <  Recollections  of  Travel,'  <  Poems,' 
and  <  National  Legends,'  represent  his  early 
work.  <  Gioacchino,'  a  drama  of  merit ;  <  Sicil- 
ian Types  and  Characters,'  a  sketch  of  scenery 
and  manners ;  and  <  Eros,'  a  collection  of  lyrics, 
have  also  spread  his  fame. 

Hoist,  Hermann  Eduard  von.  A  German- 
American  historian ;  born  at  Fellin,  Livonia, 
Russia,  June  19,  1841.  Coming  to  the  United 
States  in  1866,  he  engaged  in  literary  work  and 
lecturing;  he  returned  to  Europe,  becoming 
professor  in  the  universities  of  Strasburg  (1872) 
and  Freiburg  (1874);  appointed  professor  in 
the  University  of  Chicago  (1892),  he  came  to 
this  country  again.  He  has  written :  <  Con- 
stitutional and  Political  History  of  the  United 
States'  (5  vols.,  1876-85);  'Lives'  of  John  C. 
Calhoun  and  Jolin  Brown  ;  '  Constitutional  Law 
of  tlie  United  States.'     Died  Jan.  20,  1904. 

Holt,  John  Saunders.  An  American  novel- 
ist ;  born  in  Alabama,  1826 ;  died  1886.  He  was 
a  lawyer  at  New  Orleans.  He  wrote  :  <  Life  of 
Abraham  Page,'  a  novel ;  <  What  I  Know  about 
Ben  Eccles';  <  The  Quines';  etc. 

Holtei,  Karl  von  (hol'ti).  A  German  dram- 
atist, poet,  and  novelist ;  born  in  Breslau, 
Jan.  24,  1798 ;  died  there,  Feb.  12,  1880.  After 
serving  in  the  campaign  of  1815,  and  going 
through  the  university,  he  became  an  actor  at 
Breslau,  and  married  the  noted  actress  Louise 
Rog^e.  He  then  essayed  dramatic  authorship, 
his  <  Viennese  in  Berlin '  and  <  Berliners  in 
Vienna '  meeting  with  great  success.  Not  long 
after  appeared  the  dramas :  <  The  Old  Com- 
mander ' ;  <  Lenore ' ;  <  The  Tragedy  at  Berlin ' ; 
<  Poor  Peter ' ;  and  plays  founded  on  Shakes- 
peare's life.  His  wife  dying,  he  married  an- 
other actress,  and  continued  his  work  in 
connection  with  the  stage ;  and  also  began 
reading  in  public.  Two  volumes  of  poems, 
also  <  Silesian  Poems,'  <  German  Songs,'  <  Voice 
of  the  Forest,'    and  others,  extended  his  re- 


nown. His  popular  novels  include  :  <  The  Vaga- 
bonds ' ;  <  Christian  Lammfell ' ;  and  <  Noblesse 
Oblige.' 

Hblty,  Hermann  (hel'ty).  A  German  poet; 
born  in  Ulzen,  Hanover,  Nov.  4,  1828 ;  died  at 
Rehburg,  Aug.  16,  1887.  He  became  a  clergy- 
man, and  held  various  pastorates  in  Hanover. 
His  <  Songs  and  Ballads,'  <  Alpine  Charms,* 
<  From  the  German  Olympus,'  and  various  other 
volumes,  have  given  him  his  place  in  literature. 
He  is  a  pleasing  minor  poet. 

Hblty,    Ludwig    Heinricli    Christopli.     A 

German  elegiac  poet ;  born  in  Mariensee,  near 
Hanover,  Dec.  21,  1748;  died  at  Hanover, 
Sept.  I,  1776.  He  was  always  physically  deli- 
cate. <  The  Fall  of  the  Leaves '  shows  his  at- 
tractive if  slightly  effeminate  Muse  to  perfec- 
tion. <  Faith  and  Candor  Ever,'  an  elegy  to  a 
country  maiden,  is  a  spiritual  expression  of 
love.  The  consciousness  that  he  was  destined 
to  an  early  death  infused  into  his  song  a  rarely 
pensive  note. 

Holyoake,  George  Jacob.  An  English  social 
and  religious  reformer,  journalist,  and  author; 
born  at  Birmingham,  April  13,  1817.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Mechanics'  Institute  in  his 
native  city,  and  has  figured  as  teacher,  jour- 
nalist, and  lecturer.  He  is  chiefly  known  for 
his  advocacy  of  secularism.  His  works  include  : 
< Secularism'  (1854);  <  Life  of  Robert  Owen> 
(1859);  <The  Limits  of  Atheism'  (1861);  < His- 
tory of  Co-operation'  (1875-79);  < Among  the 
Americans'  (1881);  <A  Hundred  Days  in  N-'w 
Mexico  and  Canada.'   Died  Jan.  22,  1906. 

Home,  John.  A  Scotch  dramatist;  born  in 
Leith,  near  Edinburgh,  Sept.  21,  1722;  died  at 
Marchiston,  near  Edinlaurgh,  Sept.  5,  1808.  He 
took  part  against  Charles  Edward  in  the  war  of 
1745,  was  taken  prisoner  at  Falkirk,  but  freed 
after  Culloden.  He  subsequently  became  a 
clergyman.  His  great  tragedy  <  Douglas,'  pro- 
duced in  Edinburgh  in  1756,  aroused  hostility 
among  the  Scotch  clergy,  and  he  abandoned 
the  church.  <  Douglas '  met  with  great  success 
in  London,  and  was  followed  by  <Agis,'  <The 
Fatal  Discovery,'  and  'Alfred.'  He  aided  Mac- 
pherson  financially  in  the  production  of  the 
Ossian  poetry,  and  also  wrote  a  <  History  of 
the  Rebellion  in  Scotland  in  1755-56.' 

Homer  (ho-mer).  The  greatest  of  epic  poets, 
author  of  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey.  The  date  of 
his  birth  is  generally  set  at  the  eighth  or  ninth 
century  B.  C,  but  has  been  tiie  subject  of  dis 
cussion  among  scholars,  with  various  results, 
now  inclining  to  a  much  earlier  period, —  as 
early  as  1300  B.  C, —  in  accordance  with  the  gen- 
eral results  of  archaeological  investigations. 

Homes,  Mrs.  Mary  Sophie  (Shaw)  (Rogers), 
An  American  novelist  and  writer  of  verse 
(pseudon3Tn  «  Millie  Mayfield  ");  born  at  Fred- 
erick, Md.,  about  1830.  Her  home  is  in  New 
Orleans.  She  has  written:  < Carrie  Harring- 
ton, or  Scenes  in  New  Orleans'  (1857);  < Pro- 
gression, or  the  South  Defended'  (1868),  verae; 
<A  Wreath  of  Rhymes'  (1869);  etc. 


272 


HONE  — HOOKER 


Hone,  William.  An  English  clergyman  and 
author;  born  at  Bath,  June  3,  1780;  died  at 
Tottenham,  London,  Nov.  6,  1842.  He  was  for 
some  years  a  publisher  and  bookseller.  During 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  preached  to  a  con- 
gregation of  Dissenters.  Of  his  works  :  <  The 
Everyday  Book  >  (1826);  <The  Table  Book> 
(1827-28);  <The  Year  Book>  (1829),  containing 
much  curious  information,  descriptions  of  old 
customs,  etc.,  were  popular  in  their  day,  and 
were  more  than  once  imitated.  <  The  Politi- 
cal House  that  Jack  Built,>  a  satire,  appeared 
in  1819,  and  went  through  nearly  fifty  editions. 

Hood,  Edwin  Paxton.  An  English  clergyman 
and  author;  born  in  London,  Oct.  24,  1820;  died 
in  1885.  For  many  years  pastor  of  a  Congre- 
gational church  in  London,  editor  of  the  Eclec- 
tic Review,  and  a  popular  lecturer,  he  wrote, 
compiled,  and  edited  nearly  fifty  volumes, 
among  which  are:  <John  Milton*  (1851);  <The 
Uses  of  Biography'  (1852);  < Biography  of  Will- 
iam Wordsworth  >  (1856);  <  Lamps,  Pitchers, 
and  Trumpets  >  (1867),  lectures  delivered  to  the- 
ological students ;  <  The  World  of  Anecdote  > 
(1869);  <The  Romance  of  Biography  >  (1876); 

<  Oliver  Cromwell,  his  Life,  Times,  Battle-Fields, 
etc.>  (1884);  <  The  Throne  of  Eloquence  >  (1885). 

Hood,  Thomas.  An  English  poet,  master  ,of 
humor  and  pathos ;  born  in  London,  May  23, 
1799 ;  died  there.  May  3, 1845.  He  had  few  early 
advantages,  his  genius  first  asserting  itself  in 
his  early  twenties  in  <  Whims  and  Oddities,'  a 
collection  of  verse.  The  most  playful  and  hu- 
morous of  poets,  there  is  yet  a  melancholy  in 
all  his  numbers  that  now  and  then  dominates 
his  song  entirely, —  <The  Hostler's  Lament'  and 

<  The  Haunted  House '  constituting  examples. 
<The  Plea  of  the  Midsummer  Fairies'  is  worthy 
of  the  hand  that  wrote  <The  Song  of  the  Shirt.' 
He  has  had  more  imitators  than  any  other 
modern  poet. 

Hood,  Thomas,  the  younger.  An  English 
poet,  humorist,  and  novelist,  son  of  Thomas; 
born  in  Wanstead.  Essex,  Jan.  19,  1835  ; 
died  at  Peckham  Rye,  Surrey,  Nov.  20,  1S74. 
He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  began  his  literary 
career  there  with  <  Pen  and  Pencil  Pictures.' 
< Quips  and  Cranks'  was  his  best  production 
in  verse.  His  successful  novels  include:  <A 
Disputed  Inheritance ' ;  <A  Golden  Heart  > ;  and 
<The  Lost  Link.'  His  talent  for  droll  stories 
and  sketches  was  considerable. 

Hooft,  Pieter  Corneliszoon  (hoft).  A  Dutch 
poet  and  historian ;  born  in  Amsterdam,  March 
16,  1581 ;  died  at  The  Hague,  May  25  (or  21), 
1647.  He  was  burgomaster  of  Minden  for  nearly 
forty  years.  His  works  give  him  high  rank, 
especially  his  volume  of  collected  <  Poems.'  In 
prose,  the  <  History  of  Henry  IV.' ;  <  History  of 
the  House  of  Medici  > ;  and  <  History  of  the  Low 
Countries,'  display  a  talent  worthy  of  a  great 
annalist  and  investigator. 

Hook,  James.  Dean  of  Worcester;  born  in 
London,  June  1772;  died  at  Worcester,  1828. 
Educated  at  Oxford,  he  took  holy  orders,  rose 


rapidly  in  the  church,  and  in  1825  was  ap« 
pointed  dean  of  Worcester.  He  wrote  politi- 
cal pamphlets,  sermons,  etc.  Two  of  his 
novels,  <Pen  Owen'  {1822)  and  *  Percy  Mai- 
lory'  (1823)  attracted  much  attention. 

Hook,  Theodore  [Edward].  An  English 
humorist,  story-writer,  and  dramatist;  born  in 
London,  Sept.  22,  1788;  died  in  Fulham,  Aug. 
24,  1841.  His  peculiar  wit  was  well  adapted  to 
the  fashion  of  his  day,  and  the  <  Sayings  and 
Doings'  were  once  much  in  vogue.  The  plots 
of  his  dramas  are  mere  pegs  to  hang  witticisms 
on;  but  <  Gilbert  Gurney'  and  <Jack  Brag'  are 
good  stories. 

Hooker,  Joseph  Dalton,  Sir.  An  English 
botanist,  son  of  Sir  William  Jackson ;  born  at 
Halesworth,  Suffolk,  June  30,  1817.  He  took 
his  M.  D.  at  Glasgow  University  in  1839.  He 
was  assistant  surgeon  and  naturalist  of  the 
famous  expedition  of  Sir  James  Clark  Ross; 
visited  India  in  1847 ;  and  in  1871  with  John 
Ball  ascended  the  Great  Atlas  in  Morocco. 
From  1855  to  1885  he  was  on  the  directorate 
of  Kew  Gardens.  Among  his  works  are : 
<  Botany  of  the  Antarctic  Voyage'  (1847-60); 
'Himalayan  Journals'  (1854);  <  Student's  Flora 
of  the  British  Islands'  (1870); '  Botany'  (Science 
Primers),  in  1876;  'Journal  of  a  Tour  in  Mo- 
rocco and  the  Great  Atlas'  (1878),  with  John 
Ball. 

Hooker,  Richard.  A  famous  English  divine 
and  theological  writer;  born  at  Heavitree, 
Exeter,  Mar.,  1553-4;  died  at  Bishopsbourne, 
near  Canterbury,  Nov.  2,  1600.  He  has  been 
called  "the  judicious  Hooker.'*  His  great 
work,  the  <  Laws  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity'  (1592- 
1648),  supporting  the  ministry,  ritual,  and  cere- 
monies of  the  Church  of  England,  is  one  of  the 
masterpieces  of  English  eloquence.  Hallam 
compares  it  to  Cicero's  <  De  Legibus,'  and 
Pope  Clement  VIII.  had  part  of  it  translated 
into  Latin,  that  it  might  be  read  to  him.  The 
best  edition  is  John  Keble's  third  (3  vols.,  1845), 

Hooker,  Thomas.  An  English  nonconform- 
ist clergyman ;  born  at  Markfield,  Leicester- 
shire, in  1586;  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  July 
7,  1647.  He  came  to  America  in  1633;  in  1636 
removed  from  Newtown  (Cambridge,  Mass.) 
to  Hartford,  and  founded  that  colony,  be- 
coming minister  of  the  First  Church  there. 
He  won  eminence  as  a  theological  writer  and 
a  preacher,  and  has  a  permanent  historical 
importance  for  his  instrumentality  in  drawing 
up  the  first  written  constitution  in  America  — 
that  of  the  Hartford  Colony.  His  chief  work 
is  <  A  Survey  of  the  Summe  of  Church  Disci- 
pline,' in  collaboration  with  John  Cotton. 

Hooker,  William  Jackson,   Sir.    An  Eng- 

lish  botanist;  born  at  Norwich,  in  1785;  died 
at  Kew,  Aug.  12,  1865.  A  zealous  botanist,  he 
traveled  much  in  his  favorite  pursuit.  He  wag 
Regius  professor  of  botany  in  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity in  1820-41,  when  he  became  director 
of  the  Kew  Gardens.  He  was  knighted  in 
1836  on   account  of  his  high  scientific  attain* 


HOOPER  — HOPKINS 


273 


ments.  His  best-known  botanical  works  are : 
<  Journal  of  a  Tour  in  Iceland  >  (1809);  <Mus- 
cologia  Britannica>  (1818),  containing  the 
mosses  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland;  <The 
British  Flora  >  (1830),  which  has  gone  through 
several  editions;  < British  Ferns'  (1862);  < Gar- 
den Ferns >  (1862). 

Hooper,  Johnson.  An  American  writer  of 
stories;  born  in  North  Carolina  in  1815  ;  died 
1863.  He  was  a  lawyer  in  Alabama.  He 
wrote  :  <  Adventures  of  Captain  Simon  Suggs  * ; 
•Widow  Rugby's  Husband,  and  Other  Ala- 
bama Tales.' 

Hooper,  Lucy.  An  American  sketch-writer 
and  poet;  born  in  Massachusetts,  1816;  died 
1841.  Her  home  was  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  She 
wrote  <  Scenes  from  Real  Life,'  a  volume  of 
prose  sketches.  Her  complete  poems  appeared 
in  1848. 

Hooper,  Mrs.  Lucy  Hamilton  (Jones).  An 
American  poet,  novelist,  and  journalist ;  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Jan.  20,  1835  ;  died  in  Paris, 
Aug.  31,  1893.  She  was  for  some  time  assist- 
ant editor  of  Lippincott's  Magazine.  Her  hus- 
band being  United  States  vice-consul-general  in 
Trance,  she  resi  .ed  after  1874  in  Paris,  where 
she  was  correspondent  for  several  American 
i:ev.-spapers.  She  wrote  :  <  Poems  >  ( 1864  and 
1S71);  and  the  novels  <  Under  the  Tricolor* 
(1880)  and  (The  Tsar's  "Window  >  (1881J. 

Hope,  Anthony.    See  Hawkins. 

Hope,  James  Barron.  An  American  lawyer, 
journalist,  and  poet;  born  at  Norfolk,  Va., 
1827 ;  died  1887.  He  served  in  the  Confederate 
army  in  the  Civil  War.  Among  his  poems 
are  :  <Leoni  di  Monti*  (1857);  <  Under  the  Em- 
pire, or  the  Story  of  Madelon'  (1878);  and 
<Arms  and  the  Man>  (1882). 

Hope,  Thomas.  An  English  novelist;  born 
about  1770 ;  died  Feb.  3,  1831.  He  was  one  of 
three  brothers,  wealthy  merchants  in  Amster- 
dam. Among  his  works  are :  <  Household 
Furniture  and  Decorations'  (1805);  'The  Cos- 
tume of  the  Ancients'  (1809);  < Designs  of 
Modem  Costumes'  (1812).  <Anastasius>  (1819) 
was  his  best-known  work.  Byron  told  the 
Countess  of  Blessington  that  he  wept  bitterly 
on  reading  <Anastasius,'  for  two  reasons  —  one 
that  he  had  not  written  it,  and  the  other  that 
Hope  had. 

Hopfen,  Hans  von  (hop'fen).  A  German  poet 
and  novelist ;  bom  in  Munich,  Jan.  3,  1835,  win- 
ning note  at  the  university  there.  His* Neces- 
sity,' and  other  poems  of  equal  merit,  are  char- 
acterized by  originality  and  picturesqueness, 
while  his  novels  — notably  <The  Old  Practi- 
-  tioner'  —  show  him  a  graceful  and  graphic  de- 
lineator of  character  and  customs.  He  ranks 
among  the  best  contemporary  German  writers, 
his  versatility  not  having  impaired  his  quality. 

Hopkins,  Alphonso  Alvah.  An  American 
educator,  lecturer,  journalist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  in  New  York  State,  1843.  He  has 
written  in  verse :  <  Asleep  in  the  Sanctum ' ; 
'  Geraldine,'  a  metrical  romance  modeled  after 
18 


<  Lucile ' ;  the  novels,  <  His  Prison  Bars  >  ( 1874) ; 

<  Sinner  and  Saint '  (1881) ;  <  Life  of  General  Clin- 
ton Fisk'  (188S);  (Wealth  and  Waste'  (1896). 

Hopkins,  Edward  Washburn.  An  American 
educator  and  writer ;  born  in  Massachusetts,  1857. 
He  is  professor  of  Sanskrit  at  Yale,  successor  of 
Professor  Whitney.  He  has  written  :  <  Mutual 
Relations  of  the  Four  Castes  in  Manu  ' ;  <  Trans- 
lation of  Laws  in  Manu  '  ;  <  Social  and  Military 
Position  of  the  Ruling  Caste  in  Ancient  India  ' ; 

<  The  Religions  of  India ';  <  India,  Old  and  New.' 

Hopkins,  John  Henry.  An  American  divine 
and  writer,  the  first  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop 
of  Vermont  (1832);  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland, 
Jan.  30,  1792 ;  died  in  Rock  Point,  Vt.,  Jan.  9, 
1868.  He  was  originally  an  iron  manufacturer, 
afterwards  a  lawyer,  and  won  eminence  by  his 
vigorous  and  versatile  writings.  Among  his 
works    are:    < History    of    the    Confessional'; 

<  The  End  of  Controversy  Controverted  > ;  *  The 
Primitive  Church ' ;  <  Essay  on  Gothic  Archi- 
tecture ' ;  <  The  Church  of  Rome  in  her  Prim- 
itive Purity ' ;  <  Scriptural  View  of  Slavery,'  a 
defense  of  the  institution ;  <  Law  of  Ritualism ' ; 

<  History  of  the  Church,'  in  verse ;  Twelve 
Canzonets,  words  and  music. 

Hopkins,  John  Henry.  An  American  cler- 
g>-man  and  writer,  son  of  John  Henry;  born 
1820;  died  1891.  He  founded  and  long  edited 
the  Church  Journal.  He  wrote  :  <  Carols,  Hymns, 
and  Songs ' ;  *■  Poems  by  the  Wayside ' ;  •  Life 
of  Bishop  Hopkins  > ;  <  Faith  and  Order  of 
the  Protestant  Church  in  the  United  States'; 
etc.  He  also  translated  Goethe's  <  Autobio- 
graphy.' 

Hopkins,  Mrs.  Louisa  Parsons  (Stone).  An 
American  educator  and  writer  of  verse ;  bora 
in  Massachusetts,  1834;  died  1895.  Her  home 
was  in  Boston.  Besides  several  educational 
works  she  wrote  in  verse  :  <  Motherhood '  (1880); 
•Breath  of  the  Field  and  Shore';  < Easter 
Carols ' ;  etc. 

Hopkins,  Mark.  A  distinguished  American 
educator  and  religious  and  ethical  writer ;  born 
at  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  4,  1802 ;  di.-^d  at  Will- 
iamstown,  Mass.,  June  17,  1887.  He  was  a  Con- 
gregational divine,  and  president  of  Williams 
College.  Among  his  works  are  :  •  Evidences  of 
Christianity'  (1846);  <The  Law  of  Love,  and 
Love  as  a  Law'  (i860);  'An  Outline  Study  of 
Man'  (1873);  etc. 

Hopkins,  Mark.  An  American-English  jour- 
nalist and  novelist,  son  of  Mark ;  born  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, 1851.  He  resides  at  present  in  Lon- 
don. He  has  written  <  The  World's  Verdict' 
(1888),  a  novel. 

Hopkins,  Samuel.  A  noted  American  theo- 
logian ;  born  at  Waterbury,  Conn.,  Sept.  17, 1721 ; 
died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Dec.  20,  1803.  He  was 
one  of  the  leaders  in  the  New  England  theol- 
ogy (so  called),  and  was  instrumental  in  the 
extermination  of  slavery  in  Rhode  Island.  His 
chief  work  was  <  System  of  Doctrines'  (1793). 
He  is  said  to  be  the  hero  of  Mrs.  Stowe*« 
novel,  <  The  Minister's  Wooing.' 


274 


HOPKINSON  —  HOSMER 


Hopklnson,  Francis.  An  American  political 
writer  and  lawyer  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence ;  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  21,  1737 ;  died  May  9,  1791. 
He  wrote:  <The  Pretty  Story >  (1774);  *The 
Prophecy >  (1776);  <The  Political  Catechism* 
(1777).     He  also  wrote  poems  and  essays.    The 

<  Miscellaneous  Essays,  and  Occasional  Writ- 
ings* appeared  posthumously.  His  humorous 
ballad,  <The  Battle  of  the  Keg,>  was  once 
widely  known. 

Hopklnson,  Joseph.  An  American  jurist, 
son  of  Francis;  born  at  Philadelphia,  Nov.  12, 
1770 ;  died  there,  Jan.  15,  1842.  He  was  one  of 
the  ablest  lawyers  of  his  day.  He  wrote  the 
famous  patriotic  song,  <  Hail  Columbia*  (1798), 
for  the  benefit  of  an  actor,  calling  it  at  first 
the  <  President's  March.* 

Hoppln,  Augustus.  An  American  illustrator 
and  novelist ;  bom  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  July  13, 
1828  •  died  at  Flushing,  April  2,  1896.  He  was 
originally  a  lawyer.  Besides  illustrating  works 
by  many  well-known  authors,  he  illustrated  his 
own  books  :  <0n  the  Nile*(i87i):  'Recollections 
of  Anton  House,  by  C.  Anton*  {1881),  a  novel; 
<Two  Compton  Boys'  (1884);  <  Married  for 
Fun  *  (1885),  a  romance  ;  etc. 

Hoppln,  James  Mason.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  Jan.  17,  1820.  A  Congregational 
clergyman  and  professor  at  Yale.  Besides 
religious  writings,  he  has  published :  <  Life  of 
Rear-Admiral  Foote*  (1874);  'Greek  Art  on 
Greek  Soil*;  <01d  England*  (8th  ed.  1886),  a 
highly  praised  book  of  travel;  <The  Early 
Renaissance*  (1892)  ;  etc.     Died  in  1906. 

Hopps,  John  Page.  An  English  clergyman 
and  religious  writer;  bom  in  London,  Nov.  6, 
1834.  At  first  a  Baptist  minister,  he  joined 
the  Unitarians,  holding  pastorates  at  Sheffield, 
Glasgow,  and  Leicester,  where  he  now  resides. 
He  is  an  active  social  reformer  and  advocate 
of  co-operation.    Among  his  numerous  works  are : 

<  Seven  Lectures  for  the  People*  (4th  ed.  1861)  ; 

<  Besides  the  Still  Waters  *  (1879) ;  <  A  Scientific 
Basis  of  Belief  in  Future  Life*  (i88i);  <  Future 
Probation*  (1886)  ;<  The  Bible  for  Beginners.* 

Horace,  or  Qulntus  Horatlus  Flaccus. 
A  great  Latin  lyric  poet ;  born  at  Venusia, 
in  southern  Italy,  Dec.  8,  B.  C.  65 ;  died 
at  Rome,  Nov.  27,  B.  C.  8.  His  writings,  in 
the  order  of  their  production,  are :  The  <  Sat- 
ires,* or  as  the  poet  himself  called  them, 
< Talks*  (Sermones),  eighteen  in  number,  and 
written  in  hexameter  verse ;  <  Epodes,*  a  col- 
lection of  lyric  poems  in  iambic  and  compos- 
ite metres ;  <  Odes,*  his  most  exquisite  works, 
and  the  delight  of  scholars  ever  since  they 
were  written ;  <  Epistles,*  in  hexameter  verse, 
brilliant  in  wit,  perfect  in  melody,  replete  with 
workaday  wisdom, —  among  them  is  the  <  Epis- 
tle to  the  Pisos,*  or  <  The  Art  of  Poetry,*  as  it 
has  been  aptly  called. 

Hormann,  Ludwlg  von  (h^r'man).  A  Ger- 
man descriptive  writer ;  bom  in  Feidkirch,  Oct. 


12,  1837.  He  is  a  philologist  and  librarian  by 
profession,  and  was  at  one  time  professor  in 
the  Academy  at  Innsbruck,  and  since  1878  has 
been  librarian  of  the  university  there.  His 
fame  depends  upon  :  <  Tyrolese  Types  > ;  <  The 
Life  of  the  People  of  the  Tyrol  * ;  and  numer- 
ous studies  of  conditions  and  manners  among 
the  natives  of  the  Alpine  region. 

Horn,  Franz  Chrlstoph  (horn).  A  German 
novelist,  historian  of  literature,  and  essayist; 
born  July  30,  1781  ;  died  July  19,  1837.  His 
romances    and    tales,    <  Guiscardo,    the     Poet,' 

<  Battle  and  Victory,*  and  <The  Wandering 
Jew,*  were  once  widely  read,  but  are  now  for- 
gotten. More  noteworthy  are  :  <  Outlines  of 
the  History  and  Nature  of  German  Polite  Lit- 
erature from  1790  to  1818  * ;  <  German  Poetry 
and  Rhetoric  from  Luther's  Time  to  Our  Own  * ; 

<  Shakespeare's  Plays,*  a  valuable  critical  work. 

Hornaday,  William  Temple.  An  American 
naturalist  and  writer  of  travels ;  born  near 
Plainfield,  Ind.,  1854.  He  was  for  a  number 
of  years  chief  taxidermist  of  the  United  States 
National  Museum,  Washington.  He  has  writ- 
ten:  <Two  Years  in  the  Jungle*  (1885);  <The 
Buffalo  Hunt*  (1887);  'Free  Rum  on  the 
Congo*  (1887);  < Taxidermy  and  Zoological 
Collecting  * ;  <  Canoe  and  Rifle  on  the  Orinoco  * ; 
etc.  Since  1896,  Director  of  N.Y.  Zoological  Park. 

Home,  Eichard  Henry  L,  Hengist.  An  Eng- 
lish miscellaneous  writer;  born  Jan.  I,  1803  ; 
died  March  13,  1884.  His  principal  works  are : 
< Cosmo  de'  Medici*  (1837)  and  <The  Death 
of  Marlowe*  (1837),  tragedies;  < Orion,*  an  epic 
poem  (1843);  <A  New  Spirit  of  the  Age*  (1844); 
< Judas  Iscariot,  a  Miracle  Play*  (1848);  <The 
Dreamer  and  the  Worker*  (1851);  'Australian 
Facts  and  Prospects*  (1859);  'Exposition  of 
the  False  Medium,  and  Barriers  Excluding  Men 
of  Genius  from  the  Public*  (1883). 

Horvath,  Andreas  (hor'vat).  A  Hungarian 
poet ;  born  in  Pdzmdnd,  Nov.  25,  1778 ;  died 
there,  March  7,  1839.  He  became  a  Catholic 
priest  soon  after  attaining  manhood.  He  cre- 
ated the  classic  epic  in  Hungarian  literature. 
His  principal  works  are:  'Memorial  of  Zircz*; 
and  the  heroic  poem  'Arpdd,*  in  twelve  cantos, 
for  which  he  was  awarded  a  prize  by  the  Hun- 
garian Academy.  He  became  a  member  of 
this  body  in  1832. 

Hosmer,  George  Washington.  An  Ameri- 
can miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  184-.  He 
is  a  physician  by  profession.  Among  his  writ- 
ings are  :  <  The  People  and  Politics  * ;  'As  We 
Went  Marching  On,*  a  story  of  the  War;  etc. 

Hosmer,  James  Kendall.  An  American 
educator  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at 
Northfield,  Mass.,  1834.  He  was  professor  in 
Antioch  College  1866-72;  the  University  of 
Missouri,  Columbia,  Mo.,  1872;  Washington 
University,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1874-92;  and  is  now 
librarian  of  the  public  library  of  Minneapolis 
(1892-97).  Among  his  works  are:  'The  Color 
Guard*  (1864),  a  record  of  experiences  in  the 
Civil  War;  'The  Thinking  Bayonet*  (1865),  a 


HOSMER  —  HOWARD 


275 


novel;  'History  of  German  Literature >  (1879); 

<  Life  of  Samuel  Adams*  (1S85);  <  How  Thank- 
ful was  Bewitclied  > ;  <  Life  of  Sir  Henry  Vane  ' ; 

<  Story  of  tlie  Jews,'  in  <  Story  of  the  Nations  * 
series  ; '  History  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase.' 

Hosmer,  Mrs,  Margaret  (Kerr).  An  American 
novelist  and  writer  for  the  young  ;  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, 1830;  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  3, 
1897.  Her  home  was  in  San  Francisco,  where 
she  taught  school,  and  in  Philadelphia  She 
wrote  the  novels,  <The  Morrisons'  ( 1864),  ^Rich 
and  Poor'  (1870),  (The  Sin  of  the  Father' 
(1872),  etc.;  the  juveniles,  <BIanche  Gilroy> 
(-871),  ^  A  Rough  Boy's  Story'  (1873)  ;  and 
also,  <Ten  Years  of  a  Lifetime.) 

Hosmer,  William  Henry  Cuyler.  An  Amer- 
ican writer  of  verse ;  born  in  New  York  State, 
1814 ;  died  1877.  He  was  a  lawyer  in  western 
New  York.     He   wrote  :  <  Fall  of  Tecumseh ' ; 

<  Legends  of  the  Senecas ' ;  <  Yonnondio ' ;  <  Bird 
Notes ' ;  <  The  Themes  of  Song ' ;  <  The  Months ' ; 

<  The  Pioneers  of  Western  New  York ' ;  etc. 

Hostrup,  Jens  Christian  (hos'trup).  A  Dan- 
ish poet,  dramatist,  and  humorist ;  born  in  Co- 
penhagen, May  20,  1818;  died  there,  Nov.  21, 
1892.  He  was  intended  for  the  church,  but  his 
talent  as  a  writer  of  songs  and  plays,  comic, 
patriotic,  and  sentimental,  decided  his  career. 
<The  Neighbors,'  a  farce,  made  his  reputation 
while  yet  a  theological  student.  His  best  play 
is  <  Master  and  Pupil.'  Later,  as  a  clergyman,  he 
brought  out  more  serious  work  :  <  Eva,'  a  drama ; 
a  volume  of  <  Popular  Discourses ' ;  and  various 
other  productions.  His  is  one  of  the  foremost 
names  in  later  Danish  literature. 

Houghton,  George  Washington  Wright. 
(hoton).  An  American  journalist  and  writer 
of  verse ;  born  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1850 ;  died 
1891.  His  home  was  in  New  York.  He  wrote  : 
*  Songs  from  Over  the  Sea'  (1874);  <The  Le- 
gend of  St.  Olaf's  Kirk'  (1881);  < Niagara' 
(1882);  etc. 

Houghton,  Richard  Monckton  Milnes,  Lord 
(houton).  An  English  poet,  critic,  and  states- 
man ;  born  irt  London,  Eng.,  June  19,  1809; 
died  at  Vichy,  France,  Aug.  11,  1885.  A 
Conservative  in  Parliament,  he  joined  the 
Liberals  under  Lord  John  Russell,  and  in  1863 
was  raised  to  the  peerage.  His  best  poetry 
appears  in :  <  Memorials  of  a  Tour  in  Greece ' ; 
'( Memorials  of  a  Residence  on  the  Continent, 
and  Historical  Poems';  <  Poems  of  Many 
Years ' ;  <  Palm  Leaves ' ;  and  a  few  other  small 
•volumes.  His  prose  is  remarkable  for  the  pur- 
ity of  its  Saxon  style.  It  includes :  <  Life,  Let- 
ters, and   Literary   Remains  of   John   Keats ' ; 

<  Monographs,  Personal  and  Political  > ;  etc. 

House,  Edward  Howard.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  story-writer  ;  born  at  Boston,  Sept.  5, 
1836,  died  t  Tokio,  Japan,  Dec.  18,  1901. 
He  was  a  musical  and  dramatic  critic  in  Boston 
and  New  York  ;  afterwards  professor  of  English 
Language  and  literature  in  the  U'liversity  of 
Tokio,  Japan  (1871-73),  actifig  as  conespond- 
cnt  of  the  New  York  Herald.  Pie  wrote : 
< Japanese   Episodes)   (1881);   <Yone   Santo > 


(1S8S),  a  story  of  life  in  Japan;  <The  Mid- 
night Warning,  and  Other  Stories ' ;  <  The 
Kagosima  Affair';  etc. 

Houssaye,  Arsene  (o-sa').  A  French  novel- 
ist, dramatist,  and  critic ;  born  in  Bruyferes, 
near  Laon,  March  28,  1815  ;  died  in  Paris,  Feb, 
26,  1896.  He  came  early  to  Paris,  and  had  writ- 
ten two  novels  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  <The 
Sinner'  being  still  remembered.  He  wrote  <The 
Caprices  of  the  Marchioness,)  (The  Comedy 
at  the  Window,)  and  other  successful  light 
plays,  and  became  a  stage  manager.  His 
later  novels  include  :  <The  Beautiful  Raffa- 
ella) ;  (Marion's  Repentance);  (Romance  of 
the  Duchess) ;  (Women  as  They  Are ) ;  ( Wo- 
men of  the  Past) ;  etc.  His  art  and  theatrical 
criticisms  are  exceedingly  good  ;  the  (  History 
of  French  Art  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,' 
(Portrait  Gallery  of  the  Eighteenth  Centur),' 
and  (Studies  of  Voltaire  and  Rousseau,'  rank 
high.     His  style  is  clear  and  graceful. 

Houssaye,  Henri.  A  French  historian  and 
critic,  son  of  Arsene ;  born  in  Paris,  Feb.  24, 
184S.  He  studied  painting,  but  transferred  liis 
attention  to  the  study  of  Greek  antiquity.  Dur- 
ing the  siege  of  Paris  in  1870  his  gallant  con- 
duct earned  him  the  Cross  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor.     His    valuable    publications    include : 

<  History  of  Alcibiades  and  the  Athenian  Re- 
public' (1875),  crowned  by  the  French  Acad- 
emy in  1874;  (Athens,  Rome,  and  Paris'  (1878); 
(History  of  the  Conquest  of  Greece  by  the 
Romans'  (vol.  i.  1885);  <  1814,'  a  history  of  the 
campaign  in  France  and  the  Fall  of  the  Em- 
pire, published  in  18S8  ;  <  Waterloo  '  (1899). 

Houwald,  Christoph  Ernst  (ho'vald).  A 
German  dramatic  poet  and  story-writer;  born 
at  Straupitz,  Nov.  29,  1778 ;  died  at  Neuhaus, 
Jan.  28,  1845.  He  wrote  fables  and  juvenile 
stories,  but  his  literary  reputation  depends 
wholly  upon  his  plays.  ( The  Picture '  and 
(  Curse  and  Benison '  are  among  his  best  works. 
In  construction,  vigor  of  style,  and  ingenuity 
of  situation,  he  is  remarkable.  ( The  Prince 
and  the  Townsman '  and  ( The  Enemies '  are 
striking  examples  in  point. 

Hovey,  Richard.  An  American  writer  of  verse; 
born  at  Normal,  111.,  May  4,  1864  ;  died  in 
New  York  city,  April  24,  1900.  He  wrote  : 
(Launcelot  and  Guenevere  > ;  ( Gandolfo,'  a 
tragedy  ;  (  Songs  ftt)m  Vagabondia  > ;  (  More 
Songs  from  Vagabondia'  (with  Bliss  Carman); 
(The  Laurel,)  an  ode  ;  (  Seaward  ) ;  etc. 

Howard,  Blanche  Willis.    See  Teuffel,  von. 

Howard,  Bronson.  A  prominent  American 
playwright;  born  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  Oct.  7, 
1842  ;  resides  in  New  York.  He  was  connected 
with  several  newspapers  in  that  city,  1867-72. 
Among  his  very  successful  plays  are  :  (Saratoga' 
(1870) ;  <  The  Banker's  Daughter '  (1878)  <  Youm^ 
Mrs.  Winthrop'  (1882);  <  Tlie  Henrietta  '  (18S7  T; 

<  Shenandoah'  (18S9J  ;  (Aristocracy'  (1892); 
(  Kate  > ;  (  Norroy,  Diplomatic  Agent  > ;  ( Scars  on 
the  Southern  Seas.' 

Howard,  Edward.  An  English  novelist: 
born   18—;  died  Dec.  30,  1841.    After  serving 


276 


HOWARD  —  HOWELLS 


in  the  navy,  he  wrote  sea  stories;  and  was 
associated  with  Marryat  in  editing  the  Metropol- 
itan Magazine  in  1832.  Later  he  joined  tlie 
staff  of  the  New  Monthly  Magazine,  then 
edited  by  Hood.  His  greatest  work,  <Rattlin 
the  Reefer  >  (1836),  met  with  much  success. 
Among  his  other  works  are :  <  The  Old  Com- 
modore >  (1837);  <  Outward  Bound  >  (1838); 
t  Memoirs  of  Admiral  Sir  Sidney  Smith,  K.  C.  B.> 
(1839);  <  Jack  Ashore  >;  <The  Centiad,  a  Poem 
in  Four  Books  >  (1841);  <Sir  Henry  Morgan,  the 
Buccaneer,*  (1842). 

Howard,  Oliver  Otis.  A  distinguished  Amer- 
ican general ;  born  at  Leeds,  Me.,  Nov.  8,  1830. 
A  graduate  of  West  Point,  he  rose  to  the  rank 
of  brevet  major-general  United  States  Army  in 
the  Civil  War,  and  was  president  of  Howard 
University  (1869-73).  He  has  written:  <  Don- 
ald's School-Days  >  (1879);  <Nez  Percd  Joseph  > 
(1881),  a  valuable  contribution  to  Indian  litera- 
ture ;  Isabella  of  Castile  > ;  <  Our  Wild  Indians.* 

Howartli,  Mrs.  Ellen  Clementine  (Doran). 
An  American  writer  of  verse;  born  at  Coopers- 
town,  N.  Y.,  May  20,  1827.  She  published 
two  volumes  of  verse  (1864  and  1867).  The 
best  known  of  her  poems  are  <  'Tis  but  a  Little 
Faded  Flower,>  and  <Thou  Wilt  Never  Grow 
Old.*  Her  poems  have  been  edited  by  Richard 
Watson  Gilder  ( 1868).  Died  at  Trenton,  N.  J., 
,  1899- 

Howe,  Edgar  Watson.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  novelist;  born  in  Wabash  County, 
Ind.,  1854.  He  is  proprietor,  publisher,  and 
editor  of  the  Daily  Globe,  Atchison,  Kan.  He 
has  written :  <  The  Story  of  a  Country  Town  > 
(1883),  which  attracted  considerable  attention; 
<The  Mystery  of  the  Locks  >;  <A  Moonlight 
Boy ' ;  <  A  Man  Story ' ;  <  Lay  Sermons.* 

Howe,  Henry.  An  American  historical  writer 
and  compiler;  born  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1816. 
He  published:  <Memoir  of  Eminent  Mechanics* 
(1839);  'Travels  and  Adventures  of  Celebrated 
Travelers*  (1853);  'Adventures  and  Achieve- 
ments of  Americans*  (1858);  < Over  the  World* 
(1883);  <Our  Whole  Country*;  <The  Great 
West';  etc.     Died  in  Cincinnati, ,  1893. 

Howe,  Mrs.  Julia  Ward.  A  famous  Ameri- 
can poet,  essayist,  biographer,  writer  of  travels, 
and  lecturer,  daughter  of  Samuel  Ward ;  born 
in  New  York,  May  27,  1819.  A  philanthropist, 
interested  especially  in  woman's  suffrage,  she 
was  the  wife  of  Dr.  Samuel  G.  Howe  the  phi- 
lanthropist, and  with  him  edited  the  anti-slavery 
journal,  the  Boston  Commonwealth.  She  is 
best  known  as  the  author  of  the  <  Battle  Hymn 
of  the  Republic  *  (1861),  written  during  a  visit  to 
the  camps  near  Washington.  Among  her  works, 
besides  several  volumes  of  verse,  are :  <  The 
World's  Own  *  ( 1857),  a  drama  ;  <  Life  of  Margaret 
Fuller  *  ( 1883) ;  <  Trip  to  Cuba  >  ( i860)  ;  <  Is  Polite 
Society  Polite  ?  and  Other  Essays  * ;  etc.  She  also 
wrote  :  <  Later  Lyrics  * ;  <  From  the  Oak  to  the 
Olive  * ;  and  '  Sex  and  Education  *;  <  Sketches  of 
Representative  Women  of  New  England.* 

Howell,  James.  An  English  author;  born 
probably  in  Wales  about   1594 ;  died   in    Hol- 


born,  1666.  As  steward  of  a  glass-ware  factory 
and  subsequently  on  public  missions,  he  trav- 
eled for  several  years  on  the  Continent.  He 
became  a  clerk  of  council  in  1640,  was  im- 
prisoned during  the  civil  war,  and  upon  the 
Restoration  received  the  post  of  historiographer 
royal  as  a  reward  for  his  loyalty  to  Charles  I. 
Of  forty  works  on  historical,  political,  poetical, 
and  philological  subjects,  only  the  'Epistolae 
Ho-Elianse ;  or.  Familiar  Letters  >  ( 1645-55 ) 
have  survived. 

Howells,  William  Dean.  A  famous  Amer- 
ican novelist  and  poet;  born  at  Martinsville, 
O.,  March  I,  1837.  He  was  consul  at  Yen 
ice  1861-65;  editor-in-chief  of  the  Atlantic 
Monthly  1871-81 ;  editor  of  The  Editor's  Study 
in  Harper's  Magazine  1886-91 ;  editor  of  the 
Cosmopolitan  1892.  His  very  numerous  pro- 
ductions include  the  following:  <  Poems  of 
Two  Friends*  (i860),  with  J.  J.  Piatt;  <Life 
of   Abraham    Lincoln*    (i860);    six    poems   in 

<  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West*  (i860);  'Ve- 
netian Life*  (1866);  'Italian  Journeys*  (1867); 
'No  Love  Lost:  a  Romance  of  Travel  *  (1869); 
'Suburban  Sketches*  (1871);  'Their  Wedding 
Journey*  (1872);  <A  Chance  Acquaintance* 
(1873);  'Poems*  (1873);  <A  Foregone  Conclus- 
ion* (1875);  'Sketch  of  the  Life  and  Charac- 
ter of  Rutherford  B.  Hayes*  (1876);  'A  Day's 
Pleasure*  (1876);  'The  Parlor  Car*  (1876),  a 
farce;  'Out  of  the  Question*  (1877),  a  com- 
edy; 'A  Counterfeit  Presentment*  (1877),  a 
comedy; 'The  Lady  of  the  Aroostook*  (1879); 
'The  Undiscovered  Country*  (1880);  'A  Fear- 
ful  Responsibility,  and   Other  Stories*  (1881); 

<  Dr.  Breen's  Practice*  (1881); '  Buying  a  Horse* 
(1881);  'A  Modern  Instance*  (1882);  'The 
Sleeping-Car*  (1883),  a  farce;  <A  Woman's 
Reason*  (1883);  'A  Little  Girl  among  the  Old 
Masters*  (1884);  'The  Register*  (1884),  a  farce; 
'Three  Villages*  (1884);  'The  Rise  of  Silas 
Lapham  *  (1885); '  The  Elevator*  (1885),  a  farce ; 
'  Indian  Summer*  (1885); '  Tuscan  Cities* (1886); 
'  The  Garroters  *  (1886),  a  farce;  'Poems*  (i886)- 
biographical  sketch,  'George  Fuller:  His  Life 
and  Works*  (1886);  'Modem  Italian  Poets* 
(1887);  'The  Minister's  Charge*  (1887);  edited 
with  T.  S.  Perry  '  Library  of  Universal  Advent- 
ure by  Sea  and  Land*  (1888);  'April  Hopes* 
(1888);  <A  Sea-Change,  a  Lyricated  Farce* 
(1888);  'Annie  Kilburn*  (1889);  'The  Mouse' 
Trap  and  Other  Farces*  (1889);  <A  Hazard  of 
New  Fortunes*  (1890);  'The  Shadow  of  a 
Dream*  (1890);  <A  Boy's  Town*  (1890); 'Crit- 
icism and  Fiction*  (1891);  edited  'Poems* 
(1892),  by  George  Pellew;  'An  Imperative 
Duty*  (1892);  'The  Albany  Depot*  (1892); 'A 
Letter  of  Introduction*  (1892),  a  farce;  'A  Lit- 
tle Swiss  Sojourn*  (1892);  'The  Quality  of 
Mercy)  (1892);  'The  World  of  Chance*  (1893); 
'The  Coast  of  Bohemia*  (1893);  'The  Niagara 
Book*  (1893),  with  S.  L.  Clemens  and  others; 
'  Christmas  Every  Day,  and  Other  Stories  Told 
for  Children*  (1893);  'Evening  Dress*  (1893), 
a  farce;  'My  Year  in  a  Log  Cabin*  (1893); 
'The  Unexpected  Guests*  (1893),  a  tarce;  <A 
Likely  Story*  (1894),  a  farce;  'Five  O'clock 


HOWISON  —  HUDSON 


277 


Tea*  (1894),  a  farce;  <A  Traveler  from  Al- 
truria*  (1894),  a  romance;  <My  Literary  Pas- 
sions' (1895);  < Stops  of  Various  Quills'  (1895); 
'Landlord  at  Lion's  Head'  (1896);  <The  Day 
of  their  Wedding'  (1896);  <A  Parting  and  a 
Meeting '  (i8y6);  <  Impressions  and  Experiences  ' 
(1S96),  largely  autobiographical ;  <An  Open-Eyed 
Conspiracy'  (1897);  <A  Previous  Engagement ' 
(1897)  ;*  Between  the  Dark  and  the  Daylight.' 

Howison,  Robert  Reid.  An  American  his- 
torian and  biographer;  born  at  Fredericksburg, 
Va.,  1820.  He  has  practiced  law  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  since  1845.  He  has  written :  <  History  of 
Virginia'  (2  vols.,  1847-48);  <  Lives'  of  Generals 
Morgan,  Marion,  and  Gates ;  <  History  of  the 
American  Civil  War';  <  God  and  Creation.* 
Died  1906. 

Howitt,  Mary.  An  English  poet,  story-writer, 
and  essayist ;  wife  of  and  collaborator  with 
William;  born  (Botham)  of  Quaker  parentage 
in  Coleford,  March  12,  1799;  died  at  Rome,  Jan. 
30,  1888.  <  The  Desolation  of  Eyam,'  a  poem ; 
'Colonization  and  Christianity';  'Rural  Life  in 
England' ;  and  volumes  of  essays  and  historical 
studies,  besides  articles  on  Spiritualism, —  in 
which  both  believed,  —  represent  their  joint 
work.  Her  own  are  '  The  Seven  Temptations,' 
a  striking  poem ;  various  children's  stories ;  and 
translations  of  Fredrika  Bremer's  novels. 

Howitt,  William.  An  English  historian,  es- 
sayist, and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  Heanor, 
Derbyshire,  Dec.  18,  1792;  died  at  Rome,  March 
3,  1879.  For  his  joint  work  with  Mary,  see  her 
name.  His  separate  productions  include  : '  Pop- 
ular History  of  England,'  once  really  popular; 
'The  Student  Life  of  Germany';  'Woodburn 
Grange,'  a  novel ;  and  a  couple  of  dozen  other 
bulky  volumes,  besides  countless  occasional  ar- 
ticles, all  in  an  easy,  readable  style. 

Howorth,  Henry  Hoyle,  Sir.  An  English 
politician  and  author;  born  in  Lisbon,  Portu- 
gal, July  I,  1842.  He  was  a  Conservative  Mem- 
ber of  Parliament  in  1886,  and  again  in  1893. 
In  recognition  of  his  works  on  Eastern  history 
and  other  subjects,  he  was  created  K.  C.  I.  E. 
in  1892.  In  addition  to  over  seventy  scientific 
memoirs,  contributions  to  periodicals,  etc.,  he 
has  published:  'History  of  the  Mongols'  (3 
vols.,  1876-80),  a  large  work  marked  by  pro- 
fundity of  research;  'The  Mammoth  and  the 
Flood '  ( 1887),  which  discusses  the  problems 
arising  out  of  the  destruction  of  the  so-called 
palaeolithic  man ;  '  The  Glacial  Nightmare  and 
the  Flood.' 

Hoyt,  Charles  Hale,  an  American  play- 
wright, born  in  Concord,  N.  H.,  July  26,  i860 ; 
died  in  1900.  He  is  the  author  of  <  A  Bunch 
of  Keys  ' ;  '  A  Rag  Baby  '  ; '  A  Brass  Monkey  '; 
'  A  Texas  Steer ' ;  'A  Parlor  Match ' ;  <  A  Trip 
to  Chinatown  ' ;  'A  Day  and  Night  in  New 
York  ' ; '  A  Dog  in  the  Manger ' ;  etc. 

Hubbard,  Elbert.  An  American  novelist; 
born  in  Illinois,  1856.  His  home  is  in  East 
Aurora,  N.  Y.  He  is  editor  of  the  Philistine. 
He  has  written:  'No  Enemy   but   Himself; 


<  Little  Journeys  to  the  Homes  of  Good  Men 
and  Great ' ;  '  Forbes  of  Harvard  > ; '  One  Day ' ; 

<  Little    Journeys    to    the    Homes    of    Famous 
Women'  (1897);  etc. 

Hubbard,  William.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  author;  born  in  Tendring,  Essex,  Eng- 
land, in  1621 ;  died  at  Ipswich,  Mass.,  Sept.  14, 
1704.  He  emigrated  to  Massachusetts  in  1635, 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1642,  and  was  minis- 
ter of  Ipswich  for  over  forty  years.  In  1688 
he  was  temporary  president  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege. His  chief  works  are:  'The  Present  State 
of  New  England'  (1677);  <A  Narrative  of 
Troubles  with  the  Indians'  (1677),  containing 
the  first  map  of  New  England  known  to  have 
been  made  in  America  ;  and  '  A  General  His- 
tory of  New  England  from  the  Discovery  to 
1680'  (published  by  the  Massachusetts  Histor- 
ical Society  in  1815),  for  which  the  colonial 
authorities  paid  him  ;^50. 

Hubbell,  Mrs.  Martha  (Stone).  An  Ameri- 
can novelist  and  writer  for  the  young;  born 
at  Oxford,  Conn.,  1814 ;  died  at  North  Stoning- 
ton.  Conn.,  1856.  Besides  a  number  of  Sunday- 
school  books,  she  wrote :  '  The  Shady  Side,  or 
Life  in  a  Country  Parsonage'  (1853),  one  of 
the  most  widely  sold  books  of  its  day. 

Hubner,  Cbarles  William.  An  American 
journalist  and  miscellaneous  wjiter;  born  in 
Maryland,  1835.  His  home  is  at  Atlanta,  Ga. 
He  has  written  :  <  Souvenirs  of  Luther' ; '  Poems 
and  Essays  ';  '  Modern  Communism  '  ;  *  Cinde- 
rella 'and  '  Prince  and  Fairy,*  two  lyrical  dramas; 

<  Representative  Southern  Poets.' 

Hue,  ^variste  Regis  (Uk).  A  French  priest, 
missionary,  and  author ;  born  at  Toulouse, 
Aug.  I,  1813;  died  in  Paris,  March  26,  i860. 
Ordained  a  priest  in  1839,  he  went  the  same 
year  to  China  as  a  missionary,  traveling  through 
the  heart  of  the  empire  to  Mongolia  and  Thibet, 
where  he  penetrated  even  to  Lhassa.  His  ex- 
periences are  recounted  in  '  Souvenirs  of  a 
Journey  to  Tartary,  Thibet,  and  China'  (1852); 
'The  Chinese  Empire'  (1854);  ' Christianity  in 
China,  Tartary,  etc'  (1858),  all  of  which  were 
translated  into  English. 

Hudson,  Frederick.  An  American  journal- 
ist ;  born  at  Quincy,  Mass.,  1819 ;  died  1875.  He 
was  connected  with  the  New  York  Herald  for 
nearly  thirty  years,  retiring  in  1866.  He  wrote  : 
•History  of  Journalism  in  the  United  States' 
(1873)- 

Hudson,  Henry  Norman.  An  American 
Shakespearean  scholar  and  Episcopal  divine ; 
born  at  Cornwall,  Vt,  Jan.  28,  1814;  died  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Jan.  16,  1886.  He  served  as 
chaplain  in  the  Civil  War,  and  was  professor 
of  Shakespeare  at  Boston  University,  and  was 
for  a  time  editor  of  the  Churchman.  He  wrote  : 
'Lectures  on  Shakespeare'  (1848);  'Campaign 
with  General  Butler'  (1865);  'Shakespeare,  his 
Life,  Art,  and  Characters'  (4th  ed.  1883);  'Es- 
says on  Education,  Etc'  (1883);  etc.  He  edited 
the  Harvard  and  the  University  edition  of 
Shakespeare. 


278 


HUDSON  —  HUMBOLDT 


Hudson,  Mrs.  Mary  (Clemmer)  (Ames). 
An  American  journalist  and  miscellaneous 
writer ;  born  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  1839 ;  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  1884.  She  was  at  one  time 
Washington  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
Independent.  She  wrote  :  <  Ten  Years  in  Wash- 
ington >  (1871);  <  Memorials  of  Alice  and  Phoebe 
Cary>  (1872);  < Men,  Women,  and  Things* 
(1873);  <Poems>  (1882);  and  several  novels, 
among  them  <  His  Two  Wives*  (1874). 

Huerta,  Vicente  Garcia  de  la  (o-ar'ta).  A 
Spanish  dramatist,  poet,  and  critic ;  born  at 
Zafra,  1730 ;  died  at  Madrid,  March  12,  1787. 
He  was  government  librarian,  etc.  He  wrote 
indifferent  lyrics,  good  narrative  and  descriptive 
verse,  and  excellent  plays,  one  of  the  best  be- 
ing the  tragedy  *  Raquel,'  on  the  love  of  Al- 
phonso  VIH.  for  a  beautiful  Jewess. 

Huet,  Coenraad  Busken  (hu-a').  A  Dutch 
journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in 
The  Hague,  Dec.  28,  1826;  died  at  Paris,  May 
I,  1886.  He  was  pastor  of  a  church  until  1862, 
when  he  became  editor  of  the  Haarlemmer 
Courant.  He  has  produced  some  of  Holland's 
best  literary   criticism.    <  Literary    Phantasies,* 

<  Dutch  Literature,*  *  Stories,*  and  numerous 
essays,  have  given  him  a  high  place  in  the  litera- 
ture of  Europe. 

Hughes,  Jolin.  A  distinguished  American 
Roman  Catholic  prelate  ;  born  at  Annalogham, 
Tyrone,  Ireland,  June  24,  1797;  died  in  New 
York,  Jan.  3,  1864.  He  was  archbishop  of  New 
York  in  1850- ;  special  agent  of  the  United 
States  in  Europe,  1861-62.  He  founded  St. 
John's  Asylum  in  1829,  the  Catholic  Herald 
1833,  and  St.  John's  College,  Fordham,  1839. 
He  was  prominent  as  a  controversialist  against 
Rev.  John  Breckenridge,  a  Presbyterian  (1833- 
35),  on  the  New  York  public-school  system 
(1839-42),  and  against  Erastus  Brooks  on  the 
tenure  of  church  property  (1851).  (<  Works,* 
2  vols.,  1865.) 

Hughes,  Thomas,  An  English  story  and  essay 
writer  ;  bom  at  Uflington,  Oct.  20,  1822  ;  died 
at   Brighton,    March    22,    1896.      Apart   from 

<  Tom  Brown's  School  Days,*  and  <  Tom  Brown 
at  0.\ford,*  which  brought  him  unexampled 
fame  and  popularity,  he  wrote  persistently  and 
capably  in  behalf  of  the  foim  of  socialism 
to  which  he  was  wedded,  notably  <  Our  Old 
Church:   What  Shall  We   Do  with   It?*   and 

<  Rugby,*  an  account  of  a  co-operative  colony 
projected  in  Tennessee.  <The  Manliness  of 
Christ*  is  a  very  original  addition  to  the  liter- 
ature of  militant  Christianity. 

Hugo,  Victor  Marie  (hu'gS).  A  great  French 
man  of  letters  and  publicist ;  born  at  Besan9on, 
Feb.  26,  1802;  died  at  Paris,  May  22,  1885.  His 
poems  include :  <  Various  Odes  and  Poems  * 
(1822);  'New  Odes*  (1824);  <Odes  and  Bal- 
lads* (1826);  <The  Orientals*  (1829);  < Autumn 
Leaves*     (1831);     'Twilight    Songs*     (1835); 

<  Inner  Voices  *  ( 1837 ) ;  <  Sunbeams  and  Shadows  * 
(1840);  < The  Chastisements*  (1853);  'The  Con- 
templations *    (1856-57);   'The   Legend  of  the 


Ages  *  ( 1859) ;  '  Songs  of  the  Streets  and  Woods  > 
(1865);  'the  Terrible  Year*  (1872);  'The  Art 
of  Being  a  Grandfather*  (1877);  'The  Legend 
of  the  Ages,*  second  series  (1877);  'The  Pope* 
(1878);  'The  Four  Winds  of  the  Spirit*  (1881); 
and  other  volumes  of  poetry.  His  plays  in- 
clude: 'Cromwell*  (1827);  'Amy  Robsart* 
(1828),  adapted  from  Scott's  <  Kenilworth  * ; 
'Marion  Delorme*  (1829);  'Hernani*  (1830); 
'Le  Roi  s' Amuse*  (1832);  'Lucretia  Borgia* 
(1833);  'Marie  Tudor*  (1833);  'Angelo*  (1835); 
'Esmeralda*  (1836);  '  Ruy  Bias*  (1838);  <Les 
Burgraves*  (1843); 'Torquemada*  (1882);  'The 
Theatre  in  Freedom*  (1S86);  etc.  His  prose 
includes:  'Han  d'Islande*  (1823);  'Bug-Jargal* 
(1826);  'The  Last  Day  of  a  Condemned  Man* 
(1829);  'Notre  Dame  de  Paris*  (1831);  'Liter- 
ature and  Philosophy  Blended*  (1834);  'Claude 
Gueux*  (1834);  'The  Rhine*  (1842);  'Napoleon 
the  Little*  (1852);  'Les  Misdrables*  (1862); 
'  Victor  Hugo  Revealed  by  a  Witness  of  his 
Life*  (1863);  'William  Shakespeare*  (1864); 
'The  Toilers  of  the  Sea*  (1866);  'The  Man 
Who  Laughs*  (1869);  'Acts  and  Words*  (1872- 
76);  'Ninety-Three*  (1874);  'History  of  a 
Crime*  (1877-78):  (posthumously)  'Things 
Seen*  (1887);  'Touring:  Alps  and  Pyrenees* 
(1890);  etc. 

Hull,  Edward.  An  Irish  geologist;  born  at 
Antrim,  1829.  As  a  member  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Great  Britain  for  twenty  years,  he 
geologically  mapped  a  large  portion  of  the 
central  counties  of  England.  In  1869  he  became 
professor  of  geology  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Science,  Dublin ;  and  in  1883  commanded  an 
expedition  under  the  auspices  of  the  Palestine 
Exploration  Society  to  Arabia  Petraea  and 
Palestine.  Among  his  important  works  are : 
'The  Coal-Fields  of  Great  Britain*  (1865); 
'Building  and  Ornamental  Stones*  (1872);  'A 
Text-Book  of  Physiography*  (1888);  'Mount 
Seir,  Sinai,  and  Southern  Palestine*  (1885). 

Humboldt,  Alexander  von  (hum'bolt).  A 
German  scientist  and  writer  on  science ;  born 
in  Berlin,  Sept.  14,  1769;  died  there.  May  6,  1859. 
His  educational  opportunities  were  worthy  of 
his  splendid  intellectual  gifts.  From  childhood 
he  delighted  in  zoological,  physical,  and  geo- 
graphical investigations.  At  28,  on  the  death 
of  his  mother,  he  began  the  series  of  voyages 
memorable  in  the  annals  of  science.  No  name 
is  likely  ever  to  stand  higher  on  his  country's 
roll  than  his:  the  'Cosmos*  is  a  sufficient 
proof.  'Voyages  to  the  Equinoctial  Regions 
of  the  New  Continent  * ;  <  View  of  the  Cordil- 
leras and  of  the  Monuments  of  the  Indigenous 
Races  of  America  * ;  '  Observations  on  Zoology 
and  Comparative  Anatomy*;  and  a  wealth  of 
similar  works,  attest  alike  his  Titanic  genius 
and  the  singular  charm  of  his  literary  style. 

Humboldt,  Wilhelm  von.  A  German  phi- 
lologist, critic,  and  statesman,  brother  of  Alex- 
ander ;  born  in  Potsdam,  June  22,  1767 ;  died  at 
Tegel,  near  Berlin,  April  8,  1835.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Gottingen,  and  devoted  to  philologi- 
cal   and    literary   studies ;   but   he   had   strong 


HUME  —  HUNTINGTON 


279 


practical  gifts  and  elevated  social  sympathies.  In 
1789  he  visited  Paris  to  study  the  French  Revo- 
lution, with  which  he  sympathized ,  from  1802 
to  1819  he  was  in  active  official  life, — minister 
to  Vienna,  member  of  the  Privy  Council,  Sec 
retary  of  State,  ambassador  to  London,  etc.; 
finally  quitting  it  in  disgust  at  the  corruption 
he  would  not  share.  Meantime  and  later  he 
wrote  critiques  on  Goethe  and  Homer,  and 
scientific  and  literary  monographs,  and  trans- 
lated ^schylus  and  Pindar.  His  main  work 
in  philology  is  <0n  the  Kawi  Language  of 
the  Javanese,'  but  he  made  other  valuable 
studies  of  primitive  dialects. 

Hume,  David.  A  British  historian  and  phi- 
losopher; bom  in  Edinburgh,  April  26,  171 1; 
died  there,  Aug.  25,  1776.  His  works  include: 
*A  Treatise  on  Human  Nature*  (1739-40); 
< Essays,  Moral  and  Political'  (1741-42),  < Phil- 
osophical Essays  Concerning  Human  Under- 
standing' (1748),  which  subsequently  had  the 
title  <An  Enquiry  Concerning  Human  Under- 
standing'; 'Political  Discourses'  (1751);  <An 
Enquiry  Concerning  the  Principles  of  Morals' 
(1751);  <Four  Dissertations'  (1757),  < History 
of  England'  (1754-61);  < Natural  History  of 
Religion'  (1757);  <Two  Essays'  (1777);  'Dia- 
logues Concerning  Natural  Religion'  (1779), 
etc. 

Hume,  Fergus.  A  New  Zealand  novelist. 
He  was  educated  for  the  law,  and  was  articled 
in  the  office  of  Sir  Robert  Stout,  the  well-known 
New  Zealand  statesman.  His  first  long  work, 
<  The  Mystery  of  a  Hansom  Cab,'  was  pub- 
lished in  Melbourne,  and  later  in  London, 
achieving  a  phenomenal  circulation.  Since  the 
success  of  his  first  novel  the  author  has  devoted 
himself  to  literature  in  London.  His  most  pop- 
ular publications  are  .  <  The  Piccadilly  Puzzle  ' 
(1889);  <  Miss  Mephistopheles'  (1890);  <A  Creat- 
ure of  Night'  (1891);  <An  Island  of  Fantasy' 
(1894)  ;< The  lurupike  House*  (1902). 

Humphry,  George  Murray,  Sir.  An  Eng- 
lish surgeon  and  author ;  born  at  Sudbury, 
Suffolk,  July  1820 ;  died  in  1896.  He  became 
professor  of  anatomy  at  Cambridge  in  1866, 
and  since  1883  has  held  the  professorship  of 
surgery  in  that  institution.  The  honor  of 
knighthood  was  conferred  upon  him  in  1891, 
on  account  of  his  services  to  medical  science. 
Among  his  valuable  publications  may  be  men- 
tioned :  <A  Treatise  on  the  Human  Skeleton ' 
(1858);  <0n  Myology'  (1872);  'Vivisection: 
What  Good  Has  It  Done?'  (1882);  <  Guide  to 
Cambridge'  (1883);  <01d  Age  and  Changes 
Incidental  to  It'  (1885),  an  oration. 

Hungerford,  Mrs.  Margaret  (Hamilton  Argles). 
[«The  Duchess."]  A  popular  Irish  novelist; 
bom  at  Milleen,  about  1855;  died  at  Brandon, 
Jan.  24,  1897.  <  Phyllis'  (1877;  <  Molly 
Bawn>  (1878);  <Airy  Fairy  Lillian'  (1879); 
'Beauty's  Daughters'  (1880);  <Mrs.  Geoffrey' 
(1881);  'Faith  and  Unfaith)(l88l);  'Portia' 
(1882);  <Loys,  Lord  Beresford,  and  Other  Tales> 


(1883);   'Rosmoyne'  (1883),  <  Doris)  (li 
<0  Tender  Dolores'  (1885);  <A  Maiden  All 


Forlorn,  and  Other  Stories'  (1885);  <  In  Durance 
Vile'  (1885);  'Lady  Branksmere'  (1886);  'A 
Mental  Struggle'  (1886);  'Lady  Valworth's 
Diamonds'  (1886);  'Her  Week's  Amusement' 
(1886);  <  Green  Pastures  and  Gray  Grief '  (1886); 
<A  Modern  Circe'  (1887);  'The  Duchess' 
(1887);  'Undercurrents'  (1888);  'Marvel' 
(1888);  'Hon.  Mrs.  Vereker'   (1888). 

Hunnewell,  James  Frothingham.  An  Amer- 
ican bibliographer,  and  writer  of  travels  and  his- 
tory; born  in  Massachusetts,  1832.  His  home 
is  at  Charlestown,  Mass.  He  has  written : 
'Historical  Monuments  of  France'  (1884); 
'England's  Chronicle  in  Stone'  (1886),  being 
a  study  of  English  cathedrals,  castles,  and 
palaces  ;  <  Triumphs  of  Early  Printing.' 

Hunt,  Freeman.  An  American  biographer 
and  sketch-writer ;  born  in  Massachusetts,  1804 ; 
died  1858.  A  publisher  in  New  York,  he  was 
the  founder  of  Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine. 
He  wrote  :  '  Lives  of  American  Merchants ' ; 
'  Sketches  of  Female  Character ' ;  etc. 

Hunt,  Leigh.  An  English  poet,  critic,  essay- 
ist, born  in  Southgate,  Oct.  19,  1784;  died  at 
Putney,  Aug.  28,  1859.  His  collected  poems, 
called  'Juvenilia,'  appeared  when  he  was  fifteen. 
With  his  brother  he  founded  the  Examiner,  a 
strong  political  journal,  a  disrespectful  article  in 
which  on  the  Prince  Regent  gained  him  two 
years'  imprisonment.  After  his  release  he  pro- 
duced a  rapid  succession  of  essays,  criticisms, 
studies,  and  miscellany;  among  them  'Sir 
Ralph  Esher,'  a  romance;  'A  Legend  of  Flor- 
ence,' a  drama;  'The  Story  of  Rimini,'  his 
best  work ;  and  '  Recollections  of  Byron,'  his 
most  abused  one. 

Hrniter,  WilUam  Wilson,  Sir.  An  English 
statistician  and  author;  bom  at  Glasgow,  July 
15,  1840;  died  at  Oxford,  Feb.  6,  1900.  He  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Glasgow  and  for- 
eign universities,  and  was  appointed  to  the  Ben- 
gal Civil  Service  in  '62.  As  Dir-ctor-General 
of  Statistics  he  made  a  statistical  survey  of  India, 
the  results  of  which  are  embodied  in  the  well- 
known  'Imperial  Gazetteer  of  India*  (1881  ; 
1885-87).  He  was  the  author  of  <Annals  of 
Rural  Bengal  >  (1868;  5th  ed.  1872),  continued 
in  'Orissa'  (2  vols.,  1872);  'The  'Life  of  the 
Marquess  of  Dalhousie' ;  'A  Dictionary  of  the 
Non- Aryan  Languages  of  India  and  High  Asia,> 
'Brief  History  of  the  Indian  Peoples,'  which  has 
been  translated  into  five  languages ;  and  was 
the  projector  and  editor  of  the  series  of  biogra- 
phies known  as  'The  Rulers  of  India.  > 

Hunter-Duvar,  John.  A  Canadian  poet; 
born  in  England,  1830.  He  has  published  'An- 
nals of  the  Court  of  Oberon'  (1895),  besides 
other  volumes  of  poetry. 

Huntington,  Frederick  Dan.  An  American 
clergyman  and  religious  writer;  born  at  Had- 
ley,  Mass.,  1819.  In  early  life  as  a  Unitarian 
minister  he  held  a  pastorate  in  Boston  from 
1842  to  1855,  when  he  became  Plummer  pro- 
fessor of  Christian  morals  in  Harvard  Univer- 
sity.   In  i860  he  withdrew  from  the  Unitarian 


28o 


HUNTINGTON  —  HUXLEY 


denomination,  was  ordained  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,  and  in  1869  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Central  New  York.  His  writings 
include:  <  Christian  Believing  and  Living' 
(i860);  <  Lectures  on  Human  Society*  (i860); 
•Steps  to  a  Living  Faith >  (1873);  <  Personal 
Christian  Life  in  the  Ministry'  (1887);  < Forty 
Days  with  the  Master.'     Died  July  11,  1904. 

Huntington,  Jedediah  Vincent.  An  Amer- 
ican poet  and  novelist ;  born  in  New  York,  Jan- 
uary 1815;  died  in  France,  1862.  Originally  a 
physician,  then  an  Episcopal  clergyman,  he 
became  a  Roman  Catholic  in  1849,  and  edited 
Roman  Catholic  magazines.  He  wrote :  <  Po- 
ems'  (1843);  the  striking  novels,  'Lady  Alice, 
or  the  New  Una,'  (1849),  <  Alban,  or  the  History 
of  a  Young  Puritam'  (new  ed.  1853,  with  its 
sequel  <The  Forest,'  1852),  <  Blonde  and  Bru- 
nette' (1859);  etc, 

Hurlburt,  "William  Henry.  An  American  jour- 
nalist; born  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  July  3,  1827; 
died  at  Cadenabbia,  Sept.  4,  1895.  After  long 
journalistic  experience  in  New  York,  he  became 
editor-in-chief  of  New  York  World  (1876-83). 
Afterl883  he  resided  in  pAirope.  He  wrote:  <Gan- 
Eden>  (1854),  travels  in  Cuba;  'General  McClel- 
lan  and  the  Conduct  of  the  War  (1864),  etc. 

Hurst,  John  Fletcher.  A  prominent  Amer- 
ican Methodist  divine  and  writer;  born  near 
Salem,  Md.,  Aug.  17,  1834.  He  became  bishop 
in  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  1880, 
and  chancellor  of  the  American  University  of 
his  denomination  in  1891.  He  has  written : 
'Literature  of  Theology';  'History  of  Ration- 
alism ' ;  '  Martyrs  to  the  Tract  Cause  ' ;  <  Life 
and  Literature  in  the  Fatherland  > ;  <  Outline 
of  Church  Plistory';  'Our  Theological  Cen- 
tury'; ' Bibliotlieca  Theologica';  'Short  His- 
tories of  the  Church';  'Short  History  of  the 
Christian  Church'; 'Indika,' a  large  illustrated 
work  on  India,  and  one  of  great  importance ; 
translations  of  theolo-^ical  works  and  histories; 
etc.     Died  at  Washington,  I).  C,  May  4,  1903. 

Hurter,  Friedrich  Emanuel,  von  (hor'ter). 
A  Swiss  theologian  and  historian ;  born  at 
Schaffhausen,  March  19,  1787;  died  at  Gratz, 
Styria,  Aug.  27,  1865.  Appointed  to  a  pastorate 
in  his  native  town,  he  resigned  in  1841,  and  be- 
came a  convert  to  Catholicism.  In  1846  he  was 
selected  as  historiographer  to  the  Emperor  of 
Austria.  Of  his  numerous  works,  relating  chiefly 
to  mediaeval  and  church  history,  may  be  men- 
tioned :  <  History  of  King  Theodoric  and  his 
Reign'  (1807);  'Pope  Innocent  III.  and  his 
Contemporaries'  (1834-42);  'Birth  and  New 
Birth'  (1845),  in  which  he  gives  his  reasons 
for  a  change  of  religion ;  '  Emperor  Ferdinand 
11.'  (10  vols.,  1850-62);  'Last  Four  Years  of 
the  Life  of  Wallenstein'  (1862). 

Hutcheson,  Francis.  A  Scotch  educator  and 
philosopher ;  bom  at  Drumalig,  Ulster,  Ireland, 
Aug.  8,  1694;  died  in  Glasgow,  about  1746. 
For  many  years  a  public  teacher  in  Glasgow, 
he  became  in  1729  professor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy at  the  university  in  that  city.     He  is  re- 


garded as  one  of  the  founders  of  modem  phi- 
losophy in  Scotland.  He  was  the  author  of: 
'  Inquiry  into  the  Original  of  Our  Ideas  of 
Beauty  and  Virtue'  (1720);  'Nature  and  Con- 
duct of  the  Passions  and  Affections'  (1728); 
'System  of  Moral  Philosophy'  (1755). 

Hutchinson,  Ellen  Mackay.  ["Mrs.  Royal 
Cortissoz."]  An  American  poet  and  journalist; 
born  in  western  New  York  in  18 — .  She  was 
long  one  of  the  editors  of  the  New  York  Trib- 
une, and  was  associated  with  E.  C.  Stedman 
in  the  compilation  of  the  '  Library  of  Ameri- 
can Literature.'  Her  numerous  poems  have 
been  collected  under  the  title  of  'Songs  and 
Lyrics'  (1881). 

Hutten,  Ulrlch  von  (hot'ten).  A  German 
poet,  theologian,  and  controversial  satirist ;  bom 
in  Steckelburg,  near  Fulda,  1488;  died  in  the 
island  of  Ufenau,  Lake  Zurich,  1523.  Of  a 
noble  family  and  destined  for  the  church,  he 
preferred  a  life  of  roving  adventure.  After 
many  vicissitudes,  including  shipwreck,  military 
service,  and  absolute  beggary,  he  rose  to  fame 
by  brilliant  contributions  to  the  current  re- 
ligious and  political  controversies.  His  works 
include:  'The  Art  of  Prosody';  'Nemo,'  a 
satire  upon  the  pedantic  learning  of  his  day; 
'  Dialogues ' ;  and  various  others,  most  of  them 
attacking  abuses  in  the  church.  His  most 
noteworthy  production,  however  (his  in  part 
if  not  wholly),  is  the  'Letters  of  Obscure  Men' 
(that  is,  men  who  think  and  talk  obscurely), 
mercilessly  ridiculing  the  ignorance  of  the 
lower  clergy.  His  position  in  literature  is  that 
of  a  fearless  genius  and  champion  of  truth ; 
he  aimed  to  regenerate  his  country,  but  his 
means  were  somewhat  Utopian. 

Hutton,  Laurence.  An  American  essayist 
and  literary  critic ;  born  in  New  York,  Aug.  8, 
1843.  Devoting  his  earlier  years  to  mercantile 
pursuits,  he  at  length  became  dramatic  critic 
of  the  New  York  Evening  Mail.  He  has  edited, 
since  1886,  Literary  Notes  in  Harper's  Maga- 
zine. His  publications  are  well  known  under 
the  titles  '  I'lays  and  Players ' ;  '  Edwin  Booth  > ; 
'  Literary  Landmarks ' ;  and  essays  on  London, 
Edinburgh,  Jerusalem,  Venice,  Florence,  and 
Rome.     Died  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  June  10,  1904. 

Hutton,  Richard  Holt.  An  English  editor  and 
author ;  born  at  Leeds,  June  2,  1826  ;  died  in 
London,  Sept.  9,  1897.  He  was  editor  of  the 
London  Spectator,  a  critic  of  great  repute,  and 
the  author  of  'Studies  in  Parliament :  a  Series 
of  Sketches  of  Leading  Politicians'  (1866); 
'Essays,  Theological  and  Literary' ( 2  vols,  1871); 
'Sir  Walter  Scott'  (1878)  in  'English  Men  of 
Letters'  series  ;  'Essays  on  Some  Modern  Guides 
of  English  Thought  in  Matters  of  Faith'  (1887). 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry.  An  eminent  Eng- 
lish scientist;  bora  in  Ealing,  May  4,  1825; 
died  June  29,  1895.  His  works  include:  'On 
the  Educational  Value  of  the  Natural-History 
Sciences'  (1854);  'On  Tape  and  Cystic  Worms* 
(1857),  translated  from  the  German  of  C.  T. 
Von  Siebold ;  '  Evidence  as  to  Man's  Place  ia 


/ 


HUYGENS  —  HYNDMAN 


281 


Nature'  (1863);  <On  Our  Knowledge  of  the 
Causes  of  the  Phenomena  of  Organic  Nature : 
Being  Six  Lectures  to  Workingmen>  (1863); 
*  Lectures  on  the  Elements  of  Comparative 
Anatomy'  (1864);  <An  Elementary  Atlas  of 
Comparative  Osteology'  (1864-66);  <  Palseonto- 
logia  Indica:  Vertebrate  Fossils'  (1866);  'Les- 
sons in  Elementary  Physiology'  (1866);  <An 
Introduction  to  the  Classification  of  Animals ' 
(1869);  <  Protoplasm  :  the  Physical  Basis  of  Life ' 
(1869),  new  edition  entitled  <  On  the  Physical 
Basis  of  Life  >  in  <  Half  Hours  with  Modern 
Scientists';  <Lay  Sermons,  Addresses,  and  Re- 
views >  ( 1870) ;  <  Essays  :  Selected  from  Lay  Ser- 
mons, etc'  (1871);  <A  Manual  of  the  Anatomy 
of  Vertebrated  Animals'  (1871);  < Critiques 
and  Addresses'  (1873);  < American  Addresses' 
(1877);  <  Physiography'  (1877);  <Hume'  (1879), 
in  <  English  Men  of  Letters ' ;  <  Science  Primers  : 
Introductory'  (1880);  <The  Crayfish:  an  Intro- 
duction to  the  Study  of  Zoology'  (1880);  <  Sci- 
ence and  Culture,  and  Other  Essays'   (1881); 

<  Inaugural  Meeting  of  the  Fishery  Congress : 
Address'  (1883);  with  H.  N.  Martin,  <A  Course 
of  Practical  Instruction  in  Elementary  Biol- 
ogy '  (1888)  ;  <  Evolution  and  Ethics  '  ( 1893). 

Huygens,  Constantyn  (hi'genz).  A  Dutch 
poet  and  prose-writer ;  born  in  The  Hague,  Sept. 
4,  1596;  died  March  28,  1687.  He  was  long 
private  secretary  to  the  Prince  of  Orange.  His 
first  volume  of  poems,  <Otia>  (Relaxations),  is 
in  Italian,  French,  Latin,  and  Dutch.  The  last 
two  sections  were  subsequently  enlarged  and 
each  published  separately  :  the  first  as<  Momenta 
Desultoria ' ;  and  the  second,  the  widely  read 

<  Corn  Flowers,'  which  contained  epigrams,  trans- 
lations, and  one  or  two  excellent  comedies. 
His  most  notable  poems  are  <Daghwerck,'  in 
memory  of  his  wife,  and  <Batave  Tempe,'  a 
series  of  native  legends  and  scenes.  His  prose 
comprises  memoirs,  essays  on  music,  and  State 
papers.  He  is  the  most  brilliant  figure  in  Dutch 
literary  history. 

Huysmans,  Jorris  Karl  (es-mans).  A  French 
novelist ;  born  in  Paris,  Feb.  5, 1848.    He  studied 


law  and  entered  the  French  civil  service,  but 
abandoned  it  for  literature.  At  first  a  pro- 
nounced realist,  he  turned  to  idealism  and  even 
mysticism.  He  first  attracted  notice  by  the 
story  <  Pack  on  Back  * ;  then  followed  <  Martha,' 
<  The  Vatard  Sisters,'  <  The  Menage,'  and  others. 
The  latest  expression  of  his  theories  is  in 
'  Down  There  >  (La-bas).  His  style  is  dreamy  and 
intensely  delicate,  but  obscure  at  times.    D.  1906. 

Hyacinthe,  Pere.    See  Loyson. 

Hylton,  Jolin  Dunbar.  An  American  writer 
of  verse ;  born  in  the  island  of  Jamaica,  W.  I., 
1837.  He  is  a  phj-sician  at  Palmyra,  N.  J.  He 
has  written:  <The  Bride  of  Gettysburg'  (1878); 
'Above  the  Grave  of  John  Odenswurge'  (2d 
ed.  1884);  <Artaloise'  (1887);  etc. 

Hymans,  Louis  (e-mans).  A  Belgian  histo- 
rian, journalist,  novelist,  and  poet;  born  in 
Rotterdam,  1829 ;  died  at  Brussels,  1884.  He  re- 
moved to  Belgium  in  boyhood  and  rose  rapidly 
to  distinction  as  a  Liberal  journalist.  He  edited 
the  Belgian  Star  and  the  Parliamentary  Echo 
for  some  )'ears,  and  was  elected  to  Parliament 
in  1859.  He  wrote :  <  History  of  the  Marquisate 
of  Anvers,'  <  Popular  History  of  Belgium,'  and 
'Political  and  Parliamentary  History  of  Bel- 
gium ' ;  two  popular  novels, '  Andrd  Bailly '  and 
'  The  Buvard  Family ';  and  some  pleasing  poems. 

Hyndman,  Henry  Mayers.  An  English  jour- 
nalist, socialistic  leader,  and  author;  bom  in 
1842.  He  acted  as  special  correspondent  for 
the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  during  the  war  between 
France  and  Italy  in  1866,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Social  Democratic  Federation 
in  1881.  Among  his  works,  which  deal  chiefly 
with  socialism,  may  be  mentioned  :  <The  Indian 
Famine  and  the  Crisis  in  India'  (1877);  'Text- 
Book  of  Democracy'  (1881);  'The  Historical 
Basis  of  Socialism  in  England'  (1883);  'Will 
Socialism  Benefit  the  English  People?'  (1884); 
'The  Commercial  Crisis  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century'  (1892).  He  was  co-author  with  Will- 
iam Morris  of  <A  Summary  of  the  Principles 
of  Socialism'  (1884). 


283 


lAMBLICHUS  — IDE 


lamblichuB  (jam'bli-kus).  A  Syrian  philoso- 
pher; born  at  Chalcis,  Coele-Syria ;  died  about 
330  A.  D.  He  was  the  author  of  numerous 
philosophical  works  written  from  the  Neo- 
Platonic  point  of  view,  among  them  an  <  Ex- 
hortation to  Philosophy.*  He  also  wrote  a 
<Life  of  Pythagoras.' 

Ibn  Batuta  (ibn  ba-to'ta).  An  Arabic 
writer  of  travel ;  born  at  Tangier,  Morocco, 
about  1304 ;  died  at  Fez,  about  1377.  He  made 
many  voyages  and  wrote  his  <  Travels,*  which 
were  translated  into  French  and  English.  He 
is  sometimes  termed  Abu  Abdallah  Mohammed. 

Ibn  Doreid,  Abubekr  Mobammed  (ibn  da- 
rid').  An  Arabic  poet  and  philologist;  born 
at  Basra,  838 ;  died  in  Bagdad,  933.  He  wrote, 
among  other  things,  a  celebrated  elegy  on  the 
mutability  of  fortune,  which  has  been  translated 
and  commented  upon. 

Ibn  Esra  (ibn  ez'ra).  [Properly  Abraham 
ben  Meir  ibn  Esra.]  A  Jewish  writer  and 
scholar ;  born  at  Toledo,  about  1092 ;  died 
1 167.  He  traveled  extensively,  studying  poetry, 
grammar,  mathematics,  astronomy,  and  philos- 
ophy. He  wrote  a  Hebrew  grammar,  was  one 
of  the  earliest  critics  and  commentators  on  the 
Bible,  and  composed  hymns  largely  used  in 
the  Jewish  liturgy. 

IbnKbaldto,  Abderrahman  (ibn  khal-don'). 
An  Arabic  historian,  descended  from  a  noble 
family  of  Seville;  born  in  Tunis,  1322;  died  at 
Cairo,  1406.  He  occupied  high  official  positions 
at  the  courts  of  various  Mahometan  princes, 
and  is  considered  the  greatest  of  Arabic  his- 
torians, hi.'-  chief  work  being  a  history  of  the 
Arabs  and  Berbers  in  several  volumes,  with  a 
philosophical  introduction  to  the  science  of 
history. 

Ibn  Khallikan  (ibn  kal'li-kan).  An  Arabic 
scholar  and  writer;  born  at  Arbc'a,  121 1;  died 
at  Damascus,  1281.  He  was  renowned  in  his 
own  day  for  his  numerous  works  in  every  de- 
partment of  literature.  His  best-known  work 
is  the  <  Wafiat-ul-Aiyan,>  or  <  Deaths  of  Emi- 
nent Men.> 

Ibn  Koteiba,  Abdallah  ibn  Muslim.  A  noted 
Arabic  philologist  and  historian ;  bom  at 
Bagdad,  828 ;  died  there,  890.  He  composed, 
among  many  other  things,  a  <  Handbook  of 
History,*  brought  out  in  a  German  translation 
in  1850 ;  a  work  on  <  The  Art  of  Poetry ' ;  and 
'Contributions  to  the  Knowledge  of  Poetry 
among  the  Old  Arabs.* 

Ibn  Sina  (ibn  sen'a).  An  Arabic  philoso- 
pher, known  also  as  Avicenna;  born  in  Af- 
shena,  Bokhara,  980 ;  died  at  Hamaden,  Persia, 
1037.    The  titles  of  his  works  are  so  numerous 


that  the  reader  is  referred  to  his  biography  in 
the  <  Library  *  for  an  authoritive  enumeration  of 
them  as  well  as  for  a  history  of  his  career. 

Ibn  Tofail  (ibn  to-fil').  An  Arabic  philos- 
opher and  physician,  who  flourished  towards 
the  close  of  the  twelfth  century  in  one  of  the 
Spanish  dominions  of  the  Moors.  His  most 
celebrated  work  is  a  philosophical  romance 
bearing  the  title  <  The  Improvement  of  Hu- 
man Reason  Exhibited  in  the  Life  of  Hai  Ebn 
Yokdhan,*  which  has  been  translated  into  He- 
brew, Latin,  and  English. 

Ibrabim  of  Aleppo  (ib-ra-hem').  A  famed 
Ottoman  writer  on  jurisprudence ;  born  about 
1490  (?);  died  1549.  He  compiled  the  great 
code  of  laws  known  as  <Multeka-al-Abhar* 
(Confluence  of  the  Seas). 

Ibsen,  Henrik  (ib'sen).  A  Norwegian  dram- 
atist ;  born  in  Skien,  March  20,  1828.  His  plays 
are :  <  Brand,*  a  drama ;  <A  Doll's  House,*  a 
satiric  comedy ;  <  Peer  Gynt,*  a  dramatic  poem ; 
'  Emperor  and  Galilean,*  a  historic  drama  (in 
two  parts:  i.,  < Julian's  Apostasy*;  ii.,  < Julian 
the  Emperor*);  <The  Pillars  of  Society,*  a 
satiric  comedy;  <The  Warriors  at  Helgeland,* 
a  historical  drama ;  <  Love's  Comedy,*  a  satiri- 
cal play ;  and  the  series  comprising  <  Ghosts,* 
<An  Enemy  of  the  People,*  <The  Wild  Duck,* 

<  Rosmersholm,*    <The    Lady    from    the    Sea,* 

<  Hedda  Gabler,*  and  <  Architect  Solness,*  all 
of  which  are  alike  in  that  they  aim  to  dissect 
the  conventionalities  of  the  social  system  under 
which  we  live.     Died  May  23,  1906. 

Ibycus  (ib'i-kus).  A  Greek  lyric  poet;  born 
in  Rhegium,  about  B.  C.  560  (?);  died  there  (or 
near  Corinth  ?),  B.  C.  525  (?).  The  fragments 
of  exquisite  metre  that  have  come  down  to  us, 
and  the  picturesque  fate  that  befell  him  —  a 
fate  that  suggested  to  Dante  one  of  his  in- 
imitable images  —  have  won  for  him  a  distinct 
renown.  The  ancients  esteemed  him  highl)-, 
although  Cicero  complains  of  the  impurity  of 
his  Muse  as  a  sign  of  the  degeneracy  of  the 
Romans  who  admired  it.  The  story  told  of  him 
is  that  the  poet  went  on  a  journey  to  Corinth 
but  was  captured  by  bandits  near  that  city, 
and  murdered  after  having  been  despoiled. 
As  he  expired  he  called  to  a  flock  of  passing 
cranes  to  avenge  him ;  and  as  the  bandits  sat 
in  the  theatre  not  many  days  later,  a  flight  of 
the  stately  birds  took  place,  whereupon  the 
leader  of  the  guilty  men  called  attention,  iron- 
ically, to  the  dead  poet's  « avengers.**  The 
word  attracted  notice  and  led  to  discovery. 

Ide,  George  Barton.  An  American  writer 
and  clergyman ;  born  in  Vemicnt,  1804 ;  died 
in    1872.     He  has  published  < Green   Hollow*; 

<  Bible   Echoes,   or   Lessons    from   the   War'; 


IDRISI  — INGEMANN 


283 


'  The  Power  cf  Kindness,'  a  juvenile  tale ;  and 
<  Bible  Pictures.' 

Idrlsl  (id're-se).  An  Arabian  geographer, 
who  flourished  between  iioo  and  1200,  and 
wrote  a  <Book  About  the  World'  which  is  of 
importance  in  the  annals  of  geographical 
science. 

Iffland,  August  Wilhelm  (if'fland).  A  Ger- 
man dramatist  and  actor;  born  in  Hanover, 
April  19,  1759;  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  22,  1814. 
He  fled  his  home  and  theological  studies  when 
a  mere  youth,  in  order  to  go  on  the  stage,  and 
soon  became  a  great  actor.  As  a  playwright 
he  captured  the  public  with  <  The  Hunters ' 
and  <The  Crime  of  Ambition.'  He  united  in 
a  rare  degree  a  mastery  of  stage-craft  with  a 
knowledge  of  dramatic  construction. 

Iglesias,  Jose  Maria  (e-gla'se-as).  A  Mex- 
ican historian  and  publicist ;  born  in  the  City 
of  Mexico,  Jan.  5,  1823.  He  has  figured  very 
prominently  in  his  country's  politics.  He  has 
written  <  Contribution  to  a  History  of  the  War 
between  Mexico  and  the  United  States'  (1852), 
and  a  <  Historical  Review  of  the  French  Inter- 
vention' (1870). 

Iglesias  de  la  Casa,  Jose  (e-gla'se-as  da  la 
ka'sa).  A  Spanish  poet;  born  in  Salamanca, 
Oct.  31,  1748;  died  there,  Aug.  26,  1791.  He 
was  a  priest  in  his  native  diocese,  and  in  con- 
junction with  Melendez,  organized  a  devoted 
band  of  poetasters,  the  fame  of  which  spread  far 
and  wide,  under  the  name  of  the  School  of  Sala- 
manca, exercising  in  time  no  ordinary  authority 
over  Spanish  poetry.  His  volume  of  <  Light 
Verse '  has,  under  various  titles,  passed  through 
numerous  editions  in  Spain,  where  he  will  prob- 
ably always  be  a  classic. 

Ilsley,  Charles  Parker.  An  American  au- 
thor ;  born  in  Maine  in  1807 ;  died  in  1887. 
He  was  a  resident  of  Portland,  Me.,  until 
1866.  Among  his  works  are  :  <  The  Liberty 
Pole,  a  Tale  of  Machias ' ;  <  Forest  and  Shore,' 
later  republished  as  <  The  Wrecker's  Daughter.' 

Imbert,  Barthel^mi  (ah-bar').  A  French 
poet;  bom  at  Nimes,  1747;  died  near  Paris  (?), 
Aug.  23, 1790.  He  attained  celebrity  with  <The 
Judgment  of  Paris,'  a  specimen  of  delicately 
wrought  and  musical  versification.  He  also 
wrote  a  <  Book  of  Fables.' 

Imbert  de  Saint-Amand,  Arthur  (an-bar''  de 
sant-a-mih).  Pseud.  :  Arthur  Leon.  A  French 
biographer  and  historian;  bom  in  Paris,  Nov.  22, 
1834-  died  there,  June—*,  1900.  His  career 
was  a  diplomatic  and  official  one  until  he  began 
a  study  of  the  lives  of  the  women  of  the  old 
French  courts,  of  the  First  Empire,  and  of  the 
restoration.  His  <  Women  of  Versailles '  is  a 
graphic  presentation  of  court  manners  and  morals 
before  the  Revolution,  while  the  <Women  of  the 
Tuileries '  is  a  bit  of  realism  in  biography  that 
brings  the  era  vividly  before  the  reader.  His 
studies  of  the  Napoleonic  royalties  sustain  the 
reputation  estab  shed  by  the  earlier  works. 

Imbriani,  Vittorio  (em-bre-an'e).  An  Ital- 
ian  poet  and  historian  of  literature ;    bom  in 


Naples,  Oct.  27,  1840 ;  died  there,  Jan.  i,  1886. 
His  life  was  involved  in  political  turmoil,  but 
he  made  himself  known  as  a  graceful  and  ele- 
gant poet  with  <  Popular  Songs  of  the  Southern 
Provinces,'  and  as  an  ode-writer  of  strength 
and  dignity  in  an* Address  to  Italy's  Queen.'  In 
prose  he  ranks  high,  as  <  Purloined  [or  Usurped] 
Reputations,'  a  book  of  literary  essays,  demon- 
strates. His  <  Philological  Studies  in  Dante  > 
is  a  valuable  contribution  to  our  knowledge 
of  the  great  Florentine. 

Imlah,  John.  A  Scottish  poet  and  song- 
writer ;  bom  in  Aberdeen,  1799 ;  died  at  St. 
James,  Jamaica,  1846.  His  songs  met  the  pop- 
ular fancy,  and  are  to  be  found  in  all  Scotch 
collections.  He  published  'May  Flowers'  in 
1827,  followed  by  <  Poems  and  Songs'   (1841). 

Immermann,  Earl  Leberecht  fim'mer-man). 
A  German  poet,  dramatist,  and  romancer ;  born 
in  Magdeburg,  April  24,  1796;  died  at  Diissel- 
dorf,  Aug.  25,  1840.  A  university  course  and 
the  campaign  of  Waterloo  supplied  his  early 
experiences.  As  the  result  of  years  of  hard 
labor  he  produced  plays  above  mediocrity  but 
below  greatness.  <  The  Princes  of  Syracuse ' 
and  <  The  Eye  of  Love '  merit  notice  among 
his  comedies,  while  as  a  tragedy,  his  <  Ghis- 
monda'  ranks  high.  He  lives  in  the  brilliant 
and  original  <  Epigoni.'  '  Miinchhausen,'  his 
lightest  fancy,  is  well  known.  It  must  not  be 
confused  with  <  Baron  Miinchhausen.' 

Inchbald,  Elizabeth  (Simpson).  An  English 
actress,  dramatist,  and  novelist ;  born  1753 ;  died 
1821.  <A  Simple  Story,'  'Nature  and  Art,'  are 
among  her  best  tales.  She  also  wrote :  '  Such 
Things  Are  > ;  <  The  Married  Man ' ;  <  The  Wed- 
ding Day';  'The  Midnight  Hour';  'Every 
One  Has  his  Fault';  'Lovers'  Vows';  etc. 

Ingalls,  Joshua  King.  An  American  finan- 
cier and  writer;  bom  18 — .  He  has  published  : 
'Social  Wealth';  'Economic  Equities';  and 
'Reminiscences  of  an  Octogenarian'  (1897). 

Ingelow,  Jean.  An  English  poet  and  novelist ; 
bom  in  Boston,  Eng.,  March  17,  1820;  died 
in  London,  July  19,  1897.  <A  Rhyming  Chron- 
icle of  Incidents  and  Feeling,'  her  maiden 
volume,  reveals  her  melancholy  disposition. 
The  '  Round  of  Days '  brought  her  fame,  and 
the  circle  of  her  admirers  constantly  widened 
as  '  Home  Thoughts  and  Home  Scenes,'  '  A 
Story  of  Doom,  and  Other  Poems,'  '  Mopsa  the 
Fairy,'  and  '  Little  Wonder  Horn '  made  evi- 
dent the  full  range  of  her  power.  Her  novels, 
'  Fated  to  be  Free,'  '  Sarah  de  Berenger,'  '  Don 
John,'  and  one  or  two  more,  did  not  attract 
wide  attention. 

Ingemann,  Bernhard  Severln  (ing'e-man). 
A  Danish  poet  and  novelist;  born  1789;  died 
1862.  His  'Procne,'  'Youthful  Poems,'  and 
'The  Renegade'  display  genius.  'Blanca,' 
'  The  Voice  in  the  Desert.'  and  '  The  Battle 
for  the  Possession  of  Walhalla'  are  wonder- 
ful plays,  alive  with  inspiration.  <Waldemar 
the  Great  and  his  Companions,'  a  historic 
poem,  is  his  masterpiece^  while  as  a  novelist 


284 


INGERSOLL  —  IRVING 


he  stands  among  the  chosen  few  with  <  Con- 
queror Waldemar,>  one  of  the  triumphs  of  the 
Danish  language. 

Ingersoll,  Charles  Jared.  An  American 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, 1782;  died  there,  1862.  He  was  the 
author  of  <Chiomara>  (1800),  a  poem;  <Edwy 
and  Elgira>  ( 1801 ),  a  tragedy;  <  Inchiquin 
the  Jesuit's  Letters  on  American  Literature 
and  Polities'  (1810);  <Julian'  (1831),  a  poem; 
and  a  <  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Second  War 
between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  > 
(4  vols.,  1845-52). 

Ingersoll,  Ernest.  An  American  naturalist 
and  prose-writer;  born  in  Michigan,  1852.  The 
summer  of  1873  he  spent  with  Louis  Agassiz 
in  his  seaside  school  on  Penikese.  After  Agassiz 
died  he  was  naturalist  and  collector  with  the 
llayden  survey  in  the  West.  He  contributed 
scientific  articles  to  various  newspapers.  His 
writings  include:  < Birds'-Nesting >  (1881);  < His- 
tory and  Present  Condition  of  the  Oyster  In- 
dustries of  the  United  States'  (1S81);  <  Knocking 
Ixound  the  Rockies*  (1882);  <  Country  Cousins  * 
(1884);  'The  Strange  Ventures  of  a  Stowawav' 
( 1886) ;  and  <  The  Wit  of  the  Wild  >  ( igo6).       '    . 

Ingersoll,  Luther  Dunlin.m.  An  American 
writer;  born  18 — .  He  is  librarian  of  the  War 
Department  at  Washington,  and  has  published 
<  Iowa  and  the  Rebellion  > ;  a  '  Life  of  Horace 
Greeley ' ;  and  a  <  History  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment.' 

Ingei  oil,  Robert  Green.  A  aistinguished 
American  orator,  lecturer,  and  lawyer ;  born  in 
Dresden,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  11,  1833;  died  at  Dobb's 
Ferry,  N.  Y.,  July  21,  1899.  He  was  well  known 
as  a  free-thinker.  He  went  west  when  twelve 
years  old,  becoming  in  time  a  school-teacher. 
He  began  to  practice  law  in  1854.  He  was  col- 
onel of  Illinois  cavalry  during  the  War.  In  1866 
he  was  made  attorney-general  for  Illinois.  He 
has  published  :  <  The  Gods' ;  <  Ghosts' ;  <  Some 
Mistakes  of  Moses';  'Lectures  Complete' ;  'Prose 
Poems  and  Selections';  and  many  other  pam- 
phlets and  miscellaneous  articles. 

Ingleby,  Clement  Mansfield.  An  English 
Shakespearean  critic  and  miscellaneous  writer ; 
born  at  Edgbaston,  near  Birmingham,  Oct.  29, 
1823;  died  at  Ilford,  Essex,  1886.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge  for  the  law,  which  he 
abandoned  for  a  literary  career,  and  became 
famous  as  a  Shakespearean  scholar  and  critic, 
aiding  in  the  Stanton  edition.  He  wrote  :  <  The 
Principles  of  Acoustics  and  the  Theory  of 
Sound ' ;  <  Tho  Stereoscope ' ;  <  The  Ideality  of 
the  Rainbow';  <The  Mutual  Relation  of  The- 
ory and  Practice*;  <  Law  and  Religion';  <A 
Voice  for  the  Mute  Creation ' ; '  Miracles  Versus 
Nature.^ 

Inglls,  Henry  David  (ing'lz).  An  English 
descriptive  prose-writer;  born  in  Edinburgh, 
1795;  died  in  London,  March  20,  1835.  From 
mercantile  life  he  drifted  into  literature  ;  travel- 
ing widely,  and  under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Der- 
went  Conway,"  writing :  <  Tales  of  the  Ardennes ' 


(1825),  a  very  popular  book,  duly  followed  by 
'Solitary  Walks  through  Many  Lands'  (1828), 
'  Rambles  in  the  Footsteps  of  Don  Quixote ' 
(1837),  and  various  similar  studies. 

Ingraliam,  Joseph  Holt.  An  American 
writer  and  clergyman ;  born  in  Maine,  1809 ; 
died  1866.  He  lived  for  a  time  in  Holly  Springs, 
Miss.,  and  early  in  life  wrote  some  very  sensa- 
tional romances,  among  them  :  <  Lafitte  ;  the 
Pirate  of  the  Gulf ' ; '  Captain  Kyd ' ;  and  '  The 
Dancing  Feather.'  After  entering  the  minis- 
try he  wrote  three  religious  romances  :  '  The 
Prince  of  the  House  of  David';  'The  PHlar 
of  Fire ' ;  and  '  The  Throne  of  David.' 

Innsley,  Owen.    See  Jennison,  Lucy  White, 

Intra,  Giambattista  (en'tra).  An  Italian 
novelist  and  essayist ;  born  in  Calvenzano,  near 
Bergamo,  in  1S32.  He  has  contributed  ably  to 
periodical  literature  and  produced  original  and 
interesting  fiction,  notably  'Agnese  Gonzaga,' 
and  <  The  Last  of  the  Bonaccolsi ' ;  '  In  Villa.' 

Ion  of  Chios  (i'on  [w-e'on]  ki'os).  A  Greek 
poet  and  prose-writer ;  born  in  Chios  about  484 
B.C.;  died  at  Athens  about  422.  Few  losses  to 
literature  are  so  serious  as  the  destruction  of 
his  works,  fragments  only  of  which  have  de- 
scended to  us.  Richly  endowed,  intellectually 
and  physically,  and  accomplished  even  for  the 
age  of  Pericles,  he  established  himself  in  the 
intimacy  of  i^schylus,  Sophocles,  and  the  other 
men  who  ornament  that  unexampled  era.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  his  versatility :  trage- 
dies, hymns,  elegies,  epigrams,  and  essa}s  issued 
in  a  splendid  if  not  very  deep  stream  from  the 
perennial  springs  of  his  fancy.  Brilliant  pass- 
ages in  his  memoirs,  saved  to  us  by  a  happy 
accident,  tell  of  the  banquet  he  gave  to  Sopho- 
cles and  the  things  said  and  done  on  that  typ- 
ically Hellenic  occasion. 

Iron,  Ralph.    See  Schreiner,  Olive. 

Irving,  John  Treat,  Jr.  An  American  writer ; 
born  1812  ;  a  nephew  of  Washington  Irving,  and 
a  lawyer  of  New  York  city.  He  has  written : 
<  Indian  Sketches  ' ;  '  Hawk  Chief  ; '  The  Attor- 
ney'; 'Henry  Harson';  and  'The  Van  Gelder 
Papers.'     He  died  in  1906. 

Irving,  Pierre  Munroe.  An  American  writer, 
nephew  of  Washington  Irving;  born  1803;  died 
in  1876.  He  was  the  author  of  a  '  Life  of 
W^ashington  Irving.'  He  also  edited  various 
compilations  and  acted  as  his  uncle's  literary 
assistant. 

Irving,  Washington.  An  American  histo- 
rian, biographer,  and  man  of  letters;  born  in 
New  York,  April  3, 1783  ;  died  at  "Sunnyside," 
near  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  28, 1859.  His  works 
include :  'A  Voyage  to  the  Eastern  Part  of 
Terra  Firma'  (1806),  a  translation;  Salma- 
gundi (1807-8),  with  J.  K.  Paulding  and  WilF 
iam  Irving;  'History  of  New  York  by  Diedn'ch 
Knickerbocker'  (1809);  'The  Sketch  Book' 
(1819-20);  'Bracebridge  Hall'  (1822);  'Let- 
ters of  Jonathan  Oldstyle,  Gent.'  (1824);  'Life 
and  Times  of  Christopher  Columbus'    (1828); 


IRVING— JACOBI 


285 


'Conquest  of  Granada'  (1829);  <  Companions  of 
Columbus  >  (1831);  <The  Alhambra>  (1832); 
'Crayon  Miscellany  >  (1835);  'Astoria  >  (1836); 
<  The  Rocky  Mountains :  Journal  of  Captain 
B.  L.  E.  Bonneville  >  (1837);  'Life  of  Oliver 
Goldsmith >  (184OJ;  'Mahomet  and  his  Suc- 
cessors) (1849-50);  'Wolfert's  Roost  >  (1855); 
'Life  of  Washington >  (1855-59).  Among  his 
literary  labors  he  made  an  edition  of  '  The 
Poetical  Works  of  Thomas  Campbell*  (1810), 
and  '  Miscellaneous  Works  of  Oliver  Gold- 
smith.> 

Irving,  William.  An  American  prose-writer, 
and  brother  of  Washington  Irving ;  born  in 
New  York  city,  1766 ;  died  there,  1821.  He  con- 
tributed largely  in  the  production  of  Salma- 
gundi ;  the  political  pieces  were  mostly  his, 
as  also  were  the  letters  of  Mustapha  in  Nos.  5 
and  14. 

Isaaks,  Jorge  (e'saks  or  i'zaks).  A  South 
American  novelist  and  poet ;  born  in  Cali, 
Colombia.  His  extraction  is  partly  English- 
Jewish  and  partly  Spanish.  '  Maria,*  a  novel, 
is  his  masterpiece,  but  he  has  written  meritori- 
ous verse. 

Isla,  Jose  Francisco  de  (es'la).  A  Spanish 
latirist;  born  in  Vidane,  March  24,  1703;  died 
at  Bologna,  Nov.  2,  1781.  He  was  a  Jesuit  and 
taught  successfully  in  the  Jesuit  seminaries  for 
years,  but  the  expulsion  of  his  order  from  Spain 
reduced    him   to   destitution,  and   he   died   in 


want.  He  is  without  a  rival  among  his  coun- 
trymen, Cervantes  always  excepted,  as  a  wit 
and  satirist ;  the  prodigious  popularity  of  his 

<  Life  and  Adventures  of  Friar  Gerundio  de 
Campazas,*  upon  its  first  appearance  in  1758 
(under  the  pseudonym  of  "  F.  Lobon  de  Sala- 
zar  ** ),  being  but  a  well-won  tribute  to  its  unhack- 
neyed drolleries  and  epigrammatic  style.  As  a 
portrait  of  Spanish  life  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury it  must  ever  remain  a  standard  work.  He 
made  an  infelicitous  translation  of  '  Gil  Bias  * 
from  the  French  that  led  to  a  still  more  in- 
felicitous controversy  over  the  authorship  of 
that  lengthy  masterpiece.  His  other  works  are 
without  importance. 

Isocrates  (i-sok'ra-tes).  A  Greek  orator  and 
rhetorician  ;  born  in  Athens  in  436  B.  C. ;  died 
at  Athens  (?)  338  B.C.  He  was  apparently 
carefully  educated,  Socrates  having  been  of 
the  number  of  his  preceptors ;  and  at  an  early 
age  he  was  celebrated  for  the  facility  with 
which  he  used  his  native  tongue,  although  the 
weakness  of  his  voice  precluded  any  hope  he 
may  once  have  entertained  of  distinction  in 
public  life.  He  therefore  opened  a  school  of 
oratory,  the  fame  of  which  soon  filled  all  Greece, 
in  consequence  of  the  exceptional  attainments  of 
its  graduates.  The  ages  have  spared  to  us 
twenty-one  of  his  compositions,  rhetorical  and 
epistolary.  He  is  best  represented  by  the  dis- 
courses known  as  the  'Areopagiticus  *  and  the 

<  Panegyricus.* 


Jablonsky,  Boleslav  (yab-lon'ske).  ["  Karl 
Eugen  Tupy.**]  A  leading  Czech  poet;  born 
Jan.  14,  1813;  died  in  Cracow,  March  1881. 
His  love  lyric  'Pisne*  and  his  didactic  'The 
Father's  Wisdom*  are  universally  popular, 

Jackson,  Edward  Payson.  An  American 
prose-writer ;  born  in  Erzeroum,  Turkey,  March 
15,  1840.  He  graduated  at  Amherst  in  1870. 
He  published  :  <  Mathematic  Geography*  (1873); 
<A  Demi-God*  (1886);  and  'The  Earth  in 
Space  >  (1887).     He  died  in  1905. 

Jackson,  Helen  Fiske.  [«H.  H.**]  An 
American  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born 
1831;  died  1885.  She  published:  < Poems*; 
'Bits  of  Talk*;  'Hetty's  Strange  History*; 
'Ramona*;  <A  Century  of  Dishonor*;  etc. 

Jackson,  Henry,  An  English  novelist ;  born 
in  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  April  15,  1831 ;  died  at 
Hampstead,  May  24, 1879.  His  novels  :  'A  Dead 
Man's  Revenge*;  <  Gilbert  Rugge  *  (1866);  and 
•Argus  Fairburn*  (1874),  had  much  vogue. 

Jackson,  Sbeldon.  An  American  missionary ; 
born  at  Minaville,  N.  Y.,  May  18,  1834.  He  was 
superintendent  of  missions  for  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ain region  from  1870  to  1872.  In  1885  he  was 
appointed  general  agent  of  education  in  Alaska. 


Among  his  works  are :  'Alaska  and  Missions 
on  the  North  Pacific  Coast*  (1880);  'Education 
in  Alaska*   (1881). 

Jacobi,  Friedrich  Heinrich  (ya-ko'be).  A 
German  philosopher  and  metaphysician ;  born 
in  Diisseldorf,  Jan.  25,  1743;  died  at  Munich, 
March  10,  1819.  He  obtained  recognition  from 
Wieland,  Goethe,  and  other  accomplished  Ger- 
mans as  one  of  the  most  original  thinkers  of 
their  common  country.  '  Letters  on  Spinoza's 
Philosophy  * ;  <  Things  Divine  * ;  '  Letter  to 
Fichte  * ;  'An  Enterprise  in  Criticism  to  Render 
Reason  Reasonable*;  and  'Woldemar,*  a  phil- 
osophical fiction,  are  among  his  most  important 
additions  to  literature. 

Jacobi,  Johann  Georg.      A  German  poet, 

brother  of  Friedrich ;  born  in  Diisseldorf,  Sept. 
2,  1740 ;  died  at  Freiburg,  Jan.  4,  1814.  His  asso- 
ciation with  Wieland,  Klopstock,  Goethe,  Her- 
der, and  "Father**  Gleim,  the  poet  and  patron 
of  poets,  quickened  his  talent,  and  the  verse 
that  gives  him  such  eminence  among  his  coun- 
try's minor  bards  was  the  result.  '  The  Summer 
Journey  *  and  '  The  Winter  Journey  *  are  among 
the  prettiest  of  this  poet's  pieces. 

Jacobi,  Mary  Putnam.  An  American  phy- 
sician ;  born  in  Loudon,  England,  Aug.  31.  1842 


386 


JACOBSEN  —  JAMES 


She  graduated  from  the  Woman's  Medical  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia;  College  of  Pharmacy,  New 
York  ;  and  the  School  of  Medicine,  Paris.  Since 
1871  she  has  practiced  in  New  York  city.  Among 
her  works  are:  <The  Value  of  Life>  (1879); 
<  Hysteria,  and   Other  Essays  >  (1888).     D.  1906. 

Jacobsen,  Jens  Peter  (ya'kub-sen).  A  Dan- 
ish novelist;  born  at  Thisted,  Jutland,  April  7, 
1847 ;  died  at  Copenhagen,  April  30,  1885.  He 
was  a  botanist  and  Darwinian  who  turned  to 
stor>'-writing  and  became  eminent  as  a  realistic 
novelist.  <  Mogens,>  <  Niels  Lyhne,>  and  <  Marie 
Grubbe'  are  tales  of  great  merit  in  plot,  con- 
struction, and  style. 

Jacobson,  Eduard  (ya'kub-son).  A  German 
comic  poet;  born  at  Great  Strelitz,  Upper 
Silesia,  Nov.  10,  1833.  He  studied  medicine, 
but  wrote  <  Faust  and  Gretchen  >  in  his  college 
days,  and  thus  learned  what  he  was  fitted  for. 
A  host  of  laughable  nothings  have  followed  it. 
Among  his  best  works  <  500,000  Devils  >  and 
*  The  Man  in  the  Moon  '  may  be  cited.     D.  1897. 

Jacopone  da  Todi  (ya"k5-p5'ne  da  tS'de). 
An  Italian  Pietist  poet  and  satirist ;  born  at 
Todi  about  1230;  died  at  CoUazzone,  Dec.  25, 
1306.  He  was  a  prominent  lawyer,  who  lost 
his  wife,  became  a  monk,  and  got  involved  in 
politics.  He  wrote  dialect  poems  in  support 
of  his  party ;  the  stinging  sarcasm  of  his  rhymes 
aimed  against  Pope  Boniface  VIH.  causing 
them  to  be  particularly  remembered.  The 
hymn  <Stabat  Mater  >  is  attributed  to  him,  al- 
though the  authorship  has  been  disputed. 

Jacotot,  Jean  Joseph  (zha-ko-to).  A  Fr^r-ch 
authority  on  education ;  born  in  Dijon,  March 
4,  1770 ;  died  at  Paris,  July  31,  1840.  He  founded 
a  system  of  pedagogics  that  still  bears  his 
name,  and  is  based  apparently  upon  the  iter, 
iterumque  of  Virgil, —  constant  repetition,  and 
learning  by  heart, — together  with  a  harmony  of 
studies.  His  system  is  set  forth  in  the  <  Uni- 
versal Instruction, >  an  elaborate  manual  in 
«  mother  tongue,"  and  in  <  Music,  Design,  and 
Painting,*  works  of  great  vogue  at  one  time, 
and  still  widely  accepted. 

Jager,  Oskar  (ya'ger).  A  German  historian 
and  pedagogue ;  born  at  Stuttgart,  Oct.  26, 
1830.  As  an  educator  he  has  attained  prestige 
and  official  position;  while  his  'History  of 
Recent  Times,  from  the  Congress  of  Vienna 
to  our  Own  Day>  (1874-75)  is  an  acknowl- 
edged masterpiece.  <The  Humanist  Gymna- 
sium >  (1889)  is  an  example  of  his  achievements 
in  pedagogics ;  and  he  has  written  <  The  Punic 
Wars>  (1869-70)  and  <John  Wycliffe  and  his 
Significance  for  the  Reformation'  (1854),  both 
profound  studies  ;  and  a  <  World  History  >  (1902). 

Jago,  Richard.  An  English  poet;  born  in 
Beaudesert,  Warwickshire,  Oct.  i,  1715 ;  died  at 
Snitterfield,  May  8,  1781.  He  was  a  clergyman 
poetically  endowed,  whose  elegy  *  The  Black- 
birds* (1753)  pleases,  and  whose  other  works 
are  tasteful. 

Jagodynskl,  Stanislas  (ya-go-din'ske).  A 
Polish  poet  and  prose-writer,  who  flourished  in 


the  sixteenth  century,  and  was,  it  would  seem, 
a  laureate  and  epigrammatist  at  court,  distin- 
guishing   himself    by    his    wit    and    eloquence. 

<  Presents  for  Saxon  Ladies,*  a  biting  and 
dainty  satire,  directed  against  the  corruption 
of  the  times ;  *  The  Courtesans,*  a  volume  of 
epigrams ;  and  <  The  Escape  of  Rugiera,*  a 
drama,  show  him  at  his  best. 

Jalal-ud-din  Rumi.    See  Rumi. 

James  I.,  King  of  Scotland.  Born  at  Dun- 
fermline, Aug.  I  (?),  1394;  assassinated  near 
Perth,  Feb.  20, 1437.  His  <  Kingis  Quair  *  ( King's 
Booklet:   1404  ?)  is  a  poem  of  spirit;   and  in 

<  The  Ballade  of  Guid  Counsale,*  almost  cer- 
tainly his,  are  many  fine  passages. 

James  I.,  King  of  England.  Born  in  Edin- 
burgh Castle,  June  19,  1566;  died  at  the  palace 
of  Theobalds,  March  27,  1625.  His  literary 
gifts  are  revealed  in  <  Essays  of  a  Prentice  in 
the  Divine  Art  of  Poetry*  (1584);  <  Poetical 
Exercises*  (1591);  and  <Tb''  True  Law  of  Free 
Monarchies*  (1603). 

James,  George  Payne  Rainsford.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist ;  born  in  London,  Aug.  9,  1801 ; 
died  in  Venice,  May  9,  i860.  His  historical 
novel  <  Richelieu*  (1829)  won  encomiums  from 
Scott.  Next  came  <  Darnley  *  ( 1830) ;  <  Delorme  *' 
(1831);  <Attila*  (1837);  and  many  stirring  and 
readable  novels.  He  attempted  the  historian's 
role,  without  encouraging  results,  in  <Dark 
Scenes  of  History*  (1849),  and  other  books. 
He  wrote  as  many  as  seventy  historical  novels. 

James,  Henry.  An  American  scholar ;  born 
at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  June  3,  1811 ;  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Dec.  18,  1882.  He  resided  at 
Cambridge.  Among  the  most  noted  of  his 
works  on  morals  and  religion  are :  <  What  Is 
the  State?*  (1845);  <  Moralism  and  Christian- 
ity* (1852);  'Lectures  and  Miscellanies*  (1852); 
<The  Nature  of  Evil*  (1855);  'Christianity  the 
Logic  of  Creation*  (1857);  'Substance  and 
Shadow*  (1863);  'The  Secret  of  Swedenborg* 
(1869). 

James,  Henry.  An  American  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  prose-writer,  son  of  Henry  (ist); 
born  in  New  York,  April  15,  1843.  His  works 
include:  'Transatlantic  Sketches*  (1875);  'A 
Passionate  Pilgrim  and  Other  Tales*  (1875); 
'Roderick  Hudson*  (1876);  'The  American* 
(1877);  'Watch  and  Ward*  (1878);  'French 
Poets  and  Novelists*  (1878);  'Daisy  Miller: 
a  Study*  (1878);  'The  Europeans:  a  Sketch* 
(1878);  'An  International  Episode*  (1879); 
'The  Madonna  of  the  Future  and  Other 
Tales*  (1879);  'Hawthorne*  (1879);  'A  Bun- 
dle of  Letters*  (1880);  'Confidence*  (1880); 
'The  Diary  of  a  Man  of  Fifty*  (1880);  'Wash- 
ington Square*  (1880);  'The  Portrait  of  a 
Lady*  (1882);  'Daisy  Miller:  a  Comedy* 
(1883);  'The  Siege  of  London;  The  Pension 
Beaurepas;  and  The  Point  of  View*  (1883); 
'Portraits  of  Places*  (1883);  'Tales  of  Three 
Cities*  (1884);  'A  Little  Tour  in  France > 
(1885);  'The  Art  of  Fiction*  (1885),  with 
Walter    Besant;    'Stories    Revived*    (2   vols.. 


JAMES  — JANVIER 


287 


1885);  <The  Author  of  Beltraffio>  (1885);  <The 
Bostonians>  (1886);  <  The  Princess  Casamas- 
sima>  (1886);  <  Partial  Portraits  >  (1888);  <The 
Aspern  Papers  and  Other  Stories  >  (1888);  <The 
Reverberator  >  (1888);  <A  London  Life>  (1889); 
<The  Tragic  Muse  >  (1890);  <  Port  Tarascon> 
(1891),  a  translation;  <The  Lesson  of  the  Mas- 
ter >  (1892),  a  volume  of  stories;  <  The  Real 
Thing  and  Other  Tales  >  (1893);  <  Picture  and 
Text>  (1893);  <The  Private  Life'  (1893),  a 
volume  of  stories ;  <  Essays  in  London  and 
Elsewhere'  (1893);  <  The  Wheel  of  Time> 
(1894);  < Theatricals >  (1894);  < Terminations' 
(ibvSj;  <  What  Maisie  Knew'(i897J;  < The 
Awkward  Age'  (18991;  *  The  Sacred  Fount' 
(1901J;  <  The  Wings  of  the  Dove  '  (1902);  <  The 
Better  Sort'  (1903)  ;  <The  Lesson  of  Balzac' 
(1905)  ;<  American  Scenes'  (1906). 

James,  William.  An  American  scholar  and 
psychlogist,  son  of  Henry  (ist);  born  Jan.  il, 
1842.  Graduated  at  Harvard  University,  and  has 
been  a  professor  since  1872  of  anatomy,  physiolo- 
gy, and  psychology.  His  published  works  are: 
<  Principles  of  Psychology'  ("1890);  'Psychology, 
Briefer  Course  '  (1892);  <  Pragmatism  '  (1907). 

Jameson,  Anna  Brownell.  An  Irish  mis- 
cellaneous writer;  bom  (Murphy)  in  Dublin, 
May  17,  1794;  died  in  London,  March  17,  i860. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  a  noted  artist,  and 
began  her  literary  work  with  'The  Diary  of 
an  Ennuy^e'  (1826).  Then  followed  <  Loves 
of  the  Poets'  (1829);  'Celebrated  Female  Sov- 
ereigns' (1831);  'Characteristics  of  Women'; 
'Companion  to  the  Public  Picture  Galleries  of 
London'  (1842);  'Memoirs  of  the  Early  Italian 
Painters'  (1845),  edited;  'Sacred  and  Legend- 
ary Art'  (1848-52),  not  quite  complete;  etc. 

Jameson,  Robert  William.  A  British  jour- 
nalist, novelist,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  in  Leith,  1805 ;  died  in  London,  Dec.  10, 
1868.  Radical  in  his  politics,  he  wrote  brill- 
iantly during  the  Anti-Corn-Law  agitation ; 
evolving  between  times,  'Nimrod'  (1848),  a 
poem  in  blank  verse ;  '  The  Curse  of  Gold ' 
(1854),  a  novel;  and  a  tragedy,  'Timoleon,' 
which  reached  a  second  edition  in  1852. 

Jami,  'Abd-urraliman  (ja-me',  abd'or-oi- 
man).  The  last  of  Persia's  classic  poets ;  bom 
in  Jam,  Khorasan,  August  (?)  1414;  died  at 
Herat  (?),  in  May  (?)  1492  or  1493.  His  best- 
known  poetical  works  are :  '  The  Abode  of 
Spring'  (Beharistan);  'The  Chain  of  Gold'; 
and  '  The  Loves  of  Joseph  and  Zuleika  and  of 
Mejnun  and  Leila.'  He  is  known  in  Europe 
as  the  Persian  Petrarch,  while  his  countrymen 
call  him  "  the  fiery  star  to  which  the  gold  stars 
bend,"  a  metaphor  illustrative  of  the  glories 
with  which  he  invested  the  passion  of  love. 

Jamison,  Mrs.   Celia  V.  (Hamilton).     An 

American  novelist;  born  in  Yarmouth,  Can., 
1848.  Among  her  best-known  works  are  : '  Tion- 
ette's  Philip ' ;  '  Lady  Jane  ';  <  Thistledown.' 

Jamyn,  Amadis  (ja-mah').  A  French  poet; 
born  in  Chaource,  Champagne,  about  1538 ; 
died  there  about  1585.  He  wrote  in  imitation 
of    Ronsard,   producing    neat   and   dainty    but 


rather  insipid  sonnets,  in  which  we  are  assured 
that  love,  while  a  grand  thing,  has  yet  its  in- 
conveniences. 'The  Hunt'  and  < Liberality > 
are  among  his  pieces. 

Janda,  Bohumil  (yan'da).  A  Bohemian  nov- 
elist and  poet ;  born  at  Patek,  May  i,  1831 ; 
died  at  Prague  (?),  Sept.  29,  1875.  His  poetry 
and  prose  deal  mostly  with  historical  themes 
afforded  by  the  annals  of  his  native  land.  '  Jan 
Talafus  z  Ostrova'  is  his  masterpiece  in  metre, 
being  an  epic  of  a  fifteenth-century  knight.  His 
novel  'Anna  M^stecki  Bocek'  is  based  upon 
somewhat  similar  material. 

Jan  de  Rijmer  (yan  de  remer).  See  Goever- 
neur. 

Janet,  Paul  (zhan-a').  A  French  philosopher 
and  essayist ;  born  in  Paris,  April  30,  1823.  He 
has  received  important  professorships  in  ac- 
knowledgment of  the  services  conferred  upon 
education  by. ' The  Family'  (1855), 'Studies  of 
Dialectic  in  Plato  and  in  Hegel'  (i860), 'Mas- 
ters of  Modem  Thought  M 1883),  and  others  which 
show  the  influence  of  Cousin.    Died  Oct.  4,  1899. 

Janin,  Jules  (zha-nah).  A  French  critic, 
journalist,  and  novelist;  bom  in  St.  Etienne, 
Feb.  16,  1804;  died  at  Paris,  June  19,  1874.  He 
caught  the  fancy  of  the  Parisians  with  his  lit- 
erary and  theatrical  criticisms,  displaying  an 
incredible  aptitude  for  detecting  the  public  taste, 
and  guiding  himself  wholly  by  it.  In  1870  he 
was  elected  to  the  French  Academy.  Among 
his  stories  and  novels, '  The  Dead  Donkey  and 
the  Guillotined  Woman,'  <  Confession,'  and  '  A 
Heart  for  Two  Loves,'  are  conspicuous.  His 
permanent  work  is  probably  the  collection  of 
papers  called  '  History  of  Dramatic  Literature.* 

Janson,  Kristofer  Nagel  (yan'son).  A  Nor- 
wegian poet;  born  in  Bergen,  May  5,  1841. 
He  is  a  clergyman  and  educator,  and  settled 
in  this  country  in  1881.  '  Norse  Poems,'  a  col- 
lection of  IjTics,  and  <  Praerien's  Saga,'  are  his 
most  popular  works,  but  he  has  produced  many 
stories  of  merit.  He  writes  in  both  Norse  and 
Enplish.     He  returned  to  Norway  in  1892. 

Janssen,  Johannes  (yan'sen).  A  German 
historian ;  born  in  Xanten,  Diisseldorf,  April 
10,  1829;  died  in  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Dec, 
24,  1891.  Distinguished  for  the  zeal  and  learn- 
ing with  which  he  contends  for  the  Catholic 
point  of  view  in  various  valuable  historical 
studies,  he  has  produced  in  'The^History  of 
the  German  People  since  the  Close  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages'  (1877-94),  a  masterpiece  of  energetic 
controversialism  softened  by  a  happy  style. 

Janvier,  Francis  de  Haes.     An  American 

poet,  kinsman  of  Thomas  A. ;  born  in  Penn- 
sylvania in  i8':7;  died  in  1885.  He  published: 
'  The  Skeleton  Monk,  and  Other  Poems '  (i860); 
'The  Sleeping  Sentinel'  (1863);  '  Pat-iotic 
Poems'  (1866). 

Janvier,  Margaret  Thomson.  ["Margaret 
Vandegrift."]  An  American  writer  of  juvenile 
literature,  sister  of  Thomas  A. ;  bora  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  1845.  She  is  a  resident  of  Phil- 
adelphia.   Among  her  best-known  works  are: 


a88 


JANVIER— JEFFERSON 


•Clover  Beach >  (1880);  <  Under  the  Dog  Star> 
(1881);  <The  Dead  Doll,  and  Other  Verses  > 
(1888)  ;  <  Little  Helpers)  (1888);  <  Umbrellas  to 
Mend>  (1905). 

Janvier,  Tliomas  Allibone.  An  American 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  Phil- 
adelphia, 1849.  He  has  published  :  <  An  Em- 
bassy to  Provence,*  a  volume  of  travel ;  <  Color 
Studies  > ;  <  Four  Stories  > ;  <  The  Mexican 
Guide';  < Stories  of  Old  New?  Spain >;  <The 
Aztec  Treasure  House,'  a  romance ;  <  The  Un- 
cle of  an  Angel,  and  Other  Stories';  <In  Old 
New  York  > ;  etc. 

Jarves,  James  Jackson.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  in  Boston,  Aug.  20,  1820;  died 
in  Terasp,  Switzerland,  June  28,  1888.  He  pub- 
lished :  *  History  of  the  Hawaiian  or  Sandwich 
Islands'  (1843);  <  Art  Hints:  Architecture, 
Sculpture,  and  Painting'  (1855);  <Art  Studies: 
The  Old  Masters  of  Italy'  (1861);  < Glimpses 
at  the  Art  of  Japan'  (1876);  and  < Italian  Ram- 
bles' (1884);  and  <  Santa  F^'s  Partner'  (1907). 

Jasmin,  Jacques  (zhas-man).  A  Proven5al 
poet ;  born  in  Agen,  Lot-et-Garonne,  March  6, 
1798;  died  there,  Oct.  4,  1864.  His  origin  was 
of  the  humblest,  and  he  earned  his  livelihood 
as  a  barber.  He  wrote  :  <  Curl  Papers,'  a  string 
of  quaint  verses ;  <  Souvenirs,'  a  series  of  stan- 
zas, the  nature  of  which  is  sufficiently  indicated 
by  the  title  they  bear ;  and  the  narrative  poem 

<  Frangonette.'  He  developed  the  possibili- 
ties of  the  language  of  Provence  as  a  medium 
of  modern  literary  expression. 

Jasykov,  Nicolai  Mikhailovich  (yas-e'kov). 
A  Russian  poet;  born  in  Simbirsk,  March  16, 
1803;  died  at  Moscow,  Jan.  7,  1847.  His  earliest 
verse  was  in  a  light  and  amatory  vein  (hence 
his  sobriquet  <The  Russian  Anacreon'),  but  ill 
health  changed  the  current  of  his  thoughts. 
His  first  book  is  a  collection  of  amorous  lyrics, 
and  his  last  a  compilation  of  religious  poetry. 
The  good  taste  with  which  he  uses  the  Rus- 
sian language  makes  his  verse  notable. 

Jauregui  y  Aguilar,  Juan  de  (hou'ra-ge  e 
a'ge-lar).  A  Spanish  poet ;  born  in  Seville, 
about  1570 ;  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  10  (?),  1649. 
His  name  became  universally  known  in  Spain 
upon  the  appearance  of  his  charming  transla- 
tion of  Tasso's  <Aminta.'  He  wrote  <  Orpheus,' 
a  long  mediocre  poem,  and  a  <  Poetic  Discourse  ' 
against  the  poet  Gongora,  besides  rendering 
Lucan's  <  ^arsalia '  into  Spanish  with  respect- 
able fidelity  to  the  original,  but  without  its 
power. 

Jay,  Antoine  (zha).  A  French  critic,  essay- 
ist, and  biographer ;  born  in  Guitres,  Gironde, 
Oct.  20,  1770;  died  at  Lagorce,  April  9,  1855. 
His  early  essays  on  literature  won  prizes  from 
the  French  Academy,  the  reputation  thus  ob- 
tained being  fully  borne  out  by  his  work  as  an 
editor  on  the  Journal  de  Paris ;  by  the  <  History 
of    Cardinal    Richelieu's    Ministry ' ;    and    the 

<  Biographies  of  Contemporaries,'  to  which  he 
contributed  numerous  articles.  His  <  Eulogy  of 
Corneille '  and  *  Hermits  in  Prison '  are  much 
quoted. 


Jay,  Jolm.  An  American  lawyer;  born  in  Ne\nr 
York  city,  June  23,  1817  ;  died  there,  Ma"  5, 
1894.  He  graduated  from  Cclumbia  College  in 
1836,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839.  He 
actively  opposed  slavery,  and  was  counsel  for 
many  fugitive  slaves.  From  1869  to  1875  he  was 
minister  to  Austria,  and  in  1883  became  a 
member  of  the  New  York  Civil  Service  Com- 
mission. Among  his  works  are :  <  Caste  and 
Slavery  in  the  American  Church'  (1843); 
•America  Free,  or  America  Slave'  (1856). 

Jayadeva  (jT-a-da'va).  A  Sanskrit  poet; 
born  in  Kenduli  (.?),  about  1150  (?).  He  is 
known  only  as  the  author  of  the  <  Gita-Govinda' 
or  <  Song  of  the  Cowherd,'  an  expressively  pas- 
sionate and  realistic  outburst  of  the  amorous 
Muse. 

Jeaffbrson,  John  Cordy  (jSPersgn).  An  Eng- 
lish essayist,  biographer  and  critic;  born  in  Fram- 
lingham,  Suffolk,  Jan.  14,  1831;  died  ia  London, 
Feb.  2,  1901.  He  was  bred  to  the  bar,  but 
became  a  novelist,  changing  his  mind  when  his 
fiction  failed  and  his  <  Novels  and  Novelists  from 
Elizabeth  to  Victoria'  (1858)  succeeded;  after 
which  time,  < A  Book  about  Doctors)  (i860), 
<A  Book  about  Lawyers'  (1866),  and  <A  Book 
about  the  Clergy'  (1870)  spread  his  fame.  In 
biography  <The  Real  Lord  Byron  >  (1883)  and 
<The  Real  Shelley'  (1885)  are  studies  in  which 
the  critic  and  the  essayist  show  knowledge  and 
skill. 

Jean  Paul.    See  Richter. 

Jefferies,  Ricbard.  An  English  essayist  and 
novelist ;  born  in  Swindon,  Wiltshire,  Nov.  6, 
1848  ;  died  at  Goring,  Sussex,  Aug.  14,  1887. 
His  published  works  include :  <  The  Goddards 
of  North  Wilts'  (1873),  a  local  family  history; 
<The  Scarlet  Shawl'  (1874),  a  novel;  < Rest- 
less Human  Hearts'  (1875),  ^  novel;  <The 
World's  End'  (1877),  a  novel;  <The  Dewy 
Morn,'  a  novel;  'Wild  Life  in  a  Southern 
County'  (1879),  a  volume  of  descriptive 
sketches :  this  was  followed  by  similar  books, 
notably,  <  Round  about  a  Great  Estate ' ;  <  The 
Life  of  the  Fields';  <The  Open  Air';  <  The 
Amateur  Poacher'  (1879);  <  Hodge  and  his 
Masters';  <The  Game  Keeper  at  Home';  etc. 
His  later  works  were  the  novel  <  Green  Feme 
Farm'  (1880);  <Wood  Magic'  (1881),  a  fanci- 
ful animal  story;  <Bevis'  (1882),  a  tale  of  child- 
hood; <The  Story  of  My  Heart'  (1883),  by 
many  pronounced  his  masterpiece  ;  <  Red  Deer* 
(1884),  a  description  of  Exmoor;  <  After  Lon- 
don' (1885),  an  imaginative  tale;  'Amaryllis 
at  the  Fair'  (1887),  a  novel  of  country  life; 
and  some  fugitive  essays  and  sketches.  <  Field 
and  Hedgerow '  was  published  posthumously. 

Jefferson,  Joseph.  An  American  actor  of 
great  repute  and  charm ;  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, Feb.  20,  1829.  He  came  of  a  long  line  of 
dramatists,  and  was  associated  with  the  most 
famous  actors  of  his  time.  His  play  <  Rip  Van 
Winkle'  delighted  untold  thousands  of  play- 
goers. No  other  American  actor  ever  won  so 
warm  a  place  in  the  American  heart.  His 
'Autobiography'  was  published  in   1890.     He 


JEFFERSON  — JERVEY 


289 


gave  frequent  lectures  and  addresses  on  the  art 
of  the  actor.  He  died  at  Palm  Beach,  Florida, 
April  23,  1905. 

Jefferson,  Tbomas.  A  statesman  of  the  first 
rank  and  fame;  born  at  Shadvvell,  Va.,  April 
2,  1743;  died  at  Monticello,  Va.,  July  4,  1826. 
The  Declaration  of  Independence  is  the  pro- 
duction of  his  pen ;  and  he  was  author  of 
<  Notes  on  Virginia,*  'Autobiography,'  and  <  Cor- 
respondence.>  (<  Complete  Works,*  10  vols., 
1892. 

Jeffrey,  Francis.  A  famous  Scottish  critic; 
born  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  23,  1773;  died  there, 
Jan.  26,  1850.  He  was  educated  for  the  law, 
but  chose  letters,  beginning  his  noted  literary 
career  by  co-operating  in  the  founding  of  the 
Edinburgh  Review.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  figures  of  his  day  in  criticism. 
His  multifarious  writings  are  only  partially  rep- 
resented in  <  Contributions  to  the  Edinburgh 
Review  >  (1843),  <  Essay  on  Beauty,*  and  <  Nature 
and  Principles  of  Taste*  (1879). 

Jeffrey,  Rosa  Vertner  Grififttli.  An  Ameri- 
can novelist  and  poet;  born  in  Natchez,  Miss., 
1826 ;  died  1894.  She  contributed  to  the  Louis- 
ville Journal  under  the  name  <<  Rosa  **  in  1850. 
Her  published  works  are  in  part :  <  Poems,  by 
Rosa*  (1857);  <Woodburn,*  a  novel  (1864); 
♦Daisy  Dare  and  Baby  Power,*  poems  (1871); 
•The  Crimson  Hand  and  Other  Poems*  (1881); 
and  <  Marsh,*  a  novel  (1884). 

Jenkln,  Henrietta  Camilla.  An  English 
novelist ;  born  in  Jamaica  about  1807 ;  died  in 
Edinburgh,  Feb.  8,  1885.  Well  educated  and 
clever,  she  wrote  fiction  as  a  means  of  liveli- 
hood. Her  < Cousin  Stella*  (1859),  a  portrayal 
of  West-Indian  life  and  manners,  made  a  hit ; 
as  did  <Who  Breaks,  Pays*  (1861),  in  which 
the  flirt  is  admirably  pictured.  Her  other  nov- 
els are  only  mediocre. 

Jenkins,  Edward.  An  English  political 
pamphleteer;  born  in  Bangalore,  India,  1838, 
and  educated  at  McGill  University,  Canada, 
and  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  A  Mem- 
ber of  Parliament,  he  has  written  on  social  and 
political  questions  in  the  satirical  vein;  his 
<Ginx's  Baby'  (1870),  <Lord  Bantam,*  < Little 
Hodge,*  and  other  efforts,  have  had  great  cur- 
rency. 

Jenkins,  John  Stilwell.  An  American  prose- 
writer,  born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  15,  1818; 
died  in  Weedsport,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  20,  1852.  He 
was  a  lawyer  by  profession,  but  edited  the  Cay- 
uga Times.  Among  his  works  are  :  <  Generals 
of  the  Last  War  with  Great  Britain*  (1841); 
an  abridgment  of  Hammond's  <  Political  His- 
tory of  New  York*  (1846);  < Alice  Howard* 
(1846);  <Life  of  Silas  Wright*  (1847);  <History 
of  the  Mexican  War*  (1848);  <  Heroines  of 
History*  {1853);  etc. 

Jenneval  (zhen-val),  pseudonym  of  Louis 
Dechez.  A  French-Belgian  patriotic  song- 
writer; born  in  Lyons,  1808;  killed  in  the 
campaign  of  Lierre,  Oct.  19,  1830.  His  fame 
rests  upon  that  most  renowned  of  Belgian  patri- 

19 


otic  songs,  <  Brabanfonni?,*  which  won  its  way 
rapidly  to  official  recognition  as  the  national 
hymn ;  and  his  collected  <  Poems '  give  evidence 
of  a  genuine  inspiration. 

Jennison,  Lucy  White.  [«Owen  Innsley.**] 
An  American  poet ;  born  in  Massachusetts  in 
1850.  She  has  lived  mainly  in  Europe.  She 
published  <Love  Poems  and   Sonnets*   (1881). 

Jensen,  Wilhelm  (yen'sen).  A  prolific  Ger- 
man poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  in  Heiligenhafen,  Holstein,  Feb.  15,  1837. 
He  is  antithetic  and  realistic  in  method.  Of 
his  poetry  the  <  Songs  from  France  *  and  <  A 
Dream  in  a  Glade*  must  win  a  permanent 
place.  The  tragedy  <Dido>  is  meritorious. 
Of  the  novels,  <Eddystone,>  <  Under  Warmer 
Skies,*  <  Nameless,*  and  <  After  Sunset,*  have 
achieved  wide  popularity.  Impatience  and 
rapidity  of  production  tend  to  mar  his  style. 

Jer&bek,  Frantisek  (yer'sha-bek).  A  Czech 
poet  of  great  eminence;  born  in  Sabotka,  Jan. 
25,  1836;  died  at  Prague,  March  30  (?),  1893. 
<Hdna*  was  his  first  dramatic  effort;  but  <The 
Way  of  Public  Opinion  >  and  <  A  Servant  of 
his  Lord*  are  deemed  the  triumphs  of  his 
genius.  In  the  historic  tragedies  of  <The  Son 
of  Man*  and<Zivist*  he  obtains  the  most  vivid 
dramatic  effects.  Few  play-writers  of  recent 
times  have  equaled  him  in  sensational  climax 
and  in  dignity  of  diction  and  movement. 

Jerome,  Jerome  Elapka.  An  English  hu- 
morist and  story-writer;  bom  in  Walsall,  May 
2,  1859.  He  wrote:  <On  the  Stage  — and  Off* 
(1885), largely  autobiographical;  'Idle  Thoughts 
of  an  Idle  Fellow  * ;  and  a  comedy,  <  Barbara.* 
'Three  Men  in  a  Boat*  (1889)  was  the  succe.->5 
of  its  year;  since  which  time  his  labors  as 
dramatist,  journalist,  and  story-teller,  have  been 
many. 

Jerrold,  Douglas  William.  An  English  hu- 
morist; born  in  London,  Jan.  3,  1803;  died 
there,  June  8,  1857.  His  wit  was  caustic  and 
keen,  and  his  long-continued  contributions  to 
Punch  are  widely  known.  He  wrote :  '  Mrs. 
Caudle's  Curtain  Lectures  * ;  '  Story  of  a 
Feather*;  <The  Rent  Day*;  'Time  Works 
Wonders  * ;  and  '  Retired  from  Business  * ;  all 
jolly  good  things. 

Jerrold,  William  Blanchard.  An  English 
journalist  and  topical  writer,  son  of  Douglas; 
born  in  London,  Dec.  23,  1826;  died  there 
(Westminster),  March  10,  1884.  He  edited 
Lloyd's  newspaper  brilliantly,  and  became  half 
a  Frenchman  in  residence,  speech,  a-nd  man- 
ner, his  best  writings  being  contained  in  :  '  Paris 
for  the  English*  (3d  ed.  1868);  '  The  Cockaynes 
in  Paris*  (1871);  and  'The  Best  of  all  Good 
Company*  (1871),  a  series  of  recollections  of 
Dickens,  Bulwer,  and  others :  but  he  wrote  a 
good  comedy  occasionally,  and  some  readable 
stories,  and  also  a  'Life  of  Napoleon  III.* 
(1875-77). 

Jervey,  Mrs.  Caroline  H.  [''Oilman  Glov- 
er.'*]   An  American  novelist;  born  in  SouUr 


290 


JESSE— JOHNSON 


Carolina  in  1823 ;  died  in  1877.  Her  works  in- 
clude <  Vernon  Grove  >  and  <  Helen  Courtenay's 
Promise. > 

Jesse,  John  Heneage.  An  English  histori- 
cal writer;  born  near  London,  1815;  died  there, 
July  7,  1874.  His  early  verse,  <  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots*  and  < Tales  of  the  Dead,>  is  of  no  mo- 
ment. He  is  remembered  for  a  series  of  com- 
pilations of  historical  gossip,  generally  known 
as  <  Courts  and  Cabinets  >  of  the  Stuarts,  George 
II.  and  III.,  etc.;  they  show  neither  independ- 
ent research  nor  critical  judgment,  but  are  con- 
venient as  bringing  together  many  scattered 
bits  from  the  original  memoirists.  He  wrote 
also  < George  Selwyn  and  his  Contemporaries* 
(1843),  and  <  London  and  Its  Celebrities*  (1850). 

Jessup,  Henry  Harris.  An  American  mis- 
sionary ;  born  at  Montrose,  Pa.,  1832.  He  was 
a  missionary  to  Tripoli  and  Syria  from  1856 
to  i860,  and  is  at  present  stationed  at  Beyrout. 
His  works  include  <  The  Women  of  the  Arabs  * 
(1873),  and  <  The  Mohammedan  Missionary 
Problem  '  (1S79) ;  <  Syrian  Home  Life* ;  <  Kamil.* 

Jewett,  Sarah  Orne.  An  American  short- 
story  writer;  born  in  Maine,  1849.  Her  works 
include  :  <  Old  Friends  and  New  * ;  <  Play  Days  * ; 

<  Country  Ey-Ways  * ;  <  Deephaven  * ;  <  The  Mate 
of  the  Daylight,  and  Friends  Ashore*;  <A 
Country  Doctor  * ;  <  A  Marsh  Island*;  <  A  White 
Heron  and  Other  Stories  * ;  <  The  Story  of  the 
Normans,*  a  historical  work ;  <  The  King  of 
Folly  Island,  and  Other  People*;  < Betty  Lei- 
cester* ;  <  Strangers  and  Wayfarers* ;  <A  Native 
of  Winby,  and  Other  Tales';  <The  Life  of 
Nancy*;  <The  Country  of  the  Pointed  Firs*; 

<  The  Queen'sTwin  * ;  <  The  Tory  Lover.* 

Jewsbury,  Geraldine  Endsor.  An  English 
novelist;  born  at  Measham,  Derbyshire,  l8l2; 
died  in  London,  Sept.  23,  1880.  Her  novels, 
<Zoe,  the  History  of  Two  Lives*  (1845),  <The 
Half-Sisters*  (1848),  < Right  or  Wrong*  (1859), 
and  others  of  like  charm  and  interest,  met 
with  success. 

Jewsbury,  Maria  Jane.  An  English  poet 
and  prose-writer,  sister  of  Geraldine ;  born  in 
Measham,  Derbyshire,  Oct.  25,  1800 ;  died  of 
cholera  at  Poonah,  India,  Oct.  4,  1833.  She 
wrote  <  Phantasmagoria,  or  Sketches  of  Life 
and    Character,*    (1824?)    and   the    fascinating 

<  Letters  to  the  Young*  (1828)  during  a  severe 
illness.  Her  <Lays  of  Leisure  Hours*  (1829) 
attracted  general  admiration,  and  her  <  Three 
Histories:  the  History  of  an  Enthusiast,  the 
History  of  a  Nonchalant,  the  History  of  a 
Realist*  (1830)  ran  through  four  editions.  She 
married  Rev.  W.  K  Fletcher,  an  Indian  mis- 
sionary. 

Jirftsek,  Aloys  (ye-riis'ek).  A  Czech  novel- 
ist; born  in  Hronov,  Bohemia,  1851.  His  talent 
IS  for  the  production  of  faithful  and  effective 
word-paintings   of   Czech    life    and    character; 

<  Between  the  Streams,*  <Against  All,*  and  <  In 
Foreign  Service,*  being  typical  examples. 

Joachim,  Joseph  (yo-a'kem).  A  Swiss  story- 
writer;   bom   at    Kestenholz,  near    Solothurn, 


April  4,  1835.  The  son  of  a  peasant,  and  with- 
out early  advantages,  he  did  not  take  to  the 
pen  until  mature  life  ;  but  <  Lonny,  the  Home- 
less *  (1889),  <The  Brothers*  (1891),  <  Mother 
Lenen's  Revenge*  (1892),  and  other  tales  of 
village  peasant  life,  have  given  him  an  enviable 
renown. 

Jobez,  Alphonse  (zho-bez').  A  French  his- 
torian and  writer  on  social  science ;  born  in 
Lons-le-Saulnier,  Aug.  i,  1813.  His  literary  rep- 
utation dates  from  the  appearance  of  <A  Pref- 
ace to  Socialism,*  <  Democracy  Is  the  Unknown,* 
and  <  Woman  and  the  Child,  or  Poverty  En- 
tails Oppression.*  His  history  of  <  France  un- 
der Louis  XV.*  is  an  authority. 

Jodelle,  :6tienne  (zho-del).  A  French  dra- 
matic poet ;  bom  in  Paris  about  1532 ;  died 
there  (?),  1573.  At  twenty  his  tragedy  of 
<  Captive  Cleopatra*  met  with  almost  unpar- 
alleled success.  It  was  an  imitation  of  the  later 
classical  models,  confused  with  some  of  the 
methods  of  Seneca.  His  later  plays,  <Dido* 
and  <  The  Meeting,*  were  comparative  failures. 

Jodrell,  Richard  Paul.  An  English  dram, 
atist  and  scholar;  born  in  Derbyshire  (?),  Nov. 
13,  1745 ;  died  in  London,  Jan.  26,  1831.  He 
wrote:  < Seeing  Is  Believing*  (1786),  a  good 
comedy;  <The  Persian  Heroine*  (1786),  a  good 
tragedy ;  and  <  Philology  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage* (1820),  a  good  manual. 

John,  Eugenie  (yon).    See  Marlitt. 

Johnson,  Charles  Frederick.    An  American 

scholar  and  author;  born  in  New  York  city  in 
1836.  He  graduated  from  Vale  in  1855 ;  and 
is  at  present  a  professor  of  English  literature 
at  Trinity  College,  Hartford,  Conn.  His  works 
include  <  Three  Americans  and  Three  English- 
men *  (1S86),  and  <  Forms  of  English  Poetry.* 

Johnson,  Emily  Pauline  [Tekahionwake]. 
A  Canadian  poet ;  born  in  the  Six  Nations 
Reserve,  Canada.  She  is  of  Indian  descent. 
Her  first  volume  of  verse  was  <The  White 
Wampum*  (1894).  Her  first  sketch,  <A  Red 
Girl's  Reasoning,*  took  a  prize  in  the  Cana- 
dian Magazine. 

Johnson,  Helen  Eendrick.  An  American 
author ;  bom  1843 ;  is  the  author  of  <  The  Roddy 
Books*  (3  vols.,  1874-76),  and  < Raleigh  West- 
gate*  (1889).  She  edited  <  Tears  for  the  Little 
Ones  :  Poems  and  Passages  Inspired  by  the  Loss 
of  Children*  (1878);  <  Poems  and  Songs  for 
Young  People*  (1884);  and  <The  Nutshell 
Series*  (6  vols.,  1885). 

Johnson,  Oliver.  An  American  editor  and 
author;  born  in  Peacham,  Vt.,  Dec.  27,  1809; 
died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  10,  1889.  He 
was  editor  of  the  Independent  from  1865  to 
1870;  became  editor  ot  the  Christian  Union  in 
1872;  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  New 
England  Anti-Slavery  Society  in  1832 ;  and  pub- 
lished <  William  Lloyd  Garrison  and  his  Times* 
(1880). 

Johnson,  Robert  Underwood.  An  Ameri- 
can poet  and  editor;  bom  in  Washington, D. C, 


JOHNSON -JOLIN 


291 


Jan.  12,  1853.  He  is  associate  editor  of  the 
Century  Magazine.  His  efforts  in  belialf  of 
the  establishment  of  international  copyright 
were  recognized  by  the  degree  of  M.  A.,  con- 
ferred by  Yale  University  in  1891.  He  edited, 
with  C.  C.  Buel,  the  notable  <  Battles  and  Lead- 
ers of  the  Civil  War>  (1887-88),  and  has  pub- 
lished two  volumes  of  poems :  <  The  Winter 
Hour  and  Other  Poems'  (1892);  and  < Songs  of 
Liberty  >  (1897)  ;  <  Poems  >  (1902). 

Jolinson,  Eossiter.  An  American  author  and 
editor;  born,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  27,  1840.  Ed- 
itor Rochester  Democrat,  and  later  Concord, 
(N.  H.)  Statesman,  1869-72.  Authorof  <Phaeton 
Rogers*;  <A  History  of  the  War  Between  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  > ;  <  Idler  and 
Poet>  (poems);  <A  History  of  the  War  of  Seces- 
sion*; <The  End  of  a  Rainbow*;  <Three  Decades* 
(poems);  <A  short  History  of  the  War  Between 
tne  United  States  and  Spain  *;  <  The  Hero  of 
Manila*;  ^Morning  Lights  and  Evening  Shadows* 
(poems);  <The  Alphabet  of  Rhetoric,*  etc.  Editor 

<  Little  Classics  * ;  <  Works  of  the  British  Poets  * ; 
<The  Annual  Cyclopaedia,*  etc.  Associate  editor 
<The  American  Cyclopaedia';  <The  Standard 
Dictionary*;  <  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biogra- 
phy ;  <  The  Story  of  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.* 

Johnson,  Samuel.  An  English  critic,  essay- 
ist, poet,  and  lexicographer,  the  most  pictur- 
esque figure  in  British  literature  ;  born  in  Lich- 
field, Sept.  18,  1709;  died  in  London,  Dec.  13, 
1784.  His  works  include:  < Voyage  to  Abys- 
sinia* (1735),  a  translation;  <London>  (1738); 

<  Marmor  Norfolciense  >  ( 1739),  an  essay ;  <  Life 
of  Richard  Savage*  (1744);  < Macbeth*  (1745), 
an  essay;  <Plan  for  a  Dictionary*  (1747);  'Van- 
ity of  Human  Wishes*  (1749);  < Irene*  (1749); 
The  Rambler  (1750-52);  The  Adventurer  pa- 
pers (1753);  the  English  Dictionary  (1755); 
The  Idler  (1758-60);  <Rasselas>  (1759);  <  Shakes- 
peare with  Notes*  (1765);  <The  False  Alarm* 
(1770);  <A  Journey  to  the  Western  Isles  of 
Scotland*  (1775);  <  Taxation  No  Tyranny* 
(1775);  < English  Poets*  (1779-81).  (< Collected 
Works,*  II  vols.,  1787.) 

Johnson.  Virginia  Wales.  An  American 
prose-writer ;  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  28, 
1849.  Her  publications  include  :  <  Kettle  Club 
Series*  (1870);  < Travels  of  an  American  Owl> 
(1870);  (Joseph  the  Jew*  (1873);  <A  Sack  of 
Gold*  (1874);  <The  Catskill  Fairies*  (1875); 
<The  Calderwood  Secret*  (1875);  <A  Foreign 
M-xrriage*  (1880);  < Tulip  Place*  (1886);  <Miss 
Nancy's  Pilgrimage  >  (1887);  <  The  House  of  the 
Musician*  (1887);  <  The  World's  Shrine  *  (1902). 

Johnston,  Richard  Malcolm.  An  American 
story-writer  and  essayist;  born  in  Hancock 
County,  Ga.,  March  8,  1822.  He  studied  for 
the  bar  and  practiced  with  distinction,  but  it 
was  as  an  educator  that  he  first  attracted  at- 
tention. His  studies  of  character  and  manners 
in  Georgia  bej^an  to  appear  shortly  after  the 
war.      Noted   for  humor   and   realism   are   his 

<  Dukesborough  Tales,*  <01d  Mark  Langston,* 
and  <  '.'■'_Qcdiee  Cross-Firings.*    Died  1898. 


Johnston,  William  Preston.''  An  American 
educator  and  author ;  born  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
Jan.  5,  1831.  He  was  a  colonel  in  the  Con- 
federate army ;  became  a  professor  in  Wash- 
ington and  Lee  University  (1867-77);  president 
of  Louisiana  State  University  (1880-83);  and 
president  of  Tulane  University  (1884).  His 
works  include  <  Life  of  General  Albert  Sid- 
ney Johnston*  (1878),  and  <The  Prototype  of 
Hamlet  >  (1890).     He  died  1899. 

Johnstone,  Charles.  An  Irish  novelist; 
born  at  Carrigogunnel,  Limerick,  about  1719 ; 
died  at  Calcutta,  India,  about  1800.  He  had 
wit  and  imagination,  which  he  exploited  in 
<ChrysaI,  or  the  Adventures  of  a  Guinea* 
(1760-65),  «the  best  scandalous  chronicle**  of 
its  day;  and  in  <  History  of  John  Juniper,  Esq., 
alias  Juniper  Jack*  (1781).  He  emigrated  to 
India,  where  he  succeeded  in  journalism. 

Johnstone,  Christian  Isobel.  [«Margart?t 
Dods.*']  A  Scottish  novelist ;  born  in  Fifeshire, 
1781 ;  died  in  Edinburgh,  Aug.  26,  1857.  She 
edited,  in  association  with  her  husband  as  pub- 
lisher, many  periodicals  and  papers,  and  wrote 
popular  tales,  notably  :  <  Clan  Albin  :  a  National 
Tale  *  (1815),  <  Elizabeth  de  Bruce  *  (1827),  <  The 
Edinburgh  Tales*  (1845-46),  and  others,  de- 
scribed as  forceful,  brilliant,  and  entertaining. 
She  also  compiled  <  The  Cook  and  Housewife's 
Manual*  (1826). 

Joinville,  Jean,  Sieur  de  (zhwan-vel).  A 
noted  French  chronicler;  bom  in  Champagne 
in  1224;  died  there  (?)  in  1317  or  1318.  He 
took  part  in  Louis  IX.'s  crusade,  and  on  his 
return  spent  his  leisure  composing  his  invalu- 
able <  Memoirs,*  which  embody  the  important 
<  History  of  Saint  Louis,*  sometimes  treated  as 
a  separate  work. 

J6kai,  Maurice  (yo'ko-i).  A  Hungarian 
novelist,  journalist,  and  publicist;  bom  in 
Komora,  Feb.  19,  1825.  Few  lives  have  been 
so  busy,  and  few  have  been  enriched  with  the 
accomplishment  of  so  much  that  is  good  in 
the  domain  of  letters.  <The  White  Rose,» 
<The  Gold  Man,*  <The  Man  with  the  Iron 
Heart,*  <  Mine,  Thine,  His,*  <  Pater  Pater,*  <  The 
Poor  Rich,*  and  < Peter  the  Priest*  (1897),  must 
be  named  among  his  works.     Died  May  5, 1904. 

Joliet,  Charles  (zho-lya').  A  French  jour- 
nalist, essayist,  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
in  St.  Hippolyte-on-the-Doubs,  Aug.  8,  1832. 
He  has  contributed  to  every  periodical  of  note 
in  Paris,  producing  likewise  countless  volumes, 
such  as :  <  The  Athenians,*  poems ;  <  The  Ladies' 
Doctor,*  a  humorous  narrative ;  <  The  Viper,* 
a  study  of  woman ;  <  The  Story  of  Two  Young 
Wives,*  a  novel;  and  others,  all  evincing  the 
happiest  versatility  and  felicity  of  style. 

Jolin,  Johan  Kristofer  (yo'lin).  A  Swed- 
ish dramatist,  novelist,  and  poet;  bom  in 
Stockholm,  Dec.  28,  1818;  died  there,  Nov.  13, 
1884.  His  work,  which  is  popular  and  origi- 
nal, includes  <  Master  Smith,*  a  drama,  and 
'Vinglaren,*  a  novel,  besides  pleasing  verse. 


2Q2 


JOLY  — JORDAN 


Joly,  Guy  (zho-le').  A  seventeenth-century 
French  writer  of  memoirs,  who  came  into  some 
prominence  during  the  Fronde,  and  compiled 

<  Memoirs  to  explain  and  continue  those  of  the 
Cardinal  de  Retz>  (1718),— a  curious,  readable, 
and  accurate,  yet  partisan  work. 

Jonckbloet,  Willem  Jozef  Andreas  (yonk'- 
blet").  A  Dutch  historian  of  literature,  also 
essayist  and  critic ;  born  at  The  Hague,  July  6, 
1817 ;  died  in  Wiesbaden,  Oct.  19,  1885.  He  is 
a  conceded  authority  on  Dutch  letters,  his  mas- 
terpieces on  <The  Middle  Dutch  Epic>  (1849), 
<The  History  of  Middle  Dutch  Literature > 
(1851-54),  and  <  Study  of  the  Romance  of  Ren- 
ard>  (1863),  exhausting  those  subjects;  and  his 
editions  of  Dutch  classics  are  the  standard. 

Jones,  Amanda  Tbeodosia.  An  American 
poet ;  born  in  East  Bloomfield,  Ontario  County, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  19,  1835.  Some  of  her  war  songs 
were  very  popular.  She  published :  <  Ulah  and 
Other  Poems >  (i860);  <  Atlantis  and  Other 
Poems'  (1866);  and  <  A  Prairie  Idyl,  and  Other 
Poems  >  (1882)";  <  Rubayat  of  Solomon  >  (1905). 

Jones,  Charles  Colcock,  Jr.  An  American 
lawyer  and  author;  born  in  Savannah,  Ga., 
Oct.  28,  1831 ;  died  July  19,  1893.  He  was  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  the  Confederate  service  dur- 
ing the  War,  afterward  removing  to  New  York, 
where  he  practiced  law.  Among  his  works 
are :  <  Antiquities  of  the  Southern  Indians  > 
(1873);   <  Siege   of   Savannah  in   1779 >    (1874); 

<  History  of  Georgia'  (1883). 

Jones,  Ebenezer.  An  English  poet ;  born  in 
Islington,  Jan.  20,  1820 ;  died  in  London, 
Sept.  14,  i860.  His  genius  was  of  the  erratic 
sort,  as  < Studies  of  Sensation  and  Event'  (1843), 
a  collection   of   miscellaneous  poems,  showed. 

<  Winter  Hymn  to  the  Snow,>  <  When  the  World 
Is  Burning,'  and  <To  Death,'  are  his  best- 
known  pieces.  Since  his  death  there  has  been 
a  revival  of  interest  in  his  poetry. 

Jones,  Ernest  Charles.  An  English  poet, 
novelist,  and  agitator;  born  in  Berlin,  Jan.  25, 
1819;  died  at  Manchester,  Jan.  26,  1868.  He 
became  a  leader  in  the  Chartist  agitation,  to 
which  he  sacrificed  a  large  fortune.  His  prose 
and  poetry  were  inspired  by  his  political  opin- 
ions; <The  Lass  and  the  Lady'  (1854)  and 
<Lord  Lindsay'  being  his  best  fictions,  and 
<The  Battle  Day  and  Other  Poems '  (1855)  con- 
taining his  most  popular  songs. 

Jones,  Evan.  A  Welsh  poet ;  born  at  Biyn- 
tynoriad,  Sept.  5,  1820;  died  near  Cardiff,  Feb. 
23,  1852.  He  was  a  clergyman,  and  best  known 
as  leuan  Gwynedd,  over  which  name  he  pro- 
duced in  his  native  tongue  poems  on  <  The 
Huts   of   Wales,'   <  Moses   on    Mount    Pisgah,' 

<  Peace,'  and  other  themes ;  in  addition  to 
which  he  edited  many  periodicals,  including  Yr 
Adolygydd,  or  National  Review. 

Jones,  John  B.  An  American  journalist  and 
novelist;  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1810;  died 
1866.  He  spent  many  years  in  journalism,  and 
is  author  of  <  Books  of  Visions'  (1847);  <  Rural 
Sports:  a  Poem'  (1848);  <The  Western  Mer- 


chant' (1848);  <Wild  Western  Scenes'  (1849); 
<The  Rival  Belles'  (1852);  <  Freaks  of  Fortune' 
(1854);  <A  Rebel  War  Clerk's  Diary  at  the 
Confederate  States  Capital'  (1866). 

Jones,  Joseph  Stevens.  An  American  play- 
writer;  born  in  1811 ;  died  in  Boston,  1877. 
He  wrote  many  plays,  some  of  the  best  known 
being  <  Solon  Shingle ' ;  <  Eugene  Aram ' ;  *  The 
Liberty  Tree';  <  Moll  Pitcher';  <The  Silver 
Spoon.' 

Jones,  Justin.  An  American  novelist,  writ- 
ing under  the  pseudonym  <<  Harry  Hazel." 
Among  his  works  are:  <The  Flying  Artillerist' 
(1853);  <The  Yankee  Middy'  (1865);  < Virginia 
Graham,  the  Spy  of  the  Grand  Army'  (1869); 
etc. 

Jonge,  Johan  Karel  Jacob  de  (yong'e).  A 
Dutch  historian,  son  of  Johannes ;  born  at  The 
Hague,  June  17,  1827;  died  there,  March  15, 
1880.  He  has  studied  the  colonial  history  of 
his  country  with  effect,  as  <  The  Rise  of  Nether- 
land  Dominion  in  the  East  Indies'  (1862-78), 
and  other  works,  demonstrate. 

Jonge,  Johannes  Cornells  de.  A  Dutcli 
historian ;  born  in  Zierikzee,  May  9,  1793 ;  died 
near  Ryswick,  June  12,  1853.  He  has  quarried 
indefatigably  and  with  rich  results  in  the  Neth- 
erland  vein ;  <  Studies  in  the  History  of  the 
Low  Countries'  (1825-27)  and  <The  History  of 
the  Dutch  Navy'  (1833-48)  being  the  best 
specimens. 

Jonson,  Ben.  A  celebrated  English  dram- 
atist; born  in  London  in  1572  or  1573;  died 
there  August  6,  1637.  He  was  about  twenty- 
three  when  he  tried  dramatic  authorship,  and 
seems  to  have  been  only  moderately  successful 
until  < Every  Man  in  his  Humour'  was  written, 
followed  by  <  Every  Man  Out  of  his  Humour,' 
both  comedies  being  the  fruit  of  a  wit  so  clear 
and  fine  that  his  epitaph  "O  Rare  Ben  Jon- 
son" fits  him  well.  His  poetry  is  "excellently 
bright,"  and  impregnated  with  the  Elizabethan 
atmosphere  and  spirit. 

Jordan,  Cornelia  Jane  Matthews.  An  A.mer- 
ican  poet ;  born  in  Lynchburg,  Va.,  1830.  She 
wrote  her  poem  < Corinth'  in  1863;  it  was  pub- 
lished in  1865 ;  by  order  of  Gen.  Alfred  H. 
Terry,  it  was  seized  and  burned  in  the  court- 
house yard  at  Lynchburg  as  objectionable  and 
incendiary.  Her  publications  include  :  <  Flowers 
of  Hope  and  Memory'  (1861);  < Corinth  and 
Other  Poems  of  the  War'  (1865);  <A  Chri.st- 
nias  Poem  for  Children'  (1865);  <  Richmond  : 
Her  Glory  and  Her  Graves'  (1867);  <  Useful 
Maxims  for  a  Noble  Life'  (1S84). 

Jordan,  David  Starr.  An  eminent  Ameri- 
can naturalist;  born  in  Gainesville,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
19,  1851.  He  graduated  from  Cornell  Univer- 
sity in  1872,  and  has  held  professorships  in 
several  universities  in  the  West ;  was  president 
of  Indiana  University  from  1885  to  1891 ;  was 
elected  the  first  president  of  Leland  Stanford 
University  (California)  in  1891,  and  is  still  at 
its  head.  He  wrote  voluminously  on  ichthy- 
ology.   Among  his  works  are:    <A  Manual  of 


JORDAN   -niAN  MANUEL 


«93 


the  Vertebrates  of  the  Northern  United  States  > 
(1876);  <A  Synoposis  of  the  Fishes  of  North 
America  >  (18S3);  <  Evolution  and  Animal  Life  * 
(1907). 

Jordan,  Wilhelm  f)or'dan).  A  German  poet 
and  story- writer,  and  an  eminent  publicist ;  born 
in  Insterburg,  Feb.  8,  1819.  His  early  poems 
and  sketches  brought  him  into  trouble  with 
the  authorities ;  but  he  managed,  notwithstand- 
ing, to  rise  to  a  position  of  power  in  public 
life,  while  as  a  literary  man  his  eminence  has 
long  been  unquestioned.  As  a  poet  he  voices 
his  liberal  political  aspirations  through  the 
medium  of  a  chaste  but  not  severe  Muse,  <  Bells 
and  Cannon  >  and  <  Earthly  Fantasies  >  being 
characteristic.  In  fiction  he  strives  to  make 
propaganda  and  to  demonstrate  the  necessity 
of  a  higher  social  state  by  exposing  the  evils 
of  the  existing  one,  and  yet  he  is  neither  a 
revolutionist  nor  a  socialist,  as  <The  Sebalds> 
and  <  Two  Cradles  >  amply  prove.  <  Demiurgos,* 
a  philosophical  poem,  <The  False  Prince,*  a 
comedy,  and  <  The  Widow  of  Agis,'  a  tragedy, 
are  also  his.     Died  June  25,  1904. 

Josephus,  Flavius  (jo-se'fus).  A  Jewish  his- 
torian ;  born  in  Jerusalem,  37  A.  D.;  died  at 
Rome  about  100  A.  D.  He  was  of  noble  birth, 
and  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  contests 
of  his  people  with  the  Romans  and  the  imperial 
government  of  Rome,  rising  finally  to  great 
favor  with  the  Emperor  Vespasian  and  his  two 
immediate  successors.  He  passed  the  years  of 
his  literary  activity  at  Rome,  living  in  dignified 
ease  upon  a  royal  pension  and  in  a  luxurious 
residence,  enjoying  also  the  rights  of  citizenship. 
The  products  of  these  favoring  circumstances 
are  the  <  History  of  the  War  of  the  Jews 
against  the  Romans,  and  of  the  Fall  of  Jeru- 
salem,>  the  'Judaic  Antiquities,*  and  an  'Auto- 
biography.* As  an  eye-witness  of  much  that 
he  records,  his  work  merits  attention ;  but  it  is 
the  subject  of  much  controversy  and  doubt. 

J6sika,  Baron  Nikolaus  (yo'she-ko).  A  Hun- 
garian novelist ;  bom  in  Torda,  Transylvania, 
April  28,  1794;  died  at  Dresden,  Feb.  27,  1865. 
The  scion  of  a  rich  and  noble  family,  he  re- 
ceived a  finished  education,  entered  the  arm)-, 
and  at  last  became  a  man  of  letters.  His  first 
efforts  were  collected  into  a  volume  of  <  Sketches,* 
and  were  greatly  admired.  As  a  writer  of  real- 
istic and  historic  fiction  he  achieved  fame  with 
<  The  Poet  Zrinyi,*  <  The  Last  of  the  Bathory,* 
'Abafi,*  and  '  A  Hungarian  Family  during  the 
Period  of  the  Revolution.*  A  profound  student 
of  the  life,  manners,  legends,  and  antiquities  of 
his  countr>-men,  gifted  with  a.  bewitching  style, 
rich  in  invention  and  perennially  enticing  in 
his  plots,  he  well  merits  the  praises  he  has  won 
as  «the  Sir  Walter  Scott**  of  the  land  that 
gave  him  birth. 

Joubert,  Joseph  (zho-bar').  A  French  mor- 
alist and  writer  of  aphorisms;  bom  in  Mon- 
tignac,  P<^rigord,  1754 ;  died  at  Paris,  1824.  The 
bulk  of  his  epigrammatic  work  was  published 
posthumously  under  the  critical  supervision  of 
Chateaubriand  and   Raynal,  the   titles  of  the 


volumes  being  <  Thoughts  *  and  <  ThoughU.  Es- 
says, Maxims,  and  Correspondence.* 

Joubert,  L^o.  A  French  biographer  and 
historical  writer;  born  in  Bourdeilles,  Dordogne, 
Dec.  13,  1826.  He  is  skillful,  accurate,  and  read- 
able, as  a  miscellaneous  biographical  writer; 
and  his  best  studies,  'Washington  and  the 
Formation  of  the  Republic  of  the  United  States 
of  America*  (1888),  'Alexander  the  Great* 
(1889),  and  'The  Battle  of  Sedan*  (1873),  are 
popular. 

Jouy,  Victor  Joseph  ftienne,  called  de 
(zho-e'j.  A  French  librettist,  dramatist,  and 
descriptive  writer ;  born  in  Jouy,  near  Versailles, 
1764;  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  4,  1846.  He  entered 
upon  a  military  career  in  connection  with  the 
Revolution  and  the  restoration,  and  wrote  an 
opera  libretto, '  The  Vestal,*  which  won  him  a 
reputation.  'Ferdinand  Cortez*  and  'William 
Tell  *  came  next,  followed  by  '  Sylla,*  a  tragedy. 
'The  Hermit  of  the  Chaussde  d'Antin*  is  his 
best  thing  in  prose.  This,  and  other  writings 
in  similar  vein,  had  once  a  tremendous  vogue 
as  witty  and  faithful  portraiture  of  contempo- 
rary folly. 

Jovanovic,  Jovan  (yo-van'-o-vitch),  surnamed 
Zmaj.  A  Servian  poet,  journalist,  humorist, 
and  dramatist ;  born  in  Neusatz,  Nov.  24,  1833. 
He  qualified  as  a  lawyer,  but  went  into  jour- 
nalism, winning  fame  throughout  Austria  and 
Hungary  as  editor  and  founder  of  influential 
political  and  satirical  sheets.  He  is  called 
"  Zmaj  **  or  the  "  Dragon,'*  from  the  name  of  his 
most  successful  paper.  The  volume  '  Withered 
Roses*  contains  the  finest  verse,  and  his  farce 
'Saran*  is  perennially  popular  on  the  Servian 
stage.     Died  at  Belgrade,  Servia,  June  14,  1904. 

Jovellanos  (Jove-Llanos),  Caspar  Melchor 
de  (Ho-vel-ya'nos).  A  Spanish  dramatist, 
prose-writer,  and  statesman ;  born  in  Gijon, 
Asturia,  Jan.  5,  1744;  died  at  Vega,  Nov.  27, 
181 1.  His  political  and  official  career  was  not 
fortunate,  although  he  filled  high  posts  with  dis- 
tinction. As  a  writer  he  was  happy ;  applause 
greeting  his  tragedy  of  '  Pelagius,*  founded  upon 
the  fortunes  of  the  famed  Asturian  king.  His 
'  Orations  and  Discourses  *  are  the  productions 
of  a  finished  and  talented  rhetorician. 

Joyce,  Robert  Dwyer.  An  Irish  poet ;  bom 
in  County  Limerick,  1836 ;  died  in  Dublin, 
Oct.  23,  1883.  In  1866  he  came  to  the  United 
States.  He  was  a  versatile  writer  of  ballads, 
songs,  and  sketches ;  and  contributed  to  the 
Pilot  and  other  Irish  journals.  His  best-known 
published  works  are :  '  Ballads,  Romances,  and 
Songs*  (1872);  'Deirdr^,*  an  epic  poem,  which 
appeared  anonj-mously  as  one  of  the  '  No 
Name  Series*  (1876);  'Legends  of  the  Wars 
in  Ireland  *  (1868);  '  Fireside  Stories  of  Ireland  * 
(1871);  '  Blanid,*  a  poem  (1S79);  'The  Squire 
of  Castleton.* 

Juana  Inez  de  la  Cruz  (kroth).  (See  Mexi- 
can Nun. 

Juan  Manuel,  Don  (Hd-an'),  Infant  of  Cas- 
tile.     A  Spanish  romancer  and  poet ;  born  in 


994 


JUDD  — JUVENAL  DES  URSINS 


Escalona,  1282;  died  1347.  He  was  a  gallant 
knight  who  lived  for  love  and  fought  against 
the  Moors,  varying  these  activities  by  the 
gratification  of  his  literary  tastes.  His  best 
work,  <  Count  Lucanor,'  is  a  collection  of  an- 
ecdotes, apologues,  and  apostrophes  to  the 
gods  of  love  and  war,  all  set  down  in  flowery 
style,  the  Oriental  influence  being  readily  dis- 
cernible. 

Judd,  Sylvester.  An  American  novelist, 
poet,  and  theologian;  born  in  Westhampton, 
Mass.,  July  23,  1813;  died  at  Augusta,  Me., 
Jan.  20,  1853.  His  remarkable  romance  <  Mar- 
garet >  will  always  be  remembered.  <  Richard 
Edney '  is  another  romance ;  <  Philo  >  is  a  strik- 
ing poem ;  and  his  discourses  on  <  The  Church  > 
were  esteemed. 

JudBOn,  Emily  Chubbuck.  [« Fanny  For- 
rester.»]  An  American  missionary  and  writer 
of  prose  and  verse ;  born  in  Eaton,  Madison 
County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  22,  1817;  died  in  Hamil- 
ton, N.  Y.,  June  i,  1854.  She  wrote  :  <  Charles 
Linn>  (1841);  <The  Great  Secret  >  (1842);  < Al- 
len Lucas>  (1843);  <Alderbrook>  (2  vols.,  1846); 
<The  Kathayan  Slave  >  (1853).  Her  poems  ap- 
peared as  <An  Olio  of  Domestic  Verses  >  (1852). 
Among  her  other  works  are :  <  Trippings  in 
Author  Land>  (1846);  <  My  Two  Sisters  >  (1854); 
and  a  memoir  of  <  Mrs.  Sarah  B.  Judson  > 
(1850).  She  married  Adoniram  Judson,  the  mis- 
sionary, in  1846. 

Judson,  Harry  Pratt.  An  American  scholar 
and  author;  bom  in  New  York  State  in  1849. 
He  is,  since  1907,  president  of  the  University  of 
Chicago.  His  works  include:  'Caesar's  Army, 
a  Study  of  the  Military  Art  of  the  Romans  > 
(1888);  'Europe  in  the  Nineteenth  Century'; 
<  The  Growth  of  the  American  Nation  >;  'The 
Essentials  of  a  Written  Constitution.' 

June,  Jennie.    See  Croly. 

Jungliane,  Sophie  (yong'hans).  A  German 
novelist ;  bom  in  Cassel,  Dec.  3,  1845.  Her 
literary  career  began  with  the  production  of 
short  stories  and  verses ;  with  the  appearance 
of  <Kathe,  the  Story  of  a  Modern  Maid,>  and 
<The  House  of  Eckberg,>  a  study  of  life  dur- 
ing the  Thirty  Years'  War,  she  attracted  at- 
tention. Her  novels,  while  analytical,  and  per- 
spicuous where  plot  is  concerned,  are  strong  in 
style  and  interesting  in  incident ;  <  The  Amer- 
ican [Woman],*  <A  Riddle,'  'An  Heiress 
Against  her  Will,'  and  others,  exemplifying 
these  qualities  pre-eminently. 

Jung-StUUng  (yong-stil'ing),  called  Johann 
Heinrlch  Jxing.  A  German  writer  of  fiction 
and  autobiography  ;  born  in  Grund,  Westphalia, 
Sept.  12,  1740;  died  at  Karlsruhe,  April  2, 
1817.     He  was  of  very   humble  origin,  reared 


in  a  narrow  and  simply  pious  environment, 
and  sent  out  into  the  world  for  a  livelihood ; 
but  his  eager  mind  turned  thirstily  to  study, 
and  he  worked  his  way  to  learning.  The  nov- 
els with  which  he  began  his  literary   career, 

<  The  Story  of  Florentm  von  Fahlendorn,' '  The 
Story  of  the  Lord  of  Morgenthau,'  and  oth- 
ers, are  chronicles  of  his  career  at  various 
stages;  but  he  worked  the  field  at  its  richest 
in    the    series    of    <' Stilling"    autobiographies, 

<  Heinrich  Stilling's  Youth,' '  Heinrich  Stilling's 
Wanderings,'  and  the  prolific  cycle  of  their 
successors.  The  author  recounts  the  incidents 
and  the  experiences  of  his  life  in  these  nomi- 
nal fictions  with  a  realistic  power  that  has  sel 
dom  been  surpassed. 

Junius.    See  Francis. 

Junot,  Madame  (zho-no'),  pseudonym  of 
Laurette  de  St.  Martin-Permon,  Duchess  of 
Abrantes;  bom  in  Montpellier,  1784;  died  at 
Paris,  June  6(?),  1838.  She  married  one  of 
Napoleon's  generals,  and  after  his  death  was 
compelled,  by  financial  embarrassments,  to  take 
up  literature.  '  Recollections  of  Napoleon,  the 
Revolution,  the  Directory,  the  Consulate,  the 
Empire,  and  the  Restoration,'  is  her  most  per- 
manent work. 

Junquelra  Freire,  Luiz  J086  (Hon-kay'ra 
fray'ra).  A  Brazilian  poet;  born  in  Bahia, 
Dec.  31,  1832;  died  there  (?),  June  24,  1855. 
He  manifested  a  spiritual  purity  of  mind  and 
heart  that  drew  the  attention  of  his  religious 
instructors  while  he  was  yet  a  boy ;  and  at 
nineteen  years  of  age  he  took  religious  vows, 
but  almost  immediately  learned  that  he  had 
mistaken  his  vocation.  He  obtained  a  release 
from  his  vows  in  three  years'  time,  after  a 
period  of  such  agony  of  soul  that  we  owe  to 
it  the  most  profoundly  moving  verses  in  which 
the  bre  iking  of  a  human  heart  is  recorded, — 
his  '  Inspirations  of  the  Cloister.'  He  died  at 
twenty-three,  the  regret  and  the  delight  of  his 
country. 

JuBserand,  Jean  Jules  (zhiis-ran).  A 
French  historian  of  literature,  and  diplomat; 
bom  in  Lyons,  Feb.  18,  1855.  He  has  made  a 
specialty  of  the  Elizabethan  age,  and  of  the  liter- 
ature of  England  in  the  Middle  Ages ;  his  most 
brilliant  studies  being  'The  English  Theatre, 
from  the  Conquest  to  the  Immediate  Predecessors 
of  Shakespeare,'  '  The  Novel  in  the  Time  of 
Shakespeare,'  and  'The  English  Novel.' 

Juvenal  (j6'ven-al).  (Decimus  Junius  Ju- 
venalis. )  A  Latin  poet ;  born  at  Aquinum 
about  60  A.  D. ;  died  about  140  A.  D.  Sixteen 
of  his  satires,  in  fii  e  books,  are  extant. 

Juvenal  des  Ursins,  Jean.    See  Urslns. 


KAALUND  —  KALIDA8A 


995 


K 


Kaalund,  Hans  Vilhelm  (ka'lond).  A  Dan- 
ish poet;  born  at  Copenhagen,  1818;  died  1885. 
After  making  futile  attempts  at  sculpture  and 
painting,  a  fortunate  poem  in  honor  of  Thor- 
waldsen  (1838)  turned  him  to  literature.  Though 
he  had  published  before,  <  Et  Foraar  >  (A  Spring- 
tide), a  collection  of  his  best  poems  old  and 
new,  which,  while  not  of  great  scope,  were  grace- 
ful and  musical,  brought  him  his  first  success. 
<Fulvia>  (1875),  a  fine  drama  depicting  the 
struggles  of  the  early  Christians,  contained  many 
lyrics, —  a  fault  in  a  play  intended  for  the  stage  ; 
though,  altered,  it  was  successfully  acted  in  1880. 
«En  Eftervaar>  (Return  of  Spring:  1877)  de- 
serves mention.  He  excelled  in  satirical  fables, 
his  being  the  best  Denmark  has  produced. 

Ka'b  Ibn  Zahir  (kab  ibn  za'her).  A  noted 
Arabic  poet;  contemporaneous  with  Mahomet. 
His  father  was  author  of  one  of  the  famous 
seven  <  Mu  'allak^t>  (prize  poems).  After  lam- 
pooning his  own  brother  and  Mahomet,  and 
being  outlawed  by  the  latter,  Ka'b  composed  a 
eulogy  on  him,  *■  The  Poem  of  the  Mantle,'  his 
best-known  work.  It  was  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Redhouse  in  1880. 

Kacic-Mioslc,  Andrija  (ka-chich-me-o-shich). 
A  Croatian  poet ;  born  at  Brist,  Dalmatia,  1690 ; 
died  at  Zaostrog,  1760.  He  performed  for  his 
country  a  service  similar  to  that  of  Percy  in 
his  <Reliques>  to  England,  or  of  Allan  Ramsay 
in  his  <  Evergreen'  or  <Tea-Table  Miscellany' 
to  Scotland,  in  publishing  <  Recreations  of  the 
Slavonic  People'  (1756).  This  was  an  anthol- 
ogy of  popular  songs  which  he  collected  or 
adapted,  celebrating  the  exploits  of  South-Slavic 
heroes  from  the  earliest  times.  Many  editions 
ka.ve  appeared,  and  it  is  popular  to-day  with  the 
Southern  Slavs. 

Kaden,  Woldemar  (ka'den).  A  German  au- 
thor and  translator;  Ijom  at  Dresden,  Feb.  9, 
1838.  He  filled  the  chair  of  German  language 
and  literature  in  the  University  of  Naples,  but 
resigned  in  1882.  He  has  traveled  extensively 
In  Italy,  and  his  writings  treat  almost  exclus- 
fvely  of  that  country.  •  Prominent  among  them 
are:  <  Wanderings  in  Italy'  (1874);  *  Under  the 
Olives'  (1880);  <Pompeiian  Tales'  (1882);  'Ital- 
ian Sketches  and  Pictures  of  Civilization' 
(1889);  <  Italian  Plaster  Casts'  (1891). 

Kaempfen,  Albert  (kem'pfen).  A  French 
novelist  and  journalist ;  bom  at  Versailles,  April 
15,  1826.  He  wrote  under  the  pseudonyms 
«"Feyrnet,"  «  Henrys,"  «  Henri  Este."  His  ro- 
mance <  The  Cup  of  Tea'  (1866),  and  the  humor- 
ous work  <  Paris,  the  Capital  of  the  World ' 
(1877),  may  be  mentioned. 

Kaempfer,  Engelbert.  A  German  physician 
«nd  historian;  bori}  at  Lemgo,  Westphalia,  ijx 


1651 ;  died  there,  Nov.  2,  1716.  As  secretary  of 
legation  in  the  Swedish  diplomatic  service  he 
visited  Russia  and  Tartary;  and  later,  having 
joined  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  visited 
Arabia,  Siam,  and  Japan.  In  the  latter  country 
he  remained  two  years  exploring  it.  The  re- 
sults of  his  investigations  are  given  in  his 
accurate  and  reliable  <  History  of  Japan  and 
Siam,'  published  in  English  (1727),  and  after- 
wards in  Latin,  Dutch,  French,  and  German. 

Kaiser,  Frledrlch  (kl'zer).  A  German  hu- 
morous writer;  born  at  Biberach,  April  3,  1814; 
died  at  Vienna,  Nov.  7,  1874.  He  is  best  known 
by  his  comedies,  which  were  successfully  per- 
formed, and  of  which  <  Hans  Hasenkopf '  (1834) 
is  a  good  example. 

Kajaanl,  Johan  Fredrik  (ka-ya'ne).  A  Fin- 
nish writer ;  born  at  Sotkamo,  1815 ;  died  in  1887. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  first  history  of  Finland 
written  in  Finnish. 

Kalb.  Charlotte  von  (kalb).  A  German 
memoir-wi  iter ;  born  at  Waltershausen,  in  Grab- 
feld,  July  25,  1761 ;  died  at  Berlin,  May  12,  1843. 
Best  known  as  the  friend  of  Schiller,  Goethe, 
and  Richter.  She  was  a  lovely  and  devoted 
woman.  Schiller's  poems  <The  Conflict'  and 
<  Resignation '  refer  to  her.  The  character  of 
Linda  in  Richter's  <  Titan '  was  drawn  from  her. 
Her  romance  <  Cornelia 'is  in  places  incompre- 
hensible, which  may  be  said  also  of  < Charlotte' 
(memoirs,  1879).  <  Letters  to  Richter  and  his 
Wife '  appeared  in  1882.  She  wrote  a  <  History 
of  the  American  War  of  Independence.' 

Kalbeck,  Max  (kal'bek).  A  German  author, 
playwright,  and  journalist;  born  at  Breslau, 
Jan.  4,  1850.  He  has  paid  considerable  atten- 
tion to  the  stage,  among  other  work  altering 
Mozart's  <Don  Juan'  (1887)  and  writing  for 
Gluck's  music  a  pastoral  libretto,  <  The  May 
Queen'  (1888).  His  discussions  of  Richard 
Wagner's  <Nibelungen'  and  <  Parsifal'  ap- 
peared in  1883 ;  <  Rhymed  and  Unrhyraed,' 
satirical  papers,  in  1885;  <01d  and  New,'  col- 
lected poems,  in  1890.  In  some  respects  his 
intellectual  attitude  is  Greek. 

Kaler,  James  Otis.  An  American  journalist ; 
born  in  Winterport,  Me.,  March  19, 1848.  Under 
the  pen-name  ot  "James  Otis"  he  published  tales 
for  the  young,  including:  <  Toby  Tyler'  (  1880); 
<Left  Behind'  (18S2);  <  Mr.  Stubbs's  Brother' 
(1883);  a  sequel  to  Toby  Tyler;  <  Silent  Pete' 
(1885);  <  The  Wreck  of  the  Ocean  Queen '(1907). 

Kalidasa  (ka-li-da'sa).  A  celebrated  Hindu 
poet ;  his  date  is  variously  placed,  but  moat 
probably  he  lived  about  the  sixth  century  A.  D. 
He  was  called  one  of  the  "nine  pearls,"  ?.  e., 
one  of  the  nine  poets   adorning  the  court  of 


ag6 


KALINA  — KANE 


King  Vikramaditya.  His  most  famous  work, 
and  the  one  most  attractive  to  modern  readers, 
and  greatly  admired  by  Goethe,  is  the  drama 
•  (^akuntala.'  It  portrays  a  love  affair  tliat, 
after  surmounting  manifold  impediments,  ends 
at  last  happily,  and  brings  home  to  us  in  a 
wonderful  way  the  essential  unity  of  human 
nature  in  all  ages.  It  was  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Sir  William  Jones  in  1789,  and  by 
Monier-Williams  in  1885,  and  has  been  adapted 
to  the  German  stage.  Kalidasa  wrote  dramatic, 
epic,  and  lyric  poetry. 

Ealina,  Jaroslav  (ka-le'na).  A  Czech  poet ; 
born  at  Hajda,  in  1816;  died  at  Prague,  1847. 
His  ballads  are  his  best  works.  Ten  thousand 
copies  of  his  poem  <Ksaft'  (Last  Will  and 
Testament)  were  sold.  The  latest  complete  edi- 
tion of  his  verse  appeared  in  1874. 

Kalinka,  Valerian  (ka-lin'ka).  A  Polish  his- 
torian, political  writer,  and  journalist;  born  in 
1826;  died  in  1886.  His  masterwork,  <The 
Great  Diet,*  was  intended  to  be  a  thorough 
study  of  the  political  history  of  Poland;  only 
the  first  volume  appeared  (1880). 

Kalir  or  Kalirl,  Eleazar  ben  (ka'ler  or  ka- 
le're).  A  Hebrew  poet;  born  at  Kiriat-Sefer, 
in  the  eighth  century.  He  wrote  150  liturgical 
chants,  of  but  slight  literary  value,  for  use  in 
the  synagogue.  His  religious  fame  and  influ- 
ence in  Italy,  Germany,  and  France  were  great. 
He  is  known  as  the  creator  of  the  Neo-Hebraic 
poetry,  so  called ;  it  imitated  the  Arabic  in 
having,  for  instance,  verses  of  fixed  length, 
rhyme,  and  the  acrostic. 

KaliBCh,  David  (kii'lish).  A  German  comic 
poet;  bom  at  Breslau,  Feb.  23,  1820 ;  died  at 
Berlin,  Aug.  21,  1872.  Of  Jewish  birth,  and  in- 
tended originally  for  business,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  journalism,  beginning  as  Paris  corre- 
spondent for  German  newspapers.  Returning 
to  Germany  in  1846,  he  settled  eventually  in 
Berlin,  where  he  founded  (184S)  the  Prussian 
Punch,  Kladderadatsch,  with  which  he  was  suc- 
cessful for  many  years.  He  wrote  a  series  of 
successful  farces,  like  ^  The  Gold  Uncle.* 

Kalisch,  Ludwlg.  A  German  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  at  Polnisch-Lissa,  Sept.  7,  1814; 
died  at  Paris,  March  3,  1882.  Among  his  earlier 
works  were  :  <  The  Book  of  Folly  >  (1845) ;  <  Shad- 
ows* (1845);  'Tales  in  Verse >'(  1845),  which  to 
fit  diction  united  vividness  of  portrayal ;  <  Shrap- 
nels'  (1849).  Exiled  by  the  revolution  of  1848, 
he  described  his  new  places  of  residence  in 
'Paris  and  London*  (2  vols.,  1851).  His  later 
works  were:  'Bright  Hours*  (2  vols.,  1872); 
'Pictures  from  my  Boyhood*  (1872);  'Bound 
and  Unbound*  (1876);  <  Paris  Life*  (2d  ed.  1882); 
etc.  He  was  the  author  also  of  humorous  writ- 
ings and  romances. 

Kail,  Abraham  (kal).  A  popular  Danish 
historian  ;  born  at  Copenhagen,  1743 ;  died  there, 
1821.  He  became  university  librarian  in  1765, 
professor  of  history  1780,  councilor  of  State 
181 1.  His  chief  work  was  a '  Universal  History  * 
(1776). 


Kalousek,  Josef  ;ka-lo'sek).  A  Bohemian 
historian  ;  born  at  Vaniberk,  April  2,  1838.  He 
is  professor  of  history  at  the  University  of 
Prague,  and  an  authority  on  Czech  history  and 
literature.  His  publications  include  :  'Bohemian 
Constitutional  Law*  (1871);  'Review  of  the 
Ethnographic  Literature  of  the  Czechs  > ;  '  De- 
fense of  Wenceslas*;  'Biography  of  Emperor 
Charles  IV.  of  Bohemia*  (1878). 

Kaltenbrunner,  Karl  Adam  (kiil'ten-bron-er). 
A  popular  German  poet  and  prose-writer ;  born 
at  Enns,  Dec.  30,  1804;  died  at  Vienna,  Jan. 
6,  1867.  He  was  author  of  a  number  of  vol- 
umes of  poetry  in  Austrian  dialects,  his  hand- 
ling of  which  was  masterly.  Duke  Maximilian 
of  Bavaria  set  a  number  of  his  songs  to  music. 
His  drama  'The  Three  Firs*  (1862)  had  a 
stage  success.  He  was  for  a  large  part  of  his 
lifetime  an  official  in  the  Vienna  government 
printing-house. 

Kamaryt,  Joseph  Klastimil  (ka'ma-rit).  A 
Czech  poet ;  born  at  Velesin,  near  Budejovice, 
1797 ;  died  at  Tabor,  1833.  He  entered  the 
church.  His  '  Parables  in  Verse  *  reached  a 
second  edition  in  1845. 

Kames,    Henry    Home,    lord      A    famous 

Scottish  author  and  jurist;  born  at  Kames, 
Berwickshire,  in  1696;  died  at  Edinburgh,  Dec. 
27,  1782.  Educated  at  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, after  nearly  thirty  years'  practice  as  a 
lawyer  he  became  judge  in  1752.  Besides  im- 
portant legal  works,  he  wrote  on  antiquities, 
metaphysics,  ethics,  religion,  aesthetics,  educa- 
tion, agriculture,  etc.  His  chief  literary  pro- 
duction, 'Elements  of  Criticism*  (3  vols.,  1762), 
forestalled,  as  regards  works  of  the  imagina- 
tion, the  modern  psychological  school.  Of  this 
book.  Goldsmith  said  it  was  "easier  to  write 
than  to  read.**  Like  his  contemporary  Lord 
Chesterfield,  he  was  a  great  social  favorite. 

Kampen,    Nikolaas    Godfrled   van    (kam'- 

pen).  A  distinguished  Dutch  historian;  born 
at  Haarlem,  May  15,  1776;  died  at  Leyden, 
March  15,  1839.  The  son  of  a  gardener,  hav- 
ing laid  the  foundation  of  vast  learning  while 
clerk  in  a  book-store,  he  became  editor  and 
finally  professor  of  English  and  German  in 
the  University  of  Leyden  (1815).  Many  of  his 
historical  and  literary  works  were  translated 
into  German,  their  reputation  becoming  Euro- 
pean. '  History  of  the  Literature  of  the  Nether- 
lands* (1812);  'History  of  French  Domination 
in  Europe*  (8  vols.,  1815-23);  'History  of  the 
Influence  of  the  Netherlands  Outside  of  Europe » 
(3  vols.,  1831-33),  are  among  his  finest  works. 

Kane,  Elisha  Kent.  A  celebrated  American 
Arctic  explorer;  born  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  3, 
1820;  died  at  Havana,  Feb.  16,  1857.  Was  a 
surgeon  in  the  United  States  navy.  Having 
previously  visited  practically  every  other  quar- 
ter of  the  globe,  he  accompanied  the  Grinnell 
expedition  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  (1850- 
52).  On  his  return,  by  contributing  the  pro- 
ceeds of  a  series  of  lectures  and  his  pay,  he 
shared  .in  equipping  a  second  expedition,  under 


KANITZ  —  KAR  AVELGV 


297 


his  own  command  (1853-55).  These  adventures 
were  in  spite  of  feeble  health  and  frail  con- 
stitution. He  died  young.  His  two  works, 
<  The  United  States  Grinnell  Expedition  in 
Search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  >  (1854)  and  <  Sec- 
ond Grinnell  Expedition  >  (1856),  are  very  in- 
teresting. He  started  northward  the  second 
time  so  quickly  that  the  first  work  went  through 
the  press  without  his  revision. 

Kanitz,  PMlipp  Felix  (ka'nits).  A  Hunga- 
rian explorer  and  writer  on  ethnography  and 
archaeology ;  bom  at  Buda-Pesth,  Aug.  2,  1829. 
His  series  of  works  on  Servia,  Bulgaria,  Her- 
zegovina, Montenegro,  etc.,  beginning  in  1862, 
gave  him  a  brilliant  reputation,  and  have 
spread  greatly  the  knowledge  of  Slavic  coun- 
tries. He  was  the  first  to  draw  correct  maps 
of  Bulgaria  and  the  Balkans.     Died  Jan.  5,  1904. 

Kannegiesser,  Karl  Ludwig  (kan'ne-ge-ser). 
A  German  writer;  born  at  Wendemark,  in  Alt- 
mark,  May  9,  1781 ;  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  14, 
1861.  He  is  best  known  as  the  translator  into 
German  of  Chaucer,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
Byron,  Scott,  Dante,  Madame  de  Stael,  etc. 

Kant,  Immanuel  (kant).  An  eminent  Ger- 
man philosopher ;  born  at  Konigsberg,  April  22, 
1724;  died  there,  Feb.  12,  1804.  His  three 
great  works  were :  <  Kritik  der  Reinen  Ver- 
nunft>  (Critique  of  Pure  Reason:  1781),  which 
attempts  to  define  the  nature  of  those  of  our 
ideas  which  lie  outside  of  experience,  and  to 
establish  the  basis  of  valid  knowledge;  < Kritik 
der  Praktischen  Vernunft>  (Critique  of  the 
Practical  Reason :  1788),  which  bases  the  ideas 
of  God,  freedom,  and  immortality  on  the  ethi- 
cal consciousness  alone,  denying  that  we  have 
any  right  to  hold  them  otherwise ;  <  Kritik  der 
Urteilskraft '  (Critique  of  the  Power  of  Judg- 
ment: 1790).  He  wrote  also  on  cosmic  physics, 
aesthetics,  pedagogy,  ethics,  the  metaphysical 
basis  of  law,  etc.  He  was  professor  of  logic 
and  metaphysics  at  the  University  of  Konigs- 
berg. 

Kantemlr.  Antiochus  Dmitrlevitch,  Prince 

(kan'te-mer).  A  noted  Russian  author;  born 
at  Constantinople,  Sept.  21,  1709;  died  at  Paris, 
April  II,  1744.  His  <  Satires,*  in  the  antique 
form,  written  in  rhyme  and  syllabic  metre, 
were  his  most  important  work,  and  are  valuable 
as  describing  Russian  life  and  manners.  Many 
of  their  verses  became  proverbs  with  the  Rus- 
sian peasantry.  They  were  the  first  fruits  of 
modern  Russian  literature.  He  may  be  called 
the  father  of  secular  writing  in  Russia.  (<  Works,* 
2  vols.,  St.  Petersburg,  1867.) 

Kapnist,  Vasili  Vasilievitch  (kap'nist). 
A  celebrated  Russian  poet  and  dramatist ;  born 
at  Oboukhovka,  in  1757 ;  died  there,  Nov.  9, 
1824.  His  chief  work,  <  Chicanery*  (1798),  a 
comedy  in  verse,  forbidden  by  the  censor,  was 
performed  by  express  permission  of  the  em. 
peror.  It  has  been  more  than  once  reprinted 
(last  in  1888),  was  translated  into  French,  and 
has  furnished  several  proverbs.  It  is  an  Aris- 
tophanic  satire  on  the  old  justice  in  Russia  — 


showing,  as  has  been  wittily  said,  ^  the  Russian 
Themis  stark-naked.**  He  wrote  also  many 
exquisite  lyrics.    (<  Works,'  St.  Petersburg,  1849.) 

Kapp,  Friedricli  (kap).  A  German  bio- 
grapher and  historian ;  born  at  Hamm,  West- 
phalia, April  13,  1824;  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  27, 
1884.  He  left  Germany  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
revolution  of  1848,  finally  v.'andering  as  far  as 
New  York  (1850).  He  took  active  part  in 
American  politics.  Returning  to  Germany  in 
1870,  he  entered  the  Reichstag  in  1872.  Nearly 
all  his  works  refer  to  the  United  States,  as 
•American  Soldier  Traffic  by  German  Princes' 
(1864),  <  German  Emigration  to  America*  (1868), 
and  his  •  Lives  *  of  Kalb  and  Steuben.  A 
citizen  of  two  hemispheres,  he  was  a  pioneer 
in  a  style  of  literature  that  may  be  called  inter- 
national. 

Karadzic,  Vuk  Stefanovotcli  (ka-ra'jitsh) 
A  famous  Servian  autlior;  born  at  Trshitch, 
Nov.  7,  1787;  died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  7,  1864. 
The  two  great  works  of  his  life  v^ere  the  refor- 
mation of  the  Servian  literary  language  (which, 
up  to  his  time  had  been  a  very  debased 
medium,  being  either  rude  Slavonian  or  a  hy- 
brid jumble  of  Serb  and  Slavonian),  and  the 
publication  of  the  •  Popular  Serb  Songs*  (4  vols., 
1814-33;  3d  ed.  1841-46).  His  epoch-making 
•Dictionary*  appeared  in  1818.  The  songs  at- 
tracted wide-spread  attention,  and  were  trans- 
lated into  every  European  tongue.  He  was 
the  founder  of  modern  Servian  literature. 

Karamzin,  Nikolai  Mikhailovitch  (ka-ram- 
zin').  A  celebrated  Russian  historian;  born  at 
Mikhailovka,  near  Simbirsk,  Dec.  12,  1765  ;  died 
near  St.  Petersburg,  June  3,  1826.  He  left  the 
army  to  devote  himself  to  literature.  His  great 
work,  •History  of  Russia*  (ll  vols.,  1816-29), 
created  a  tremendous  sensation,  being  read 
even  by  the  court  and  fashionable  ladies.  ••  He 
appeared,**  in  Pushkin's  words,  ••  to  have  dis- 
covered old  Russia,  as  Columbus  discovered 
America.**  The  tone  of  the  work  was  ultra- 
conservative.  Its  style  has  been  pronounced 
perfect,  though  to-day  it  seems  over-rhetorical. 
It  was  translated  into  French  and  German. 
•Letters  of  a  Russian  Traveler*  (1797-1801), 
in  the  style  of  Sterne,  met  with  great  favor. 
Of  several  novels,  •Poor  'Lisa*  was  much  imi- 
tated, and  with  others  of  his  writings,  trans- 
lated into  German  by  Richter.  Karamzin  was 
also  a  translator  and  journalist.  With  Lomon- 
osov,  he  was  the  creator  of  Russian  prose. 
(•Works,*  St.  Petersburg,  1848.) 

Karasoutzas,  Jolin  (ka-ra-so'tzas).  A  mod- 
ern Greek  poet ;  born  at  Smyrna,  July  9,  1824 ; 
died  April  3,  1873.  His  verse  was  not  only 
patriotic,  but  strong  and  graceful.  It  appears 
in  the  collections  •Lyrics*  (1839);  •  Breath  of 
the  Morn*  (1846);  •  Kleonike  >  (1868),  a  nar- 
rative poem ;  etc. 

Karavelov,  Liuben  (ka-rii-va'lof).  A  Bul- 
garian author;  born  at  Koprivchtitsa,  1834;  died 
at  Rustchuk,  Feb.  11,  1S79.  Was  one  of  the 
creators  of  Bulgarian  prose.  His  works  con- 
sisted of  novels,  tales,  and  poems  (8  vols.,  1887). 


398 


KARNOVITCH  —  KEATS 


Kamovltoli,  ErgenlJ  Petrovitch  (kar-n5'- 
vich).  A  Russian  historian  and  novelist;  bom 
near  Jaroslav,  Oct  22,  1823.  His  historical 
work,  <  Russia's  Part  in  the  Deliverance  of  the 
Christians  from  Turkey's  Yoke,>  <Konstantin 
Pavlovitch,*  etc.,  was  important.  <  Great  For- 
tunes in  Russia'  (1885)  contained  interesting 
(acts.  His  best-known  novel  is  <  Love  and 
Crown  >;  it  has  been  translated  into  several 
European  languages. 

KarplDskl,  Franciszek  (kar-pin'ske).  A 
celebrated  Polish  poet ;  born  at  Hotoscow, 
Galicia,  in  1741 ;  died  in  Lithuania,  Sept.  4, 
1825.  He  was  one  of  the  illustrious  figures  at 
\he  court  of  Stanislaus  Augustus  for  a  time, 
but  withdrew  to  his  estates  in  1793  and  en- 
paged  in  philanthropic  work.  His  poems 
(1804)  are  remarkable  for  energy,  simplicity, 
*nd  patriotism,  and  still  retain  a  hold  upon 
ihe  people. 

Earr,  Alphonse  (kar).  A  celebrated  French 
writer ;  born  at  Paris,  Nov.  24,  1808 ;  died  at 
St.  Raphael,  Var,  Sept.  29,  1890.  Among  his 
numerous  striking  novels  were  <  The  Shortest 
Way>  (1836);  <  Genevieve  >  (1838);  <Clotilde> 
(1839).  <A  Journey  around  my  Garden  >  (1845), 
\alks  on  botany  and  natural  history,  was  in 
another  vein.  < Woman*  (1853)  was  a  study 
of  morals.  Two  dramas,  <  The  Norman  Penel- 
ope >  (i860)  and  < Yellow  Roses >  (1866),  were 
not  very  successful.  One  of  his  most  char- 
acteristic efforts  was  the  series  of  papers  called 
<  Les  Guepes.'  They  were  confidential,  anec- 
dotic, critical,  witty,  satirical,  caustic,  in  fact 
well-nigh  unique ;  and  were  the  cause  of  an 
attempt  being  made  on  his  life  (1844)  by  an 
offended  woman  author  whom  they  had  harshly 
criticized. 

Karsh  or  Karshln,  Anna  Luise  (karsh  07- 
karsh'in).  A  German  poet;  born  near  Schwie- 
bus,  Dec.  I,  1722;  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  12,  1791. 
Self-taught,  of  low  birth  and  free  life,  her  poetic 
merit  was  but  slight,  though  she  has  been  ex- 
travagantly called  « the  German  Sappho.>> 

Kastner,  Abraham  Gotthelf  (kest'ner).  A 
German  poet;  born  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  27,  1719; 
died  at  Gottingen,  June  20,  1800.  Though  a 
learned  mathematician,  he  is  best  known  by 
his  witty  and  caustic  <  Epigrams  >  (1781 ;  2  vols., 
1800).  As  an  example  of  these,  on  a  poor 
tragedy- writer  he  wrote  :  — 

"This  poet's  just  the  man  to  reach  a  tragedy's  aim: 
We've  sympathy  with  his  piece,  wild  dread  of  more  of 
the  same." 
(Poetical  and  prose  works,  4  vols.,  1841.) 

Kate,  Jan  Jakob  Lodewijk  ten  (ka'te).  A 
Dutch  poet ;  born  at  The  Hague,  Dec.  23, 
1819;  died  at  Amsterdam,  Dec.  25,  1889.  <De 
Schepping>  (The  Creation,  1866)  ranks  as 
his  best  poem.  In  the  form  of  a  vision  of 
Moses  from  Mt.  Sinai,  it  describes  the  creation 
of  heaven  and  earth  in  seven  songs,  each  be- 
ginning with  the  words  of  the  Bible,  then  nar- 
rating the  day's  creation  just  finished,  and 
ending  with  a  hymn.    His  two  next  best  poems 


are  <The  Planets  >  and  <The  New  Church  ia 
Amsterdam.'    (<  Works,'  12  vols.,  1889-93.) 

Katona,  Joseph  (ka't5-na).  A  Hungarian 
poet;  bom  at  Kecskemet,  Nov.  11,  1792;  died 
there,  Nov.  2,  1830.  He  wrote  <B4nk-B&n> 
(1821),  the  grandest  tragedy  Hungary  has  pro- 
duced. Long  unnoticed,  it  appeared  on  the 
stage  only  in  1834,  when  it  met  with  success, 
but  did  not  become  generally  famous  till  1845. 
Meanwhile  its  author,  embittered  by  its  failure, 
had  renounced  poetry,  and  died,  beloved  by 
the  people,  especially  the  poor.  (<  Works,'  3 
vols.,  1880.) 

Eaufmann,  Alexander  (kouf'man).  A  favor- 
ite German  poet;  bom  at  Bonn,  May  14,  1817; 
died  at  Wertheim,  May  I,  1893.  Popular  among 
his  lyrics  have  been  <  The  Bride,'  <  About  Mid- 
night,' <  Morning  > ;  of  his  ballads,  <  King  Wen- 
zel,'  <  The  Stolen  Steed,'  <  Lifthilde.'  His  songs 
were  simple,  hearty,  and  fervent, —  droll  and 
dreamy,  humorous  and  playful.  Of  several  vol- 
umes of  verse,  the  best  was  <  Under  the  Vines ' 
(1815). 

Eaufmann,  Mathilda.    See  George. 

Eavanagh,  Julia.  A  popular  English  writer ; 
born  at  Thurles,  Ireland,  Jan.  7,  1824;  died  at 
Nice,  Oct.  28,  1877.  She  wrote  a  large  number 
of  novels,  the  scenes  of  which  were  almost  in- 
variably laid  in  France,  where  she  had  resided : 
among  them  <  Daisy  Burns'  (3  vols.,  1853); 
also  <  Woman  in  France  during  the  i8th  Cen- 
tury' (2  vols.,  1850),  <A  Summer  and  Winter 
in  the  Two  Sicilies '  (2  vols.,  1858),  <  French 
Women  of  Letters'  (1862).  She  was  best 
known  by  the  novels  she  published  in  maga- 
zines. One  of  the  best  of  recent  English  au- 
thors. 

Eaye,  John  William,  Sir  (ka).  An  English 
administrator  and  military  historian ;  born  in 
1814;  died  in  1876.  He  was  for  a  number  of 
years  an  officer  in  the  Bengal  artillery,  but  re- 
signed in  1841,  and  in  1856  entered  the  East 
India  Company.  Upon  the  transfer  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  India  to  the  crown,  he  succeeded 
John  Stuart  Mill  in  the  political  department  of 
the  India  office.  His  works  consist  of  histories 
and  biographies  relating  to  the  East,  among 
them  being  <A  History  of  Afghanistan '  (1851- 
53);  <  History  of  the  Administration  of  the  East 
India  Company'  (1853);  <A  History  of  the 
Sepoy  War  in  India'  (1857-58;  London,  1864- 
75),  a  comprehensive  narrative  of  the  celebrated 
mutiny  down  to  the  fall  of  Delhi ;  <  Lives  of 
Indian  Officers'  (1867). 

Eeary,  Annie.  An  English  novelist;  bom 
near  Wetherby,  Yorkshire,  March  3,  1825 ;  died 
at  Eastbourne,  March  3,  1 879.  Beginning  with 
books  for  children,  she  made  her  reputation 
with  stories  of  Irish  life.  She  was  a  prolific 
writer  and  very  popular  in  her  day,  <  Castle 
Daly'  (1875)  being  her  best  work.  Her  letters 
were  published  in  1883. 

Eeats,  John.  An  eminent  English  poet ; 
born  in  London,  1795 ;  died  in  Rome,  1821. 
<  Endymion,  a  Poetic  Romance'  (1818),  his  first 


KEBBEL  — KELLGREN 


299 


im^rtant  effort,  though  immature,  gave  great 
promise,  which  was  fulfilled  in  <  Lamia,  Isa- 
bella, the  Eve  of  St  Agnes,  and  Other  Poems ' 
(1820),  containing  also  the  fine  unfinished  epic 

<  Hyperion.'  <  The  Letters  of  John  Keats  to 
Fanny  Brawne,>  whom  he  loved,  appeared  in 
1878 ;  <  Letters  to  his  Family  and  Friends  >  in 
1891.  Dying  at  25,  he  succeeded  in  leaving  a 
name  immortal  in  literature.  Shelley  wrote  the 
exquisite  elegy  <Adonais'  in  commemoration 
of  his  death.     (<  Works,*  3d  ed.  1859.) 

Kebbel,  Thomas  Edward.  An  English 
journalist  and  author;  born  in  Leicestershire, 
Nov.  23,  1828.  Educated  at  Oxford,  he  be- 
came a  lawyer  and  afterwards  engaged  in  jour- 
nalism, being  connected  with  the  Press  (1855) 
and  the  Day  (1867)  as  political  writer.  He 
has  written  on  political  topics :  <  Essays  upon 
History  and  Politics'  {1864);  < English  States- 
men since  the  Peace  of  l8i5>  (1868);  <A  His- 
tory of  Toryism*  (1885);  and  biographies  of 
Lord    Beaconsfield    and    Lord    Derby    in    the 

<  English  Statesmen*  series.  His  more  recent 
works  are :  <  The  Old  and  the  New  English 
Country  Life*  (1891);  < Sport  and  Nature* 
(1893)- 

Keble,  John.  A  famous  English  religious 
poet ;  born  at  Fairford,  Gloucestershire,  1792 ; 
died  at  Bournemouth,  Hampshire,  1866.  He  was 
remarkable  for  great  beauty  of  character.  A 
clergyman  of  the  English  Church,  he  repeatedly 
refused  rich  livings  from  a  sense  of  duty.  Of 
his  great  work  <The  Christian  Year*  (2  vols., 
1827),  which  he  published  anonymously,  in  1872 
appeared  the  158th  edition ;  over  500,000  copies 
in  all  have  been  sold.  It  has  been  illustrated 
and  illuminated,  books  have  been  made  from 
and  written  on  it,  including  a  concordance,  and 
from  its  profits  the  author  built  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  parish  churches  in  England. 

Keddle.  Henrietta.  [« Sarah  Tytler.'*]  An 
English  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  in  1827.  She  is  the  author  of  several 
graceful  and  readable  stories,  the  best  known 
being:  <  Days  of  Yore*  (1864);  <Citoyenne 
Jacqueline*  (1865);  < Noblesse  Oblige*  (1869); 
*  French  Janet  * ;  <  Blachall  Ghosts.*  Of  her  mis- 
cellaneous works,  designed  chiefly  for  juvenile 
readers,  may  be  noticed :  <  Modem  Painters  > 
(  1873 ) ;  <  Children  of  a  Hundred  Years  Ago  * 
(  1876);  <  Jane  Austen  and  her  Works*  (1880); 

<  Marie  Antoinette  :  the  Woman  and  the  Queen  > 
( 18S3);  <  Three  Men  of  Mark  * ;  <  The  Machina- 
tions of  Janet.* 

Keenan,  Henry  Francis.  An  American  nov- 
elist ;  born  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  May  4,  1850.  A 
successful  journalist,  a  New  York  and  a  Paris  cor- 
respondent of  note,  he  deserted  journalism  for  lit- 
erature in  1883.     He  published  :  <  Trajan  *  ( 1884)  • 

<  The  Aliens>  ( 1886);  <  One  of  a  Thousand  >  ( i887)- 

<  Conflict  with  Spain  >  ( 1898). 

Keightley,  Thomas  (kit'ly).  An  English 
writer;  bom  at  Newton,  Ire.,  1784  ;  died  near 
Erith,  Kent,  Nov.  4,  1872.  He  is  best  known 
by  his  <Fairy  Mythology*  (2  vols.,  1828),  and 
*<Tales  and  Popular  Fretions*  (1834). 


Kelm,  Karl  Theodor  (kim).  A  noted  Ger- 
man  theologian  ;  bom  at  Stuttgart,  Dec.  17, 1825 ; 
died  at  Giessen,  Nov.  17,  1878.  While  a  disciple 
of  the  modern  critical  school  of  theology  (of 
Strauss,  Baur,  and  Renan)  he  strove  to  recon- 
cile it  with  the  old  faith.  He  wrote  :  <  The  His- 
torical Christ*  (3d  ed.  1866),  and  the  great  work 

<  History  of  Jesus  of  Nazareth*  (3  vols.,  1867-72). 

Keller,  Gerard  (kel'er).  A  Dutch  miscel- 
laneous writer;  born  at  Gouda,  Feb.  13,  1829. 
His  best  works  are  his  books  of  travel :  <  A 
Summer  in  the  North*  (1861);  <A  Summer  in 
the   South*    (1864);   < Paris   Besieged*    (1871); 

<  Murdered  Paris*  (1872);  <  Europe  Sketched  in 
All  her  Glory*  (1877-80);  'America  in  Image 
and  in  Writing*  (1887).  Of  his  numerous 
novels  may  be  named:  <The  Teacher's  House 
hold*  (1858);  < Within  and  Without*  (1860)1 
<The  Mortgage  on  Wasenstein*  (1865);  <From 
Home*   (2  vols.,  1867);  <  Over-Perfect  *  (1871); 

<  Three  Tales*  (<The  Privy  Councilor,*  <How 
They  are  Enjoyed,*  <  In  Our  Days,*  1880);  <Oul 
Minister*  (1883);  < Flickering  Flames*  (1884); 
< Nemesis*  (1885).  He  is  the  author  also  of 
books  for  the  young,  and  the  dramas  <  The  Bar- 
ber's Daughter*  (1878),  <The  Blue  Ribbon* 
(1881  ),<  The  Dangerous  Cousin '  (1884).  D.  1899. 

Keller,  Gottfried.  A  powerful  German  poet 
and  one  of  the  foremost  of  German  novelists; 
bom  at  Ziirich,  July  19,  1819;  died  there,  July 
16,  1890.  Original  in  execution,  he  was  a  keen 
observer,  genuinely  artistic,  and  with  a  strong 
sense  of  humor,  sometimes  extravagantly  in- 
dulged. In  his  best  vein  he  goes  straight  to  the 
heart.  To  romanticism  in  motifs,  processes, 
and  charactens,  he  joined  realism  in  execution. 
His  writings  disclose  the  fact  that  he  was  a 
painter  before  being  an  author.  An  impression 
of  his  poetical  genius  may  be  obtained  from 
< Complete  Poems*  (3d  ed.  1888).  Of  his  novels, 
'Seldwyla  Folk*  (1856)  is  one  of  the  best- 
(<  Works,*  II  vols.,  1889-93.) 

Kelley,  James  Douglas  Jerrold.  An  Amer- 
ican naval  officer  and  story-writer ;  born  1847. 
Besides  works  relating  to  the  navy,  he  has  writ- 
ten the  story  <A  Desperate  Chance*;  <  Ameri- 
can Man  of  War.* 

Kolly,  William  Darrah.  An  American 
politician  ;  born  at  Philadelphia,  April  12, 
1814 ;  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Jan.  9.  1890, 
He  was  a  lawyer;  was  Member  of  Congress 
from  Pennsylvania  1861-90,  and  prominent  as 
an  abolitionist  and  a  protectionist.  Besides 
addresses   and  political  writings,  he  nublished 

<  Letters  from  Europe  *  ( 1880),  <  The  New  South  * 
(18S7),  etc. 

Kellgren,  Johan  Henrik  (kel'gren).  One  of 
tlie  greatest  of  Swedish  poets ;  born  at  Floby, 
West  Gothland,  Dec.  I,  1751 ;  died  April  20, 
1795.  He  excelled  especially  in  lyrics,  of  which 
one  of  his  finest  is  <Nya  Skapelsen*  (The  New 
Creation).  Gustavus  III.,  whose  private  libra- 
rian and  secretary  he  was,  fumished  the  plots 
of  most  of  his  dramas  and  operas,  he  himself 
contributing  merely  the  versification.  (<Workg> 
2  vols.,  1884.) 


300 


KELLOGG  — KENNEDY 


Kellogg,  Elijah.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional minister  and  writer  for  the  young ;  born 
at  Portland,  Me.,  1S13;  died  at  Harpswell,  Me., 
March  17 ,  1901.  He  was  author  of  several  series 
of  juvenile  books, — <Elm  Island>  series,  <Good 
Old  Times>  series,  etc., — but  is  probably  best 
known  by  the  'Address  of  Spartacus  to  the 
Gladiators.  > 

Kelly,  Jonathan  Falconbridge.  An  American 
prose-wriier  ;  bom  in  Philadelphia,  in  1818  ; 
died  in  Cincinnati,  O.,  1S54.  He  was  the  author 
of  <The  Humors  of  Falconbridge)  (1856). 

Kelvin,  Lord.     See  Thomson. 

Kemble,  Frances  Anne  (Mrs.  Pierce  Butler). 
A  famous  English  actress,  daughter  of  Charles 
Kemble  and  "niece  of  Mrs.  Siddons ;  born  in 
London,  Nov.  27,  1809;  died  there,  Jan.  15, 
1S93.  Among  other  works,  she  published  her 
'JoumaP  (1S34);  'Journal  of  a  Residence  on  a 
Georgia  Plantation)  (1863);  'Recollections  of  a 
Girlhood)  (3  vols.,  1878);  'Recollections  of 
Later  Life)  (3  vols.,  1882);  and  in  the  Atlantic 
Monthly,  reminiscences  of  her  theatrical  career 
(1876-77). 

Keraeny,  Zsigmond,  Baron  (kem'a-ne).  An 
eminent  Hungarian  novelist  and  publicist ;  born 
at  Magyar-Kapud,  1816;  died  at  Puszta-Kam- 
aras,  Dec.  22,  1S75.  His  romances  and  politi- 
cal writings  are  classics  in  Hungarian  literature. 
Of  the  former,  '  Man  and  Wife*  (1852)  and 
<The  Abysses  of  the  Heart)  (1854),  both  psy- 
chological studies,  are  among  the  best.  '  Stud- 
ies '  (2  vols.,  1870)  is  an  admirable  work.  The 
st3-ie  of  his  writings  and  the  tax  they  impose 
on  thought  make  them  not  alwaj-s  easy  to 
read,  but  what  they  demand  they  amply  repay 
in  pleasure  and  profit.  He  was  called  "  prince 
of  the  Magyar  journalists.)) 

Kempis,  Thomas  a  (kem'pis).  A  celebrated 
German  mystic ;  born  at  Kempen  (whence  his 
name,  "  Thomas  from  Kempen ))  j,  near  Cologne, 
1380;  died  I471.  His  true  name  was  Hamer- 
ken  (Latin,  Malleolus).  Sub-prior  of  the  mon- 
astery of  Mount  St.  Agnes,  near  Zwolle,  he 
was  distinguished  for  piety  and  success  as  an 
instructor  of  youth.  He  was  author  of  the 
<  Imitation  of  Christ,)  one  of  the  most  famous 
of  books,  which  has  been  universally  read  and 
has  moved  the  hearts  of  men  of  all  nations, 
conditions  and  kinds,  for  four  centuries.  Its 
title  describes  its  contents;  it  abounds  in  max- 
ims of  humility  and  resignation,  and  is  such  a 
book  as  only  a  man  living  the  most  unevent- 
ful of  lives,  withdrawn  from  the  world  and 
spent  in  contemplation,  could  have  written.  It 
is  said  that  it  has  been  translated  into  more 
languages  than  any  other  book  except  the 
Bible. 

Kendall,  Amos.  A  distinguished  American 
politician ;  bom  at  Dunstable,  Mass.,  Aug.  16, 
1789;  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Nov.  11,  1869. 
He  was  Postmaster-General  of  the  United  States 
1835-40.  He  wTote  'Life  of  Andrew  Jackson*; 
•Autobiography)  (1872), 


Kendall,  George  Wilkins.  An  American 
writer;  born  at  Mount  Vernon,  N.  H.,  about 
1809;  died  at  Oak  Springs,  Tex.,  Oct.  22,  1867. 
He  was  founder  of  the  New  Orleans  Picayune, 
which  became  under  his  direction  one  of  the 
leading  journals  of  the  South.  He  wrote  '  The 
War  Between  the  United  States  and  Mexico* 
(1851). 

Kendall,  Henry  Clarence.  An  Australian 
poet ;  born  in  Ulladalla  district.  New  South 
Wales,  1841 ;  died  near  Sydney,  1882.  While  a 
lawyer's  clerk  in  Sydney,  three  poems  were 
accepted  by  the  London  Athenaeum  in  1862; 
he  then  devoted  himself  to  literature,  publish- 
ing 'Leaves  from  an  Australian  Forest*  (1869) 
and  'Songs  from  the  Mountains)  (1880),  his 
chief  works.  Especially  happy  in  description 
of  Australian  scenery,  he  is  known  as  "  the 
poet  of  the  bush.)*  A  collection  of  his  poetry 
appeared  in  1886. 

Kendricli,  Ashael  Clark.  An  American 
scholar,  editor,  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
at  Poultney,  Vt.,  Dec.  7,  1S09 ;  died  at  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  Oct.  21,  1895.  Besides  bringing  out 
translations  and  several  text-books,  and  revis- 
ing and  editing  Olshausen's  '  New  Testament 
Commentary  *  and  Meyer's  '  Commentary  on 
John,)  he  published  '  Our  Poetical  Favorites ) 
(3  vols.,  3d  ed.  1880);  'Life  and  Letters  of 
Emily  C.  Judson*  (1862).  He  was  one  of  the 
American  committee  of  New  Testament  re- 
visers. 

Kennan,  George.  A  noted  traveler  and 
writer  on  Russian  topics ;  bom  at  Norwalk, 
Huron  County,  O.,  Feb.  16,  1S45.  I^i  early  life, 
and  before  the  completion  of  the  Atlantic  cable, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Western  Union  tele- 
graph expedition  to  sur\-ey  a  route  for  a  Behr- 
ing  Strait  and  Siberian  telegraph  line  to  Europe. 
The  result  of  this  expedition  was  the  book 
called  'Tent  Life  in  Siberia*  (1870J.  His  jour- 
neys through  Northern  Russia  and  Siberia  in 
the  years  1S85-86  for  the  purpose  of  investi- 
gating the  condition  of  the  Sib)erian  exiles,  re- 
sulted in  the  publication  of  a  series  of  papers 
in  the  Century  Magazine  ( 1890-91 ),  afterwards 
issued  in  book  form  under  the  title  '  Siberia 
and  the  Exile  System  * ; '  The  Tragedy  of  Pel^e.* 

Kennedy,  Crammond.  An  American  law- 
yer and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  at  North 
Berwick,  Scotland,  1842.  He  came  to  New 
York  (1856),  became  known  as  the  boy  preacher, 
served  as  chaplain  in  the  Civil  War,  was  man- 
aging editor  of  the  Christian  Union  (1870), 
and  since  1878  has  practiced  law  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  He  has  ^vritten :  '  Corn  in  the 
Blade  >  (i860),  verse; '  Liberty  of  the  Press  *  (187b), 
a  prize  essay  ;  '  The  Capture  of  Aguiualdo.) 

Kennedy,  Grace.  An  English  novelist ;  born 
at  Pinmore,  Ayrshire,  1782;  died  at  Edinburgh, 
1825.  Her  best-known  work  was  '  Father  Clem- 
ent* (1823),  which  reached  a  twelfth  edition 
and  was  translated  into  nearly  every  European 
language.  Her  works  were  moral  and  religious 
in  character. 


KENNEDY  —  KEPLER 


30I 


Kennedy,  John  Pendleton.  An  American 
writer;  born  at  Baltimore,  Oct.  25,  1795;  died 
at  Newport,  Aug.  18,  1870.  Best  known  by 
his  very  popular  <  Horse -shoe  Robinson'  (1835). 
Among  his  other  works  was  a  <  Life  of  Will- 
iam Wirt,  Attorney-General  of  the  United 
States >  (1849).  Active  in  politics  and  several 
times  Member  of  Congress,  he  was  Secretary 
of  the  Navy  under  President  Fillmore. 

Kennedy,  Patrick.  An  Irish  antiquarian 
writer ;  bom  in  County  Wexford,  1801 ;  died 
at  Dublin,  March  28,  1873.  His  studies  were 
given  to  the  archaeology  and  popular  traditions 
of  Ireland.  His  chief  work  was  <  Legendary 
Fictions  of  the  Irish  Celts'  (new  ed.  1892). 

Kennedy,  William.  A  Scottish  writer  of 
prose  and  verse;  born  at  Dublin,  1799;  died  in 

Paris, ,  1 87 1.      He  resided  many  years 

in  Galveston,  Tex.,  serving  there  as  British 
consul.  He  published:  <  My  Early  Days' 
(1826);  <The  Arrow  and  the  Rose;  with  Other 
Poems'  (1830);  <  The  Rise,  Progress,  and  Pros- 
pects of  the  Republic  of  Texas'  (2  vols.,  1841). 

Kennedy,  William  Sloane.  A  well-known 
American  biographer,  story-writer,  and  poet; 
bom  at  Breckville,  O.,  1850.  His  home  is  at 
Belmont,  Mass.  He  has  written  lives  of  Long- 
fellow, Whittier,  and  Holmes;  < Wonders  and 
Curiosities  of  the  Railway :  Locomotive  Stories ' 
(1884);  <  In  Portia's  Garden,'  verse;  etc. 

Kennett,  White.  An  English  clergyman  and 
historian;  bom  at  Dover,  in  1660;  died  in 
1728.  From  1718  until  his  death  he  occupied 
the  episcopal  see  of  Peterborough.  In  1706  he 
brought  out  a  complete  <  History  of  England,' 
from  the  earliest  times  to  the  death  of  William 
III.,  a  work  of  great  accuracy  and  interest ; 
and  in  1713  <  Bibliothecae  Americanae  Primordia,' 
an  attempt  towards  laying  the  foundation  of  an 
American  library. 

Kenney,  Charles  Lamb.  An  English  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  son  of  James  ;  born  at  Bellevue, 
France,  April  29, 1821 ;  died  at  Kensington,  Aug. 
25,  1S81.  Was  a  friend  of  Thackeray  and  Dick- 
ens. Secretary  of  M.  Lesseps,  his  book  <  The 
Gates  of  the  East'  (1857)  turned  English  pub- 
lic opinion  in  favor  of  the  Suez  Canal,  against 
Lord  Palmerston's  opposition.  He  introduced 
opera-bouffe  in  London,  writing  librettos  for 
<  The  Grand  Duchess  of  Gerolstein,'  <  La  Belle 
H^l^ne,'  etc.  He  wrote  also  several  popular 
songs,  among  them  <  Ever  my  Queen.' 

Kenney,  James.  An  English  dramatist ;  bom 
in  Ireland,  1780;  died  July  25,  1849.  He  was  a 
bank  clerk  in  London,  with  a  taste  for  the 
theatre,  and  wrote  a  number  of  pieces  that 
still  hold  the  stage.  Among  them  were  the 
farces  <  Raising  the  Wind'  (1803);  <Tum  Him 
Out'  (1812);  <Love,  Law,  and  Physic'  (1812); 
the  stock  favorite  <  Sweethearts  and  Wives ' 
(1823);  and  the  famous  tragedy  <The  Sicilian 
Vespers'   (1840). 

Kenrick,  Francis  Patrick.  A  distinguished 
American  Roman  Catholic  prelate  and  theo- 
logical writer ;  bom  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  Dec  3, 


1797 ;  died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  July  6,  1863.  He 
founded  the  seminary  of  St.  Charles  Borromeo 
in  Philadelphia  in  1832 :  became  archbishop  of 
Baltimore,  1851 ;  honorary  primate  of  the  United 
States,  1859.  He  was  prominent  as  a  contro- 
versialist and  a  Biblical  scholar.  Among  his 
works  were:  <  Dogmatic  Theology'  (4  vols., 
1839-40);  <  Moral  Theology'  (3  vols.,  1841-43). 
He  also  published  a  revision  of  the  Douai  Eng- 
lish Bible,  with  notes. 

Kenrick,  Peter  Richard.  An  American  prel- 
ate and  writer,  brother  of  Francis  Patrick ;  bom 
in  Dublin,  1806 ;  died  in  St.  Louis,  1896,  of  which 
city  he  was  the  first  Roman  Catholic  archbishop. 
He  published:  <The  Holy  House  of  Loretto'; 
< Anglican  Ordinations';  <Concio  in  Concilio 
Vaticana';  etc. 

Kent,  James.  An  eminent  American  jurist; 
born  at  Philippi,  N.  Y.,  July  31, 1763 ;  died  at  New 
York,  Dec.  12, 1847.  Author  of  the  famous  <  Com- 
mentaries on  American  Law'  (4  vols.,  1826-30), 
which  holds  in  this  country  a  position  similar  to 
that  occupied  by  Blackstone's  commentaries  in 
Great  Britain.  It  contains  not  only  federal  juris- 
prudence, but  the  municipal  law,  written  and 
unwritten,  of  the  several  States ;  has  proved  its 
general  interest  and  special  value  by  years  of 
use ;  passed  through  many  editions,  and  is  one 
of  the  intellectual  monuments  of  our  country. 
He  was  chief  justice  and  chancellor  of  the  State 
of  New  York. 

Kent,  William  Charles  Mark.  An  English 
miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  London,  1823.  He 
has  produced  a  number  of  works  in  prose  and 
verse,  besides  contributing  to  the  <  Encyclopje- 
dia  Britannica'  and  several  of  the  best  Eng- 
lish reviews,  and  being  active  as  a  journalist. 
His  poem  <Aletheia,  or  the  Condemnation  of 
Mythology'  (1850)  was  praised  by  Lamartine. 
Among    his    prose  works    may  be   mentioned 

<  The  Vision  of  Cagliostro'  (1863).  <The  Derby 
Ministry,'  under  the  pseudonym  "  Mark  Roch- 
ester," and  <  The  Gladstone  Government,'  under 
that  of  ^'A  Templar,"  consisted  of  sketches  of 
prominent  political  personages. 

Kenyon,  James  Benjamin.  An  American 
poet;  born  in  Frankfort,  Herkimer  Count}', 
N.  Y.,  April  26,  1858.  He  has  contributed  to 
periodicals,  and  is  the  author  of  <  The  Fallen, 
and  Other  Poems'  (1876);  <Out  of  the  Shad- 
ows' (1880);  <  Songs  in  All  Seasons'  (1885^;  and 

<  In  Realms  of  Gold  >  ;  <  Reed  Voices'  (1905). 

Kepler,  Johannes  (kep'ler).  An  eminent 
German  astronomer ;  born  at  Weil,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  Dec.  27,  1571 ;  died  at  Ratisbon,  Nov.  15, 
1630.  He  was  the  discoverer  of  the  laws  of 
planetary  motion,  famous  as  ^<  Kepler's  laws," 
which  revolutionized  previous  theories  of  the 
position  of  humanity,  and  formed  the  founda- 
tion for  Newton's  subsequent  labors  and  mod- 
em astronomy.  His  great  work  was  the  <  New 
Astronomy,  with  Commentaries  on  the  Motions 
of  Mars'  (1609).  He  also  completed  (1627) 
the  famous  « Rudolphine  Tables "  of  Tycho 
Brahe,   the   basis  of   astronomy    for  tlie   next 


302 


KER  — KETTLE 


hundred  yea.-s ;  while  his  contribution  to  optics 
was  of  first,  to  mathematics  of  striking,  im- 
portance. One  of  the  great  epoch-makers  of 
human  thought.     (<  Works,>  8  vols.,  1858-71.) 

Ker,  David.  An  American  journalist  and 
writer  of  travels,  stories,  and  books  for  the 
young;  born  in  England,  18—.  Formerly  a 
correspondent  of  the  London  Daily  Telegraph, 
he  has  of  late  years  resided  in  New  York.  He 
has  written :  <  The  Broken  Image,  and  Other 
Tales'  (1870),  published  anonymously;  'On 
the  Road  to  Khiva*  (1874);  <  Into  Unknown 
Seas*  (1886),  describing  the  cruise  of  two  sailor 
boys;  etc. 

K^ratry,  Auguste  Hllarion  de  (ka-ra-tre). 
A  French  politician ;  born  at  Rennes,  Oct.  28, 
1769;  died  at  Port  Marly,  Nov.  7,  1859.  He 
wrote  on  a  great  variety  of  subjects,  his  chief 
works  being  <  Moral  and  Philosophical  Induc- 
tions >  (1817),  and  <The  Beautiful  in  the  Imi- 
tative Arts'  (3  vols.,  1822). 

Kerkhoven,  Petrus  Frans  van  (kerk-hS'ven). 
A  Flemish  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Ant- 
werp, 1818 ;  died  there,  1857.  He  was  editor 
of  several  journals;  wrote  numerous  poems, 
tragedies,  comedies,  romances,  and  novels, 
among  them  < Daniel'  (1845);  'Ferdinand  the 
Corsair'  (1845).  His  works  appeared  in  1869-73 
in  thirteen  volumes. 

Eernahan,  Coulson.  An  English  poet,  nov- 
elist, and  essayist ;  born  at  Ilfracombe,  Aug.  i, 
1858.  His  poetry  is  strong  in  matter  and  fin- 
ished in  form.  Some  of  his  novels  are  marked 
by  a  play  of  gloomy  fancy  not  unlike  Haw- 
thorne's. The  striking  story  <A  Dead  Man's 
Diary,'  published  anonymously,  soon  reached  a 
fourth  edition.  Two  others,  <  Stranger  than  Fic- 
tion' (1893)  and  <Dead  Faces'  (1894),  were 
notable.  He  has  shown  himself  to  be  also  an 
excellent  critic.  Some  ot  his  best  works  are  <  The 
Child,  the  Wise  Man.  and  the  Devil';  <\Vise 
Men  and  a  Fool.' 

Kerner,  Justinu-s  (kar'ner).  A  famous  Ger- 
man poet  and  novelist ;  born  at  Ludwigsburg, 
Wiirtemberg,  1786;  died  at  Weinsberg,  1862. 
Several  of  his  lyrics  —  for  instance,  <Song  of 
Wandering,'  <  The  Wanderer  in  the  Saw  Mill,' 
—  are  popular  with  the  masses,  and  a  number 
were  set  to  music  by  Schumann.  His  poetry 
can  be  read  in  <The  Last  Bunch  of  Blossoms' 
(1852)  and  'Winter  Blossoms'  (1859).  Of  his 
prose  works  (which  included  medical  writings, 
he  being  a  physician),  <The  Seeress  of  Pre- 
vorst'  (5th  ed.  1877),  a  result  of  his  studies  in 
animal  magnetism  and  somnambulism,  attracted 
great  attention.  Noteworthy  too  was  his  <  Pict- 
ure Book  from  my  Childhood'  (2d  ed.  1886). 
His  work  was  marked  by  keen  observation, 
fancy,  satirical  power,  humor  blended  with  pa- 
thos, and  thought  always  busy  with  the  other 
world.  He  may  be  called  the  romanticist  of 
the  Swabian  school  of  poets. 

Kerner,  Theobald.  A  German  poet  and 
novelist,  son  of  Justinus ;  bom  at  Gaildorf,  June 
14,  1817.    A  physician  like  his  father,  like  him 


he  has  published  both  medical  and  literary 
works.  Among  the  latter,  his  <  Poems '  ap- 
peared in  1851 ;  <  Princess  Klatschrose  '  the 
same  year  (2d  ed.  1894);  <The  Flying  Tailor,' 
an  opera,  in  1862 ;  <  Parson  Staber,  or  the  New 
Ahasuerus,'  a  comedy,  in  1888.  <The  Kerner 
House  and  its  Guests'  (1893)  consisted  of  bright 
and  interesting  sketches  of  the  inmates  and  vis- 
itors of  his  famous  father's  domicile,  his  own 
since  the  latter's  death. 

Kerr,  Orpheus  C.    See  NewelL 

Kervyn  de  Lettenhove,  Josef  Marie  Bruno 
Konstantin  (ker-van'  de  let'en-ho-ve).  A  Bel- 
gian historian ;  born  at  St.  Michel,  West  Flan- 
ders, Aug.  17,  1817 ;  died  at  Brussels,  April  3,' 
1891.  His  principal  work  was  <  History  of 
Flanders'  (3d  ed.,  4  vols.,  1874).  Among  his 
other  works  may  be  mentioned  <The  Hugue- 
nots' (6  vols.,  1883-85),  <  Marie  Stuart'  (2  vols., 
1890). 

Ketchum,  Mrs.  Annie  (Chambers).  An 
American  educator,  lecturer,  and  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  in  Scott  County,  Ky.,  1824.  She 
was  principal  of  the  high  school  for  girls  at 
Memphis,  Tenn.,  1855-58.  She  has  written : 
< Christmas  Carillons  and  Other  Poems'  (1888); 
<  Nellie  Braden,'  a  novel ;  <  Rilla  Motto,'  a  ro- 
mance ;  etc.     Died  Jan  27,  1904. 

Ketteler,  Wilhelm  Emanuel  von  (ket'e-ler). 
A  distinguished  German  prelate ;  born  at  Miin- 
ster,  Dec.  25,  181 1;  died  at  Burghausen,  Bava- 
ria, July  13,  1877.  One  of  the  ablest  of  Ger- 
man ultramontanists ;  bishop  of  Mentz  (1850), 
for  which  diocese  he  obtained  special  privi- 
leges; and  member  of  the  first  Reichstag  (1871). 
He  wrote  on  the  questions  of  the  day.  Among 
his  works  may  be  mentioned :  <  Freedom,  Au- 
thority, and  Church'  (7th  ed.  1862);  <The 
Labor  Question  and  Christianity'  (3d  ed.  1864), 
v.'hich  even  Lassalle  praised ;  <  Germany  after 
Ihe  War  of  1866'  (6th  ed.  1867), 

Kettell,  Samuel.  An  American  prose-writer ; 
born  in  Newburyport,  Mass.,  Aug.  5,  1800;  died 
in  Maiden,  Mass.,  Dec.  3,  1855.  He  assisted 
Samuel  G.  Goodrich  in  the  preparation  of  some 
of  his  <  Peter  Parley '  books.  Under  the  pen- 
names  of  <<  Peeping  Tom "  and  <'  Timothy 
Tittervvell"  he  contributed  many  humorous 
articles  to  the  Boston  Courier,  afterward  be- 
coming its  editor.  His  principal  works  are: 
♦Records  of  the  Spanish  Inquisition'  (1828);  and 
♦Specimens  of  American  Poetry,  with  Critical 
and  Biographical  Notices'  (3  vols.,  1 829). 

Kettle,  Mary  Eosa  Stuart  (Mackenzie),  best 
known  as  *Rosa  Mackenzie  Kettle."  An  English 
novelist;  bom  at  Overseale,  Leicestershire;  died 
at  Callander,  Scotland,  March  I4,  1895.  Her 
stories  treat  of  Comwall  and  the  South  Coast. 
Her  earliest  success  was  < Fabian' s  Tower'  ( 1 85 2 ) . 
She  also  published :  <La  Belle  Marie :  A  Ro- 
mance of  the  Comish  Coast'  (1862);  <Hillsden 
on  the  Moors'  (1873);  <My  Home  in  the  Shires> 
(1877);  <The  Sea  and  the  Moor'  (1877);  <The 
Sisters  of  Ombersleigh ;  or.  Under  the  Soutb 
Downs'  {^li 


KEXEL  — KIMBALL 


303 


Kezel,  Olof  (chaiks'el).  A  Swedish  miscel- 
laneous writer;  bom  at  Kalmar,  1748;  died  at 
Stockholm,  1796.  He  wrote  numerous  satires, 
songs,  poems,  plays,  and  a  historical  romance, 

<  Zalameski.> 

Key,  Francis  Scott.  An  American  poet; 
born  in  Frederick  County,  Md.,  Aug.  9,  1780; 
died   at    Baltimore,  Jan.    11,   1843.     Author   of 

<  The  Star  Spangled  Banner,^  which  was  sug- 
gested and  partially  written  while  he  was  view- 
ing the  bombardment  of  Fort  McHenry,  near 
Baltimore,  by  the  British  fleet,  on  which  he  was 
a  prisoner.     It  was  set  to  music  by  J.  S.  Smith. 

Keyes,  Erasmus  Darwin.  A  distinguished 
American  soldier ;  born  at  Brimfield,  Mass.,  May 
29,  1810;  died  1895.  A  graduate  of  West  Point 
(1832),  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general  in 
the  Civil  War.  He  wrote  <  Fifty  Years'  Ob- 
servation of  Men  and  Events  >  (1884). 

Keyser,  Jakob  Rudolph  (ki'zer).  One  of 
the  foremost  Norwegian  historians ;  born  at 
Christiania,  Jan.  i,  1803 ;  died  there,  Oct.  8,  1864. 
Among  his  many  important  works  were  a 
•History  of  Norway  >  (2  vols.,  1865-70);  <  His- 
tory of  the  Norwegian  Church  under  Catholi- 
cism >  (2  vols.,  1856-58). 

Khayy&m,  Omar  (ki-yam').  A  noted  Per- 
sian poet,  mathematician,  and  astronomer ;  born 
at  Nishdpur,  1050  (?);  died  there,  1 123  (?).  He 
is  best  known  by  his  famous  <Rubdiydt,>  or 
'Quatrains,*  —  four-line  stanzas  with  the  third 
unrhymed, —  of  which  about  500  are  considered 
genuine ;  Fitzgerald  gives  lOi.  Though  some 
of  these  had  been  already  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Hyde,  Ouseley,  and  Cowell  (in  prose), 
the  first  English  translation  to  make  them 
widely  known  was  Fitzgerald's,  editions  of 
which  appeared  in  1859,  1868,  1872,  1879,  1889. 
Other  English  translations  have  been  by  Whin- 
field  (London,  1881),  McCarthy  (ib.,  1889),  Les- 
lie Garner  (Milwaukee,  1888),  Le  Gallienne 
(1897).  An  American  edition  in  1884  contained 
the  celebrated  illustrations  by  Elihu  Vedder. 
There  are  also  German,  French,  Norwegian, 
and  Hungarian  versions.  A  valuable  work  is 
that  of  N.  H.  Dole,  containing  English,  French, 
and  German  translations,  comparatively  ar- 
ranged, with  further  selections,  notes,  biogra- 
phies, bibliography,  etc.,  and  an  Introduction 
(2  vols.,  1896).  A  new  translation  by  John  Payne, 
the  famous  translator  of  Villon  and  the  <Ara- 
bian  Nights,'  is  announced,  containing  some 
400  additional  quatrains. 

Kheraskov,  Mikhail  (che-ras-kof).  A  Rus- 
sian epic  poet;  born  Oct.  25,  1733;  died  at 
Moscow,  Oct.  9,  1806.  His  principal  works 
were  the  <Rossiad>  (1785),  in  12  cantos,  on  the 
conquest  of  Kazan,  and  < Vladimir'  (1786),  in 
18  cantos,  on  the  conversion  of  St.  Vladimir. 

Khvostchinsk&ia,    Nadezhda    Dmitrievna 

(chvo-schin'ska-e-a).  A  Russian  novelist ;  born 
at  Riazan,  1825;  died  at  Peterhof,  July  2,  1889. 
A  prolific  writer,  her  best  works  were :  <  Anna 
Mikhailovna*  (1850);  <  Waiting  for  Something 
Better  > ;  the  romance  <  The  Country  Teacher  > ; 


<The  Great  Bear,>  the  last  particularly  having 
a  pronounced  success.  She  wrote  also  good 
short  stories  and  published  poetry.  (<  Works,* 
6  vols.,  1859.) 

Kidder,  Daniel  Parish.  An  American  de- 
scriptive writer;  born  at  Darien,  N.  Y.,  1815; 
died  at  Evanston,  111.,  1891.  He  was  a  mis- 
sionary to  Brazil,  and  very  active  in  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church;  was  editor  of  the 
Sunday  School  Advocate.  He  wrote  :  <  Mor. 
monism,  and  the  Mormons*  (1844);  < Sketches 
of  a  Residence  and  Travels  in  Brazil*  (2  vols., 
1845). 

Kidder,  Frederic.  An  American  prose-writei»; 
born  in  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  1804;  died  in 
Melrose,  Mass.,  1885.  An  antiquarian  who  gave 
much  attention  to  the  language  and  religion 
of  the  New  England  Indians.  He  was  author 
of  <  The  Expeditions  of  Capt.  John  LovewelP 
(1865);  <  History  of  the  First  New  Hampshire 
Regiment  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution*  (1868); 
<  History  of  the  Boston  Massacre,  March  5, 
1770*  (1870). 

Kielland   or    Kjelland,    Alexander   Lange 

(chel'and).  One  of  the  most  prominent  of 
Norwegian  novelists  and  dramatists;  born  at 
Stavanger,  1849.  A  strong  representative  of 
the  realistic  school,  he  seeks  to  introduce  Eu- 
ropean culture  into  Norway,  and  is  a  foe  to 
all  forms  of  ecclesiastical  tyranny.  His  writ- 
ings have  been  supposed  to  show  the  influence 
of  Balzac  and  Zola,  also  of  Ibsen  and  Heine. 
Notable  among  his  novels  are  :  <  Garman  and 
Worse*  (1880),  his  first;  'Laboring  People* 
(1881);  <  Skipper  Worse*  (1882).  The  Christ- 
mas story  <Else*  (1881),  one  of  his  best  pro- 
ductions, should  be  read  by  all  who  desire  to 
form  an  opinion  of  his  work.  Of  his  dramas, 
which  differ  from  his  novels  only  in  having 
the  dialogue  form,  among  the  best  are :  <  Betty's 
Formynder*  (Betty's  Guardian:  1887),  < Profes- 
soren*  (1888). 

Killigrew,  Thomas.  An  English  dramatist, 
brother  of  William ;  bom  at  Handworth,  Mid- 
dlesex, 1611;  died  in  London,  1682.  Held  sev- 
eral offices  under  Charles  I.  and  Charles  II., 
among  them  that  of  English  resident  at  Venice 
(1651),  and  court  jester.  He  succeeded  his 
rival  theatre  manager.  Sir  Henry  Herbert,  as 
master  of  the  revels  (1673).  He  wrote  eleven 
plays,  not  all  of  which  were  intended  for  the 
stage.  As  was  to  be  expected  from  his  charac- 
ter, his  comic  dramas  surpass  the  serious  ones. 
A  complete  edition  appeared  in  1664. 

Killigrew,  Sir  William.  An  English  dram- 
atist; born  at  Handworth,  1606;  died  in  Lon- 
don, 1695.  His  dramas  were  praised  by  Waller. 
<Selindra*  (1665)  and  <Ormasdes*  (1665),  two 
tragi-comedies,— so  called  because,  though  they 
end  happily,  they  contain  violent  deaths, —  are 
good  specimens  of  his  work.  He  was  a  Mem- 
ber of  Parliament  and  a  courtier. 

Kimball,  Hannah  Parker.  An  American 
poet;  born  1861.  She  has  contributed  much  to 


304 


KIMBALL  —  KINGLAKE 


magazines,  her  best  collection  of  verse  appear- 
ine  in  the  volume  <  Victory  and  Other  Verses ' 
(1897). 

Kimball,  Harriet  McEwen.  An  American 
writer  of  religious  lyrics ;  born  in  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  1834.  Her  published  works  include  : 
< Hymns'  (1867);  < Swallow  Flights  of  Song> 
( 1874) ;  and  <  The  Blessed  Company  of  All  Faith- 
ful People  >  (1879)  ;  <  Poems>  (Compl.  Ed.  1889). 

Kimball,  Richard  Burleigh.  An  American 
writer;  born  at  Plainfield  N.  H.,  Oct.  II,  1816; 
died  at  New  York,  Dec.  2S,  1S92.  He  was  a  law- 
yer. Among  his  literary  works  were:  <Cuba  and 
the  Cubans'  (1850);  <  Romance  of  Student 
Life  Abroad'  (1853);  <  Under-Currents  of  Wall 
Street'  (1862);  <  Henry  Powers,  Banker'  (1868). 

Kind,  Johann  Friedrich  (kint).  A  German 
miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Leipzig,  March 
4,  1768;  died  at  Dresden,  June  25,  1843.  His 
works  consisted  of  poems,  novels,  and  dramas, 
among  the  latter  being  the  librettos  of  Kreutz- 
er's  opera  <  The  Night  Camp  of  Granada'  and 
Weber's  <  Der  Freischiitz'  (1821). 

King,  Alice.  An  English  novelist;  born  at 
Cutcombe,  March  28,  1839;  died  there,  May, 
1894.  Though  she  became  blind  at  the  age  of 
seven,  she  learned  seven  languages,  and  was  a 
prolific  writer  for  magazines  and  author  of 
novels,  composing  her  manuscript  by  the  aid 
of  a  typewriter.  Among  the  most  popular  of 
her  works  were:  <Sir  Tristram's  Will'  (1867); 
< Hearts  or  Coronets'  (1876);  < Fettered  Yet 
Free'  (1883);  <A  Strange  Tangle'  (1885). 

King,  Mrs.  Anna  Eichberg.  An  American 
short-story  writer  ;  born  in  Switzerland,  1 856. 
Daughter  of  Julius  Eichberg  the  musician.  She 
is  now  Mrs.  John  Lane  of  London.  Author  of 
<Brown's  Retreat  and  Other  Stories'  (1893).  and 
<Kitwyk  Stories' ( 1895),  genuinely  Dutch  in  tone. 

King,  Captain  Charles.  An  American  nov- 
elist and  descriptive  writer;  born  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  1844.  He  resigned  from  the  United  States 
army  in  1879,  becoming  professor  of  military 
science  and  tactics  at  the  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin (1881)  and  devoting  his  time  largely  to  liter- 
ature. He  wrote  a  long  series  of  novels  treat- 
ing of  army  and  frontier  life  and  people,  among 
the  best  of  which  are:  <The  Colonel's  Daugh- 
ter' (1883),  describing  life  in  a  frontier  fort; 
< Kitty's  Conquest'  (1884),  very  popular;  < Fa- 
mous and  Decisive  Battles  of  the  World' 
(1884);  <The  Colonel's  Christmas  Dinner  and 
Other  Stories '  (1892);  <Captain  Close  and  Ser- 
geant Crcesus'  (1895):  also  <  Campaigning  with 
Crook'  (1890); <  The  Iron  Brigade'  (1902). 

King,  Clarence.  A  representative  American 
writer  on  geology  and  allied  topics  ;  born  at 
Newport,  R.  I.,  Jan.  6,  1842;  died  at  Phoenix, 
!\.riz.,  Dec.  24,  1901.  In  1863  he  joined  the 
State  geological  survey  of  California,  making  the 
first  detailed  surveys  of  the  Yosemite  Valley. 
In  1867  he  was  in  charge  of  the  United  States 
geological  survey  of  the  40th  Parallel,  and  for 
the  next  five  years  did  valuable  work  from  the 


California  Sierras  to  Eastern  Wyoming,  the 
results  of  wliich  were  registered  in  two  atlases 
and  the  seven  quarto  volumes  entitled  'Protes- 
sional  Papers  of  the  Engineer  Department  of  the 
United  States  Survey'  (1870-78).  The  first 
volume  was  written  entirely  by  Mr.  King.  When 
in  1879  the  different  geological  surveys  were 
united  in  one  bureau  of  the  Department  of  the 
Interior,  Mr.  King  was  made  first  director  of  the 
Survey,  holding  the  position  until  1 88 1,  when 
he  resigned.  He  later  carried  on  independent 
investigation,  and  contributed  many  important 
papers  to  scientific  periodicals  in  this  country 
and  Europe.  He  was  elected  in  1S76  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Academy  of  Science.  His 
best-known  book,  'Mountaineering  in  the  Sier- 
ras' (1871),  is  not  merely  a  contribution  to 
technical  knowledge  in  this  field,  but  a  brilliant 
literary  performance;  being  written  in  a  graphic 
way,  and  narrating  picturesque  and  thrilling 
incidents  of  Western  wild  life. 

King,  Edward.  An  American  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  at  Middlefield,  Mass,  July  31,  1848; 
died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  March  27,  1 896.  He 
was  both  a  journalist — being  well  known  as  a 
Paris  and  a  war  correspondent — and  an  author. 
His  specialties  were  our  own  Southern  States  and 
French  themes.  Among  his  works  were  <  J^vly  Paris, 
or  French  Character  Sketches'  (1868);  < Ken- 
tucky's Love,  or  Roughing  It  around  Paris' 
(1872);  <The  Great  South'  (1875);  <A  Venetian 
Lover'  (1887),  a  poem;  <The  Gentle  Savage' 
(1888),  a  popular  novel. 

King,  Grace  Elizabeth.  An  American  nov- 
elist, short-story  writer,  and  historian ;  born  in 
Louisiana,  1852.  She  is  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent of  Southern  writers,  and  her  books  largely 
deal  with  Southern  subjects.  Her  novel  <  Mon- 
sieur Motte,'  which  appeared  first  in  the  New 
Princeton  Review,  was  republished  in  book 
form  in  1888.  < Balcony  Stories'  was  one  of 
her  best  works ;  others  can  be  seen  in  <  Tales 
of  a  Time  and  Place.'  Her  historical  writings 
embrace  <  New  Orleans,  the  Place  and  the  Peo- 
ple,' and  a  <Life'  of  Bienville,  the  founder  of 
New  Orleans  ;  <  De  Soto  and  his  Men  in  Florida.' 

King,  Horatio.  An  American  statesman, 
publicist,  and  writer  of  travels ;  born  at  Paris, 
Me.,  June  21,  1811;  died  at  W^ashington,  May 
20,  1897.  He  was  Postmaster-General  of  the 
United  States  in  1861.  He  wrote  '.Sketches  of 
Travel'  (1878';  and  'Turning  on  the  Light :  A 
Survey  of  the  Administration  of  Buchanan.' 

King,  Thomas  Starr.  An  American  essayist ; 
born  in  New  York,  Dec.  17,  1824 ;  died  in  San 
Francisco,  March  4,  1863.  He  was  a  Unitarian 
clergjTnan  and  a  popular  lecturer,  and  wrote 
<  The  White  Hills  :  their  Legends,  Landscape, 
and  Poetry'  (1859);  'Patriotism  and  Other  Pa- 
pers' (1S64). 

Kinglake,  Alexander  William.  A  noted 
English  historian ;  bom  at  Taunton,  Devonshire, 
Aug.  5,  1809 ;  died  in  London,  Jan.  2, 1891.  Hav- 
ing accompanied  the  English  army  to  the 
Crimea  in  1854,  he  wrote  his  masterpiece, '  The 


KINGO  — KINNEY 


305 


Invasioi  of  the  Crimea,  its  Origin  and  an  Ac- 
count of  its  Progress >  (8  vols.,  1863-87).  It  is 
trie  standard  work  on  the  subject,  written  in 
an  almost  perfect  style,  though  perhaps  it  is 
slightly  diffuse,  and  partial  to  his  friend  Lord 
Raglan.  Before  the  Crimean  War  he  had 
written  <  Eothen ;  or  Traces  of  Travel  Brought 
Home  from  the  East>  (5th  ed.  1846),  a  delight- 
ful record  of  personal  experiences  and  a  brill- 
iant book  of  travel,  with  a  light  touch  yet  often 
penetrating  to  the  springs  of  Oriental  feeling. 

Eingo,  Thomas  (kin'gS).  A  Danish  reli- 
gious poet;  born  at  Slangeruh,  Seeland,  1634 ; 
died  1703.  His  secular  poetry  was  common- 
place ;  but  his  hymns,  of  which  he  wrote  41, 
elevated  in  thought  and  beautiful  in  style,  may 
oe  said  to  have  made  him  the  John  Keble  of 
Denmark.  More  than  two  centuries  old,  they 
are  sung  to-day  in  the  Danish  churches,  and 
will  continue  in  use  while  the  Danish  tongue 
endures.  They  appeal  both  to  the  cultivated 
and  the  rude.  The  best  of  them  may  be  seen 
in  his  <  Hymn  Book>  (1689). 

Kingsley,  Charles.  An  English  novelist, 
poet,  and  philanthropist;  born  at  Holne,  near 
Dartmoor,  Devonshire,  June  12,  1819 ;  died  at 
Eversley,  Hampshire,  Jan.  23,  1875.  He  became 
curate  (1842)  and  vicar  (1844)  of  Eversley, 
where  he  spent  a  large  part  of  his  life.  His 
literary  career  began  with  the  publication  of 
<The  Saint's  Tragedy*  (1848),  a  drama  in  verse 
on  the  story  of  St.  Elizabeth  of  Hungary. 
This  was  followed  by  a  series  of  novels  that 
caught  the  attention  of  the  best  readers  :  the  first 
being  < Alton  Locke,  Tailor  and  Poet>  (1849J, 
which  led  to  the  establishment  of  co-operative 
associations  in  England,  and  contained  the 
author's  views  as  a  Christian  socialist,  as  did 
also  <  Yeast  >  (1851).  <Hypatia>  (1853)  described 
pagan  and  Christian  life  in  Alexandria  early 
in  the  fifth  century.  < Westward  Ho!>  (1855) 
narrated  the  adventures  in  the  New  World 
of  Sir  Amyas  Leigh,  with  Sir  Walter  Raleigh, 
Drake,  Hawkins,  etc.,  as  fellow  characters. 
<The  Water  Babies*  (1853)  was  a  fairy  tale 
enjoyed  by  readers  of  all  ages.  Of  his  verse, 
<  Poems,*  chiefly  lyric,  appeared  in  1856,  again 
in  1875,  and  <  Andromeda  and  Other  Poems* 
in  1858.  < Lectures  delivered  in  America*  (1875) 
contained  addresses  given  during  his  visit  to 
the  United  States  in  1874.  His  controversy 
with  John  Henry  (afterward  Cardinal)  New- 
man, in  1864,  led  to  the  latter  publishing  his 
celebrated  <  Apologia  pro  Vita  Sua.*  Mr.  Kings- 
ley  became  professor  of  modern  history  at 
Cambridge  in  1859,  chaplain  to  the  Queen  in 
i860,  canon  of  Westminster  in  1873.  ('Works,* 
28  vol.s.,  1878-81.) 

Kingsley,  Henry.  An  English  novelist, 
brother  of  Charles ;  born  at  Bamack,  North- 
amptonshire, Jan.  2,  1830;  died  at  Cuckfield, 
Sussex,  May  24,  1876.  An  unsuccessful  experi- 
ment at  gold-mining  in  Australia  gave  him 
the  material  for  his  first  novel,  <  The  Recollec- 
tions of  Geoffrey  Hamlyn*  (3  vols.,  1859), 
which  was  well  received.  He  followed  it  with 
20 


a  long  list  of  popular  novels,  among  them 
<Ravenshoe*  ( 1861 ),  generally  considered  his 
best  work;  <  Austin  Elliot*  (2  vols.,  1863);  <The 
Hillyars  and  the  Burtons*  (3  vols.,  1865); 
<Leighton  Court*  (2  vols.,  1866).  A  humorous 
strain  in  his  writings  contrasts  forcibly  with 
his  brother's  work.  He  was  also  a  worker 
for  reviews  and  newspapers,  being  a  special 
correspondent  in  the  Franco-Prussian  War. 
The  battle  of  Sedan,  at  which  he  was  present, 
formed  the  subject  of  <  Valentin :  A  French 
Boy's  Story  of  Sedan*  (1872). 

Kingston,  William  Beatty.  An  English 
journalist  and  author ;  born  in  London,  in  1837. 
For  some  years  in  the  Austrian  consular  serv- 
ice at  London  and  Cardiff,  he  became  a  spe- 
cial correspondent  of  the  Daily  Telegraph  in 
the  principal  Continental  cities,  and  subse- 
quently war  correspondent  for  the  same  jour- 
nal in  the  Austro-Prussian,  Franco-Prussian, 
and  Russo-Turkish  wars.  His  publications  in- 
clude:  <The  Battle  of  Berlin*  (1871);  < William 
L,  German  Emperor*  (1883);  <  Music  and  Man- 
ners* (1887),  a  volume  of  personal  reminis- 
cences; (Monarchs  1  Have  Met*  (1887). 

Kingston,  V/illiam-  Henry  Giles.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist;  bom  in  London,  Feb.  28,  1814; 
died  near  there,  August  5,  1880.  He  wrote 
almost  t'nough  not  quite  exclusively  for  boys, 
producing  130  stories  in  30  years ;  mostly  of 
sea  voyage  and  adventure,  instructive  as  well 
as  pleasing,  and  very  popular.  <  Peter  the 
Whaler*  (1851),  <The  Cruise  of  the  Frolic* 
(i860),  the  series  beginning  with  <The  Three 
Midshipmen*  (1873),  <Joviman*  (1877),  etc., 
won  swarms  of  readers,  both  young  and  old. 
His  articles  on  Portugal,  where  his  father  was 
a  merchant  at  Oporto,  led  to  the  commercial 
treaty  between  Portugal  and  England  in  1842. 

Kinkel,  Johann  Gottfried  (kink'el).  A  dis- 
tinguished German  poet  and  historian  of  art ; 
born  at  Obercassel,  near  Bonn,  Aug.  il,  1815 ; 
died  at  Zurich,  Nov.  12,  1882.  His  patriotic 
and  stormy  life  and  political  martyrdom  con- 
trasted oddly  with  his  peaceful  writings.  His 
first  volume  of  verse  (1843;  7th  ed.  1872),  rich 
in  feeling  and  charming  in  simplicity,  contained 
the  fine  narrative  poem  <Otto  the  Archer,*  which 
had  afterward  enormous  success  printed  alone 
(56th  ed.  1881),  also  serving  repeatedly  as  an 
opera  libretto  ;  his  second  (1868),  more  political 
and  m-uch  inferior,  contained  however  the  ex- 
quisite narrative  poem  <The  Blacksmith  of 
Antwerp,*  one  of  his  best  productions.  The 
tragedy  <Nimrod*  (1857)  aimed  to  depict  the 
rise  of  despotism.  The  village  tale  <  Margret  > 
became  at  once  a  classic.  Of  a  great  prose 
work  he  projected,  <  History  of  Christian  Plastic 
Art,*  only  the  fir.st  part,  on  <  Ancient  Christian 
Art,*  ever  appeared  (1845). 

Kinney,  Coates.  An  American  journalist 
and  writer  of  verse ;  born  in  Yates  County, 
N.  Y.,  1826.  He  was  oiiginally  a  lawyer,  after- 
wards editor  of  the  Cincinnati  Times  and  the 
Ohio  State  Journal.  He  has  written:  <Ke-u-ka, 
etc.*    (1855);    <  Lyrics   of    the    Ideal    and    the 


3o6 


KINNEY— KISFALUDY 


Real'  (1888).  His  best-known  poem  is  probably 
*  The  Rain  upon  the  Roof.*     He  died  in  1904. 

Kinney,  Elizabeth  Clementine  (Dodge). 
An  American  prose  and  verse  writer;  born  in 
New  York  city,  1810;  died  at  Summit,  N.  J., 
1889.  She  wrote  <  Felicita,  a  Metrical  Romance' 
(1855);  <  Poems'  (1867);  and  <  Bianca  Cappello, 
a  Tragedy'  (1873). 

Kip,  Leonard.  An  American  miscellaneous 
prose-writer,  brother  of  William  I.  Kip ;  born  in 
New  York  city,  1826;  died  in  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  1893.  Among  his  published  works  are  : 
'California  Sketches'  (1850);  <ainone,  a  Ro- 
man Tale'  (1S66);  < Under  the  Bells'  (1879); 
and  <Nestlenook'  (1880). 

Kip,  William  Ingraham.  An  American  Epis- 
copal divine,  one  of  the  notable  men  of  his  de- 
nomination; born  in  New  York  city,  Oct.  3, 181 1; 
died  in  San  Francisco,  April  7, 1893.  He  achieved 
distinction  as  missionary  bishop  of  California  in 
1853,  and  was  made  bishop  in  1857.  He  pub- 
lished:  <The  Double  Witness  of  the  Church' 
(1844);  < The  Catacombs  of  Rome'  (1854);  <The 
Unnoticed  Things  of  Scripture'  (i868);  and 
<The  Church  of  the  Apostles'  (1877). 

Kipling,  Rudyard.  An  English  short-story 
writer,  novelist,  and  poet ;  born  at  Bombay,  In- 
dia, Dec.  30,  1865.  Starting  with  prose,  his  short 
stories  are  :  < Plain  Tales  from  the  Hills'  (1888), 
introducing  among  others  the  famous  creations 
Mulvaney  and  Ortheris,  who  appeared  again 
with  Learoyd,  the  third   of  the  great   trio,  in 

<  Soldiers  Three '  (1889)  and  others  of  his  works ; 
<The  Phantom  Rickshaw'  (1889);  <  Mine  Own 
People'  (1891);  <Life's  Handicap'  (1891); 
<Many  Inventions'  (1893);  <The  Jungle  Books' 
(1894-95).  His  novels  are:  <The  Story  of  the 
Gadsbys'  (1890),  in  dialogue  form;  <The  Light 
that  Failed'  (1891);  <The  Naulahka'  (1892), 
with  Wolcott  Balestier ;  <  Captains  Courageous ' 
(1897),  a  story  with  American  characters.  His 
verse  can  be  seen  in  <  Departmental  and  Other 
Ditties'  (1890);  <  Barrack  Room  Ballads' 
(1892J;  *  '1  he  Seven  Seas  '  (iSgo);  <  Traffics  and 
Discoveries'  (1904). 

Kirby,  William.  A  Canadian  novelist,  poet, 
and  dramatist;  bom  in  Kingston-upon-Hull, 
England,  Oct.  13,  1817.  He  came  to  Canada  in 
1832.  From  1841  till  1861  he  edited  and  pub- 
lished the  Niagara  Mail.  Among  his  published 
works  are  :  <U.  E.:  A  Tale  of  Upper  Canada' ; 

<  Niagara,'  a  poem  (1869);  <Chien  d'Or,'  a 
Canadian  historical  romance  (1877);  <  Joseph 
in  Egypt ' ;  dramas ;  and  many  poems. 

Kirchbach,  Wolfgang  (kirch'bach).  A  Ger- 
man poet  and  novelist;  born  in  London,  Sept. 
18,  1857.  Of  his  numerous  works,  especially 
noticeable  were:  'Salvator  Rosa'  (1880),  a 
novel;  < Children  of  the  Kingdom'  (1883),  «a 
novel  cycle";  < Selected  Poems' (1883);  <Waib- 
linger'  (1886),  a  modern  tragedy;  <  The  Judge 
of  Men '  (1888),  a  comedy ;  the  dramas  <  Gordon 
Pasha  '  and  *  Eginhard  and  Emma  ' ;  and  <  What 
did  Jesus  Teach?' 

Klrchliofif,  Theodor  (kir.ch'hof).  A  German- 
American  poet ;  born  at  Utersen,  Jan.  8,  1828. 
Residing  in  the   United  States,    he    writes   in 


German  and  publishes  in  Germany.  With  his 
brother  Christian,  he  published  <  Songs  of  War 
and  Love'  (1864),  and  another  volume  of 
poems,  <Adelpha'  (1869).  Alone,  he  has  writ- 
ten: <  Pictures  of  Travel  .and  Sketches  from 
America'  (2  vols.,  1875-76);  *  Ballads  and  Re- 
cent Poems'  (1883);  <  Pictures  of  Californian 
Civilization'  (i886j;  <A  Trip  to  Hawaii'  (1890). 

Kirk,  Ellen  Warner  (Olney).  An  American 
novelist,  wife  of  John  Foster  Kirk;  born  at 
Southington,  Conn.,  1842.  She  has  been  a  fre- 
quent and  welcome  contributor  to  periodicals. 
Of  her  books,  <A  Midsummer  Madness'  (1885), 
and  <A  Daughter  of  Eve'  (1889),  created  a 
marked  impression.  <  The  Story  of  Margaret 
Kent'  (1885),  published  under  the  pseudonym 
<<  Henry  Hayes,"  passed  rapidly  through  many 
editions.  Her  latest  work  is  *Marcia'  (1907). 
Kirk,  John  Foster.  An  American  historian; 
born  at  Fredericton,  N.  B.,  1824.  He  moved 
to  the  United  States  about  1842.  He  is  author 
of  <  History  of  Charles  the  Bold'  (3  vols.,  1863- 
68),  and  of  various  historical  essays  and  re- 
views. He  was  editor  of  Lippincott's  Magazine 
for  many  3'ears.     Died  Sept.  21,  1904. 

Kirkland,  Caroline  Matilda  (Stansbnry).  A-n 
American  prose-writer;  born  in  New  Yoi-k  city, 
1801 ;  died  there,  1864.  Her  works,  in  part,  are  : 
< Forest  Life'  (1842);  <  Garden  Walks  with  the 
Poets'  (1854);  <Memoirs  of  Washington '(1857); 
<The  Destiny  of  Our  Country'  (1864). 

Kirkland,  John  Thornton.  A  distinguished 
American  Unitarian  divine,  educator,  and  bi- 
ographer; born  in  New  York  State,  1770 ;  died 
1840.  He  was  president  of  Harvard  University 
(1810-27).     He  wrote:  <  Life  of  Fisher  Ames'; 

<  Eulogy  of  General  Washington.' 

Kirkland,  Joseph.  An  American  novelist; 
bom  at  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  7,  1S30;  died  at 
Chicago,  April  29,  1S94.  <Zury,  the  Meanest 
Man  in  Spring  County'  ( 18S7)  gives  a  picture  of 
pioneer  life  in  Illinois.  In  <The  McVeys  (188S) 
reappear   several   of  the  characters   of  <Zury.> 

<  The  Captain  of  Company  K '  appeared  in 
1891;  <  The  Chicago  Massacre  of  1812'  in  1893 
( in  collaboration  with  Caroline  Kirkland  ) ; 
<The  Story  of  Chicago'  (2  vols.)  in  1892-94. 

Kirwan.    See  Murray,  Nicholas. 

Kisfaludy,  K^roly  (kish'fa-lo'de).  A  noted 
Hungarian  poet  and  novelist,  brother  of  San- 
dor;  born  at  Tdt  (Raab),  Feb.  S,  1788;  died 
Nov.  II,  1830.  He  was  the  father  of  modern 
Hungarian  drama.  His  noblest  tragedy,  <  Irene ' 
(1820),  has  scarcely  a  peer  in  Hungarian  lit- 
erature. Next  comes  the  fragment  <  Matthew 
Csik ' ;  overwork  on  which,  injuring  his  health, 
compelled  him  to  leave  it  unfinished.  His  com- 
edies excelled  his  tragedies ;  among  the  best 
of  them  were  :  <  The  Rebels,'  <  The  Murderer,' 
•Illusions,'  all  bright  pictures  of  modern  Hun- 
garian life.  He  was  successful  as  a  lyric  poet 
also;  and  as  a  novelist,  particularly  a  humor- 
ous one.  Soon  after  his  death  a  Kisfaludy 
Society  was  formed  in  Hungary  in  support  of 
,    the  national  Muse.     (<  Works,'  6  vols.,  1893.) 


KISPALU  DY  —  KLEMM 


307 


Kisfaludy,  S&ndor.  A  celebrated  Hungarian 
poet;  born  at  Sumeg  (Zala),  Sept.  27,  1772; 
died  Oct.  28,  1844.  He  was  the  first  great  poet 
of    modern    Hungary.      His    masterpiece    was 

<  Himfy's   Love   Songs  >  (1801-7),  in  two  parts, 

<  Love  Unrequited*  and  <  Love  Returned,*  —  the 
former  being  the  better,  and  both  showing  the 
influence  of  Petrarch.  His  other  important  work 
was  the  epic  <  Legends  from  the  Magyar  Past* 
(1807-38),  which  also  contained  many  love  songs. 
He  was  the  poet  of  the  aristocracy,  as  Csokonai 
was  of  the  people.  A  memorial  to  him  was 
Jrected  at  Lake  Flatten  in  i860.  (<  Works,*  8 
I'ols.,  1892.) 

Kiss,  Josef  (kish).  A  celebrated  Hungarian 
poet ;  born  at  TemesvS,r,  1843.  He  is  exclus- 
ively modern  in  subjects  and  treatment,  but 
with  a  strain  of  melancholy.  His  <Song  of 
the  Sewing-Machine  *  (1884),  a  glorification  of 
work  and  a  noble  eulogy  on  woman,  and  <  A 
Grave*  (his  mother's),  are  noted.  A  fourth  edi- 
tion of  his  <  Poetical  Works*  appeared  in  1890; 
<New  Poems*  in  1891.  Since  1890  he  has  been 
editor  of  The  Week,  a  literary  journal. 

Kjerlsegaard,  Sbren  Aaby  (kyer'ke-gor).  An 
eminent  Danish  religious  writer;  born  at  Co- 
penhagen, May  5,  1813;  died  there,  Nov.  11, 
1835.  He  placed  the  philosophical  basis  of  Chris- 
tianity in  personal  faith ;  and  decried  <*  official  ** 
Christianity,  making  religion  a  personal  matter 
between  each  soul  and  the  Supreme  Being. 
His  principal  work  was <  Enten  —  ElJer*  (Either 
—  Or:  4th  ed.  1878). 

Klaczko,  Julian  (klach'ko).  A  Polish  states- 
man, poet,  and  historical  writer ;  born  Nov.  6, 
1828,  of  Hebrew  parents.  He  was  at  one  time  a 
prominent  member  of  the  Austrian  Landtag, 
and  is  a  voluminous  writer  on  historical  and 
political  subjects  in  Polish,  French,  and  Ger- 
•  man.  Chief  among  his  publications  are  :  <  The 
Polish  School*  (1854);  <The  Unitarian  Agita- 
tion in  Germany*  (1862);  <  Studies  in  Contem- 
porary Diplomacy*  (1866);  <The  Preliminaries 
of  Sadowa*  (1869);  <The  Two  Chancellors* 
(1876),  a  study  of  Bismarck  and  Gortchakoff; 
*  Florentine  Causeries*;  <  Dante  and  Michel 
Angelo  * ;  <  Rome  and  the  Renaissance.* 

Klapp,  Michael  (klapp).  A  German  dram- 
atist and  novelist ;  born  at  Prague,  1834 ;  died 
at  Vienna,  Feb.  25,  1888.  He  was  a  successful 
writer  of  comedies,  of  which  one  of  the  best 
known  was  <  Rosenkrantz  and  Guildenstem  * 
(1878).    Others   were:    <The   Blank   Lottery*; 

<  Miss  Councillor  of  Commerce.*  <The  Bank 
Barons*  (2  vols.,  1877)  deserves  mention. 

Klaprotb,  Heinrich  Julius  von  (klap'rot). 
A  celebrated  German  Orientalist ;  born  in  Ber- 
lin, Oct.  II,  1783;  died  in  Paris,  Aug.  20,  1835. 
He  was  sent  by  tiie  Russian  government  on 
a  mission  to  Central  Asia,  and  acquired  valua- 
ble information  concerning  Oriental  languages 
and  customs.  In  1815  he  took  up  his  residence 
at  Paris,  at  the  same  time  holding  a  nomi- 
nal professorship  at  the  University  of  Berlin. 
Among  his  numerous  works  may  be  noticed : 


<  Travels  in  Caucasus  and  Georgia*  (1812-14); 
<Geographico-Historical  Description  of  Eastern 
Caucasus*   (1814);  <Asia  Polyglotto*  (1823-29); 

<  Historical  View  of  Asia*  (1824). 

Klein,  Julius  Leopold  (klin).  A  German 
dramatist  and  dramatic  historian ;  bom  at  Mis- 
kolcz,  Hungary,  1810;  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  2, 
1876.  Prominent  among  his  dramas  were  the 
historical  tragedies  <  Marie  de  Mddicis*  (1841; 
second  part,  <  Luines,*  1842);  <Zenobia*  (1847); 

<  Strafford*  (1862):  among  his  comedies,  <The 
Duchess*  (1848);  <A  Prot^gd*  (1850);  < Vol- 
taire* (1862).  Of  his  dramatic  work,  it  has 
been  said  that  it  shows  him  to  be  a  man  of 
talent  working  by  a  mistaken  method.  His 
celebrated  'History  of  the  Drama*  (13  vols., 
1865-76 ;  index  1886)  —  a  production  of  vast  scope, 
research,  and  industry  —  aimed  to  give  the  dra- 
matic history  of  all  peoples,  but  was  unfinished 
at  death. 

Kleinpaul,  Rudolph  (klin'poul).  A  German 
miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Grossgrabe,  near 
Kamentz,  March  9,  1845.  He  wrote  several  in- 
teresting volumes  of  travel  in  Egypt,  Italy,  and 
along  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  of  which 
*  Crucify  Him  !  Adventures  of  Italian  Travel  * 
reached  a  second  edition  in  1882.     The  drama 

<  The  Abduction  of  the  Princes  *  appeared  in  1884. 

Kleist,  Ewald  Christian  von  (klist).  A 
German  poet ;  born  at  Zeblin,  Pomerania, 
March  7,  1715;  died  at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder, 
Aug.  24,  1759.  His  fame  rests  upon  the  poem 
< Spring*  (1749),  which  contains  description 
eminently  true  to  nature,  together  with  an  ele- 
ment of  melancholy ;  this  trait  marks  also  his 
odes,  elegies,  songs,  etc.  His  second-best  poem 
was  the  little  martial  epic  <  Cissides  and  Paches,* 
breathing  patriotism  from  every  line.  A  lover 
of  nature,  he  was  an  ardent  admirer  of  the 
English  poet  Thomson.  His  idyls  belong  to  his 
best  work. 

Kleist,  Heinrich  von.  A  German  poet ;  born 
at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  Oct.  18,  1777  ;  died  at 
Wannsee,  near  Potsdam,  Nov.  21,  1811.  His 
dramas  rival  those  of  Goethe  and  Schiller.  The 
best    are:    <  Penthesilea*    (1808),    a    tragedy; 

<  Kitty  of  Heilbronn*  (1810)  ;  <  The  Prince  of 
Homburg*  (1821)  ;<  Hermann's  Battle*  (1821),— 
the  last  two  being  his  masterpieces ;  the  comedy 
*The  Broken  Jug*  (1812).  Though  known 
chiefly  as  a  dramatic  poet,  he  wrote  also  lyrical 
verse  that  made  a  deep  and  lasting  impression. 
His  fine  prose  story  <  Michael  Kohlhaas,*  to- 
gether with  others,  all  showing  marked  ability, 
appeared  in  < Tales*  (2  vols.,  1810-I1).  His 
fame  did  not  come  till  after  his  death.  (<  Works,* 
Stuttgart,  1885.) 

Klemm,  Friedrich  Oustav  (klem).  A  Ger- 
man librarian  and  historian;  born  at  Chemnitz, 
Nov.  12,  1802 ;  died  at  Dresden,  Aug.  26,  1867. 
Having  studied  in  Leipsic,  he  settled  in  1825 
in  Dresden,  where  he  became  royal  librarian 
(1852),  retaining  that  post  until  1864.  Of  special 
value  are  his  historical  works,  such  as :  <Attila 
according   So    History,    Sagas,   and    Legends ' 


3o8 

(1825);  <  History  of  Bavaria  >  (1828);  <  Hand- 
book of  German  Archoeology*  (1835);  <Italica' 
(1839),  Italian  travels;  'General  History  of 
Civilization  >  (10  vols.,  1843-52);  <  Science  of  Civ- 
ilization >  (1854-55);  *  Women  >  (6  vols.,  1854-59). 

Klicpera,  Vaclav  Kliment  (klich'pe-ra).  A 
Czech  poet  and  novelist ;  born  at  Chlumec, 
Bohemia,  1792  ;  died  at  Prague,  1859.  He  wrote 
in  a  style  that  was  picturesque,  but  occasionally 
somewhat  coarse.  Of  a  large  number  of  dramas, 
the  tragedy  <  Sobeslav  > ;  and  the  comedies  <  The 
Magic  Hat,'  •  Ziska's  Sword,'  <  The  Liar,'  <  The 
Comedy  on  the  Bridge,'  were  successful.  Among 
his  novels  may  be  named  <  Tocnik '  and  <  Vil- 
kovic.'  He  wrote  also  patriotic  ver.se,  etc. 
(<  Works,'  1864.) 

Klingemanu,  Ernst  August  Friedricli 
(kling'e-man).  A  German  dramatist ;  born  at 
Brunswick,  Aug.  31,  1777 ;  died  there,  Jan.  25, 
1831.  His  model  was  Schiller,  and  so  success- 
ful in  their  day  were  his  dramas,  that  for  years 
his  name  and  Schiller's  were  coupled  in  popu- 
lar speech.  Among  his  works  were :  <  Mar- 
tin Luther';  'Cromwell';  'German  Faith'; 
<  Faust.'  When  belonging  to  the  management 
of  the  Brunswick  Court  Theatre,  he  was  the 
first  to  produce,  though  sorely  against  his  will, 
Goethe's  'Faust'  (1829).  ('Works,'  2  vols., 
1817-18.) 

Ellnger,  Friedrich  Maximilian  von  (kling'- 
er).  A  German  poet  and  novelist ;  born  at 
Frankfort  on  the  Main,  Feb.  17,  1752;  died 
at  Dorpat,  Feb.  25,  1831.  Among  his  earlier 
dramas,  including  'The  Twins'  (1776),  'Otto' 
(1781),  <The  Suffering  Wife,'  etc.,  was  'Sturm 
und  Drang'  (Storm  and  Stress:  1776),  which 
gave  its  celebrated  name  to  that  period  of  Ger- 
man literature.  He  was  called  at  the  time  he 
wrote  it  a  "  Shakespeare  gone  mad,"  and  he 
himself  referred  in  later  life  to  his  early  pro- 
ductions as  "explosions  of  youthful  brains 
and  ill-humor."  From  them  his  evolution  was 
toward  moderation  and  restraint.  Of  his  novels, 
best  known  was  the  gloomy  <  Faust's  Life,  Deeds, 
and  Journey  to  Hell'  (1791);  unless  indeed 
<The  Worldling  and  the  Poet'  (1798),  consist- 
ing of  psychological  dialogues  on  the  contrast 
between  the  actual  and  the  ideal  world,  were 
its  successful  competitor.  <  Reflections  and 
Thoughts  on  Various  Subjects  of  the  World  and 
Literature'  (3  vols.,  1802-5)  may  also  be  men- 
tioned. Early  left  an  orphan  in  wretched  cir- 
cumstances, after  various  vicissitudes  he  entered 
the  service  of  Russia,  where  he  rose  to  high 
position.     (Latest  edition  of  his  works,  1841.) 

Klonowicz,  Sebasti&,n  Fabian  (klo-no'vich). 
A  Neo-Latin  and  Polish  poet ;  born  at  Sul- 
mierzyce,  about  1545 ;  died  at  Lublin,  Aug.  29, 
1602.  His  chief  work, 'Roxolania'  (1584),  was 
a  description  in  verse  of  the  country  and  peo- 
ple of  Red  Russia  (eastern  Galicia).  The 
didactic  poem  'The  Victory  of  the  Gods' 
(1595).  also  in  Latin,  and  directed  against  the 
privileges  of  birth  and  other  wrongs,  contained 
fine  passages,  but  was  too  long.  'Flis'  (The 
Waterman :    1595),  a    Polish    poem,  described 


KLICPERA  —  KNEELAND 


transportation    down    the    Vistula  from    W 
saw  to  Dantzic.    'Judas's  Purse'  (1600)  was 


ar- 

as  a 


)rtation    aown    tne    Vistula  trom    > 
saw  to  Dantzic.    'Judas's  Purse'  (1600)  was  a 
sharp,   satirical   poem,  directed    against   theft, 
hypocrisy,  etc. 

Klopp,  Onno  (klop).  A  German  historian; 
born  in  Leer,  1822.  For  a  number  of  years 
he  was  a  teacher  in  the  gymnasium  at  Osna- 
briick,  and  later  became  a  close  friend  of 
George  V.  of  Hanover.  A  strong  anti-Prussian 
tendency  is  the  only  blemish  in  a  series  of 
remarkable  historical  productions,  such  as  a 
'History  of  East  Friesland'  (1854-58);  'King 
Frederick  of  Prussia  and  the  German  Nation' 
(2d  ed.  1867);  'Tilly  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War' 
(1861);  'The  Fall  of  the  House  of  Stuart'  (14 
vols.,  1875-87);  'The  Thirty  Years'  War  to  the 
Death  of  Gustavus  Adolphus' (1891).    D.  1903. 

Klopstock,  Friedrich  Gottlieb  (klop'stok). 
A  celebrated  German  poet ;  born  at  Quedlin- 
burg,  1724;  died  at  Hamburg,  1803.  In  free- 
ing German  poetry  from  the  exclusive  reign  of 
the  Alexandrine  verse,  he  was  the  founder  of 
a  new  era  in  German  literature.  His  great  epic 
'Messiah'  (1748-73),  at  first  partly  written  in 
prose  and  changed  afterward  to  hexameters, 
made  him  famous ;  its  effect  on  German  thought 
was  great,  and  its  influence  can  be  traced  down 
succeeding  German  literature.  His  most  fin- 
ished work,  however,  was  doubtless  his  '  Odes,' 
which  represent  intellectual  originality  and  truth. 
Even  Schiller  and  Goethe  were  artistically  in- 
debted to  him.  His  dramas  were  of  less  worth. 
('Works,'  1879.) 

Knapp,  Albert  (knap).  A  German  religious 
poet;  born  July  25,  1798;  died  June  18,  1864. 
Many  of  his  hymns  can  be  found  in  the  man- 
ual <  Christoterpe '  (1833-53),  a  collection  which 
had  previously  appeared  in  small  volumes,  one 
issued  each  year.  His  '  Evangelical  Treasury 
of  Songs  for  Church  and  Home'  (1837;  3d  ed. 
1865)  was  taken  from  the  liturgies  and  hjTnns 
of  all  Christian  countries.  He  gave  great  im- 
petus to  the  poetry  of  devotion  in  Germany. 

Knapp,  Arthur  May.  An  American  Uni- 
tarian divine  and  writer  of  travels ;  born  in 
Massachusetts,  1841.  His  home  is  at  Fall  River, 
Mass.  He  has  written  <  Feudal  and  Modern 
Japan.' 

Knapp,  Samuel  Lorenzo.  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  born  in  Newburyport,  Mass., 
1783;  died  in  Hopkinton,  Mass.,  1838.  He  at- 
tained to  eminence  in  law ;  was  editor  of  the 
Boston  Gazette  and  the  Boston  Monthly  Mag- 
azine. His  works,  chiefly  biographical,  include 
'Travels  in  North  America  by  Ali  Bey'  (1818); 
'Memoirs  of  General  Lafayette'  (1824);  'Lect- 
ures on  American  Literature'  (1829);  'Lives' 
of  Daniel  Webster,  Aaron  Burr,  and  Andrew 
Jackson.  He  edited  <  The  Library  of  American 
History'  (1837). 

Kneeland,  Samuel.  An  American  miscel- 
laneous writer  and  naturalist ;  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  1821 ;  died  1888.  He  was  a  member  of 
numerous  scientific  societies,  and  has  contrib- 
uted many  articles  to  medical  literature.     In 


KNIASHNIN  —  KNOWLBS 


309 


addition  to  editing  'The  Annual  of  Scientific 
Discovery*  (1886-S9),  a  translation  of  <  Andry's 
Diseases   of    the    Heart >    (1847),  and    Smith's 

<  History    of    the    Human    Species,*   he    wrote 

<  Science  and  Mechanism*  (1854);  <  The  Won- 
ders of  the  Yosemite  Valley  and  of  California* 
(1871);  and  <An  American  in  Iceland*  (1876). 

Euiaslinin,  Jakov  Borissovitch  (kne-azh'- 
nen).  A  Russian  poet;  born  at  Pskov,  1742; 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  1791.    In  his  tragedies, 

<  Dido,*  <  Roslav,*  etc.,  he  tried  to  imitate  Cor- 
neille.  <  Vladimir*  (1793),  another  tragedy,  was 
destroyed  by  order  of  Catherine  II.  as  imperil- 
ing public  safety.  Of  his  comedies,  two,  <The 
Queer  Fellows  *  and  <  The  Boaster,*  are  excel- 
lent pieces  of  work.  He  wrote  also  odes, 
satires,  songs,  fables,  and  other  minor  poems. 
(<  Works,*  2  vols.,  1842.) 

Kniaznin,  Franciszek  Dionizy  (kne-azh'- 
nen).  A  Polish  poet;  born  at  Witebsk,  1750 ; 
died  at  Konskawola,  1807.  He  may  be  styled 
the  herald  of  romanticism  in  Poland.  His 
works  consisted  of  lyrics,  dramas,  and  numer- 
ous occasional  pieces.  Among  them  were  the 
drama  <  Spartan  Mother,*  and  the  tragedy  <  The- 
mistocles,*  also  the  opera  <The  Gipsies.*  He 
translated  into  Polish  some  of  La  Fontaine's 
fables.     (<  Works,*  7  vols.,  1828.) 

Knigge,  Adolf  Franz  Heinricli  von,  Baron 

(knig'ej.  A  German  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
at  Bredenbeck,  near  Hanover,  Oct.  16,  1752; 
died  at  Bremen,  May  6,  1796.  The  most  im- 
portant of  his  works,  <  On  Converse  with  Men  * 
(2  vols.,  17881,  gave  maxims  and  rules  for  the 
conduct  of  life,  of  which  it  showed  profound 
knowledge.  <  The  Journey  to  Brunswick  *  (1839, 
illustrated)  was  a  humorous  novel,  and  has  fre- 
quently been  reprinted.  <  The  Romance  of  My 
Life  *  (4  vols.,  1781 ;  new  ed.  1805)  has  been  a 
great  favorite.  He  was  one  of  the  '*  Illumi- 
nati**;  and  published  a  defense  of  Illuminism 
in  his  adept's-name  "  Philo.**  (<  Works,*  12 
vols.,  i8o4hd6.j 

Knight,  Charles.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer  and  publisher;  born  at  Windsor,  1791 ; 
died  at  Addlestone,  Surrey,  1873.  His  life  was 
one  of  wide  activity  and  increasingly  great 
usefulness  to  his  country,  from  the  time  when 
he  became  publisher  of  The  Etonian  for  Praed, 
Macaulay,  Nelson  Coleridge,  etc.,  while  they 
were  students  at  Eton.  He  was  editor  of 
Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine ;  superintendent 
of  publications  to  the  famous  Society  for  the 
Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge;  publisher  of 
the  <  Library  of  Entertaining  Knowledge,*  in 
which  he  wrote  several  volumes ;  publisher  of 
the  Penny  Magazine  (1832)  and  of  the  'Penny 
Cyclopaedia*  (1833).  His  great  work  was  the 
'Popular  History  of  England*  (8  vols.,  1854- 
61),  a  monument  of  research,  breadth  of  view, 
and  devotion  to  the  people.  His  autobiogra- 
phy, '  Passages  from  a  Working  Life  *  (3  vols., 
1864-65),  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  books. 
His  'Pictorial  Shakespeare*  (8  vols.,  1839-41), 
which    he    himself    probably    considered    the 


work  of  his  life,  served  a  good  end ;  aad  '  The 
Shadows  of  the  Old  Booksellers*  (1865)  is  a 
gem  of  its  kind.  He  wrote  also  a  historical 
novel  entitled  'Begg'd  at  Court*  (1868). 

Knight,  Francis  Arnold.  An  English  writer 
on  country  life ;  born  at  Gloucester,  1852.  A 
regular  contributor,  mainly  on  natural-history 
subjects,  to  the  Daily  News,  Speaker,  Spectator, 
and  other  periodicals,  he  has  published  four 
volumes  of  essays,  entitled  '  By  Leafy  Ways  * ; 
'  Idylls  of  the  Field  * ;  <  Rambles  of  a  Dominie ' ; 
'  By  Moorland  and  Sea.* 

Knight,  William  Angus.  A  Scotch  philo- 
sophical writer  and  litterateur ;  born  at  Mord- 
ington,  Berwickshire,  Feb.  22,  1836.  He  has 
been  professor  of  philosophy  at  the  University 
of  St.  Andrews  since  1876,  and  made  valuable 
additions  to  philosophical  and  general  liter- 
ature. Among  numerous  publications  may  be 
noticed :  <  Poems  from  the  Dawn  of  English 
Literature  to  the  Year  1699*  (1863);  'Colloquia 
Peripatetica*  (1870);  'Studies  in  Philosophy  and 
Literature*  (1879);  'Memorials  of  Colenton* 
(1887);  'Wordsworth's  Prose*  (1893);  'Aspects 
of  Theism*  (1894).  He  has  also  been  the 
editor  of  '  Philosophical  Classics  for  English 
Readers*  (15  vols.,  1880-90),  and  'University 
Extension  Manuals*  (18  vols.,  1891-94). 

Knorring,  Sofia  Margarete  von  (knor'ing). 
A  Swedish  novelist :  born  Sept.  29,  1797 ;  died 
Feb.  13,  1848.  Unlike  Fredrika  Bremer,  who 
described  middle-class  life,  she  was  the  novel- 
ist of  Swedish  society;  seeing  its  follies  and 
frivolities  indeed,  but  lacking  that  power  of 
satire  which  makes,  for  instance,  Thackeray's 
handling  of  similar  material  so  effective.  Vivid 
and  graceful,  she  wanted  simplicity  and  out- 
spokenness. Her  best  works  were  :  <  Kusinerna  * ; 
'Axel*;  'Class  Parallels*;  'A  Peasant  and  his 
Surroundings,*  the  only  novel  in  which  she 
treats  of  middle  or  lower  class  life. 

Knortz,  Karl  (knorts).  A  German-American 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Garbenheim,  near 
Wetzlar,  Aug.  28,  1841.  Has  resided  since  1863 
in  the  United  States,  where  he  bends  his  efforts 
to  upholding  German  interests.  Notable  among 
his  works  are :  <  Tales  and  Legends  of  the 
North-American  Indians*  (1871);  'American 
Sketches  *  (1876);  <  Longfellow  >  (1879);  'From  the 
Wigwam  *(i8So);<  Indian  Legends* ;' Pictures  of 
American  Life  >  (18S4).  With  Dickman  (1S80)  he 
collaborated  on  <  Modern  American  Lyrics  *; 
<  Vestiges  of  Teutonic  Belief  and  Custom  in 
America  *  (1903). 

Knowles,  Herbert.  An  English  poet ;  born 
at  Gomersal,  near  Leeds,  1798;  died  there,  Feb. 
17,  1817.  His  reputation  rests  wholly  on  the 
poem  'The  Three  Tabernacles,*  known  other- 
wise as  '  Stanzas  in  Richmond  Churchyard,* 
written  Oct.  7,  1816,  when  he  was  only  eighteen 
years  old.  It  is  a  remarkable  if  not  unique 
production,  since,  while  being  so  precocious, 
it  is  mature  in  thought  and  feeling,  and  apart 
from  one  or  two  blemishes,  perfect  in  form. 
Its  solemnity  and  pathos  have  seldom  been 
equaled. 


3i» 


KNOWLBS— KOCK 


Knowles,  James  Sheridan.  An  Irish  actor, 
lecturer,  and  dramatist;  born  at  Cork,  May  12, 
1784;  died  at  Torquay,  England,  Nov.  30,  1862. 
He  made  his  first  appearance  as  an  actor  in 
1806,  but  never  attained  much  eminence  in  that 
profession.  Subsequently  he  taught  elocution 
for  several  years  at  Belfast  and  Glasgow,  and 
wrote  for  the  stage.  He  abandoned  dramatic 
work  in  1845  from  religious  scruples,  devoted 
himself  to  literature,  and  later  became  well 
known  as  a  Baptist  preacher.  Of  his  works 
only  the  tragedy  of  <  Virginius,'  produced  1820, 
and  the  comedies  <  The  Hunchback*  (1832) 
and  <  The  I-ove  Chase  >  (1837),  have  survived. 
They  are  good  ^*  acting  plays,»  and  always 
popular,  but  possess  little  literary  value.  Among 
his  other  dramas  may  be  mentioned :  <  Cains 
Gracchus'  (1815);  'William  TelP  (1825);  <A1- 
fred  the  Great>  (1831);  <The  Wife:  A  Tale  of 
Mantua  >  (1833);  <The  Rose  of  Aragon'  (1842). 

Knox,  Mrs.  Adeline  (Trafton).  An  Amer- 
ican novelist,  daughter  of  Mark  Trafton ;  born 
at  Saccarappa,  Me.,  about  1845.  Her  home  is 
at  St.  Louis,  Mo.  She  has  written  :  <  Katharine 
Earle>  (1874);  <  His  Inheritance*  (1878);  <  An 
American  Girl  Abroad* ;  'Dorothy's  Experience.* 

Knox,  John.  The  great  Scottish  religious 
reformer;  born  at  Giffordsgate,  near  Hadding- 
ton, 1505;  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  24,  1572. 
A  pioneer  of  Puritanism ;  prisoner  of  war,  for 
nineteen  months  confined  in  the  French  gal- 
leys ;  friend  of  Calvin  and  Beza ;  a  preaciier  of 
sermons  that  moved  their  hearers  to  demolish 
convents ;  with  a  price  on  his  head,  yet  never 
faltering;  arrested  for  treason,  an  armed 
"congregation**  at  his  heels;  burned  in  effigy, 
for  years  a  dictator, —  he  spent  his  life  forward- 
ing the  Reformation  in  Scotland.  His  great 
work,  distinguished  in  Scottish  prose,  was  his 
•  History  of  the  Reformation  of  Religion  within 
the  Realm  of  Scotland*  (1584;  new  ed.  1831). 
His  famous  'Letter  to  the  Queen  Dowager* 
appeared  in  1556;  the  'First  Trumpet  Blast 
against  the  Monstrous  Regiment  of  Women  * 
—  inveighing  against  women  taking  part  in  the 
government,  and  which  offended  Queen  Eliza- 
beth—in 1558.     ('Works,*  6  vols.,  1864.) 

Knox,  Thomas  Wallace.  An  American  prose- 
writer  and  traveler;  born  in  Pembroke,  N.  H., 
June  25,  1835;  died  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  6, 
1896.  He  made  a  journey  around  tlie  world  as  a 
newspaper  correspondent  in  1886.  His  published 
works  include:  'Underground  Life'  (1873); 
'How  to  Travel*  (1880);  'Lives  of  Blaine  and 
Logan'  (1884);  'Decisive  Battles  since  Water- 
loo' (1887). 

Knox,  William.  A  Scotch  poet;  born  at 
Roxburgh,  in  1789;  died  in  1825.  Except 
for  the  well-known  poem  beginning  "Oh, 
why  should  the  spirit  of  mortal  be  proud  ? " 
he  is  almost  forgotten,  although  Sir  Walter 
Scott  and  his  contemporaries  had  consider- 
able regard  for  his  talents.  'Mariamne*  and 
'The  Lonely  Hearth*  also  enjoyed  a  good 
deal  of  popularity. 


Kobbe',  Gustav  (kob'e).     An  American  mu- 

sical  and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  in  New 
York,  1857.  His  home  is  in  New  York.  He 
has  written  :  '  Jersey  Coast  and  Pines  * ;  '  Wag- 
ner's Ring  of  the  Nibelung*;  'New  York  City 
and  its  Environs  *; '  Wagner's  Dramas  Analysed.* 
'Opera  Singers*;  'Famous  American  Songs*; 
'  Signora.* 

Kobbe,  Theodor  Christopti  August  von,  A 
German  poet  and  novelist.  Of  his  works  we 
name  :  <  TheStudent's  Mortal  Pilgrimage'  (1820); 
*  The  Swedes  in  the  Convent  at  Utersen  *  (1830)  a 
Romance  ;  '  Humorous  Sketches  and  Pictures* 
(1831);  '  Recent  Tales  >  (2  vols.,  1833);'  Humor- 
ous Reminiscences  of  my  College  Days  *  (2  vols., 
1S40);  'Comicalities  from  Philistine  Life* 
(2  vols.  1841).     He  lived  from  1798-1845. 

Kobell,  Franz  von  (ko'bel).  A  German  poet ; 
born  at  Munich,  July  19.1803;  died  there,  Nov. 
II,  1882.  A  mineralogist,  he  made  important 
contributions  to  his  science.  His  verse,  which 
belongs  to  the  best  German  dialect  poetry,  was 
marked  by  humor,  freshness,  and  heartiness. 
The  Upper  Bavarian  and  Palatine  dialect 
poems,  '  Schnadahiipfeln  und  Spriicheln*  (2d 
ed.  1852);  'Palatine  Tales*  (1863);  < Schnada- 
hupfeln  und  Geschichteln  *  (1872);  'Hansl  o' 
Finsterwald,*  etc.  (2d  ed.  1876),  were  among  his 
best.  A  devoted  hunter,  he  was  able  to  depict 
attractively  the  mountain  life  of  the  Bavarian 
Alps ; '  Wildanger :  Sketches  from  the  Chase  and 
its  History'  (1859)  pleased  sportsmen  especially. 

Kochanovski,  Jan  (koch-a-nof'ske).  A  Po- 
lish poet ;  born  at  Sycyna,  1530 ;  died  at  Lub- 
lin, Aug.  22,  1584.  He  was  the  most  important 
Polish  poet  of  the  i6th  century ;  and  has  been 
called  the  Polish  Pindar.  The  influence  he 
exerted  on  Polish  literature  by  his  endeavor 
to  introduce  into  it  classic  models  can  scarcely 
be  overestimated.  Writing  at  first  in  both 
Latin  and  Polish,  he  gradually  abandoned  the 
former.  He  wrote  epics,  panegyrics,  political 
satires,  ethical  discussions,  and  a  drama,  'The 
Dismissal  of  the  Greek  Ambassadors'  (1578), 
which  took  high  rank.  His  best  poem  was 
'  Lamentations,*  written  at  the  death  of  his 
daughter, —  whom  he  called  the  Slavonic  Sap- 
pho, and  to  whom  he  hoped  his  genius  would 
be  transmitted, —  and  breathing  bereavement 
and  prayer.  ('Works,*  last  and  best  edition, 
4  vols.,  1884.) 

Kochovski,  Hieronymus  Vespasian  (ko- 
chof'ske).  A  Polish  poet;  born  at  Gaje,  San- 
domir,  1633;  died  1699.  His  songs  written 
for  the  enlivenment  of  camp  life,  if  occasionally 
somewhat  wild,  are  always  fresh  and  gay.  A 
collection  of  his  satires,  odes,  and  epigrams 
appeared  in  1674.  Among  his  religious  poems 
was  an  epic,  'The  Suffering  Christ*  (1681), 
consisting  of  5,000  verses.  '  Polish  Psalmody  * 
appeared  in  1695.  He  is  the  best  representa- 
tive of  the  Polish  poetry  of  the  17th  century. 
He  wrote  also  several  historical  works. 

Kock,  Charles  Paul  de  (kok).  A  French  nov- 
elist and  playwright;  born  at  Passy,  May  21, 


KOCK  — KOLTSOT 


311 


1794 ;  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  29, 1871.  A  remarkably 
prolific  writer,  his  long  series  of  novels,  nearly 
all  of  which  he  worked  over  for  the  theatre, 
became  the  fashion  with  a  certain  « emanci- 
pated'>  circle  of  readers  on  both  sides  of  the 
ocean.  They  showed  observation  and  knowl- 
edge of  their  subject,  the  Parisian  lower-class 
life  of  his  time,  and  were  emphatically  realistic. 
Among  the  most  popular  were  :  <  Georgette ' 
(1820);  <Gustave>  (1821);  <  Monsieur  Dupont> 
(1824);  <Wife,  Husband,  and  Lover  >  (1829); 
<  The  Man  with  Three  Pairs  of  Trousers  >  (1840); 
<A  Woman  with  Three  Faces  >  (1859);  <The 
Millionaire)  (1887).  He  wrote  also  popular  songs. 

Kock,  Paul  Henri  de.  A  French  novelist  and 
playwright,  son  of  Paul;  born  at  Paris,  April  21, 
1819;  died  at  Limeil,  April  18,  1892.  He  fol- 
lowed closely  in  his  father's  footsteps,  produ- 
cing numerous  novels  and  plays,  which,  how- 
ever, never  enjoyed  the  same  popularity.  Titles 
of  some  of  his  novels  are  :  <The  King  of  the 
Students  and  the  Queen  of  the  Grisettes>  ( 1844); 
< Kisses  Accursed'  (i860);  <Absinthe  Drinkers> 
(1863);  tThe  New  Manon>  (1864);  <Mademoi- 
selle  Croquemitaine*  (1871). 

KoeUer,  Sylvester  Rosa.  An  American  prose- 
writer  and  art  critic;  bom  in  Leipsic,  Germany, 
Feb.  II,  1837;  died  at  Littleton,  N.  H.,  Sept. 
15,  1900.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1849.  He 
was  the  editor  of  the  American  Art  Review 
and  author  of  <Art  Education  and  Art  Patronage 
in  the  United  States'  (1882).  He  became  after- 
wards Curator  of  Prints  and  Engravings  at  the 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston.  He  wrote  a 
history  of  color  painting. 

Kohl,  Johann  Georg  (Iwl) .  A  German  traveler 
and  historian;  bom  at  Bremen,  April  28,  1808; 
died  there,  Oct.  28,  1878.  Nearly  his  entire 
life  was  devoted  to  travel  and  historical  investi- 
gation in  Europe  and  North  America,  where  he 
spent  four  years  and  published  as  the  fmits  of 
researches  :  <Travels  in  Canada'  ( 1855 ) ;  ^Travels 
in  the  Northwestern  Parts  of  the  United  States' 
(1S57);  < History  of  the  Discovery  of  America) 
( 1861);  and  several  essays  on  American  cartog- 
raphy. Other  works  are:  <Travels  in  the  Interior 
of  Russia  and  Poland'  (1841);  <The  British 
Isles  and  Their  Inhabitants)  (1844);  <  The 
Rhine'  (1851);  etc. 

Kohn,  Salomon  (kon).  A  German  novelist; 
born  at  Prague,  March  8,  1825.  His  first  novel, 
'Gabriel'  (1852;  2d  ed.  1875),  published  anony- 
mously, met  with  considerable  success.  His 
other  more  important  works  have  been  :  <  Mirror 
of  the  Present  >  (3  vols.,  1875);  <  Prague  Ghetto 
Pictures'  (1886),  containing  three  short  stories; 
<The  Old  Grenadier,'  <  The  Faithful  01d,»<The 
Life  Saver  and  Other  Tales  > ;  <  Judith  Lorach.' 

Kohut,  Alexander  (ko'hot).  A  distin- 
guished Jewish-American  theologian,  scholar, 
and  preacher;  born  at  Fdlegyhdzza,  Hungary, 
May  19,  1842 ;  died  in  New  York,  May  25,  1894. 
He  was  one  of  the  greatest  Orientalists  and 
Semitic  scholars  of  his  age.  He  was  member 
of  the  Hungarian  Parliament;  founded  the  Jew- 
ish theological  seminary  in  New  York  (1886), 


in  which  he  was  professor  (1886-94).  His  chief 
work  was  < Complete  Dictionarj'  of  the  Talmud* 
(9  vols.,  1878-92).  In  later  years  he  devoted 
himself  to  Arabic-Hebrew  literature  as  recently 
discovered  in  the  MS.  fragments  from  Yemen. 
A  noble  monument  has  just  been  raised  to  him 
in  <  Semitic  Studies  in  Memory  of  Rev.  Dr.  A. 
Kohut,'  Berlin,  1897 ;  it  is  composed  of  contri- 
butions by  Max  Miiller,  Canon  Cheyne,  C.  A. 
Briggs,  M.  Steinschneider,  M.  Heimthal,  etc. 

Kol^r,  Josef  Jiri  (ko'lar).  A  Czech  novelist 
and  dramatist;  born  at  Prague,  Feb.  9,  1812. 
Several  of  his  dramas  have  been  successful : 
for  instance,  <Monika'  (1847);  <  Ziska's  Death' 
(1850);  <Smirick'  (1881);  <Primator'  (1883). 
He  has  also  made  excellent  translations  from 
the  dramatic  works  of  Shakespeare,  Goethe, 
Schiller,  etc.,  and  written  novels.  He  was 
an  actor,  very  successful  in  tragic  roles,  espe- 
cially Shakespearean. 

Kblcsey,  Ferencz  (kel'cha-i).  A  Hungarian 
poet;  born  in  the  county  of  Middle  Szolnok, 
Aug.  8,  1790;  died  at  Pesth,  Aug.  24,  1838.  In 
character,  life,  and  writings,  he  was  one  of 
the  noblest  of  Hungarians.  He  wrote  ballads, 
songs,  satires,  short  novels,  critical  treatises,  and 
orations,  but  is  best  known  in  literature  by  his 
verse.  Its  first  characteristic  was,  not  so  much 
strength  of  thought  or  warmth  of  feeling  as  a 
certain  melancholy  longing  for  something  bet- 
ter. Of  his  short  poems,  two  of  the  best  are 
his  famous  national  hymn  and  the  ballad  <  Beau- 
tiful Lena.' 

Koll4r,  Jan  (kol'lar).  A  noted  Czech  poet; 
born  at  Mossocz,  Thurocz  ( Hungary ),  July 
29,  1793;  died  at  Vienna,  Jan.  29,  1852.  A 
most  ardent  if  not  the  first  Panslavist,  he  used 
his  pen  to  inculcate  and  spread  the  doctrine. 
His  <  Daughter  of  Glory'  (1821),  his  most  pop- 
ular work,  a  collection  of  645  original  sonnets 
inspired  by  love,  joy,  sorrow,  patriotism,  etc., 
produced  on  the  nation  an  enormous  effect  and 
made  him  famous  ;  it  has  been  pronounced  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  productions  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  Dedicated  to  the  same  end  were 
a  collection  of  <  Popular  Songs'  (2  vols.,  1827), 
and  <  On  the  Literary  Reciprocity  of  the  Slavic 
Races  and  Dialects'  (2d  ed.  1844).  He  was 
the  first  to  give  the  Panslavic  idea  literary  ex- 
pression. (<  Works,'  incomplete,  4  vols.,  1862- 
63.) 

Koltsov,  or  Kolzov,  Aleksei  Vasilievitch 
(kolt'-sof).  A  Russian  lyric  poet;  born  at  Vo- 
ronesch,  Oct.  14,  1809 ;  died  there,  Oct.  31,  1842. 
A  dealer  in  cattle  and  wood,  devouring  books 
in  a  friendly  bookseller's  store,  he  became  "  the 
Burns  of  Russia."  His  poems,  few  in  number 
(124),  the  best  of  them  treating  of  peasant  life, 
short  and  even  almost  uncouth,  introduced  a 
new  form  of  art.  Their  diction  was  inimita- 
bly original  and  natural,  their  feeling  deep  and 
true ;  they  won  their  author  consideration  in 
the  highest  Russian  literary  circles.  Good 
specimens  of  them  are:  <The  Harvest';  <The 
Young  Reaper';  <  The  Forest.'  (<  Poetical 
Works,'  7th  ed.  1880.) 


312 


KONDR  ATOVICZ  —  KOROLENKO 


Kondratbvicz,  Vladislav  (kon-dra-to'vich). 
[<<Ladislas  Syrokomla."]  A  popular  Polish 
poet;  born  at  Smalkov,  Sept.  17,  1823;  died  at 
Vilna,  Oct.  15,  1862.  His  verse  (some  of  it 
founded  on  Polish  proverbs),  dealing  with  pa- 
triotism, the  love,  the  joy,  the  sorrow  of  the 
every-day  characters,  went  to  the  heart  of 
the  nation.  He  was  full  of  compassion  for 
the  poor  and  the  weak,  hard  toward  worldly 
success,  pitiless  to  arrogance  and  selfishness, 
as  can  be  seen  in  <Chit-Chat  and  Fugitive 
Rhymes  >  (1853);  <John  the  Gravedigger>;  etc. 
His  <  Philip  of  Konopi,>  a  sort  of  Polish  <  Don 
Quixote,'  was  an  original  creation.  Though  he 
himself  considered  <  Margier>  (1855),  a  dignified 
epic  founded  on  early  Lithuanian  history,  his 
best  work,  beside  or  even  above  it  must  be 
placed  the  epic  <  John  Demborog'  (1854),  based 
on  a  family  legend.  He  wrote  also  in  prose, 
including  a  <  History  of  Polish  Literature  >  and 
several  dramas;  and  made  some  translations. 
He  called  his  pen  his  <'  plow.»  (<  Poetical 
Works,*  10  vols.,  1872.) 

Kbnig,  Ewald  August  (ke'nio).  A  German 
novelist;  born  at  Barmen,  Aug.  22,  1833;  died 
at  Cologne,  March  9,  18S8.  He  wrote  a  long 
list  of  works,  most  of  them  dealing  with  crime. 
Some  of  the  best  are :  <  Through  Conflict  to 
Peace  >  (1869);  <  Guilty  ?>  (4  vols.,  1878);  <A 
Lost  Life*  (2  vols.,  1882);  <The  Golden  Cross* 
(2  vols.,  1883);  <A  Modern  Vampire*  (3  vols., 
1883);  <The  Daughter  of  the  Councillor  of 
Commerce*  (1886);  <  Shadows  of  Life*  (2  vols., 
1885);  <0n  Dishonor's  Path*   (1885). 

Konig,  Helnrich  Joseph.  A  German  nov- 
elist; born  at  Fulda,  March  19,  1790;  died 
at  Wiesbaden,  Sept.  23,  1869.  He  wrote  a 
series  of  excellent  historical  novels,  of  which 
the  best  were:  <The  Noble  Bride*  (2  vols., 
1833)  and  especially  the  artistic  and  admirable 
<Club  Members  of  Mayence*  (3  vols.,  1847). 
The  latter  is  his  best  work,  and  describes  the 
political  and  religious  influence  of  the  French 
Revolution  in  Gennany  toward  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  <  William  Shakespeare  * 
(1850)  was  a  successful  attempt  to  depict  in 
a  novel  the  great  English  dramatist  and  his 
time. 

Eonrad  von  Wurzburg  (kon'rad  fon  viirts'- 
bbrG).  One  of  the  most  celebrated  German 
poets  of  the  Middle  Ages;  bom  at  Wurzburg; 
died  at  Basel  in  1287.  He  was  of  burgher  de- 
scent, and  lived  at  first  at  Strasburg  and  later 
at  Basle.  Fertile  in  imagination,  learned,  and 
a  perfect  master  of  German  versification,  he 
was  equally  at  home  in  lyric,  epic,  and  didactic 
poetry.  His  largest  work,  <The  Trojan  War,* 
consisting  of  40,000  verses,  remained  unfinished. 
His  fame,  however,  is  due  to  several  shorter 
legendary  poems,  such  as :  <  Otto  with  the 
Beard*;  <The  Reward  of  the  World*;  <  The 
Golden  Smithy,*  a  glorification  of  the  Virgin 
Mary;  <The  Legends  of  Sylvester*;  <  Alexius*; 
<  Engehart  and  Engeltrut* ;  <The  Golden  Smithy.* 

Koopman,  Harry  Lyman.  An  American 
writer  of  verse ;  born  in  Maine,  i860.    He  h 


librarian  of  Brown  University.  He  has  written : 
<The  Great  Admiral*;  < Orestes,*  etc.;  < Wo- 
man's Will,*  etc.;  and  others. 

Kopisch,  August  (kop'ish).  A  German  poet ; 
born  at  Breslau,  May  26,  1799;  died  at  Berlin, 
Feb.  3,  1853.  Also  an  artist,  he  was  an  artist 
in  his  verse,  which  was  precise  in  form  and 
largely  descriptive ;  it  can  be  best  seen  in 
< Poems*  (1836)  and  <A11  Sorts*  {1848).  His 
ballads  particularly  were  exquisitely  humorous 
and  brisk.  Two  extremely  popular  productions 
of  his  were  the  <  Story  of  Noah*  and  the  droll 

<  Heinzelmannchen*  (The  Brownies). 

Kopp,  Josef  EutycMus  (kop).  A  Swiss  his- 
torian and  poet ;  born  at  Beromiinster,  Luzern, 
April  25,  1793;  died  at  Luzern,  Oct.  25,  1866. 
The  first  to  apply  the  scientific  method  of  study- 
ing history  in  Switzerland,  to  him  we  owe  our 
modern  views  of  old  Swiss  legends,  especially 
of  that  of  William  Tell.     His  chief  work  was 

<  History  of  the  Allied  Leagues*  (1882).  He 
has  been  called  the  "  Niebuhr  of  Switzerland.'* 
He  wrote  also  four  volumes  of  dramatic  poems 
(1855-56). 

Koppel,  Franz  (kop'el).  A  German  miscel- 
laneous writer;  born  at  Eltville,  Nassau,  Dec.  7, 
1840.  Among  his  works  are  the  heroi-comic 
poem,  <  Cervantes  on  his  Travels  *  (1865);  *  Two 
Brothers  in  Christ*  (1867),  a  romance;  several 
comedies,  including  <.Which  Meyer?*  <  Use- 
less to  Worry,*  <  On  Thorns  * ;  <  Spartacus,* 
a  tragedy;  the  dramas  <  Hans  in  Luck*  (1885) 
and  < Albert  the  Brave*  (1889).  He  wrote  also 
opera  librettos  and  celebration  poems. 

Kbrner,  Karl  Theodor  (kfer'ner).  A  noted 
German  lyric  poet ;  born  at  Dresden,  Sept.  23, 
1791 ;  died  near  Gadebusch,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Schwerin,  Mecklenburg,  Aug.  26,  1813.  When 
Prussia  armed  against  Napoleon  I.  in  1813,  he 
took  the  field ;  where,  shortly  at'-er  a  return  to 
his  corps  from  an  absence  caused  by  a  wound, 
he  fell  in  battle.  His  spirited  war-songs,  which 
have  been  the  inspiration  of  Germany  since, 
many  of  them  written  in  the  field,  can  be  found 
in  <Lyre  and  Sword*  (1814).  Among  the  best 
of  them  are  the  <  Battle  Prayer  *  and  '  The 
Sword  Song.*  His  earlier  verse  —  dramas,  opera 
texts,  etc. —  although  well  received  at  the  time, 
is  of  minor  importance.  A  Korner  museum 
was  founded  at  Dresden  in  1873.  (<  Works,' 
1838). 

Korolenko,  Vladimir  Galaktionovitch  (ko"- 

r6-len'k5).  A  Russian  novelist;  born  at  Zhito- 
mir, Volhynia,  July  27,  1853.  Exiled  in  1879, 
while  still  a  student,  to  Siberia,  he  was  par- 
doned in  1885.  His  pictures  of  contemporary 
Russian    life    are    among    the    best    we    have. 

<  Makar's  Dream*  (1885),  his  first  work,  was 
one  of  the  most  successful  (see  Cosmopolitan 
Magazine,  Vol.  vi.,  p.  147);  'The  Vagrant,*  etc., 
a  volume  of  sketches  translated  into  English, 
appeared  in  New  York  in  1S8S ;  <  The  Blind 
Musician*  and  <In  Two  Moods*  (1890-91),  also 
exist  in  English ;  <  In  Bad  Society  *  and  <  The 
Forest  Murmurs*  deserve  their  popularity. 


KORTING—  KOTZEBUE 


313 


Kbrtlng,  Oustav  (ker'ting).  A  German 
philologist ;  born  at  Dresden,  June  25,  1845. 
Professor  at  Miinster  (1876)  and  Kiel  (1893), 
he  has  written  many  and  valuable  works  in 
the  line  of  his  specialty;  and,  of  particular 
interest   to    readers    of    English,    an    excellent 

<  History  of  English  Literature  >  (2d  ed.  1893J. 

Kortum,  Karl  Arnold  (kor'tom).  A  German 
comic  poet ;  born  at  Miilheim,  July  5,  1745 ; 
died  there,  Aug.  15,  1824.  His  immortal  mas- 
terpiece, <  The  Jobsiad ;  or  the  Life,  Opinions, 
and  Deeds  of  Hieron^anus  Jobs,  the  Candidate  > 
(1784;  14th  ed.  1888),  a  heroi-comic  poem,  has 
been  popular  in  Germany  for  over  a  century. 
Its  doggerel  verse,  somewhat  in  the  style  of 
our  <  Mother  Goose,>  its  riotous  thought  and 
rhyme,  and  wild  drollery,  almost  place  it  in  a 
genus  by  itself.  Describing  the  college  life, 
as  well  as  the  previous  and  subsequent  career 
of  its  subject,  as  it  does,  it  is  a  great  favorite 
with  university  students.  It  was  translated 
into  English  by  Rev.  Charles  T.  Brooks  (1863). 

Kosegarten,  Ludwig  Theobul  (ko'se-gar-ten). 
A  German  poet;  born  at  Grevesmiihlen,  Feb.  i, 
1758;  died  at  Greifswald,  Oct.  26,  1818.  His 
novels  and  dramas  were  commonplace,  but  his 
poetry  was  of  a  higher  order.  Among  his  most 
successful  volumes  of  verse  were :  *  Romantic 
Poems  >  (6  vols.,  1800);  <  Rhapsodies  >  (3  vols., 
(1804);  <The  Island  Journey >  (1804);  < Legends' 
(2  vols.,  1816).  His  best  work  was  his  lyrics; 
though  they  were  more  poetic  in  feeling  than 
in  its  expression.  (Complete  lyrical  works,  12 
vols.,  5th  ed.  1824-27.) 

Kossack,  Karl  Ludwig  Ernst  (kos'sak).  A 
German  feuilletonist ;  born  at  Marienwerder, 
Aug.  4,  1814;  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  3,  1880.  He 
introduced  into  Germany,  through  the  medium 
of  the  Berlin  Monday  Post  founded  by  himself 
in  1854,  the  French  feuilleton.  These  piquant 
and  very  popular  productions,  by  which  he  was 
best  known,  were  afterward  issued  in  book  form. 
Among  the  volumes  were  :  <  Berlin  and  the  Ber- 
liners>  (1851);  <From  a  Journalist's  Waste-paper 
Basket  >  (2d  ed.  1859) ;  <  Berlin  Silhouettes  >(  1859) ; 

<  Comicalities  >  (1852);  <  Paris  Stereoscopic  Views ' 
(i855);<Watering-Place  Pictures'  (1858);  (Com- 
icalities of  Travel  >  (2  vols.,  1862) ;  etc.  A  col- 
lection of  his  novels,  <  Genre  Pictures,*  appeared 
in  1839. 

Koster,  Hans  (kes'ter).  A  German  dram- 
atist; born  near  Wismar,  Aug.  16,  1818.  His 
earlier  works  having  been  coldly  received,  he 
abandoned  writing  for  several  years,  but  event- 
ually embraced  it  again.  Best  of  his  dramas 
have  been:  <Alcibiades'  (1839),  his  first  play, 
showing  in  places  the  influence  of  Shakespeare, 
though  it  has  been  said  the  hero  talks  too  much 
and  acts  too  little;  <  Marie  Stuart >  (1842),  in 
which  Mary  is  depicted  not  in  adversity  but 
on  the  throne,  and  considerable  skill  is  shown 
in  individualizing  the  characters ;  <  Paolo  and 
Francesca*  (1842);  <  Henry  IV.:  A  Trilogy' 
(1844),  containing  many  strong  scenes  and  sev- 
eral well-developed  characters ;  <  Luther  >  (1847), 


a  fine  tragedy;  <  Ulrich  von  Hutten>  (1846),  a 
tragedy;  <  Love  in  May'  (1866),  a  comedy; 
<  Emperor  and  Empire'  (1872);  etc. 

Koster,  Samuel.    See  Coster. 

Kbstlin,  Christian  Reinliold  (kest'len). 
[<*C.  Reinhold."]  A  German  novelist  and  poet; 
iaorn  at  Tiibingen,  Jan.  29,  1813;  died  Sept.  14, 
1856.  Besides  important  legal  works  (he  be- 
ing by  profession  a  lawyer),  he  was  a  prolific 
writer  of  lyric  and  dramatic  poetry,  novels, 
etc.  One  of  his  best  novels  was  *  Matilda's 
Grotto'  (1838).  His  drama  <The  Doges'  Sons' 
was  performed  at  Stuttgart  in  1838.  A  3-vol. 
collection  of  his  novels  appeared  in  1847-48, 
under  the  title  <  Collected  Tales  and  Novels.' 

Kostomarov,  Nikolai  Ivanovich  (kos-to'ma- 
r5v).  A  Russian  historian,  novelist,  and  poet; 
born  at  Ostrogosz,  in  1817 ;  died  April  19,  1885. 
His  efforts  while  instructor  at  the  University 
of  Kharkov  to  promote  the  development  of 
Little  Russian  as  a  separate  tongue  led  to  his 
arrest  and  temporary  banishment.  In  1859 
he  was  restored  to  favor,  and  appointed  to  a 
professorship  in  the  University  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, but  resigned  in  1861.  A  brilliant  poetical 
style  characterizes  his  numerous  literary  and 
historical  works,  the  best-known  being :  <  The 
Cossack  War  with  Poland'  (1856);  <  The  Com- 
merce of  Moscow  in  the  Sixteenth  and  Seven- 
teenth Centuries'  (1858);  < Ancient  Memorials  of 
Russian  Literature'  (1861-62);  < History  of  the 
Polish  Republic'  (1870);  <  Russian  History  in 
Biographies'  (1873-76);  <Mazeppa>  (1882),  a 
tragedy.  Under  the  pseudonym  <<Jeremija 
Halka"  he  wrote  several  historical  novels,  be- 
sides dramas  and  ballads. 

Kotliarevsky,  Ivan  Petrovitcli  (kot-le-a-ref- 
ske).  A  Russian  poet;  born  at  Poltava,  Sept. 
9,  1769;  died  there,  Nov.  10,  1838.  He  was  the 
founder  of  modern  Little  Russian  literature, 
his  works  being  written  in  that  language.  They 
were  and  are  very  popular  in  Russia;  his  ope- 
rettas <  Natalka  Poltavka'  (1819)  and  <  The  Sol- 
dier Wizard'  still  holding  the  stage  there.  In 
his  chief  work,  a  satire  on  the  state  of  Russian 
society,  in  the  form  of  a  burlesque  on  Virgil's 
<^neid'  (3  vols.,  1798),  was  made  the  first  liter- 
ary use  of  genuine  Little  Russian. 

Kotzebue,  August  Friedrich  Ferdinand  von 

(kot'ze-bb).  A  celebrated  German  dramatist; 
born  at  Weimar,  May  3,  1761 ;  died  at  Mann- 
heim, March  23,  1819.  Weak  in  character- 
drawing,  he  had  a  strong  sense  for  situations, 
and  his  works  have  been  a  mine  for  dramatists 
since.  Of  about  200  tragedies,  comedies,  dramas, 
and  farces,  many  of  them  very  popular  -at 
the  time  of  their  production,  the  best  known 
now  are  :  <  Misanthropy  and  Repentance '  ( 1789), 
reproduced  in  Paris  as  lately  as  1862,  and  fa- 
mous in  the  United  States  and  England  in 
Sheridan's  adaptation  entitled  <The  Stranger'; 
and  <The  Spaniards  in  Peru'  (1796),  adapted 
by  Sheridan  as  <  Pizarro.'  <  The  Indians  in 
England'  (1790)  won  great  applause.  < Ger- 
man Provincials'  was  one  of  his  best  comedies. 


314 


KOTZEBUE  —  KRASZEVSKY 


These  excelled  his  tragedies,  but  were  not  del- 
icate in  expedients  for  raising  a  laugh  at  any 
cost.  His  most  celebrated  novel  was  <  Sorrows 
of  the  Ortenberg  Family  >  (1785).  The  famous 
•Doctor  Bahrdt  with  the  Iron  Brow>  (1790), 
published  under  another's  name,  contained  an 
attack  on  Goethe,  Schiller,  etc.,  who  declined 
to  admit  him  to  their  society.  He  was  very 
fond  of  publishing  his  autobiography.  During 
much  of  his  life  he  was  in  Russian  service; 
and  was  once  banished  to  Siberia  by  the  Em- 
peror Paul,  who  however  recalled  him  a  year 
later  through  being  moved  by  something  in  one 
of  his  plays,  gave  him  a  rith  estate,  and  made 
him  aulic  councilor  and  director  of  the  court 
theatre  at  St.  Petersburg.  He  was  assassinated 
in  Germany  as  a  Russian  spy,  by  a  student. 
(<  Complete  Dramatic  Works,*  40  vols.,  1840-41.) 

Kotzebue,  Wilhelm  von.  A  German  miscel- 
laneous writer,  brother  of  August ;  born  at  Neval, 
March  19,  1S13;  died  there,  Nov.  5,  1887.  Of 
his  works,  may  be  named:  '■A  Hard-Hearted 
Friend,'  which  scored  a  success,  and  <  Two  Sin- 
ners,'—  both  dramas  under  the  pseudonym 
«  W.  Augustsohn  »  ;  <  Moldavian  Pictures  and 
Sketches'  (i860),  < Small  Stories  from  the  Great 
World'  (1862),  < Lascar  Viorescu'  (1863), 'Arti- 
ficial and  Natural  Life'  (1869),  all  anonymous; 
*August  von  Kotzebue'  (1884),  the  romance 
'Baron  Fritz  Reckensteg'  (2  vols.,  1885),  'Rou- 
manian Folk  Songs'  (1859),  all  under  his  own 
name. 

Kouns,  Nathan  Chapman  (konz).  An  Amer- 
ican novelist ;  born  in  Missouri,  1833 ;  died  1890. 
A  lawyer  by  profession,  he  was  State  librarian 
of  Missouri  (1886-90).  He  wrote  two  historical 
romances :  'Arius  the  Libyan,'  and  <  Dorcas, 
the  Daughter  of  Faustina.' 

Kovalevsky,  Sonya  (k5-va-lev'ske).  An  em- 
inent Russian  mathematician,  said  to  be  the 
greatest  woman  mathematician  of  any  age ; 
born  in  Moscow,  1850 ;  died  at  Stockholm,  1891, 
where  she  was  professor  of  mathematics  at  the 
University.  See  her  <  Recollections  of  Child- 
hood,' with  a  biography  by  the  Duchess  of 
Cajanello  ( Anne  Charlotte  Leffler-Edgren ). 
Her  works  include  theses  on  <  Rotation ' ;  '  The 
Laplace  Hypothesis ' ;  <  Light ' ;  etc.  She  also 
wrote  some  popular  novels  under  the  pseudo- 
nym '*  Tanya  Rerevski "  ;  among  them  '  The 
Private  Tutor,'  'The  Rajevski  Sisters,'   etc. 

Krantz,  Albert  (kriints).  A  German  his- 
torian; born  in  Hamburg,  about  1450 ;  died 
there,  Dec.  7,  1517.  He  became  rector  of  the 
University  of  Rostock  in  1482,  represented  the 
Hanseatic  towns  in  several  important  diplo- 
matic missions,  and  was  chosen  arbitrator  by 
the  King  of  Denmark  and  the  Duke  of  Hol- 
stein,  in  their  dispute  over  the  province  of 
Ditmarsch.  His  historical  works  are  distin- 
guished by  great  erudition,  and  a  critical  spirit 
rarely  found  in  his  day.  He  published  : '  Van- 
dalia,  or  the  History  of  the  Vandals'  (1519); 
<Saxoma'  (1520);  'Chronicles  of  the  Kingdoms 
of  Sweden,    Denmark,   and    Norway'    (1545); 


'Metropolis,  or  History  of  the  Church  in  Sax- 
ony' (1548). 

Krapotkin,  Peter   Alexievich,  Prince.     A 

Russian  scientist,  revolutionist,  editor,  lecturer, 
and  author;  born  at  Moscow,  Dec.  9,  1842.  He 
was  in  the  Russian  army  for  a  time,  and  made 
extensive  journeys  in  Siberia  and  Mantchuria. 
Charged  with  anarchist  affiliations,  he  was  im- 
prisoned two  years  in  Russia,  escaped,  founded 
the  anarchist  paper  La  R^volte  in  Geneva 
(1879),  and  after  being  expelled  from  Switzer- 
land in  1881,  commenced  a  crusade  against  the 
Russian  government  in  the  English  and  French 
press.  He  was  imprisoned  in  FVance  from  18S3 
to  1886,  under  a  law  directed  against  the  In 
ternational  Workingmen's  Association,  of  which 
he  was  a  member.  He  has  lectured  in  various 
parts  of  the  world ;  is  the  author  of  '  To  Young 
People'  (1881);  'Words  of  a  Revolutionist* 
(1885);  'In  Russian  and  French  Prisons'  (1887): 
'  In  Search  of  Bread '  (1892);  and  pamphlets  on 
nihilistic  subjects  ;  'Prosperity  for  All '  (1896): 
'Memoirs  of  a  Revolutionist  >  (1899);  'Mutual 
Aid  ♦  (1902). 

KraBlckl,  Ignacy  (kra-sitz'ke).  A  Polish 
ecclesiastic  and  author ;  born  at  Dubiecko,  Ga- 
licia,  in  1734 ;  died  at  Berlin,  Germany,  March 
14,  1801.  He  became  bishop  of  Ermeland  in 
1767,  archbishop  of  Gnesen  in  1795,  and  for 
many  years  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  figures 
at  the  court  of  Frederick  II.  The  characteristics 
of  his  productions  are  caustic  wit  and  a  facile 
and  agreeable  style,  which  procured  for  him  the 
title  of  "the  Polish  Voltaire."  'Monacho- 
machia,  or  the  Battle  of  Monks '  is  considered 
his  best  work,  but  his  'Satires'  (1778)  and 
'Fables'  (1780)  also  take  a  high  rank. 

Krasinski,  Sigismund,  Count  (kra-sin'ske). 
A  noted  Polish  poet ;  born  in  Paris,  Feb.  19, 
1812 ;  died  there,  Feb.  23,  1859.  On  account  of 
his  health  he  lived  in  various  European  capi- 
tals outside  Poland.  He  became  one  of  Po- 
land's three  greatest  poets,  exerting  a  wide 
influence  on  her  literature.  The  drama  '  Irid- 
ion,'  depicting  the  contrast  between  Christianity 
and  paganism  in  Rome  under  the  Cssars,  ap- 
peared in  1836,  and  is  generally  thought  his 
finest  work.  Next  best  are  the  symbolic  drama 
'  Nieboska  Comedya'  (The  Undivine  Comedy 
1837-48),  'Przedswit'  (The  Dawn:  1843);  and 
'  Psalmy  Przyszlosci  >  (Psalms  of  the  Future: 
1845-48),  collections  of  lyric  poems  full  of  re- 
ligion and  patriotism.  His  writings  were  all 
published  anonymously  or  under  fictitious  names. 
('  Works,'  4  vols.,  1880-88.) 

Kraszevsky,  J6sef  Ignacy  (kra-shev'ske).  A 
noted  Polish  novelist ;  born  at  Warsaw,  July 
28,  1812;  died  at  Geneva,  March  19,  1887.  He 
was  the  author  of  over  500  works,  consisting, 
besides  valuable  historical  writings,  of  romances, 
novels,  critiques,  travels,  political  treatises,  epic 
poems,  etc.  Of  poetry,  among  his  chief  works 
was  the  epic  'Anafielas  '  (1840-43),  in  three  parts, 
founded  on  Lithuanian  history.  'The  Devil 
and  the  Woman'  (1841)  was  an  imaginative 
drama.    But  his  best  work  was  in  his  romances 


KRAUSE  -  KRCOER 


315 


and  novels,  over  240  in  number.  Among  them 
were:  <The  Poet  and  the  World >  (1839); 
<Ulana>  (1841),  containing  pictures  of  Polish 
society;  <The  Hut  beyond  the  Village'  (1855), 
which  became  very  popular  in  his  country; 
< About  to  Die'  (1871).  His  celebrated  series 
of  novels  depicting  Polish  history  from  the 
earliest  times  made  him  the  Walter  Scott  of 
Poland.  It  has  been  said  of  him  that  he  taught 
his  countrymen  to  "know  better  both  their 
past  and  themselves." 

Krause,  Karl  Christian  Friedrich  (krous'e). 
A  German  philosopher;  born  at  Eisenberg, 
Saxe-Altenburg,  May  6,  1781 ;  died  at  Munich, 
Sept.  27,  1832.  For  two  years  he  was  tutor  at 
the  University  of  Jena,  and  then  traveled  about 
Germany,  France,  and  Italy.  Besides  treatises 
on  music,  language,  and  philosophy,  he  pub- 
lished several  works  on  Freemasonry,  which  best 
represent  his  peculiar  philosophic  ideas.  Chief 
among  them  are  :  <  Observations  on  the  History 
of  Freemasonry'  (1810);  <  The  Three  Oldest 
Monuments  of  Freemasonry'  (1810);  < Proto- 
type of  Mankind'  (1811). 

Krehbiel,  Henry  Edward.  An  American 
musical  critic ;  born  in  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  1854. 
He  was  musical  critic  successively  on  the  Cin- 
cinnati Gazette  and  the  New  York  Tribune. 
His  published  works  include  :  <  The  Technics  of 
Violin  Playing  '  (1880) ;  <  Review  of  the  New  York 
Musical  Season '  (1885-86) ;  and  the  same  for  the 
season  of  1886-87;  <How  to  Listen  to  Music' (1896). 

Kremer,  Alfred  von  (kra'mer).  An  Aus- 
trian diplomatist  and  Orientalist ;  born  in  Vi- 
enna, May  13,  1828.  Upon  his  return  from  a 
visit  to  Syria  and  Egypt  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  modern  Arabic  in  the  Polytechnic 
School,  Vienna ;  and  since  1858  has  held  im- 
portant positions  in  the  consular  service  at 
Cairo,  Galatz,  and  Beyrout.  He  published 
(1875-77)  <A  History  of  Oriental  Civilization 
under  the  Khalifs,'  which  has  firmly  established 
his  reputation  as  an  Orientalist.  Other  im- 
portant works  are:  < Egypt'  (1863);  < Legends 
of  Southern  Arabia'  (1866);  'History  of  the 
Dominant  Ideas  of  Islam'  (1868);  <The  Idea 
of  Nationality  and  the  State  '  (1885).     Died  1889. 

Kremnitz,  Mite  (Marie)  (krem'nits).  A 
prolific  German  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at 
Greifswald,  Jan.  4,  1852.  Of  her  works  on  Rou- 
mania,  may  be  named:  <  Roumanian  Sketches' 
(1877);  <New  Roumanian  Sketches'  (1881); 
<  Roumanian  Tales'  (1882).  Prominent  among 
her  other  books  are:  < Exiles'  (1890),  a  ro- 
mance; <  Love's  Curse'  (1881),  written  under 
the  pseudonym  « George  Allan "  ;  <A  Prince's 
Child  '  (1882).  In  collaboration  with  «  Carmen 
Sylva,"  she  has  written  :  <Anne  Boleyn  '  (1886); 
'  From  Two  Worlds  >  (3d  ed.  1887);  <  Astra'  (3d  ed. 
iS87);<  Revenge' (2d  ed.  1889);  <  Astray'  (1890); 
'Man  and  Woman  '  (1902);  <  Fatum' (1903). 

Krestovskii,  Vsevolod  Vladlmlrovich  (kres- 
tof'ske).  A  Russian  military  officer  and  histo- 
rian ;  born  at  Kiev,  Feb.  11,  1840.  After  a  short 
course  of  study  at  the  University  of  St.  Peters- 


burg, he  entered  a  regiment  of  uhlans  and  sub- 
sequently was  transferred  to  the  Imperial  Guard, 
which  he  accompanied  during  the  war  with 
Turkey  (1877)  as  official  historian  attached  to 
the  general  staff.  On  his  return  he  published 
an  account  of  his  experiences,  in  '  Twenty 
Months  in  the  Active  Army'  (1879).  He  is  best 
known,  however,  as  a  novelist :  his  '  Not  the 
First  nor  the  Last '  (1859);  'The  Sphinx'  (i860); 
'Slums  of  St.  Petersburg'  (1867);  'Egyptian 
Darkness ' ;  etc.,  enjoying  great  popularity  in 
Russia  and  Germany. 

Krestovsky,  V.,  later  Krestovskii  (pseudo- 
nym)  (kres-tof'ske).    See  Khvostcbinsk^ia. 

Kretzer,  Max  (kretz'er).  A  German  novel- 
ist ;  born  at  Posen,  May  7,  1854.  He  is  a  pro- 
lific and  powerful  realist.  Several  of  his  works 
have  been  on  socialism.  Among  the  best  of 
his  writings  are  :  '  Berlin  Tales  and  Pictures  of 
Manners'  (2d  ed.  1887);  'Civil  Death'  (1888), 
a  drama;  'The  Deceived'  (2d  ed.  1891);  'The 
Sermon  on  the  Mount'  (2d  ed.  1891),  deal- 
ing with  social  questions ;  '  The  Creator  of 
Millions'  (1891);  'Uncle  Fifi '  (2d  ed.  1892); 
'The  Two  Confederates'  (3d  ed.  1893),  deal- 
ing with  social  questions ;  '  Strange  Enthusiasts ' 
(1893); 'The  Son  of  the  Woman'  ; '  The  Wan- 
dering Dollar.' 

Kroeger,  Adolph  Ernst.  An  American  prose- 
writer;  born  in  Schwabstedt,  Schleswig,  1S37; 
died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1882.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  served  on  Fremont's  staff.  By  transla- 
tions of  the  works  of  Fichte,  Kant,  and  Leibnitz, 
he  largely  contributed  to  a  better  understand- 
ing of  German  literature  in  this  country.  He 
wrote  for  the  St.  Louis  Journal  of  Speculative 
Philosophy.  He  published  Fichte's  'Science 
of  Knowledge'  (1868);  the  same  author's  'Sci- 
ence of  Rights'  (1869).  He  also  issued  'Our 
Forms  of  Government,  and  the  Problems  of  the 
Future'  (1862). 

Kriidener,  Barbara  Juliane  von,  Baroness 
(krii'de-ner).  A  Russian  novelist  and  mystic; 
born  at  Riga,  Nov.  21,  1764;  died  at  Karassu- 
Bazar,  Dec.  24,  1824.  Her  checkered  and  ro- 
mantic career  touched  the  extremes  of  life  — 
worldliness  and  sainthood.  After  having  left  her 
husband,  with  whom  her  union  had  been  un- 
happy and  whom  she  had  deceived,  and  tasted 
Parisian  dissipation,  she  became  a  Swedenborg- 
ian,  and  devoted  herself  to  helping  the  poor 
and  afflicted.  Surrounded  by  a  retinue  of  clergy, 
she  traversed  Europe,  preaching  eloquently  to 
the  people  a  return  to  primitive  Christianity,  and 
being  persecuted  and  expelled  by  the  different 
governments.  She  was  the  friend  of  Queen 
Louise  of  Prussia  and  of  Alexander  I.  of  Rus- 
sia, and  is  said  to  have  been  very  influential 
in  the  formation  of  the  Holy  Alliance.  She 
foretold  Napoleon's  triumphant  return  from 
Elba.  Her  death  was  the  result  of  ascetic  prac- 
tices. Her  literary  reputation  rests  upon  the 
famous  romance  <  Valeria,  or  Letters  of  Gustave 

de  Linar  to  Ernest  de  G .'     (last  ed.  1878), 

containing  the  history  of  her  marital  relations. 

Kriiger,  Johann  Christian  (kriig'er).  A 
German  dramatist;  born  at  Berlin,  1722 «  died 


3i6 


KRUMMACHER  -  KURNBERQER 


at  Hamburg,  Aug.  23,  1750.  He  studied  phil- 
ology, but  became  an  actor  and  a  playwright. 
Among  his  comedies  were:  <  The  Clergy  in 
the  Country  >;  <  The  Blind  Husband  >;  <The 
Candidates,  or  the  Way  to  Get  in  Office'; 
<The  Wedded  Philosopher);  <  The  Devil's  a 
Coward  >;  and  the  universally  popular  <Duke 
Michael.*     (Poetical  and  dramatic  works,  1763.) 

Krummaclier,  Friedrich  Adolf  (kro'mach-er). 
A  German  writer  of  parables ;  born  at  Tecklen- 
burg,  July  1767 ;  died  at  Bremen,  April  4,  1845. 
A  minister  in  the  German  Reformed  Church 
and  a  professor  of  theology,  he  became  widely 
known  by  his  <Parables>  (1805),  which  ran 
through  many  editions  and  are  familiar  in  an 
English  translation.  They  were  as  a  rule  short, 
written  in  simple  prose,  on  such  subjects  as 
<The  Blind  Man,>  <  Life  and  Death,>  <The 
Hero,>  etc.,  and  became  a  sort  of  international 
property,  being  even  printed  in  schoolbooks. 
None  of  his  other  writings  won  popularity. 

Kruse,  Heinricli  (kro'zfe).  A  German  poet; 
born  at  Stralsund,  Dec.  15,  1815.  His  very 
successful  works  consist  of  dramas,  idyls,  and 
lyrics.  Of  tragedies,  the  best  known  are  <  The 
Countess  >  (1868,  his  first  attempt);  <  King 
Eric>  (2d  ed.  1873);  < Wullenwever>  (3d  ed. 
1878);  <The  Outlaw  >  (2d  ed.  1881);  <  Brutus  > 
(2d  ed.  1882);  <The  Byzantine  Maiden >  (2d 
ed.  1885);  'Arabella  Stuart  >  (1888).  Three 
farces,  <The  Devil  at  Lubeck,>  <The  Jealous 
Miller,'  and  <  Steadfast  Love,>  appeared  in  one 
volume  in  1887 ;  <  Seven  Little  Dramas  >  was 
published  in  1893.  In  his  dramatic  work  the 
dialogue  is  pithy  and  the  characters  are  sharply 
defined,  while  the  keen  humor  that  fills  the 
comedies  and  farces  breaks  out  intermittently 
in  the  tragedies  also.  His  idyls  can  be  best 
seen  in  <Sea  Tales'  (first  collection  1880,  2d 
ed.  1889;  second  collection  1889).  His  lyrics 
appeared  in  <  Poems  '(iSgi).    Died  Jan.  13,  1902. 

Krylov.  Ivan  Andreevitcli  (kre-lof)-  A 
Russian  writer  of  fables ;  born  at  Moscow,  Feb. 
13,  1768;  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  21,  1844. 
He  is  the  most  popular  author  in  Russia;  the 
children  learn  to  read  from  his  books,  and  many 
of  his  verses  have  become  national  proverbs. 
His  statue  stands  in  the  summer  garden  at  St. 
Petersburg.  He  produced  142  fables  original 
in  substance  and  form,  and  56  translations  or 
imitations.  Without  ill-nature,  their  satire  on  ex- 
isting conditions  is  keen.  They  are  written  in 
verse,  simple  and  attractive  in  style ;  — any  child 
or  peasant  readily  understands  them.  They 
have  been  translated  into  every  European  lan- 
guage. The  first  collection  appeared  in  1890. 
(<  Works,'  1859.) 

Kugler,  Franz  Theodor  (kog'ler).  A  Ger- 
man writer  on  art  and  its  history ;  born  at 
Stettin,  Jan.  19,  1808 ;  died  at  Berlin,  March  18, 
1858.  He  was  appointed  a  professor  of  fine 
arts  in  the  University  of  Berlin  in  1833,  and 
subsequently  became  a  member  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Berlin.  His  works  have  undoubtedly 
had  great  influence  on  German  art  and  culture  : 
notably  a,  <  History  of  Painting  from  Coustantine 


the  Great  to  the  Present  Times'  (1837);  <  Hand- 
book of  the  History  of  Art'  (1841-42);  <  His- 
tory of  Architecture'  (1856).  He  is  also  the 
author  of  a  <  History  of  Frederick  the  Great' 
(1840),  which  is  popular  in  Germany. 

KUbne,  Gustav  (kii'ne).  A  prolific  German 
novelist  and  poet;  born  at  Magdeburg,  Dec.  27, 
1806;  died  at  Dresden,  April  22,  1888.  Among 
his  novels,  the  later  ones  of  which  show  a  ten- 
dency toward  too  many  reflections  and  a  lack 
of  form,  were  :  <A  Quarantine  in  the  Madhouse' 
(1835);  < Feminine  and  Masculine  Characters' 
(2  vols.,  1838);  < Portraits  and  Silhouettes'  (2 
vols.,  1843) ;  <  Convent  Tales '  (2d  ed.  1862) ;  <  The 
Rebels  of  Ireland'  (2d  ed.  1863);  < German  Men 
and  Women'  (2d  ed.  1863);  <The  Freemasons' 
(2d  ed.  1867).  Of  poems,  in  addition  to  those 
contained  in  his  collected  works,  he  published  : 
<  Roman  Sonnets '  ( 1869) ;  <  Christ  on  his  Travels ' 
(1S70);  <  Wittenberg  and  Rome'  (3  vols.,  1877); 
< Romances,  Legends,  and  Fables'  (1880).  He 
wrote  also  the  following  dramas :  <  Isaura  of 
Castile';  <The  Emperor  Friedrich  HI.';  <  De- 
metrius ' ;  etc.  For  several  years  he  edited  the 
celebrated  periodicals  Journal  for  the  Elegant 
World,  and  Europa.  He  belonged  to  the  "  Voung 
Germany"  school  of  literature.  (< Works,'  10 
Yols.,  1862-67.) 

Kulmann,  Elisabeth  Borisovna  (kol'man). 
A  Russian  poet;  born  at  St.  Petersburg,  1808; 
died  1825,  at  17.  She  was  very  precocious  in 
language-study  and  literary  aptitude,  and  wrote 
in  Russian,  German,  and  Italian.  Her  Russian 
poems,  edited  by  the  Russian  Academy,  appeared 
in  1833;  the  best  edition  of  her  German  verse 
is  that  of  1857 ;  the  Italian  poems  were  published 
at  Milan  in  1847.  Her  poetry,  written  in  a  sim- 
ple and  clear  style,  showed  keen  observation, 
considerable  descriptive  power,  and  a  lively 
imagination ;  Goethe  prophesied  for  her  an 
honorable  place  in  literature.  A  monument 
was  erected  to  her  memory  by  the  Russian  em- 
press. 

Kunstmann,  Friedricli  (konst'man).  A 
German  historical  and  geographical  writer; 
born  at  Nuremberg,  Jan.  4,  181 1;  died  at  Mu- 
nich, Aug.  15,  1867.  He  was  private  tutor  to 
the  Princess  Donna  Amalia  of  Brazil  in  Lis- 
bon (1841-46),  and  on  his  return  to  Munich 
was  appointed  to  a  professorship  in  the  uni- 
versity. He  contributed  papers  to  the  transac- 
tions of  the  Munich  Academy,  and  published : 
<The  Latin  Penitential  Books  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons'  (1844);  <  Africa  before  the  Discoveries 
of  the  Portuguese '  ( 1853) ;  <  The  Discovery  of 
America  from  the  Most  Ancient  Sources'  (1859), 
with  an  atlas  giving  fac-simile  copies  of  early 
maps. 

Kiirnberger,  Ferdinand  (kiirn'barg-er).  A 
German  novelist  •  born  at  Vienna,  July  3,  1821 ; 
died  at  Munich,  Oct.  14,  1879.  His  works  are 
witty,  highly  poetical,  and  written  in  a  pithy 
style.  His  first  novel,  < Tired  of  America' 
(1856),  was  his  most  popular  one;  it  described 
the  American  civilization  of   that  period   as 


KURZ  — LA  BfiDOLLIERE 


317 


merely  matenal.  Of  several  volumes  of  tales, 
<  Selected  Tales  >  ( 1857)  contained  his  best  work. 
Others  of  his  writings  were :  the  drama  <  Cata- 
line>  (1855);  the  volume  of  essays  <Seal  Rings' 
(1874);  the  romance  *  The  Despot  of  the  House' 
(1876);  'Literary  Affairs   of  the  Heart'  (1877). 

Kurz,  Heinrich  (korts).  A  German  histo- 
rian of  literature ;  born  at  Paris,  April  28,  1805 ; 
died  at  Aarau,  Switzerland,  Feb.  24,  1873. 
Having  suffered  two  years'  imprisonment  for 
articles  published  in  his  paper,  the  Augsburg 
Times,  he  removed  to  Switzerland,  where  he 
held  several  professorships  and  made  a  special 
study  of  German  literature.  The  results  of  his 
investigations  are  embodied  in  the  well-known 
< History  of  German  Literature'  (4  vols.,  1851 ; 
1868-72).  Equally  important  are:  < Handbook 
of  the  National  Poetic  Literature  of  the  Ger- 
mans'  (1840-43);  <  Handbook  of  German  Prose' 
(1S45-52.)    (  Manual  of  Sacred  History.' 

Kurz,  Hermann.  A  German  novelist ;  born 
at  Reutlingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Nov.  30,  1813; 
died  at  Tubingen,  Oct.  10,  1873.  He  is  best 
known  by  his  two  fine  romances,  <  Schiller's 
Life  in  his  Native  Place'  (2d  ed.  1856-57),  de- 
scribing Wiirtemberg  at  the  time  Schiller  grew 
up  there ;  and  <  Mine  Host  of  the  Sun '  (2d  ed., 
2  vols.,  1862),  a  Swabian  popular  tale  of  psycho- 
logical power.  <From  the  Days  of  Dislionor' 
(1871),  another  strong  work,  was  historical  in 
tone  ;  <  On  Shakespeare's  Life  and  Work'  (1868) 
and  the  text  for  Konewka's  'Falstaff  and  his 


Companions'  (1872)  were  critical.  He  trans- 
lated from  the  Italian,  Spanish,  French,  and 
English  masters,  and  wrote  also  two  volumes 
of  poems.     {<  Works,'  10  vols.,  1874-75.) 

Kvitka,  Grigorii  Fedorovitch  (kvit'ka).  A 
Russian  novelist ;  born  at  Osnova  (whence  his 
appellation  "Osnovianenko"),  near  Karkov, 
Nov.  29,  1778;  died  at  Karkov,  Aug.  20,  1843. 
He  wrote  both  in  Great  and  Little  Russian,  being 
one  of  the  chief  writers  in  the  latter,  his  works 
in  which  (new  ed.,  2  vols.,  1858)  were  especially 
dear  to  his  countrymen  for  presenting  pictures 
of  the  familiar  national  life  idealized ;  the  most 
popular  was  the  novel  <  Maroussia.'  In  Great 
Russian  he  published  two  novels  of  manners 
and  a  number  of  dramas,  the  most  popular  of 
the  latter  being  <  Selmenko.' 

Kyd,  Thomas.  An  English  dramatist ;  flour- 
ished in  the  sixteenth  century.  He  was  the 
most  popular  English  writer  of  tragedies  before 
Shakespeare,  and  helped  prepare  the  way  for 
him.  His  most  successful  two  plays,  his  first 
and  second  works  respectively,  were  <  The 
Spanish  Tragedy,  or  Hieronimo,'  and  <Oratio.' 
They  were  very  popular  and  were  frequently 
acted,  not  only  in  England,  but  in  Germany 
and  in  Holland :  but  the  former  was  much  rid- 
iculed by  Shakespeare  and  his  contemporaries, 
for  its  bombastic  rant ;  and  "  Go  by,  Jeronimy  " 
{i.e.,  "Get  out,  you  lunatic"),  from  the  rav- 
ings of  the  distracted  hero,  became  a  common 
phrase. 


Laas,  Ernst  (la'as).  A  well-known  German 
philosopher  and  educator ;  born  at  Fiirstenwald 
on  the  Spree,  June  16,  1837 ;  died  at  Strasburg, 
July  25,  1885.  He  was  one  of  the  chief  repre- 
sentatives of  positivism  in  Germany,  though 
his  strength  lay  more  in  criticism  than  in  con- 
struction. His  principal  work,  <  I^lealism  and 
Positivism'  (3  vols.,  1879-84),  opposed  the  views 
of  Plato  and  Kant.  Of  his  pedagogical  writ- 
ings, the  most  important  are  <  German  Com- 
position in  the  Upper  Gymnasium  Classes'  (2d 
ed.  1877-78),  an  epoch-making  work,  and  <  Ger- 
man Education  in  the  Higher  institutions  of 
Instruction'  (2d  ed.  1886). 

Labanca,  Baldassare  (la-bank'a).  An  Ital- 
ian philosopher ;  born  at  Agnone  (Molise),  1829. 
He  has  attained  great  eminence  with  such  works 
as  <  Readings  in  Natural  Philosophy'  (1864); 
<  Concerning  the  True  and  the  False  Spirit  in 
Philosophy'  (1857);  and  many  similar  ones. 

Labarre,  called  Louis  Labar  (la-bar').  A 
Belgian  journalist  and  man  of  letters ;  born  at 
Dinan,  Namur,  May  I,  1810;  died  at  Ixelles, 
Jan.  17,  1892.  His  first  success  was  a  volume 
of  < Satires  and  Elegies'  (1836),  in  which  his 
republican  sentiments  are  strongly  expressed. 


He  has  edited  Charivari  Beige  and  other  jour- 
nals. His  best  works  include  :  <A  Revolution 
to  Laugh  At,'  a  comedy;  *Antoine  Wiertz' 
(1867),  a  biography;  <  Waterloo'  (1868),  a  his- 
torical study;  and  other  miscellany. 

Lab€,  Louise  (la-ba).  A  French  poet;  true 
name  Charlieu;  called  **  the  fair  rope-maker" 
from  her  husband's  business  (about  1526-66). 
She  was  early  noted  for  beauty,  linguistic  talent, 
and  intrepidity.  At  16,  disguised  as  a  cavalier, 
she  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Perpignan.  After 
marriage  at  Lyons,  her  house  became  the  ren- 
dezvous of  poets,  scholars,  artists,  and  musicians. 
Pier  poems  are  true  lyrics,  singularly  graceful 
and  original,  though  showing  Petrarch's  influ- 
ence. She  also  wrote  in  prose  a  charming  alle- 
gory, <  Dispute  between  Folly  and  Love.' 

La  B^dolllere,  fmlle  Glgault  de  (la  bad- 
61-yar').  A  French  historian,  and  social  ana- 
lyst; born  at  Amiens,  1812;  died  in  Paris,  1883. 
He  wrote  much,  his  best  works  being:  < His- 
tory of  Paris'  (1864);  <  History  of  the  Morals 
and  Private  Life  of  the  French'  (1847);  <  His- 
tory of  Mother  Michel  and  of  her  Cat'  (1851), 
a  delightful  mock-serious  tale,  translated  into 
English  by  T.  B.  Aldrich  for  St.  Nicholas. 


3i8 


LABEO  — LA  BRUYfiRE 


Labeo,  Marcus  Antistlus  (lab'e-o).  A  cele- 
brated Roman  jurist  of  the  Augustan  age.  He 
wrote  some  400  works  on  jurisprudence ;  but  of 
them  one  only  has  come  down  to  our  time, 
being  embodied  in  the  Pandects  of  the  Justin- 
ian <  Corpus  Juris.' 

Laberius,  Decimus  (ia-be'ri-us).  A  Roman 
knight  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  about 
105  B.  C;  died  at  Puteoli,  January  43  B.C.  His 
writings  consisted  of  farces,  comic  and  satirical 
poems,  an  epic  poem  on  Csesar's  Gallic  war, 
and  a  prose  work  containing  anecdotes,  etc. 
He  was  compelled  by  Caesar  to  appear  on  the 
stage  in  one  of  his  own  farces,  thereby  forfeit- 
ing his  knighthood,  which  was  restored  to  him 
by  the  dictator. 

Labesse,  Antoine  ^douard  Decaudin  (la- 
bes').  A  French  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in 
Angouleme,  April  11,  1848.  He  is  a  prolific 
writer  on  a  variety  of  subjects,  his  works 
including:  <The  Terrestrial  World,'  a  pop- 
ular scientific  study ;  <  Monsieur,  Madame,  and 
Baby>;  <  My  First  Case>;  <The  King  of  the 
Fjords ' ;   and  many  more. 

Labiche,  Eugene  da-besh').  An  important 
French  comedy- writer ;  born  in  Paris,  May  5, 
1815;  died  there,  Jan.  23,  1888.  Of  over  100 
comedies,  vaudevilles,  farces,  etc.,  of  his  writ- 
ing, almost  all  possessed  strong  qualities,  in- 
cluding striking  dialogue,  caustic  yet  never 
cruel  humor,  and  stage  technique,  while  several 
were  models  of  their  kind.  Among  the  best 
are:  <The  Italian  Straw  Hat>  (1851);  <The 
Misanthrope  and  the  Auvergnat*  (1853);  <Eye 
Powder'  (with  Martin,  1862);  <C^limare  the 
Well-Beloved)  (1863);  <Cagnotte>  (1864);  <One 
Foot  in  Crime'  (with  Choler,  1866);  etc.  (<  Dra- 
matic Works,'  10  vols.,  1878-79.)  He  wrote  a 
number  of  pieces  in  collaboration. 

La  Boetie,  ^tienne  de  (la  bo-e-te').  A  French 
anti-monarchical  poet ;  born  at  Sarlat,  Nov.  i, 
1530;  died  at  Germignan,  Aug.  18,  1563.  He 
was  a  friend  of  Montaigne,  who  brought  out 
an  edition  of  his  writings  (1570-71).  Of  these 
the  best  known  is  the  <  Discourse  on  Voluntary 
Slavery,'  a  rather  flat  philippic  against  mon- 
archy.    ('Works,'  Paris,  1892.) 

Laborde,  Alexandre  Louis  Joseph,  Count 

de  (la-bord').  A  French  writer  of  travels ;  born 
in  Paris,  Sept.  17,  1773;  died  there,  Oct.  24, 1842. 
He  wrote :  <  Picturesque  and  Historic  Journey 
in  Spain'  (4  vols.,  1807-18;  new  ed.  1823); 
'  1  )escription  of  the  New  Gardens  and  Ancient 
Castles  of  France'  (1808-15);  *The  Monuments 
ct  France'  (2  vols.,  1816-36);  < Picturesque  Jour- 
ney in  Austria'  (3  vols.,  1821-23);  <  Descriptive 
Itinerary  of  Spain'  (3d  ed.,  6  vols.,  1827-31); 
< Versailles,  Ancient  and  Modern'  (1840).  He 
was  a  soldier,  accompanying  Napoleon  to  Spain 
and  Austria,  and  a  politician. 

Laborde,  L^on,  Marquis  de.  A  French  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  son  of  Alexandre ;  bom  in 
Paris,  June  15,  1807 ;  died  there,  March  25,  1869. 
Having  accompanied  his  father  on  a  trip  to 
the  East,  he  wrote :  <  Journey  in  Arabia  Petraea> 


(1830-33);  < Journey  in  the  East'  (2  vols.,  1837- 
62);  <  History  of  Engraving'  (1839);  <  The  Dukes 
of  Burgundy'  (1849-51);  < Account  of  the  En- 
amels, Jewelry,  and  Various  Objects  on  Exhi- 
bition in  the  Galleries  of  the  Louvre'  (2  vols., 
1853);  <The  Renaissance  of  the  Arts  at  the 
Court  of  France.  Vol.  I.:  Painting'  (1855).  In 
the  revolution  of  1830  he  was  General  Lafay- 
ette's adjutant,  was  afterwards  in  the  diplomatic 
service  at  London,  The  Hague,  and  Cassel,  and 
succeeded  to  his  father's  office. 

Labouchere,  Henry  (la-bo-shar').  An  Eng- 
lish journalist  and  politician ;  born  in  London, 
1831.  He  was  in  the  diplomatic  service,  part 
of  the  time  at  Washington,  and  a  member  of 
Parliament.  An  advanced  republican,  he  used 
Truth,  the  journal  established  by  him  in  1876  as 
a  society  and  political  organ,  for  the  promul- 
gation of  his  ideas,  often  thereby  getting  into 
serious  difficulties.  He  wrote  <  Diary  of  a  Be- 
sieged Resident  in  Paris'  (1871). 

Laboulaye,  ^douard  Rene  Lefebvre  de  (la- 
bo-la'j.  A  distinguished  French  jurist,  histo- 
rian, and  writer  of  tales ;  born  at  Paris,  Jan.  18, 
1811;  died  there,  May  25,  1883.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  comparative  jurisprudence 
in  the  Coll&ge  de  France  in  1849,  having  already 
won  distinction  by  several  treatises  on  Roman 
and  French  law.  His  greatest  work  outside  of 
the  field  of  jurisprudence  is  a  <  Political  His- 
tory of  the  United  States,  1620-1789'  (3  vols., 
1855-66).  He  wrote  also  <The  United  States 
and  France'  (1862)  and  the  humorous  satiric 
novel  <  Paris  in  America'  (1863),  which  had  a 
very  large  circulation  (27th  ed.  1872).  His 
novel  of  <  Prince  Caniche'  (1868)  reached  a 
20th  edition.  But  by  far  his  best-known  works 
of  fiction  are  the  three  series  of  <  Blue  Stories,' 
—  tales  of  fairies,  elves,  enchanters,  etc.,  original 
and  retold.  Some  of  his  essays  on  contempo- 
rary political  and  social  questions  have  been 
collected  and  published  under  the  titles  'Con- 
temporary Studies  of  Germany  and  the  Slavic 
States'  (1856);  'Religious  Liberty'  (1858). 

Labrunie.    See  Gerard  de  Nerval, 

La  Bruyere,  Jean  de  (la  brii-yar').  A  fa- 
mous French  moralist  and  satirist;  born  in 
Paris,  August  1645 ;  died  at  Versailles,  May  10, 
1696.  Appointed  tutor  of  the  dauphin,  he  spent 
a  large  part  of  his  life  at  the  court  of  Louis 
XIV.  His  great  work,  on  which  his  reputation 
rests,  <  The  Characters  of  Theophrastus,  Trans- 
lated from  the  Greek,  with  the  Characters  or 
Manners  of  this  Century'  (1688),  was  a  cloak 
for  the  keenest  and  most  sagacious  observations 
on  the  characters  and  manners  of  the  court.  It 
abounds  in  wit,  shows  him  to  have  been  an  ex- 
cellent judge  of  men,  and  is  written  in  an  ad- 
mirable style.  The  number  of  "  characters  »  was 
greatly  increased  as  the  various  editions  came 
out.  Numerous  keys  appeared,  the  first  in  1720. 
It  has  been  translated  into  well-nigh  every  mod- 
em language.  A  true  philosopher,  desiring  but 
to  lead  a  quiet  life  with  his  books  and  friends, 
only  his  worth  and  tact  enabled  him  always  to 


LAC  AILLE  —  LACORDAIRE 


319 


preserve  his  dignity  among  the  ignorant  and  ar- 
rogant courtiers. 

Lacaille,  Nicolas  Louis  de  (la-kay').  A  noted 
French  astronomer  (1713-62).  In  1750  he  pro- 
posed to  the  Paris  Academy  an  astronomical 
expedition  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  the 
project  being  officially  sanctioned,  he  made  the 
voyage  to  the  Cape  1751,  and  spent  three  years 
in  the  southern  hemisphere.  He  made  more 
observations  and  calculations  than  all  the  other 
astronomers  of  his  time  put  together,  and  his 
exactitude  was  not  inferior  to  his  diligence. 
His  principal  writings  are:  <The  Foundations 
of  Astronomy  >  (1757);  <  Solar  Tables  >;  <The 
Southern  Starry  Heavens  >  (1763),  a  catalogue 
of  10,000  southern  stars ;  elementary  treatises 
on  <  Mathematics >  (1741),  <  Mechanics'  (1743), 
^Astronomy  >  (1746),  'Optics'  (1750J. 

La  Calprenede,  Gautbier  de  Coste,  Sei- 
gneur de  (la  kiil-pre-nad'j.  A  French  romancer 
(1610-63).  He  first  entered  the  field  of  litera- 
ture with  tragedies  and  tragi-comedies,  but 
had  little  success.  He  then  wrote  a  romance 
of  chivalry,  < Cleopatra'  (12  vols.,  1647-58),  in 
which  contemporary  personages  and  manners 
are  portrayed  under  names  and  amid  surround- 
ings of  the  age  of  Augustus.  The  episodes  of 
intrigue  and  gallantry  are  to  the  last  degree 
prolix  and  wearisome ;  but  the  characters  are 
for  the  most  part  well  defined,  some  of  the 
scenes  skillfully  contrived,  and  the  style  always 
elegant  and  perspicuous.  Among  his  other 
romances,  in  a  like  vein,  are  <  Cassandra'  (10 
vols.,  1642-50);  <Pharamond'  (7  vols.,  1661-70); 

<  Diversions  of  the  Princess  Alcidiana'  (1661). 

Lacaussade,  Auguste  (la-ko-sad').  A  French 
poet;  born  in  the  Isle  of  Bourbon,  1817.  His 
most  notable  volumes  of  verse  include  :  <  Na- 
tional Poems'  (1871);  <  Anacreontics ' ;  etc. 

Lac6pede,  Bernard  Germaiu  ^tienue  de 
Laville,  Count  de  (la-sa-ped').  A  distinguished 
French  naturalist ;  born  at  Agen,  Dec.  26,  1756 ; 
died  at  Epinay,  Oct.  6,  1825.  The  perusal  of 
Buffon's  < Natural  History'  in  early  life  de- 
cided his  after  career.  Most  noteworthy  among 
his  works  are :  <  History  of  Oviparous  Quad- 
rupeds >  (1788);  <  Natural  History  of  Reptilia' 
(1788);  'Natural  History  of  Fishes,'  a  work  of 
the  highest  authority  (6  vols.,  1798-1805);  <  Nat- 
ural History  of  Man'  (posthumous). 

Lachambeaudie,  Pierre  (la-shoii-bo-de').  A 
F"rench  fabulist ;  born  at  Sarlat,  Dec.  16,  1807 ; 
died  at  Brunoy,  near  Paris,  July  7,  1872.  His 
principal  work  was  <  Popular  Fables'  (7th  ed. 
1849),  a  number  of  which  have  been  trans- 
lated into  German. 

Lachaud,  Georges  (la-sho').  A  French  story 
and  political  writer ;  born  in  Paris,  1846.  <  The 
Bonapartists  and  the  Republic'  (1877)  is  a 
typical  specimen  of  his  political  writings,  and 

<  Pitiless  Love'  (1884)  of  his  fiction. 

La  Chaussee,  Pierre  Claude  Nivelle  de  (la 
sho-sa').  A  French  dramatist,  founder  of  the 
so-called  <<  mixed  *  or  «  weeping  "  comedy ;  bom 


in  Paris,  1692;  died  there,  March  14,  1754. 
His  comedy  <The  False  Antipathy'  (1734) 
was  the  first  French  pathetic  comedy.  Of 
eighteen  dramas  written  by  him,  among  the 
best  are:  'Fashionable  Prejudice'  (1735),  di- 
rected against  the  idea,  then  wide-spread,  that 
a  man  of  rank  can  have  no  love  for  his  wife; 
'School  of  Friendship'  (1737);  <Mdlanide> 
(1741);  <Love  for  Love'  (1742);  'Pamela' 
(1743);  'School  of  Mothers'  (1745);  'The  Gov- 
erness' (1747).  His  plays  were  all  written  in 
verse  and  followed  strictly  the  rules  of  the 
classic  drama,  but  inclined  to  be  somewhat  tedi- 
ous in  their  moralizing.  ('  Works,'  5  vols.,  1762.) 

Laclimann,  Karl  (lach'man).  A  noted  Ger- 
man philologist  and  critic ;  bom  at  Brunswick, 
March  4,  1793;  died  at  Berlin,  March  13,  1851. 
With  Jakob  Grimm  he  was  the  founder  of  the 
Old-German  philology,  and  was  distinguished 
for  the  keenness  of  his  critical  method.  Among 
the  most  important  of  his  works  were  his  treat- 
ment of  the  Nibelungen  (1836),  arguing  that  it 
is  composed  of  twenty  old  folk-songs;  'Views 
on  Homer's  Iliad'  (1847),  aiming  to  show  it  to 
be  made  up  of  single  songs;  and  his  editions 
of  the  Nibelungenlied  (1826);  Walther  von  der 
Vogelweide,  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach,  Proper- 
tius,  Catullus,  Tibullus,  Lucretius,  etc.  He  was 
professor  at  Konigsberg  (1818)  and  Berlin 
(1825). 

Laclos,  Pierre  Ambroise  Francois  Cboderlos 

de  (la-kl5').  A  French  novelist;  born  at  Ami- 
ens, 1741 ;  died  at  Taranto,  Italy,  1803.  He 
is  best  known  by  his  '  Dangerous  Connections ' 
(4  vols.,  1782).  He  wrote  also  a  satire  against 
Madame  Dut)arry,  <  A  Letter  to  Marget.'  His 
life  was  spared  by  Robespierre,  for  the  reason, 
so  it  was  said,  that  he  composed  R.'s  speeches 
for  him. 

La  Condamine,  Charles  Marie  de  (la  kon"- 
da-men').  A  French  scientist;  born  in  Paris, 
Jan.  28,  1701 ;  died  there,  Feb.  4,  1774.  He  is 
best  known  as  having  with  Bouger  and  Godin 
measured  an  arc  of  the  meridian  on  the  plain 
of  Quito,  South  America.  The  expedition  lasted 
nine  years  (1735-44).  On  his  way  home  he 
descended  the  Amazon,  being  the  first  scientist 
to  do  so,  and  the  first  man  to  publish  accurate 
maps  of  the  river.  He  is  said  to  have  intro- 
duced the  knowledge  of  india-rubber  into  Eu- 
rope. He  wrote  :  <  Journal  of  an  Expedition  to 
the  Equator  by  Order  of  the  King'  (1751); 
'Abridged  Account  of  a  Journey  Made  in  the 
Interior  of  South  America'  (1745);  < History  of 
Small-Pox  Inoculation'  (1773);  etc. 

Lacordaire,  Jean  Baptiste  Henri  Domi- 
nique (la-kor-dar').  A  noted  French  pulpit  or- 
ator and  journalist ;  born  at  Recey-sur-Ource, 
May  12,  1802 ;  died  at  Sor^ze,  Nov.  22,  1861. 
He  became  famous  as  a  preacher  at  Notre 
Dame,  speaking  from  the  pulpit  on  the  ques- 
tions of  the  day,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Assembly.  With  Lamennais,  he  founded 
the  democratic  journal  L'Avenir  (The  Future : 
1830),  which  was  condemned  by  the  Pope. 
Among  his  works  were :   '  Philosophical  Con- 


320 


LACRETELLE  —  LA  PARGE 


siderations  on  the  System  of  Lamennais*  (1834); 
•Life  of  St.  Dominic >  (1840);  < Detached  Ser- 
mons and  Funeral  Orations'  (1844-47),  the 
most  impressive  of  which  was  the  oration 
preached  over  the  remains  of  Gen.  Drouot; 
and  a  voluminous  correspondence. 

Lacretelle,  Henri  de  (la-kret-el').  A  French 
poet  and  prose-writer,  son  of  Jean ;  bom  Aug. 
21,  1815.  He  was  a  member  of  the  national 
legislature.  He  wrote  <  Lamartine  and  his 
Friends'  (1878). 

Lacretelle,  Jean  Charles  Dominique  de,  the 
Younger.  A  noted  French  historian  and  jour- 
nalist, brother  of  Pierre  Louis ;  born  at  Metz, 
Sept.  3,  1766;  died  at  Bel-Air,  near  Macon, 
March  26,  1855.  He  was  editor  of  the  Journal 
des  D^bats,  censor  of  the  press,  president  of 
the  French  Academy,  and  professor  of  history 
at  the  University  of  Paris.  He  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  histories  of  France  at  different  periods, 
among  which  may  be  named  :  <  Compendium  of 
the  History  of  the  French  Revolution  >  (6  vols., 
1801-6);  <  History  of  France  during  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century'  (6  vols.,  1808).  He  wrote  also 
interesting  memoirs  of  his  own  time :  <  Ten 
Years  of  Trials  during  the  Revolution'  (1842); 
<  Philosophic  and  Literary  Last  Will  and  Testa- 
ment >  (2  vols.,  1840). 

Lacretelle,  Pierre  Louis.  A  French  legal  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Metz,  1751 ;  died 
Sept.  5,  1824.  Besides  several  legal  works,  etc., 
he  wrote  <  Portraits  and  Pictures'  (2  vols.,  1817J, 
containing  masterly  descriptions  of  Napoleon  L, 
Mirabeau,  and  Lafayette.  He  edited  the  Mer- 
cure  de  France  and  the  Minerve  Franjaise. 
(<  Works,'  6  vols.,  1823-24.) 

Lacroix,  Jules  (la-krwa').  A  French  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist,  brother  of  Paul ;  born 
in  Paris,  May  7,  1809 ;  died  Nov.  10,  1887.  He 
wrote  numerous  romances ;  a  volume  of  poetry, 
<Les  Pervenches'  (The  Periwinkles  :  1838);  sev- 
eral dramas  ;  and  <The  Year  of  Infamy'  (1872), 
a  collection  of  patriotic  poems. 

Lacroix,  Paul.  A  French  novelist  and  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Paris,  Feb.  27,  1806 ;  died  there, 
Oct.  16,  1884.  Under  the  pseudonym  « P.  L. 
Jacob,  Bibliophile,"  he  edited  with  valuable 
commentaries  the  works  of  Rabelais  and  other 
great  16th-century  authors.  Among  his  works 
are :  <  Dissertations  on  Some  Curious  Points  of 
the  History  of  France'  (3  vols.,  1838);  <The 
l6th  Century  in  France'  (2  vols.,  1838);  'His- 
tory ...  of  Napoleon  HL'  (4  vols.,  1853);  sev- 
eral historical  novels ;  numerous  works  of  great 
value  on  such  subjects  as  <  Historic  Costumes 
of  France '  (10  vols.,  1852);  <  Manners,  Costumes, 
etc.,  of  the  Middle  Ages'  (1870);  <The  iSth 
Century :  Institutions,  Usages,  and  Costumes  > 
(1879);  <The  Directorate  and  the  Empire,' etc. 
(1883);  these  works  on  costumes,  usages,  etc., 
are  illustrated  with  most  elaborate  and  accurate 
designs  executed  by  the  foremost  artists. 

Lactantius  Firmianus  (lak-tan'shi-us  f^r- 
mi-a-nus),  Lucius  Caelius  or  Caecllius.  An 
eminent  Christian  author  of  tlie  fourth  century, 


A.  D.  A  pupil  of  the  rhetorician  Amobius,  he 
became  a  teacher  of  rhetoric  in  Nicomedia, 
and  afterwards  tutor  to  Crispus,  son  of  Con- 
stantine  the  Great.  His  principal  work,  <  The 
Divine  Institutes,'  a  production  of  a  polem- 
ical character,  earned  for  him  the  title  of  the 
"Christian  Cicero." 

Lacy,  John.  An  English  dramatist  and 
comedian  ;  born  near  Doncaster,  before  1620 ; 
died  in  London,  Sept.  17,  1681.  His  best  play 
is  <  The  Old  Troop,'  of  which  Scott  makes  use 
in  <  Woodstock.' 

Ladd,  George  Trumbull.  An  American 
educator  and  philosophical  writer;  born  at 
Painesville,  O.,  1842.  He  was  educated  at 
W^estern  Reserve  College  and  Andover  Theo- 
logical Seminary.  He  was  pastor  of  Spring 
Street  Congregational  Church,  Milwaukee,  Wis.i 
from  187 1  to  1879;  and  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Bowdoin  College  from  1879  to  1881,  when 
he  assumed  the  chair  of  philosophy  at  Yale. 
His  works  include  :  <  Principles  of  Church  Pol- 
ity' (1881);  < Doctrine  of  Sacred  Scripture' 
(1883);  <  Elements  of  Physiological  Ps3'chology ' 
(1887);  <  Philosophy  of  Conduct'  (1902). 

La  Dixmerie,  Nicolas  Bricaire  de  (la  dez- 
mar-e').  A  French  man  of  letters;  born  1730 ; 
died  1791.  His  works  are  able  and  powerful, 
but  not  agreeable.  They  include  :  <  Philosoph 
ical  and  Moral  Tales'  (1765),  and  'Eulogy  of 
Voltaire'  (1779). 

Laet,  Jan  Jakob  de  (lat).  [«  Johan  Alfried."] 
A  Flemish  poet,  novelist,  and  journalist ;  born 
at  Antwerp,  Dec.  13,  1815;  died  there,  April  22, 
1891.  He  was  a  physician.  After  championing 
Flemish  rights  and  language  in  several  journals, 
some  of  them  founded  for  the  purpose  by  him- 
self, he  deserted  journalism  for  business,  but 
engaged  afterward  in  politics.  Among  his  best- 
known  works  were  the  romance  '  The  House 
of  Wesenbeke'  (1842);  the  village  tale  <The 
Player'   (1846);  <  Poems'   (1848;  2d   ed.  1883). 

La  Fare,  Charles  Auguste,  Marquis  de  (la 

far).  A  French  poet;  born  at  Castle  Valgorge, 
Vivarais,  1644;  died  in  Paris,  1712.  A  friend  oi 
Marshal  Turenne,  he  distinguished  himself  in 
tlie  campaigns  of  1667  and  1674 ;  but  left  the 
army  afterward  and  devoted  himself  to  a  life 
of  pleasure,  the  delights  of  which  he  celebrated 
in  verse.  The  Duke  o'l  Orleans  wrote  the  music 
for  his  opera  of  <  Panthde.' 

La  Farge,  John  (la  farj).  An  American 
artist  of  the  first  rank ;  born  in  New  York  cit)-, 
1835.  He  studied  under  Couture  in  Paris ;  be- 
came a  National  Academician  in  1869;  and  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  American  Artists  in 
1877.  He  has  executed  remarkable  paintings, 
altar  pieces,  and  decorations  of  interiors  — 
notably  of  Trinity  Church,  Boston ;  and  de- 
signed stained-glass  windows  for  churches  and 
many  other  buildings,  in  the  new  American 
manner,  which  is  a  revival  of  the  art  of  mak- 
ing colored  glass  (instead  of  painting  glass), 
of  which  he  was  the  originator,  in  association 
with  Louis  Tiffany.     He  has  published  a  vol- 


LA  FARINA  — LAING 


3«i 


ame  of  <  Lectures  on  Art,*  and  <  An  Artist's 
Letters  from  Japan  > ;  <  Artist  and  Writer.> 

La  Farina,  Giuseppe  (la  fa-re'na).  An  Ital- 
ian statesman  and  historian;  born  at  Messina, 
July  20,  1815 ;  died  at  Florence,  Sept.  5,  1863.  A 
democratic  leader,  favormg  Italian  unity  and  in- 
dependence, he  lived  part  of  his  life  as  a  polit- 
ical refugee ;  but  played  an  important  part  in  the 
movements  of  his  time.  His  principal  work 
was  <  History  of  Italy  Narrated  to  the  Italian 
People*  (10  vols.,  1846). 

La  Fayette,  Marie  Madeleine  Pioche  de  la 
Vergne,  Comtesse  de  (la-fl-ef  or  laf-a-et').  A 
distinguished  French  novelist;  bom  at  Paris, 
1634;  died  there.  May  25,  1693.  All  her  life 
she  was  in  the  foremost  literary  circles,  after 
marriage  her  house  being  a  noted  rendezvous 
of  wits  and  scholars,  including  Mme.  de  S^- 
vignd,  Lafontaine,  and  La  Rochefoucauld.  Her 
first  novel  was  <The  Princess  de  Montpensier> 
(1660);  ten  years  later  appeared  her  second, 
'Za'ide,'  which  among  her  works  ranks  next 
after  <The  Princess  of  Cleves>  (4  vols.,  1678), 
her  most  celebrated  work,  and  one  of  the 
classics  of  French  literature.  She  wrote  also 
a  <  History  of  Henrietta  of  England  >  (1720), 
and  <  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  France  for  the 
Years  1688  and  1689  >  (1731). 

Lafontaine,  August  Heinrich  Julius  (la-fon- 
tan').  A  German  novelist;  bom  at  Brunswick, 
Oct.  5,  1758;  died  at  Halle,  April  20,  1831.  He 
wrote  more  than  150  novels,  and  founded  a 
school  which  in  its  day  was  regarded  with 
high  favor  at  the  court  of  Pmssia  for  its  tone 
of  illiberal  moralizing  sentimentality.  Among 
his  novels  may  be  named :  <  Picture  of  the 
Human  Heart'  (1792);  <  Descriptions  of  the  Life 
of  Man>  (1811);  <The  Parsonage  on  the  Lake 
Side>  (1816). 

La  Fontaine,  Jean  de.  A  celebrated  French 
fabulist  and  poet ;  born  at  Chateau-Thierry,  in 
Champagne,  July  8,  1621 ;  died  in  Paris,  April 
13.  1695.  His  first  work  was  an  adaptation  of 
Terence's  <  Eunuch  >  (1654).  His  poem 'Adonis  > 
was  published  in  1658.  His  principal  works 
are  <  Stories  and  Novels  >  (5  books,  1665-95), 
and  the  <  Fables  >  (12  books,  1668-95),— both  in 
rerse.  The  < Stories*  are  mostly  versions  of 
stories  like  Boccaccio's  and  Margaret  of  Na- 
varre's, and  almost  unrivaled  in  variety  and 
vividness;  but  their  licentiousness  caused  the 
suppression  of  one  book  in  1675  by  the  public 
censor.  In  this  respect  the  <  Fables '  are  with- 
out blemish,  while  as  works  of  literary  art  they 
stand  in  the  foremost  rank.  He  wrote  some 
dramas,  of  little  worth ;  also  a  version  in  prose 
and  verse  of  <The  Loves  of  Psyche'  (1669). 

Lafuente,  Modesto  (la-fwen'ta).  A  Spanish 
historian ;  born  at  Rabanel  de  los  Caballeros, 
1806;  died  there,  Oct.  25,  1866.  Under  the 
pseudonym  '•'•  Fray  Gerundio  "  he  published  a 
series  of  satirical  sketches  which  had  wide 
circulation ;  but  his  principal  work  is  a  <  General 
History  of  Spain >  (30  vols.,  1850-66).  It  is 
written  without  partisanship,  and  is  the  fruit  of 
laborious  research;  the  style  is  excellent. 
21 


Lagarde,  Paul  Anton  de  (la-gard').  A  dis- 
tinguished German  Orientalist ;  born  at  Berlin, 
Nov.  2,  1827 ;  died  at  Gottingen,  Dec.  22,  1891. 
He  became  professor  of  Oriental  languages  at 
Gottingen,  1869.  Of  his  very  numerous  writings 
the  majority  relate  to  the  books  of  the  Hebrew 
Scriptures ;  but  he  edited  and  commented  on 
versions  of  those  books  and  of  the  books  of 
the  New  Testament  in  Greek,  Armenian,  Ara- 
bic, Syriac,  Coptic,  etc. 

Lagrange,  Joseph  Louis  (la-granzh').  A 
great  French  mathematician ;  bom  at  Turin, 
Jan.  25,  1736;  died  at  Paris,  April  10,  1813. 
While  still  a  youth  he  solved  for  Euler  the 
« isoperimetrical  problem »  ;  when  Euler  died, 
he  succeeded  him  as  director  of  the  Berlin 
Academy  (1766),  and  held  that  office  till  1787. 
In  the  mean  time  he  contributed  to  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Academy  a  long  series  of 
memoirs,  and  wrote  his  greatest  work,  <  Analyt- 
ical Mechanics.'  After  the  death  of  Frederick 
the  Great  he  removed  to  Paris;  there  he  was 
lodged  in  the  Louvre,  and  a  pension  was  set- 
tled on  him  equal  to  that  granted  by  Frederick. 
He  remained  in  France  during  the  Revolution, 
safeguarded  by  the  respect  felt  for  his  learn- 
ing and  his  virtues  even  by  the  judges  of  the 
revolutionary  tribunals. 

La  Gu6ronnidre,  Louis  i^tienne  Arthur 
Dubreuil  H6lion,  Vicomte  de  (la  gar-on-yar'). 
A  French  publicist;  bom  at  Limoges,  1816; 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  23,  1875.  He  became  a 
zealous  partisan  of  Louis  Napoleon  after  the 
Coup  d'Etat  of  1851,  being  then  chief  editor  of 
the  Pays.  In  a  celebrated  pamphlet,  <  Napoleon 
III.  and  Italy,'  he  first  heralded  the  approach- 
ing war  against  Austria  in  Lombardy  (1859). 
In  another  pamphlet,  <  France,  Rome,  and  Italy* 
(1861),  he  brought  again  to  the  front  the  ques- 
tion- of  the  Pope's  temporal  power.  Hardly 
less  celebrated  than  these  were  his  pamphlets 
< Napoleon  III.  and  England'  (1858);  <The 
Pope  and  the  Congress'  (1859). 

La  Harpe,  Jean  Frangois  de  (la  arp).  A 
French  literary  critic  and  poet ;  bom  at  Paris, 
Nov.  20,  1739;  died  there,  Feb.  11,  1803.  After 
publishing  several  volumes  of  mediocre  verse, 
he  first  came  into  public  notice  through  his 
tragedy  < Warwick'  (1763),  and  then  added 
largely  to  his  fame  by  a  number  of  elegant 
and  spirited  <  Eloges '  on  great  French  worthies. 
He  was  professor  of  literature  in  the  Lyc^e, 
1786-98,  and  his  lectures  were  attended  by  all 
the  fashionables  of  Paris;  the  lectures  were 
collected  and  published  in  a  series  of  volumes, 
—  <Lycde,  or  Course  of  Literature'  (1799-1805). 
Among  his  numerous  works  Sainte-Beuve  as- 
signs the  first  rank  to  <  Gazette's  Prophecy.' 

Laing,  Malcolm  (lang).  A  Scotch  lawyer  and 
historian ;  born  on  the  Island  of  Mainland, 
Orkneys,  in  1762 ;  died  in  the  Orkneys,  Novem- 
ber 1818.  He  was  a  lawyer  by  profession,  and 
later  a  member  of  Parliament,  but  devoted  him- 
self principally  to  historical  investigation.  He 
wrote  a  continuation  of  Henry's  <  A  History  of 
Great  Britain'    (1785),   and  <  History  of  Scot- 


322 


LAING  —  LAMBERT 


land'  (2  vols.,  1800),  which  may  be  regarded  as 
supplementary  to  Dr.  Robertson's  History.  In 
the  preliminary  dissertation  he  presents  an 
elaborate  argument  to  prove  Queen  Mary's  par- 
ticipation in  the  murder  of  Darnley. 

Laing,  Samuel.  An  English  statesman  and 
philosophical  writer ;  born  at  Edinburgh  in  1810. 
He  has  been  prominently  identified  with  rail- 
way legislation  in  England,  was  for  many  years 
prominent  in  Parliament,  and  from  1861  to  1863 
held  the  office  of  finance  minister  to  India. 
Of  his  works,  <  Modern  Science  and  Modern 
Thought*  (1886),  and  <A  Modern  Zoroastrian> 
(1887),  have  occasioned  some  discussion.  His 
other  publications  of  a  miscellaneous  character 
include:  <  India  and  China  >  (1863);  <A  Sport- 
ing Quixote  ;  or  the  Life  and  Adventures  of 
the  Hon.  Augustus  Fitzmuddle>  (1886);  <The 
Antiquity  of  Man'  (1890);  <Hunian  Origins.) 
He  died  at  Sydenham,  Aug.  6,  1897. 

Laistner,  Ludwig  (list'ner).  A  German 
poet ;  born  at  Esslingen,  Nov.  3,  1845.  Among 
his  works  are:  <  Barbarossa's  Marriage-Broker  > 
(1875),  an  epic  poem;  < Cloud-Myths>  (1879), 
relating  to  German  mythology ;  <  The  Sphinx's 
Riddle:  Elements  of  a  History  of  Mythology > 
(2  vols.,  1889);  'Germanic  Names  of  Peoples' 
(1892).     He  died  March  22,  1896. 

Lalande,    Joseph    .'T^ome    Lefrangais    de 

(la-land').  An  eminent  French  astronomer; 
born  at  Bourg-en-Bresse,  July  11,  1732;  died  at 
Paris,  April  4,  1807.  Among  his  voluminous 
works  are:  <A  Treatise  on  Astronomy'  (1764); 
< French  History  of  the  Heavens*  (1801),  in 
which  are  determined  the  places  of  50,000  stars ; 
'Astronomy  for  Ladies*  (1785). 

La  Mara  (la  mar'a),  pseudonym  of  Marie 
Lipsius.  A  noted  German  writer  on  music ; 
born  at  Leipsic,  Dec.  30,  1837.  Her  interesting 
work,  < Studies  of  Musicians'  Heads*  (5  vols., 
1868-82),  has  had  a  wide  circulation.  She  is 
author  also  of  < Musical  Thoughts*  (1873).  a 
collection  of  sayings  of  eminent  musicians ; 
< Letters  of  Musicians*  (1886);  < Classicism  and 
Romanticism  in  the  World  of  Music*  (1892). 

Lamarck,  Jean  Baptiste  Pierre  Antoine  de 
Monet,  Cbevalier  de  (la-mark').  A  celebrated 
French  naturalist;  born  at  Barentin,  Aug.  I, 
1744 ;  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  18,  1829.  He  directed 
his  studies  first  to  meteorology,  but  soon  turned 
mainly  to  botany  :  his  <  French  Flora  *  (3  vols., 
1778)  became  the  basis  of  De  Candolle's  more 
celebrated  work.  He  wrote  also  an  <  Encyclo- 
paedic Tableau  of  Botany*  (3  vols.,  1791-1823) 
and  a  < Natural  History  of  Plants*  (15  vols., 
1802).  His  most  celebrated  work,  <  History  of 
the  Invertebrates,*  appeared  in  1815-22  in  seven 
volumes.  His  theoretical  views  are  expounded 
in  his  <  Zoological  Philosophy*  (2  vols.,  i8oq): 
» there  he  attacks  the  doctrine  of  the  immuta- 
bility of  species,  and  lays  the  scientific  founda- 
tions of  what  later  was  called  the  development 
theory  of  the  origin  of  species. 

Lamartlne,  Alphonse  Marie  Louis  de  (la- 
miir-ten'J.    A  celebrated  French  poet;  born  at 


Milly,  near  Macon,  Oct.  21,  1790;  died  at  Passy, 
March  i,  1869.  His  first  volume  of  poems, 
'Poetical  Meditations*  (1820),  was  in  effect  a 
new  departure  in  French  lyrism,  expressing 
sympathy  with  nature  and  with  religious  senti- 
ment which  accorded  with  the  then  new  reac- 
tion against  materialism.  Then  followed  :  <  New 
Poetical  Meditations  *  ( 1823 ) ;  <  Poetic  and 
Religious  Harmonies*  (1830);  'Recollections, 
Impressions,  and  Reflections*  (4  vols.,  1835); 
'Jocelyn*  (1836),  an  idyllic  epos  in  which  he 
reaches  the  summit  of  his  poetic  inspiration ; 
<The  Fall  of  an  Angel*  (1838),  an  imitation 
of  Byron;  'History  of  the  Girondins*  (8  vols., 
1847);  'Confidences*  (1849);  'New Confidences* 
(1851);  'History  of  the  Restoration*  (8  vols., 
1852)  ;  <  Lettres  a  L. »  (1818-65). 

Lamb,  Charles.  A  celebrated  English  essay- 
ist ;  born  in  London,  Feb.  10,  1775 ;  died  at  Ed- 
monton, Dec.  27,  1834.  His  'Essays  of  Elia* 
were  originally  contributed  to  the  London  Mag- 
azine, beginning  1820 ;  they  were  collected  and 
published  in  a  volume  in  1823,  received  with 
universal  public  favor,  and  have  a  high  place 
among  English  classics.  'Last  Essays  of  Elia* 
were  published  in  1833.  Lamb's  cheerful  phi- 
losophy of  life,  his  genuine  and  spontaneous 
humor,  and  the  easy  grace  of  his  style,  are  as 
grateful  to  readers  of  to-day  as  to  those  of 
two  generations  ago.  He  twice  attempted  dra- 
matic composition,  but  without  success.  With 
his  sister  Mary  Lamb  (1765-1847)  he  wrote 
'Tales  from  the  Plays  of  Shakespeare*  (1807), 
intended  for  youthful  readers,  with  whom  it 
has  ever  since  been  a  favorite  work. 

Lamb,  Martha  Joanna  Beads  (Nash).  An 
American  historian ;  born  in  Plainfield,  Mass., 
Aug.  13,  1829 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  2, 
1893.  The  best  known  of  her  works  is  the  <  His- 
tory of  the  City  of  New  York*  (2  vols.,  1877-81). 
She  also  wrote  '  The  Homes  of  America*  (1879); 
'Wall  Street  in  History*  (1883).  For  years  she 
was  editor  of  the  Magazine  of  American  His- 
tory. Mrs.  Lamb  was  a  member  of  many 
learned  societies  in  this  country  and  Europe. 

Lambecius,  called  Peter  Lambeck  (lam-be' 
shos).  A  German  scholar  (1628-80).  He  was 
teacher  of  history  in  the  high-school  of  his 
native  city,  Hamburg,  from  1652  to  1660,  when 
he  became  its  rector.  He  then  becam.e  super- 
intendent of  the  Imperial  Library,  Vienna.  His 
principal  writings  are  : '  Introduction  to  Literary 
History*  (1659),  the  first  methodical  work  of 
the  kind;  'Notes  on  the  Imperial  Library*  (8 
vols.,  1665-79),  a  work  of  great  value  for  early 
German  language  and  literature. 

Lamber,  Juliette  (lah-ba')  —Madame  Adam 

(a-doii).  A  French  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
at  Verberie,  1836.  Her  writings  are  mainly 
on  political,  social,  and  literary  topics.  She 
founded  the  Nouvelle  Revue.  Her  works  in- 
clude :  '  The  Siege  of  Paris  * ;  '  Garibaldi  * ;  <A 
Peasant  Woman's  Narratives  > ;  <  In  the  Alps  * ; 
'La'ide*;  'The  Hungarian  Country*;  etc. 

Lambert,  Johann  Heinrich  (lam'bert).  A 
distinguished  German  philosopher  and  scientist ; 


LAMENNAIS  —  LANCASTER 


323 


bom  at  Miihlhausen,  Alsace,  Aug.  26,  1728 ; 
died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  25,  1777.  He  was  entirely 
self-educated.  At  16  he  calculated  the  period 
of  the  comet  of  1744,  according  to  the  «  Lam- 
bertine  theorem.  '^  He  became  tutor  in  the 
household  of  a  nobleman  in  1748,  and  in 
1759  was  appointed  professor  in  the  Munich 
Academy.  He  was  called  to  Berlin  (1764)  by 
Frederick  the  Great.  His  masterpiece  in  phi- 
losophy is  the  <New  Organon,  or  Thoughts 
upon  the  Research  of  Truth*  (2  vols.,  1764); 
in  physics  he  laid  the  foundations  of  photome- 
try, pyrometry,  and  hygrometry ;  in  his  <  Cos- 
mological  Letters'  (1761),  he  sets  forth  the 
views  still  held  by  astronomers  regarding  the 
nature  of  the  fixed  stars ;  not  less  important 
are  his  researches  in  pure  mathematics. 

Lamennais,  Hugues  F^licit^  Robert  de  (la- 
men-a').  A  French  ecclesiastic,  polemical,  and 
political  writer;  born  at  St.  Malo,  June  19, 
1782 ;  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  27,  1854.  He  was  or- 
dained priest  in  1817.  The  same  year  appeared 
the  first  volume  of  his  <  Essay  upon  Indiffer- 
ence in  the  Matter  of  Religion  >  (4  vols.,  1807- 
20),  a  work  of  profound  learning  and  of  strict 
orthodoxy.  He  developed  his  views  further  in 
<  Religion  Considered  in  its  Relation  to  the 
Civil  and  Political  Order>  (1825),  and  <  Pro- 
gress of  the  Revolution  and  of  the  War  against 
the  Church*  (1829).  By  degrees  he  became  the 
Clitic  of  Church  policy,  and  his  journal  L'Ave- 
nir  (The  Future)  was  condemned  by  the  Pope. 
Lamennais  bowed  to  Rome's  decree ;  but  after 
a  year  was  published  his  <  Words  of  a  Be- 
liever* (1834),  in  which  he  repudiates  all  au- 
thority of  popes  and  bishops.  The  little  volume 
is  written  in  archaic  style,  imitating  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Hebrew  sacred  books ;  it  had  an 
enormous  circulation  among  the  masses  of  the 
people  in  every  country  of  Europe.  It  was 
followed  by  <The  Book  of  the  People*  (1837), 
and  <The  Past  and  the  Future  of  the  People* 
(1842),  in  the  same  tone.  He  wrote  also: 
< Sketch  of  a  Philosophy*  (3  vols.,  1841);  'Re- 
ligion*; and  translated  the  Gospels,  accom- 
panying the  text  with  notes. 

La  Mettrie,  Julien  Offray  de  (la-metre'). 
A  French  philosopher ;  born  at  St.  Malo,  Dec. 
25,  1709;  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  11,  1751.  A 
fever  while  he  was  army  surgeon  led  him  to 
study  the  question  of  the  parallel  decline  of 
mental  force  and  bodily  strength :  his  con- 
clusions, those  of  materialism  and  atheism, 
he  states  in  <  The  Natural  History  of  the 
Soul*  (1745).  Next  he  attacked  the  medical 
profession  in  <  The  Politics  of  Dr.  Machiavel  > 
(1746).  Both  works  were  burnt  by  the  com- 
mon hangman.  In  numerous  other  works,  as 
< Charlatans  Unmasked*  (1747),  <  The  Machine- 
Man*  (1748),  <The  Plant-Man*  (1748),  <The 
Metaphysic  Venus,  or  Essay  on  the  Origin 
of  the  Soul  *  (  1752 ),  he  provoked  the  en- 
mity of  the  clergy  and  of  medical  men.  Fred- 
erick the  Great  had  an  edition  of  La  Mettrie's 
*  Philosophical  Works  *  published  (1751)  at  the 
cost  of  the  royal  privy  purse. 


Lami'i  (la-me-e').  A  notable  Turkish  poet 
and  prose-writer;  died  about  1530.  His  prose 
works  are  chiefly  translations  from  Jami. 
Among  his  poetical  works  are  four  epics 
founded  on  Persian  legend  :  <  Vamik  and  Afra*; 

<  Vis  and  Ramin  * ;  <  Absdl  and  Selman  * ;  and 
the  <  Ferhddnameh.*  There  is  a  translation  in 
German,  by  Pfizmaier,  of  one  of  the  minor  po- 
ems,— <  The  Glorification  of  the  City  of  Bursa.' 

Lamington,  Alexander  Dundas  Ross  Wisli- 
ard  Baillie  Cochrane,  Baron.  An  English 
author  and  politician;  born  in  November  1816; 
died  in  London,  Feb.  15,  1890.  He  was  the 
eldest  son  of  Admiral  Sir  Thomas  J.  Cochrane, 
and  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Young  England 
Party  in  Parliament.  <  Exeter  Hall  or  Church 
Polemics*  (1841);  <  Morea,*  a  poem;  <  The  State 
of    Greece*    (1847);    < Ernest   Vane,*   a   novel; 

<  Florence  the  Beautiful*  (1854);  'Francis  the 
First,  and  Other  Historic  Studies*  (1870);  <The 
Theatre  Fran9ais  in  the  Reign  of  Louis  XV.> 
(1879),  constitute  his  chief  works. 

Lamon,  Ward  HiU.     An  American  lawyer 

and   biographer ;    born,    ,   1828 ;    died   at 

Martinsburg,  W.  Va.,  May  8,  1893.  He  was  a 
law  partner  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  His  works  are: 
<Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  from  his  Birth  to  his 
Inauguration  as  President*  (1872);  'Recollec- 
tions of  Abraham  Lincoln.* 

La  Motte,  Antoine  Houdart  de  (li-mot'').  A 
French  poet;  born  at  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1672;  died 
there,  Dec.  26,  1731.  His  first  dramatic  com- 
position 'Originals,*  was  a  failure  ;  but  some  o^ 
his  operas,  his  tragedy  'Ines  del  Castro*  (17231, 
and  his  comedy  'The  Swell,*  had  great  success. 
The  'Odes*  and  'Fables,*  like  all  his  lyric  com- 
positions, though  they  show  considerable  inven- 
tion, are  artificial  and  lack  spontaneity. 

La  Mott^-Fouque.     See  Fouque. 

Lampman,  Archibald.  A  Car  ^dian  poet;  bom 
at  Morpeth,  Canada,  Nov.  i'/^  1861;  died  at 
Ottawa,  Feb.  lo,  1899.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Trinity  College,  Toronto  (1882),  and  after  1883 
held  an  appointment  in  the  Post  Office  Depart- 
ment at  Ottawa.  A  constant  contributor  of  verse 
to  the  papers  and  magazines  of  the  Dominion 
and  the  United  States,  he  published  two  col- 
lections of  poems,  'Among  the  Millet*  (1888), 
and  'Lyrics  of  Earth*  (1895),  which  reveal  a 
deep  love  of  nature  and  outdoor  life.  Mr. 
Howells  ranks  him  with  the  strongest  of  Ameri- 
can singers. 

Lamprecbt  .he  Priest  (lam'precht).  A  Ger- 
man poet  of  the  first  half  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury. He  wrote  the  'Song  of  Alexander,*  one 
of  the  best  poems  of  mediaeval  Germany :  it 
is  an  adaptation  of  a  French  poem  by  Alberic 
of  Besangon,  of  which  only  a  fragment  remains. 

Lancaster,   William   Joseph   Cosens.     An 

English  civil  engineer  and  author ;  born  at 
Weymouth  in  185 1.  He  entered  the  British 
navy  as  a  midshipman,  but  on  account  of  de- 
fective eyesight  resigned  and  became  a  civil 
engineer,  in  that  capacity  visiting  different 
parts  of  the  world.    Under  the  pseudonym  of 


324 


LANCIANI-LANE 


<<  Harry  Collingfwood,'^  he  is  known  to  juvenile 
readers  in  England  and  America  as  the  author 
of  the  popular  nautical  romances:  <The  Secret 
of  the  Sands  >  {1878);  <  Under  the  Meteor  Flag> 
(1884);  < The  Pirate  Island'  (1884);  < The  Congo 
Rovers >  (1885),  a  story  of  the  Slave  Squadron; 
<The  Missing  Merchantman  >  (1888);  <  The 
Cruise  of  the  Esmeralda  ' ;  <  The  Castaways.> 

Lanclani,  Rodolfo  Amedeo  (lan-che-a'ne). 
An  Italian  archaeologist ;  born  in  Rome,  Jan.  i, 
1847.  He  has  attained  celebrity  by  investigat- 
ing the  ruins  of  classical  Rome.  Among  his 
works  are:  < Ancient  Rome  in  the  Light  of 
Recent  Discoveries*  (Boston:  1888);  <  Pagan 
and  Christian  Rome>  (Boston:  1892);  and  <The 
Ruins  and  Excavations  of  Ancient  Rome  >  (Bos- 
ton :  1897). 

Land,  Jan  Pieter  Nicolaas  (lant).  A  Dutch 
Orientalist  and  philosopher;  born  at  Delft, 
April  23,  1834;  died  at  Leyden,  April  30, 1 897. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <John,  Bishop  of  Ephe- 
sus,  the  First  Syrian  Church  Historian)  (1856); 
<Syriac  Anecdotes'  (4  vols.,  1862);  <In  Memory 
of  Spinoza*  (1877);  'Javanese  Music>  (1891); 
♦Arnold  Geulinex  and  his  Philosophy*  (1895). 

Lander,  Eichard  and  John.  African  ex- 
plorers, natives  of  Cornwall.  Richard  was  born 
1804;  died  1834.  John  was  born  1807;  died 
1839.  The  elder  brother  accompanied  Clapper- 
ton  on  his  expedition  to  the  Niger,  and  after 
Clapperton's  death  returned  to  England,  where 
he  published  his  own  and  his  master's  <  Journals.* 
He  was  then  commissioned  by  the  British 
government  to  determine  the  course  of  the 
lower  Niger,  and  on  that  expedition  was  ac- 
companied by  his  brother  (1830-31).  A  de- 
tailed narrative  of  their  explorations  is  given 
in  their  'Journal  of  an  Expedition  to  Explore 
the  Course  and  Termination  of  the  Niger*  (3 
vols.,  1832). 

Landesmann,  Heinrich.    See  Lorm. 

Landois,  Hermann  (land-wa'^rlant'ois).  A 
German  zoologist;  born  at  Miinster,  April  19, 
1835.  He  is  author  of  <  Sound  and  Voice 
Apparatus  of  Insects*  (1867);  < Text-Book  of 
Zoology  *  (1870J;  <  Text-Book  of  Botany  >  (1872); 
< Voices  of  Animals*  (1875);  'Text-Book  of  In- 
struction in  the  Description  of  Nature  * ;  and 
other  works  of  a  like  character,  which  have 
been  frequently  republished. 

Landon,  Charles  Paul  (lan-doh').  A  French 
painter  and  art  critic;  born  at  Monant,  1760 ; 
died  at  Paris,  March  5,  1826.  His  more  notable 
writings  are :  'Annals  of  the  Musde  and  of  the 
Modern  School  of  Fine  Arts*  (29  vols.,  1801-17); 
<  Landscapes  and  Genre  Paintings  in  the  Mus^e 
Napoleon*  (4  vols.,  1805-8);  'The  Salons  of 
1808-24*  (13  vols.);  'Selections  of  Paintings 
and  Statues  in  the  most  Celebrated  Foreign 
Museums  and  Cabinets*  (12  vols.,  182 1  sq.). 

Landon,  Letltla  Elizabeth  (later  Mrs.  Mac- 
lean). An  English  poet  and  novelist;  born 
in  Chelsea,  London,  Aug.  14,  1802;  died  at 
Cape  Coast  Castle,  Africa,  Oct.  15,  1838.    She 


was  a  poet  of  genuine  feeling  and  descriptive 
power,  was  at  one  time  connected  with  the 
London  Literary  Gazette,  and  published  under 
the  pseudonym  of  "  L.  E.  L.  >*  :  '  The  Improvi- 
satrice,  and  Other  Poems*  (1824);  'The  Golden 
Violet,  etc.,*  all  collected  in  184 1 ;  and  several 
novels.  In  June  1838,  she  married  Mr.  George 
Maclean,  governor  of  Cape  Coast  Castle,  and 
a  few  months  later  died  from  an  accidental 
overdose  of  prussic  acid,  which  she  had  been 
in  the  habit  of  taking  for  the  alleviation  of 
spasms.  The  theory  of  suicide  is  now  gener- 
ally discredited. 

Landon,  Melville  De  Lancey.  ["Eli  Per- 
kins.**]  An  American  humorist;  born  in  New 
York  State  in  1839.  Among  his  works  are : 
<  The  Franco-Prussian  War  in  a  Nutshell  *  ( 187 1 ) ; 
'Saratoga  in  1901  *  (1872);  'Eli  Perkins's  Wit, 
Humor,  and  Pathos*  (1883);  'Fun  and  Fact*; 
'  Money  * ; '  Thirty  Years  of  Wit.* 

Landor,  Walter  Savage.  A  distinguished 
English  poet  and  prose-writer ;  bom  at  Ipsley 
Court,  Warwickshire,  Jan.  30,  1775 ;  died  at 
Florence,  Sept.  17,  1864.  He  inherited  a  very 
large  fortune ;  entered  the  military  service  of 
Spain  1808,  with  a  body  of  troops  maintained 
at  his  own  expense ;  in  1815  he  fixed  his  resi- 
dence at  Florence.  His  most  celebrated  work 
is  'Imaginary  Conversations  of  Literary  Men 
and  Statesmen*  (ist  series,  3  vols.,  1824-28;  2d 
series,  3  vols.,  1829).  Among  his  other  works 
are:  'Poems*  (1795);  'Gebir*  (1798);  'Count 
Julian;  a  Tragedy*  (1812);  'Heroic  Idylls* 
(1814  and  1820),  two  volumes  of  Latin  verse; 
'Sati  e  upon  Satirists  and  Admonition  to  De- 
tractors* (1836),  an  attack  upon  Wordsworth; 
'The  Pentameron,*  conversations  of  Petrarch 
and  Boccaccio  (1837);  'Andrea  of  Hungary 
and  Giovanni  of  Naples*  (1839);  'Fra  Rupert, 
the  Last  Part  of  a  Triology*  (1840);  'The  Hel- 
lenics* (1847);  'Italics,*  verses  (1848);  'Popery, 
British  and  Foreign*  (1851);  'Letters  of  an 
American,  mainly  on  Russia  and  Revolution  * 
(1854);  'Letter  to  R.  W.  Emerson*  (1856),  on 
Emerson's  <  English  Traits  > ;  <  Antony  and  Oc- 
tavius:  Scenes  for  the  Study*  (1856);  'Dry 
Sticks  Fagoted  by  W.  S.  Landor*  (1858);  'Sa- 
vonarola and  the  Prior  of  St.  Mark*  (i860); 
'  Heroic  Idylls,  with  Additional  Poems*  (1863). 

Lane,  Edward  William.  An  English  Ori- 
entalist, one  of  the  most  accomplished  men  of 
his  time ;  born  at  Hereford,  Sept.  17,  l8oi ;  died 
at  Worthing,  Aug.  10, 1876;  He  published '  Man- 
ners and  Customs  of  the  Modern  Egyptians* 
(1836),  and  made  one  of  the  most  famous  trans- 
lations of  the  'Arabian  Nights*  (1838-40).  This 
work  was  the  first  translation  of  consequence 
into  English  which  was  made  directly  from 
the  Arabic,  all  previous  translations  having  been 
made  through  the  French.  It  contained  valu- 
able illustrations  and  numerous  scholarly  and 
indispensable  notes.  The  translations  of  Bur- 
ton and  Payne  were  subsequent  to  it.  The 
world  is  indebted  to  him  for  many  valuable 
works  on  Egypt,  and  especially  for  his  'Arabic- 
English   Lexicon*    (1863-74),   which   cost  him 


LANE-POOLE  —  LANGENDIJK 


325 


twenty  years  of  unremitting  labor.  The  suc- 
ceeding parts  came  out  from  1877  to  1882  un- 
der the  editorship  of  S.  Lane-Poole,  the  whole 
forming  a  dictionary  indispensable  to  the  stu- 
dent of  Arabic.  He  also  published  <  Selections 
from  the  Ku-ran.' 

Lane-Poole,  Stanley.  An  English  historical 
and  archreological  writer,  nephew  of  Edward 
William  Lane  and  editor  of  many  of  his 
works ,  born  in  London,  Dec.  18,  1854.  He  is 
famed  for  his  knowledge  of  the  civilizations  and 
peoples  of  antiquity  and  of  the  mediaeval  period. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  Arabian  Society  in  the 
Middle  Ages  >  (1883);  <  Social  Life  in  Egypt> 
(1883);  <  The  Moors  in  Spain  >  (1886)  ;<  The  Mo- 
gul Emperors  >  ( 1892) ;  <  Mediaeval  India.' 

Lanfrey,  Pierre  (lon-fra').  A  French  histo- 
rian ;  bom  at  Chamb^ry,  Savoy,  Oct.  26,  1828 ; 
died  at  Pau,  Nov.  15,  1877.  He  wrote  <  The 
Church  and  the  Philosophers  of  the  i8th  Cen- 
tury' (1855)  and  an  <  Essay  on  the  French  Rev- 
olution' (1858 J;  both  works  show  profound 
research  and  impartial  judgment.  Besides  a 
number  of  minor  historical  studies  he  wrote  a 
'History  of  Napoleon  I.'  (5  vols.,  1867-75), 
which  is  his  principal  work :  it  is  a  severe  criti- 
cism of  Napoleon,  based  on  all  the  accessible 
historic  material.  It  only  comes  down  to  just 
before  the  Russian  campaign,  his  death  super- 
vening. 

Lang,  Andrew.  An  English  poet,  story-teller, 
and  literary  critic ;  bom  at  Selkirk,  Scotland, 
March  31,  1844.  He  has  written  many  volumes 
of  verse,  characterized  by  grace  of  style,  har- 
mony of  numbers,  and  a  lively,  playful  fancy. 
Among  his  poems  are :  <  Ballads  and  Lyrics 
of  Old  France'  (1872), some  of  the  pieces  trans- 
lated or  adapted  from  the  old  French,  others 
written  new  in  the  tone  and  spirit  of  the  ancient 
singers ;< Ballads  in  Blue  China'  (1881);  < Helen 
of  Troy'  (1883).  His  < Letters  to  Dead  Au- 
thors' (1886)  is  worthy  of  a  place  on  the  same 
shelf  with  Lucian's  <  Dialogues  of  the  Dead ' 
and  Landor's  <  Imaginary  Conversations.'  His 
< Custom  and  Myth'  (1884)  and  his  <Myth, 
Ritual,  and  Religion'  (1887)  belong  to  the  pop- 
ular literature  of  archaeological  and  prehistoric 
research.  Among  his  very  numerous  volumes 
are  translations  of  Theocritus,  Bion,  and  Mos- 
chus ;  and,  in  collaboration  with  Prof.  Butcher 
and  Messrs.  Walter  Leaf  and  Ernest  Myers,  a 
prose  translation  of  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey. 

Lang,  John  Dunmore.  A  Scotch  clergy- 
man, Australian  pioneer,  and  author;  born  at 
Greenock,  Aug.  25, 1799 ;  died  in  Sydney,  N.S.W., 
Aug.  8,  1878.  He  emigrated  to  Australia  in 
1822,  was  ordained  to  the  Scots  Church,  in 
Sydney  (1823),  and  contributed  much  to  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  colony  by  his  advocacy  of 
immigration,  the  introduction  of  a  school  sys- 
tem, and  other  public  measures.  He  was  a 
prolific  writer,  among  his  important  works  be- 
ing: <A  History  of  New  South  Wales'  (1834); 
'  Origin  and  Migration  of  the  Polynesian  Na- 
tives'  (1834);  <New  Zealand  in  1839';  <  Cook's 
Land,  Australia'  (1847);  numerous  pamphlets; 


and    a   series    of   poems,   *  Aurora   Australis* 

(1826), 

Lang,  Karl  Heinrich  Ritter  von  (lang).  A 
German  historian ;  born  at  Balgheim,  July  7, 
1764  ;  died  near  Ansbach,  March  26,  1835.  His 
principal  works  are :  <  Historic  Development 
of  the  German  Tax  System'  (1793);  <  Modern 
History  of  the  Principality  of  Bayreuth'  (3  vols., 
1798-1811);  <  History  of  the  Jesuits  in  Bavaria' 
(1819).  His  posthumous  <  Memoirs  of  the  Rit- 
ter von  Lang'  (2  vols.,  1841)  made  a  great 
noise  when  first  published ;  but  they  are  to  be 
used  with  discretion. 

Lang,  Wilhelm.  A  German  journalist  and  es- 
sayist ;  born  at  Tuttlingen,  July  16,  1832.  Among 
his  works  are :  <  Michelangelo  Buonarotti  as  a 
Poet'  (1861);  < David  Friedrich  Strauss'  (1874); 
<  Wanderings  in  Peloponnesus'  (1878);  <From 
Suabia :  History,  Biography,  Literature '  (in  7 
parts,  1885-90),  a  collection  of  delightful  essays. 

Langbein,  August  Friedrich  Ernst  (lang'- 
bin).  A  German  humoristic  poet;  born  near 
Dresden,  Sept.  6,  1757 ;  died  Jan.  2, 1835,  at  Ber- 
lin. His  <  Poems'  (1788);  <  Drolleries'  (1792); 
and  <  Later  Poems '  (1812, 1823),  circulated  every- 
where :  they  were  inspired  by  the  Muse  of  broad 
comedy,  and  at  times  showed  little  regard  for 
the  proprieties.  He  wrote  also  several  humorous 
stories  which  were  received  with  great  popular 
favor,  among  them  <  Master  Zimpfel's  Wedding 
Tour '  and  <  Thomas  Kellerwurm.' 

Lange,  Friedrich  Albert  (lang'6).  A  Ger- 
man philosopher  and  political  economist;  born 
near  Solingen,  Sept.  28,  1828 ;  died  at  Marburg, 
Nov.  21,  1875.  He  wrote  a  valuable  <  History 
of  Materialism  and  Critique  of  its  Importance 
for  the  Present  Time'  (1866;  supplementary 
volume,  1867).  His  principal  writings  on  polit- 
ical economy  are :  <  The  Labor  Question  Now 
and  in  the  Future'  (1865;  5th  ed.  1894);  <J.  S. 
Mill's  Views  of  the  Social  Question'  (1866). 

Lange,  Julius  Henrik.  A  Danish  art  critic;  bom 
at  Vordingborg,  June  19,  1 838;  died  at  Copen 
hagen,  Aug.  20,  1896.  After  leaving  the  Univer. 
sity  of  Copenhagen  he  thereafter  devoted  himsel! 
to  study  of  the  history  of  art.  Among  his  worki 
are:  <0n  Art  Values'  (1876);  < Danish  and 
Foreign  Art'  ( 1879) ;  <Gods  and  Men  in  Homer' 
( 188 1 ) ;  <  Art  and  Polities'  ( 1 885 ) ;  <Thorwaldsen'  s 
Representation  of  the  Human  Figure'  (189^). 

Lange,  Samuel  Gotthold.  A  German  poet ; 
born  at  Halle,  171 1;  died  at  Laublingen,  June 
25, 1781.  He  wrote  a  series  of  <  Horatian  Odes' 
(1747)  in  praise  of  Frederick  the  Great,  and  a 
metrical  translation  of  <The  Odes  of  Horace' 
(1752),  which  found  a  severe  critic  in  Lessing; 
and  published  a  'Collection  of  Letters  from 
Scholars  and  Friends'  (2  vols.,  1769-70)  which 
is  of  considerable  value  for  the  literary  history 
of  the  time. 

Langendijk,  Pieter  (lang'en-dik).  A  Dutch 
poet  and  pla)"^vright ;  born  at  Haarlem,  July 
25,  1683 ;  died  in  1756.  Left  to  the  care  of 
an  extravagant  mother  by  the  early  death  of 
his    father,   he    was    obliged    to    abandon    hi$ 


326 


LANGFORD  —  LANZI 


course  of  education,  and  support  himself  as  a 
designer  in  a  damask  factory.  His  comedies, 
which  are  the  redeeming  features  of  a  barren 
period  of  Dutch  literature,  include :  <  Don 
Quixote >  (1711);  <The  Braggart>;  <The  Mutual 
Marriage  Deception  > ;  <  Xantippe  > ;  <  Papirius  > ; 
<A  Mirror  of  Our  Merchants,)  the  last  three 
being  comedies  of  manners. 

Langford,  John  Alfred.  An  English  mis- 
cellaneous writer;  born  in  Birmingham,  Sept. 
12, 1823.  He  was  a  prominent  educator  and  pub- 
licist in  his  native  city.     Among  his  works  are  : 

<  Religious  Skepticism  and  Infidelity  >    (1850); 

<  English  Democracy)  (1855);  <  Poems  of  the 
Fields  and  Town  >  (1859)-,  and  <  Heroes  and 
Martyrs,  and  Other  Poems'  (1890). 

Langland,  William.  An  English  poet ;  born 
in  Shropshire  (?),  about  1330;  died  about  1400. 
His  <  Vision  of  Piers  Plowman  >  (1362?)  is  the 
poem  by  which  he  is  known. 

Lanier,  Sidney.  An  American  poet;  born 
at  Macon,  Ga.,  Feb.  3,  1842;  died  at  Lynn, 
N.  C,  Sept.  7,  1881.  He  served  in  the  Con- 
federate Army  as  a  private  soldier;  after  the 
war  studied  law,  and  for  a  while  practiced  it 
at  Macon;  but  abandoned  that  profession  and 
devoted  himself  to  music  and  poetry.  From 
1879  till  his  death  he  was  lecturer  on  English 
literature  in  Johns  Hopkins  University.  The 
poem  'Corn,'  one  of  his  earliest  pieces  (1874), 
and  <  Clover,'  <The  Bee,>  <The  Dove,>  etc., 
show  insight  into  nature.  His  poetic  works 
were  collected  and  published  (1884)  after  his 
death.  He  wrote  also  several  works  in  prose, 
mostly  pertaining  to  literary  criticism  and  to 
mediaeval  history :  among  the  former  are  '  The 
Science  of  English  Verse'  (1880);  <The  Eng- 
I'sh  Novel  and  the  Principles  of  its  Develop- 
ment' (1883).  He  edited  or  compiled  <The 
Boy's  Froissart'  (1878);  <The  Boy's  King  Ar- 
thur' (1880);  <The  Boy's  Percy'  (1882). 

Lanigan,  George  Thomas.  An  American 
journalist  and  poet;  born  in  Canada,  Dec.  10, 
1845;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Feb.  5,  1886.  In 
Montreal,  with  Robert  Graham,  he  founded 
the  Free  Lance,  a  journal  of  satire  and  humor; 
now  published  under  the  name  Evening  Star. 
In  the  United  States  he  was  connected  with 
various  journals.  His  writings  include  :  <  Cana- 
dian Ballads'  (1864);  < Fables  Out  of  the  World' 
(1878),  by  «  George  Washington  ^sop."  <The 
Amateur  Orlando'  and  < A  Threnody'  (for  the 
Ahkoond  of  Swat)  are  among  his  most  success- 
ful humorous  poems. 

Lankester,  Edwin  Ray.  An  English  sci- 
entist; born  in  London,  May  15,  1847.  A  grad- 
uate of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  he  is  Linacre 
professor  of  human  and  comparative  anatomy 
at  that  university,  and  curator  of  the  museum  ; 
and  is  among  the  first  of  living  authorities  in 
biology  and  physiology.  He  has  been  active 
and  effective  in  his  field  of  science  since  1865 ; 
was  made  professor  of  zoology  in  London 
University  in  1874;  he  is  LL.  D.  and  F.  R.  S. ; 
and  has  published  over  a  hundred  scientific 
memoirs.    He  has  served  as  secretary  of  the 


British  Association,  and  president  ©f  its  biologi- 
cal section;  was  founder  and  president  of  the 
Marine  Biological  University  at  Plymouth.  He 
is  editor  of  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Micro- 
scopical Science,  and  a  frequent  contributor 
to  Nature  and  other  periodicals.  Among  his 
books  are :  <  On  Fossil  Fishes  of  the  Red  Sand- 
stone of  Great  Britain'  (1S70);  <  Comparative 
Longevity'  (1871);  <  On  Earth-Worms';  <  De- 
generation, a  Chapter  in  Darwinism'  (1880); 
'  The  Advancement  of  Science  '  ( 1890);  <  Zoolog- 
ical Papers,'  a  collection  of  his  articles  in  the  <En- 
cyclopiiediaBritannica'  (1891);  <  Okapia'  (1Q02). 

Lanman,  Charles.  An  American  prose- 
writer  and  journalist;  born  in  Monroe,  Mich., 
June  14,  1819;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
March  4,  1895.  In  1847  he  was  connected  with 
the  New  York  Express ;  in  1850  was  private 
secretary  of  Daniel  Webster;  and  1871-82  sec- 
retary to  the  Japanese  legation.  He  has  writ- 
ten for  English  and  American  journals;  for 
his  description  of  scenery  of  the  Saguenay,  and 
the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  he  was  called 
by  Washington  Irving  « the  picturesque  ex- 
plorer of  the  United  States."  Among  his  nu- 
merous publications  are :  <A  Tour  to  the  River 
Saguenay'  (1848);  <  Private  Life  of  Daniel  Web- 
ster' (1852);  <The  Japanese  in  America'  (New 
York  and  London:  1872);  < Curious  Characters 
and  Pleasant  Places'  (Edinburgh:  1881);  'Hap- 
hazard Personalities'  (Boston:  1886). 

Lanman,  Charles  Rockwell.  An  eminent 
American  Sanskrit  scholar;  born  at  Norwich, 
Conn.,  July  8,  1850.  He  studied  Sanskrit  under 
Prof.  Whitney  at  Yale  College,  afterwards  con- 
tinuing his  work  at  Berlin,  Tubingen,  and 
Leipsic.  Upon  his  return  to  the  United  States 
he  was  appointed  to  an  instructorship  at  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  and  in  1880 
became  professor  of  Sanskrit  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, a  post  which  he  still  retains.  An  au- 
thority on  Oriental  languages  and  literature, 
he  has  published:  <A  Sanskrit  Reader'  (1884), 
the  chief  text-book  on  the  subject ;  and  is  the 
projector  of  the  <  Harvard  Oriental  Series.' 

La  None,  Francois  de,  called  Bras  de  Fer. 
See  None. 

Lansdell,  Henry.  An  English  clergyman, 
traveler,  and  author ;  bom  at  Tenterden,  Kent, 
in  1841.  As  secretary  to  the  Irish  Church  Mis- 
sion, he  has  been  prominent  in  philanthropic 
movements,  traveling  extensively  about  the 
world.  In  Siberia  he  investigated  the  prisons, 
publishing  the  results  of  his  observations  in 
<  Through  Siberia'  (1882);  <  Russian  Central 
Asia'  (1885).  <  Chinese  Central  Asia'  ap- 
peared in  1893. 

Lanza,  Marchioness  Clara  (Hammond). 
An  American  novelist ;  born  in  Kansas  in  1858. 
She  is  a  resident  of  New  York  city.  Among 
her  works  are  :  <Tit  for  Tat'  (1880);  <Mr.  Per- 
kins's Daughter '  (1881);  <  A  Righteous  Apostate ' 
(1883);  <  A  Modern  Marriage  '  ;<  Horace  Everett.' 

Lanzi,  Luigi  (lants'e).  An  Italian  antiqua- 
rian ;  born  at  Monte  deU'  Ormo,  1732 ;  died  aX 


LAO-TSZE  —  LARRAZABAL 


327 


Florence,  March  31,  1810.  Chief  among  his 
works  are  an  <  Essay  on  the  Etruscan  Language  > 
(3  vols.,  1789)  and  'Pictorial  History  of  Italy' 
(1789).  He  wrote  also  <  Notices  on  the  Sculp- 
ture of  the  Ancients*  (1789). 

Lao-tsze  (la'o-tsa').  A  Chinese  philosopher 
of  the  sixth  century  B.  C.  His  <  Taoteh-King,> 
or  <  Doctrine  of  Reason  and  Virtue,*  has  been 
translated  into  English,  French,  and  German. 
He  rates  as  being  high  above  our  obligations 
to  country,  society,  and  family  those  which  are 
founded  in  our  common  humanity ;  and  teaches 
that  we  ought  to  repay  injuries  with  benefits. 
See  <  Literature  of  China.* 

Laplace,  Pierre  Simon,  Marquis  de  (la-plas')- 
A  renowned  French  mathematician  and  physi- 
cal astronomer;  born  at  Beaumont-en- Auge, 
March  28,  1749;  died  at  Paris,  March  5,  1827. 
In  his  great  work  <  Mechanism  of  the  Heavens  * 
(5  vols.,  1799-1825),  he  attacks  nearly  every 
problem  arising  out  of  the  movements  of  the 
heavenly  bodies,  and  in  great  part  offers  the 
solution.  His  <  Exposition  of  the  System  of  the 
Universe*  (2  vols.,  1796),  may  be  regarded  as  a 
less  abstruse  presentation  of  the  arguments  ad- 
vanced in  the  <  Mechanism  * ;  in  the  former  he 
hits  on  the  same  hypothesis  to  account  for  the 
origin  of  the  planets  which  had  been  a  little 
before  offered  by  Kant.  His  famous  researches 
into  the  laws  of  probability  are  summed  up  in 
the  two  works,  <  Analytic  Theory  of  Probabili- 
ties* (1812),  and  <  Philosophical  Essay  on  Prob- 
abilities*  (1814). 

Lappenberg,  Johann  Martin  (liip'en-berG). 
A  German  historical  writer ;  born  at  Hamburg, 
July  30, 1794;  died  Nov.  28,  1865.  His  task  was 
research  into  the  sources  of  history  rather  than 
historical  narrative  ;  as  material  for  the  authentic 
writing  of  sundry  phases  of  German  history 
his  works  are  of  very  great  and  permanent 
value.  Among  them  are :  <  Rise  of  the  Civic 
Constitution  of  Hamburg*  (1828);  < Early  Ham- 
burg Archives*  (1842);  <  Documentary  History 
of  the  Hanse  Steelyard  in  London*  (1851); 
•Hamburg  Chronicles*  (1852-61). 

Laprade,  Victor  de  (la-prad').  A  French 
poet;  born  at  Montbrison,  Jan.  13,  1812;  died 
at  Lyons,  Dec.  13, 1883.  His  earliest  poems,  as 
<  Magdalen's  Precious  Ointment*  (i839),<  Jesus's 
Wrath*  (1840),  showed  very  plainly  the  influ- 
ence of  Lamartine ;  and  to  the  end  Lamartine 
was  his  model.  Besides  several  volumes  of  lyric 
poems,— <  Psyche*  (1841);  <Odes  and  Poems* 
(1844);  'Evangelic  Poems*  (1852);  'Heroic 
Idylls*  (1858),— he  wrote  the  tragedy  <  Harmo- 
dius*  (1870),  and  several  works  in  prose;  e.  g., 
•Questions  of  Art  and  Morals*  (1861);  'Liberal 
Education*  (1873);  'Essays  in  Idealist  Criti- 
cism* (1882). 

La  Ram^e,  Louise  de.    See  Ouida. 

Larcom,  Lucy.  An  American  poet ;  born  in 
Beverly,  Mass.,  1826;  died  in  Boston,  1893. 
Through  her  early  contributions  to  the  Lowell 
Offering,  she  attracted  the  attention  of  Whit- 
ti«r,  who    assisted   her  in   literary   work,  and 


was  a  faithful  friend  to  the  close  of  his  life. 
She  edited  Our  Young  Folks,  a  Boston  maga- 
zine, from  1866  to  its  absorption  by  St.  Nicholas 
in  1874.  Her  published  works  include  : '  Poems  * 
(1868);  'An  Idyl  of  Work,  a  Story  in  Verse* 
(1875);  'As  It  Is  in  Heaven*  (1891);  and  'The 
tjnseen  Friend  *  (1892). 

Lardner,  Dionysius.  An  Irish  physicist; 
born  in  Dublin,  April  3,  1793;  died  at  Naples, 
April  29,  1859.  He  vvrote  several  notable 
mathematical  treatises ;  and  edited,  himself  be- 
ing one  of  the  chief  contributors,  an  '  Encyclo- 
pedia* (132  vols.,  1829-46).  Among  his  other 
writings  are :  '  Manual  of  Electricity,*  etc.  (2 
vols.,  1841);  'Treatise  on  Heat*  (1844);  'The 
Steam  Engine*  (1852);  'Natural  Philosophy 
and  Astronomy*   (3  vols.,  1851-52) 

Larivey,  Pierre  (la-re-va').  A  French  dram- 
atist (1540-1611).  His  prose  comedies,  founded 
on  Italian  originals,  are  full  of  life  and  spirit, 
and  had  an  influence  on  Moli^re.  Larivey's 
best  comedy,  <  Les  Esprits,*  is  an  adaptation  of 
Lorenzo  de'  Medici's  '  Aridosio.* 

La  Roche,  Maria  SopMe  (la-rosh').  A  Ger- 
man story-teller ;  born  at  Kaufbeuren,  Dec.  6, 
1731 ;  died  at  Offenbach,  Feb.  18,  1807.  Her 
stories  show  intimate  knowledge  of  the  human 
heart.  She  was  a  correspondent  of  Wieland 
and  of  Goethe.  She  wrote :  '  The  History  of 
Fraulein  von  Sternheim*  (1771);  'Moral  Tales* 
(1782);  'History  of  Miss  Long*  (1789);  <Me- 
lusine's  Summer  Evenings*  (1806). 

La  Rochefoucauld,  Frangois,  Due  de.  See 
Rochefoucauld. 

Larousse,  Pierre  (la-ros').  A  French  lex- 
icographer; born  at  Toucy,  Oct.  23,  1817;  died 
Jan.  3,  1875.  For  several  years  he  compiled 
valuable  educational  text-books.  In  1864  ap- 
peared the  first  volume  of  his  '  Great  Universal 
Dictionary  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  *  (com- 
pleted 1876, 15  vols.,  with  supplementary  volumes 
1878  and  1887).  He  also  published  two  smaller 
works  of  the  same  class,  the  '  New  Illustrated 
Dictionary,*  and  '  Complete  Illustrated  Dic- 
tionary.* 

Larra,  Mariano  Jos6  de  (lar'a).  A  Spanish 
play^vright  and  journalist ;  born  at  Madrid,  1809 , 
committed  suicide  Feb.  13,  1837.  He  adapted 
to  the  Spanish  stage  several  French  comedies, 
and  wrote  a  tragedy,  '  Macias  *  (1834),  on  the 
tragic  ending  of  a  famous  Galician  troubadour. 
Five  volumes  of  his  contributions  to  the  Re- 
vista  Espafiola  were  published  in  1837 ;  his  prin- 
cipal work  is  '  From  1830  to  1835,  or  Spain 
from  Fernando  VII.  to  Mendizabal*  (1836). 

Larrazabal,  Felipe  (lar-ra-tha'bal).  A  Ven- 
ezuelan biographer  and  historian ;  born  about 
1822;  drowned  1873.  He  wrote  a  valuable  'Life 
of  the  Liberator  Simon  Bolivar*  (2  vols.,  1863), 
collected  a  large  amount  of  manuscript  ma- 
terial on  the  history  of  America,  and  was  on 
his  way  to  Europe  to  arrange  for  the  publica- 
tion of  several  of  his  works  when  he  was 
drowned  in  the  wreck  of  the  steamship  City 
of  Havre, 


328 


LA  SALLE  — LATHROP 


La  Salle,  Antoine  de  (la-sal').  A  French 
mediaeval  romancer  (1398-1470).  Among  his 
works  may  be  mentioned  the  <  Chronicle  of 
Little  John  of  Saintr^,'  a  historical  romance  ex- 
emplifying the  ideal  knightly  education  of  the 
time.  His  <  Hfteen  Joys  of  Wedlock '  is  a  witty 
satire  on  marriage.  He  wrote  also  <A  Hun- 
dred New  Novels,)  stories  purporting  to  be  re- 
counted by  personages  attached  to  the  court 
of  his  patron,  Philip  the  Good,  of  Flanders. 

Laa  Casas.    See  Casas. 

Las  Cases,  Emmanuel  Augustin  Dieudonn^, 
Uarquis  de  (las-kaz).  A  French  writer;  born 
near  Revel,  1766 ;  died  May  15,  1842.  He  was 
one  of  the  emigrant  nobles  of  1791,  but  re- 
turned to  France  in  1799,  and  set  up  in  Paris 
as  a  bookseller.  Under  the  pseudonym  «Le 
Sage  »  he  compiled  an  <  Atlas,  Historical,  Geo- 
graphical, Chronological,  and  Genealogical* 
(1803-4)  which  gained  him  high  office  from 
Napoleon.  He  accompanied  the  latter  to  St. 
Helena,  and  began  to  take  down  his  <  Memoirs  > 
from  dictation ;  but  before  they  were  com- 
pleted, Las  Cases's  secret  correspondence  with 
Napoleon's  friends  outside  was  discovered,  and 
he  had  to  quit  his  master's  service.  The  re- 
mainder of  the  <  Memoirs  >  is  contained  in 
O'Meara's  <  Napoleon  in  Exile.'  After  Napo- 
leon's death,  Las  Cases  published  <  Memorial 
of  St.  Helena  >  (8  vols.,  1821-23). 

Laskaratos,  Andreas  (las-kar'a-tos).  A 
modem  Greek  poet ;  bom  in  Kephalenia,  May 
I,  181 1.  His  most  notable  work  is  the  satire 
<The  Mysteries  of  Cephalonia>  (1856),  which 
gave  great  offense  to  the  clergy,  and  provoked  a 
long  and  bitter  controversy.  In  defense  the  poet 
wrote  a  <  Reply  to  the  Decision  of  the  Clergy 
of  Cephalonia>  (1867),  and  <  Behold  the  Man> 
(1886).  He  wrote  in  Italian  an  account  of  his 
sufferings  in  prison,  <  My  Sufferings.* 

Lasker,  Eduard  (las'ker).  A  German  polit- 
ical leader;  born  at  Jarotschin  in  Posen,  Oct. 
14,  1829;  died  at  New  York,  Jan.  5,  1884.  His 
principal  works  are:  < Constitutional  History 
of  Prussia*  (1874);  <  Future  of  the  German  Em- 
pire* (1877),  'Ways  and  Means  of  Cultural 
Development*  (1881). 

Lassalle,  Ferdinand  (la-sal').  A  German 
agitator,  founder  of  the  German  Social  Democ- 
racy ;  bom  of  Jewish  parents  named  Lassal, 
at  Breslau,  April  11,  1825;  died  Aug.  31,  1864. 
Before  entering  politics  he  had  earned  high  dis- 
tinction in  philosophical  thought,  which  had 
brought  him  to  the  notice  of  Humboldt,  Bockh, 
and  others.  Among  his  writings  of  this  period 
are  <  Franz  von  Sickingen,*  a  historical  drama 
(1859);  <The  Philosophy  of  Heraclitus  the 
Obscure*  (2  vols.,  1858);  <The  System  of  Ac- 
quired Rights*  (2  vols.,  i860);  <Fichte's  Phi- 
losophy and  the  Popular  Mind  of  Germany* 
(1862).  He  first  came  into  the  political  arena 
as  the  spokesman  of  the  German  workingman 
in  1862,  when  he  published  the  <  Workingmen's 
Programme.*  For  this  he  was  arrested  and  im- 
prisoned.   Other  pamphlets  followed ;  <  Science 


and  the  Workingmen*  (1863);  <The  Criminal 
Trial  of  Lassalle*  (1863);  < Indirect  Taxation 
and  the  Condition  of  the  Laboring  Classes* 
(1863).  He  further  developed  the  Socialist  pro- 
gramme in  an  <  Open  Reply  to  the  Central 
Committee*  (1863).  His  last  work  was  a  spir- 
ited attack  on  one  of  the  foremost  opponents 
of  the  Social  Democracy,  <  Herr  Bastiat-Schulze 
von  Delitzsch,  the  Julian  of  Economics ;  or  Cap- 
ital and  Labor*  (1864).  His  talents  won  him 
the  admiration  even  of  his  enemies. 

Lassen,  Cliristlan  (las'sen).  An  eminent 
German  Orientalist;  born  at  Bergen,  Norway, 
Oct.  22,  1800 ;  died  at  Bonn,  May  8,  1876.  He 
has  been  since  1827  first  tutor  and  then  pro- 
fessor of  ancient  Indian  languages  and  litera- 
ture at  the  University  of  Bonn,  where  he  learned 
Sanskrit  and  Arabic ;  he  spent  three  years  in 
Paris  and  London.  His  editions  of  ancient 
texts  in,  the  languages  of  India,  with  transla- 
tions and  commentaries,  give  ample  proof  of 
his  accurate  and  comprehensive  scholarship. 
His  greatest  work  is  <The  Science  of  Indian 
Antiquity  *  (4  vols.,  1844-61 ;  2d  ed.  enlarged, 
1867  and  1874);  in  this  he  co-ordinates  the  total 
results  of  antiquarian  research  in  India. 

Lasson,  Adolf  (las-son).  A  German  writer 
on  philosophy;  born  at  Altstrelitz,  March  12, 
1832.  He  is  author  of  <J.  H.  Fichte  in  his 
Relation  to  Church  and  State*  (1863);  'Civil- 
ization and  War*  (1868);  'Master  Eckhart  the 
Mystic*  (1878);  'Philosophy  of  Law*  (1881). 

Latham,  Robert  Gordon.  A  distinguished 
English  ethnologist  and  philologist;  born  at 
Billingborough,  1812  ;  died  at  Putney,  March  9, 
1888.  He  is  author  of  numerous  works  on  the 
English  tongue,  among  them  a  'Treatise  on 
the  English  Language*  (1841;  frequently  re- 
published); 'History  and  Etymology  of  the 
English  Language*  (1849);  'Handbook  of  the 
English  Language*  (1851);  'Elements  of  Com- 
parative Philology*  (1862).  His  principal  works 
on  ethnology  are :  '  Natural  History  of  the 
Varieties  of  Man  *  (1850);  <  Man  and  his  Migra- 
tions *  (i8si);  <  Ethnology  of  the  British  Islands  * 
(1852); '  Ethnology  of  Europe  » (1852)  ; '  Descrip- 
tive Ethnology*  (2  vols.,  1859)  ; 'Russian  and 
Turk*  (1878);  'Outlines  of  General  Philology.* 

Lathrop,  George  Parsons.  An  American 
poet  and  prose-writer;  bom  in  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  Aug.  25,  1851;  died  in  New  York  city, 
April  19,  1898.  He  was  for  some  years  employed 
editorially  on  the  Atlantic  Monthly  and  the 
Boston  Courier.  He  wrote  ;  'Rose  and  Roof- 
Tree,*  verses  (1875);  < A  Study  of  Hawthorne* 
(1876);  'Afterglow*  (1876);  'An  Echo  of  Pas- 
sion* (1882);  'Spanish  Vistas*  (1883);  'Gettys- 
burg, a  Battle  Ode*  (1888);  'Would  You  Kill 
Him?*  (1889);  'Dreams  and  Days,*  verses 
(1892);  'Gold  of  Pleasure*  (1892),  a  novel; 
<Story  of  Courage,*  with  Rose  Hawthorne. 

Lathrop,  Mrs.  Rose  (Hawthorne).    An 

American  poet,  daughter  of  Nathaniel  Haw- 
thorne ;  born  in  Lenox,  Mass.,  May  20,  1851. 
She  passed  her  childhood  in  Europe.    In  1871 


LATIMER  —  LAVATER 


329 


she  married  George  Parsons  Lathrop.  She  has 
been  prominent  in  literar)'  circles,  has  written 
for  the  periodicals,  and  has  published  <Along 
the  Shore  >  (1888)  and  <  Some  Memories  of 
Hawthorne. > 

Latimer,  Hugh.  An  English  bishop  and 
sermonist;  born  at  Thurcaston,  Leicestershire, 
1485  (?);  died  at  the  stake,  Oct.  16,  1555.  His 
♦Sermons*  are  famous. 

Latour,  Antoine  Tenant  de  (la-tor').  A 
French  writer ;  bom  at  St.  Yrieix,  1808 ;  died 
at  Sceaux,  Aug.  27,  1881.  He  wrote  an  <  Essay 
on  the  Study  of  French  History  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century >  (1835);  a  noteworthy  study  of 
Luther  (1835);  an  <  Account  of  a  Voyage  to 
the  East>  (1847);  and  a  series  of  studies  of 
Spain,  the  land  and  the  people  :  the  series  com- 
prises ten  volumes,  devoted  to  separate  towns 
and    provinces,    as,    < Seville    and    Andalusia'; 

<  Toledo  and  the  Banks  of  the  Tagus  > ;  or  to 
general  views,  as  <  Spain,  Religious  and  Liter- 
ary > ;  <  Spain :  Traditions,  Manners,  and  Liter- 
ature.* 

Latrellle,  Pierre  Andr^  (la-tra'e).  A  French 
zoologist;  bom  at  Brives,  Nov.  29,  1762;  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  6,  1833.  He  has  contributed  ma- 
terially to  the  classification  of  the  animal  king- 
dom, as  in  a  <  History  of  the  Salamanders  > 
(1800);  <  Natural  History  of  Reptilia>  {4  vols., 
1802);  < Genera  of  Crustacea  and  Insecta'; 
< Course  in  Entomology'  (2  vols.,  1831-33). 

Laube,  Heinrich  (loub'e).    A  German  dram- 
atist and  novelist;  bom   at  Sprottau,  Sept.  18, 
1806;  died   at  Vienna,  Aug.  i,  1884.    He  was 
director  of   theatres   in  several  cities  of   Ger- 
many   and    Austria    between    1849    and    1880. 
Among    his    dramatic    works    are :    <  Gustavus 
Adolphus*   (1829);  <  Zaganini,'  a  farce   (1829) 
the  tragedy  <  Monaldeschi  >  (1839);  <The  Amber 
Witch  >  (1842);    <Struensee,>  a  tragedy   (1847) 
<The  Schoolboys*  (1847),  a  very  clever  drama 
tization  of  an  incident  in  the  life  of  Schiller 
<Lord  Essex'  (1856), his  finest  tragedy.    Among 
his  stories  and  works  of  fiction  are :  <  Young 
Europe'  (1833);  < Love-Letters > ;  <The  Actress' 
(1836);  < The  Pretender'  (1842);  < Countess  Cha- 
teaubriand' (1843);  < The  Belgian  Count'  (1845); 

<  The  German  War'  (9  vols.,  i86s);  <  Life  History 
of  Franz  Grillparzer'(iS84)  ;<  Ruben  >  (i88s). 

Laud,  William,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 
An  English  theologian ;  born  at  Reading,  Oct. 
7.  1573 ;  died  at  London,  Jan.  10,  1645.  He  was 
an  uncompromising  upholder  of  High-Church 
principles,  and  exerted  all  the  powers  of  his 
high  office  for  the  repression  of  Puritanism. 
He  was  brought  to  trial  in  the  House  of  Lords 
on  the  charge  of  high  treason,  Nov.  13,  1643, 
and  was  beheaded  Jan.  10  following.  His  writ- 
ings are  but  few;  his  < Diary'  (1695),  and 
his  letters,  are  of  value  for  the  history  of  his 
time. 

Laughlin,  James  Lawrence.  An  eminent 
American  political  economist ;  bom  in  Deer- 
field,  O.,  April  2,  1850.  In  1892  he  became  a 
professor    in  Chicago  University.     His  chief 


works  are:  <The  Stud>  of  Political  Economy > 
(1885);  <The  History  of  Bimetallism  in  the 
United  States  >  (1885);  <  The  Elements  of  Political 
Economy  '  (1887) ;  <  Industrial  America'  (1906). 

Lauremberg,  Johann  Wilhelm  (lou'rem- 
bero).  A  Low-German  satirist;  born  at  Ros- 
tock, Feb.  26,  1590;  died  at  Loro,  Feb.  28,  1658. 
In  'Four  Famous  Old  Comic  Poems'  (1652), 
written  in  the  Low-German  dialect,  he  ridicules 
the  fashion  of  the  time  in  costume,  manners, 
speech,  etc.  He  wrote  also  some  Latin  poems ; 
and  a  few  dramatic  pieces  of  little  value  in 
High-German,  with  interludes  in  Low-German. 

Laurent,  Frangois  (16-rori').  A  Belgian  jurist 
and  historical  writer ;  born  at  Luxemburg,  July 
8,  1810;  died  at  Ghent,  Feb.  11, 1887.  His  works 
on  law,  municipal  and  international,  are  writ- 
ten with  great  breadth  of  view.  He  wrote 
several  works  in  defense  of  Liberal  principles 
against  the  Clericals,  among  them  one  <  On  the 
Passion  of  Catholics  for  Liberty'  (1850);  and 
< Letters  on  the  Jesuits'  (1865). 

Laurentie,  Pierre  S^bastien  (16-ron-te').  A 
French  journalist  and  historian  ;  bom  at  Houga, 
Gers,  Jan.  21,  1793 ;  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  9,  1876. 
An  ardent  advocate  of  the  royalist  cause,  he 
held  several  important  offices  until  the  revo- 
lution of  1830,  after  which  he  joined  the  Legiti- 
mist journal  La  Quotidienne,  with  which  he 
had  previously  been  connected.  His  extreme 
royalist  sentiments  detract  from  the  value  of 
most  of  his  works,  among  which  are  :  <  History 
of  the  Dukes  of  Orleans'  (4  vols.,  1832-34); 
'History  of  France'  (8  vols.,  1841-43);  <  Rome 
and  the  Pope'  (i860);  'History  of  the  Roman 
Empire'  (4  vols.,  1861-62);  <The  Pope  and 
the  Czar'  (1862);  and  numerous  brochures,  etc. 

Lauser,  Wilhelm  (lou'ser).  A  German  pub- 
licist ;  born  at  Stuttgart,  June  15,  1836.  He  spent 
several  years  in  France  and  Spain,  and  in  for- 
eign travel,  and  wrote  :  '  Contemporary  Spain  • 
(1872);  'History  of  Spain  from  the  Fall  of  Isa- 
bella to  the  Accession  of  Alfonso  XII.'  (1877); 
'  In  all  Directions  :  Stories  of  my  Travels  >  (1889); 
'  The  First  Picaresque  Romance :  Lazarillo  of 
Tormes'  (1889).     He  died  Nov.  11, 1902.  ' 

Lavater,  Johann  Easpar  (lav'a-ter).  A  Swiss 
physiognomist  and  theological  writer;  born  at 
Ziirich,  Nov.  15,  1741 ;  died  there,  Jan.  2,  1801. 
He  was  pastor  of  a  church  in  his  native  town, 
and  his  semi-mystical  religious  writings  won 
him  great  fame  throughout  Germany.  In  his 
'Christian  Songs'  (first  100,  1776;  second  100, 
1780),  he  seeks  to  counteract  the  principles  of 
Illuminism  and  Rationalism ;  and  he  has  the 
same  aim  in  the  drama  'Abraham  and  Isaac' 
(1776),  in  the  epics  'Jesus  the  Messiah,  or  the 
Coming  of  the  Lord'  (1780),  'Joseph  of  Ari- 
mathea'  (1704),  etc.  His  views  of  the  inner 
life  of  the  soul  find  expression  in  his  ♦  Private 
Diary  of  a  Self-Observer'  (1772-73).  But  his 
most  celebrated  work  is  'Physiognomic  Frag- 
ments' (1775-78),  which  was  received  with  ex* 
traordinary  favor  by  the  leading  minds  of  Ger- 
many, among  them  Goethe,  Stolberg,  Jakobi. 


33° 


LAVEDAN  —  LAZARUS 


Lavedan,  Henri  (lav-doh').  A  French  jour- 
nalist, critic,  novelist,  and  playwright;  born  at 
Orleans,  in  i860.  He  contributed  under  the 
pseudonym  of  "  Manchecourt  >>  a  series  of  brill- 
iant articles  to  Vie  Parisienne,  Gil  Bias,  etc., 
and  in  the  department  of  fiction  has  produced  : 

<  Mam'zelle  Virtue  >  (1885);  <  Queen  Janvier  > 
(1886);  <Lydie>  (1887);  <  Inconsolable >  (1888); 
<High  Life>  (1891);  <A  New  Game>  (1892). 
Of  his  plays  the  most  notable  are :  <A  Family,> 
a  comedy  produced  at  the  Comddie  Fran9aise 
(1890),  and  awarded  a  prize  of  4,000  francs  by 
the  French  Academy ;  and  <  Prince  d'Aurec ' 
(acted  in  1892). 

Laveleye,  Emile  Louis  Victor  de  (lav-la'').  A 
Belgian  economist;  born  at  Bruges,  April  5,  1822; 
died  at  Doyon,  near  Liege,  Jan.  3,  1892.  Among 
his  numerous  writings  are  :  < History  of  the  Pro- 
Ten9al  Language  and  Literature*  (1846);  <The 
Question  of  Gold'  {i860);  *  Property  and  its 
Principal  Forms'  (1874);  < Contemporary  So- 
cialism' (1881);  <  Elements  of  Political  Econ- 
omy' (1882);  <  Money  and  International  Bimet- 
allism' (1891);  < Government  in  Democracies' 
( 1891);  <  Essays  and  Etudes  '  (1894-95). 

La  Vigne,  Andrieu  de  (la-ven').  A  French 
poet  (1457-1527).  He  accompanied  Charles 
VIII.  to  Naples,  and  told  the  story  of  the 
march  in  verse.  He  also  wrote  a  <  Mystery- 
Play  of  Saint  Martin,'  and  several  minor  po- 
ems ;  among  them  a  sonnet  in  the  Lombard 
dialect,  the  first  sonnet  written  by  a  French- 
man. 

La  Villemarque,  Theodore  Hersart,  Vi- 
comte  de.    See  Villemarqu6. 

Lavisse,  Ernest  (lii-ves').  A  French  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Nouvion-en-Thi^rache,  Dec.  17, 
1842.  His  historical  researches  have  chiefly  to 
do  with  Prussia  and  the  German  Empire,  as 
in*  The  Mark  of  Brandenburg  under  theAscan- 
ian  Dynasty '  (1875);  *  Studies  of  the  History  of 
Prussia'  (1879);  <  Frederick  the  Great  before  his 
Accession'  (189^);  <Three  Emperors  of  Germany: 
William  I..  Frederick  III.,  William  H. '  (1888); 

<  Outlines  of  Europe's  Political  History.' 

Lavoisier,  Antolne  Laurent  (la-vwa-zya'). 
A  celebrated  French  chemist,  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  modern  chemistry;  born  at  Paris,  Aug. 
16,  1743;  died  there.  May  8,  1794.  Starting  from 
the  discoveries  which  the  phlogistonists  had 
added  to  the  work  of  the  much-libeled  alche- 
mists, he  demonstrated  experimentally  the  acid- 
ifying action  of  "  dephlogisticated  air,"  or  as 
he  renamed  it,  "  oxygen  gas."  He  was  the  first 
to  analyze  water,  and  to  obtain  by  synthesis 
"fixed  air,"  or  as  he  called  it,  «  carbonic  acid." 
He  first  gave  system  to  chemistry;  and  not 
least  of  his  services  to  science  was  his  part  in 
devising  —  with  Guyton  de  Morveau  —  a  con- 
sistent scheme  of  chemical  nomenclature.  Be- 
sides papers  contributed  to  the  proceedings 
of  learned  societies,  he  wrote  an  <  Element- 
ary Treatise  on  Chemistry'  (1789).  He  was  a 
farmer-general  of  taxes,  and  was  guillotined 
for  it  in  the  Terror, 


Lawless,  Emily,  Hon.  An  Irish  novelist, 
daughter  of  the  third  Baron  Cloncurry;  born 
in  1845.  She  is  the  author  of  several  popular 
romances  of  Irish  life,  full  of  pathos  and  pict- 
uresqueness,  among  which  may  be  noticed : 
<A  Millionaire's  Cousin'  (1885);  <  Hurrish  > 
(1886),  a  study;  <Grania'  (1892),  her  most 
powerful  work;  <  Maelcho  >  (1894),  a  story  of 
the  rebellion  of  Sir  James  Fitzmaurice  in  the 
16th  century.  She  is  also  author  of  <  Ireland ' 
(1887)  in  the  <  Story  of  the  Nations'  series. 

Lawton,  William  Cranston.  An  American 
classical  teacher  and  writer ;  born  at  New  Bed- 
ford, Mass.,  May  22,  1853.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1873;  studied  in  Europe  from  1880 
to  1883;  was  a  classical  teacher  in  New  Bed- 
ford and  Boston  for  several  years ;  was  pro- 
fessor at  Bryn  Mawr;  and  is  now  in  Adelphi 
College,  Brooklyn.  Besides  contributions  to  the 
periodicals,  he  has  published:  < Three  Dramas 
of  Euripides'  (1889);  < Folia  Dispersa,'  a  vol- 
ume of  verse ;  <Art  and  Humanity  in  Homer.' 

Layamon  or  Lawemon.  The  name  of  the 
author  of  a  chronicle  of  Britain.  This  chron- 
icle is  described  as  « a  poetical  semi-Saxon 
paraphrase,"  and  it  is  entitled  <  Brut.'  Laya- 
mon seems  to  have  modeled  his  work  upon 
the  <  Roman  de  Brut '  of  Wace,  for  there  are 
marked  resemblances  and  not  many  differences 
between  the  two.  Nothing  is  known  of  the 
personal  history  of  Layamon,  but  his  <Brut> 
is  supposed  to  have  been  completed  about  the 
beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century.  See  the 
volume  *  Noted  Books '  in  the  <  Library.' 

Layard,  Sir  Austen  Henry.  An  English 
traveler;  born  at  Paris,  March  5,  1817;  died 
July  5,  1894.  He  first  became  interested  in 
archaeological  research  in  1840,  while  traveling 
in  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  discovering  at  Nimrud, 
a  village  near  the  junction  of  the  Tigris  with 
the  Zab,  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  city :  this 
was  the  site  of  Nineveh.  He  made  excavations 
on  the  site,  and  soon  uncovered  remains  of 
several  palatial  edifices.  The  results  of  his  ex- 
plorations he  published  in  <  Nineveh  and  its 
Remains'  (2  vols.,  1848),  and  < Nineveh  and 
Babylon'  (1853).  He  wrote  also  < Early  Ad- 
ventures in  Persia,  Susiana,  and  Babylonia' 
(2  vols.,  1887). 

Lazarus,  Emma  (laz'a-rus).  A  Hebrew- 
American  poet ;  born  in  New  York  city,  July 
22,  1849;  died  there,  Nov.  19,  1887.  She  la- 
bored diligently  in  behalf  of  her  race  and  de- 
voted her  pen  largely  to  Hebrew  subjects, 
publishing  a  much-discussed  article  in  the 
Century  on  <  Russian  Christianity  versus  Mod- 
ern Judaism.'  Her  first  volume  was  composed 
of  <  Poems  and  Translations'  (1866),  written 
between  the  ages  of  fourteen  and  seventeen. 
This  was  followed  by  <Admetus '  (1871) ;  <Alide; 
an  Episode  of  Goethe's  Life'  (1874);  < Songs 
of  a  Semite'  (1882),  all  of  which  are  marked 
by  naturalness  of  sentiment,  vivid  effect,  and 
artistic  reserve  of  expression. 

Lazarus,  Moritz  (lat'sa-ros).  A  German 
philosophical  writer;  born  at  Filehne  (Posen), 


LEA  — LECKY 


331 


SepL  15,  1824.  Among  his  writings  are  :  <  The 
SouKs  Life  in  Monographs  >  (1856);  <  Origin  of 
Customs  >;  <  Ideal  Questions  >  (1878);  <The 
Allurements  of  Gaming  >  (1883);  <The  Prophet 
Jeremiah >  (1894).  With  Steinthal  he  founded 
(1859)  the  Journal  of  Ethnopsychology  and 
Philology,  since  1890  known  as  the  Journal  of 
the  Ethnological  Societ)-.  Died  April  13,  1903. 
Lea,  Henry  Charles.  An  American  pub- 
lisher and  historian ;  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Sept.  19,  1825.  He  entered  his  father's  pub- 
lishing house  in  1843;  became  the  principal  in 
1865;  and  retired  from  business  in  1880.  Be- 
tween 1840  and  i860  he  wrote  many  papers  on 
chemistry  and  conchology.  Since  1857  he  has 
devoted  his  attention  to  European  mediaeval 
history,  his  chief  works  being :  <  Superstition 
and  Force  >  (1866);  <An  Historical  Sketch  of 
Sacerdotal  Celibacy  >  (1867);  <  History  of  the 
Inquisition  of  the  Middle  Ages  >  ( 1888) ;  <  History 
of  the  Inquisition  of  Spain  >  (1906-07). 

Leaf,  Walter.  An  English  banker,  scholar, 
and  translator;  born  in  1852.  After  a  brilliant 
career  at  Cambridge  University,  where  he  was 
Senior  Classic,  Chancellor's  Medalist,  and  Fel- 
low of  Trinity,  he  entered  mercantile  life  in 
1877,  retiring  in  1892.  In  addition  to  his  duties 
as  vice-president  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
and  director  of  charitable  and  educational  or- 
ganizations, he  is  editor  of  the  Journal  of  Hel- 
lenic Studies,  and  has  published :  <  The  Story 
of  Achilles'  (1880),  with  J.  H.  Pratt;  <  The 
Iliad  of  Homer  Translated  into  English  Prose  * 
(1882),  with  A.  Lang  and  E.  Myers;  <  The 
Iliad  >  (1886-88);  <  Companion  to  the  Iliad  > 
(1892);  <A  Modern  Priestess  of  Isis'  (1S94), 
from  the  Russian  ;  <  \'ersions  from  Hafiz.' 

Leake,  William  Martin.  An  English  anti- 
quarian and  classical  topographer ;  born  at 
London,  Jan.  14,  1777  ;  died  at  Brighton,  Jan.  6, 
i860.  An  officer  in  the  West-Indian  service 
(1794-98),  and  artillery  instructor  at  Constanti- 
nople in  early  life,  he  later  traveled  in  the  East, 
and  was  engaged  in  surveys  and  diplomatic 
business  for  the  British  government  in  Greece 
(1805-g).  Among  his  publications  are:  < Re- 
searches in  Greece*  (1814);  'Topography  of 
Athens'  (1821  :  2d  ed.  1841),  a  learned  and  still 
valuable  work ;  <  Historical  Outline  of  the  Greek 
Revolution'  (1826);  <  Travels  in  Northern 
Greece'  (4  vols.,  1835);  <Peloponnesia'  (1846). 

Lear,  Edward.  An  English  writer  and 
draughtsman  of  nonsense  verses  and  pictures ; 
born  at  London,  May  12,  1812 ;  died  at  San 
Remo,  1888.  In  early  life  he  was  a  designer, 
drawing  birds  and  animals  in  the  way  of  illus- 
tration ;  his  later  years  were  passed  in  South- 
em  Italy.  He  wrote  a  <  Book  of  Nonsense ' 
(1846);  and  thereafter  <  Nonsense  Songs  and 
Stories ' ;    <  Nonsense     Songs,    Pictures,    etc' ; 

<  Laughable     Lyrics ' ;     <  Nonsense     Botany  ' ; 

<  Nonsense  Alphabets.'  He  wrote  also  :  <  Jour- 
nal of  a  Landscape  Painter  in  Greece  and 
Albania'  (1851);  'Journal  of  a  Landscape 
Painter  in  Southern  Calabria'  (1852);  'Journal 
of  a  Landscape  Painter  in  Corsica'  (1870). 


Learned,  Walter.  An  American  poet  and 
translator  ;  born  in  New  l>ondon,  Conn.,  June  22, 
1847.  He  is  a  resident  of  New  London.  Be- 
sides contributions  to  current  literature,  he  has 
written  'Between  Times'  (1889),  a  volume 
of  poems  ;  and  translated  <  Ten  Tales  '  and  <  The 
Rivals '  from  Coppde. 

Lebid  ibn  Rabi'a  (leb'ed  ibn  rab'ya).  A 
celebrated  Arabian  poet  (about  575-662).  He 
was  at  first  an  opponent  of  Mohammed,  after- 
ward an  adherent.  His  'Mu'allakat'  has  been 
published  both  in  the  original  language  and  in 
French  translation  by  M.  de  Sacy  (1816);  and 
his  '  Divan '  in  the  original  Arabic,  and  in  Ger- 
man translation  by  Huber  (1887-91). 

Lebrun,  Pierre  Antoine  (le-brun').  A  French 
poet ;  born  at  Paris,  Nov.  29,  1785  ;  died  there. 
May  27,  1873.  For  his  'Ode  to  the  Grand 
Army'  (1805),  Napoleon  conferred  on  him  a 
pension  of  6000  francs  a  year;  and  his  'Ode 
on  the  Campaign  of  1807'  won  for  him  the 
place  of  chief  collector  of  indirect  taxes.  He 
was  elected  to  the  Academy  on  the  publication 
of  his  'Travels  in  Greece'  (1828).  He  wrote 
several  mediocre  tragedies;  his  'Mary  Stuart' 
(1820),  which  still  holds  a  place  in  the  French 
theatrical  repertoire,  is  half  imitation,  half  trans- 
lation, of  Schiller's  play. 

Lebrun,  Ponce  Denis  f  couchard,  surnamed 
Lebrun-Pindare.  A  French  poet ;  born  at 
Paris,  Aug.  11,  1729;  died  there,  Sept.  2,  1807. 
His  title  "Pindar"  is  due  to  the  form  and  the 
mythological  allusions  of  his  odes,  not  to  any 
large  poetical  merit,  either  in  them  or  the 
lyrics  ;  and  as  a  satirist,  he  alternately  groveled 
before  and  libeled  the  same  men.  His  best 
odes  are  addressed  to  Buffon.  He  excelled 
in  the  composition  of  madrigals  and  epigrams ; 
the  latter  relate  for  the  most  part  to  his  quar- 
rels with  other  authors. 

Le  Chevalier,  Jean  Baptiste  (le-shev-a-lya'). 
A  French  archaeologist ;  born  at  Trelly,  July  i, 
1752;  died  at  Paris,  July  2,  1836.  Before  the 
Revolution  he  made  an  archaeological  explora- 
tion of  the  Troad,  and  published  (1794)  'A 
Visit  to  the  Troad,  or  the  Plain  of  Troy  as  It 
Now  Is.'  He  wrote  also  'The  Propontis  and 
the  Euxine '  (2  vols.,  1800). 

Lecky,  William  Edward  Hartpole.  An  Eng- 
lish historian;  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  March 
26,  1838.  His  first  work,  <  The  Leaders  of  Pub- 
lic Opinion  in  Ireland'  (1861),  is  a  stud)-,  from 
a  Liberal  and  Union  standpoint,  of  Swift,  Flood, 
Grattan,  and  O'Connell.  His  next  work  was  a 
'  History  of  the  Rise  and  Influence  of  the  Spirit 
of  Rationalism  in  Europe'  (2  vols.,  1865);  a 
semi-controversial  essay  to  prove  that  the  ad- 
vance of  the  masses  in  religious  common-sense 
has  been  due  to  the  general  progress  of  civiliza- 
tion and  not  to  the  arguments  of  enlightened 
leaders.  Then  followed  'A  History  of  Euro- 
pean Morals  from  Augustus  to  Charlemagne' 
(2  vols.,  1869);  <A  History  of  England  in  the 
l8th  Century'  (8  vols.,  1878-90);  'A  History  of 
Ireland   in  the   l8th  Century'   (5  vols.,   1892), 


332 


LECLERCg  — LLE 


enlarged  from  the  chapters  on  this  subject  in  the 
English  History;  <  Democracy  and  Liberty  • 
(1896).     Died  at  Dublin,  Oct.  23,  1903. 

Leclercq,  Michel  Theodore  (le-klerk').  A 
French  dramatic  poet ;  born  at  Paris,  April  I, 
1777;  died  there,  Feb.  15,  1851.  He  wrote  after 
the  manner  of  Carmontel  a  series  of  <  Dra- 
matic Proverbs,'  little  pieces  for  the  drawing- 
room,  which,  by  their  pointed,  witty  dialogue, 
their  fine  character-drawing,  and  their  elegant 
style,  won  universal  favor.  The  latest  edition 
was  in  six  volumes  (1828),  and  comprised  about 
80  pieces. 

Leconte  de  Lisle,  Charles  Marie  Ren^  (le- 
kortt'  de  lei').  A  French  poet;  born  in  the  Isle 
of  Bourbon  (Reunion),  Oct.  23,  1818;  died  at 
Louveciennes,  near  Paris,  July  17, 1894.  Settling 
in  Paris  (1846),  he  was  at  first  an  enthusiastic 
socialist  and  disciple  of  Fourier ;  afterward  he 
became  an  impassioned  admirer  of  the  ancient 
religions  of  Greece  and  India,  and  a  pantheistic 
conception  of  the  universe  dominated  all  his 
thoughts.  In  his  <  Antique  Poems  >  (1853),  he 
sings  in  verse  exquisite  in  form  the  praises  of 
the  ancient  gods  and  heroes ;  in  his  <  Barbarian 
Poems*  (1862),  with  a  poet's  insight  he  seeks 
to  interpret  the  mythological  ideas  of  the  He- 
brews, Irish,  Bretons,  Scandinavians,  Indians, 
and  Polynesians.  His  < Tragic  Poems'  (1882) 
were  crowned  by  the  French  Academy.  He 
made  admirable  translations  of  ancient  Grecian 
poets, —  Homer,  Hesiod,  Theocritus,  Anacreon, 
and  the  dramatists. 

Le  Conte,  Joseph  (le-kont').  An  American 
scientist ;  born  in  Liberty  County,  Ga.,  Feb.  26, 
1823;  died  in  Yosemite  Valley,  July  6,  1901. 
He  practiced  medicine  at  Macon,  Ga.,  but  in 
1 850  went  to  Cambridge,  Mass., where  he  studied 
natural  history  under  Agassiz.  He  subsequently 
held  several  professorships,  and  after  1869  occu- 
pied the  chair  of  geology  and  natural  history  in 
the  University  of  California.  <The  Mutual  Rela- 
tions of  Religion  and  Science' appeared  in  1874, 
and  was  followed  by  <  Elements  of  Geology  > 
(1878);  <Ligbt)  (1881);  < A  Compend  of  Geolo- 
gy (1884);  <Evolution  and  its  Relation  to 
Religious  Thought'  (1888). 

Ledeganck,  Karel  Lodewyk  (led-e-gank'). 
A  Flemish  poet ;  born  at  Eecloo,  Nov.  9,  1805 ; 
died  March  19,  1847.  He  is  one  of  the  most 
popular  of  Flemish  writers.  His  first  collection 
of  poems  was  <  Flowers  of  my  Springtide '  (1839). 
His  poem  on  <  The  Three  Sister  Cities'  —  i.e., 
Ghent,  Bruges,  Antwerp  —  is  considered  his 
finest  production. 

Ledesma  Bultrago,  Alonso  de  (la-des'ma 
bwe-tra'go).  A  Spanish  poet ;  born  in  Segovia, 
1552;  died  1623.  He  was  very  mystical  and 
allegorical  in  his  verse,  carrying  imaginative- 
ness to  the  point  of  unintelligibility.  <  Spiritual 
Conceptions'  (1600-12)  is  his  best  work. 

Lee,  Eliza  Buckmlnster.  An  American 
prose-writer;  born  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in 
1794 ;  died  in  Brookline,  Mass.,  June  22,  1864. 
Her   <  Sketches  of    New    England    Life '    ap- 


peared in  1837,  and  was  followed  by  <  Delus- 
ion' (1839);  a  translation  from  the  German  of 
the  *  Life  of  Jean  Paul  Richter '  ( 1842) ;  <  Naomi ; 
or,  Boston  Two  Hundred  Years  Ago'  (1848); 
<  Parthenia ;  or.  The  Last  Days  of  Paganism ' 
(1858);  and  a  translation  of  Berthold  Auer- 
bach's  'Barefoot  Maiden'  (i860). 

Lee,  Frederick  George.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Thame 
Vicarage,  Oxfordshire,  Jan.  6,  1832.  At  Oxford 
he  was  both  University  and  College  prizeman. 
He  was  ordained  in  1854,  and  is  at  present 
vicar  of  All  Saints',  Lambeth.  He  is  author 
of  nearly  fifty  poems,  essays,  lectures,  ser- 
mons, religious  and  historical  studies,  among 
which  are  :  <  Poems'  (2d  ed.  1855);  <The  Beauty 
of  Holiness'  (1859),  lectures;  <The  Martyrs  of 
Vienne  and  Lyons'  (3d  ed.  1866),  an  Oxford 
prize  poem ;  <  Glimpses  of  the  Supernatural ' 
(1875);  <A  Glossary  of  Liturgical  and  Eccle- 
siastical Terms'  (1877);  <  Historical  Sketches  of 
the  Reformation'  (1878);  <The  Church  under 
Queen  Elizabeth'  (1880);  <  King  Edward  the 
Sixth,  Supreme  Head'  (1886);  'Cardinal  Regi- 
nald Pole'  (1887);  <A  Manual  of  Polities' 
(1889). 

Lee,  Mrs.  Hannah  Farnham  Sawyer.     An 

American  essayist  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
wife  of  George  Gardiner  Lee  of  Boston ;  bom 
in  Newburyport,  Mass.,  1780;  died  in  Boston, 
1865.  Her  works,  which  exerted  considerable 
influence  during  the  first  quarter  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  are:  'Grace  Seymour'  (1835); 
'Three  Experiments  in  Living'  (1838);  'The 
Huguenots  in  France  and  America '(1842);  'Me- 
moir of  Pierre  Toussaint'  (1853). 

Lee,  Nathaniel.  An  English  dramatist ;  bom 
about  1650 ;  died  1692.  He  wrote  several  trage- 
dies, including  'The  Rival  Queens'  (1677)  and 
'Theodosius'  (1680). 

Lee,  Sophia  and  Harriet.  English  novel- 
ists; born  in  London  —  Sophia  1750,  Harriet 
1757;  died  — Sophia  March  13,  1824,  Harriet 
Aug.  I,  1851.  They  were  daughters  of  John 
Lee,  actor.  Sophia  at  29  wrote  a  very  success- 
ful comedy,  '  The  Chapter  of  Accidents.'  In 
'The  Recess:  A  Tale  of  Other  Days'  (1784) 
and  in  'Canterbury  Tales'  (5  vols.,  1797-1805), 
which  she  wrote  in  conjunction  with  Harriet, 
and  which  soon  became  a  general  favorite,  is 
seen  the  beginning  of  the  historical  school  in 
novel-writing.  One  of  the  '  Canterbury  Tales '  — 
'Kruitzner;  or.  The  German's  Tale'  —  written 
by  Harriet,  suggested  to  Byron  the  subject  of 
'  Werner.'  She  also  wrote  the  stories  '  The 
Errors  of  Innocence '  (5  vols.,  1786),  and  '  Clara 
Lennox'  (1797). 

Lee,  Vernon,  pseudonym  of  Violet  Paget.  An 
English  essayist  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
in  1856.  Her  writings  include:  'Studies  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century  in  Italy'  (1880);  'Beicaro' 
(1882),  a  volume  of  essays;  'The  Prince  of  a 
Hundred  Soups'  (1883),  a  fairy  tale;  'Miss 
Brown'  (1884),  a  novel;  and  many  others.  She 
has  lived  in  Italy  for  years. 


LE  FANU  — LEIBNITZ 


333 


Le  Panu,  Joseph  Sheridan  (16-fa'nu  or  lef- 
»-nu),  A  popular  Irish  journalist  and  novelist; 
born  in  Dublin,  Aug.  28,  1814;  died  there,  Feb. 
7,  1873.  Having  graduated  from  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  he  joined  (1837)  the  staff  of  the 
Dublin  University  Magazine,  at  first  as  con- 
tributor, and  afterwards  as  editor  and  proprie- 
tor, besides  having  an  interest  in  the  Evening 
Mail.  He  made  his  literary  d^but  while  in 
college,  but  did  not  attract  attention  until  the 
publication     of     two     stirring     Irish     ballads, 

<  Phaudbrig  Crookore  >  and  <  Shamus  O'Brien.' 
Among  modem  Irish  novelists  he  stands  next 
in  popularity  to  Charles  Lever.  <  The  House 
by  the  Churchyard '  appeared  in  1863,  and  was 
succeeded  by  < Uncle  Silas'  (1864),  his  most 
powerful  work;  <Guy  DeverelP  (1865);  <The 
Tenants  of  Malory'  (1867);  <  The  Wyvern 
Mystery'  (1869);  <In  a  Glass  Darkly'  (1872). 

Lfiffler,  Charlotte.    See  Edgren. 

Le  Oalllenne,  Richard.  An  English  poet  and 
journalist;  born  in  Liverpool,  1866.  His  first 
volume  of  poems,  'My  Lady's  Sonnets'  (1887), 
was  printed  privately ;  among  his  other  works 
m  verse  and  prose  are :   <  Volumes  in  Folio ' ; 

<  The  Book  Bills  of  Narcissus  > ;  <  English  Poems ' 
( 1892) ;<  The  Religion  of  a  Literary  Man'  (1893); 
*  Prose  Fancies  >  (1894).  He  has  recently  put  out 
some  translations  of  the  *■  Rubiiy4t  of  Omar 
Khayydm.     He  also  wrote  <  If  I  were  God.' 

Legendre,  Adrien  Marie  (le-zhoiidr').  An 
eminent  French  mathematician ;  born  in  Paris, 
Sept.  18,  1752;  died  Jan.  10,  1833.  At  22  he 
was  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  Military 
School  at  Paris,  and  in  1783  was  elected  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy.  He  was  one  of  a  com- 
mission of  three  in  1787  to  measure  a  degree  of 
latitude  between  Dunkirk  and  Boulogne, —  the 
basis  of  the  metric  system ;  afterward  he  held 
high  and  honorable  posts  under  the  govern- 
ment ;  and  in  1824  was  Inspector  of  the  Higher 
Education.  From  this  office  he  was  dismissed 
in  disgrace  because  he  refused,  as  member  of 
the  Academy,  to  vote  for  the  admission  of 
government  nominees.  He  died  in  great  pov- 
erty. His  principal  works  are  :  *■  Elements  of 
Geometry'  (1794);  < Theory  of  Numbers'  (1798); 

<  Treatise  on  Euler's  Elliptical  and  Integral 
Functions'  (3  vols.,  1826-29). 

Leger,  Paul  Louis  (le-zha').  A  French 
scholar  and  author;  bom  in  Toulouse,  Jan. 
13,  1843.  He  is  professor  of  the  Slav  lan- 
guages at  the  College  de  France,  and  has  done 
much  to  awaken  an  interest  in  the  history  and 
philology  of  the  Slav  peoples  by  such  works 
as:  <Slav  Studies'  (1875);  <  History  of  Austria- 
Hungary'  (1878),  translated  into  English ;  <  Slav 
Tales ' (1882);  < The  Save,  Danube,  and  Balkan' 
(1884);  <  Bulgaria'  (1885);  <  Russians  and  Slavs' 
(i890);<  Russian  Literature'  ;*The  Slavic  World.' 

Leggett,  William.  An  American  story-writer 
and  journalist ;  bom  in  New  York  city,  1802 ; 
died  in  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  May  29,  1839.  He 
was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  New  York 
Evening  Post  (182^1836);  and  wrote  :  <  Leisure 


Hours  at  Sea'  (1825);    <Naval  Stories'  (1834). 

Legouvg,  Ernest  Wilfried  (le-go-va').  A 
French  dramatist  and  story-teller ;  born  at  Paris, 
Feb.  15,  1807.  In  1827  he  won  a  prize  of  the 
Academy  with  a  poem  on  the  art  of  printing. 
As  instructor  in  the  College  de  France,  1847,  he 
lectured  on  the  history  of  woman's  develop- 
ment; and  later  published  'Moral  History  of 
Women>  (7th  ed.  1882),  and 'Woman  in  France 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century'  (1864).  These 
works,  addressed  to  a  feminine  public,  were  re- 
ceived with  great  favor,  and  were  followed  by 
'Science  of  the  Family'  (1867),  and  'Messieurs 
the  Young  Folk'  (1868).  Meanwhile  Legouvd 
was  winning  high  distinction  as  a  playwright 
with  <  Louise  de  Lignerolles ' ;  'Adrienne  Le- 
couvreur';  'Medea';  'By  Right  of  Conquest'; 
'Miss  Susanna';  'Anne  de  Ker\viler';  'Con- 
sideration ' ;  etc.  In  1882  he  published  '  Recol- 
lections of  Sixty  Years,'  and  in  1890  'Winter 
Flowers,  Winter  Fruits:  Storyof  my  Household.'  . 
He  died  in  Paris,  March  14,  1903. 

Lehrs,  Karl  (lars).  A  German  philologist; 
born  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Jan.  14,  1802 ;  died 
there,  June  9,  1878.  He  was  appointed  in- 
structor in  philology  in  the  Konigsberg  Uni- 
versity in  1831,  and  in  1845  became  professor. 
His  works  deal  for  the  most  part  with  recon- 
dite questions,  as  '  Aristarchus's  Studies  on 
Homer'  (1833);  'Three  W^ritings  of  Herodi- 
anus'  (1848);  'The  Scholia  to  Pindar'  (1873); 
but  he  wrote  also  '  Popular  Essays  on  Antiq- 
uity, Especially  on  the  Ethics  and  Religion  of 
the  Greeks'  (1856;  enlarged  ed.  1875). 

Leibnitz  or  Leibniz,  Gottfried  "Wilhelm  von. 
Baron.  A  renowned  German  philosopher  and 
scholar;  bom  at  Leipsic,  July  6,  1646;  died  at 
Hanover,  Nov.  14,  1716.  His  learning  was  uni- 
versal, and  in  every  branch  he  was  master.  At 
15  he  entered  Leipsic  University  for  the  study  of 
law  and  philosophy.  He  then  passed  to  Jena, 
devoting  himself  there  chiefly  to  mathematics. 
In  the  mean  time  he  composed  two  disquisi- 
tions, with  which  he  proposed  to  qualify  himself 
for  a  degree  at  Leipsic  :  the  degree  was  refused 
because  of  his  youth,  but  in  1666  he  took  the 
doctor's  degree  in  law  at  Altdorf.  His  scholar- 
ship is  almost  unparalleled  in  the  vastness  of 
its  range :  he  reached  the  highest  eminence 
among  the  scholars  of  his  time  in  languages, 
history,  divinity,  philosophy,  jurisprudence,  po- 
litical science,  physical  science,  mathematics, 
even  in  polite  letters.  His  essays  and  disqui- 
sitions in  the  field  of  mere  erudition  are  nu- 
merous in  the  transactions  of  the  learned 
societies  of  his  time,  such  as  the  <Acta  Erudi- 
torum,'  <  Miscellanea  Berolinensia,'  'Journal  des 
Savants,'  and  in  his  voluminous  '  Correspond- 
ence.' Among  his  theological  and  philosoph- 
ical wTitings  are  :  '  Essays  on  God's  Goodness, 
Man's  Freedom,  and  the  Origin  of  Evil'  (1710); 
'  Principles  of  Nature  and  Grace'  (1717); '  New 
Essays  on  the  Human  Understanding ' ;  <  Refu- 
tation of  Spinoza,'  first  printed  in  1854.  An 
incomplete  edition  of  his  <  Mathematical  Works* 
was  published  in  eleven  volumes  (1884). 


334 


LEICHHARDT  —  LfiMCKE 


Lelchhardt,  Ludwig  (lich'hardt).  A  Ger- 
man traveler;  born  at  Trebatsch,  Oct.  23,  1S13. 
He  visited  Australia  in  1841,  and  made  several 
tentative  explorations  preparatory  to  his  great 
expedition  of  1844-46,  which  traversed  Queens- 
land from  Moreton  Bay  to  the  Gulf  of  Carpen- 
taria, and  crossing  the  peninsula  of  Arnhem 
Land  reached  Port  Essington  (or  Victoria)  on 
the  west  coast  of  the  peninsula.  For  this  he 
received  a  reward  of  ^7,000,  with  which  he 
equipped  a  second  expedition  to  traverse  the 
continent  from  west  to  east :  he  failed  in  this 
attempt,  and  perished  in  the  wilderness.  He 
published  his  <  Journal  of  an  Overland  Expe- 
dition,* etc.  (1847). 

Leighton,  William.  An  American  poet; 
born  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1833.  Educated  at 
Harvard.  He  wrote:  'The  Sons  of  Godwin > 
( 1876),  a  tragedy ;  <  Change  :  the  Whisper  of 
the  Sphinx*  (1878),  a  philosophical  poem;  <A 
Sketch  of  Shakespeare*  (1879);  <The  Subjec- 
tion of  Hamlet*  (1882). 

Leisewitz,  Johann  Anton  (li'ze-vits),  A 
German  poet ;  born  at  Hanover,  May  9,  1752 ; 
died  at  Brunswick,  Sept.  10,  1806.  His  one  tra- 
gedy, <  Julius  of  Tarentum'  (1776),  is  one  of 
the  characteristic  dramas  of  the  period  of 
"  storm  and  stress,'*  and  was  highly  admired 
by  the  young  Schiller.  Several  other  dramatic 
pieces  he  left  in  an  unfinished  state ;  after  his 
death  they  were  destroyed ;  and  all  that  re- 
mains is  one  scene  of  a  comedy. 

Leitner,  Gottlieb  William  (lit'n-r).  A  Ger- 
man Orientalist  and  traveler;  born  at  Buda- 
Pesth,  Oct.  14,  1840;  died  at  Bonn,  March  24, 
1899.  He  was  educated  at  King's  College, 
London,  and  afterward  was  professor  of  modern 
Greek,  Arabic,  and  Turkish  in  that  Institution. 
In  1864  he  became  a  member  of  the  Punjab 
University  College  faculty,  and  took  a  lively 
interest  in  the  cause  of  education  in  the  Punjab. 
He  is  author  of  <The  Races  and  Languages 
of  Dardistan>  (1867);  <  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Education*;  <  Races  of  Turkey*;  < History  of 
Indigenous  Education  in  the  Punjab*  (1883). 

Leitner,  Karl  Gottfried,  Ritter  von.    An 

Austrian  poet ;  born  at  Gratz,  Nov.  18,  1800 ; 
died  there,  June  20,  1890.  By  his  popular  bal- 
lads he  earned  the  title  of  «The  Uhland  of 
Styria.**  He  published  three  volumes  of  his 
collected  verses:  'Poems*  (1825);  < Autumn 
Flowers*  (1870);  'Stories  and  Poems*  (1880). 

Leixner,  Otto  von  (lix'ner).  A  German  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Saar  in  Mora- 
via, April  24,  1847.  Among  his  poetical  works 
are:  a  volume  of  'Poems*  (1868);  the  drama 

<  Resurrection  of  Germany*  (1870);  'Twilight* 
(1886); '  Proverbs  and  Satiric  Rhj-mes.*  He  has 
also  written  short  stories  :  '  The  Two  Marys  * ; 

<  Memento  Vivere  * ;  <  Princess  Sunshine  *  (1882). 
Among  his  other  works  are :  '  Marginal  Notes 
by  a  Hermit*;  'Gossamer*  (1886);  'Gossipy 
Letters  to  a  Young  Matron*  (i8go);  'Lay  Ser- 
mons* (1894).  His  'History  of  German  Liter- 
ature* is  a  notable  work. 


Leland,  Charles  Godfrey.  An  American  poet 
and  prose-writer;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Aug.  IC, 
1824.  He  was  most  widely  known  for  his  'Hans 
Breitmann's  Party,  and  Other  Ballads*  (1868); 
burlesque  poems  in  Pennsylvania  Dutch,  of  which 
there  have  been  four  series.  He  spent  much 
time  abroad,  studying  gypsy  life.  His  works 
include  :  'Poetry  and  Mystery  of  Dreams*; 
'English  Gypsies*;  'Minor  Arts*;  'The  Gypsies.* 
Pie  died  March  20,  1903. 

Lelewel,  Joacnim  (le'-le-vel).  A  Polish  pa- 
triot and  historian ;  born  at  Warsaw,  March 
21,  1786;  died  at  Paris,  May  29,  1861.  While 
a  professor  at  Wilna  he  delivered  a  series  of 
popular  lectures  on  Polish  history,  which  pro- 
voked interference  by  the  Russian  government; 
and  later  for  his  active  participation  in  the 
revolution  of  1830,  he  was  compelled  to  leave 
his  native  country  and  locate  in  France  and 
Belgium.  Among  his  various  works  on  Polish 
history  and  antiquities  are :  'Ancient  Polish 
Bibliogiaphy*  (1823-26);  'History  of  Poland* 
(1829);  'History  of  Lithuania  and  Little  Rus- 
sia* (1830);  'Geography  of  the  Arabs*  (1851); 
'Geography  of  the  Middle  Ages*  (1852-57). 

Lemaitre,  Fran9ois  Elie  Jules  (le-matr'). 
A  French  literary  critic  and  dramatist;  born 
at  Vennecy,  (Loiret),  April  27,  1853.  He  is 
the  author  of  five  volumes  of  literary  biogra- 
phies, <  Contemporaries :  Being  Literary  Studies 
and  Portraits*  (1885-95).  He  was  for  many 
years  dramatic  critic  of  the  Journal  des  D^bats. 
His  ddbut  as  a  dramatist  was  made  at  the 
Od^on  with  'La  Revolt^e  *  (1889),  followed  by 
'Deputy  Leveau*  (1890),  an  exceedingly  clever 
political  satire.  Of  his  other  dramatic  compo- 
sitions may  be  mentioned  :  '  The  Kings  *  (1893), 
and  'The  Pardon*  (1895).  He  is  the  author 
of  two  volumes  of  poems, '  Medallions  *  (1880) 
and  <  Petites  Orientales*  (1882);  'Corneille  and 
Aristotle's  Poetics*  (1888);  '  Myrrha :  Stories' 
(1894)  ;  <  Lonely  Stories*  (igooj. 

Lemay,  Leon  PampMle.  A  Canadian  writer 
of  prose  and  verse  ;  born  in  Lotbini^re,  Que- 
bec, Jan.  5,  1837.  He  published  '  Essais  Po^- 
tiques  *  (1865).  'The  Discovery  of  Canada* 
won  him  the  gold  medal  of  Laval  University. 
He  translated  Longfellow's  <  Evangeline  *  ( 1870) . 
His  best  work  is  said  to  be  found  in  'L' Affaire 
Sougraine  *   (1884). 

Lembcke,  Christian  Ludwig  Eduard  ( 1  emb^ke ) . 
A  Danish  poet;  born  at  Copenhagen,  June  15, 
1815;  died  at  Hadersler,  March  20,  1897.  He 
made  translations  of  Shakespeare,  Byron,  Moore, 
and  other  English  poets.  Published  in  1870  a 
volume  of  'Poems  and  Songs,'  in  which  he  la- 
ments the  defeat  of  Denmark,  in  the  Schleswig- 
Holstein  war;  his  ballad  'Our  Mother  Tongue' 
is  one  of  the  favorite  national  songs  of  Denmark. 

Lemcke,  Karl  (lem'ke).  AGerman  writer  on 
aesthetics  ;  bom  at  Schwerin,  Aug.  26,  1831. 
His  'Popular  Esthetics*  (1865),  a  work  of 
rare  merit,  has  been  often  republished,  and  has 
been  translated  into  several  foreign  languages. 
He  is  author  also  of 'Songs  and  Poems*  (1861); 


LEMERCIER  —  LENNEP 


335 


♦  History  of  Recent  German  Poetry' ;  and  of  biog- 
raphies of  distinguislied  painters.  Under  the 
pseudonym  **  Karl  Manno  >^  he  wrote  the  novels 
<  Beowulf  >  (1882) ;  <  A  Lovely  Boy  >  (1885); '  Coun- 
tess Gerhild  >(  1892)  -/Companions  of  Youth.* 

Lemercier,  Nepomucene  (le-mer-sya').  A 
French  poet ;  born  at  Paris,  April  21,  1771 ;  died 
there,  June  7,  1840.  After  many  failures  he 
made  a  brilliant  success  with  his  classical  tra- 
gedy <  Agamemnon >  (l795).  Elegance  of  versi- 
fication, grace  of  style,  and  richness  of  fancy, 
characterize  his  <Four  Metamorphoses'  (i799)» 
and  <  Pinto'  (1800),  a  mixture  of  tragedy  and 
comedy,  in  which  he  attempts  to  outdo  <  Figaro's 
Wedding.'  The  most  notable  of  his  poems  is 
the  philosophical  satire  <  The  Panhypocrisiad, 
or  Infernal  Spectacle  of  the  Sixteenth  Century ' 
(in  16  cantos;  4  more  added  in  1832). 

Le  Moine,  James  MacPherson.  A  Canadian 
historian ;  born  in  Quebec,  Jan.  24,  1825.  His 
historical  works  are  so  fair  in  spirit  and  accu- 
rate in  statement  as  to  disarm  adverse  criti- 
cism. Among  his  works  are  :  <  L'Omithologie 
du  Canada'  (i860);  < Etude  sur  les  Navigateurs 
Arctiques  Franklin;  McClure,  Kane,  McClin- 
tock'  (1862);  < The  Tourist's  Note-Book'  (1870); 
'Quebec:  Past  and  Present'  (1876);  and  'The 
Scot  in  New  France'  (1880). 

Lemoinne,  John  tm.ile  (le-mwan').  A 
French  publicist;  born  in  London,  Oct.  17, 1815  ; 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  14,  1892.  He  was  political 
editor  of  the  Journal  des  D^bats.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Academy  in  succession  to  Jules 
Janin  in  1876,  and  in  1880  became  a  senator 
for  life.  Some  of  his  political  writings  were 
collected  and  published  under  the  titles  'Criti- 
cal and  Biographical  Studies'  (1852),  and 'New 
Studies'  (1862). 

Lemon,  Mark.  An  English  humorous  writer 
and  playwright;  bom  at  London,  Nov.  30,  1809; 
died  at  Crawley  in  Sussex,  May  23, 1870.  Among 
his  comedies  and  dramas  are  :  '  Domestic  Econ- 
omy'; 'Arnold  of  Winkelried'  (1835);  'Hearts 
Are  Trumps >  (1849);  'The  Railway  Belle' 
(1854);  'Lost  and  Won>;  'The  Gentleman  in 
Black ' ;  '  Medea,  or  the  Libel  on  the  Lady 
of  Colchis'  (1856).  He  was  the  first  editor  of 
Punch,  and  for  29  years  controlled  it.  He 
wrote  many  fairy  tales,  among  them :  '  The 
Enchanted  Doll>  (1850);  'Tinykin's  Trans- 
formations' (1869);  and  'A  Christmas  Ham- 
per.' Memorable  among  his  humorous  writ- 
ings is  '  Mark  Lemon's  Jest-Book.> 

Lemonnier,  Camilla  (Ife-mo-nya').  A  Bel- 
gian novelist ;  born  at  Brussels,  Mar;h  24,  1835. 
He  is  a  pronounced  realist.  Among  his  stories 
are:  'Our  Flemings'  (1869);  'Flemish  and  Wal- 
loon Stories'  (1873);  'Neither  Fish  nor  Flesh' 
(1884); '  Flemish  Christmas  Carols'  (1887);'  Ma- 
dame Lupar'  (1888);  'The  Two  Consciences' 
(1902). 

Lemoyne,  Camille  Andre  (le-mwan).  A 
French  poet ;  born  at  Saint-Jean-d'Ang^ly 
(dept.  Charente-Infdrieure),  in  1822.  Having 
suffered  financial  reverses  while  studying  for 
the  bar,  he  became   a  compositor  and  proof- 


reader in  the  publishing  house  of  Firmin  Didot, 

and  subsequently  archivist  librarian  of  the 
School  of  Decorative  Arts.  He  belongs  to 
the  Parnassian  school  of  French  poets,  and  is 
the  author  of:  'Last  Year's  Roses'  (1865- 
69);  'The  Charmers'  (1867);  'Flowers  of  the 
Meadows'  (1876);  'Flowers  of  the  Ruins > 
(1888);  'Flowers  of  the  Evening'  (1893),  sev- 
eral of  which  have  been  crowned  by  the  French 
Academy.  He  was  decorated  with  the  Legion 
of  Honor  in  1870.  1 

Lenartovicz,  Teofil  (len-art'o-vech).  A  Pol- 
ish poet ;  born  at  Warsaw,  Feb.  27,  1822 ;  died  at 
Florence,  Feb.  3,  1893.  His  popular  ballads  and 
songs,  'Lirenka'  (1855),  are  reckoned  among 
the  choicest  pearls  of  the  national  poetry.  The 
most  noteworthy  of  his  longer  poems  are  :  '  The 
Polish  Land'  (1848);  'The  Gladiators'  (1857); 
and  the  'Italian  Album'  (1870).  He  wrote  in 
Italian  'On  the  Character  of  Polono-Slavic 
Poetry'  (1886). 

Lenau,  Nikolaus  (la-nou'),  pseudonym  of 
Nikolaus  Franz  Niembsch  von  Strehlenau.  A 
celebrated  German  lyric  poet;  born  at  Csatad, 
Hungary,  Aug.  13,  1802;  died  at  Oberdobling, 
near  Vienna,  Aug.  22,  1850.  An  unhappy  love 
affair  made  him  insane,  and  he  died  in  a  mad- 
house. He  is  widely  known  for  his  elegies. 
His  works  include  'Savonarola'  (1837),  'The 
Albigenses'  (1842),  and  others;  all  of  gloomy 
tendency. 

Leng,  John,  Sir.  An  English  journalist ;  born 
in  Hull,  in  1828.  He  began  his  successful 
journalistic  career  in  1847  as  sub-editor  of  the 
Hull  Advertiser;  in  1851  became  editor  and 
general  manager  of  the  Dundee  Advertiser, 
which  has  since  been  one  of  the  most  influ- 
ential papers  in  Great  Britain ;  and  he  was  the 
founder  of  the  People's  Journal,  Evening  Tel- 
egraph, and  People's  Friend.  He  was  knighted 
in  1893.  Among  a  number  of  his  books  and 
pamphlets  are :  '  Impressions  of  America  > 
(1876);  'Scottish  Banking  Reform'  (1881); 
'Practical  Politics'  (l88£);  'Trip  to  Norway' 
(1886); '  Home  Rule  All  Round  > ;  <  Glimpses  of 
of  Egypt  and  Sicily.' 

Lenient,  Charles  F^lix  (len-yen').  A  French 
historian  of  literature  ;  bom  at  Provins,  1826.  In 
1865  he  became  professor  of  poetry  in  the  Sor- 
bonne.  His  principal  works  are:  'France  in 
the  Middle  Ages'  (1859);  'Satire  in  France,  or 
the  Militant  Literature  of  the  Sixteenth  Cen- 
tury' (1866);  'Comedy  in  France  in  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century)  (2  vols.,  1888);  'Patriotic  Po- 
etry in  France  in  the  Middle  Ages>  (1892);  and 
'  Patriotic  Poetry  in  France  in  Modern  Times  > 
(2  vols.,  1894). 

Lennep,  Jacob  van  (len'nep).  A  celebrated 
Dutch  poet;  born  at  Amsterdam,  March  24, 
1802:  died  at  Oosterbeek,  Aug.  25,  1868.  He 
translated  some  of  Byron's  poems.  His  first  vol- 
ume of  original  verse,  'Academic  idylls'  (1826), 
won  little  attention ;  but  his  '  Legends  of  the 
Netherlands'  were  received  with  universal  ap- 
plause. The  'Legends*  comprise  among  oth- 
ers:  <Adegild>    (1828);  'Jacoba  and   Bertha » 


23^ 


lenngr£n-leo 


(1829);  <The  Struggle  with  Flanders  >   (1831); 

<  Edward  van  Gelre*  (1847). 

Lenngren,  Anna  Maria  (len'gren).  A  Swed- 
ish poetess  ;  born  at  Stockholm,  June  18,  1754  ; 
died  there,  March  8,  1817.  She  received  from 
her  father,  Prof.  Malmstedt,  a  very  thorough 
education.  Her  poems  were  originally  con- 
tributed to  the  Stockholmsposten,  of  which  her 
husband  was  editor :  they  were  collected  after 
her    death    and    published    under   the   title   of 

<  Essays  in  Poesy  >  (1819;  12th  ed.  1890).  They 
consist  of  humorous  satires  or  epigrams,  amus- 
ing travesties  and  idyllic  sketches,  all  distin- 
guished by  perfection  of  form  and  true  poetic 
sensibility. 

Lennox,  Charlotte  Ramsay.  An  American 
novelist ;  born  in  New  York  city  in  1720 ;  died 
m  London,  Jan.  4,  1804.  Educated  in  England, 
she  received  encouragement  in  her  literary 
work  from  Samuel  Johnson.  Her  best  achieve- 
ment is  <  Shakespeare  Illustrated  >  (2  vols.,  1753), 
and  a  supplementary  volume  (i754)-  She  also 
wrote  < Memoirs  of  Harriet  Stewart'  (1751); 
<The  Female  Quixote  >  (1752);  <Sophia,>  a  novel 
(1763);  <The  Sisters,'  a  comedy  (1769). 

Lennox,  William  Pitt,  Lord.  An  English 
writer  of  biographical  memoirs;  born  1799; 
died  in  London,  Feb.  18,  1881.  He  was  son  of 
the  fourth  Duke  of  Richmond.  He  wrote  <  Fifty 
Years'  Biographical  Reminiscences*  (2  vols., 
1863);  <My  Recollections  from  1806  to  1873' 
(2  vols.);  'Three  Years  with  the  Duke  of 
Wellington' ;  <  Life  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond ' ; 
< Recreations  of  a  Sportsman'  (1862).  He  wrote 
several  novels,  among  them  <  The  Tuf t-Hunter ' 
(1843). 

Lenormant,  Charles  (le-nor-man').  A  French 
archaeologist  and  art  historian ;  born  at  Paris, 
June  I,  1802 ;  died  at  Athens,  Nov.  24,  1859.  He 
was  professor  of  Egyptian  archaeology  in  the 
College  de  France  from  1848  till  his  death. 
Among  his  writings  are  :  <  Thesaurus  of  Numis- 
matics and  Glyptics'  (20  vols.,  1834-50);  < Intro- 
duction to  Oriental  History'  (1838);  < Museum 
of  Egyptian  Antiquities'  (1835-42);  <  Selection  of 
Keramographic  Monuments'  (4  vols.,  1837-61). 

Lenormant,  Frangols.  A  French  historian 
and  archcEologist,  son  of  Charles ;  born  at  Paris, 
Jan.  17,  1837;  died  there,  Dec.  10,  1883.  He 
is  one  of  the  foremost  of  French  Assyriologists. 
His  works  are  very  numerous.  Among  them  are  : 
'Archaeological  Researches  at  Eleusis'  (1862); 
'Political  and  Economic  Organization  of  Coin- 
age in  Antiquity'  (1863);  'Ancient  History  in 
the  East'  (3  vols.,  1868-69);  'Letters  on  Assyr- 
iology'  (5  vols.,  1871-79);  'Akkadian  Studies' 
(3  vols.,  1873-79);  'The  Primitive  Language  of 
Chaldea'  (1875);  'The  Beginnings  of  History 
according  to  the  Bible'  (3  vols.,  1880-84). 

Lenz,  Jakob  Michael  Reinhold  (lents).  A 
German  poet;  born  at  Sesswegen,  in  Livonia, 
Jan.  12,  1751 ;  died  at  Moscow,  May  24,  1792. 
He  was  an  enthusiastic  admirer  of  Shakes- 
peare, and  in  1774  published  '  Remarks  on  the 
Stage,  with  Translation  of    Parts  of    Shakes- 


peare's '  Love's  Labour's  Lost ' ' ;  and  the  influ 
ence  of  Shakespeare  is  seen  in  his  odd  com- 
edies,'The  Tutor'  (1774); 'The  New  Mcnoza' 
(1774); '  The  Soldiers'  (1776).  He  adapted  sev- 
eral <  Plays  of  Plautus  for  the  German  Stage ' 
( 1774).  His  finest  poem  is '  Love  in  the  Country.' 
His  minor  songs  and  ballads  are  sometimes 
admirable  for  their  simple  and  unaffected  poetic 
feeling. 

Lenz,  Oskar.  A  German  traveler;  born  at 
Leipsic,  April  13,  1848.  He  visited  the  west 
coast  of  Africa  in  the  service  of  the  German 
African  Society  (1874),  and  spent  three  years 
in  exploring  the  course  of  the  Ogow^ ;  he  re- 
counted his  obser\'ations  and  experiences  in 
'Sketches  from  West  Africa'  (1878).  He  next 
visited  Marocco  and  Timbuctu,  and  wrote  '  Tim- 
buctu :  Journey  through  Marocco,  the  Sahara, 
and  Soudan'  (1884).  He  wrote  also 'Wander- 
ings in  Africa'  (1895). 

Leo  I.,  the  Great,  Pope.  One  of  the  Fa- 
thers of  the  Latin  Church ;  fifth  century ;  Pope 
440-61.  He  was  a  vigorous  asserter  in  words  and 
in  acts  of  the  primacy  of  the  bishop  of  Rome. 
He  heard  the  appeal  of  Celidonius,  bishop  of 
Vesontio  (Besan5on)  from  the  sentence  of  the 
synod  of  Aries  deposing  him,  and  pronounced 
an  ecclesiastical  censure  on  Hilarius,  the  bishop 
who  had  presided  over  the  synod.  His  '  Dog- 
matic Epistle  to  Flavianus'  set  forth  the  Cath- 
olic doctrine  in  opposition  to  the  heretical 
teaching  of  Eutyches,  in  the  form  and  terms 
ever  since  recognized  as  orthodox  in  the  creeds. 
His  writings  consist  of  96  'Sermons'  or  dis- 
courses, and  173  'Epistles.'  A  treatise  on 
'The  Sacraments'  and  one  on  'The  Calling  of 
all  the  Nations'  are  appended  to  his  undoubt- 
edly genuine  works,  and  attributed  to  him. 

Leo  XIII.,  Pope  (Count  Gioachino  Peccl). 

He  was  born  at  Carpineto,  near  Anagni,  March 
2,  1810.  He  was  nuncio  to  Belgium  1843-45; 
was  made  archbishop  of  Perugia  1845 ;  cardi- 
nal 1853;  supreme  pontiff  March  3,  1878.  He 
opened  the  Vatican  archives  to  scholars  desir- 
ing to  examine  them  for  purposes  of  historical 
research.  Two  of  his  '  Encyclical  Letters '  are 
worthy  of  special  mention;  viz.,  that  to  "  All 
Patriarchs,  Primates,  Archbishops,"  etc.,  on  <  The 
Condition  of  Labor'  (1891),  and  that  to  "The 
English  People"  on  'Church  Unity'  (1895). 
He  is  author  of  a  small  volume  of  lyrics  in 
Latin :  '  Lyric  Poems  [Carmina]  of  Leo  XIII., 
Supreme  Pontiff  >  (1883).     Died  July  20,  1903. 

Leo,  Heinrich.  A  German  historian;  born 
at  Rudolstadt,  March  19,  1799;  died  at  Halle, 
April  24,  1878.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
history  in  the  University  of  Halle,  1830.  In 
early  life  he  was  in  religion  a  rationalist,  and 
in  political  faith  a  radical ;  but  later  he  be- 
came a  conservative  and  an  "obscurantist." 
His  principal  works  are :  '  History  of  the  Ital- 
ian States'  (5  vols.,  1829);  'History  of  the  Ne- 
therlands >  (2  vols.,  1832); '  Natural  History  of  the 
State'  (1833); 'Text-Book  of  Univei sal  History' 
(6  vols.,  1835-44);  'Anglo-Saxon  Glossary'  (2 
vols.,  1872), 


LEO  APRICANUS  — LE  ROUX 


337 


teo  AfWcanuB  (le'o  afre-ka'nus),  properly 
Alhassan  ibn  Mohammed  Alwazzan.  A  Moor- 
ish traveler  and  geographer.  About  1 517  he 
was  captured  by  pirates  while  returning  from 
Egypt  after  extended  travels  in  northern  and 
central  Africa,  Arabia,  Syria,  etc.  Ultimately 
he  was  presented  as  a  slave  to  Leo  X.,  who 
assigned  him  a  pension.  He  wrote  a  <  Descrip- 
tion of  Africa*  which  for  a  long  time  was  al- 
most the  only  authority,  especially  on  the  Sou- 
dan. He  also  wrote  a  <  Tractate  on  the  Lives 
of  Arab  Philosophers.* 

Leon,  Luis  de.    See  Ponce  de  Leon. 

Leonowens,  Anna  Harriette  Crawford.  A 
noted  educator  and  prose-writer  ;  born  in  Caer- 
narvon, Wales,  Nov.  5,  1834.  In  1863  she  was 
appointed  governess  in  the  family  of  the  King 
of  Siam.  She  was  four  years  in  the  King's 
household  at  Bangkok,  acting  as  secretary  to 
the  King  and  instructor  to  the  royal  family. 
The  present  King  of  Siam  was  educated  by 
her.  She  came  to  the  United  States  in  1867 ; 
opened  a  school  in  New  York  to  prepare  teach- 
ers in  the  kindergarten  system.  She  has  pub- 
lished :  '  The  English  Governess  at  the  Court 
of  Siam>  (1870);  <The  Romance  of  the  Harem  > 
(1872);  and  <Life  and  Travels  in  India>  (1884). 

Leopard!,  Giacomo,  Count  (la-6-par'de).  A 
celebrated  Italian  poet;  born  at  Recanati  in 
Tuscany,  June  29,  1798 ;  died  at  Naples,  June 
14,  1837.  His  family,  though  noble,  was  poor, 
and  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  classics 
and  of  literature  almost  unaided  in  his  father's 
library.  Before  he  was  18  he  had  produced  a 
Latin  translation  (with  commentary)  of  Por- 
phyrius's  <  Life  of  Plotinus  > ;  a  treatise  on 
<  Some  Roman  Rhetoricians  >  of  the  second 
century,  and  a  <  History  of  Astronomy,'  both 
in  Latin ;  and  an  <  Essay  on  the  Popular  Errors 
of  the  Ancients,*  in  Italian,  citing  over  400 
authors.  His  subsequent  works  were:  <  Ode 
to  Italy*  (1818);  <  Ode  on  the  Monument  to 
Dante*  (1819);  <Ode  to  Cardinal  Mai  on  the 
Discovery  of  Cicero's  Tractate  on  The  State  * 
(1820);  <  Brutus  the  Younger*  (1823),  an  ode, 
and  <  Comparison  of  the  Sentiments  of  Brutus 
the  Younger,  and  of  Theophrastus,  when  in 
the  Face  of  Death,*  in  which  two  works 
his  pessimistic  views  first  had  formal  expres- 
sion ;  <  Verses,*  a  collection  of  his  miscellane- 
ous poems  (1826);  <  Moral  Opuscules*  (1827), 
mostly  observations,  in  dialogue  form,  on  eth- 
ical questions.  <  The  Broom-Flower,*  <  Sylvia,* 
and  <  The  Night  Song,*  are  his  most  celebrated 
poems.  He  left  unpublished  at  his  death  a 
volume  of  <  Thoughts.* 

Leopold,  Karl  Gustaf  af  (le'o-pold).  A 
Swedish  poet ;  bom  at  Stockholm,  Nov.  23,  1756 ; 
died  there,  Nov.  9,  1829.  He  was  for  a  long 
time  a  kind  of  literary  dictator,  and  was  the 
chief  representative  in  Sweden  of  the  French 
school  of  classicism.  He  attempted  all  forms 
of  poetry  save  the  epic.  Of  his  tragedies  the 
best-known  are  <Odin*  (1790),  for  which  Gus- 
tavus  III.  presented  him  a  crown  of  laurel 
from  Virgil's  tomb;  and  <  Virginia*  (1802). 


Lepslus,  Karl  Ricliard  (lep'se-os).  A  dis- 
tinguished German  Egyptologist ;  born  at  Naum- 
burg,  Dec.  23,  1810 ;  died  at  Berlin,  July  10, 
1884.  While  pursuing  his  studies  in  Paris  he 
wrote  three  disquisitions,  which  won  prizes  ol 
the  Academy:  <  Palaeography  as  a  Means  ol 
Linguistic  Research*  (1834);  <  Kinship  of  th« 
Semitic,  Indian,  Ethiopian,  Old  Persian,  and 
Old  Egyptian  Alphabets*;  < Origin  and  Rela- 
tionship  of  Numerical  Terms  in  the  Indo-Ger« 
manic,  Semitic,  and  Coptic  Languages.*  In  his 
celebrated  <  Letter  to  Mr.  Rossellini  on  the 
Hieroglyphic  Alphabet*  (1837),  he  propounded 
a  scientific  theory  of  hieroglyphic  writing.  Hii 
translation  of  the  <Book  of  the  Dead*  was 
published  in  1842.  That  year  he  visited  Egypt, 
and  for  four  years  studied  its  monuments;  the 
results  of  his  researches  and  those  of  his  asso- 
ciates are  contained  in  the  magnificent  <  Mon- 
uments of  Egypt  and  Ethiopia*  (12  vols.,  1849- 
60).  Besides  numerous  memoirs  addressed  to 
the  Academy  of  Berlin  and  other  learned 
societies,  he  wrote  for  the  general  public  <  Let- 
ters from  Egypt,  Ethiopia,  and  the  Sinaitic 
Peninsula*  (1852). 

Le  Queux,  William  (16-k6).  An  English 
novelist ;  bom  in  London,  1864.  He  has  writ- 
ten:  <The  Great  War  in  England  in  1897*  (9th 
ed.  189s);  <Zoraida*;  'Stolen  Souls*;  'Guilty 
Bonds  >;  <  Strange  Tales  of  a  Nihilist  * ;  and  <  The 
Eye  of  Istar  *  (1897);  <  The  Court  of  Honor.* 

Lermontov,  Michail  Yuryevitch  (ler'mon- 
tov).  A  celebrated  Russian  poet;  born  at  Mos- 
cow, Oct.  IS,  1814;  died  July  27,  1841.  He  was 
an  officer  in  the  Imperial  Guards  in  1837,  when, 
in  a  passionate  poem,  he  gave  vent  to  his  in- 
dignation over  the  death  of  Pushkin.  The 
poem,  <  The  Poet's  Death,*  gave  offense  at  court, 
and  Lermontov  was  relegated  to  the  Cauca- 
sus, there  to  serve  as  ensign  in  a  dragoon  regi- 
ment He  is  at  his  best  in  lyric  and  narra- 
tive poetry.  The  most  noteworthy  of  his  rather 
Byronesque  epics  are  :  <  The  Novice  * ;  <  Ismail 
Bey*;  <Valerik*;  'The  Dremon.*  His  fine 
novel,  <A  Hero  of  Our  Time  >  led  to  a  duel  in 
which  he  fell. 

Lerouz,  Pierre  (16-ro').  A  French  socialist 
philosopher;  bom  at  Paris,  1797;  died  there, 
April  12,  1871.  He  was  for  a  while  an  adher- 
ent of  Saint-Simon,  but  after\vard  developed  a 
humanitarian  or  socialistic  system  of  his  own. 
Its  principles  are  expounded  in  'Equality* 
(1838);  'Refutation  of  Eclecticism*;  'Human- 
ity* (2  vols.,  1840).  After  the  Coup  d'Etat  he 
was  proscribed,  and  took  up  his  residence  in 
the  island  of  Jersey:  there  he  pursued  agri- 
cultural experiments,  and  wrote  a  philosophical 
poem,  'The  Beach  of  Samarez*  (1864). 

Le  Roux  (R.  C.  Henri),  known  as  Huguei. 
A  French  journalist  and  novelist ;  born  in 
Havre,  in  i860.  In  early  life  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  Political  and  Literary  Review, 
and  subsequently  succeeded  Jules  Claretie  ai 
writer  of  the  Paris  chronique  in  the  Temps. 
He  is  author  of  a  series  of  popular  romances, 
including  'M^d^ric  and   Lis^e*  and  'One  of 


33» 


LEROY-BEAULIEU  —  L'ESPINASSE 


Us>  (1886);  < Souls  in  Agony'  (1888);  (The  Pa- 
risian Inferno  >  (1888);  <A11  for  Honor  >  (1892). 
His  miscellaneous  works  are:  <  In  the  Sahara* 
(1891);  <0n  Board  a  Yacht:  Portugal,  Spain, 
etc.*  (1891);  two  translations  from  the  Russian; 
etc. 

Leroy-Beaulieu,  Anatole  (le-rwa'  bo-ly6).  A 
French  historian;  bom  at  Lisieux,  1842.  He 
became  professor  of  modern  history  in  the  Free 
School  of  Political  Sciences,  1881.  His  princi- 
pal work,  written  after  extensive  travels  in 
Russia,  is  'The  Empire  of  the  Tsars  and  the 
Russians*  (3  vols.,  1881-89).  Among  his  other 
writings  are :  <A  Russian  Statesman :  Nikolas 
Milutin*  (1884);  'France,  Russia,  and  Europe' 
(1888);  (Revolution  and  Liberalism'  (1890); 
<  The  Papacy,  Socialism,  and  Democracy '  (1893). 

Leroy-BeauUeu,  Pierre  Paul.  A  French 
economist;  bom  at  Saumur,  Maine-et-Loire, 
Dec.  9,  1843.  He  is  opposed  to  socialism,  and 
is  very  conservative  in  his  views.  His  works 
include  <The  Labor  Question  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century'  (1871),  <The  Modern  State  and  its 
Functions'  (2d  ed.  1891),  and  others.  He  is 
the  founder  and  editor  of  L'Economiste  Fran- 
jais. 

Le  Sage,  Alain  Reni  (16-sazh').  A  celebrated 
French  novelist  and  dramatist ;  bom  at  Sarzeau, 
near  Vannes,  May  8,  1668;  died  at  Boulogne- 
sur-Mer,  Nov.  17,  1747.  He  abandoned  law  for 
literature,  with  scant  success  till  1707,  when 
the  comedy  < Crispin  his  Master's  Rival'  was 
received  with  high  public  favor;  as  was  'Tur- 
caret'  the  following  year.  The  latter — a  sat- 
ire on  the  financiers,  trading  classes,  and  nobil- 
ity—  is  one  of  the  best  comedies  in  French 
literature  ;  every  character  is  drawn  with  sharp 
individuality.  His  novels  <  The  Devil  on  Two 
Sticks'  (1707)  and  <Gil  Bias'  (1717),  were 
suggested  by  Spanish  originals ;  but  he  owes 
them  nothing  beyond  suggestion.  As  author 
of  <Gil  Bias'  he  is  the  parent  and  pattern  of 
Fielding  and  Smollett.  Of  his  other  romances 
in  the  same  general  vein  may  be  mentioned 
<The  Bachelor  of  Salamanca'  and  <The  Life 
and  Adventures  of  M.  de  BeauchSne.' 

Lescure,  Mathurin  Fran9ois  Adolphe   de 

(la-kiir').  A  French  litterateur  and  historian; 
born  at  Bretenoux  (Lot),  in  1833;  died  at 
Clamart  (Seine),  May  6,  1892.  Successively 
attached  to  the  Ministry  of  State  and  the  Sen- 
ate, he  acquired  a  unique  reputation  by  a  series 
of  essays  and  monographs  on  the  Revolutionary 
and  other  periods  in  French  history.  Among 
more  than  forty  publications  are  :  <  Confessions 
of  the  Abbess  de  Chelles'  (1863);  <  Marie 
Antoinette  and  her  Family'  (1865);  <Mary 
Stuart'  (1871);  (Illustrious  Mothers'  (1881); 
<Love  under  the  Terror'  (1882);  <Rivarol  and 
French  Society  during  the  Revolution  and 
Emigration'  (1883),  his  best  work,  crowned  by 
the  Academy;  < Chateaubriand'  (1892);  and 
numerous  memoirs. 

Leskov.  Nikolai  Semyonovitch  (les'kov). 
A  Russian  novelist ;   born  in  the  government 


of  Orel,  Feb.  16,  1831 ;  died  in  St.  Petersburg, 
March  5,  1895.  His  first  story,  <  No  Way  Out ' 
(1865),  is  a  powerful  delineation  of  Russian 
society,  and  is  tinged  with  radicalism  and  ni- 
hilism. In  the  novel  <  The  Clergy '  he  portrays 
the  life  of  the  priesthood;  in  <To  the  Knife' 
he  describes  in  detail  the  schisms  and  factions 
of  the  intellectual  world  of  Russia.  He  has 
also  written  many  tales  based  on  ancient 
legends. 

Lesley,  John.  A  Scotch  historian;  born 
Sept.  29,  1527 ;  died  in  Brussels,  Belgium,  May 
31,  1596.  A  stanch  friend  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  he  was  implicated  in  the  project  for  her 
marriage  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  and  in  the 
consequent  rebellion  in  the  north  of  England, 
and  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower.  On  his 
release  he  crossed  to  the  Continent,  and  sub- 
sequently became  bishop  of  Coutances  in  Nor- 
mandy. His  chief  production  is  a  history  of 
Scotland  (published  at  Rome,  1578),  in  ten 
books,  seven  in  Latin  and  the  last  three  in 
Scotch  dialect. 

Leslie,  Cbarles  Robert.  An  English  painter 
and  writer  on  art ;  born  in  London,  Oct.  19, 
1794;  died  there,  May  5,  1859.  He  was  brought 
to  America  by  his  parents  in  1799,  but  return- 
ing to  England  (1811),  studied  art  under  Alls- 
ton  and  West.  For  a  brief  period  he  was 
instructor  in  art  at  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  and 
later  professor  of  painting  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy (1848-52).  His  published  works  include  : 
•Memoirs  of  John  Constable'  (1845);  'Hand- 
book for  Young  Painters'  (1855),  an  enlarged 
edition  of  his  Royal  Academy  lectures ;  and 
a  <  Life  of  Reynolds '  (completed  by  Taylor, 
1865). 

Leslie,  Eliza.  An  American  prose-writer; 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Nov.  16,  1787;  died  in 
Gloucester,  N.  J.,  Jan.  2,  1858.  Her  father 
was  a  personal  friend  of  Franklin,  Jefferson, 
and  other  eminent  men  of  his  time.  Her  first 
successful  work  was  a  cookery  book ;  she  after- 
ward adopted  literature  as  a  profession,  and 
edited  The  Gift,  which  attained  great  popu- 
larity. Her  published  works  include  :  <  Pencil 
Sketches'  (1833-37);  < House  Book'  (1840); 
<  Ladies'  Receipt  Book'  (1848);  and  <  Behaviour 
Book'  (1853). 

Lespes,  L60  (les-pas').  A  French  story-teller; 
born  at  Bouchain,  June  18,  1815 ;  died  at  Paris, 
April  29,  1875.  He  wrote  for  the  minor  Paris 
newspapers,  under  the  signature  "Timothj' 
Trimm,"  a  number  of  short  stories,  which  were  re- 
ceived with  extraordinary  popular  favor.  He 
founded  the  Petit  Journal  (1862),  which  imme- 
diately reached  the  then  unexampled  circulation 
of  200,000  copies.  Among  his  stories,  which  were 
frequently  republished,  are :  <  Stories  in  Pink 
and  Black'  (1842);  'Mysteries  of  the  Grand 
Opera'  (1843);  <A  Story  to  Make  You  Shudder' ; 
'Physiology  of  Champagne'  (1866);  'Walks 
about  Paris'  (1867). 

L'Espinasse,  Julie  de  (les-pe-nas').  A  French 
letter-writer ;  born  at  Lyons,  about  1732 ;  died 


LESSEPS  — LEVER 


339 


at  Paris,  May  23,  1776.  Her  drawing-room  was 
a  place  of  assembly  for  the  fashion  and  wit  of 
Paris.  Her  <  Letters'  (2  vols.,  1809),  and  <  Un- 
published Letters*  (2  vols.,  1877),  are  of  interest 
more  as  reflecting  the  writer's  passionate  sen- 
sibility and  enthusiasm  than  for  their  literary 
excellence. 

Lesseps,  Ferdinand,  Vicomte  de  (les-eps). 
A  French  diplomat  and  engineer;  bom  at 
Versailles,  Nov.  19,  1805 ;  died  Dec.  7,  1894.  He 
was  employed  several  years  in  the  French 
consular  and  diplomatic  service.  In  1854,  on 
the  invitation  of  Said  Pasha,  he  visited  Egypt 
to  study  the  problem  of  canalizing  the  Isthmus 
of  Suez :  the  results  of  his  studies  were  stated 
in  a  memoir,  <  Piercing  the  Isthmus  of  Suez.' 
He  was  made  chief  director  of  the  works  in 
1856.  The  canal  was  opened  to  traffic  Aug. 
15,  1869.  He  published  (1875-81)  five  volumes 
of  •  Letters,  Journals,  and  Documents  Relating 
to  the  Suez  Canal  > ;  and  in  1887,  <  Recollections 
of  40  Years.'  His  attempt  to  pierce  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama  resulted  in  failure,  and  in 
numberless  discussions  and  papers,  none  of 
which  have  been  embodied  in  a  book. 

Leasing,  Gottliold  Ephraim  (les'ing).  A 
great  German  poet,  and  the  foremost  critic  of 
German  literature ;  born  at  Kamenz  in  Upper 
Lusatia,  Jan.  22,  1729 ;  died  at  Brunswick,  Feb. 
15,  1781.  Among  his  writings  are  :  <  The  Young 
Savant,'  a  comedy  (1750);  *  Trifles,'  a  collection 
of  his  lyric  poems  (1751);  'Rehabilitations' 
(1751)  —  redeeming  from  obloquy  the  name  and 
fame  of  sundry  historical  personages;  <Miss 
Sara  Sampson'  (1755),  a  tragedy;  <  The  Free- 
Thinker,'  <The  Jews,'  <The  Woman-Hater' 
(1755),  comedies;  <Pope  a  Metaphysician!' 
(1755);  <  Letters  on  Literature'  (1758);  <  Philo- 
tas,'  a  prose  tragedy  (1759);  <  Laocoon :  on  the 
Boundaries  of  Painting  and  Poetry,'  Part  i. 
(1766), —  the  second  part  was  never  written; 
'Minna  von  Barnhelm,'  a  comedy  (1767);  'An- 
tiquarian Letters'  (1768);  'Emilia  Galotti,'  a 
tragedy    (1772);    'Nathan    the    Wise'    (1779); 

<  Education  of  the  Human  Race '  (1780);  -  Ernst 
and  Falk>  (1780). 

Lester,  Charles  Edwards.  An  American 
prose-writer;  born  in  Griswold,  Conn.,  1815; 
died  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  1890.  Among  his  works 
are :  <  The  Glory  and  Shame  of  England '  (2 
vols.,  1841);  'Artists  in  America'  (1846);  'Life 
and  Public  Services  of  Charles  Sumner'  (1874); 

<  History  of  the  United  States,  Considered  in 
Five  Great  Periods'  (2  vols.,  1883). 

Lesueur,  DanieL    See  Loiseau. 

Lethbrldge,  Roper,  Sir.  An  English  states- 
man, scholar,  and  author;  born  in  1840.  He 
was  for  many  years  prominent  in  educational 
and  political  movements  in  India,  as  professor 
in  the  Bengal  Educational  Department,  and 
subsequently  as  Political  Agent  and  Press  Com- 
missioner under  Lord  Lytton's  viceroyalty. 
Ajnong  his  works  are:  <A  Short  Manual  of 
die  History  of  India'  (1881);  'High  Educa- 
tion in  India';  <A  History  of  Bengal';  and  the 


articles  on  '  Feudatory  Statta '  in  the  Imperial 
Gazetteer  of  India.  In  1890  he  was  created 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Indian  Empire. 

Letronne,  Jean  Antoine  (le-tron').  A  French 
archaeologist ;  born  at  Paris,  Jan.  2,  1787 ;  died 
there,  Dec.  14,  1848.  He  is  distinguished  chiefly 
for  his  studies  in  numismatics  and  inscriptions. 
Among  his  writings  are  :  '  Topography  of  Syra- 
cuse' (1813);  'Fragments  of  Hero  of  Alexan 
dria'  (1816);  'Valuings  of  Greek  and  Roman 
Coins'  (1817);  'Materials  to  Serve  for  a  His- 
tory of  the  Christian  Religion'  (1833);  'The 
Vocal  Statue  of  Memnon'  (1833);  'Collection 
of  Greek  and  Latin  Inscriptions  from  Egypt' 
(1842-48). 

Leuckart,  Budolf  (loik'art).  A  German  zo- 
5logist;  bom  at  Helmstedt,  Oct.  7,  1822;  died 
at  Leipsic,  Feb.  6,  1898.  He  became  professor 
of  zoology  at  Giessen  in  1855,  and  of  zoology 
and  zootomy  at  Leipsic  in  1869.  His  studies  were 
chiefly  made  in  the  field  of  lower  and  lowest 
forms  of  animal  life, — zoophytes,  sponges,  in- 
sects, parasites.  Among  his  writings  are  treatises 
on  'Trichina  Spiralis'  ( i860);  'Tapeworms';  'Par- 
thenogenesis of  Insects';  'Anatomy  of  Bees.> 

Leuthold,  Heinrich  (loit'old).  A  German- 
Swiss  poet;  bom  at  Wetzikon,  Switzerland, 
Aug.  9,  1827 ;  died  near  Ziirich,  July  I,  1879. 
With  Geibel  he  made  translations  of  French 
poetry  :  <  Five  Books  of  French  Lyrism  >  ( 1862). 
A  volume  of  original  verse,  'Poems'  (1879), 
showed  him  to  be  a  gifted  poet,  possessing  per- 
fect mastery  of  artistic  form.  The  author  died 
insane  while  his  volume  was  going  through  the 
press. 

Leva,  Giuseppe  de  (la'va).  An  Italian 
writer  of  history ;  born  at  Zara  in  Dalmatia, 
1821.  Among  his  works  are :  '  Life  of  Cardi- 
nal G.  Contarini ' ;  <  Giulio  della  Rovere  ' ; 
'  Giovanni  Grimani ' ;  '  Documentary  History  of 
Charles  V.  in  his  Relation  to  Italy'  (4  vols., 
1863-81). 

Levasseur,  Pierre  tmile  (l6-vas-6r').  A 
French  political  economist ;  bom  at  Paris,  Dec, 
8,  1828.  He  is  author  of '  Public  Moneys  among 
the  Romans'  (1854);  'The  Gold  Question' 
(1858);  'The  Laboring  Classes  of  France  from 
Caesar's  Time  to  the  Revolution'  (2  vols.,  1859); 
the  same  continued  to  1867  (2  vols.);  'The 
French  Population'  (1889-91,  3  vols.),  an  im- 
portant work  ; '  France  and  her  Colonies '  (1893), 

Levay,  Joseph  (lev'a).  A  Hungarian  poet; 
born  at  Sajo  Szent-Peter,  Nov.  18,  1825.  Be- 
sides poems  in  eulogy  of  Kazinczy,  Paloczy, 
Dedk,  etc.,  and  translations  of  parts  of  Shakes- 
peare's plays  and  of  Burns's  songs,  he  wrote : 
'Songs  of  Memory'  (1850);  'Poems'  (1850); 
'New  Poems'  (1856).  In  his  songs  he  always 
strikes  the  chord  of  national  and  popular  senti- 
ment. 

Lever,  Charles  [James].  An  Irish  novelist; 
born  at  Dublin,  Aug.  31,  1806;  died  at  Trieste, 
June  I,  1872.  He  wrote  :  'Confessions  of  Harry 
Lorrequer'  (1841); 'Charles  O'Malley'  (1841); 
'Arthur   O'Leary'    (1844);    'Jack    Hinton   the 


340 


LEVERRIER  —  LEWIS 


Guardsman  >  (1844);  <Tom  Burke  of  Ours> 
(1844);  <The  0'Donoghue>  (1845);  <Con  Cre- 
gan>  (1849);  *  Roland  CasheP  (1850);  <  The 
Daltons,  or  Three  Roads  in  Life>  (1852);  <The 
Dodd  Family  Abroad  >  (1854);  <  The  Fortunes 
of  Glencore>  (1857);  <  Davenport  Dunn>  (1859); 
<  Harrington  >  (1863);  <  Luttrell  of  Arran>  (1865); 
<Sir  Brooke  Fosbrooke>  (1866);  <The  Bram- 
leighs  of  Bishop's  Folly  >  {1868);  <Lord  Kil- 
gobbin>  (1872). 

Lfcverrier,  Urbain  Jean  Joseph  (le-va-rya'). 
A  celebrated  French  astronomer;  born  at  St. 
L6,  March  11,  181 1 ;  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  23, 
1877.  Till  1837  his  studies  were  wholly  in  the 
department  of  chemistry ;  in  that  year  he  was 
appointed  teacher  of  astronomy  in  the  Poly- 
technic School.  In  1839  he  attained  rank  among 
the  foremost  astronomers  by  two  memoirs  pre- 
sented to  the  Academy  on  *■  Secular  Perturba- 
tions of  the  Planetary  System.'  He  then 
studied  the  movements  of  Mercury  and  Uranus, 
and  was  led  to  infer  the  existence  of  a  planet 
beyond  Uranus :  the  inference  was  proved  true 
by  the  finding  of  the  hypothetical  planet  (Nep- 
tune) by  Galle.  His  theories  and  tables  of  the 
several  planets  are  given  in  the  <Annals  of  the 
Paris  Observatory.' 

Levertin,  Oscar.  A  Swedish  poet;  born  at 
Stockholm,  1862.  He  first  wrote  some  stories 
after  the  manner  of  the  <*  realists,''  but  they 
had  little  success.  Breaking  then  with  realism, 
he  indulged  his  bent  toward  romance  and  mys- 
ticism in  his  poems  <  Legends  and  Tales '  ( 1891 ), 
and  <New  Poems'  (1894).  He  is  at  the  head 
of  the  younger  lyric  poets  of  Sweden.  In  his 
work  <Gustavus  III.  as  a  Dramatist'  (1894), 
he  proves  himself  an  acute  critic  of  18th-century 
literature. 

Levien,  Use.    See  Frapan. 

Lewald,  August  (le-vald').  A  German  story- 
teller; born  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Oct.  14, 
1792;  died  at  Munich,  March  10,  1871.  He 
wrote:  'Aquarelles  from  Life'  (1836);  < Story 
of  the  Theatre '  (5  vols.,  1841),  autobiographical ; 
<Clarinette'  (3  vols.,  1863);  <The  Insurgent'  (2 
vols.,  1865);  <Last  Travels'  (1870). 

Lewald,  Fanny.  A  German  novelist ;  born 
at  Konigsberg,  March  24,  181 1;  died  at  Dres- 
den, Aug.  5,  1889.  Her  principal  writings  are : 
<The  Representative'  (1841);  'Clementine' 
(1842);  <Diogena:  Story  of  Iduna,  Countess 
H-H'  (1847),  a  mild  satire  on  Ida,  Countess 
Hahn-Hahn;  < Dunes  and  Mountain  Strata' 
(1851);  'Pictures of  German  Life'  (1856);  'From 
Generation  to  Generation'  (1863);  'Woman: 
Pro  and  Contra'  (1870);  'The  Darner  Family' 
(1887);  'Twelve  Pictures  from  the  Life'  (1888). 

Lewes,  George  Henry.  An  English  historical 
and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  London, 
April  18,  1817  ;  died  there,  Nov.  28, 1878.  Among 
his  writings  are  :  '  Biographical  History  of  Phi- 
losophy' (1845-46),  afterward  entitled  'History 
of  Philosophy  from  Thales  to  Comte'  (1866); 
<Life  of  Robespierre'  (1849);  'The  Life  and 
Works  of   Goethe'   (1855);  'Seaside   Studies' 


(1858);  'The  Physiology  of  Common  Life> 
(1859);  'Studies  in  Animal  Life'  (1862);  'Aris- 
totle: a  Chapter  from  the  History  of  Science' 
(1864);  'Problems  of  Life  and  Mind'  (3  vols., 
1872-79);  'The  Physical  Basis  of  Mind'  (1877). 
He  wrote  two  novels,  'Ranthorpe'  (1847),  and 
'Rose,  Blanche,  and  Violet'  (1848);  and  the 
dramatic  poems  <  Lope  de  Vega  and  Calderon  * 
and  '  The  Noble  Heart.' 

Lewis,  Alonzo.  An  American  poet,  known 
as  the  "  Lynn  bard  "  ;  born  in  Lynn,  Mass.,  Aug. 
28,  1794;  died  there,  Jan.  21,  1861.  He  was  the 
author  of '  Forest  Flowers  and  Sea  Shells,'  which 
reached  ten  editions,  and  '  History  of  Lynn ' 
(1829;  2d  ed.  1844).  N.  P.  Willis  spoke  highly 
of  his  poems. 

Lewis,  Charles  Bertrand.  [«M.  Quad.'^] 
An  American  journalist  and  humorist ;  born  in 
Liverpool,  O.,  1842.  He  received  his  education 
at  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College.  During 
the  Civil  War  he  served  in  the  Union  army. 
For  many  years  he  was  on  the  staff  of  the 
Detroit  Free  Press,  and  since  1891  has  been 
connected  with  the  New  York  World.  He  has 
published:  'Quad's  Odds'  (1875);  < Goaks  and 
Tears'  (1875);  'The  Lime  Kiln  Club.' 

Lewis,  Charlton  Thomas.  An  American 
scholar,  journalist,  and  lawyer;  born  at  West 
Chester,  Pa.,  in  1834.  He  was  professor  of 
mathematics  and  subsequently  of  Greek  at 
Troy  University  (1859-62),  revenue  commis- 
sioner at  Washington,  D.  C,  and  latterly  has 
practiced  law  in  New  York.  He  wrote  a  '  His- 
tory of  Germany,'  founded  on  D.  Miiller's 
work,  and  collaborated  with  Charles  Short  in 
the  preparation  of  'Harper's  Latin  Dictionary' 
( 1S79 ),  etc.     Died  Morristown,  N.  J.,  May  26, 1904. 

Lewis,  Estelle  Anna  Blanche  Robinson, 
An  American  dramatist;  born  near  Baltimore, 
Md.,  April  1824 ;  died  in  London,  Nov.  24,  1880. 
While  a  schoolgirl  she  translated  the  'yEneid' 
into  English  verse ;  wrote  <  Forsaken  ' ;  and  pub- 
lished 'Records  of  the  Heart'  (1844),  and 
'Heb^mah,  or  the  Fall  of  Montezuma'  (1864). 
Her  best  dramatic  work,  <  Sappho  of  Lesbos,' 
a  tragedy,  ran  through  seven  editions,  and  was 
translated  into  modern  Greek  and  played  at 
Athens.  Edgar  A.  Poe  spoke  of  her  as  the  rival 
of  Sappho;  Lamartine  called  her  the  "female 
Petrarch." 

Lewis,  George  Cornewall,  Sir.  An  English 
statesman,  scholar,  and  critic;  born  at  London, 
April  21,  1806;  died  at  Harpton  Court,  Radnor- 
shire, April  13,  1863.  A  graduate  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  with  high  honors,  he  became  a 
lawyer,  and  rose  almost  to  the  top  in  politics, 
filling  three  Cabinet  places  in  rapid  succession, 
ending  with  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  in 
1855.  His  immense  knowledge,  sagacious  judg- 
ment, and  cool  temper  (he  said  to  an  excitable 
colleague,  "  I  am  a  vegetable  and  you  are  an 
animal"),  made  him  very  influential  both  in 
public  life  and  in  the  world  of  critical  scholar- 
ship. His  most  enduring  work  is  the  <  Enquiry 
into  the  Credibility  of  Early  Roman  History' 


LEWIS  — LIDNER 


341 


(2  vols.,  1855);  mainly  a  criticism  of  Niebuhr's 
assumption  that  there  can  be  reliable  intuitive 
perceptions  of  historic  fact  without  a  sufficiently 
tangible  basis  of  evidence  to  support  the  test 
of  argument.  It  is  also  an  excellent  analysis 
of  early  Roman  records  and  legends.  His  books 
on  Grecian  subjects,  on  the  Romance  languages, 
on  early  astronomy,  etc.,  are  mines  of  research 
and  good  criticism;  on  Egyptian  subjects  his 
over-skepticism  led  him  to  the  absurd  conten- 
tion that  the  hieroglyphics  could  not  be  de- 
ciphered at  all.  His  political  writings,  as  <On 
the  Use  and  Abuse  of  Political  Terms >  (1835), 
'On  the  Influence  of  Authority  in  Matters  of 
Opinion'  (1849),  < On  the  Methods  of  Observa- 
tion and  Reasoning  in  Polities'  (2  vols.,  1852), 
are  clarifying  but  too  prolix. 

Lewis,  Maria  Theresa,  Lady.  An  English 
biographer,  a  descendant  of  the  great  historian 
Lord  Clarendon  and  wife  of  Sir  George  C. 
Lewis ;  bom  March  8,  1803 ;  died  Nov.  9,  1865. 
She  wrote  <  Lives  of  the  Friends  and  Contem- 
poraries of  Lord  Chancellor  Clarendon'  (3 
vols.,  1852). 

Lewis,  Matthew  Gregory.  ["Monk"  Lewis.] 
An  English  poet ;  born  at  London,  July  9,  1775 ; 
died  May  14,  1818.  His  first  poem,  <  Ambrosio, 
or  the  Monk'  (1795),  became  instantly  very  pop- 
ular ;  a  court  decree  stopped  its  sale  for  a  time  ; 
when  its  sale  was  resumed  many  objectionable 
passages  had  been  expunged.  He  next  wrote  a 
musical  drama,  <  The  Castle  Spectre'  (1796), 
long  a  favorite  piece  on  the  stage.  He  wrote 
also  <  Journal  of  a  West-Indian  Proprietor,'  pub- 
lished after  his  death. 

Lewis,  Tayler.  An  American  scholar  and  au- 
thor ;  born  in  Northumberland,  N.  Y.,  in  1802 ; 
died  in  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  May  11,  1877.  Was 
professor  of  Greek  in  the  University  of  New 
York  in  1838,  and  later  of  Oriental  literature  in 
Union  College.  He  published  many  volumes. 
Among  these  are  :  <  The  Six  Days  of  Creation ' 
(1855);  < Heroic  Periods  in  a  Nation's  History' 
(1866);  <The  Light  by  which  We  See  Light' 
(1875);  and  many  addresses  and  reviews. 

Lewis,  Thomas  Hayter.  An  English  archi- 
tect and  author;  bom  in  London,  July  9,  1818. 
He  was  professor  of  architecture  at  University 
College  (1865-81),  and  is  the  author  of  <The 
Holy  Places  of  Jerusalem'  (1888),  the  most 
important  work  on  the  subject  issued  in  recent 
years.  Besides  papers  relating  to  architecture 
and  antiquities  in  the  transactions  of  various 
societies,  he  has  written  also  the  articles  on 
architecture  in  the  <  Encyclopaedia  Britannica.' 

Leybourn,  William.  An  English  mathema- 
tician, a  pioneer  in  popularizing  arithmetic  and 
astronomy ;  born  1626 ;  died  about  1700.  His 
<  Urania  Practica'  (1648)  was  the  first  English 
treatise  on  astronomy;  his  <  Panarithmologia' 
(1693)  the  first  English  ready-reckoner. 

Leyden  John  (li'den).  A  Scotch  Oriental- 
ist, poet,  and  author ;  bom  in  Denholm,  Sept. 
8,  1775;  died  at  Batavia,  Java,  Aug.  28,  l8ll. 
Soon  after  obtaining  his  medical  degree  he 


went  to  India,  where  his  proficiency  in  Ori- 
ental and  especially  Indo-Chinese  languages 
led  to  an  appointment  as  professor  of  Hindus- 
tani at  Fort  William  College,  Calcutta.  He 
is  the  author  of  <  An  Historical  Account  of 
Discoveries  in  Northern  and  Western  Africa' 
(1789),  an  accurate  and  useful  work  for  that 
time ;  an  essay  on  Indo-Chinese  literature  in 
< Asiatic  Researches';  < Scenes  of  Infancy,'  a 
poem ;  and  a  number  of  Scotch  ballads,  much 
admired  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  and  others. 

L'Hopital,  Michel  de  (lo-pe-tal').  A  French 
statesman ;  bom  at  Aigueperse,  1505 ;  died  March 
I3>  1573-  Hs  Is^t  some  elegant  Latin  poems, 
also  memoirs,  discourses,  and  papers  on  juris- 
prudence and  political  affairs;  they  were  pub- 
lished in  five  volumes  under  the  title  <  Works 
of  Michel  de  I'Hopital'  (1824). 

Libanius  (li-ba'ni-us).  A  Greek  sophist  of 
the  fourth  century ;  native  of  Antioch  in  Syria, 
Though  a  heathen,  he  was  beloved  by  St.  Basil 
and  St.  John  Chrysostom,  once  his  pupils.  He 
was  a  voluminous  writer,  and  very  successfully 
imitated  in  his  orations  the  style  of  Demos- 
thenes ;  he  got  the  nickname  of  <<  the  little  De- 
mosthenes." Of  his  orations  68  are  extant :  they 
are  of  value  for  the  history  of  his  time ;  the 
same  is  to  be  said  of  his  <  Epistles,'  of  which 
1,607  remain. 

Libelt,  Earol  (le'belt).  A  Polish  miscellane- 
ous writer ;  bom  at  Posen,  April  8,  1807 ;  died 
near  Gollancz,  June  9, 1875.  His  principal  work 
is  <  Philosophy  and  Criticism '  (5  vols.,  1845- 
50).  He  wrote  also  :  <  Mathematical  Handbook ' 
(2  vols.,  1844);  a  drama,  <  The  Maid  of  Orleans' 
(1847);  <  Humor  and  Truth'  (1848),  a  volume 
of  brief  essays. 

Lichtenberg,  Georg  Christoph  (licht'en- 
berc).  A  distinguished  German  satirical  writer 
and  physicist;  bom  near  Darmstadt,  July  I, 
1742;  died  at  Gottingen,  Feb.  24,  1799.  He 
gained  great  celebrity  as  a  lecturer  on  physical 
science,  chiefly  through  the  ingenious  apparatus, 
contrived  by  himself,  with  which  he  illustrated 
his  lectures.  His  being  a  hunchback  probably 
embittered  his  satiric  disposition.  The  best  of 
his  satires  are  those  on  the  notorious  literary 
pirate  Tobias  Gobhard ;  the  essay  on  *  The 
German  Novel ' ;  <  Timorus,'  ridiculing  Lava- 
ter's  zeal  for  proselytizing;  and  < Pronunciation 
of  the  Wethers  of  Ancient  Greece,'  aimed  at 
Voss's  system  of  pronouncing  Greek.  His  brill- 
iant sayings  have  been  collected  and  published 
in  a  separate  volume,  <  Lichtenberg's  Thoughts 
andMaxims:  Light  Rays  from  his  Works'  (1871). 

Lichtenstein,  Ulrich  von.   See  Ulrich  von  L. 

Lichtwer,  Magnus  Gottfried  (licht'var).  A 
German  poet;  born  at  Wurzen,  Jan.  30,  1719; 
died  at  Halberstadt,  July  6,  1783.  His  principal 
work  is  <Four  Books  of  yEsopic  Fables'  (1748). 
His  didactic  poem  <The  Right  of  Reason' 
(1758),  founded  on  the  philosophy  of  Wolf,  is 
of  little  value. 

Lidner,  Bengt  flid'ner).  A  Swedish  poet; 
bom    at    Goteborg    (Gothenburg),   March    16, 


342 


LIE  — LILLIE 


1757;  died  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  4,  1793.  He  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  <  Fables '  after  the  manner 
of  Lafontaine  (1799).  In  1781  he  was  secretary 
to  the  Swedish  envoy  at  Paris,  and  there  wrote 
the  tragedy  <  Erik  the  Fjortonde.'  He  lost  his 
secretarj'ship  through  his  dissipations.  He  was 
a  highly  gifted  poet ;  but  his  poems  were,  like 
his  life,  irregular,  lacking  sobriety  and  dignity. 
The  best  of  them  are:  <Spastaras  Dod>  (1783); 
<Aret,>  (1783);  <Ythersta  Domen>;  and  the  op- 
era <  Medea.' 

Lie,  Jonas  Laurlts  Idemll  (le).  A  Nor- 
wegian poet ;  born  at  Eker,  near  Drammen, 
June  II,  1833.  He  published  a  collection  of  his 
<  Poems  >  1 1866);  <The  Ghost-Seer,>  a  novel 
(1870);  <  Pictures  from  Norway  >  (3d  ed.  1880); 
<Lotse  and  his  Wife>  (1874);  <Fanfulla,>  an 
Italian  tale  (1875);  'Faustina  Strozzi,>  a  lyrico- 
dramatic  poem  (1875).  Thereafter  he  wrote  a 
series  of  novels ;  among  which  were  :  *■  Thomas 
Ross>  (1878);  <Adam  Schrader>  (1879);  <The 
Commander's  Daughter*  (1886);  < Evil  Powers' 
(1890).  He  also  issued  the  comedies,  <  Garbow's 
Cat>  (1880);  and  <  Merry  Wives'  (1894). 

Lieber,  Franz  (le'ber).  An  eminent  Ameri- 
can publicist;  born  at  Berlin,  Germany,  March 
18,  1800 ;  died  in  New  York,  Oct.  2,  1872.  He 
volunteered  as  a  soldier  at  15,  and  was  in 
the  battles  of  Ligny,  Waterloo,  and  Namur.  He 
served  also  in  the  Greek  war  of  independence, 
recording  his  experiences  in  <  Journal  in  Greece  ' 
(1823).  He  settled  in  the  United  States  in 
1827,  and  during  the  next  five  years  was  occu- 
pied with  the  compilation  of  the  <  Encyclopaedia 
Americana'  (13  vols.).  While  professor  of 
history  and  political  economy  in  South  Caro- 
lina College,  he  wrote  the  three  great  works 
on  which  hii  fame  mainly  rests :  <  Manual  of 
Political  Ethics'  (1838);  <  Legal  and  Political 
Hermeneutics'  (1839);  <  Civil  Liberty  and  Self- 
Government'  (1853).  Ii^  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War  he  drew  up  by  order  of  President 
Lincoln  the  <  Code  of  War  for  the  Govern- 
ment of  ihe  Armies  of  the  United  States  in  the 
Field.' 

Lleblg,  Justus,  Baron  von  (le'bic).  A  Ger- 
man chemist ;  born  at  Darmstadt,  May  12,  1803 ; 
died  at  Munich,  April  18,  1873.  In  1826  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Giessen,  and  there  set  up  the  first 
chemical  laboratory  for  experimental  instruction. 
He  was  a  very  successful  lecturer,  and  attracted 
students  from  all  over  the  world.  His  treatises 
and  memoirs  on  theoretical  and  practical  chem- 
istry are  very  numerous,  and  are  of  exceptional 
value ;  and  the  term  <'  Liebig's  Extract "  is  cer- 
tainly a  «  household  word."  No  other  chemist 
of  great  rank  has  so  sedulously  striven  to  make 
the  science  a  tender  to  practical  utilities.  Among 
his  writings  on  the  chemistry  of  agriculture  are  : 
'Principles  of  Agricultural  Chemistry'  {1855); 
< Theory  and  Practice  of  Farming' (1856); < Sci- 
entific Letters  on  Modern  Farming'  (1859). 

Liebknecht,  Wllbelm  (leb'nedht).  A  Ger- 
man socialist  agitator ;  bom  at  Giessen,  March 
39,  182b.    He  is  editor-in-chief  of  the  organ  of 


the  Social  Democratic  party,  Vorvvarts ;  au- 
thor of  <The  Fundamental  Question'  (1876); 
<A  Glance  at  the  New  World'  (1887),  recount- 
ing his  observations  during  a  visit  to  the  United 
States;  <  Robert  Blum'  (1890);  <  History  of  the 
French  Revolution'  (1890);  'Robert  Owen' 
(1892).  His  work  on  <  Woman'  is  widely 
known.     He  died  Aug.  7,  1900. 

Lleblein,  Jens  Daniel  Carolus  (leb'lln).  A 
Norwegian  Egyptologist;  born  at  Christiania, 
Dec.  23,  1827.  He  has  written  works  on  Egyp- 
tology in  French,  Gennan,  Swedish,  and  Nor- 
wegian ;  among  them :  <  Egyptian  Chronology ' 
(1863);  'Dictionary  of  Hieroglyphic  Names' 
(1871-92);  'Trade  and  Shipping  in  the  Red 
Sea  in  Ancient  Times'  (1887). 

Liebrecht,  Felix  (leb'recht).  A  noted  Ger- 
man mythologist ;  born  at  Namslau,  Silesia, 
March  13,  i8i2;  died  at  St.  Hubert,  France, 
Aug.  3,  1890.  He  made  a  study  of  the  sagas 
and  legends  of  various  countries.  Among  his 
writings  are  :  translations,  with  critical  annota- 
tions, of  Giambattista  Basile's  <  Pentamerone, 
or  the  Story  of  Stories'  (1846);  of  the  '  Baarlam 
and  Josaphat'  of  John  of  Damascus  (1847); 
and  of  Dunlop's  'History  of  Prose  Poems.' 

Ligne,  Charles  Joseph,  Prince  de  (len).  A 
Belgian  soldier  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born 
at  Brussels,  May  12,  1735 ;  died  Dec.  13,  1814. 
He  wrote  :  '  Military,  Literary,  and  Sentimental 
Miscellanies'  (3  vols.,  1795-1811);  'Life  of 
Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy'  (2  vols.,  1809).  From 
his  correspondence,  journals,  etc.,  Mme.  de  Stael 
compiled  two  volumes  of  <  Letters  and  Thoughts ' 
(1809). 

Liguori,  Alfonso  Maria  de  (le-gwo're).  An 
Italian  theologian  and  Doctor  of  the  Church ; 
born  at  Naples,  1696;  died  Aug.  i,  1787.  While 
bishop  of  Sant'  Agata  de'  Goti,  he  founded  the 
religious  congregation  of  Redemptorists.  He 
was  "  beatified  "  in  1816 ;  canonized  in  1839 ; 
proclaimed  "  Doctor  of  the  Universal  Church  " 
in  1871.  He  wrote  'Moral  Theology'  (ed.  of 
1881,  8  vols.),  and  many  books  of  devotion. 

Liliencron,  Detlev,  Baron  von  (Icl'yen- 
kron").  A  German  novelist  and  poet;  born 
at  Kiel,  June  3,  1844.  He  wrote :  <  The  Adju- 
tant's Rides,  and  Other  Poems'  (1883);  <A 
Summer  Battle'  (1886),  a  collection  of  stories; 
'Work  Ennobles'  (1886);  'The  Merovingians, 
a  Tragedy '  (1888) ;  the  novels  '  Under  Flutter- 
ing Banners '  (1888),  and  <  Maecenas  '  (1889);  and 
several  volumes  of  collected  poems.     Died  1909. 

Liliencron,  Rochus,  Baron  von.  A  Ger- 
man philologist;  born  at  Plon  in  Holstein,  Dec. 
8,  1820.  He  is  author  of  'Runic  Writing' 
(1852);  'Songs  and  Sayings  from  the  Latest 
Period  of  the  Minnesingers'  (1855);  'Historic 
Popular  Ballads  of  Germany  from  the  13th  to 
the  i6th  Century'  (4  vols.,  1864-69);  'German 
Life  in  the  J"olk-Song  of  the  i6th  Century.' 

Lillie,  Mrs.  Lucy  Cecil  (White).  An  Amer- 
ican writer  of  juvenile  literature ;  born  in  New 
York  State  in  1855.  Among  her  most  popular 
works  are:  'Prudence*  (1882);  'Rolf  House* 


LILLO  —  LINGO 


343 


(1886);  <The  Colonel's  Money'  (1888);  <The 
Squire's  Daughter'  (1891);  <Alison's  Advent- 
ures' (1895). 

Lillo,  George.  An  eminent  English  drama- 
tist; bom  at  Moorfields,  Feb.  4,  1693;  died  in 
London,  Sept.  3,  1739.  The  son  of  a  Dutch 
jeweler,  he  was  brought  up  to  his  father's 
trade,  and  was  for  several  years  in  partnership 
with  him.  <  Silvia,  or  the  Country  Burial  > 
(1730),  a  ballad  opera,  was  his  first  piece;  and 
was  followed  (1731)  by  the  famous  <  London 
Merchant,  or  the  History  of  George  Barnwell,' 
nowadays  better  known  by  its  sub-title,  which 
made  its  author  famous,  and  held  the  stage  for 
nearly  a  century.  It  had  a  marked  influence 
in  its  day,  and  may  be  regarded  as  a  precursor 
of  the  «  domestic  drama."  His  other  dramatic 
productions  include :  <  Britannia,  or  the  Royal 
Lovers'  (1734);  <  Fatal  Curiosity '  (1736);  <Arden 
of  Feversham,'  an  adaptation  of  an  Elizabethan 
play,  revised  or  completed  by  John  Hoadly 
after  Lillo's  death. 

Lilly,  William  Samuel.  An  English  con- 
troversial writer ;  born  at  Fifehead,  Dorsetshire, 
1840.  He  is  a  champion  of  the  Catholic  point 
ot  view  in  such  works  as  <  Ancient  Religion  and 
Modern  Thought  >  (1884);  <  The  Claims  of  Chris- 
tianity' ;<  Christianity  and  Modern  Civilization.* 

Limburg-Brouwer,  Petrus  van  (lem'borg- 
brou'er).  A  Dutch  scholar;  bom  at  Dordrecht, 
Sept.  30,  1795 ;  died  at  Groningen,  June  21,  1847. 
He  wrote  <  History  of  the  Moral  and  Religious 
Civilization  of  the  Greeks'  (3  vols.,  1833-42), 
still  highly  valued ;  two  fine  historical  novels 
with  the  scene  laid  in  ancient  Greece, —  <Chari- 
cles  and  Euphorion'  (1831),  and  <  Diophanes ' 
(1838);  and  a  novel  relating  to  his  own  time, 
<The  Reading  Society'  (1847). 

Limburg-Brouwer,  Petrus  Abraham  Sam- 
uel van.  A  Dutch  novelist,  son  of  Petrus; 
born  at  Li&ge,  Nov.  15,  1829;  died  at  The 
Hague,  Feb.  13,  1873.  He  wrote  the  Oriental 
romance  <Akbar>  (1872),  the  work  of  a  man  of 
poetic  sensibility  and  most  intimate  knowledge 
of  Indian  literature. 

Lincoln,  Abraham.  Sixteenth  President  of 
the  United  States,  the  great  "  War  President "  ; 
born  in  Hardin  County,  Ky.,  Feb.  12,  1809; 
died  at  Washington,  April  15,  1865.  His  <Ad- 
dress  >  on  the  occasion  of  the  dedication  of  the 
National  Cemetery  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  Nov.  19, 
1863,  is  justly  esteemed  one  of  the  most  memo- 
rable utterances  of  human  eloquence ;  classic 
also  is  his  <  Second  Inaugiu^al  Address '  of 
March  4,  1865. 

Lindau,  Paul  (lin'dou).  A  German  novelist 
and  literary  critic ;  bom  at  Magdeburg,  June  3, 
1839.  He  has  written  books  of  travel,  including 
<From  Venice'  (1864);  <From  Paris';  works 
of  literary  criticism,  as  'Harmless  Letters  of 
a  Provincial  German'  (2  vols.,  1870);  < Literary 
■lrivialities>  (1871)  <  Moli^rc'  (1872)  ;  <Afredde 
Musset'  (1877) ;  *  From  Literary  France '  (1880); 
and  novels,  —  <  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brewer'  (1882); 
<  Berlin,'  and  the  drama  <  Maria  and  Magdalena.' 


Llndan,  Budolf.  A  German  diplomat  and 
novelist;  born  at  Gardelegen,  Oct.  10,  1830. 
He  was  for  many  years  engaged  in  the  consu- 
lar and  diplomatic  service  of  Switzerland  and 
Germany.  His  principal  novels  are :  <  Robert 
Ashton'  (1877);  'Liquidated'  (1877);  <Good 
Company'  (1880);  < The  Flirt'  (1894);  <  Silence' 
(1895).  Some  of  his  stories  are  perfect  works 
of  art;  all  of  them  mirror  with  rare  fidelity 
life  in  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe,  as  seen 
and  studied  by  a  man  of  very  extensive  traveL 

Lindner,  Albert  (lind'ner).  A  German  dram- 
atist ;  born  at  Suiza  in  Saxe-Weimar,  April  24, 
1831 ;  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  4,  1888.  His  tragedy 
<  Brutus  and  Collatinus'  won  him  the  Schiller 
prize.  'The  Bloody  Nuptials,  or  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Eve'  (1871)  had  extraordinary  success 
upon  the  stage  He  wrote  several  other  trage- 
dies: 'Marino  Faliero'  (1875);  'Don  John  of 
Austria'  (1875));  'The  Reformer'  (1883).  He 
wrote  also  'The  Swan  of  Avon'  (1881),  and 
'The  Riddle  of  Woman's  SouP  (1881). 

Lindner,  Theodor.  An  Austrian  historian; 
bom  May  29, 1843.  Among  his  numerous  works 
are  :  '  The  Vehm '  (1887); '  German  History  un- 
der the  Hapsburgs  and  Luxemburgs'  (1889-93); 
and  'History  of  the  German  People'  (1894). 

Lindsay,  Sir  David  of  the  Mount.  A  Scotch 
poet;  born  about  1490;  died  before  May  1555. 
His  satires  in  rhyme  were  noted  for  their  ridi- 
cule of  the  clergy.  His  works  include  ;  '  The 
Dreme'  (1528);  <  Satyre  of  the  Thrie  Estaitis' 
(1539);  and  '  Historic  of  Squier  Meldrun'  (1548). 

Lindsey,  William.  An  American  poet  and 
prose-writer ;  bom  in  Massachusetts  in  1858. 
His  works  are:  'Apples  of  Istakhar'  (1895), a 
volume  of  poems;  and  'Cinder- Path  Tales' 
(1896),  stories  of  athletic  sports. 

Linen,  James.  A  Scottish  poet ;  bora  1808 ; 
died  in  New  York  city,  1873.  His  dialect 
poems  appeared  in  the  Knickerbocker  Mag- 
azine and  the  Scottish  -  American  Joumal ;  a 
collection,  '  Songs  of  the  Seasons,  and  Other 
Poems,'  was  published  in  1852;  'The  Golden 
Gate'  appeared  in  1869. 

Ling,  Peter  Henrik.  A  Swedish  poet ;  bom 
at  Ljunga,  Nov.  15,  1776;  died  at  Stockholm, 
May  3,  1839.  He  founded  Swedish  gymnas- 
tics, and  wrote  '  The  General  Principles  of 
Gymnastics'  (1840).  He  also  produced  sev- 
eral spirited  lyric  poems,  tragedies,  and  epics, 
to  inspire  his  countrymen  to  emulate  the  ex- 
ploits of  the  ancient  heroes  of  Scandinavia. 

Lingg,  Hermann  (ling).  A  German  poet; 
born  at  Lindau,  Jan.  22,  1820.  He  published 
(1853)  a  volume  of '  Poems'  of  great  originality, 
and  remarkable  for  wealth  of  imagery  and 
deep  elegiac  tone.  '  The  Migration  of  Peoples  > 
(3  books,  1866-68)  showed  grandeur  and  epic 
power.  His  dramas  are  less  admirable;  among 
them  are:  'The  Doge  Candiano  '  (1873);  'The 
Sicilian  Vespers ' ;  and  '  Catiline.'  Besides 
'Patriotic  Ballads'  (1868), 'Dark  Powers,'  and 
several  volumes  of  collected  poems,  he  has 
written  <  Byzantine  Tales '  (1881); '  From  Forest 


S44 


LINGUET  — LISTA  Y  ARAGON 


and  Lake,>  five  storiea  (1883);  <Clytia,  a  Scene 
from  Pompeii  >  (1883). 

Llnguet,  Simon  Nicolas  Henri  (lan-ga')-  A 
French  writer  of  history ;  bom  at  Rheims,  July 
14,  1736;  died  June  27,  1794.  He  won  great 
fame  by  his  <  History  of  the  Age  of  Alexander  > 
(1762),  and  his  < Judiciary  Memoirs >  (7  vols.). 
Of  his  numerous  works  on  laws,  politics,  science, 
etc.,  these  may  be  mentioned :  <  History  of  the 
Revolutions  of  the  Roman  Empire >  (2  vols.); 
'Theory  of  the  Civil  Law>  (1767);  <  Impartial 
History  of  the  Jesuits >  (1768);  < Memoirs  on 
the  Bastille  >  (1783). 

Llnnssus,  Carolus  (lin-ne'us)  —  (Karl  von 
Llnn^).  A  celebrated  Swedish  naturalist;  born 
at  Rishult  in  Smiland,  May  13,  1707;  died  at 
Upsala,  Jan.  10,  1778.  Among  his  writings 
are :  *■  The  System  of  Nature,  or  the  Three 
Kingdoms  of  Nature  Systematically  Arranged  > 
(7  vols.,  1735);  <  Foundations  of  Botany*  (1736); 
•Library  of  Botany >  (1736);  < Genera  of  Plants > 
(1737);  < Classes  of  Plants>  (1738);  'Philosophy 
of  Botany*  (i75i);<  System  of  Plants*  (1779). 

Linton,  Eliza  (Lynn).  An  English  novelist, 
wife  of  William  J.;  born  in  Keswick,  Feb.  10, 
1822;  died  in  London,  July  14, 1898.  Her  first 
novel,  <Azeththe  Egyptian,' appeared  1846;  she 
also  published:  <Witch  Stories*  (1861);  <The 
Lake  Country*  ( 1864);  <PatriciaKemble»  (1874); 
<The  World  Well  Lost*  (1877);  <My  Love* 
(1881);  <The  One  Too  Many*  (1894);  etc. 

Linton,  William  James.  An  English  wood- 
engraver,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
in  London,  1812;  died  Jan.  i,  1898.  A 
draughtsman  of  repute,  and  for  a  period  an 
illustrator  on  the  Illustrated  London  News,  he 
removed  to  the  United  States  in  1867  and 
opened  an  engraving  establishment  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.  Besides  works  on  engraving  he 
wrote  a  <Life  of  Thomas  Watson*  (the  Chart- 
ist leader),  giving  a  history  of  the  Chartist 
movement,  in  which  he  shared  ardently ;  a 
<  Life  of  Thomas  Paine  * ;  <  Claribel  and  Other 
Poems*  (1865);  <The  Flower  and  the  Star* 
(1869);  stories  for  children;  edited  <  Rare 
Poems  of  the  i6th  and  17th  Centuries*  (1883); 
and  was  co-editor  with  R.  H.  Stoddard  of 
'English  Verse*  (1883). 

Llppard,  George.  An  American  story-writer ; 
bom  at  Yellow  Springs,  Pa.,  April  10, 1822 ;  died 
at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  9,  1854.  His  most  notori- 
ous work  was  <The  Quaker  City*  (1845),  mod- 
eled on  Sue's  <  Mysteries  of  Paris,*  and  imply- 
ing that  Philadelphia  was  a  modem  Sodom, 
though  he  disclaimed  the  inference  when  threat- 
ened with  legal  consequences.  <  Mysteries  and 
Miseries  of  Philadelphia*  and  <The  Empire 
City:  New  York  —  Its  Upper  Ten  and  Lower 
Million*  were  companion  pieces.  He  wrote 
also  <  Paul  Ardenheim,*  a  Rosicrucian  romance ; 
'Legends  of  Mexico*  and  'Legends  of  the 
Revolution*  (1847);  'Washington  and  his  Gen- 
erals*; and  others. 

Llppert,  Julius  (lip'ert).  A  German  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Braunau  in  Bohemia,  April  12, 


1839.  He  wrote :  '  Animism  in  its  Relations  to 
the  Ancient  Hebrew  Religion*  (1880);  'Re- 
ligions of  the  European  Culture-Peoples  *  (1881); 
'  Christianism,  Popular  Beliefs,  and  Popular 
Usages*  (1882); '  History  of  the  Family*  (1885); 
'  History  of  Civilization  in  its  Leading  Feat- 
ures* (1886);  'History  of  German  Manners  and 
Morals*  (1889). 

Llpplncott,  Sarah  Jane  (Clarke).  ["Grace 
Greenwood.**]  An  American  writer  of  prose 
and  verse ;  born  in  Pompey,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  23, 1823. 
She  was  favorably  known  as  an  editor  and  con- 
tributor. 'Ariadne*  is  one  of  her  best  poems. 
She  published:  'Greenwood  Leaves*  (1850); 
'Poems*  (1851);  'Merrie  England*  (1855); 
'Records  of  Five  Years*  (1868);  and  'New 
Life  in  New  Lands*  (1873).    Died  April  20, 1904. 

Llppmann,  Julie  Matbllde.  An  American 
writer  of  verse  and  juvenile  literature ;  born  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1864.  She  is  the  author  of 
'Through  Slumbertown  and  Wakeland*;  'Jock 
o'  Dreams,*  a  collection  of  short  stories;  and 
'  Miss  Wildfire  * ;  <  The  Facts  in  the  Case.* 

Llpslus,  Justus  (lip'se-us).  [Properly  Joest 
Lips.]  A  celebrated  Dutch  humanist ;  bom  at 
Overyssche,  Belgium,  Oct.  18, 1547 ;  died  at  Lou- 
vain,  March  23, 1606.  His  strength  lay  chiefly  in 
the  Latin  historians  and  in  Roman  antiquities; 
his  editions  of  Tacitus  and  of  Seneca,  with 
commentaries,  were  prepared  with  extreme  care, 
and  (especially  Tacitus)  finally  determined  the 
genuine  text  in  all  essential  particulars.  In 
addition  he  wrote  48  separate  treatises  and  es- 
says, among  them  :  '  The  Amphitheatre  *  (1584); 
'On  Politics*  (1589);  'The  Cross*  (1593);  'The 
Military  System  of  the  Romans*  (1595);  'Vesta 
and  the  Vestal  Virgins*  (1603);  'Introduction 
to  the  Stoic  Philosophy*  (1604);  'Natural  Phi- 
losophy of  the  Stoics*  (1604). 

Llpslus,  Marie.    See  La  Mara. 

Llpslus,  Richard  Adelbert.  A  German  the- 
ologian ;  born  at  Gera,  Feb.  14,  1830 ;  died  at 
Jena,  Aug.  19,  1892.  Among  his  writings  are: 
'The  Pauline  Doctrine  of  Justification*  (1853); 
'  Gnosticism*  (i860);'  Chronology  of  the  Bishops 
of  Rome  *  ( 1869) ;  '  Sources  of  the  Roman  Fable 
of  Peter*  (1872);  'Text-Book  of  Protestant 
Dogmatic  Theology*  (1876);  'Philosophy  and 
Religion*  (1885);  'Chief  Heads  of  Cbrstian 
Doctrine*  (1889);  'Brief  Commentary  on  cftc 
New  Testament  *  (2  vols.,  1891);  '  Luther's  Doc- 
trine of  Penance*  (1892). 

List,  Friedrlch  (list).  A  Ge-^idn  political 
economist;  bom  at  Reutlingen,  Aug.  6,  1789; 
died  at  Kufstein,  Nov.  30,  1846.  He  emigrated 
to  the  United  States  in  1825,  and  settled  at 
Harrisburg,  Pa.  There  he  wrote  'Outlines  of  a 
New  System  of  Political  Economy*  (1827).  He 
went  to  Leipsic  (1833)  as  American  consul,  and 
did  not  return  to  America.  He  published  (1841) 
Vol.  i.  of  '  The  National  System  of  Political 
Economy*  (7th  ed.  1884). 

Llsta  y  Aragon,  Alberto  (les'ta  e  a-ra-gon'). 
A  distinguished  Spanish  poet ;  bom  at  Triana, 
near  Seville,  Oct.  15,  1775;  died  there,  Oct  S, 


LISTER  — LIVINGSTONE 


345 


184S  He  was  one  of  the  best  lyric  poets  of 
his  time  in  Spain,  with  a  rich  fancy,  deep 
;ensibility,  and  a  philosophic  mind.  His 
< Poems'  were  published  in  2  vols.  (2d  ed. 
1837).  He  wrote  a  <  Course  of  Universal  His- 
tory,*   an    adaptation    of    S^gur's    work ;    and 

<  Literary  and  Critical  Essays'  (2  vols.,  1884). 

Lister,  Sir  Joseph.  An  eminent  English 
surgeon;  born  April  5,  1827.  He  first  sug- 
gested the  antiseptic  mode  of  treating  surgical 
cases.  Among  his  writings  are  :  <  Early  Stages 
of  Inflammation'  (1859);  'Ligature  of  Arteries 
and  the  Antiseptic  System'  (1869);  <The  Germ 
The«ry  of  Fermentative  Changes'  (1875);  < Lac- 
tic Fermentation  and  its  Bearings  on  Pathol- 
ogy' (1878). 

Liszt,  Franz  (list).  A  great  Hungarian 
pianist  and  composer;  bom  at  Raiding,  near 
Odenburg,  Oct.  22,  181 1 ;  died  at  Bayreuth,  July 
31,  1886.  At  13  he  composed  the  operetta  <  Don 
Sancho,'  which  was  successfully  produced  at 
the  Paris  Grand  Opera  in  1825.  His  chief 
contributions   to   the   literature   of   music    are : 

<  Wagner's  <  Lohengrin'  and  <Tannhauser" 
(1851);  <The  Gipsies  and  their  Music  in  Hun- 
gary' (1859);  <  Robert  Franz'  (1872).  There  is 
a  collection  of  his  <  Letters '  (3  vols.,  1892-93) ; 
also  of  his  correspondence  with  Richard  Wag- 
ner (2  vols.,  1887). 

Litchfield,  Grace  Denlo.  An  American 
novelist ;  bom  in  New  York  city,  1849.  She  has 
lived  in  Europe  for  a  number  of  years,  and  now 
resides  in  Washington,  D.  C.  Among  her  works 
are:  <Only  an  Incident'  (1883);  <The  Knight 
of  the  Black  Forest'  (1885);  'Criss  Cross' 
(1885);  <A  Hard-Won  Victory'  (1888);  <  In  the 

<  Crucible  ' ;  <  Vita  '  ;  <  The  Letter.' 

Lltta,  Pompeo,  Count  (let'a).  An  Italian 
writer  of  history  ;  born  at  Milan,  Sept.  27,  1781 ; 
died  Aug.  17,  1852.  After  his  death,  was  pub- 
lished in  183  parts  his  great  work  <  Celebrated 
Italian  Families'  (1819-82),  containing  memoirs 
of  75  noble  families. 

Llttledale,  RicTiard  Frederick.  An  Eng- 
lish clergyman  and  religious  writer ;  born  in 
Dublin  in  1833  ;  died  in  1890.  He  was  curate 
of  St.  Mary  Virgin,  London,  from  1857  to  1861, 
when  he  resigned  on  account  of  ill-health  and 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  religious  sub- 
jects, particularly  the  Anglican  ritual.  Among 
a  number  of  polemical,  historical,  exegetic,  and 
other  publications,  are  :  <  The  Catholic  Ritual 
in  the  Church  of  England'  (1865);  'Pharisaic 
Proselytism'  (1870);  'Plain  Reasons  against 
Joining  the  Church  of  Rome'  (1880);  <A  Short 
History  of  the  Council  of  Trent'  (1888). 

Littleton,  Sir  Thomas.  An  English  jurist; 
bom  in  Frankley,  Worcestershire,  1402 ;  died 
there,  Aug.  23,  1481.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
tenures,  known  through  Coke's  Commentaries. 
'Coke  on  Littleton'  is  a  secondary  course  in 
the  bringing  up  of  young  lawyers. 

Littr^i  M%xlmilien  Paul  ^niile  (le-tra').  A 
celebrated  trench  philologist,  philosopher,  lexi- 
cographer, Aiid  author;  born  at  Paris,  Feb.  i, 


1801 ;  died  there,  June  2,  1881.  He  was  one  of 
the  greatest  linguists  and  scientists  of  the  cen- 
tury, best  known  for  his  celebrated  'Diction 
ary  of  the  French  Language'  (1863-72).  In 
addition  to  his  labors  as  a  philologist  he  con- 
tributed to  various  scientific  and  philosophical 
journals,  was  active  in  politics,  translated  the 
works  of  Hippocrates  (10  vols.,  1839-61),  which 
admitted  him  to  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions, 
and  Pliny's  'Natural  History'  (1848),  and  wrote 
a  'History  of  the  French  Language'  (1862); 
'Studies  of  the  Barbarians  and  the  Middle 
Ages'  (1867);  'Medicine and  Physicians'  (1872); 
'Literature  and  History'  (1875);  'The  Estab- 
lishment of  the  Third  Republic'  (1880);  and 
several  treatises  on  Auguste  Comte's  positive 
philosophy,  of  which  he  was  an  ardent  advo- 
cate. In  187 1  he  was  elected  to  the  French 
Academy. 

Littrow,  Heinrich  von  (lit'trou).  An  Aus- 
trian naval  officer  and  writer  on  maritime  af- 
fairs; born  at  Vienna,  Jan.  26,  1820 ;  died  April 
25,  1895.  He  is  author  of  a  'Maritime  Dic- 
tionary' (1851); 'Manual  of  Seamanship '(1859); 
'From  the  Sea,'  a  volume  of  verse  (4th  ed. 
1876);  'Karl  Weyprecht,  Austrian  Polar  Ex- 
plorer' (1881);  'Pictures  of  Travel'  (4th  ed. 
1883). 

Littrow,  Josef  Johann  von.  An  Austrian 
astronomer;  born  at  Bischofsteinitz  in  Bohemia, 
March  13,  1781 ;  died  Nov.  30,  1840.  By  his 
writings  and  public  lectures  he  contributed 
largely  to  the  diffusion  of  astronomical  knowl- 
edge in  Austria.  His  chief  works  are  :'  Theoretic 
and  Practical  Astronomy'  (2  vols.,  1821);  'Won- 
ders of  the  Heavens'  (1834;  8th  ed.  1894); 
'Atlas  of  the  Starry  Heavens'  (1838;  3d  ed. 
1870). 

Livermore,  Mary  Ashton  (Rice).  An  Amer- 
ican reformer  and  lecturer;  born  in  Boston, 
Dec.  19,  1820.  In  1862  she  was  appointed  agent 
of  the  Northwestern  branch  of  the  United  States 
Sanitary  Commission.  Since  the  War  she  has 
been  conspicuous  in  her  efforts  to  promote  the 
woman-suffrage  and  temperance  movements. 
Among  her  popular  lectures  are :  '  What  Shall 
We  Do  with  Our  Daughters?'  'Women  of  the 
War';  'The  Moral  Heroism  of  the  Temper- 
ance Reform.'  She  is  the  author  of  '  Pen  Pict- 
ures '  (1865),  'Thirty  Years  Too  Late'  (1878), 
and  a  work  setting  forth  her  experiences  dur- 
ing the  War.    Died  May  23,  1905. 

Livingstone,  David.  A  celebrated  Scotch 
traveler;  born  at  Blantyre,  March  19,  1813;  died 
in  Central  Africa,  May  I,  1873.  He  first  went 
out  to  Africa  in  the  service  of  the  London  Mis- 
sionary Society,  1840.  He  discovered  the  Vic- 
toria Falls  of  the  Zambezi  in  1855,  and  soon 
afterward  returned  to  England.  He  went  back 
to  Africa  in  1858,  and  continued  his  labors  as 
missionary  and  explorer  till  1864 ;  but  after  a 
few  months  he  was  in  the  field  again,  and 
there  remained,  without  any  communication 
with  Europe,  till  he  was  found  by  Stanley. 
He  continued  his  work  in  Africa  till  his  death. 
His  works  are :  '  Missionary  Travels  and  Re* 


346 


LIVIUS  —  LOCKHART 


searches  in  South  Africa'  (2  vols.,_  1857);  < Nar- 
rative of  an  Expedition  to  the  Zambezi  and  its 
Tributaries'  (1865);  <  Last  Journals  of  David 
Livingstone  in  Central  Africa,  from  1865  to  his 
Death  >  (1874). 

Livius  Andronicus.    See  Andronlcus. 

Livy — Titus  Livius.  A  great  Roman  his- 
torian; bom  at  Patavium  (Padua),  59  B.C.; 
died  there,  17  A.  D.  He  wrote  the  <  History  of 
Rome  from  the  Founding  of  the  City>  in  142 
«  books, '>  of  which  only  35  have  come  down  to 
us,— books  i-io,  reaching  to  the  year  293  B.  C, 
and  books  21-45,  covering  the  years  218-167 
B.  C;  of  the  lost  books  some  fragments  remain. 

IJunggren,  Gustaf  Hakon  Jordan  (lyong'- 
gren).  A  Swedish  writer  on  aesthetics ;  born 
at  Lund,  March  6,  1823.  He  wrote:  <Winckel- 
mann  and  Ehrensvard  Compared  as  Philoso- 
phers of  Art>  (1856);  <The  Leading  Systems 
of  .•Esthetics'  (2  vols..  1856);  <The  Swedish 
Drama*  (1864);  'Swedish  Literature  since  Gus- 
tavus  in.'  (5  vols.,  1873-95);  'History  of  the 
Swedish  Academy'  (2  vols.,  1886). 

Llorente,  Juan  Antonio  Don  (lyo-ran'ta). 
A  Spanish  writer  of  history ;  born  at  Rincon 
de  Soto  in  Andalusia,  March  30,  1756;  died 
at  Madrid,  Feb.  5,  1823.  He  was  ordained 
priest  in  1770;  was  commissary  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion at  Logroiio  in  1785,  and  general  secretary 
of  the  Inquisition  at  Madrid  in  1789.  He  was 
commissioned  in  1793  to  draw  up  plans  for  a 
general  reform  of  the  procedure  of  the  court. 
His  greatest  work  is  the  celebrated  <  Critical 
History  of  the  Spanish  Inquisition'  (4  vols., 
1815-17).  He  wrote  also  'Political  Portraits  of 
the  Popes';  'Memoirs  Relating  to  the  History 
of  the  Spanish  Revolution'  (3  vols.,  1815-19). 

Lloyd,  David  Demarest.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  playwright;  born  in  New  York  city, 
1851;  died  at  Weehawken,  N.  J.,  1889.  He 
graduated  at  the  College  of  New  York,  and 
soon  after  was  attached  to  the  staff  of  the 
New  York  Tribune.  As  a  correspondent  at 
Albany  in  1875  ^^  ^^s  prominent  in  exposing 
the  canal  ring.  Besides  contributions  to  maga- 
zines, he  wrote  four  plays :  <  For  Congress ' 
(1883);  <  The  Woman  Hater'  (1885);  <  The  Dom- 
inie's Daughter'  (1887);  'The  Senator'  (1889). 

Lloyd,  Henry  Demarest.  An  American 
writer  on  economics,  brother  of  David ;  bom 
in  New  York  State  in  1847.  He  received  his 
education  at  Columbia  College,  and  shortly 
after  graduating  joined  the  editorial  staff  of 
the  Chicago  Tribune.  At  present  he  resides 
in  Winnetka,  111.  His  chief  work  is  the  nota- 
ble book  'Wealth  Against  Commonwealth.' 
He  has  also  written  <A  Strike  of  Millionaires 
against  Miners.'     Died  Sept.  28,  1903. 

Lobo,  Francisco  Rodrigues  (lo'bS).  A  Por- 
tuguese poet ;  died  about  1623.  Practically 
nothing  is  known  of  his  life.  He  is  one  of 
the  most  admired  of  Portuguese  poets,  among 
his  popular  works  being:  'Romances'  (1596); 
•Eclogues'    (1605);    'Court    in    the    Country' 


(1610),  long  deemed  his  masterpiece;  and  vs. 
rious  others. 

Locke,  David  Ross.  ["  Petroleum  V.  Nasby."] 
An  American  satirist;  bom  in  Vestal,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  20,  1833;  died  in  Toledo,  O.,  Feb.  15, 
1888.  He  gained  celebrity  as  the  author  of 
the  widely  known  '  Nasby  Letters '  on  politics, 
and  produced  many  pamphlets  on  literary,  po- 
litical, and  social  topics.  Among  his  publica- 
tions are:  'The  Moral  History  of  America's 
Life  Struggle ' ;  '  The  Morals  of  Abou  ben  Ad- 
hem,  or  Eastern  Fruit  in  Western  Dishes.' 

Locke,  Jane  Ermlna.  An  American  writer 
of  prose  and  verse  ;  born  in  Worthington,  Mass., 
April  25,  1805 ;  died  in  Ashbumham,  Mass., 
March  8,  1859.  Her  contributions  appeared  in 
the  Ladies'  American  Magazine.  'Poems' was 
published  in  1842 ;  <  The  Recalled,  or  Voices 
of  the  Past,'  1855;  a  'Eulogy  on  the  Death 
of  Webster,'  in  rhyme,  1855. 

Locke,  John.  A  celebrated  English  philos- 
opher ;  born  at  Wrington,  near  Bristol,  Aug. 
29,  1632;  died  at  Gates  (Essex),  Oct.  28,  1704. 
Among  his  philosophical  writings  the  first  place 
is  held  by  the  '  Essay  concerning  Human  Un- 
derstanding' (1690).  In  the  field  of  political 
science  he  wrote:  'An  Epistle  on  Tolerance' 
(1689);  a  second  letter  (1690);  a  third  (1692); 
and  'Two  Treatises  on  Government'  (1690). 
On  the  subject  of  religious  beliefs  he  wrote : 
'  The  Reasonableness  of  Christianity  as  deliv- 
ered in  the  Scriptures'  (1695),  and  a  first  and 
second  'Vindication'  of  the  same  (1695-97). 
On  education  he  wrote  <  Some  Thoughts  on 
Education'  (1693),  ^°d  'Some  Thoughts  con- 
cerning Reading  and  Study'  (1706).  Among 
his  miscellaneous  writings  are  'The  Funda- 
mental Constitutions  of  Carolina'  (1706),  and 
'Elements  of  Natural  Philosophy'  (1706). 

Locke,  John  Staples.  An  American  writer ; 
born  in  1836.  He  is  a  resident  of  Saco,  Me. 
Among  his  works  are :  '  Picture  Rhymes  for 
Happy  Times'  (1886);  'A  Brave  Struggle,'  a 
novel  (1887);  'Shores  of  Saco  Bay';  'Histor- 
ical Sketches  of  Old  Orchard.'     He  died  1906. 

Locker-Lampson,  Frederick.  An  English  poet; 
bora  at  Greenwich,  May  29,  1821;  died  at  Row- 
fant,  May  30,  1895.  He  wrote  "society  verses", 
among  them:  'London  Lyrics'  (1857);  'Lyra 
Elegantiarum >  (1867);  'Patchwork'  (1879). 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson.  A  Scotch  biogra- 
pher and  poet,  son-in-law  of  Sir  Walter  Scott ; 
born  at  Cambusnethan,  Lanark,  1794;  died  at 
Abbotsford,  Nov.  25,  1854.  His  writings  are : 
'Peter's  Letters  to  his  Kinsfolk'  (1819);  the 
novels 'Valerius'  (1821), 'Adam  Blair'  (1822), 
'Reginald  Dalton'  (1823),  'Matthew  Wald' 
(1824);  a  volume  of  translations  of  'Ancient 
Spanish  Ballads'  (1823);  '  Life  of  Robert  Bums' 
(1828);  <  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott'  (7  vols.,  1839- 
41),  his  most  celebrated  work. 

Lockhart,  Laurence  William  Maxwell.  A 
British  novelist,  nephew  of  J.  G. ;  bom  in 
Lanarkshire,  1831 ;  died  at  Mentone,  March  23, 


LOCKRO  Y  —  LOHER 


347 


1882.  Among  his  novels  are:  < Double  and 
Quits*;  'Fair  to  See>;  and  <Mine  Is  Thine.* 

Lockroy,  ^douard  Etienne  Antoine  Simon 

(lok-rwa').  A  French  journalist  and  states- 
man; born  in  Paris,  July  18,  1838.  He  was 
prominent  as  a  journalist  before  and  after  the 
war  with  Germany,  and  suffered  several  months' 
imprisonment  for  his  radical  articles  published 
in  Figaro,  The  Recall,  and  The  Sovereign  Peo- 
ple,—  a  popular  political  journal,  of  which  he 
was  editor.  In  recent  years  he  has  figured  con- 
spicuously in  political  life,  having  been  Minister 
of  Commerce  in  1886,  and  of  Public  Instruction 
in  1888.  His  published  volumes  are  composed 
mainly  of  articles  contributed  to  various  jour- 
nals, and  include  :  <  The  Eagles  of  the  Capitol  > 
(i8e^);  'Down  with  Progress*  (1870);  'The 
Commune  and  the  Assembly*  (1871);  'The 
Rebel  Island  >  (1877)  ; '  Von  Moltke  >  (1891),  me- 
moires  ;<  A  Mission  in  the  Vendue,  I7Q3'  (1893); 
<  From  the  Wesertothe  Vistula*  (1901). 

Lockyer.  Joseph  Norman.  An  English  as- 
tronomer and  physicist;  born  at  Rugby,  May 
17,  1836.  He  is  editor  of  Nature,  the  leading 
scientific  weekly  publication  in  England. 
Among  his  works  are  • '  Elementary  Lessons  in 
Astronomy*  (1868;  44th  thousand  1894);  'Con- 
tributions to  Solar  Physics*  (1873);  'The  Spec- 
troscope and  its  Applications*  (1873);  *  Star- 
gazing, Past  and  Present  >  (1877) ;'  The  Dawn  of 
Astronomy*;  (1894);  'Inorganic  Evolution* 
(1900). 

Lodge,  Henry  Cabot.  An  American  writer 
ot  history  and  biography ;  born  at  Boston,  May 
12,  1850.  He  was  lecturer  on  history  at  Har- 
vard 1876-79,  and  editor  of  the  North  American 
Review  1873-76.  He  then  entered  political 
life,  and  in  1893  was  elected  United  States  Sen- 
ator from  Massachusetts.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  '  Life  of  Daniel  Webster,*  and  of  lives  of 
Alexander  Hamilton  and  George  Washington ; 
also  of  '  Boston  *  in  the  series  of  '  Historic 
Towns*;  of  a  'Short  History  of  the  English 
Colonies  in  America  * ;  '  Studies  in  History  > 
(1884);  'Historical  and  Political  Essays*; 
'Hero  Tales  from  American  History*;  'Cer- 
tain Accepted  Heroes,  and  Other  Essays  * ;  etc. 

Lodge,  Thomas.  An  English  poet,  drama- 
tist, and  story-writer;  born  at  London,  about 
1558;  died  there,  1625.  He  wrote:  'A  Defense 
of  Poetry,  Music,  and  Stage-Plays*  (1579); 
'Alarum  Against  Usurers*  (1584);  the  story  of 
'Rosalynde,  Euphues'  Golden  Legacie*  (1590), 
the  basis  of  Shakespeare's  '  As  You  Like  It  * ; 
the  play  '  Looking-Glasse  for  London  and  Eng- 
land*; 'History  of  Robin  the  Divell*  (1591); 
'  Life  and  Death  of  William  Longbeard*  (1593); 
<  Phillis*  (1593),  a  collection  of  lyrical  pieces. 

Loftie,  William  John.  An  Irish  clergyman, 
editor,  and  writer  on  antiquities ;  born  at  Tan- 
dragee,  County  Armagh,  in  1839.  After  hold- 
ing temporary  Church  appointments,  he  be- 
came assistant  minister  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
Savoy,  in  187 1 ;  and  in  1874  joined  the  staff  of  the 
Saturday  Review,  besides  contributing  to  the 
Portfolio  and  the  Magazine  of  Art.    As  a  writer 


on  antiquarian  subjects  he  successfully  combines 
the  qualities  of  learning  and  picturesqueness, 
particularly  in  'Round  About  London*  (1877; 
4th  ed.  1880);  'Memorials  of  the  Savoy*  (1879); 
'A  History  of  London*  (1883);  'Authorized 
Guide  to  the  Tower  of  London*  (1886);  'The 
Cathedral  Churches  of  England*  (1892);  'Inns 
of  Court  and  Chancery  >  (1894)  'London  After- 
noons.* 

Logan,  Cornelius  Ambrosius.  An  Ameri- 
can dramatist ;  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  1806 ; 
died  near  Wheeling,  Va.,  1853.  He  made  a 
vigorous  reply  to  Lyman  Beecher's  attack  upon 
the  stage  from  the  pulpit.  He  wrote  successful 
plays:  'Yankee  Land*  (1834);  'A  Hundred 
Years  Hence,*  a  burlesque.  He  also  wrote  tales 
and  poems. 

Logan,  John  Alexander.  An  American  gen- 
eral and  statesman ;  born  in  Jackson  County, 
111.,  1826 ;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  1886.  He 
distinguished  himself  both  in  the  field  and  the 
forum.  He  published : '  The  Great  Conspiracy ' 
(1866);  'The  Volunteer  Soldier  of  America* 
(1887). 

Logan,  Olive.  An  American  miscellaneous 
writer ;  born  in  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  1839.  She  began 
her  career  as  an  actress  in  Philadelphia  1854 ; 
retired  from  the  stage  in  1868;  since  then  has 
been  a  lecturer  on  social  topics,  and  a  contrib- 
utor to  newspapers  and  magazines.  She  mar- 
ried W.  W.  Sikes,  a  journalist.  She  is  the  au- 
thor of  lectures,  plays,  and  books.  Among  the 
latter  are:  'Chateau  Frissac*  (i860);  'Photo- 
graphs of  Paris*  (i860);  'Women  and  Thea- 
tres* (1869);  and  'Before  the  Footlights  and 
Behind  the  Scenes  :  a  Book  about  the  Show 
Business*  (1870). 

Logau,  Friedrich  von  (lo-gou').  A  German 
epigrammatist;  born  at  Brockut,  Silesia,  June 
1604 ;  died  at  Liegnitz,  July  24,  1655.  He  wrote 
under  the  pseudonym  "  Salomon  von  Golau,** 
anagram  of  his  true  name.  His  works  are : 
'  First  Century  of  German  Rhymed  Adages ' 
(1638);  'Three  Thousand  German  Epigrams* 
(1654).  He  was  an  original  thinker  and  a  force- 
ful writer,  but  soured  by  adversity  and  by  con- 
templation of  the  evils  of  his  time. 

Lohenstein,  Daniel  Casper  von  (lo'en-stin). 
A  Silesian  poet;  born  at  Nimpsch  in  Silesia, 
Jan.  25,  1635 ;  died  at  Breslau,  April  28,  1683. 
He  wrote  a  volume  of  lyric  verse,  'Flowers*; 
six  tragedies ;  and  a  long  hero-romance,  '  The 
Magnanimous  General  Arminius  or  Hermann, 
with  his  Most  Illustrious  Thusnelda,*  etc.  (new 
ed.  1889-90).  This  mammoth  work,  of  3076 
double-column  pages,  and  unfinished  at  that, 
was  in  its  day  regarded  as  the  consummate 
model  of  the  heroic-gallant  romance.  His  lyr- 
ics are  tasteless ;  his  tragedies  insufferably  bom- 
bastic. 

Loher,  Franz  von  (le'er).  A  German  mis- 
cellaneous writer;  born  at  Paderborn,  Oct.  15, 
1818 ;  died  at  Munich,  March  i,  1892.  He  vis- 
ited the  United  States  and  Canada  in  1846, 
to  gather  material  for  a  history  of  the  Germans 
in  America,  and  wrote  <  Significance  of  the  Ger* 


34S 


LOISEAU  — LONGFELLOW 


man  Race  in  the  World's  History >  (1847);  'His- 
tory of  the  Germans  in  America'  (1848).  He 
wrote  also  :  <  Land  and  People  in  the  Old  and 
New  Worlds'  (1854);  <The  Magyars  and  Other 
Hungarians  >  (1874);  <  Cyprus'  (1878);  and  many 
other  sketches  of  history  and  notes  of  travel. 

Loiseau,  Jeanne  (lwa-z6').  ["Daniel  Les- 
ueur.'>]  A  celebrated  French  poet  and  ro- 
mantic writer.  She  ranks  among  the  best  of 
French  contemporary  poets,  being  compared 
to  Meurne,  Ackermann,  and  SuUy-Prudhomme. 
Her  <  Flowers  of  April,'  <  Dreams  and  Visions,' 
and  a  translation  of  the  <  Works  of  Lord  Byron ' 
(of  which  two  volumes  have  appeared),  were 
crowned  by  the  French  Academy.  Among  her 
successful  romances  are :  <  The  Neurotic ' ;  <  Pas- 
sion's Slave ' ;  <  Woman's  Justice  > ;  <  The  Hatred 
of  Love.' 

Lokman  (lok-man').  An  Arabian  sage  an- 
terior to  Mohammed.  In  legendary  story  he 
figures  now  as  King  of  Yemen,  then  as  a  prophet, 
again  as  an  Abyssinian  slave.  Under  his  name 
we  have,  besides  certain  sayings  contained  in 
the  Koran  or  current  in  the  common  speech,  a 
small  collection  of  <  Fables,'  which  in  no  wise 
merit  the  praises  bestowed  upon  them.  They 
are  an  awkward  adaptation  of  ^sop's  fables, 
and  are  not  of  earlier  date  than  the  sixteenth 
or  the  fifteenth  century. 

Lolli,  Giambattista  (iSl'le).  A  celebrated 
Italian  chess-player.  He  was  a  native  of  Mo- 
dena.  His  classical  work  <  The  Game  of  Chess' 
appeared  in  1763. 

Loman,  Abraham  Dirk  (16'man).  A  Dutch 
theologian  ;  born  at  the  Hague,  Sept.  16,  1823. 
He  became  professor  of  theology  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Amsterdam  in  1877.  He  is  one  of 
the  foremost  of  the  Dutch  Radical  critics  of  the 
Scriptures.  He  wrote  :  <  The  Testimony  of  the 
Muratorian  Canon'  (1865);  < Protestantism  and 
the  Authority  of  the  Church'  (1868);  <The 
Gospel  of  John'  (1873);  < Symbol  and  Fact  in 
the  Gospel  History' ;  (1884).  Died  April  18, 1897. 

Lombard!,  Eliodoro  (lom-bar'de).  An  Ital- 
ian poet  and  man  of  letters;  born  at  Marsala, 
18 — .  His  < Songs'  (1884),  and  'Evolutionary 
Process  in  Literature'  (1888),  are  well  known. 

Lombroso,  Cesare  (}om-br6's5).  An  Italian 
scientist ;  born  in  Venice,  November  1836.  He 
has  attained  world-wide  celebrity  as  an  investi- 
gator of  pathology,  psychiatry,  nervous  diseases, 
and  allied  departments  of  science.  His  principal 
works  are :  <  Researches  on  Cretinism  in  Lom- 
bardy'  (1859);  'Genius  and  Insanity'  (1864); 
'Clinical  Studies  on  Mental  Diseases'  (1865); 
'Microcephaly  and  Cretinism'  (1873);  'Love 
in  Suicide  and  in  Crime'  (1881);  'The  Crimi- 
nal as  related  to  Anthropology,  Jurisprudence, 
and  Prison  Discipline'  (4th  ed.  1889);  'The  Man  of 
Genius  as  Related  to  Psychiatry'  (1889);  'Female 
Criminals'  (1803);  <  Anti-Semitism  and  the  Mod- 
ern Sciences'  (1894);  <  The  Anarchists'  (1894); 
'  Crime  ;  its  Causes  and  Remedies.'     Died  1909. 

Lom€nle,  Louis  Leonard  de  do-ma-ne').  A 
French  man  of  letters ;  born  at  St.  Yrieix,  Haute 


Vienne,  1815 ;  died  1878.  He  had  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  contemporary  European  lit- 
erature. His  writings  were  '  Gallery  of  Con- 
temporaries'  (1840-47);  '  Beaumarchais  and  his 
Time'  (1855);  and  many  more. 

Lomonossov,  Michail  Vasily^vlcli  (15-m6- 
nos'ov).  A  Russian  poet  and  man  of  science; 
born  at  Dennisowka,  Archangel,  171 1  or  1712; 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  April  15,  1765.  He  is 
"father  of  Russian  grammar  and  literature." 
He  was  made  instructor  in  chemistry  and  phys- 
ics in  the  Academy  in  1742,  and  professor  of 
chemistry  in  1745.  He  was  the  first  to  write 
polished  lyric  verse  in  Russian :  his  models 
were  the  classic  poets  of  France.  Among  his 
odes  is  the  celebrated  one  'On  the  Taking  of 
Chotin.'  He  wrote  also  songs,  didactic  poems, 
and  poetical  epistles.  He  failed  in  tragedy. 
His  principal  scientific  works  are  :  'Atmospheric 
Phenomena  Produced  by  Electricity';  'Ele- 
ments of  Metallurgy ' ;  '  Causes  of  Heat  and 
Cold ' ;  etc.  Of  very  great  importance  are  his 
philological  writings ;  among  them  are  '  On  the 
Utility  of  Church  Slavic  for  Study  of  the  Rus- 
sian Language ' ;  '  Russian  Grammar,'  the  pub- 
lication of  which  marked  an  epoch. 

Long,  Charles  ChalUe.  An  American  sol- 
dier and  author ;  born  at  Princess  Anne,  Som- 
erset County,  Md.,  1842.  He  enlisted  in  the 
Union  army  in  the  Civil  War,  and  attained  the 
rank  of  captain.  In  1869  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Egyptian  army ;  in 
1874  he  was  made  chief  of  staff  to  General  Gor- 
don, and  employed  on  a  diplomatic  and  geo- 
graphical mission  to  the  interior  of  Africa.  In 
1877  he  returned  to  the  United  States,  studied 
at  the  Columbia  Law  School,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  He  was  appointed  consul-general  in 
Corea  in  1887.  His  works  are  :  '  Central  Africa ' 
(1876); '  The  Three  Prophets — Chinese  Gordon, 
tne  Mahdi,  and  Arabi  Pasha  > ;  <  The  Sources  ci 
the  Nile.' 

Long,  George.  An  English  classical  scholar; 
bom  at  Poulton,  Lancashire,  1800 ;  died  1879. 
He  was  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  Latin 
and  Greek  literature.  He  published  an  admir- 
able translation  of  '  Thoughts  of  the  Emperor 
M.  Aurelius  Antoninus'  (1862-79)  and  'Dis- 
courses of  Epictetus'  (1877). 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth.  An  emi- 
nent American  poet ;  born  at  Portland,  Me., 
Feb.  27,  1807  ;  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  March 
24,  1882.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege in  1825.  His  early  years  were  occupied 
in  travel,  and  in  studies  in  Spanish,  French, 
and  Italian  literatures,  and  translations  from 
each  of  them.  'Outre  Mer,  a  Pilgrimage  Be- 
yond the  Sea'  was  published  in  serial  form 
in  1833-34  anonymously,  but  under  his  own 
name  in  1835;  'Hyperion'  followed  (1839); 
'Voices  of  the  Night'  (1839);  'Ballads  and 
Other  Poems'  (1842);  'Poems  on  Slavery' 
(1842);  'The  Spanish  Student'  (1843).  His 
important  collection  '  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Eu- 
rope,' still  a  favorite  anthology,  was  published 
in  1845.  Then  came  'The  Belfry  of  Bruges 
and    Other    Poems'    (1846);    'Evangeline,   A 


LONGFELLOW  —  LOPES 


349 


Tale  of  Acadie>  (1847);  <  Kavanagh,  a  Tale> 
(1849);  <The  Seaside  and  the  Fireside  >  (1850); 
<A  Volume  of  Poems  >  (1850);  <The  Golden 
Legend>  (1851) ;  <  Song  of  Hiawatha>  (1855); 
<  Prose  Works,'  a  series  of  essays,  collected 
( 1857 ) ;  <  Poems,>  complete  edition  ( 1857 ) ;  <  Court- 
ship of  Miles  Standish>  (1858);  <  Tales  of  a 
Wayside  Inn>  (1863);  <  Household  Poems  > 
(1865).  He  translated  and  published  Dante's 
•Divine  Comedy'  in  1867;  <A  New  England 
Tragedy'  came  next  (1868);  <The  Building  of 
a  Ship'  (1870);  <  Excelsior'  (1872);  <Christus: 
a  Mystery,'  in  a  volume  comprising  several  of 
the  foregoing  (1872);  <Aftermath>  (1873);  <The 
Hanging  of  the  Crane '  (1875);  <  The  Masque  of 
Pandora  and  Other  Poems '  (1875).  He  edited 
his  < Poems  of  Places'  in  31  vols.  (1876-79); 
< Poems  of  the  Old  South  Church'  (1877); 
<The  Skeleton  in  Armor'  (1878);  <K^ramos 
and  Other  Poems'  (1879).  <  From  my  Arm- 
Chair'  was  printed  in  1879;  the  volume  <  Ul- 
tima Thule'  in  1880;  <  Michael  Angelo'  in 
1884 ;  <  Complete  Poetical  and  Prose  Works  with 
Later  Poems,'  with  a  biographical  sketch  by 
Octavius  B.  Frothingham,  in  1880-83. 

Longfellow,  Samuel.  An  American  clergy- 
man, poet,  and  author,  brother  of  Henry  W. ; 
born  in  Portland,  Me.,  June  18, 1819;  died  there, 
Oct.  3,  1892.  He  graduated  from  Hars'ard  in 
1839,  and  from  the  Divinity  School  in  1846.  He 
held  pastorates  in  Unitarian  churches  in  Fall 
River,  Mass.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  German- 
town,  Pa.  Later  he  settled  in  Cambridge,  Mass. 
As  a  hymn-writer  he  had  few  equals.  Among 
his  works  are  :  <  Hymns  of  the  Spirit '  (with 
the  Rev.  Samuel  Johnson),  published  in  1848; 
<Life  of  H.  W.  Longfellow'  (1886);  <A  Few 
Verses  of  Many  Years'  (1887). 

Longinus,  Casslus  (lon-ji'nus).  A  c(  lebrated 
Greek  philosopher  and  rhetorician ;  lived  about 
21&-273  A.  D. ;  born  at  Athens.  He  taught  at 
Athens  till  called  to  Palmyra  by  Queen  Zeno- 
bia  to  be  her  counselor ;  he  confirmed  the 
Queen  in  her  resolve  to  resist  Roman  domina- 
tion, and  on  that  account  was  beheaded  by 
order  of  the  Emperor  Aurelian.  He  was  a 
man  of  vast  learning :  his  biographer  calls  him 
a  <<  living  library,"  a  <*  walking  museum."  Of  his 
voluminous  writings,  all  that  have  come  down 
to  us  are  the  prolegomena  to  Hephsestion's 
<  Metrics,'  and  a  fragment  of  a  treatise  on  rhet- 
oric. The  valuable  little  essay  on  <  The  Sub- 
lime,' commonly  attributed  to  him,  is  the  work 
of  some  unknown  writer  of  the  first  century  of 
our  era. 

Longnon,  Auguste  Honor€  (lon-yoii').  A 
French  historian  and  philologist ;  born  at  Paris, 
Oct.  18,  1844.  He  was  a  shoemaker,  but  by 
diligent  cultivation  of  his  rare  natural  gifts 
rose  to  eminence  among  French  scholars.  He 
became  professor  of  history  in  the  College  de 
France,  1892.  His  principal  works  are  :  <  Ge- 
ography of  Gaul  in  the  6th  Century'  (1878); 
'Historical  Atlas  of  France'  (1884-89). 

LongBtreet,  Augustus  Baldwin.  An  Amer- 
ican lawyer,  clergyman,  educator,  and  author ; 


born  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  Sept.  22,  1790 ;  died  at 
Oxford,  Miss.,  Sept.  9,  1870.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1813,  studied  law  at  Litchfield,  Conn., 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Richmond  County, 
Ga.,  in  1815.  In  1822  he  removed  to  Augusta, 
Ga.,  and  founded  the  Sentinel.  In  1838  he 
entered  the  Methodist  Episcopal  ministry,  and 
later  was  president  of  several  Southern  uni- 
versities, chief  among  them  being  the  Univer- 
sity of  Mississippi.  His  works  include:  <  Georgia 
Scenes '  ( 1840) ;  <  Letters  from  Georgia  to  Massa- 
chusetts.' 

Longus  (long'gus).  A  Greek  romancer;  be- 
longs probably  to  the  fifth  century  of  our  era. 
The  pastoral  romance  <Daphnis  and  Chloe,' 
the  prototype  of  <  Paul  and  Virginia '  and  sim- 
ilar sentimental  tales,  is  ascribed  to  him. 

Lbnnrot,  Ellas  (len'rot).  A  Finnish  philolo- 
gist ;  born  at  Sammatti,  in  Nyland,  April  9, 1802  ; 
died  there,  March  19,  1884.  Recognizing  the 
value  of  the  people's  songs  and  ballads  for 
Finnish  language-study,  he  spent  years  in  col- 
lecting such  material  in  Finland,  Lapland,  and 
adjoining  provinces,  and  published  the  fruits 
of  his  researches  in  a  series  of  volumes.  Among 
his  "finds"  is  to  be  numbered  the  great  pop- 
ular epic  <  Kalevala,'  of  which  only  a  few  cantos 
were  previously  known  to  the  learned  world. 
He  wrote  a  'Finnish-Swedish  Dictionary'  (2 
vols.,  1866-80).  (See  <  Kalevala.') 

Loosjes,  Adriaan  (los'yes).  A  Dutc^  poet 
and  novelist ;  born  on  the  island  of  Texel  in 
1761 ;  died  at  Haarlem  in  1818.  He  was  in- 
tended for  the  Church,  but  abandoned  theology 
for  the  trade  of  bookseller,  devoting  his  leisure 
to  the  composition  of  poems  and  especially 
historical  romances  which  made  him  a  favorite 
in  Holland.  Among  the  most  popular  were  : 
'Charlotte  of  Bourbon'  (1792);  'Louise  de  Co- 
ligny '  (1803) ;  <  Johann  de  Witt '  ( 1805) ; '  Maurice 
Lynslager'  (1808).  'Love  Songs'  (1783);  <De 
Ruyter'  (1784),  an  epic;  and  several  dramas, 
constitute  his  other  important  works. 

Lope  de  Vega.    See  Vega 

Lopes  or  Lopez,  Fernao  (16'path).  The 
oldest  of  the  Portuguese  chroniclers;  born 
about  1380 ;  died  after  1459.  Appointed  chief 
archivist  of  the  kingdom  by  Dom  Joao  I.  in 
1434,  he  devoted  his  life  to  historical  research 
and  to  the  composition  of  chronicles,  which 
for  literary  and  critical  value  were  unsurpassed 
in  his  century.  His  'Chronicle  of  Senor  Don 
John  I.,'  describing  the  great  struggle  between 
Portugal  and  Castile,  has  invited  comparison 
with  Froissart's  writings  on  account  of  its  pict- 
uresqueness  and  dramatic  reality.  Equally 
vigorous  are  his  chronicles  of  Dom  Pedro  I. 
and  Don  Fernando. 

Lopes,  Caetano  (lo-pes).  A  Brazilian  histo- 
rian; born  in  Bahia,  October  1780;  died  in  Paris, 
Dec.  22,  i860.  He  was  a  mulatto,  educated  in 
Bahia  and  Paris;  he  settled  in  the  latter  in 
1822  and  became  corresponding  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles-lettres. 
The  emperor  Pedro  held  him  in  high  esteem. 


'35© 


LOPEZ  Y  PLANES  — LOTZE 


The  Historical  Institute  of  Rio  Janeiro  be- 
stowed a  gold  medal  upon  him.  He  was  noted 
for  brightness  of  style  and  purity  of  language. 
His  works  were  numerous,  treating  of  history, 
biography,  and  surgery. 

Lopez  y  Planes,  Vicente  (15'path  e  pla'nes). 
An  Argentine  poet;  born  in  Buenos  Ayres  in 
1784;  died  there  in  1856.  He  was  lawyer,  sol- 
dier, politician,  and  author ;  founded  the  classic 
and  topographical  departments  when  the  uni- 
versity was  established.  He  was  Member  of 
Congress,  1819-25 ;  provisional  President  of  the 
republic,  July  5  to  Aug.  13,  1827 ;  President  of 
the  supreme  court  of  justice;  and  governor  of 
the  province  of  Buenos  A>Tes.  He  wrote  the 
♦Argentine  National  Hym'n>  and  other  poet- 
ical works. 

Lord,  Jolin.  An  American  historian  and  lec- 
turer; born  in  Berwick,  Me.,  Sept.  10,  1809; 
died  at  Stamford,  Conn.,  Dec.  15,1894.  He  spent 
most  of  his  life  in  historical  study  and  lecturing; 
three  years  (1843-46)  were  passed  in  England, 
where  he  spoke  on  <The  Middle  Ages.>  His 
lectures  have  been  delivered  in  the  principal 
towns  and  cities  of  the  United  States.  The 
degree  of  LL.  D.  was  given  him  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  New  York  in  1864.  He  published  <  Mod- 
ern History  for  Schools  >  (1850);  <The  Old 
Roman  World  >  (1867);  <  Ancient  States  and 
Empires'  (1869);  and  <Beacon  Lights'  (1883). 

Lord,  William  Wilberforce.  An  American 
verse-writer ;  bom  in  Madison  County,  N.  Y., 
1819.  He  published  a  volume  of  <  Poems '  ( 1845 ) , 
that  were  ridiculed  by  Edgar  A.  Poe  and  praised 
by  Wordsworth;  < Christ  in  Hades'  (1851);  and 

<  Andr^,  a  Tragedy '  (1856).     He  died  1907. 

Lorente,  Sebastian  (lo-ren'ta).  A  Peruvian 
historian ;  born  about  1820 ;  died  at  Lima,  No- 
vember 1884.  A  professor  of  history  at  the 
University  of  San  Marcos,  he  made  valuable 
contributions  to  the  historical  literature  of  his 
country  in  his  <  History  of  Peru  '  (5  vols.,  i860); 
<Historyof  the  Conquest  of  Peru'  (1861);  and 
articles  in  the  Peruvian  Review. 

Lorenz,  Ottokar  (16'rentz).  A  German  his- 
torian; born  at  Iglau,  Sept.  17,  1832.  His 
first  work  was  <The  Consular  Tribunal'  (1855). 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  history  in  the 
University  of  Vienna,  1862 ;  in  1885  accepted 
a  call  to  the  University  of  Jena.  Among  his 
writings  are :  <  German  History  in  the  13th  and 
14th  Centuries'  (2  vols.,  1863);  < Sources  of 
Mediaeval  German  History'  (1870);  < History 
of  Alsace'  (1871);  <  History  and  Politics '  (1876); 
♦Genealogical  Manual  of  the  History  of  Euro- 
pean States'  (1895).    Died  at  Jena,  May  13,  1904. 

Lorenzo  de'  Medici.    See  Medici. 

Lorimer,  George  Claud.  A  noted  American 
pulpit  orator;  born  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  in 
1837 ;  educated  at  Georgetown  College,  Ky. 
He  has  preached  very  acceptably  in  several 
cities.  He  was  editor  of  the  Watchman  in  1876. 
Among  his  published  works  are :  <  Under  the 
Evergreens '  ( 1872) ;  <  The  Great  Conflict '  ( 1876) ; 

<  Isms'  (1882),  etc.     Died,  Aix-les-Bains,  1904. 


Lorm,  HieronymuB,  pseudonym  of  Heinricb 
Landesmann.  A  German  poet  and  prose- 
writer;  born  Aug.  9,  1821,  at  Nikolsburg,  Mo- 
ravia. Though  blind  and  deaf,  he  has  performed 
much  literary  work.  His  works  include  <  Poems ' 
(7th  ed.  1894);  and  <A  Child  of  the  Sea>  (1882), 
a  novel.    He  died  Dec.  2,  1902. 

Lome,  "John  Douglas  Sutherland  Camp- 
bell, Marquis  of,  (son-in-law  of  Queen  Vic- 
toria). A  Scotch  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  in 
London,  1845.  He  has  written  :  <A  Trip  to  the 
Tropics'  (1867);  <Guido  and  Lita'  (1875),  a 
poem;  <  Life. of  Lord  Palmerston'  (1890);  and 

♦  Life  and  Times  of  Queen  Victoria'  (1901). 

Lorris.    See  Guillaume  de  Lorris. 

Lossing,  Benson  John.  An  American  his- 
torian; born  in  Beekman,  Dutchess  County, 
N.  Y.,  1813 ;  died  near  Dover  Plains,  N.  Y.,  June  3, 
1891.  He  was  a  voluminous  writer,  and  equally 
at  home  in  historical,  biographical,  and  critical 
composition ;  but  his  most  useful  and  enduring 
works  were  his  great  <  Pictorial  Field-Books' 
of  the  Revolution,  the  War  of  1812,  and  the 
Civil  War, —  the  first  published  in  illustrated 
numbers  1850-52  (2  vols.),  the  second  in  1868, 
the  third  1866-69  (3  vols.).  He  was  a  wood 
engraver,  and  himself  made  the  engravings  for 
the  works,  the  scenic  ones  largely  from  sketches 
on  the  spots.  He  wrote  also  <  Outline  History 
of  the  Line  Arts'  (1841);  <  Lives  of  the  Presi- 
dents of  the  United  States'  (1847);  ♦Biog- 
raphies of  Eminent  Americans'  (1855);  <A 
History  of  England'  for  schools  (1871);  etc. 

Lotheissen,  Ferdinand  (lo'tis-en).  A  Ger- 
man historian  of  literature  ;  born  at  Darmstadt, 
May  20,  1833;  died  at  Vienna,  Dec.  19,  1887. 
His  studies  were  mainly  in  the  field  of  French 
literature  ;  he  wrote  :  <  Literature  and  Society 
in  France,  1789-94'  (1872);  <  History  of  French 
Literature  in  the  Seventeenth  Century'  (4  vols., 
1878-84);  <  Molifere,  his  Life  and  Works'  (1880); 
♦Margaret,  Queen  of  Navarre'  (1885).  Among 
his  literary  remains  was  a  contribution  to  the 

♦  History  of  French  Civilization  in  the  Seven- 
teenth and  Eighteenth  Centuries'  (1889). 

Lothrop,  Harriet  Mulford.  [«  Margaret  Sid- 
ney."] An  American  novelist,  wife  of  the 
publisher  D.  Lothrop;  bom  in  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  1844.  Among  her  published  works  are : 
♦So  as  by  Fire'  (1881);  ♦The  Pettibone  Name,' 
a  novel  of  New  England  life  (1883);  ♦The 
Golden  West'  (1885);  ♦The  Minute-Man' 
(1886);  and  ♦Dilly  and  the  Captain'   (1887). 

Loti,  Pierre  (16-te').  A  French  poet  and 
novelist,  whose  real  name  is  Louis  Marie  Julien 
Viaud;  born  at  Rochefort,  Jan.  15,  1850.  His 
works  include:  ♦Aziyadd'  (1876);  ♦Rarahu' 
(1880),  afterwards  called  ♦The  Marriage  of 
Loti,'  a  romance  of  Tahiti ;  ♦  An  Icelanu 
Fisherman'  (1886);  ♦Madame  Chrysanth&me ' 
(1887);  ♦  In  Morocco '(1890);  ♦The  Romance  of  a 
Child  '  (1890);  <  The  Last  Days  of  Peking'  1902). 

Lotze,  Kudolf  Hermann  (16t's6).  A  Ger- 
man pliilosopher ;  born  at  Bautzen,  Saxony,  May 
21.  1S17;  died  in  Berlin,  July  I,  1881.     Having 


LOUNSBURY  —  LO  WELl. 


351 


graduated  in  medical  science  and  philosophy 
at  Leipsic,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  men- 
tal philosophy  there  (1843),  and  in  1844  ac- 
cepted a  call  to  Gottingen.  He  ranks  among 
the  first  of  metaphysicians,  and  has  given  im- 
pulse to  the  recent  development  of  physiologi- 
cal psychology.  Among  his  numerous  works 
the  most  important  are:  < Metaphysics >  (1841); 
< Logic >  (1843);  <Microcosmos  of  Philosophic' 
(3  vols.,  1856-64);  <  History  of  /Esthetics  in  Ger- 
many >  (1868),  several  of  which  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English. 

Lounsbury,  Thomas  Raynesford.  An  Amer- 
ican scholar;  born  at  Ovid,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  i,  1838. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1859,  and  led  the 
life  of  a  student  in  Anglo-Saxon  and  early 
English,  and  a  writer  in  critical  and  biograph- 
ical works,  till  1862,  when  he  enlisted  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  Union  Army,  served  as  first 
lieutenant  of  the  126th  New  York  Volunteers, 
and  was  mustered  out  at  the  close  of  the  War ; 
since  1871  has  occupied  the  chair  of  professor 
of  English  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  of 
Yale  University.  Among  his  published  works 
are  Chaucer's  <  House  of  Fame  >  and  <  Parle- 
ment  of  Foules>;  <  History  of  the  English 
Language*  (1879);  biography  of  James  Feni- 
more  Cooper  in  < American  Men  of  Letters' 
series  (1883);  and  his  crowning  work,  which 
has  brought  him  great  celebrity,  <  Studies  in 
Chaucer,  his  Life  and  Writings'  (3  vols.,  1892). 

Louvet  de  Couvray,  Jean  Baptlste  (lo-va' 
de  ko-vra'j.  A  French  writer  of  memoirs; 
born  at  Paris,  June  II,  1760;  died  there,  Aug. 
25,  1797.  He  wrote  a  licentious  novel,  *  Ad- 
ventures of  Chevalier  Faublas'  (2  vols.,  1787- 
90);  'Some  Notes  for  Use  in  History*  (1795); 
< Memoirs  upon  the  French  Revolution'  (1795). 

Lovelace,  Richard.  An  English  dramatist 
and  poet;  born  in  Kent,  1618;  died  in  London, 
1658.  He  shone  at  the  court  of  Charles  L,  and 
sacrificed  liberty  and  fortune  for  that  unhappy 
prince.  His  <  Lucasta '  is  a  collection  of  charm- 
ing verse,  <The  Scholar'  is  a  comedy  of  merit, 
and  <  The  Soldier '  is  a  tragedy. 

Lover,  Samuel.  An  Irish  novelist  and  song- 
writer; bom  at  Dublin,  1797;  died  July  6,  1868. 
He  wrote :  <  Legends  and  Stories  of  Ireland ' 
(1832);  song  —  <  Rory  O'More,  a  National  Ro- 
mance' (1837);  <Songs  and  Ballads'  (1839), 
including  <The  Low-Backed  Car,'  <  Widow 
Machree,'  '  The  Angel's  Whisper '  and  <  The 
Four-Leaved  Shamrock ' ;  <  Handy  Andy,  an 
Irish  Tale'  (1842);  'Treasure  Trove'  (1844); 
'Metrical  Tales  and  Other  Poems'  (i860).  He 
edited  a  collection  of  'The  Lyrics  of  Ireland' 
(1858). 

Lowe,  Martha  Ann.  An  American  verse- 
writer;  born  at  Keene,  N.  H.,  1829.  She 
published  'The  Olive  and  the  Pine'  (1859); 
'Love  in  Spain,  and  Other  Poems'  (1867); 
'The  Story  of  Chief  Joseph'  (1881);  and  'Me- 
moir of  Charles  Lowe  '  ( 1883).     She  died  1902. 

Lowell,  Anna  Cabrt  (Jackson).  An  Ameri- 
can  prose   and  verse-writer;    bom  in   Boston 


1819 ;  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Jan.  7,  1874. 
Among  her  publications  are  '  Theory  of  Teach- 
ing' (1841);  'Gleanings  from  the  Poets,  for 
Home  and  School'  (1843);  'Outlines  of  Astron- 
omy, or  the  World  as  It  Appears'  (1850); 
and  <  Posies  for  Children :  a  Book  of  Verses  > 
(1870). 

Lowell,  Edward  Jackson.  An  American 
historical  writer ;  bom  in  Boston,  1845 ;  died 
there  May  II,  1894.  He  was  educated  as  a 
lawyer,  but  later  gave  himself  entirely  to  literary 
pursuits.  He  is  the  author  of  'The  Hessians 
and  Other  German  Auxiliaries  of  Great  Britain 
in  the  Revolutionary  War'  (1884):  this  work  is 
deemed  exhaustive  in  its  scope.  He  was  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  the  magazines. 

Lowell,  James  Russell.  An  eminent  Ameri- 
can poet  and  critic ;  born  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Feb.  22,  1819;  died  there,  Aug.  12,  1891.  His 
principal  poetical  works  are :  '  A  Year's  Life,' 
a  volume  of  poems  (1841);  'Poems'  (1848); 
'The  Biglow  Papers'  (2  vols.,  1849  and  1864); 
'Under  the  Willows  and  Other  Poems'  (1868). 
Among  his  essays  in  literary  criticism  are : 
'Among  my  Books'  (two  series,  1870  and  1875); 
'My  Study  Windows'  (1871);  'Latest  Literary 
Essays  and  Addresses'  (1892).  He  published 
also  'Democracy,  and  Other  Addresses'  (1887); 
<  Political  Essays '  ( 1888) ;  <  Heartsease  and  Rue ' 
(1888). 

Lowell,  Maria  (White).  An  American  writer 
of  prose  and  verse,  wife  of  James  Russell 
Lowell ;  bom  in  Watertown,  Mass.,  July  8, 
1821 ;  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Oct.  27,  1853. 
The  best-known  of  her  poems  are  '  The  Alpine 
Shepherd'  and  'The  Morning  Glory.'  The 
death  of  Mrs.  Lowell,  occurring  the  same  night 
that  a  child  was  born  to  Mr.  Longfellow,  called 
forth  his  poem  beginning 

"  Two  angels,  one  of  life  and  one  of  death. 
Passed  o'er  our  village  as  the  morning  broke.* 

Lowell,  Perclval.  An  American  traveler, 
astronomical  investigator,  and  author;  bom  in 
Massachusetts  in  1855.  He  graduated  from  Har- 
vard in  1876,  and  spent  some  time  in  Japan  and 
Corea.  Among  his  works  are: '  Choson,  a  Sketch 
of  Corea'  (1886);  'The  Soul  of  the  Far  East  > 
(1888)  ; '  Noto,  an  Unexplored  Comer  of  Japan  '; 
'Occult  Japan' ;' Mars  and  Its  Canals'  (1906). 

Lowell,  Robert  Traill  Spence.  An  Ameri- 
can clergyman,  educator,  and  author,  brother 
of  James  Russell ;  born  in  Boston,  Oct.  8, 
1816;  died  Sept.  18,  1891.  He  graduated  from 
Harvard  in  1833;  was  ordained  a  Protestant 
Episcopal  minister  in  Bermuda  in  1842 ;  and 
held  pastorates  in  Newfoundland,  New  Jersey, 
and  New  York.  He  became  principal  of  St. 
Mark's  School,  Southborough,  Mass.,  in  1869 ; 
and  in  1873  professor  of  Latin  in  Union  College, 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.  His  best-known  work  is 
the  novel  '  The  New  Priest  in  Concepcion  Bay ' 
(1864).  He  also  wrote  '  Fresh  Hearts,  and  Other 
Poems'  (i860);  'Antony  Brade'  (1874),  a  story 
of  school  life ;  'A  Story  or  Two  from  an  Old 
Dutch  Town'  (1878). 


35« 


LOWRY  — LUCY 


Lowry,  Robert.  An  American  composer  and 
hymn-writer;  born  in  Piiiladelphia,  March  12, 
1826;  died  at  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  Nov.  23,  1899. 
His  music  and  hymns  met  popular  approval.  He 
edited:  <Chapel  Melodies'  ( 1868);  <Bright  Jew- 
els* (1869);  'Pure  Gold>  and  <H)inn  Sei-vice> 
(1871);  'Brightest  and  Best>  (1875);  'Glad 
Refrains>  (1886);  and  other  sacred  collections. 

Loyson,  Charles  (Iwa-zoh'),  widely  known  as 
«  PSre  Hyacinthe.»  A  French  pulpit  orator  and 
writer;  born  at  Orleans,  March  10,  1827.  His 
writings  include  :  <  Liturgy  of  the  Gallic-Catholic 
Church >  (4th  ed.  1883);  'Neither  Clericals  nor 
Atheists>  (1890);  and 'My  Testament >  (1893). 

Lubbock,  Sir  John.  An  English  naturalist 
and  palaeontologist ;  born  in  London,  April  30, 
1834.  His  chief  writings  are  :  <  Prehistoric  Times 
as  Illustrated  by  Ancient  Remains,'  etc.  (1865); 
'The  Origin  of  Civilization  and  the  Primitive 
Condition  of  Man>  (1870);  'Origin  and  Meta- 
morphoses of  Insects  >  (1874);  'Ants,  Bees,  and 
Wasps'  (1882);  'On  the  Senses,  Instincts,  and 
Intelligence  of  Animals'  (1888);  'The  Beauties 
of  Nature  and  the  Wonders  of  the  World  >  ( 1892) ; 
'  The  Use  of  Life'  (1894);  *  Scenery  of  Switzer- 
land' (1896);  'Buds  and  Stipules'  (1898); 
'Fifty  Years  of  Science'  (1882).    Died  1901. 

Liibke,  Wllhelm  (liib'ke).  A  German  his- 
torian of  art ;  born  at  Dortmund,  Jan.  17,  1826 ; 
died  at  Karlsruhe,  April  5,  1893.  Chief  among 
his  works  are  :  'Mediaeval  Art  in  Westphalia' 
(1853);  'Outline  of  the  History  of  Art'  (i860; 
nth  ed.  1891);  'History  of  Architecture'  (2 
vols.,  1855);  'History  of  the  Renaissance  in 
France'  (186S);  'History  of  the  Renaissance 
in  Germany'  (1873);  <  History  of  German  Art' 
(1888);  'Recollections'  (1891). 

Lubllner,  Hugo  (lob'lin-er).  A  German 
dramatist ;  born  at  Breslau,  April  22,  1846.  His 
three-act  comedy  '  The  Women's  Advocate ' 
(1873)  was  produced  on  every  stage  in  Ger- 
many. Of  inferior  merit  are  his  <  The  Floren- 
tines,' a  tragedy ;  the  comedies  '  The  Woman 
Without  a  Mind,'  '  On  the  Wedding  Journey,' 
<  1  he  Poor  Rich.'  He  wrote  two  novels,'  Credit- 
ors of  Luck '  and  '  The  Matron  of  Nineteen 
Years,'  (1887);  and  the  dramas,  'The  Fifth 
Wheel '  and  '  Dear  Enemies.' 

Lubovltcb,  Nikolas  lob'6-vich).  A  Russian 
writer  of  history ;  born  in  Podolia,  March  16, 
1855.  He  wrote  :  '  Marnix  de  Saint  Aldegonde 
as  a  Political  Writer'  (1877);  'History  of  the  Re- 
formation in  Poland'  (1883);  'Duke  Albert  of 
Prussia  and  the  Reformation  in  Poland  '  (1885); 
'Origin  of  the  Catholic  Reaction  and  of  the 
Lapse  of  the  Reformation  in  Poland'  (1890). 

Lubovski,  Edward  (lob-ov'ske).  A  Polish 
dramatist ;  born  at  Cracow,  1838.  His  first  suc- 
cessful dramatic  venture  was  made  with  '  Bats.' 
His  dramas,  'The  Court  of  Honor'  (1880), 
and  'Jacus'  (1883),  are  favorite  pieces  in  the 
theatrical  repertoire  of  Poland.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  two  books  of  fiction:  'A  Step  Farther' 
(1885);  'Stories  Without  a  Moral'  (1886). 

Lucan  — Marcus  Annaeus  Lucanus  (lo'kan). 
A    Latin    poet,    nephew   of  Seneca;    born    at 


Cordova,  Spain,  39  A.  D. ;  died  at   Rome,  65 

A.  D.  His  uncle  introduced  him  to  the  court 
of  Nero,  and  for  a  time  he  was  a  favorite ;  but 
Nero  envied  his  poetic  talents  and  banished 
him  from  court.  His  epic  poem  'Pharsalia' 
has  for  its  subject  the  great  battle  between 
Caesar  and  Pompey  at  Pharsalus :  in  style  it  is 
stilted,  labored,  and  rhetorical,  yet  it  shows  un- 
doubted poetic  talent  and  nobility  of  thought. 

Luce,  Simeon  (liis).  A  French  writer  of  his- 
tory ;  born  at  Bretteville-sur-Ay,  Dec.  29,  1833 ; 
died  Dec.  14,  1892.  He  is  author  of  '  History 
of  the  Jacquerie'  (1859;  2d  ed.  1894);  *  Chron- 
icle of  the  First  Four  Valois'  (1862);  'History 
of  Bertrand  Duguesclin  and  his  Time'  (1876)- 
'Joan  of  Arc  at  Domrdmy'  (1886);  'France 
during  the  100  Years'  War'  (1890).  He  edited 
Froissart's  'Chronicle'  (7  vols.,  1869-77). 

Lucbaire,  Achille  (16-char').  A  French  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Paris,  Oct.  24,  1846.  He  has 
held  professorships  at  Pau,  Bordeaux,  and  Paris, 
where  he  now  occupies  the  chair  of  mediaeval 
history  in  the  Faculty  of  Letters.  An  authority 
on  the  institutions  of  France  in  the  Feudal 
Period,  he  has  published  :  '  Monarchical  Insti- 
tutions of  France  under  the  First  Capetians' 
(1884),  <  Studies  of  the  Acts  of  Louis  VII.'  (1885}, 
both  of  which  received  the  Gobert  Prize  offered 
by  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions.  Among  his  re- 
cent works  are  :  '  The  French  Communes '  ( 1890) ; 
'Louis  VI.'  (1890);  and  several  monographs 
written  in  collaboration  with  M.  B.  Zeller.  In 
1891  he  was  decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

Luclan — Lucianus  (lo'shun).  A  celebrated 
Greek  satirist ;  born  at  Samosata,  in  northern 
Syria,  about  120  A.  D. ;  died  about  200  A.  D. 
Very  many  of  his  Vtritings  are  extant,  among 
them:  'Praise  of  Demosthenes';  'Dialogues 
of  the  Gods';  'Dialogues  of  the  Sea  Gods'; 
<  Dialogues  of  the  Dead ' ;  '  The  True  History ' ; 
'  Lucius ;  or  The  Ass ' ;  <  On  the  Syrian  God- 
dess ' ;  <  Death  of  Peregrinus  > ;  '  The  Lover  of 
Lying';  'The  Sea  Voyage;  or  Votive  Offer- 
ings ' ;  '  The  Banquet ;  or  The  Lapithas ' ;  <  The 
Fisherman ' ;  '  The  Sale  of  Lives ' ;  <  Hermoti- 
mus';  'Alexander,  or  The  False  Prophet'; 
'Anacharsis.'  The  genuine  writings  of  Lucian 
that  are  extant  number  124,  not  including  some 
fifty  epigrams. 

Lucilius,  Gains  (lo-sil'yus).  A  Latin  poet; 
born  about  180  B.  C,  at  Suessa  Aurunca,  in 
Campania ;  died  at  Naples,  103  B.  C.  He  first 
gave  form  to  Roman  satiric  poetry.  Only  frag- 
ments remain  of  his  thirty  books  of  satires. 
These  show  that  he  wrote  in  various  metres, 
though  mainly  in  hexameters.  In  his  verses  he 
lashed  the  vices  and  follies  of  his  time  with 
perfect  freedom  and  impartiality.  ^ 

Lucretius  Cams,  Titus  (lo-kre'shus  ka'rus). 
A  Roman  poet ;  born  about  98  B.  C. ;  died  55 

B.  C.  His  one  work, '  On  Nature,'  in  six  books, 
was  left  incomplete ;  but  it  is  one  of  the  great- 
est of  Latin  didactic  poems. 

Lucy,  Henry  W,  An  English  journalist 
and  author;   born  at  Crosby,   near  Liverpool, 


LUDEN  — LUKENS 


353 


Uec.  5,  1845.  After  some  provincial  expe- 
rience as  a  journalist,  he  came  to  London  in 
1868  and  joined  the  Daily  News  as  special 
correspondent,  chief  of  the  Gallery  staff,  and 
writer  of  the  Parliamentary  summary.  On  the 
death  of  Tom  Taylor,  who  had  written  the 
<  Essence  of  Parliament  *  for  London  Punch,  he 
continued  the  work  as  <  The  Diary  of  Toby, 
M.  P.>  He  is  the  author  of  <  Men  and  Man- 
ners in  Parliament'  (1874);  <A  Handbook  of 
Parliamentary  Procedure'  (1880);  <  Gideon 
Fleyce>  (1882),  a  novel ;  <  East  by  West>  (1885), 
an  account  of  a  journey  round  the  world ;  <  A 
Diary  of  Two  Parliaments'  (1885-86). 

Luden,  Helnrich  (lo'den).  A  German  his- 
torian; bom  at  Loxstedt,  April  10,  1778;  died 
at  Jena,  May  23,  1847.  He  was  appomted  pro- 
fessor of  history  in  the  University  of  Jena,  1810. 
He  rendered  a  notable  service  to  German  his- 
torical literature  by  the  example  he  set  of  his- 
tories written  in  elegant,  spirited  style.  Among 
his  writings  are :  <  Manual  of  Universal  History 
of  the  Mediaeval  Nations'  (2  vols.,  1821);  <  His- 
tory of  the  German  People'  (12  vols.,  1825-37), 
his  greatest  work,  but  reaching  only  to  the 
year  1237. 

Liiders,  Charles  Henry.  An  American  poet ; 
born  in  Philadelphia,  1858 ;  died  there,  July  12, 
1891.  Upon  the  completion  of  his  university 
studies  he  visited  Europe,  subsequently  settling 
in  his  native  city,  where  he  was  a  prominent 
member  of  "The  Pegasus,"  a  club  of  poets. 
He  attained  distinction  by  his  contributions  of 
verse  to  leading  magazines,  one  of  his  best 
poems  being  <The  Dead  Nymph.'  With  S. 
Decatur  Smith,  Jr.,  he  published  a  volume  en- 
titled <  Hallo  I  My  Fancy'  (188-);  and  a  post- 
humous volume  of  his,  <The  Dead  Nymph' 
appeared  in  189-. 

Ludlow,  Fitzhugh.  An  American  journalist 
and  author ;  born  in  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  Sept. 
II,  1836;  died  in  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Sept.  12, 
1870.  He  received  his  education  at  Union 
College.  He  was  editor  of  Vanity  Fair  from 
1858  to  i860,  and  also  wrote  for  the  World  and 
Evening  Post,  besides  contributing  frequently 
to  Harper's  Monthly.  His  most  famous  work 
is  <The  Hasheesh  Eater'  (1857),  a  glowing 
portrayal  of  the  early  delights  and  later  horrors 
of  addiction  to  the  drug.  In  1S68  he  published 
<The  Opium  Habit,'  a  warning  against  that 
habit,  to  which  he  himself  later  became  a  vic- 
tim. He  wrote  also  <  The  Heart  of  the  Conti- 
nent' (1870).  His  poem  < Too  Late'  is  familiar 
in  anthologies. 

Ludlow,  James  Meeker.  An  American  cler- 
gyman and  author ;  born  in  Elizabeth,  N.  J., 
1841.  He  is  a  minister  in  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  and  at  present  is  a  resident  of  East 
Orange,  N.  J.  His  best-known  works  are  :  <  The 
Captain  of  the  Janizaries,  a  Story  of  the  Times 
of  Scanderbeg '  (1886)  ;  <  A  Kingof  Tyre  >  (1891) ; 
<The  Angelic  Woman';  <Jesse  Ben  David'  (1906). 

Ludolf,  Hlob    (lod'olf).     An    eminent    Ger- 
man Orientalist ;  born  at  Erfurt,  Jan.   15,  1624 ; 
23 


died  at  Frankfort  on  the  Main,  April  8,  1704. 
He  traveled  extensively  through  Europe ;  and 
while  visiting  Rome  made  the  acquaintance  of 
the  Abyssinian  patriarch  Gregorius,  and  from 
him  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  Ethiopian  lan- 
guage. He  is  said  to  have  understood  25  lan- 
guages. He  wrote:  'Sketch  of  the  History  of 
Ethiopia'  (1681);  <  Grammar  of  the  Amharic 
Language'  (1698);  'Ethiopic-Latin  Diction- 
ary > ;  <  Ethiopic  Grammar.' 

Ludwig,  Karl  F.  W.  (I6d''-vig).  A  great 
German  physiologist;  bom  at  Witzenhausen, 
Dec.  29,  1816;  died  at  Leipsic,  April  23, 1895. 
He  became  professor  of  physiology  at  Leipsic 
University,  1865.  There  is  hardly  any  depart- 
ment of  physiology  with  which  his  name  is 
not  honorably  associated ;  some  of  his  works 
were  of  fundamental  importance  for  medical 
science  and  natural  history.  His  principal 
work    is   < Text-Book   of    Human    Physiology* 

(2   vols.,    1852-56). 

Ludwig,  Otto.  An  eminent  German  dram- 
atist and  story-writer;  born  at  Eisfeld,  Feb. 
II,  1813;  died  at  Dresden,  Feb.  25,  1865.  His 
first  ambition  was  for  music ;  and,  at  first  self- 
taught,  a  melodrama  he  wrote  gained  him  the 
means  of  becoming  a  pupil  of  Mendelssohn  at 
Leipsic.  But  he  soon  abandoned  this,  and 
went  into  retirement  to  write  novels  and  dra- 
mas ;  many  of  the  latter  he  never  published, 
but  in  1850  he  brought  out  his  tragedy  <The 
Hereditary  Forester,'  very  faulty  in  construction 
though  with  manifold  great  excellences.  He 
essayed  a  higher  flight  in  the  tragedy  <The 
Maccabees'  (1855),  but  again  failed  in  con- 
struction. He  turned  now  to  story-telling,  and 
began  a  series  of  tales  of  Thuringian  life. 
To  this  series  belongs  <  Between  Heaven  and 
Earth'  (1857),  his  masterpiece. 

Ludwig  Salvator,  Archduke  of  Austria.    A 

noted  explorer  and  traveler;  bom  at  Florence, 
Aug.  4,  1847.  His  principal  writings,  all  illus- 
trated by  himself  and  most  of  them  published 
anonymously,  are:  <Levkosia,  Capital  of  Cy- 
pms>  (1873);  *  Yacht  Voyage  to  the  Syrtes* 
(1874);  <Los  Angeles  in  Southern  California* 
(2d  ed.  1885);  <The  Caravan  Route  from  Egypt 
to  S>Tia'(i878);  <The  Balearic  Islands,'  superbly 
illustrated  (7  vols.,  1869-91);  < Around  the  World 
without  Intending  It '  (4th  ed.  1886) ;  <  The  Lipari 
Islands'  (1893). 

Luis  de  Granada,  Fray  (lo'es  de  gra-na'da). 
A  Spanish  mystic  and  preacher ;  born  at  Gra- 
nada, 1504;  died  at  Lisbon,  1588.  He  entered 
the  order  of  Preaching  Friars  or  Dominicans  in 
1523.  Though  high  church  dignities  were  re- 
peatedly offered  to  him,  he  remained  a  simple 
friar  all  his  life.  Of  his  discourses  or  sermons, 
thirteen  were  committed  to  writing  and  have 
been  preserved.  He  wrote  many  works  of  de- 
votion;  among  them:  <  Sinners'  Guide*  (1556); 
'Meditations'  (1556). 

Luis  de  Leon.    See  Ponce  de  Leon. 

Lukens,  Henry  Clay.  An  American  jour- 
nalist ;  bora  in  Philadelphia,  Aug.  18,  1838.    In 


354 


LUMBY  —  LYCOPHRON 


1884  he  was  associate  editor  of  the  New  York 
Daily  News,  and  subsequent!)'  editor  of  the  Jour- 
nalist, New  York.  His  pen-name  is  "  Erratic 
Enrique. »  He  has  published:  <The  Marine 
Circus  at  Cherbourg'  (1865);  <  Lean  Nora,>  a 
travesty  of  Burger's  <Lenore>  (1870);  <  Story  of 
che Types >  (1S81);  and < Jets  and  Flashes'  (1883). 

Lumby,  Joseph  Rawson.  An  English  clergy- 
man, editor,  and  author;  born  at  Stanningley, 
Leeds,  July  18,  1831;  died  at  Grant,  Chester, 
Nov.  21,  1895.  Norris  professor  of  divinity  at 
Cambridge,  1879-92.  For  the  Early  English 
Text  Society  edited* King  Horn,'  <Ratio  Raving, 
etc.';  for  the  Pitt  Press,  Sir  Thomas  More's  <Life 
of  Richard  IH.'  and  <Utopia.>  He  wrote:  <A 
History  of  the  Creed'  (1873);  <A  Popular  Intro- 
duction to  the  New  Testament'  (1883);  and  a 
work  on  <Greek  Learning  in  the  Western  Church 
during  the  Seventh  and  Eighth  Centuries.  > 

Lummis,  Cbarles  Fletcher.  An  American 
author ;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1859.  He  is 
a  resident  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  He  is  de- 
Voted  to  the  archaeology  and  history  of  the 
""^original  tribes  of  the  Southwest.  Among  his 
works    are :    <  The    Land    of    Poco    Tiempo ' ; 

•  The  Spanish  Pioneers ';  <  The  Man  who  Married 
the  Moon ' ;  <  The  Gold  Fish  of  the  Grand  Chimu'; 

*  A  New  Mexico  David  and  Other  Stories' ;  <  The 
Awakening  of  a  Nation  ';  <  Mexico  To-day.'         ■ 

Lundy,  Benjamin.  An  American  anti-slavery 
agitator;  born  at  Hardwich,  N.  J.,  Jan.  4,  1789; 
died  at  Lowell,  111.,  Aug.  22,  1839.  He  advo- 
cated emancipation  in  frequent  contributions 
to  periodicals,  till  1821,  when  he  founded  the 
monthly  Genius  of  Universal  Emancipation, 
which  was  published  under  difficulties  for  some 
years.  He  started  in  Philadelphia  a  weekly  anti- 
slavery  journal.  The  National  Enquirer  ( 1836) ; 
and  in  1839  was  about  to  revive  the  Genius  of 
Universal  Emancipation  at  Lowell,  when  he 
died.  'The  Life,  Travels,  and  Opinions  of 
Benjamin  Lundy  >  was  published  in  1847. 

Lunt,  George.  An  American  poet  and  prose- 
writer;  born  in  Newburyport,  Mass.,  Dec  31, 
1803;  died  in  Boston,  May  17,  1885.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  was  associate  editor,  with  George 
6.  Hillard,  of  the  Boston  Courier.  He  was  a 
forceful,  graceful  writer.  He  published  <  Poems  > 
(1839);  <The  Age  of  Gold'  (1843);  <The  Dove 
and  the  Eagle'  (1851);  < Lyric  Poems'  (1854); 
'The  Union,'  a  poem  (i860);  'Origin  of  the 
Late  War'  (1866);  'Old  New  England  Traits' 
(1873). 

Lunt,  William  Parsons.  An  American  cler- 
gyman ;  born  in  Newburyport,  Mass.,  April  21, 
1805;  died  in  Akabah,  Arabia  Petrsea,  March 
20,  1857.  His  writings  are  singularly  felicitous 
in  purity  of  taste,  and  have  been  much  admired. 
Among  his  published  works  are  :  '  Gleanings ' ; 
'  Discourse  at  the  Interment  of  John  Quincy 
Adams';  'Union  of  the  Human  Race';  'Ser- 
mon on  Daniel  Webster.'  He  also  compiled 
'The  Christian  Psalter.' 

Luschka,  Hubert  von  (losh'ka).  A  German 
anatomist  and  physiologist ;  born  at  Constance, 


July  27,  1820;  died  at  Tiibingen,  March  I,  1875. 
He  became  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Tiibingen  in  1855.  His  principal  work 
is  '  Human  Anatomy  as  related  to  Practical 
Medicine'  (3  vols.,  1862-69). 

Luska,  Sidney.    See  Harland,  Henry. 

Luther,  Martin.  The  renowned  church  re- 
former; born  at  Eisleben,  in  Saxony,  Nov.  10. 
1483;  died  there,  Feb.  18,  1546.  Noteworthy 
among  his  numerous  writings  are :  '  The  Baby- 
lonian Captivity  of  the  Church'  (1520);  the 
treatise  'Against  Henry,  King  of  England' 
(1522);  'The  Slave  Will,'  Luther's  reply  to 
Erasmus's  tractate  '  On  Free  Will ' ;  '  Letters ' 
(6  vols.,  1825-56);  'Table  Talk'  (1566).  His 
greatest  service  to  the  literature  of  Germany 
was  his  translation  of  the  Bible,  the  New  Tes- 
tament version  being  completed  in  1522  and 
the  Old  Testament  in  1534. 

Liitzow,  Karl  von  (liits'ou).  A  German  his- 
torian  of  art ;  born  at  Gottingen,  Dec.  25,  1832. 
He  wrote:  'Munich  Antiques'  (7  vols.,  1861- 
69);  'Masterpieces  of  Ecclesiastical  Architect- 
ure' (1862),  fruit  of  his  studies  in  France  and 
England ;  '  Monuments  of  Art,'  in  association 
with  Liibke  (6th  ed.  1892) ;  <  History  of  German 
Copperplate  and  Wood  Engraving.  Died  1897. 

Luzan,  Ignacio  de  (lo'th'an).  A  Spanish  poet 
and  scholar;  born  at  Saragossa,  1702;  died  at 
Madrid,  1754.  His  work  on  'The  Poetic  Art* 
(1737)  is  greatly  admired. 

Luzzatti,  Luigi  (lots-a'te).  An  Italian  states- 
man ;  born  at  Venice,  1841.  He  is  author  of  a 
series  of  works  on  political  law,  among  them 
'State  and  Church  in  Belgium'  and  'Embry- 
ology and  Development  of  Political  Constitu- 
tions'; '  The  Social  Peace  at  the  Paris  Exposition.* 

Lyall,  Alfred  Comyns,  Sir.  An  English 
administrator  and  author;  born  at  Coulston, 
Suirey,  in  1835.  In  the  course  of  a  long  and 
useful  career  in  India  he  was  Home  Secretary, 
Foreign  Secretary,  and  in  1882  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  the  North-West  Provinces,  having 
in  the  previous  year  been  created  K.  C.  B.  As 
an  author  his  reputation  is  due  chiefly  to  hi. 
'Asiatic  Studies,  Religious  and  Social'  (1882); 
a  biography  of  Warren  Hastings  (1889)  in 
the  <  English  Men  of  Action  >  series;  and  '  The 
Rise  of  the  British  Dominion  in  India'  (3d  ed. 
1893)  ;  '  Asiatic  Studies  '  (1902). 

Lyall,  Edna,  pseudonym  of  Ada  Ellen 
Bayly.  An  English  novelist ;  bom  at  Brighton 
about  i860  ;  died  at  Eastbourne,  Feb.  9,  I903. 
Among  her  works  are:  '  Won  by  Waiting*; 
'  Donovain  >  ;  'Autobiography  of  a  Slander'; 
'Knight  Errant';  <A  Hardy  Norseman';  'In 
the  Golden  Days';  'We  Two';  'Derrick 
Vaughan,  Novelist';  'Doreen';  etc. 

Lycophron  (ll'kof-ron).  A  Greek  poet  and 
grammarian,  native  of  Chalcis  in  Euboea ;  lived 
in  the  third  century  B.  C.  lie  had  a  part  in 
organizing  the  Alexandrine  Library.  He  was 
classed  as  a  tragic  poet  with  the  "  Pleiad,"  so 
called.     One    poem    alone    of    his    numerous 


LYCURGUS  —  LYTLE 


355 


compositions  remains :  <  Alexandra,'  which  con- 
tains, in  1474  iambic  verses,  a  prophecy  of 
Cassandra  relating  to  the  fall  of  Troy  and  the 
fortunes  of  the  heroes  therein  concerned. 

Lycurgus  (li-ker'gus).  An  Attic  orator  of 
the  fourth  century  B.C.  He  was  a  disciple  of 
Plato  and  Isocrates,  and  a  zealous  adherent 
of  the  patriotic  party.  His  <  Orations'  against 
Leocrates  are  extant ;  they  are  notable  less  for 
their  form  than  for  their  noble  and  dignified 
exposition. 

Lydekker,  Richard.  An  English  naturalist ; 
born  in  1849,  in  England  ;  graduated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  187 1  ;  served  from  1874- 
82  in  the  Geological  Survey  of  India,  covering 
nearly  the  whole  tenitory  of  Kashmir.  He  cat- 
alogued the  British  Museum  collections  of  fossils, 
mammalia,  birds,  reptiles  and  amphibia  in  10 
volumes.  He  became  chief  editor  and  part 
owner    of     Frederick    Warne    and   Company's 

<  Royal  Natural  History,'  the  publication  of 
which  began  in  1895.     His  other  works  include  : 

<  The  Deer  of  All  Lands  >  ;  <  Fossil  Animals  of 
La  Plata  > ;  <  Wild  Oxen,  Sheep,  and  Goats,  of 
All  Lands  > ;  <  Horns  and  Hoofs.' 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles.  A  distinguished  English 
geologist ;  bom  at  Kinnordy,  Scotland,  Nov.  14, 
1797;   died   at   London,  Feb.  22,  1875.     In   his 

<  Principles  of  Geology  >  (3  vols.,  1830)  he  as- 
sailed the  doctrine  of  <<  catastrophism  >'  in  geol- 
ogy. He  published  :  <  Elements  of  Geology  > 
(1837);  'Travels  ia  North  America,  with  Geo- 
logical Observations*  (2  vols.,  1845);  '  A  Second 
Visit  to  the  United  States '  (2  vols.,  1846) :  these 
voyages  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  testing 
his  principle  of  continuous  geologic  evolution. 
His  last  work  was  'Geological  Evidences  of 
the  Antiquity  of  Man>  (1863). 

Lyle,  William.  A  Scottish  poet;  bom  in 
Edinburgh,  Nov.  17,  1822.  S'nce  coming  to 
the  United  States  he  has  resided  in  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.  His  poems  are  widely  read  in  this 
country  and  Canada.  Among  his  most  popular 
Scottish  dialect  poems  is  <  The  Grave  of  Three 
Hundred.*  He  has  also  written  several  Eng- 
lish poems,  including  <  Diotima.*  <  The  Martyr 
Queen'  was  published  in  1888. 

Lyly,  Jolin.  An  English  dramatist;  bom 
1554 ;  died  in  London,  1606.  Between  1578  and 
1600  he  composed  several  plays,  chiefly  myth- 
ological, which  were  acted  by  the  boys  of 
St.  Paul's  School  in  presence  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. But  he  is  noteworthy  principally  on  ac- 
count of  his  two  books  <Euphues,  or  the  An- 
atomy of  Wit>  (1579),  and  <  Euphues  and  his 
England'  (1580),  which  were  the  first  serious 
attempts  in  English  to  use  words  as  mere  musi- 
cal notes,  quite  subordinating  the  matter  to  the 
sound.  Fantastic  as  the  form  was,  the  recog- 
nition of  new  possibilities  in  the  language  in- 
toxicated the  cultured  classes,  and  set  the  liter- 
ary fashion  for  many  years :  story-writers  who 
wished  to  assure  themselves  an  audience  en- 
titled their  books  'Euphues  his  ■,'    and  the 

influence  is  clear  and  strong  os  Sidney  and 
Spenser. 

Lyman,  Joseph  Bardwell.  An  American 
agriculturist;   bora   in  Chester,  Mass.,  Oct.  6, 


1829;  died  in  Richmond  Hill,  L.  I.,  Jan.  28, 
1872.  In  1867  he  became  agricultural  editoi 
of  the  New  York  World.  The  following  year 
he  was  editor  of  Hearth  and  Home,  and  shortly 
after  joined  the  staff  of  the  Tribune.  He  wrote, 
with  his  wife, '  The  Philosophy  of  Housekeep- 
ing* (1867).  He  published:  'Resources  of  the 
Pacific  States*  (1865);  'Women  of  the  War* 
(1866);  and  'Cotton  Culture*  (1867). 

Lyman,  Laura  Elizabeth  Baker.  An  Amer- 
ican journalist ;  born  in  Kent's  Hill,  Me.,  April 
2,  1831.  Under  her  pen-name  of  "  Kate  Hun- 
nibee,**  she  became  widely  known  from  a  series 
of  articles  which  appeared  in  Hearth  and 
Home.  She  edited  tlie  Home  Interest  depart- 
ment in  the  New  York  Tribune  (1869-70),  and 
the  Dining-Room  Magazine  (1876-77). 

Lyman,  Theodore.  An  American  philan- 
thropist ;  bom  in  Boston,  Feb.  20,  1792 ;  died 
in  Brookline,  Mass.,  July  18,  1849.  Graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1810.  He  founded  the  State 
Reform  School,  to  which  he  gave  372,500. 
Among  his  works  are  :  'Three  Weeks  in  Paris* 
(1814);  'The  Political  State  of  Italy*  (1820); 
'Account  of  the  Hartford  Convention*  (1823); 
and  <  The  Diplomacy  of  the  United  States  with 
Foreign  Nations*  (2  vols.,  1828). 

Lynch,  James  Daniel.  An  American  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  Mecklenburg 
County,  Va.,  Jan.  6,  1836.  His  best-known 
poems  are :  '  The  Clock  of  Destiny,*  <  The 
Star  of  Texas,*  and  <  The  Siege  of  the  Alamo.* 
He  also  published :  <  Kemper  County  Vindi- 
cated* (1878);  'Bench  and  Bar  of  Mississippi' 
(1881);  and  'Bench  and  Bar  of  Texas*  (1885). 

Lyne,  Joseph  Leycester.  An  English  di- 
vine and  religious  writer,  called  "Father  Ig- 
natius **  and  "  Ignatius  of  Jesus  ** ;  bom  in 
London,  Nov.  23,  1837.  He  was  a  mission 
curate  in  London,  but  withdrew  to  begin  the 
attempt  of  restoring  monasticism  in  the  Church 
of  England.  He  built  Llanthony  Abbey  in 
Wales,  and  established  there  a  community  of 
monks  on  the  pattern  of  the  Benedictine  or- 
der. He  is  the  author  of  many  published 
sermons,  poems,  tales,  etc.,  among  which  are : 
'The  Catholic  Church  of  England*  (1864); 
'Brother  Placidus*  (1870);  'Leonard  Morris,  or 
the  Benedictine  Monk*  (1871);  'Mission  Ser- 
mons and  Orations*  (1886);  'Tales  of  the  Mon- 
astery* ;'  Life  of  Father  Ignatius*  (1904). 

lyslas  (liz'i-as).  An  Attic  orator;  about 
450-380  B.  C.  Of  his  anciently  accredited  425 
orations  only  233  were  authentic ;  31  are  still 
extant,  but  some  even  of  these,  and  considera- 
ble fractions  of  others,  are  suspected  to  be  spuri- 
ous. All  but  one  of  these  were  written  for  other 
persons  to  deliver  in  courts  or  public  assem- 
blies ;  the  exception  is  a  speech  made  by  him 
in  court  for  the  conviction  of  his  brother's 
murderer.  They  are  all  written  in  the  purest 
Attic,  and  the  narration  and  arguments  are 
managed  with  extraordinary  skill. 

Lytle,  William  Haines  (ll-tl).  An  Ameri- 
can general  and  poet;  bom  in  Cincinnati,  0« 


356 


LYTTON  —  MACARTHUR 


Nov.  2,  1826;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga,  Tenn.,  Sept.  20,  1863.  He  graduated 
at  Cincinnati  College,  and  studied  law.  He 
was  a  captain  in  the  Mexican  War;  and  in 
the  Civil  War  served  as  colonel  in  1861,  and 
latet  as  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  having 
been  promoted  to  thai  rank  for  gallant  conduct. 
His  best-known  poems  are  'Antony  to  Cleo- 
patra* and  <  Jacqueline.*  No  complete  collec- 
tion of  his  works  was  published. 

Lytton,  Edward  Bulwer,  Lord.    See  Bul- 
wer. 

Lytton,  Edward  Robert   Bulwer,  Earl  of 

[«Owen  Meredith**],  the  only  son  of  Edward 
Bulwer- Lytton ;  bom  in  London,  Nov.  8,  1831 ; 


died  in  Paris,  Nov.  24,  1891.  He  was  educated 
at  Harrow  and  Bonn;  went  to  Washington  in 
1849  as  private  secretary  to  his  uncle,  Lord 
Balling  (William  Henry  Lytton  Earle);  and 
subsequently  had  an  important  diplomatic  ca- 
reer in  Vienna,  Athens,  Copenhagen,  and  Lis- 
bon. He  was  made  viceroy  of  India  in  1876; 
created  Earl  of  Lytton  in  1880 ;  and  ambassa- 
dor to  France  in  1887.  His  works  include: 
<  Clytemnestra,  The  Earl's  Return,  and  Other 
Poems*  (1855);  <The  Wanderer*  (1859);  <Lu- 
cile,*  a  novel  in  verse  (i860);  <  Fables  in  Song* 
(1874);  <Glenaveril*  (1885);  <  King  Poppy* 
(1892);  <The  Ring  of  Amasis,*  a  novel  (1863; 
new  ed.  1890);  and  <  Marah,*  poems,  published 
posthumously  (1892). 


M 


Haartens,  Maarten  (mar'tenz),  pseudonym 
of  J.  M.  W.  Van  der  Poorten-Schwartz.  The 
most  noted  Dutch  novelist  of  the  day ;  born  in 
Amsterdam,  1858.  He  writes  his  books  in  Eng- 
lish. Among  them  are :  <  The  Sin  of  Joost  Ave- 
lingh*   (1890);  <A  Question  of  Taste*  (1891); 

<  God's  Fool*  (1892);  <The  Greater  Glory* 
(1894);  etc. 

Mable,  Hamilton  Wright.  A  distinguished 
American  essayist,  critic,  and  editor;  born  at 
Cold  Spring,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  13,  1846.  He  grad- 
uated from  Williams  College,  practiced  law 
for  a  time  in  New  York  city,  and  then  entered 
journalism,  becoming  in  1879  associate  editor 
of  the  Christian  Union,  now  the  Outlook.  His 
thoughtful,  happily  turned,  and  sound  essays, 
many  of  which  have  appeared  originally  in  his 
paper,  have  won  him  the  position  of  a  critic 
of  recognized  authority  and  influence.  He  has 
insisted  on  the  value  of  the  past  and  the  neces- 
sity of  a  broad  culture  for  the  true  appreciation 
of  literature,  while  sympathetic  towards  the 
new.  The  wide  sale  of  his  books  has  done  much 
to  stimulate  and  direct  the  American  taste  for 
letters.  He  has  supplemented  the  written  word 
by  much  work  on  the  lecture  platform.  He  is 
one  of  the  most  acceptable  lecturers  on  liter- 
ary subjects   in  the   country.     His  books  are : 

<  Norse  Stories  Retold  from  the  Eddas  * ;  <  My 
Study  Fire  * ;  <  Under  the  Trees  and  Elsewhere  * ; 

<  Short  Studies  in  Literature  * ;  <  Essays  in  Lit- 
erary Interpretation  > ;  <  Essays  on  Nature  and 
Culture  * ;  <  Essays  on  Books  and  Culture.* 

Mabillon,  Jean  (ma-be-yon').  A  noted  French 
scholar  and  historian;  born  at  St.  Pierremont, 
Ardennes,  Nov.  23,  1632;  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
27, 1707.  He  belonged  to  the  Benedictine  order, 
and  lived  in  the  famous  Abbey  of  St.  Germain- 
des-Pr€s,  Paris,  after  1664.  His  critical  <Ancient 
Analects*  (4  vols.,  1675-85),  and  < Italian  Mu- 
seum* (2  vols.,  1687-89),  collected  in  Germany 
and  Italy,  possess  great  ralue.  In  <  On  Diplo- 
macy* (l68l),his  chief  work,  in  which  are  stated 
tLe  principles  of  historic  inquiry,  and  which 


became  a  class 'C,  he  defended  his  method,  whick 
had  been  attacked  by  the  Jesuits.  He  wrote 
also  works  relating  to  the  Benedictine  saints 
and  history. 

Mably,  Gabriel  Bonnot  de  (ma-ble').  A 
French  publicist,  brother  of  Condillac ;  bom  at 
Grenoble,  March  14,  1709 ;  died  in  Paris,  April 
23,  1785.  The  admiration  of  t^nciquity  prevalent 
during  the  French  Revolution  was  largely  due 
to  his  <  Parallel  between  the  Romans  and  the 
French*  (1740),  <  Observations  on  the  Romans > 
(1751),  and  <  Observations  on  the  History  of 
Greece*  (1766).  His  < Conversations  of  Pho- 
cion*  (1763)  has  been  said  to  contain  the  germ 
of  modern  communism.  (Collected  Works,  1879.) 

MacAfee,  Mrs.  Nelly  Nichol  (Marshall).  An 

American  novelist,  daughter  of  Gen.  Humphrey 
Marshall  of  the  Confederate  army;  born  at 
Louisville,  Ky.,  1845.  Among  her  works  are: 
< Sodom  Apples'  (1866);  <  Wearing  the  Cross > 
(1868);  <A  Criminal  through  Love*  (1882);  etc. 

McAfee,  Robert  Breckinridge.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer  and  historian;  born  in  Mercer 
County,  Ky.,  February  1784;  died  there,  March 
12, 1849.  He  was  United  States  charge  d'affaires 
at  Bogota,  Colombia,  from  1833  till  1837;  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Antiquarian  So- 
ciety of  Denmark.  He  wrote  a  <  History  of 
the  War  of  1812*  (1816).  Much  valuable  in- 
formation has  been  obtained  from  his  private 
journal,  relating  to  the  early  history  of  Kentucky. 

McAnaily,  David  Rice.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  prose-writer ;  born  in  Tennessee,  Feb. 
17,  1810.  He  was  long  associated  with  Horace 
Mann  in  efforts  to  improve  methods  in  edisi: 
tion.  He  is  the  author  of  <Life  of  Martba 
Laurens  Ramsay*  (1852);  <Life  and  Labors  of 
Bishop  Marvine*  (1878);  and  'History  of  Meth- 
odism in  Missouri*  (1881). 

MacArthur,  Robert  Stuart.  An  American 
Baptist  divine ;  born  at  Dalesville,  P.  Q.,  1841. 
He  has  been  pastor  of  Calvary  Baptist  Church, 
New  York,  since    1870,  and  is  editor  of   the 


MACAULAY  —  MCCLINTOCK 


357 


Christian  Inquirer  and  the  Baptist  Quarterly 
Review.  He  has  published  <  Quick  Truths  in 
Quaint  Texts  > ;  <  Calvary  Pulpit,  or  Christ  and 
Him  Crucified  > ;  <  The  Preeminence  of  Christ, 
and  Other  Sermons*  (1905). 

Macaulay,  Catharine,  Mrs.  (Sawbridge). 
An  English  historian;  born  in  Kent,  1731;  died 
June  22,  1791.  She  is  best  known  by  her  <  His- 
tory of  England*  (8  vols.,  1763-83).  Her  < His- 
tory of  England  from  the  Revolution*  (1778) 
was  called  « the  republican  history  of  Eng- 
land,'* and  was  severely  criticized.  Only  one 
volume  appeared. 

Macaulay,  James.  A  Scottish  novelist  and 
writer  for  the  young;  bom  at  Edinburgh,  1817. 
He  has  been  editor  of  several  periodicals,  for 
thirty-five  years  editor-in-chief  of  the  Religious 
Tract  Society ;  founded  the  Boy's  Own  Paper, 
and  the  Girl's  Own  Paper.  He  has  published 
< Across  the  Ferry*  (1871);  <A11  True*  (new  ed. 
1880);  <From  Middy  to  Admiral  of  the  Fleet*; 
<Sea  Pictures*  (new  ed.  1884);  < Victoria,  her 
Life  and  Reign*  (1887);  etc. 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,  Lord.  A 
famous  English  historian,  essayist,  poet,  and 
statesman ;  bom  at  Rothley  Temple,  Leicester- 
shire, Oct.  25,  1800 ;  died  at  Kensington,  Dec. 
28,  1859.  Called  to  the  bar  in  1826,  he  was 
Member  of  Parliament  1830-34,  1839-47,  1852- 
57;  member  of  the  Supreme  Council  in  India 
(residing  at  Calcutta)  1834-38;  Secretary  of 
War  1839-41 ;  Paymaster-General  1846-47.   The 

<  History  of  England  *  is  his  one  large  work. 
Vols.  i.  and  ii.  appeared  in  1849;  iii.  and  iv. 
in  1855;  v.,  edited  by  his  sister  Lady  Trevel- 
yan,  in  1866.  His  <  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome* 
appeared  in  1842.  His  works  have  been  pub- 
lished in  innumerable  forms  in  many  coun- 
tries ;  a  complete  edition,  edited  by  Lady 
Trevelyan,  appeared  in  1866.  He  was  a  keen 
critic,  an  eloquent  and  convincing  orator,  and 
one  of  the  most  delightful  of  English  letter- 
writers.  He  has  contributed  to  English  liter- 
ature a  vast  number  of  brilliant  essays,  the 
enumeration  of  which  will  be  found  in  the 
biographical  notice  in  the  <  Library.* 

MacCarthy,  Denis  Florence.  An  Irish  poet ; 
born  at  Dublin,  1817  (?);  died  1882.  He  was 
a  lawyer  by  profession,  but  never  practiced. 
He  won  the  love  of  his  countrymen  by  his 
lyrics  on  Irish  history  and  legend.  Among 
his  works  are :  <  Ballads,  Poems,  and  Lyrics  * 
(1850);  <The  Bell-Founder,*  etc.  (new  ed.  1857); 

<  Underglimpses,*  etc.  (1857).  He  wrote  also 
'Early  Life  of  Shelley*  (1872). 

McCarthy,  Justin.  A  noted  Irish  joumalist, 
politician,  historian,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  at  Cork,  Nov.  22,  1830.  He  has 
been  a  Home  Rule  Member  of  Parliament 
since  1879,  and  since  the  fall  of  Parnell,  chair- 
man of  the  Irish  Parliamentary  party.  He 
spent  three  years  (1868-70)  in  the  United  States, 
traveling,  lecturing,  and  engaged  in  literary 
work,  being  (amongst  other  things)  connected 
editorially  with  the  New  York  Independent. 
He  revisited  this  country  in  1886.    Among  his 


chief  works  are :  <  A  History  of  Our  Own 
Times*  (4  vols.,  1879-80);  <  History  of  the  Four 
Georges*  (4  vols.,  1889);  the  novels  <Lady 
Judith*  (1871);  <A  Fair  Saxon*  (1873);  <Dear 
Lady  Disdain*  (1875);  <The  Right  Honorable* 
(1886,  with  Mrs.  Campbell-Praed);  etc.  <  Modern 
Leaders,*  a  collection  of  biographical  sketches, 
appeared  in  1872.  His  latest  works  are  <The  Story 
of  Gladstone's  Life  * ;  <  Ireland  and  her  Story.* 

McCarthy,  J«stia  Huntley.  An  Irish  jour- 
nalist, politician,  historian,  poet,  and  novelist, 
son  of  Justin ;  born  i860.  He  has  been  a 
Member  of  Parliament  since  1884.  He  has 
written:  < Outline  of  Irish  History*  (1883); 
<  Serapion,  and  Other  Poems*  (1883);  <  Eng- 
land under  Gladstone*  (2d  ed.  1885);  <Camiola, 
a  Girl  with  a  Fortune*  (1885).  He  completed 
a  <  History  of  the  French  Revolution  *  in  1897. 

McCaul,  John.  A  Canadian  educator  and 
writer ;  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  1807.  In  1849 
and  1853  he  was  elected  president  of  Toronto 
University.  He  published  several  volumes  of 
articles  and  treatises  on  classical  subjects,  be- 
sides editing  portions  of  Horace,  Longinus, 
Lucian,  and  Thucydides,  as  college  text-books. 
He  also  wrote  :  < Britanno-Roman  Inscriptions* 
(1863);  and  <  Christian  Epitaphs  of  the  First 
Six  Centuries.* 

Macchetta  Blanche  (Tucker),  Marquise  d'  Alli- 
gre,  «  Blanche  Roosevelt »  (mS.-ket-'a).  An 
American  novelist  and  biographer,  daughter  of 
John  Randolph  Tucker,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Vir- 
ginia; bom  at  Sandusky,  O.,  1856;  died  in  Lon- 
don, Sept.  10,  1898.  She  wrote:  'Home  Life  of 
Henry  W.  Longfellow)  (1882);  <Stage-Struck> 
(1884);  <Life  of  Gustave  Dore>  (1885);  etc. 

McClellan,  George  Brinton.  A  distinguished 
American  general;  bom  in  Philadelphia,  Dec. 
3,  1826;  died  in  Orange,  N.  J.,  Oct.  29,  1885. 
He  was  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, 1861-62.  The  most  important  of  his 
works  are  :  'Report  on  the  Organization  and 
Campaigns  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac*  (1864); 
•The  Armies  of  Europe*;  'European  Cavalry'; 
and  < McClellan' s  Own  Story'  (1887). 

McClelland,  Margaret  Greenway.  An  Amer- 
ican novelist;  bom  in  Norwood,  Va.,  18 — ;  died 
Aug.  2,  1895.  Besides  many  stories  and  poems 
contributed  to  magazines,  she  wrote :  '  Obliv- 
ion* (1885);  <  Princess  >  (1886);  <Jean  Monteith  * 
(1887);  <  Madame  Silva  *  (1888);  <  Burkett's  Lock  > 
(1889);  <  Mammy  Mystic  * ;  and  other  novels  an^l 
tales. 

McClintock,  John.  An  American  educator 
and  author;  bom  in  Philadelphia,  Oct.  27,  1814; 
died  in  Madison,  N.  J.,  March  4,  1870.  He  was 
made  president  of  Drew  Theological  Seminary 
in  1867.  He  was  the  author  with  James  Strong 
of  a  large  and  valuable  'Cyclopaedia  of  Bib- 
lical, Theological,  and  Ecclesiastical  Literature ' 
(12  vols.);  a  work  of  many  years'  labor,  and 
intended  to  cover  the  whole  field  embraced  in 
the  title.  The  last  volume  was  published  in 
1895.  He  wrote  also  <An  Analysis  of  Wat- 
son's Theological  Institutes*  (1850);  'Temporal 


358 


MACCOLL  — MACE 


Power  of  the  Pope>  (1853);  and  <Livingf 
Words,'  a  volume  of  sermons  published  since 
his  death. 

MacColl,  Evan.  A  Canadian  poet ;  bom  in 
Kenmore,  Argyleshire,  Scotland,  Sept.  21,  1808. 
Since  emigrating  to  Canada  (1850),  he  has 
written  many  poems,  and  is  called  the  bard  of 
St.  Andrew's  Society  of  Kingston.  Among  his 
publications  are:  <My  Rowan  Tree,>  best 
known  of  his  lyrical  verses;  <Clarsach  Nan 
Beann,  or  Poems  and  Songs  in  Gaelic  >  (1837); 
and  <The  Mountain  Minstrel,  or  Poems  and 
Songs  in  English'  (1887). 

MacColl,  Malcolm.  A  distinguished  English 
clergyman  and  religious  and  political  writer; 
born  in  Inverness-shire,  March  27,  1838.  He 
became  canon  of  Ripon  1884,  and  Savoy 
chaplain  1894.  He  has  published :  <  Mr.  Glad- 
stone and  Oxford,  by  Scrutator'  -(2d  ed.  1865); 
< Science  and  Prayer'  (4th  ed.  1866);  <The 
Reformation  in  England'  (2d  ed.  1869);  <  Tha 
Ober-Ammergau  Passion  Play'  (7th  ed.  1870); 

<  Lawlessness,  Sacerdotalism,  and  Ritualism ' 
(3d  ed.  1875);  <  Christianity  in  Relation  to  Sci- 
ence and  Morals'  (4th  ed.  1889);  etc. 

McConnell,  John  Ludlum.  An  American 
prose-writer;  born  in  Jacksonville,  111.,  Nov.  Ii, 
1826;  died  there,  Jan.  17,  1862.  His  books,  de- 
scriptive of  Western  individuality  and  growth, 
include  :  <  Talbot  and  Vernon '  (1850);  <  Graham, 
or  Youth  and  Manhood'  (1850);  <The  Glens' 
(1851);  and  <  Western  Characters,  or  Types  of 
Border  Life'  (1853). 

McCook,  Henry  Christoplier.  An  American 
clergyman,  naturalist,  and  miscellaneous  writer ; 
born  in  New  Lisbon,  O.,  July  3,  1837.  He  is 
vice-president  of  the  American  Entomological 
Society,  and  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences of  Philadelphia;  and  author  of  <The 
Mound-Making  Ants  of  the  Alleghanies'  (1877); 

<  The  Natural  History  of  the  Agricultural  Ant 
of  Texas'  (1880);  < Tenants  of  an  Old  Farm' 
(1884);  <The  Gospel  in  Nature'  (1887);  and 
< American  Spiders  and  their  Spinning- Work ' 
(1888) ;  <  Nature's  Craftsmen  '  (1907). 

McCosh,  James.  A  prominent  Scottish- Amer- 
ican theologian ;  born  in  Carskeoch,  Ayrshire, 
Scotland,  April  i,  181 1;  died  in  Princeton,  N.  J., 
Nov.  6,  1894.  He  came  to  America  in  1868; 
was  president  of  Princeton  College  (1868-88), 
and  was  one  of  the  foremost  men  of  his  day  in 
university  life.  His  principal  works  include : 
♦Christianity  and  Positivism'  (1871);  <A  Re- 
ply to  Prof.  Tyndall's  Belfast  Address'  (1875); 
<The  Development  Hypothesis'  (1876);  <The 
Emotions'  (1880);  <  Herbert  Spencer's  Philoso- 
phy as  Culminating  in  his  Ethics'  (1885). 

McCrackan,  William  Denlson.  An  Ameri- 
can political  and  miscellaneous  writer  and 
lecturer;  born  in  Munich,  Bavaria,  1864.  His 
home  is  in  New  York.  He  has  written :  <  Rise 
of  the  Swiss  Republic ' ;  <  Swiss  Solutions  of 
American  Problems  > ;  <  Little  Idyls  of  the  Big 
World ' ;  <The  Fair  Land  Tyrol  > ;  <  Italian  Lakes.' 


McCrae,  George  Gordon.  An  Australian 
poet;  born  in  Scotland.  He  has  a  position  in 
the  civil  service  in  Victoria.  A  number  of  his 
poems  are  based  on  native  Australian  legends, 
the  best  known  being  <  Mamba,  the  Bright- 
Eyed  '  (1867),  and  <  Story  of  Balladeadro '  (1867), 
both  published  in  Australian  periodicals.  No 
collection  of  his  verse  has  appeared. 

MacCrie,  Thomas.  A  Scottish  Presbyterian 
divine  and  historical  writer ;  born  at  Duns,  No- 
vember 1772;  died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  5,  1835. 
He  was  professor  of  divinity  at  Whitburn,  1817- 
27.  He  wrote:  <Life  of  John  Knox'  (1812, 
several  editions);  <  Life  of  Andrew  Melville '  (2 
vols.,  1819);  <  History  of  the  Reformation  in  Italy ' 
(1827);  <  History  of  the  Reformation  in  Spain' 
(1829);  the  two  last  becoming  standard  works. 

McCullocIi,  John  Ramsay.  A  famous  Scot- 
tish statistician  and  political  economist ;  bom 
at  Whithorn,  Wigtownshire,  March  1,  1789;  died 
in  London,  Nov.  11,  1864.  He  was  professor  of 
political  economy  at  London  University  (now 
University  College)  1828-32 ;  editor  of  the  Scots- 
man 1818-20  ;  comptroller  of  the  stationery  of- 
fice 1838-64;  and  a  regular  contributor  to  the 
Edinburgh  Review.  Among  the  very  large 
number  of  works  he  wrote  or  compiled  may  be 
mentioned:  <  Principles  of  Political  Economy' 
(1825),  his  chief  work  ;  <  Dictionary  of  Commerce' 
(1832);  <  Statistical  Account  of  the  British  Em- 
pire' (1837);  etc.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Adam 
Smith  and  Ricardo,  and  edited  the  works  of 
both,  adding  a  life  of  the  former  to  his  edition 
of  the  <  Wealth  of  Nations.' 

McCurdy,  James  Frederick.  A  Canadian 
Oriental  scholar ;  born  in  Chatham,  N.  B.,  Feb. 
18,  1847.  He  has  published :  <  Aryo-Semitic 
Speech'  (1881);  <The  Semitic  Perfect  in  As- 
syrian '  in  the  <  Transactions  of  the  Congress  of 
Orientalists'  (1883);  and  various  essays  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  Oriental  learning. 

Macdonald,  George.  A  noted  Scottish  nov- 
elist and  poet;  born  at  Huntley,  1824.  He  was 
originally  an  Independent  minister,  but  became 
a  lay  member  of  the  Church  of  England.  He 
has  lectured  in  this  country  (1872-73).  Among 
his  best-known  novels  are  :  <  David  Elginbrod ' 
(1862);  <Annals  of  a  Quiet  Neighborhood' 
(1S66);  <  Robert  Falconer'  (1868).  He  published 
poems  in  1855,  1857,  1864,  1868,  and  1882. 

McDowell,     Katharine     Sherwood.        An 

American  poet ;  born  in  Holly  Springs,  Miss., 
Feb.  26,  1849 ;  died  there,  July  22,  1884.  In  1872 
she  became  private  secretary  to  Longfellow. 
She  wrote :  <  The  Radical  Club,'  a  poem ; 
<  Suwanee  River  Tales  ' ;  <  Like  Unto  Like  > 
(1881);  and  < Dialect  Tales'  (1884). 

Mace,  Frances  Parker  Laughton.  An  Amer- 
ican poet;  born  in  Orono,  Me.,  Jan.  15,  1836. 
She  published  < Legends,  Lyrics,  and  Sonnets' 
(1883);  (Under  Pine  and  Palm';  her  contribu- 
tions to  magazines  include:  <Israfil,>  < Easter 
Morning,'  and  <The  Kingdom  of  a  Child.' 
<Only  Waiting,'  a  poem,  attained  great  popular- 
ity.     Died  in  California,  1899, 


MACE  — MACKAY 


359 


Mac^,  Jean  (ma-sS').  A  French  educator  and 
popular  v/riter  for  the  young ;  born  in  Paris, 
1815.  He  served  in  the  French  army  1842-45. 
m  1866  he  founded  a  league  of  instruction  in 
the  Belgian  manner.  His  best-known  work  is 
<Contes  du  Petit-Chateau' (1862),  called  in  the 
English  translation  <  Home  Fairy  Tales.'  He 
has  also  written :  <  History  of  a  Mouthful  of 
Bread  >(i86i);  <  Servantsof  the  Stomach  >  (1866); 

<  France  before  the  Franks  >  (1881);  etc. 

Macedo,  Joaqiuiiu  Manoel  de  (ma-sha'do). 
A  Brazilian  poet ;  born  in  San  Joao  d'ltaborahi, 
June  24,  1820 ;  professor  of  national  history  in 
the  college  of  Rio  Janeiro.  He  has  written 
very  successful  novels,  dramas,  and  comedies. 
As  a  lyric  poet  he  is  greatly  esteemed.  His 
works  include:  <  Moreninha,>  a  novel  (1844; 
5th  ed.,  revised,  1877);  <  O  M050  Loura,'  a  novel 
of  the  early  stages  of  the  Portuguese  conquest 
(1845);  <A  Nebulosa,>  a  poem  (1857);  <Cotie,> 
a  drama;  <  Fantasma  Branco,>  a  comedy  (1856); 
and  <  Corographiado  Brasil  >  (1873).    Died  1882. 

Macedo,  Jose  Agostinbo  de.  A  noted  Por- 
tuguese miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Beja, 
Sept.  II,  1761 ;  died  at  Pedrou90S,  1831.  Among 
his  works  are:  <Gama>  (1811),  an  epic;  <A 
Meditafao  >  (Meditation  :  1813),  a  poem,  his  chief 
work;  <  Man,  or  the  Limits  of  Reason*  (1815), 
a  philosophical  treatise ;  a  number  of  sarcastic 
critiques;  etc. 

Macfarlane,  Charles.  A  Scottish  historian  ; 
born  18 — ;  died  1858.  He  traveled  extensively 
in  the  East,  and  for  many  years  resided  in  Italy. 
He  wrote:  <Our  Indian  Empire*  (1844);  <  Pic- 
torial History  of  Scotland*  (8  vols.,  1849,  with 
G.  L.  Craik);  <  Turkey  and  Its  Destiny*  (1850); 

<  History  of  British  India*  (1852);  etc. 

McGafFey,  Ernest.  An  American  writer  of 
verse ;  born  in  Ohio,  1861.  He  is  a  lawyer  in 
Chicago.  He  has  published  <  Poems  of  Gun 
and  Rod  *  and  <  Poems  * ;  <  Cosmos  * ;  *■  Outdoors.* 

MacGahan,  Barbara.  A  Russo-American 
novelist,  wife  of  J.  A.;  born  (Elagina)  on  her 
father's  estate  near  Tula,  Russia,  April,  1850. 
She  graduated  from  the  Tula  Female  Seminary 
in  1866.  Her  first  novel  was  written  in  Russian 
under  the  pseudonym  "Pavel  Kashirin**;  she 
has  written  in  English  one  called  <  Xenia  Rep- 
nina.*  Her  articles  in  American  and  European 
periodicals  made  her  widely  known.    Died  1904. 

MacGaban,  Januarius  Aloyslus.  A  noted 
American  journalist  and  war  correspondent ; 
born  near  New  Lexington,  O.,  June  12,  1844 ; 
died  at  Constantinople,  June  9,  1878.  He  was 
war  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Herald 
during  the  Franco-Prussian  war  (1870-71);  ac- 
companied the  Russian  expedition  against 
Khiva  in  1873,  and  the  Arctic  expedition  on 
the  Pandora  in  1875.  He  wrote :  <  Campaign- 
ing on  the  Oxus,  and  the  Fall  of  Khiva* 
(1874);   'Under  the   Northern   Lights*   (1876); 

<  Turkish  Atrocities  in  Bulgaria*  (1876),  which 
appeared  originally  during  the  same  year  as  a 
famous  series  of  war  letters  in  the  London 


Daily  News.     He  is  regarded  by  the  Bulgarians 
as  the  author  of  their  independence. 

MacGillivray,  William.  A  Scottish  natural- 
ist ;  born  at  Old  Aberdeen,  1796 ;  died  at  Aber- 
been,  1852.  He  was  professor  of  natural  his- 
tory in  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1841-52. 
His  principal  work  was  a  <  History  of  British 
Birds*  (5  vols.,  1837-52).  He  wrote  also  < Lives 
of  Eminent  Zoologists*  (1834),  etc. 

MacGregor,  John.  An  English  traveler; 
born  at  Gravesend,  Jan.  24,  1825  ;  died  at  Bos- 
combe,  near  Bournemouth,  July  16,  1892.  He 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1851 ;  was  captain  of 
the  Royal  Canoe  Club  1866.  He  wrote  :  <  The 
Rob  Roy  on  the  Baltic*  (new  ed.  1872-79); 
<  The  Voyage  Alone  in  the  Rob  Roy  *  (4th  ed. 
1880);  <  The  Rob  Roy  on  the  Jordan*  (new  ed. 
1880);  <A  Thousand  Miles  in  the  Rob  Roy> 
(13th  ed.  1884);  etc. 

M&cba,  Karel  Hynek  (ma'ka).  A  Bohemian 
poet ;  born  at  Prague,  Nov.  15,  1810 ;  died  at 
Litomerice,  Nov.  7,  1836.  His  chief  work  was 
a  lyrico-epic  poem,  <  Mdj  *  (May :  1836),  contain- 
ing a  strain  of  Byronic  pessimism.  He  wrote 
also  short  lyrics  and  stories,  including  <  Cikdni  * 
(The  Gipsies  :  1857).  His  merit  was  recognized 
only  after  his  death.  His  complete  works  were 
published  in  1862,  a  German  translation  appear- 
ing in  the  same  year. 

McHenry,  James.  An  American  physician, 
novelist,  and  poet ;  bom  in  Larne,  County  An- 
trim, Ireland,  Dec.  20,  1785 ;  died  there,  July  21, 
1845.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in 
1817,  and  settled  in  Philadelphia  in  1824.  In- 
cluded in  his  many  publications  are:  <The 
Pleasures  of  Friendship,*  a  poem  (1822);  <The 
Usurper:  An  Historical  Tragedy*  (a  poetical 
work);  also  <  O'Halloran,  or  the  Insurgent: 
A  Romance  of  the  Irish  Rebellion,*  reprinted 
at  Glasgow ;  <  The  Wilderness  of  Braddock's 
Times:  A  Tale  of  the  West*  (2  vols.,  1823); 
and  <The  Betrothed  of  Wyoming*  (2d  ed.  1830). 

Macbiavelli,  Niccolo  (mak-i-a-vel'li).  A  fa- 
mous Italian  statesman,  and  political  and  his- 
torical writer;  born  at  Florence,  May  3,  1469; 
died  there,  June  22,  1527.  Among  his  works 
were:  <The  Prince*  (1513),  the  famous  book 
on  the  art  of  government  which  has  made 
"  Machiavelism  **  a  synonym  for  perfidy  and 
mercilessness  in  politics  and  diplomacy ;  <  Man- 
dragola*  (1513?),  a  comedy;  <  Art  of  War* 
(1520);  < Discourses,*  etc.  (1531),  a  treatise  on 
republican  government ;  <  Florentine  History  * 
(1532).  An  edition  of  his  works  in  eight  vol- 
umes appeared  in  1813. 

Mackarness,  Mrs.  Matilda  Anne  (Plancbe). 
An  English  novelist;  born  1826;  died  1881. 
Her  numerous  works  include  :  <  Trap  to  Catch 
a  Sunbeam  *  (1849  ;  35th  ed.  i860);  <  Old  Joliffe  * 
(7th  ed.  1851);  < Cloud  with  the  Silver  Lining* 
(1852);  < False  Appearances*  (1858);  <Sibert's 
Wold*  (3d  ed.  1864);  'Clifford  Castle*  (new  ed. 
1885). 

Mackay,  Charles.  A  Scottish  poet,  journal- 
ist, and   miscellaneous  writer;  born  at   Perth, 


36o 

March  27,  1814 ;  died  in  London,  Dec.  24,  1889, 
He  was  editor  of  the  Illustrated  London  News, 
1852-59.  He  lectured  in  the  United  States  in 
1857-58.  While  special  correspondent  of  the 
London  Times  in  New  York  during  the  Civil 
War  (strongly  favoring  the  Southern  cause), 
he  unearthed  the  Fenian  conspiracy  (1862).  He 
wrote  :  <  The  Salamandrine,  or  Love  and  Im- 
mortality) (1842);  <  Voices  from  the  Crowd  > 
(1846);  <  Voices  from  the  Mountains>  (1847); 
<  History  of  the  Mormons  >  (1851);  etc. 

Mackay,  George  Eric.  A  Scotch  poet,  son  of 
Charles;  born  in  London,  Jan,  25,  1851;  died 
there,  June  2,  1898.  «George  Eric  Lancaster*. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  Songs  of  Love  and 
Death*  (1865);  <Ad  Reginam>  (To  the  Queen; 
1 88 1,  3  eds. );  the  popular  < Love  Letters  of  a 
Violinist)  (1886);  <A  Lover's  Litanies)  (1888); 
<Nero  and  Actrea,)  a  tragedy;  etc. 

Mackay,  Minnie.  ["Marie  Corelli.))]  A  pop- 
ular English  novelist,  daughter  of  Charles; 
born  1864.  Among  her  works  are :  <A  Ro- 
mance of  Two  Worlds)  (1886);  <  History  of  a 
Vendetta)  (1886);  <Thelma)  (1887),  a  society 
novel ;  <  Ardath,)  the  story  of  a  dead  self ;  etc. 

McKenney,  Thomas  Lorraine.  An  Ameri- 
can prose-writer ;  born  in  Hopewell,  Md.,  March 
21,  1785;  died  in  New  York  city,  Feb.  19,  1859. 
He  published  <  Sketches  of  a  Tour  to  the 
Lakes,)  etc.  (1827).  With  James  Hall  he  wrote 
<A  History  of  Indian  Tribes,)  illustrated  with 
120  colored  Indian  portraits  (3  vols.,  1838-44); 
and  <  Memoirs,  Official  and  Personal,  with 
Sketches  of  Travels  among  the  Northern  and 
Southern  Indians,)  etc.  (2d  ed.  1846). 

Mackenzie,  Alexander  Slidell.  An  Amer- 
ican naval  officer  and  author,  brother  of  John 
Slidell  the  famous  Confederate  commissioner, 
—  "Mackenzie))  being  assumed  later;  born  in 
New  York,  April  6,  1803 ;  died  in  Tarrytown, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  13,  1848.  He  published  <A  Year  in 
Spain,  by  a  Young  American )  (2  vols.,  1829-31 ; 
enlarged  ed.,  3  vols.,  1836),  which  attained  great 
popularity  in  England  and  the  United  States. 
Washington  Irving  commended  it  highly.  He 
also  wrote :  <  Popular  Essays  on  Naval  Sub- 
jects) (2  vols.,  1833);  <The  American  in  Eng- 
land) (2  vols.,  1835). 

Mackenzie,  George,  Sir.  A  noted  Scottish 
lawyer  and  statesman ;  born  at  Dundee,  1636 ; 
died  in  London,  1691.  As  king's  counsel  in 
1677,  his  ardor  in  prosecuting  witches  and  the 
Covenanters  earned  him  the  name  "  Bloody 
Mackenzie.))  He  wrote:  <A  Stoic's  Religion) 
(1663);  <  Moral  Essay  upon  Solitude)  (1665); 
<  Moral  Gallantry)  (1667);  etc.,  besides  legal 
writings.     (<  Works,)  1716-22.) 

Mackenzie,  Henry.  A  Scotch  novelist,  es- 
sayist, and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, August  1745 ;  died  there,  Jan.  14,  1831. 
He  was  a  lawyer  at  Edinburgh ;  was  appointed 
comptroller  of  taxes  in  1804.  His  novels  are : 
<The  Man  of  Feeling)  (1771),  —  by  far  his 
most  famous  work,  and  still  remembered  in 
the  class  with  Sterne ;  <  The  Man  of  the  World ) 


MACKAY  —  MACLEOD 


(1773);  'Julia  de  Roubign^)  (1777).     (<Works,> 

8  vols.,  1808.) 

Mackenzie,  Robert  Shelton.  An  American 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Drews  Court, 
County  Limerick,  Ireland,  June  22,  1809;  died 
in  Philadelphia,  Nov.  30,  1880.  He  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1852.  He  wrote :  <  Lays  of 
Palestine)  (1828);  < Titian:  A  Venetian  Art- 
Novel );  <Life  of  Guizof)  (1846);  <Life  of 
Charles  Dickens)  (1870);  and  <Sir  Walter 
Scott:  The  Story  of  his  Life)  (1871).  He  also 
edited  the  <Noctes  Ambrosianre)  (S  vols.,  1854). 

Mackey,  Albert  Gallatin.  An  American 
writer  on  Freemasonry ;  born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  March  12,  1807 ;  died  at  Fortress  Monroe, 
Va.,  June  20,  1881.  His  works  are  authorities. 
They  include:  <A  Lexicon  of  Freemasonry) 
(1845);  <The  Mystic  Tie)  (1849);  <  Book  of 
the  Chapter)  (1858);  <A  Manual  of  the  Lodge) 
(1862);  <A  Text-Book  of  Masonic  Jurispru- 
dence) (1869);  and  an  <  Encyclopaedia  of  Free- 
masonry) (1874). 

Mackintosli,  Sir  James.  A  famous  Scottish 
philosopher,  lawyer,  and  politician ;  born  at 
Aldourie,  Inverness-shire,  Oct.  24,  1765 ;  died  in 
London,  May  30,  1832.  He  was  recorder  of 
Bombay,  India,  1804-6;  judge  of  admiralty 
1806-11;  Member  of  Parliament,  1813;  profes- 
sor of  law  and  politics  at  Haileybury  College 
1818-24 ;  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  1830. 
He  wrote :  <  Dissertation  on  the  Progress  of 
Ethical  Philosophy)  (1830),  in  the  < Encyclopae- 
dia Britannica);  'History  of  England)  (1830); 
♦Life  of  Sir  Thomas  More);  etc.  Much  of  his 
philosophical  writing  is  to  be  found  in  <  Modern 
British  Essayists.)     (<  Works,)  3  vols.,  1836.) 

McIacUan,  Alexander.  A  Scottish  poet;  born 
in  Johnstone,  Renfrewshire,  Aug.  12,  i8i8;died 
there,  Mar.  20,  1896.  In  1841  he  went  to  Can- 
ada. His  works  are  :  < Poems,)  chiefly  in  Scotch 
dialect  (1855);  'Po-ems  and  Songs)  (1874);  and 
<The  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Scotland)  (1876). 

Maclaren,  Ian      See  Watson. 

McLean,  Sarah  Pratt.     See  Greene. 

McLellan,  Isaac.  An  American  poet;  bom  in 
Portland,  NIe.,  May  21,  1806;  died  at  Greenport, 
L.  I.,  Ai'g.  20,  1899.  His  love  for  outdoor  sports 
was  so  intense,  and  his  poems  on  these  themes  so 
nume-ous,  that  they  won  him  the  title  of  ''the 
poet  sportsman.))  His  early  poems,  'The  Death 
of  Napoleon)  and  'New  England's  Dead)  at" 
well-known.  He  is  also  the  author  of  'Ti)c 
F?ll  of  the  Indian)  (1830);  'Mount  Auburn) 
( 1 843) ;  and  <  Poems  of  the  Rod  and  Gun)  ( 1 886 j . 

Macleod,  Fiona  (mak-loud').  A  nom-de- 
plume  of  William  Sharp  the  English  critic,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  picturesque  Irish  poet  and  novelist 
whose  work  was  prominent  in  the  Celtic  renais- 
sance. Mr.  Sharp's  death  in  1905  revealed  the 
fact  that  Fiona  Macleod  was  the  creation  of  that 
critic's  fancy.  He  wrote  under  her  name : 
'Pharais)  (1895),  a  romance;  'The  Mountain 
Lovers'  {1895);  *  The  Sin-Eater  and  Oth-.-r 
Tales )  ( 1895 ) ;  <  The  Washer  of  the  Ford  )  ( 189b  1 ; 
•Green  Fire)  (1896);  and  a  modern  version  of 


MACLEOD  — MAERLA  NT 


361 


the  old  Celtic  romance  <  The  Laughter  of  Peter- 
kin.> 

Macleod,  Norman.  A  distinguished  Scottish 
divine,  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at 
Campbeltown,  June  3,  1812 ;  died  at  Glasgow, 
June  16,  1872.  He  founded  the  Evangelical 
Alliance  in  1847 ;  became  chaplain  to  the  Queen 
for  Scotland  in  1857 ;  edited  Good  Words 
1860-72,  making  it  an  educational  and  literary 
power.  Among  his  works  are :  <  The  Earnest 
Student>  (1854),  a  biography;  <  Parish  Papers* 
(1862);  <Wee  Davie>  (new  ed.  1865);  <  The 
Starling'  (1867,  new  eds.  1870-77-80),  a  Scotch 
story;  <  Peeps  at  the  Far  East>  (1871);  <  Char- 
acter Sketches'  (1872);  etc. 

McLeod,  Xavier  Donald.  An  American  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer ;  bom  in  New  York, 
Nov.  17,  1821 ;  killed  near  Cincinnati,  July  20, 
1865.  An  Episcopal  clergyman,  he  became  a 
Roman  Catholic  in  1852,  and  later  a  priest.  He 
wrote  :  <  Pynnshurst>  (1852);  <  Life  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott>  (1852);  (The  Blood-Stone>  (1853);  <  Les- 
cure>;  <Life  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots'  (1857). 

HcMaster,  Guy  Humphrey.  An  American 
poet ;  born  in  Clyde,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  31,  1829 ;  died 
in  Bath,  Steuben  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  13,  1887. 
At  19  he  wrote  <  Carmen  Bellicosum,'  better 
known  as  <  The  Old  Continentals,'  published 
in  the  Knickerbocker  Magazine,  and  very  pop- 
ular. Aside  from  the  above,  his  best-known 
poems  are :  <  A  Dream  of  Thanksgiving  Eve ' 
(1864);  <  The  Professor's  Guest  Chamber'  (1880); 
<The  Commanders'  (1887). 

McMaster,  John  Bach.  An  American  his- 
torian of  celebrity ;  born  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
June  29,  1852.  He  has  been  professor  of  Amer- 
ican history  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
since  1883.  He  has  written  <  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin as  a  Man  of  Letters'  (1887),  etc.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  <  History  of  the  People  of  the 
United  States ' ;  'Cambridge  Modern  History' 
( 7903) ;  <  The  Struggle  of  the  Social,  Political  and 
Industrial  Rights  of  Man  '  (1903). 

Macneil,  Hector.  A  Scottish  poet;  bom  at 
Rosebank,  near  Roslin,  1746;  died  1818.  He 
wrote:  'Scotland's  Skaith'  (1795);  <The  Waes 
of  War'  (1796),  — both  immensely  popular, — 
and  others.  His  poetical  works,  2  vols.,  ap- 
peared in  1801  (3d  ed.  1812).  He  published 
also  'Scottish  Adventurers'  (1812),  a  historical 
tale;  'Memoirs  of  Charles  Macpherson'  (1801), 
an  autobiography ;  etc. 

Macnish,  Robert.  A  noted  Scottish  medical 
and  miscellaneous  writer  ;  born  at  Glasgow,  Feb. 
15,  1802 ;  died  there,  Jan.  16,  1837.  He  was  a 
contributor  to  Blackwood's  and  Eraser's,  over 
the  signature  "  The  Modern  Pythagorean."  His 
best-known  works  are  :  'Anatomy  of  Drunk- 
enness* (loth  ed.  1854),  and  'Philosophy  of 
Sleep'  (new  ed.  1854).  A  second  edition  of  his 
'Book  of  Aphorisms'  appeared  in  1840 ;  'The 
Modern  Pythagorean'  (containing  tales,  essays, 
and  sketches,  with  life)  in  1844. 

McPherson,  Edward.  An  American  journal- 
ist and  political  writer ;  born  in  Gettysburg,  Pa., 


July  31,  1830;  died  there,  Dec.  I4,  1895. 
Among  his  publications  are:  'Political  History 
of  the  United  States  during  the  Great  Rebellion' 
(1865);  'The  Political  History  of  the  United 
States  during  Reconstruction'  (1870);  and  a 
'Hand-Book  of  Politics'  (1872). 

Macpherson,  James.  The  Scottish  author  of 
the  "  Ossian  "  poems ;  born  at  Ruthven,  Inver- 
ness-shire, Oct.  27,  1736 ;  died  Feb.  17,  1796. 
Some  fragments  of  Gaelic  verse  with  transla- 
tions, published  by  him  in  1760,  attracted  so 
much  attention  that  funds  were  raised  for  send- 
ing him  to  the  Highlands  to  discover  more. 
On  his  return  he  published  the  '  Poems  of  Os- 
sian,' consisting  of  '  Fingal,  an  Epic  Poem  in 
Six  Books'  (1762),  and  'Temora,  an  Epic  Poem 
in  Eight  Books'  (1763).  They  became  at  once 
famous,  and  were  translated  into  nearly  every 
European  language.  A  fierce  controversy  has 
been  waged  as  to  their  being  genuine  Gaelic 
remains.  He  was  secretary  to  the  governor  of 
Florida  1764-66;  agent  to  the  Nabob  of  Arcot 
1779 ;  Member  of  Parliament  1780-90.  He  wrote 
also  'History  of  Great  Britain'  (1775). 

Macquoid,  Mrs.  Katharine  S.  A  popular 
English  novelist ;  born  in  London.  Among  her 
numerous  works  are:  'A  Bad  Beginning'  (last 
ed.  1884);  'Hester  Kirton'  (new  ed.  1870); 
'Patty'  (new  ed.  1873);  'At  the  Red  Glove' 
(1885); 'Puff' (1888);  etc.  Among  several  books 
of  travel  are  :  'Through  Normandy'  (1877),  and 
'Through  Brittany'  (1877). 

Mad^ch,  Emerich  (ma'-datsh).  A  popular 
Hungarian  poet;  born  at  Also-Sztregova,  Jan. 
21,  1823;  died  at  Balassa-Gyarmath,  Oct.  5,  1864. 
He  studied  law,  and  was  a  notary  in  his  na- 
tive county.  His  principal  works  are  :  '  Moses  > 
(1861);  and  'The  Tragedy  of  Man'  (1861),  a 
philosophical  dramatic  poem  treating  of  the 
development  of  mankind  since  the  Fall,  pro- 
duced on  the  stage  in  1883.  He  wrote  also 
lyrics  and  dramatic  fragments. 

Madden,  Richard  Robert.  An  English  phy- 
sician and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  Ireland, 
1798;  died  1886.  He  was  prominent  in  the  Eng- 
lish anti-slavery  cause.  He  wrote:  'Travels  in 
Turkey'  (2d  ed.  1833);  'The  Mussulman,'  a 
tale;  'The  Infirmities  of  Genius'  (1833);  'Life 
of  Savonarola'  (2d  ed.  1854);  'Life  and  Cor- 
respondence of  the  Countess  of  Blessington ' 
(2d  ed.  1855); '  The  United  Irishmen,  their  Lives 
and  Times '  (4  vols.,  1857-60),  his  great  work. 

Madison,  James.  The  fourth  President  of 
the  United  States ;  bom  at  Port  Conway,  Va., 
March  16,  1751 ;  died  at  Montpelier,  Va.,  June 
28,  1836.  He  served  two  terms  as  President 
(1809-17).  He  was  associated-  with  Jay  and 
Hamilton  in  the  composition  of  the  <  Feder- 
alist.' '  Madison  Papers,'  3  vols.,  appeared  in 
1840 ;  '  Letters  and  Other  Writings,'  4  vols., 
in  1865.  His  complete  works  have  been  pub- 
lished in  6  vols. 

Maerlant,  Jakob  van  (mar'-lant).  A  Flem- 
ish poet ;  born   probably  at  Maerlant,  on  the 


362 


MAETERLINCK —MAHLY 


island  of  Voorne,  about  1235 ;  died  at  Damme, 
near  Bruges,  1291.  He  founded  the  didactic 
school  of  poetry  in  the  Netherlands,  and  has 
been  called  "the  father  of  Dutch  poets.>>  His 
chief  work  was  <  Mirror  of  History,*  begun  in 
1283  but  left  unfinished.  A  statue  has  been 
erected  to  him  at  Damme. 

Maeterlinck,  Maurice  ( met'er-lingk ).  A 
noted  Belgian  poet;  born  in  Flanders,  1864. 
He  is  the  foremost  representative  of  the  school 
calling  itself  "  Young  Belgium."  Among  his 
works  are  the  dramas  <  The  Blind  > ;  <  The  In- 
truder >;  < Princess  Maleine>  (Sthed.  1891);  <The 
Seven  Princesses'  (1891);  <  Aglavaine  >  and 
<  Sdlysette  >;  <  Monna  Vanna  > ;  also  the  volume  of 
verse  <  Hot-House  Blooms,>  and  the  essays  <  The 
Treasure  of  the  Humble.* 

Maffel,  Andrea,  Cavaliere  (ma-fa 'e).  An 
Italian  poet ;  born  at  Riva  di  Trento,  1802 ; 
died  at  Milan,  Nov.  27,  1885.  He  wrote  <  Dal 
Benaco'  (1854);  'Verses  Published  and  Un- 
published* (1858);  <Art,  Ardors,  and  Fancies* 
(2d  ed.  1864),  containing  many  rare  lyrics.  He 
made  numerous  translations  from  the  German, 
English,  and  Greek.  He  was  also  in  public 
life,  and  became  senator. 

Magalhaens,  Domingo  Jose  Gron9alyes  de 

(ma-gal-ya'ens).  A  Brazilian  poet;  born  in 
Rio  Janeiro  in  181 1.  From  1845  to  1867  he 
was  Brazilian  minister  to  Dresden,  Naples, 
Turin,  and  Vienna.  As  a  lyric  poet  he  ranks 
high  among  his  countrymen.  His  works  in- 
clude :  <Poesias*  (1832);  and  <  Antonio  Jos^* 
and  <01giato,*  two  dramas  which  had  great 
popularity  in  Spanish,  French,  and  English 
translations.     He  died  at  Rome,  in  1882. 

Magariflos  Cervantes,  Alejandro  (ma-ga- 
ren'yos  ther-van'tes).  A  Uruguayan  miscellane- 
ous writer ;  born  in  Montevideo,  1826.  He  has 
written:  'Historical  Studies  on  the  River  La 
Plata*;  'Church  and  State*;  several  volumes 
of  poems ;  etc. 

Maggi,  Carlo  Maria  (ma'je).  Latin,  Mad- 
dius  (mad'i-us).  An  Italian  poet;  born  at 
Milan,  1630 ;  died  1699.  He  was  member  of  the 
famous  Accademia  Delia  Crusca,  and  professor 
of  Greek  at  Milan.  He  wrote  poems  in  Greek, 
Latin,  and  Italian ;  letters ;  etc.  He  was  one 
of  the  restorers  of  Italian  poetry. 

Magill,  Mary  Tucker.  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer;  born  in  Jefferson  County, 
Va.,  Aug.  21,1832.  She  wrote:  <The  Holcombes* 
(1868);  'Women;  or,  Chronicles  of  the  Late  War* 
(1870);  and  'Pantomimes;  or,  Wordless  Poems* 
(1882).     Died  at  Winchester,  Va.,  ,  1899. 

Maginn,  William.  An  Irish  scholar,  poet, 
and  journalist,  a  noted  man  in  his  day ;  born 
at  Cork,  Nov.  ii,  1793;  died  at  Walton  on 
Thames,  Aug.  2,  1842.  He  was  a  contributor 
to  the  early  volumes  of  Punch,  and  with  Hugh 
Eraser  founded  Eraser's  Magazine  in  1830.  The 
only  collection  of  his  writings  (and  that  par- 
tial) is  the  'Miscellanies*  (1855-57),  edited  by 
R.  Shelton  Mackenzie.  His  best  stories  are 
•The  City  of  Demons*  and  <  Bob  Burke's  Duel 
with  Ensign  Brady.* 


Magnin,  Charles  (ma-nyah').  A  French 
critic  and  poet;  born  in  Paris,  Nov.  4,  1793; 
died  there,  Oct.  8,  1862.  He  was  one  of  the 
directors  of  the  National  Library  in  1832.  Be- 
sides poetry,  he  wrote  :  <  Racine  >  (1826),  a  suc- 
cessful comedy;  'The  Origins  of  the  Modern 
Stage*  (1838);  'Historical  and  Literary  Talks 
and  Meditations*  (1843);  < History  of  Puppet 
Shows*  (1852);  etc. 

Magoon,  Elias  Lyman.  An  American  pulpit 
orator  and  author;  born  in  Lebanon,  N.  H., 
Oct.  20,  1810;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Nov.  25, 
1886.  Among  his  published  works  are  :  '  Elo 
quence  of  the  Colonial  Times*  (1847);  'Prov 
erbs  for  the  People*  (1848);  <  Republican  Christ 
ianity*  (1849);  and  'Westward  Empire*  (1856) 

Magruder,  Julia.  An  American  prose-writer 
born  in  Charlottesville,  Va.,  Sept.  14,  1854.    She 
has  published  '  Across  the  Chasm,*  anonymous 
(1885);    'At   Anchor*    (1887);    'A    Magnificent 
Plebeian  * ;  <  Princess  Sonya  * ;  <  Violet.*  D.  1907. 

Mahaflfy,  John  Pentland.  An  Irish  classical 
scholar  and  historian ;  born  at  Chapponnaire, 
Switzerland,  Feb.  26,  1839.  He  is  professor  of 
ancient  history  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He 
has  published :  '  Social  Life  in  Greece  *  (3d  ed. 
1877);  'Rambles  and  Studies  in  Greece*  (2d 
ed.  1878);  'Greek  Life  and  Thought*  (1888); 
'Greece  under  Roman  Sway'  (1890); '  History 
of  Greek  Classical  Literature  >  (3  vols.,  2d  ed. 
1892);  'The  Empire  of  the  Ptolemies'  (1896); 
etc. 

Mahan,  Alfred  Thayer.  A  distinguished 
American  naval  officer  and  writer  on  naval  his- 
tory ;  born  at  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  27,  1840. 
He  served  in  the  Civil  War ;  and  was  president 
of  the  Naval  War  College,  Newport,  in  1886-S9 
and  1890-93.  Visiting  Europe  in  command  of 
the  Chicago  in  1893,  he  received  many  honors, 
among  them  degrees  from  both  Oxford  and 
Cambridge.  His  chief  work,  <  Influence  of  Sea 
Power  upon  History*  (1890),  with  its  continua- 
tion, '  Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon  the  P'rench 
Revolution  and  Empire'  (1892),  gave  him  a 
world-wide  reputation.  He  has  published  also : 
'The  Gulf  and  Inland  Waters'  (1883);  'Life 
of  Admiral  Farragut'  (1892);  'The  Interest  of 
America  in  Sea  Power,  Present  and  Future  > 
(1897),  a  compilation  of  his  magazine  articles; 
<  l,ife  of  Nelson  '  ( 1897)  ;'  From  Sail  to  Steam* 
(ioo7t- 

Mahan,  Asa.  A  distinguished  American  Con- 
gregational divme  and  educator;  born  at  Ver- 
non, N.  Y.,  Nov.  9,  iSoo;  died  at  Eastbourne, 
England,  April  4,  1889.  He  was  president  of 
Oberlin  College,  1838-50 ;  of  Cleveland  Univer- 
sity, 1850-56;  of  Adrian  College,  Mich.,  1860- 
71.  Among  his  works  were  :  '  System  of  Intel- 
lectual Philosophy*  (1845);  'Science  of  Logic' 
(1857);  'History  of  Philosophy'  (1883).  He 
published  '  Scripture  Doctrine  of  Christian  Per- 
fection* (1839)  in  support  of  perfectionist  views. 

Mahly,  Jakob  (ma'le).  A  Swiss  poet,  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  and  classical  scholar ;  born  at 
Basle,  Dec.  24,  1828.  He  was  professor  of  phi- 
lology at  Basle  in  1863.    Besides  learned  works, 


MAIKOV  — MAJOR 


563 


including  'Richard  Bentley>  (1868),  <  History 
of  Ancient  Literature*  (2  vols.,  1880),  etc.,  he 
has  written  <  Rhigmurmel '  (1856),  a  volume  of 
poems  in  the  Basle  dialect;  the  epic  poems 
<  Matilda'  (2d  ed.  1862)  and  <The  Earthquake  at 
Basle  >  (1856);  the  idyl  <  Peace  >  (1862);  stories, 
comedies,  juveniles,  etc.     He  died  June  18,  1902. 

Maikov,  Apollon  Nikolaevicli  (ma-e'kof).  A 
distinguished  Russian  poet;  born  at  Moscow, 
1821;  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Mar.  20,  1897.  He 
is  probably  the  first  of  recent  Russian  poets.  The 
tone  of  his  writings  is  idealistic,  and  marked  by 
great  finish  of  form.  During  the  Crimean  War 
he  published  patriotic  poems.  His  two  plays 
are  entitled  <Tri  Smerti>  (Three  Deaths)  and 
<Dva  Mira'  (Two  Worlds).  The  fourth  edition 
of  his  works,  in  3  vols.,  appeared  in  1884. 

Maiiath,  J&nos,  Count  (mi'lat).  A  Hun- 
garian historian  and  poet ;  born  at  Buda-Pesth, 
Oct.  3,  1786;  died  Jan.  3,  1855.  His  most  im- 
portant historical  works  were :  <  History  of  the 
Austrian  Empire  >  (5  vols.,  1834-50),  his  master- 
piece; < History  of  the  Magyars'  (5  vols.,  1828- 
31).  His  chief  poetical  writings  were  :  <  Poems ' 
(1824)  and  'Magyar  Legends,  Narratives,  and 
Tales'  (1826),  together  with  translations  from 
the  German.  He  and  his  daughter  committed 
suicide  together. 

Maimonides,  Moses  (mi-mon'i-dez).  A  fa- 
mous Jewish  philosopher  and  scholar;  born  at 
Cordova,  Spain,  March  30,  1135;  died  at  Cairo, 
Egypt,  Dec.  13,  1204.  He  harmonized  Judaism 
and  philosophy.  Driven  with  his  family  from 
Spain,  he  resided  in  Fez  ;  then  traveled  by  way 
of  Palestine  to  Cairo,  becoming  there  chief  rabbi 
and  the  caliph's  physician.  His  chief  work, 
written  in  Hebrew,  is  <Mishneh  Torah>  (Repe- 
tition of  the  Law:  1170-80),  a  masterly  exposi- 
tion of  the  whole  of  the  Jewish  law  as  contained 
in  the  Pentateuch  and  the  voluminous  Tal- 
mudic  literature.  His  principal  philosophical 
work,  written  in  Arabic,  was  <  Dalalt  al  Ha'irin' 
(Guide  of  the  Perplexed:  1190).  The  estima- 
tion in  which  he  is  held  by  the  Jews  can  be 
seen  in  their  saying,  "  From  Moses  [the  law- 
giver] to  Moses  [Maimonides]  there  is  none 
like  unto  Moses." 

Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner.  A  dis- 
tinguished English  jurist;  born  near  Leighton, 
Aug.  15,  1822;  died  at  Cannes,  Feb.  3,  1888.  He 
was  professor  of  civil  law  at  Cambridge  1847-54; 
reader  on  Roman  law  at  the  Inns  of  Court,  Lon- 
don, 1852;  legal  mem.ber  of  the  council  in  India 
1862-69;  professor  of  jurisprudence  at  Oxford 
1869-78;  master  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge, 
1877;  professor  of  international  law  at  Cam- 
bridge 1887.  Among  his  more  noted  works 
were:  <Ancient  Law>  (1861),  an  epoch-making 
book;  'Village  Communities'  (1871);  <  Popular 
Government'  (1885);  etc. 

Maine  de  Biran,  Marie  Fran9ois  Pierre 
GontMer  (man  de  be-roii').  A  noted  French 
philosopher;  born  at  Bergerac,  Nov.  29,  1766; 
died  July  16,  1824.  He  served  in  Louis  XVI.'s 
4nny,  and  was  member  of  the  Council  of  Five 


Hundred  in  1797.  He  was  the  founder  of  mod- 
ern French  spiritualism  in  philosophy.  He 
wrote :  <  Influence  of  Habit  upon  the  Thinking 
Faculty'  (1803);  'Decomposition  of  Thought' 
(1805); '  Foundations  of  Psychology'  (1859);  etc. 
('Works,'  3  vols.,  edited  by  Cousin,  1841 ;  3 
vols,  additional,  by  Naville,  1846-59.) 

Mair,  Charles.  A  Canadian  poet;  born  in 
Lanark,  Sept.  21  1840.  He  is  the  author  of 
'Dreamland  and  Other  Poems'  (1868).  and  a 
drama  entitled  'Tecumseh'  (1886). 

Mairet,  Jean  de  (ma-ra').  A  French  dram- 
atist ;  born  at  Besangon,  Jan.  4,  1604 ;  died  there, 
Jan.  31,  1686.  The  precursor  of  Corneille,  like 
him  he  furthered  the  purification  of  the  French 
stage.  He  wrote  pastorals,  tragedies,  and  tragi- 
comedies. Among  his  most  original  works 
were  the  pastoral  'Silvanire'  (1625),  and  the 
first  regular  French  tragedy,  'Sophonisbe' 
(1629),  his  best  production. 

Maistre,  Joseph  Marie  de,  Count  (mastr  or 
matr).  A  famous  French  statesman  and  phil- 
osophical and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at 
Chambery,  April  i,  1754;  died  at  Turin,  Feb. 
26,  1821.  He  was  senator  of  Savoy  in  1788; 
chancellor  of  Sardinia  1799;  Sardinian  minister 
at  St.  Petersburg  1802;  minister  at  Turin  1817. 
He  wrote :  '  Thoughts  on  the  French  Revolu- 
tion' (1796);  'Generative  Principle  of  Human 
Institutions'  (1810);  'Examination  of  Bacon's 
Philosophy'  (1835;  new  ed.  1864);  etc.  'St. 
Petersburg  Evenings'  was  published  in  1821 ; 
and  his  interesting  correspondence  in  1851  and 
1858.     ('Works,'  8  vols.,  1864.) 

Maistre,  Xavier  de.  Count.  A  noted  French 
soldier,  essayist,  and  novelist,  brother  of  Joseph 
Marie  ;  born  at  Chambery,  October,  1763;  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  June  12,  1852.  After  serving  in 
Piedmont  and  Italy  (1798-99),  going  to  Russia 
he  rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general.  His  mas- 
terpiece was  the  much-admired  'Journey  Round 
my  Room'  (1794)  in  Sterne's  style,  written 
while  under  arrest  for  fighting  a  duel.  He 
wrote  besides  : '  The  Siberian  Girl '  (1815);'  Pris- 
oners of  the  Caucasus'  (1815);  etc.  The  charm 
of  his  work  is  its  dainty  style,  its  power  of  nar- 
ration, and  its  revelations  of  the  author's  per- 
sonality. 

Maitin,  Jos^  Antonio  (ma-e'ten).  A  Vene- 
zuelan poet;  bom  in  Porto  Cabello,  1798;  died 
in  Choroni,  1874.  In  1824  he  returned  from 
Havana  to  his  own  country  from  which  he 
had  fled  on  account  of  persecution,  and  subse- 
quently lived  in  the  valley  of  Choroni.  In  1844 
he  made  a  collection  of  his  best  poems  and 
published  them  under  the  title  <  Echoes  from 
Choroni,'  and  in  185 1  a  collected  edition  of  all 
his  works. 

Major,  Richard  Henry.  An  English  historian 
and  geographer ;  born  in  London,  1818 ;  died 
there  1891.  He  was  connected  with  the  British 
Museum  Library  1844-80;  honorary  secretary 
of  the  Hakluyt  Society  1849-58 ;  and  vice- 
president  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society. 
He  wrote  'Life  of  Prince  Henry  of  Portugal* 


3^4 


MALABARl'-MALLOCK 


(j868),  <The  Discoveries  of  Prince  Henry  and 
their  Results>  (1877);  edited  < Select  Letters  of 
Christopher  Columbus  >  (1847);  etc. 

Malabari,  Behramji  Merwanji  (ma-la-ba're). 
An  eminent  social  reformer  of  India,  and  a 
poet;  born  (Mehta)  at  Baroda,  1853.  He  has 
given  his  fortune  and  his  life  to  \)ettering  the 
condition  of  women  in  India  **y  the  abolition 
yi  infant  marriage  and  enforced  widowhood. 
He  is  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Indian  Spec- 
wtor  and  the  Voice  of  India.  Among  his  works 
»re  the  fine  <  Niti  Vinod,>  etc.,  in  verse ;  <  Gujarat 
and  Gujaratis,>  liked  for  its  picturesque  and 
humorous  style;  various  political  and  ethical 
productions;  etc. 

Malcolm,  Sir  John.  A  distinguished  British 
soldier,  statesman,  and  historian ;  bom  at  Burn- 
foot,  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  May  2,  1769 ;  died 
in  London,  May  30,  1833.  Employed  by  the 
East  India  Company,  he  distinguished  himself 
as  a  fighter,  diplomatist,  and  ruler;  was  presi- 
dent of  Mysore  1803;  won  the  important  bat- 
tle of  Mehidpur  over  the  Mahrattas  in  1817; 
was  governor  of  Malwa  1818-22;  of  Bombay 
1827-30;  Member  of  Parliament  1831-32.  He 
wrote  among  others:  'Political  History  of 
India >  (1811);  <  History  of  Persia >  (2  vols.,  1815), 
which  is  still  an  authority;  < Memoir  of  Cen- 
tral India  >  (1823);  and  above  all,  <  Sketches  of 
Persia  >  (1827),  still  read,  and  a  mine  of  good 
stories,  legends,  travel  sketches,  descriptions 
of  Oriental  life  and  ceremonial,  and  manly 
sense  and  thought. 

Malczewslci,  Antonl  (mal-chev'ske).  A  noted 
Polish  poet ;  born  at  Warsaw,  about  1793 ; 
died  there.  May  2,  1826.  The  merit  of  his 
works,  which  were  marked  by  a  deeply  reli- 
gious spirit,  was  not  recognized  till  after  his 
death.  His  masterpiece,  the  famous  epic 
<Marya>  (Maria:  1825),  has  been  several  times 
edited  and  translated  into  English  (London, 
1836),  French,  German,  and  Bohemian.  The 
tomb  erected  to  him  at  Varsovia  bears  the  in- 
scription :  «  To  the  author  of  Maria.»  He  died 
in  abject  poverty. 

Malebranche,  Nicolas  (mal-bronsh').  A  fa- 
mous French  philosopher;  bom  in  Paris,  Aug. 
6,  1638 ;  died  there,  Oct.  13,  1715.  The  keynote 
of  his  philosophy  is  to  be  found  in  his  cele- 
brated principle,  « We  see  all  things  in  God.» 
His  chief  work,  containing  the  substance  of 
his  whole  philosophy,  was  <  Search  for  Truth  > 
(1674).  Other  works  were:  <0f  Nature  and 
Grace >  (1680);  'Christian  and  Metaphysical 
Meditations  >  (1683);  'Treatise  on  Ethics  > 
(1684);  etc.  Imbued  with  a  deep  piety,  he  felt 
it  to  be  of  the  utmost  importance  to  effect  a 
reconciliation  between  philosophy  and  religion. 
(<Works,>  II  vols.,  1712;  last  ed.  1859-71.) 

Malesherbes,  Chretien  Guillaume  de  La- 
moignon  de  (mal-zarb').  A  famous  French 
statesman  and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  in 
Paris,  Dec.  6,  1721 ;  was  guillotined  there,  April 
22,  1794.  He  was  censor  of  the  press  and 
president  of  the  excise  court  1750-71 ;  Minister 
of  the  loterior  1774-76;  Louis  XVI.'s  counsel 


before  the  Convention  T792-93,  He  wrot* 
'Public  Law  of  France*  (1779);  'Thoughts 
and  Maxims*  (1802);  '  Book -Selling  and  the 
Liberty  of  the  Press  >  (2d  ed.  1827);  etc.  The 
second  edition  of  his  <  Unpublished  Works  * 
appeared  in  1822. 

Malet,  Lucas.  Pseudonym  of  Mary  St  Leger 
Harrison,  an  English  novelist,  youngest  daugh- 
ter of  Charles  Kingsley;  born  1852,  and  now 
wife  of  Rev.  W.  Harrison,  rector  of  Clovelly, 
England.  Her  novels  include :  *  Colonel  En- 
derby's  Wife > ;  'A  Counsel  of  Perfection ' ; 
*  Little  Peter >;  'Mrs.  Lorimer';  'The  Wages 
of  Sin  > ; '  Carissima ' ;  <  The  Gateless  Barrier.' 

Malherbe,  Frangois  de  (ma-larb).  A  fa- 
mous French  poet ;  bom  at  Caen,  1555 ;  died 
in  Paris,  Oct  16,  1628.  He  became  court  poet 
in  1605.  He  was  the  inaugurator  of  French 
classicism,  and  made  Parisian  French  the 
standard  for  the  kingdom.  His  poems  were 
marked  by  purity  of  diction  and  harmony  of 
versification,  rather  than  by  great  poetic  feeling. 
Besides  translations  from  Latin,  he  wrote  but 
one  volume  of  poetry,  containing  'Stanzas,' 
'  Odes,*  '  Sonnets,*  <  Epigrams,*  and  <  Songs.' 
The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  in  Lalanne's 
'Great  Writers*  (Paris,  5  vols.,  1860-65). 

Mallery,  Garrick.  An  American  ethnologist; 
bom  in  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  April  23,  1831;  died  in 
Washington,  Oct.  24,  1894.  His  works  in  part 
are:  <A  Calendar  of  the  Dakota  Nation*  (1877); 
'Sign  Language  among  the  North  American  In- 
dians compared  with  That  among  Other  Peoples 
and  Deaf  Mutes*  (1881).  He,  besides,  con- 
tributed much  to  periodicals. 

Mallet,  originally  Mallocb,  David  (mal'et 
or  mal'lgch).  A  Scottish  poet  and  dramatist; 
born  at  Crieff,  Perthshire,  about  1705;  died  in 
England,  April  21,  1765.  He  was  under-secre- 
tary  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  a  friend  of 
Pope,  Bolingbroke,  and  other  celebrities  of  the 
time.  He  wrote  in  verse  'The  Excursion*  (1728); 
'The  Hermit*  (1747);  'Edwin  and  Emma* 
(1760);  the  tragedies  'Eurydice*  (1731),  'Mus- 
tapha*  (1739) ;  etc.  The  famous  English  patri- 
otic song  '  Rule  Britannia  *  appeared  in  '  Al- 
fred :  a  Masque  *  (1740),  written  with  James 
Thomson ;  its  authorship  has  been  claimed  for 
each. 

Mallian,  Julien  de  (ma-yan').  A  West- 
Indian  dramatist ;  born  m  Le  Moule,  Guade- 
loupe, 1805;  died  in  Paris,  1851.  He  gained 
wide  reputation  as  a  writer  of  comedies  and 
dramas,  many  of  which  have  been  presented  on 
the  metropolitan  stage.  The  most  popular  are : 
'Two  Roses*  (1831),  a  historical  drama  of  the 
civil  wars  in  England;  'The  Carpenter*  (1831), 
a  comedy;  and  'The  Wandering  Jew'  (1834). 

Mallock,  William  Hurrell.  A  distinguished 
English  essayist,  novelist,  and  poet;  bom  in 
Devonshire,  1849.  He  is  a  nephew  of  Froude 
the  historian.  Among  his  best-known  works 
are:  'The  New  Republic'  (1877),  and  'Is  Lif# 
Worth  Living?'  (1879).  His  novels  are  <A 
Romance  of  ihe  Nineteenth  Century';  *Tb« 


MALMESBURY  —  MANETHO 


365 


Old  Order  Changeth>;  <A  Human  Document  >; 
and  <The  Heart  of  Life.>  He  has  published 
two  volumes  of  poems ;  and  a  great  number  of 
magazine  articles,  some  of  which  have  been 
collected  under  the  titles  <  Social  Equality* 
(1882),  < Property.  Progress,  and  Poverty*  (1884) 
and  < Classes  and  Masses;  or  Wealth  and 
Wages  in  the  United  Kingdom*  (1896)  ;<  Religion 
asa  Credible  Doctrine*  (1902).  He  credits  in- 
dustrial progress  to  intellect,  not  labor. 

Malmesbury.  William  of.  A  noted  English 
historian ;  born  in  Somersetshire,  about  1095 ; 
died  at  Malmesbury,  about  1143.  He  was  a 
monk,  and  librarian  of  the  monastery  of 
Malmesbury.  Of  his  great  work,  <  History  of  the 
Kings  of  England,*  which  next  to  the  <  Saxon 
Chronicle*  is  the  highest  authority  for  Anglo- 
Saxon  times,  and  its  continuation  <  Modem  His- 
tory,* both  in  Latin,  the  latest  and  best  edition 
is  Hardy's  (1840).  The  latest  English  transla- 
tion of  the  former  is  in  Bohn's  Library  (1847). 

MalmstrSm,  Bernliard  Ells  (malm'strem). 
A  Swedish  poet  and  historian  of  literature ; 
bom  at  Nerike,  March  14,  1816;  died  at  Upsala, 
June  21,  1865.  He  was  professor  of  aesthetics 
and  literature  at  Upsala  in  1858.  He  published  : 
•Poems'  (1845-47;  latest  ed.  1889);  <Ariadne* 
(1889),  of  which  many  editions  have  appeared; 
the  prose  work  *■  History  of  Swedish  Litera- 
ture* (5  vols.,  1866-68);  etc.  Much  of  his 
poetry  has  great  perfection  of  form.  (<  Works,* 
8  vols.,  1866-69). 

Malone,  Edmund.  A  noted  Irish  Shakes- 
pearean scholar  and  editor ;  bom  at  Dublin,  Oct. 
4,  1741;  died  in  London,  April  25,  1812.  He  was 
originally  a  lawyer.  He  edited  the  works  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  (1797).  Dryden  (1800), 
W.  G.  Hamilton  (1808),  with  memoirs;  he  wrote 
also  a  <  History  of  the  English  Stage*  (1790). 
He  is  chiefly  known  for  his  edition  of  Shakes- 
peare (11  vols.,  1790)  ;  and  for  having  collected 
the  material  of  the  Variorum  Shakespeare, 
edited  by  James  Boswell  (21  vols.,  1821). 

Malory,  Sir  Thomas.  The  British  author 
of  the  famous  <Morte  d'Arthur*;  bom  prob- 
ably about  1430 ;  died  after  1470.  He  was 
probably  a  priest.  The  <Morte  d'Arthur*  (1469 
or  1470)  is  a  prose  collection  of  the  romantic 
traditions  concerning  King  Arthur  and  the 
Knights  of  the  Round  Table.  It  was  the  main 
source  upon  which  Tennyson  drew  in  writing 
his  *  Idylls  of  the  King.*  The  latest  editions 
are  Sommer's  1890-91  (the  standard),  and  Dent's, 
with  a  preface  by  Professor  Rhys  (1893). 

Malot,  Hector  (ma-16').  A  French  novel- 
ist; born  near  Rouen,  May  20,  1830.  He  has 
been  a  prolific  writer.  Of  his  numerous  works 
the  best  known  are  :  '  The  Victims  of  Love,* 
in  three  parts;  <The  Lovers*  (1859);  <  Husband 
and  Wife  *  ( 1865) ;  <  The  Children  *  ( 1866) ;  <  Doc- 
tor Claude  >  (1879) ;  <  Accomplices*  (1892)  ;  <  In 
tne  Bosom  of  the  Familv  *  (1893);  <  Blue  Blood  *; 
<  The  Novel  of  my  Novels,*  etc.  Most  of  his  books 
treat  of  French  life  under  the  Second  Empire. 

M&lte-Brun,  Conrad  (malt-brun'),  originally 
Make  Conrad   Brunn.    A  famous   French  ge- 


ographer and  publicist ;  bom  at  Thisted,  Den- 
mark, Aug.  12,  1775 ;  died  in  Paris,  Dec.  14, 
1826.  Banished  from  his  native  country  in  1800, 
he  resided  in  Paris.  His  great  work  was  <  Epit- 
ome of  Universal  Geography*  (1810-29;  latest 
ed.,  6  vols.,  1872).  He  also  founded  the  <An- 
nals  of  Travels,  Geography,  and  History* 
(1808-14);  collaborated  in  'Mathematical,  Phys- 
ical, and  Political  Geography*  (16 vols.,  1804-7) 
and  < Dictionary  of  Universal  Geography*  (8 
vols.,  1821);  wrote  <  Scientific  and  Literary  Mis- 
cellanies* (3  vols.,  1828);  etc. 

Maltbus,  Thomas  Robert.  A  famous  Eng- 
lish political  economist;  bom  near  Guildford, 
Surrey,  Feb.  17,  1766;  died  at  St.  Catherine's, 
near  Bath,  Dec.  23,  1834.  He  was  professor  of 
history  and  political  economy  at  Haileybury 
College  (1805).  His  celebrated  «Malthusian 
doctrine,**  as  it  is  called,  was  announced  in 
'Principle  of  Population*  (1798;  revised  ed. 
1803).  His  theory  is  that  population  increases 
faster  than  the  means  of  subsistence ;  so  that 
the  increase  in  population  must  in  some  way 
be  checked.    A  ninth  edition  appeared  in  1888. 

Mamlani   della   Rovere.  Terenzlo,    Count 

(ma-me-a'ne  del'la  ro'va-ra).  A  distinguished 
Italian  statesman,  educator,  and  philosophical 
writer;  born  at  Pesaro,  about  1800 ;  died  at 
Rome,  May  21,  1885.  He  was  imprisoned  and 
exiled  for  taking  part  in  the  revolution  at  Bo- 
logna in  1831 ;  made  Minister  of  the  Interior 
in  1848;  Minister  of  Public  Instmction  in  i860; 
Minister  to  Athens.  He  wrote  numerous  and 
important  books,  among  which  are :  <  Confes- 
sions of  a  Metaphysician*  (2d  ed.  1865);  <The 
Religion  of  the  Future*  (1879);  'Social  Ques- 
tions* (1882);  etc. 

Mandeville,  Bernard.  A  Dutch-English 
medical  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at 
Dordrecht  about  1670 ;  died  in  London,  Jan. 
21.  1733.  He  was  a  physician  in  London.  He 
wrote:  <Esop  Dressed*  (1704),  being  fables  in 
verse;  'Treatise  of  the  Hypochondriac  and 
Hysteric  Passions*  (1711);  'Free  Thoughts  on 
Religion*  (1720);  etc.  His  'Fable  of  the  Bees,- 
or.  Private  Vices  Public  Benefits  *  (2d  ed.  1723) 
was  presented  as  a  nuisance  by  the  grand  jury 
of  Middlesex  in  1723. 

Mandeville,  Sir  John.  A  noted  (and  proba- 
bly imaginary)  English  traveler,  who  or  whose 
inventor  flourished  in  the  fourteenth  century. 
He  was  the  reputed  author  of  a  popular  book 
of  travels  of  that  century,  the  writer  of  which 
claimed  to  have  visited  Turkey,  Armenia,  Tar- 
tary,  Persia,  Syria,  Arabia,  Egypt,  Libya,  Ethi- 
opia, Chaldea,  Amazonia,  and  India ;  to  have 
been  in  the  service  of  the  Sultan  of  Egypt ;  etc 
It  is  in  fact  a  most  entertaining  and  curious 
compilation  of  legends,  miracles,  and  wonder- 
stories  from  many  sources,  pressed  into  the 
service  of  Christianity  and  its  miracle-working 
powers. 

Manetho  (man'e-tho).  An  Egyptian  priest 
and  annalist;  bom  at  Sebennytus,  in  Lower 
Egypt;  lived  about  250  B.  C.  He  composed 
three  bookt  in  Greek,  which  purported  to  give 


366 


MANGAN  —  MANZANO 


the  history  of  Egypt  from  the  mythical  period 
downward ;  but  only  fragments  remain,  im- 
Dedded  in  the  works  of  Josephus  and  other 
writers.  His  writings,  coming  down  through 
translations  and  transliterations  of  Syncellus, 
Eusebius,  Jerome,  and  Africanus,  have  been 
the  chief  source  of  information  as  to  the  suc- 
cessive dynasties  of  Egypt ;  and  with  the  in- 
Bcriptions  coming  to  light,  assist  archaeologists 
m  framing  its  chronology. 

Mangan,  James  Clarence.  An  Irish  poet; 
born  at  Dublin,  May  i,  1803;  died  in  Meath 
Hospital,  June  20,  1849.  His  work  shows  great 
command  of  language  and  skill  in  versification. 
He  published  volumes  entitled  :  <  Romances  and 
Ballads  of  Ireland  >  { 1850) ;  <  German  Anthology> 
(1849);  <  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Munster>  (1849); 
etc.  A  selection  of  his  poems,  edited  by  Louise 
Imogen  Guiney,  appeared  1897. 

Manley,  Mrs.  Mary  de  la  Riviere.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist;  born  in  the  island  of  Guernsey, 
1672;  died  at  Lambeth  Hill,  July  11,  1724.  She 
was  daughter  of  Sir  Roger  Manley.  She  pub- 
lished <The  New  Atlantis*  (1709),  a  scandalous 
satire  on  distinguished  public  characters,  for 
which  she  was  arrested  for  libel,  but  discharged. 
She  published  a  key  to  it  entitled  <  Memoirs  of 
Europe*  (1710).  She  wrote  also  <The  Power 
of  Love,  in  Seven  Novels*  (1720),  etc. 

Mann,  Horace.  A  noted  American  educator 
and  educational  writer ;  born  in  Franklin,  Mass., 
May  4,  1796 ;  died  in  Yellow  Springs,  O.,  Aug. 
2,  1859.  He  was  Member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts,  1848-53;  president  of  Antioch 
College,  1852-59.  He  was  one  of  the  foremost 
men  in  educational  reform ;  and  published,  be- 
sides his  educational  lectures  and  voluminous 
controversial  writings,  <A  Few  Thoughts  for  a 
Young  Man'  (1850);  < Slavery:  Letters  and 
Speeches'  (1851);  and  <  Powers  and  Duties  of 
Woman'   (1853). 

Mann,  Mary  Tyler  (Peabody).  An  Ameri- 
can writer,  wife  of  Horace  Mann ;  born  in 
Cambridgeport,  Mass.,  Nov.  16,  1806;  died  in 
Jamaica  Plain,  Mass.,  Feb.  11,  1887.  Her  pub- 
lished works  are:  < Flower  People'  (1838); 
<  Culture  in  Infancy'  (1863);  <  Life  of  Horace 
Mann'  (1865);  <Juanita,  a  Romance  of  Real 
Life  in  Cuba,'  published  after  her  death. 

Manning,  Henry  Edward,  Cardinal.  A  dis- 
tinguished English  Roman  Catholic  prelate  and 
religious  writer;  born  at  Totteridge,  Hertford- 
shire, July  15,  1808;  died  Jan.  14,  1892.  Origi- 
nally a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England, 
in  which  he  rose  to  be  archdeacon  of  Chiches- 
ter (1840),  he  became  a  Roman  Catholic  priest 
in  1851 ;  archbishop  of  Westminster  in  1865  ; 
cardinal  in  1875.  He  founded  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic University  of  Kensington  in  1874.  He  was 
a  friend  of  the  laboring  classes.  He  wrote : 
•Unity  of  the  Church'  (1842);  *  Temporal  Mis- 
sion of  the  Holy  Ghost'  (3d  ed.  1877);  <The 
Catholic  Church  and  Modern  Society'  (1880); 
<The  Eternal  Priesthood'  (1883);  <Religio  Via- 
toris '  (A  Traveler's  Religion  :  3d  ed.  1888);  etc. 


Manrique,  Jorge  (man-re'ka).  A  famous 
Spanish  poet ;  died  1479.  He  belonged  to  one 
of  the  oldest  and  most  distinguished  families 
in  Spain.  His  chief  work  was  an  ode  on  his 
father's  death  (1492),  now  known  as  <Coplas 
de  Manrique'  (Manrique's  Stanzas),  one  of 
the  most  touching  poems  in  the  Spanish  lan- 
guage. It  has  often  been  reprinted,  and  was 
translated  into  English  by  Longfellow.  Sev- 
eral of  his  love  poems  also  have  come  down 
to  us. 

Mansel,  Henry  Longueville.  A  distin- 
guished English  metaphysician ;  born  at  Cos- 
grove,  Northamptonshire,  Oct.  6,  1820;  died 
there,  July  30,  187 1.  He  was  dean  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  in  1868.  A  follower  of  Sir  William 
Hamilton,  he  developed  his  philosophy  still 
further.  His  chief  works  were  :  <  Prolegomena 
Logica'  (Introduction  to  Logic:  1851);  the 
article  on  <  Metaphysics '  in  the  <  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica'  (1857);  <  Bampton  Lectures  >  (1858); 

<  Philosophy  of  the  Conditioned'  (1866);  etc. 

Mansfield,  Edward  Deering.  An  American 
journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  Aug.  17,  1801 ;  died  at  Mor- 
row, O.,  Oct.  27,  1880.  He  wrote :  <  Political 
Grammar'  (1834);  <  Life  of  General  Scott* 
(1846);  < Legal  Rights  of  Women'  (1847);  < His- 
tory of  the  Mexican  War'  (1848);  < American 
Education'  (1850);  <  Personal  Memoirs'  (1879); 

<  Utility  of  Mathematics ' ;  etc.  Pie  was  for 
many  years  a  contributor  to  the  New  York 
press  over  the  signature  « Veteran  Observer." 

Mansilla  de  Garcia,  Eduarda  (man-sel'ya 
da  gar-the'aj.  An  Argentine  novelist ;  born 
(Mansilla)  at  Buenos  Ayres,  1838.  She  married 
Manuel  Garcia,  a  diplomatist,  in  1855.  She  has 
written:  <  The  Physician  of  St.  Louis';  <  Lucia 
Miranda ' ;  <  Paul ;  or,  Life  on  the  Pampas ' 
(translated  into  French);  etc.,  all  descriptive 
of  Argentine  customs  or  historical  episodes. 

Mant,  Richard.  A  distinguished  English 
clergyman  and  religious  writer ;  born  at  South- 
ampton, Feb.  12,  1776 ;  died  at  Ballymoney,  Ire- 
land, Nov.  2,  1848.  He  was  bishop  in  the  Irish 
church.  He  is  best  known  as  one  of  the  authors 
of  the  'Annotated  Bible'  (3  vols.,  1814),  known 
as  D'Oyly  and  Mant's,  which  had  an  immense 
circulation.  He  wrote  also:  'Ancient  Hj-mns> 
(1837);  'History  of  the  Church  of  Ireland' 
(1840);  etc. 

Manuel,  Don  Juan  (ma-nb-el').  A  Spanish 
prince  and  famous  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
at  Escalona,  1282;  died  1347  or  1349.  Holding 
the  highest  offices  in  the  State, —  being  joint 
regent  of  Spain  in  1320, —  and  twice  in  arms 
against  his  king,  as  well  as  commander-in-chief 
against  the  Moors,  his  life  was  a  stormy  one. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  and  best  of  Spanish 
prose-writers.  He  is  best  known  by  <  El  Conde 
Lucanor'  (Count  Lucanor  :  1575),  a  collection  of 
fifty  tales  in  the  Eastern  style.  It  was  trans- 
lated into  English  by  James  York  (new  ed.  1888). 

Manzano,  Juan  Francisco  (man-thah'no). 
A  Cuban  poet ;  bom  in  Havana,  in  1797 ;  died 


MANZONI  — MARGUERITE  D'ANG0UL£ME 


367 


in  1854.  A  negro,  born  in  slavery,  and  remain- 
ing in  servitude  for  forty  years,  he  obtained  his 
education  with  great  difficulty.  While  still  a 
slave  he  succeeded  in  publishing  a  small  vol- 
ume of  poems  entitled  <  Passing  Flowers.'  His 
drama  <  Zafira  >  was  published  in  1842.  Some 
of  his  poems  have  been  translated  into  French 
and  German. 

Manzonl,  Alessandro,  Count  (man-tso'ne). 
A  famous  Italian  novelist  and  poet;  bom  at 
Milan,  March  7,  1785 ;  died  there,  May  22,  1873. 
He  became  senator  in  i860.  He  was  the  leader 
of  the  Italian  romantic  school.  His  most  cele- 
brated work  was  the  romance  •  I  Promessi 
Sposi  >  (The  Betrothed  :  1827  ;  English  transla- 
tion in  Bohn's  Library,  1883).  He  wrote  also 
the  allegorical  poem  < Urania*  (1807),  in  honor 
of  poetry;  <  Sacred  Hymns*  (1815);  the  great 
tragedies  <The  Count  of  Carmagnola'  (1820) 
and  <Adelchi>  (1822);  the  famous  ode  on  Na- 
poleon's death,  <The  Fifth  of  May>;  etc. 
(Latest  edition  of  his  works,  2  vols.,  1875-81.) 

Map  or  Mapes,  Walter.  A  British  theo 
logian,  satirist,  and  poet;  bom  in  Gloucester- 
shire or  Herefordshire,  about  I140;  died  about 
1210.  He  was  archdeacon  of  Oxford  in  1197. 
He  wrote  :  <  De  Nugis  Curialium  '  (Courtiers' 
Triflings  :  1182-92).  Probably  the  Lancelot  story 
in  the  Arthurian  legends  is  based  on  an  Anglo- 
French  poem  by  him ;  and  the  legends  gener- 
ally have  been  thought  to  be  largely  his  work. 

Maquet,  Auguste  (ma-ka').  A  French  nov- 
elist and  playwright ;  bom  in  Paris,  Sept.  13, 
1813;  died  at  Ste.  Mesme,  Jan.  8,  1888.  He 
was  professor  at  the  College  Charlemagne  in 
1831.  He  collaborated  with  the  elder  Dumas 
in  some  of  his  novels.  He  wrote  alone  (most 
of  them  in  both  novel  and  play  form):  <  Beau- 
tiful Gabrielle>  (1853),  with  its  sequel  <  The 
Bather's  House  >  (1856);  <The  White  Rose> 
(1859);  < Journey  to  the  Country  of  the  Blue* 
(1859);  the  play  < The  Bercheny  Hussar*  (1865), 
which  was  very  successful ;  etc. 

March.  Ausias  or  Augustin  (march).  A  cel- 
ebrated Spanish  poet;  born  1390  (?);  died  about 
1460.  He  is  the  best  of  all  the  Catalan  poets. 
Of  his  works  now  extant  are  ninety-three  <  Love 
Songs  > ;  eight  <  Laments  * ;  fourteen  <  Moral 
Poems  * ;  a  fine  <  Song  of  Devotion  * ;  etc.  He 
has  been  called  « the  Petrarch  of  Catalonia.'* 
(Latest  edition  of  his  works,  Barcelona,  1884.) 

Marchand,  F6lix  Gabriel.  A  Canadian  jour- 
nalist and  dramatist ;  bom  at  St.  John's,  P.  Q., 
Jan.  9,  1832.  Among  his  works  are  the  prose 
comedies  <Fatenville*  and  <  Mistakes  Don't 
Count  * ;  the  comedies  in  verse  <  One  Good  For- 
tune Brings  Another*  and  <  The  Paste  Dia- 
monds * ;  also  a  comic  opera,  <  The  University 
Laureate.* 

Marco  Polo.    See  Polo,  Marco. 

Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus.  See  Aurelius, 
Marcus. 

Marden,  Orison  Swett.  An  American  bi- 
ographer; born  in  New  Hampshire,  1848.    His 


home  is  in  Boston.  He  has  written  <  Pushing- to 
the  Front  >  and  *  Architects  of  Fate,*  collecttons  of 
short  biographies  ;  <  The  Optimistic  Life.* 

Marechal,  Pierre  Sylvain  (ma.-ra-*al').  A 
French  atheistical  writer;  born  in  Paris,  Aug. 
15.  1750 ;  died  at  Montrouge,  near  Paris,  Jan. 
18,  1803.  He  was  originally  a  lawyer.  He  pub- 
lished <  Fragments  of  a  Moral  Poem  on  God  * 
( 1 781),  modeled  upon  Lucretius.  A  parody  on 
the  Psalms  (1784)  cost  him  his  position  as  sub- 
librarian of  the  College  Mazarin.  He  wrote 
an  < Almanac  of  Honest  People*  (1788),  sub- 
stituting a  list  of  names  of  his  own  invention 
for  the  usual  calendar  of  saints;  with  the  as- 
tronomer Lalande  a  < Dictionary  of  Atheists* 
(1800);  etc 

Marek,  Jan  Jindric  (ma'rek).  A  Bohe- 
mian novelist  and  poet;  born  at  Liblin,  Nov. 
4,  1801 ;  died  at  Kralovice,  Nov.  3,  1853.  He 
became  a  priest  in  1826.  He  wrote  <  Poems  * 
(1823);  < Lilies  of  the  Valley*  (2  vols.,  1824 
and  1826),  novels.  His  works  were  published 
in  10  vols,  at  Prague  1843-47.  The  first  two 
volumes  contain  ballads,  legends,  and  short 
poems ;  the  other  eight  are  novels,  including 
<The  Harper,*  <The  Bohemians  in  Prussia,*  <A 
Night  at  Kacerov,*  <The  Quack,*  etc. 

Marenco,  Carlo  (ma-ren'ko).  An  Italian 
tragic  poet ;  bom  at  Cassolnuovo,  May  i,  1800 ; 
died  at  Savona,  Sept.  20,  1843.  He  was  ori- 
ginally a  law  student.  Among  his  best-known 
works  are  <  La  Pia  de'  Tolomei,*  his  best  pro- 
duction (translated  into  English  by  Williams, 
London,  1856);  <Corso  Donati*;  <  Arnold  of 
Brescia*;  etc.  (< Works,*  4  vols.,  Turin,  1835- 
40.) 

Marenco,  Leopoldo,  Count.  An  Italian 
dramatist,  son  of  Carlo ;  born  at  Ceva,  Nov.  8, 
1831.  He  was  for  a  time  employed  in  the 
ministry  of  finance  (1851);  and  as  professor  of 
Italian  literature  at  Bologna  1860-64,  and  Milan 
1864-71.  He  has  written  the  tragedies  <  Pic- 
carda  Donati*  (1869),  <  Sappho*  (1880),  < Rosa- 
linda* (1884),  etc.;  the  comedies  <  George 
Gandi*  (4th  ed.  1882),  <A  Bad  Example  in 
the  Family' ;  etc.  (<  Dramatic  Works,*  20  vols., 
Turin,  1883.)     He  died  at  Milan,  April  30,  1899. 

Margry,  Pierre  (mar-gre').  A  French  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Paris,  Dec.  8,  1818.  He  is  ad- 
junct curator  of  the  archives  of  the  ministry 
of  marine  and  the  colonies.  He  has  written 
<  Democracy  in  France*  (1849);  <  Navigation  of 
the  Mississippi*  (1859);  'French  Navigation 
from  the  14th  to  the  15th  Century*  (1867); 
•Conquest  of  the  Canary  Isles*  (1880);  etc. 

Marguerite  d'Angouleme,  or  d'Alengon,  or 
de  Valois,  or  de  Navarre  (mar'ge-ret  dan-go- 
lam').  Queen  of  Navarre,  and  famous  for  her 
stories,  poems,  and  letters ;  born  at  Angouleme, 
April  1492 ;  died  in  Bigorre,  1549.  She  was 
a  great  patroness  of  literature.  She  is  best 
known  in  literature  by  the  celebrated  <  Hepta- 
meron,*  a  collection  of  tales.  A  book  of  her 
poems,  <  Pearls  of  the  Pearl  of  Princesses,*  ap« 
peared  in  1547     <  Letters,*  1841-42. 


368 


MARGUERITTES  —  M  ARMIER 


Marguerlttes,  Julie  de  (mar-ger-et').  An 
English  dramatic  critic ;  born  in  London  in 
1814;  died  in  Philadelphia,  June  21,  1866.  After 
successfully  appearing  in  the  opera  of  <  La 
Gazza  Ladra'  both  in  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia, she  retired  from  the  stage  and  became 
the  dramatic  critic  of  the  Philadelphia  Sunday 
Transcript.  She  was  a  voluminous  writer  for 
the  press.  Among  her  books  are  <  The  Ins  and 
Outs  of  Paris >  (1855);  <  Italy  and  the  War  of 
1859  >  (1859);  and  <  Parisian  Pickings.* 

Mariager,  P.  (ma-re-a'ger).  A  Danish  nov- 
elist ;  born  1827.  Besides  translating  a  num- 
ber of  works  from  the  French  and  German, 
he  wrote  <From  Hellas'  (1881),  five  stories  that 
were  a  new  departure  in  Danish  literature, — 
being  attempts  to  reproduce  Greek  culture  as 
Ebers  did  Egyptian, —  and  were  translated  into 
several  languages;  •The  Last  Lamia >  (1884); 
<The  Potentate  of  Rhodes'  (1885);  <  Sybaris,> 
a  drama ;  <A  Marriage  in  the  Catacombs  > 
(1893);  etc. 

Marie.    See  Meyn,  Antoinette. 

Marie  de  France  (ma-re'  de  frons).  The 
earliest  French  poetess;  lived  probably  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  12th  century.  She  spent  her 
life  in  England.  She  wrote  < Lais'  (Lays),  a 
collection  of  narrative  poems,  descriptive  es- 
pecially of  love,  and  belonging  to  the  finest 
specimens  of  the  Old-French  ballad  ;  *  Ysopet,' 
fables ;  and  a  poem  on  the  purgatory  of  St. 
Patrick.  (<  Works,'  edited  by  Roquefort,  2  vols., 
1S20;  <Lays,>  1885.) 

Marlette,  Auguste  £douard  (ma-ryet').  A 
distinguished  French  Egyptologist ;  born  at 
Boulogne,  Feb.  11,  1821 ;  died  at  Cairo,  Egypt, 
Jan.  18,  1881.  He  was  the  principal  promoter 
of  the  Egyptian  museum  at  Boulak  (afterwards 
at  Gizeh),  the  French  School  of  Egyptology, 
and  the  Egyptian  Institute  ;  and  was  inspector- 
general  and  guardian  of  the  Egyptian  national 
monuments.  He  wrote  :  <  Kamak '  (1875);  <  Den- 
derah'  (4  vols.,  1869-80);  <  Monuments  of  Up- 
per Egypt'  (Boston,  1890);  etc. 

Marlnl,  Giovanni  Battista  (ma-re'ne).  A 
celebrated  Italian  poet ;  born  at  Naples,  Oct. 
18,  1569;  died  there,  March  25,  1625.  He  lived 
a  dissipated  and  licentious  life.  The  influence 
of  the  style  he  introduced,  known  as  <<marin- 
ism,"  was  great  both  in  Italy  and  France,  which 
he  visited.  He  wrote  'Adonis'  (1623),  his  prin- 
cipal work ;  <  The  Massacre  of  the  Innocents  ' 
(1633);  sonnets;  etc. 

Marlvaux,  Pierre  Carlet  de  Chamberlain 
de  (ma-ri-vo').  A  distinguished  French  dram- 
atist and  novelist ;  born  in  Paris,  Feb.  4,  1688 ; 
died  Feb.  12,  1763.  His  peculiar  style  gave 
rise  to  the  term  '*  marivaudage."  His  principal 
plays  were  :  <  Game  of  Love  and  Chance '  (1730); 
< School  of  Manners'  (1732);  <The  Legacy' 
(1736);  etc.:  his  chief  novels  <  Marianne  '  (1731- 
41),  his  masterpiece,  said  to  have  been  the 
model  of  Richardson's  <  Pamela ' ;  <  The  Up- 
start Peasant'  (new  ed.  1865);  etc.  ('Works,' 
to  vols.,  1827-30.) 


Markham,  Charles  Edwin.  An  American 
poet ;  born  in  Oregon,  in  1852.  He  is  professor  in 
Christian  College,  Santa  Rosa.  He  has  written 
<  In  Earth's  Shadow  '  (1890);  <  Songs  of  a  Dream- 
Builder  >  ( 1890) ;  <  The  Hoe-Man  in  the  Making.' 

Markham,  Clements  Robert.  An  English 
traveler,  geographer,  and  historian;  born  at 
Stillingfleet,  near  York,  July  20,  1830.  He  ac- 
companied an  Arctic  expedition  in  1851 ;  visited 
Peru  1852-54;  visited  Peru  and  India  as  com- 
missioner to  introduce  cinchona  plants  into  the 
latter  country,  i860;  was  secretary  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  1863-88;  accompanied 
the  Abyssinian  expedition  1867-68.  He  has 
written:  'Travels  in  Peru  and  India'  (1862); 
'History  of  the  Abyssinian  Expedition'  (1869); 
'History  of  Peru'  (1892);  etc.  He  has  edited 
a  number  of  reprints  of  works  on  South  Amer- 
ica for  the  Hakluyt  Society. 

Markoe,  Peter.      ["A  Native   of  Algiers."] 

An  American  poet ;  born  in  Santa  Cruz,  W.  L, 
about  1753 ;  died  in  Philadelphia  about  1792, 
He  published  a  tragedy,  '  The  Patriot  Chief  * 
(1783);  'Miscellaneous  Poems'  (1787);  a  poem 
called  'The  Times'  (1788);  and  'Reconcilia- 
tion,' a  comic  opera  (1790). 

Mark  Twain.    See  Clemens. 

Marlitt,  £.  (mar'lit).  Pseudonym  of  Eugenie 
John,  a  popular  German  novelist ;  born  in  Arn- 
stadt  on  the  Gera,  Dec.  5,  1825 ;  died  there,  June 
22,  1887.  Her  novels  deal  largely  with  domes- 
tic scenes  and  incidents,  and  include :  '  Gold 
Else'  (1866);  'Blue  Beard'  (1866);  'The  Little 
Moorland  Princess'  (1871);  'The  Old  Mam- 
sell's  Secret'  (1877);  'In  the  Schillingscourt' 
(1880);  'The  Eulen  House';  etc. 

Marlowe,  Christopher.  A  noted  English 
poet  and  dramatist;  born  at  Canterbury  about 
1564;  killed  at  Deptford,  June  i,  1593.  Soon 
after  graduating  at  Cambridge  (1583),  he  be^ 
came  dramatist  to  the  "  Lord  Admiral's  Com- 
pany," London,  whicii  produced  most  of  his 
plays.  Among  them  were  the  tragedies  '  Life 
and  Death  of  Dr.  Faustus'  (1601);  'The  Jew  of 
Malta' ;  and  '  Edward  II.'  (1593),  his  best  work. 
Many  believe  him  to  have  been  the  author  of 
the  second  and  third  parts  of  Shakespeare's 
'  Henry  VI.'  He  wrote  also  the  first  part  of 
a  narrative  poem,  '  Hero  and  Leander,'  com- 
pleted afterward  by  George  Chapman.  ('  Works,' 
best  edition  by  Dyce,  3  vols.,  1850.) 

Marmette,  Joseph.  A  Canadian  prose- 
writer;  born  in  Montmagny,  P.  Q.,  Oct.  25, 
1844.  His  published  works  include  :  '  Charles 
and  Eva>  (1868);  'Chevalier  de  Momac  > 
(1873);  and  'The  Maccabees  of  New  France* 
(1878). 

Marmier,  Xavier  (mar-mya').  A  French 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Pontarlier,  June 
24,  1809;  died  in  Paris,  Oct.  11,  1892.  He  was 
librarian  of  the  library  of  St.  Genevieve,  Paris 
(1846).  He  was  a  great  traveler.  His  works 
include:  'History  of  Iceland'  (1838);  'Letters 
on   Russia,'   etc.    (2   vols.,    1843);   'From,  tjxe 


MARMOL  — MARSH 


Rhine  to  the  Nile>  (1846);  <The  United  States 
and  Canada'  {1874);  the  novels  <The  Spitz- 
bergen  Lovers'  (1858),  <The  Dramas  of  the 
Heart'  (1868),  <  A  Russian  Great  Lady'  (1876); 
\n  verse,  <  Poetical  Sketches'  (1830);  < Poems  of 
a  Traveler'  (1841);  etc. 

Marmol,  Jos^  (mar'mol).  An  Argentine 
poet;  born  in  Buenos  Ayres,  Dec.  5,  1818;  died 
there,  Aug.  12,  1871.  His  principal  works 
are  :  <  The  Pilgrim '  and  <  Harmonies,'  descript- 
ive poems  of  travels  (1856);  the  dramas  <E1 
Cruzado'  (i860)    and   <  El   Poeta'  (1862);    and 

<  La  Amalia,'  a  historical  romance  based  upon 
the  War  of  the  Roses  in  England  (1866), — 
considered  his  best  work,  and  which  has  been 
translated  into  French  and  German. 

Marmontel,  Jean  Frangois  (mar-mon-tel'). 
A  famous  French  miscellaneous  writer ;  born 
at  Bort,  July  11,  1723;  died  at  Abbeville,  Dec. 
31,  1799.  He  was  brought  up  by  the  Jesuits, 
and  intended  for  the  Church.  Among  his  works 
were :  the  popular  tragedies  <  Dionysius  the 
Tyrant'    (1748),   < Aristomenes '    (1749),   etc.; 

<  Moral  Tales'  (1761);  the  novels  <Belisarius' 
(1767)  and  <The  Incas'  (1778);  etc.  Of  more 
lasting  value,  however,  were  <  French  Poetics ' 
(1763);  his  contributions  to  the  <  Encyclopedic,' 
collected  as  < Elements  of  Literature'  (1787); 
and  his  < Memoirs'  (1804).  (<  Works,'  17  vols., 
1786-87.) 

Marnix,  Phillpp  van  (mar'niks).  Baron  of 
Baint-Aldegonde.  A  Dutch  statesman,  satirist, 
and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Brussels, 
1538;  died  at  Leyden,  Dec.  15,  1598.  He  was 
prominent  in  the  liberation  of  tjje  Netherlands ; 
formulated  the  treaty  of  Breda  (1566);  was 
governor  of  Delft  and  Rotterdam ;  defended 
Antwerp  (1584-85).  His  chief  work  was  <  De 
Byencorf  der  h.  Roomscher  Kercke '  (Beehive 
of  the  Holy  Church  of  Rome  :  1569),  a  satire 
on  Catholicism  (published  under  the  pseudo- 
nym "Isaac  Rabbotenus").  which  has  become 
a  Dutch  prose  classic.  He  wrote  the  ballad 
♦William  of  Nassau,'  officially  recognized  as 
one  of  the  two  national  songs  of  Holland ;  and 
a  fine  poetical  version  of  the  Psalms. 

Marot,  Adolpbe  Gaston  (ma-ro').  A  French 
dramatist ;  bom  at  Rochefort,  Aug.  13,  1837. 
He  was  director  of  the  Cluny  Theatre  (1875). 
He  has  written:  < Aristophanes  in  Paris'  (1873, 
with  Clairville);  <The  Loves  of  the  Boulevard' 
(1877);  <Clairon';  < The  French  in  Tonkin' 
(1855,  with  P^ricaud);  <  Weeping  Paris' (1886); 
<My  Wife's  Husband'  (1889);  the  romance 
*  Mother  and  Daughter'  (1889);  etc 

Marot,  Clement.  A  famous  French  poet; 
born  at  Cahors,  1495 ;  died  at  Turin,  1544.  He 
was  easily  the  first  French  poet  of  his  age, 
noted  for  literary  vivacity,  facility,  and  grace. 
He  excelled  in  elegies,  eclogues,  and  epistles. 
His  metrical  version  of  the  Psalms,  however,  is 
heavy  and  prosy.  Among  hi'^  works  were  *  The 
Temple  of  Cupid'  (1515J,  and  <  Hell '  (1526). 

Marquez,   Jos6    Arnaldo    (mar'ketn).    The 
best  of  modern    Peruvian — especially  lyric  — 
24 


369 

poets;  bom  about  1825;  died  Jan.  15,  1881.  He 
published  <  Lost  Notes'  (1862),  <Flor  de  Abel,' 
etc.;  and  a  book  of  travels  in  the  United  States. 
He  was  editor  of  several  journals.  He  lost 
his  life  in  the  defense  of  Lima  against  the 
Chilians. 

Marradi,  Giovanni  (mar-ra'de).  An  Italian 
poet ;  bom  at  Leghorn,  1852.  He  has  written  : 
<  Modern  Hymns,  by  G.  M.  Labronio'  (1878); 
< Fancies  of  the  Sea'  (1881);  < Lyric  Memories' 
( 1884)  ;<  Poems '( 1887)  ;<  New  Songs '(1891);  etc. 

Marryat,  Florence.  A  popular  English  nov- 
elist, daughter  of  Capt.  Frederick  Marryat ;  born 
at  Brighton,  July  9,  1838;  died  in  London,  Oct. 
27,  1899.  She  married  first  Col.  Ross  Church, 
and  then  Col.  Francis  Lean.  She  was  a  dramatic 
reader  and  singer;  was  editor  of  London  Society 
(1872-76);  and  acted  in  London  in  her  own 
play  <Her  World'  (1881).  She  wrote:  <Too 
Good  for  Him'  (new  ed.  1868);  <Woman  Against 
Woman'  (1865 'I;  'Confessions  of  Gerald  Est- 
court'  (1865);  'Veronique'  (1869);  <Fighting 
he  Air>  (new  ed.  1878);  <A  Daughter  of  the 
Tropics'  ( 1887).  She  published  <Life  and  Let- 
ters of  Captain  Marryat,'  2  vols.  (1872). 

Marryat,  Frederick.  ["Captain  Marryat."] 
A  famous  English  novelist ;  bom  in  London, 
July  ID,  1792;  died  at  Langham,  Norfolk,  Aug. 
9,  1848.  Entering  the  British  navy  in  1806,  he 
became  commander  in  1815 ;  and  was  serving 
on  the  St.  Helena  station  at  the  time  of  Napo- 
leon's death.  Among  his  best-known  works 
were:  < Frank  Mildmay'  (1829);  < The  King's 
Own'  (1830);  <  Peter  Simple'  (1834);  <Mr. 
Midshipman  Easy'  (1836);  <  Japhet  in  Search 
of  a  Father '  ( 1836 ) ;  <  Masterman  Ready ' 
(1841). 

Marsh,  Mrs.  Anne  (Caldwell).  A  popular 
English  novelist ;  bom  in  Staffordshire,  1796 ; 
died  there,  October  1874.  She  published  most 
of  her  works  anonymously.  Among  them  were : 
<Two  Old  Men's  Tales'  (1834;  latest  ed.  1849); 
<  Mount  Sorel'  (1845);  <  Emilia  Wyndham' 
(latest  ed.  1849);  <  Norman's  Bridge'  (latest  ed. 
1849).  She  wrote  also  the  historical  work  <  The 
Protestant  Reformation  in  France'  (1847). 

Marsh,  George  Perkins.  An  American 
philologist ;  bom  in  Woodstock,  Vt.,  March  15, 
1801 ;  died  in  Vallombrosa,  Italy,  July  23,  1882. 
A  graduate  of  Dartmouth  in  1820,  he  practiced 
law  in  Burlington,  Vt.;  became  Member  of 
Congress  1842-49,  minister  to  Turkey  1849-53, 
and  first  minister  to  the  new  kingdom  of  Italy 
1861,  holding  the  post  until  his  death,  a  period 
of  over  20  years.  As  a  diplomatist  he  had 
great  ability.  His  services  to  the  study  of  lan- 
guage, especially  the  history  of  his  own  tongue, 
give  him  a  distinguished  place  among  Ameri- 
can scholars.  The  'Origin  and  History  of  the 
English  Language'  remains  a  standard  work. 
He  translated  Rask's  'Icelandic  Grammar' 
(1838);  and  also  published  'Lectures  on  the 
English  Language'  (1861);  an  edition  of  Wedg- 
wood's 'Etymology';  and  'The  Earth  as  Mod- 
ified  by   Human   Action'    (1874).     A   revised 


370 


MARSH  — MARTIN 


edition  of  his  complete  works  appeared  in  1885 ; 
his  <  Life  and  Letters  >  compiled  by  his  widow 
in  1888.  A  part  of  his  fine  library  of  Scandi- 
navian literature  was  acquired  by  the  University 
of  Vermont. 

Marsh,  Othniel  Charles.  A  distinguished  Amer- 
ican palaeontologist;  born  at  Loci  port,  N.  Y.,Oct. 
29,  1831;  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Mar.  18, 
1899.  A  Yale  graduate,  he  studied  at  Berlin, 
Heidelberg,  and  Breslau;  and  was  professor  of 
palaeontology  at  Yale  from  1866  to  his  death.  He 
was  authority  on  the  extinct  vertebrates  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  having  conducted  many  scien- 
tific expeditions  thither,  and  discovered  more  than 
1,000  new  specimens,  many  of  which  he  de- 
scribed in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  and 
which  he  presented  to  Yale  University.  For 
twenty  years  he  labored  upon  a  series  of  gov- 
ernment reports  containing  an  illustrated  account 
of  his  discoveries.  Three  of  these — on  the 
<Odontornithes,)  the  <Dinocerata,)  and  <Lau- 
ropoda' — have  appeared.  He  was  president 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science,  vertebrate  palaeontol- 
ogist of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  president 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  fel- 
low of  the  Geological  Society  of  London.  His 
work  has  been  recognized  by  honorary  degrees 
from  great  universities,  and  in  many  other 
ways,  bringing  him  international  reputation. 

Uarsliall,  Jolm.  An  eminent  American  ju- 
rist; bom  at  Germantown,  Fauquier  County, 
Va.,  Sept.  24,  1755;  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  6, 
1835.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War; 
was  United  States  envoy  to  France  1797-98 ; 
Member  of  Congress  from  Virginia  1799-1800; 
Secretary  of  State  1800-1 ;  Chief  Justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  1801-35.  Among 
his  published  works  were  :  <  Life  of  Washington  > 
(5  vols.,  1804-7 ;  abridged  and  improved,  i  vol., 
1832);  'Writings  upon  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion.' The  greatest  American  jurist,  he  was 
one  of  the  greatest  jurists  of  any  age. 

Marshall,  Nelly  Nichol.    See  MacAfee. 

Marsham,  John,  Sir.  An  English  Egyptol- 
ogist ;  born  1602 ;  died  1685.  His  <  Diatriba 
Chronological  (1649),  enlarged  into  <Chronicus 
Canon  Egyptiacus,*  etc.  (1672),  was  a  pioneer 
work  in  fixing  the  sequence  of  ancient  history 
by  means  of  the  Egyptian  annals. 

Marston,  John.  An  English  dramatist  and 
poet;  bom  about  1575;  died  in  London,  June 
25,  1634.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1594,  and 
became  lecturer  at  the  Middle  Temple,  London, 
1593.  His  chief  work  was  <The  Malcontent' 
(1604),  a  tragicomedy  which  he  recast  from  its 
original  form  as  written  by  John  Webster.  The 
comedy  'Eastward  Ho!>  (1605),  written  with 
Ben  Jonson  and  George  Chapman,  caused  the 
imprisonment  of  all  three  on  account  of  its  satire 
tn  the  Scotch.  (<  Dramatic  Works,'  latest  edi- 
tion, 3  vols.,  1887.    <  Poems,'  3  vols.,  1856.) 

Marston,  John  Westland.  An  English  dram- 
atist^ bom  at  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  Jan.  30, 1819 ; 
died  in  London,  Jan.  5,  1890.    He  was  one  of 


a  group  of  English  mystics.  Among  his  dra- 
mas were:  <The  Patrician's  Daughter'  (1842); 

<  Donna  Diana'  (1863),  his  best  play;  <The 
Favorite  of  Fortune'  (1866);  etc.  He  wrote 
also  <Our  Recent  Actors'  (1888),  a  valuable 
work ;  a  novel ;  two  collections  of  short  stories ; 
and  a  number  of  poems, —  among  the  latter  <  The 
Death-Ride  at  Balaklava'  (1854),  which  be- 
came very  popular. 

Marston,  Philip  Bourke.  An  English  poet, 
son  of  John  W.;  born  in  London,  Aug.  13,  1850 ; 
died  Feb.  13,  1887.  From  youth  he  was  almost 
wholly  blind.  He  was  the  subject  of  Hake's 
poem   <The   Blind  Boy,'  and  of  Mrs.   Craik's 

<  Philip,  My  King.'  He  wrote:  <  Song-Tide,' 
etc.  (1871);  <A  Last  Harvest'  (1881);  <Wind 
Voices'  (1883);  etc.  His  'Collected  Poems,' 
edited  by  Louise  Chandler  Moulton,  appeared 
in  1892. 

Martel  de  Janville,  Gabrielle  de,  Countess 

(mar-tel'  de  zhon-vel')-  [**  Gyp."]  A  popular 
French  novelist ;  born  at  the  Chateau  de  Koetsal, 
Morbihan,  about  1850.  She  is  the  creator  of 
several  new  types,  among  them  Paulette,  Lou- 
lou.  Bob,  etc.;  and  has  been  a  prolific  writer. 
Among  her  numerous  works  are :  *About  Mar- 
riage' (1883),  dramatized  the  same  year;  < About 
Divorce'  (1886);  'Conjugal  Joys'  (i887);<Miss 
Eve'  (1889);  <The  Duke'  (1892);  <The  Duch- 
ess '  (1893); '  Baron  Sinai'  (1897);  <  A  Household '; 

<  The  Last  Cry  >  (1903). 

Martial— Marcus  Valerius  Martialls  (mar'- 
shal).  A  famous  Latin  poet;  bom  at  Bilbilis, 
Spain,  40  (?)  A.  D. ;  died  in  Spain  about  102  (?) 
He  spent  most  of  his  life  at  Rome,  where  he 
enjoyed  the  favor  of  the  emperors  Titus  and 
Domitian.  His  fame  rests  upon  his  <  Epigrams,' 
in  fifteen  books;  they  are  witty  and  marked  by 
great  felicity  of  form  and  expression,  but  are 
often  sensual  and  marred  by  flattery  of  the 
great.  A  late  edition,  with  notes  and  indices 
by  Friedlander  (2  vols.),  appeared  at  Leipzig 
in  1886. 

Martin,  Arthur  Patchett.  An  Australian 
poet  and  journalist ;  born  at  Woolwich,  Eng- 
land, 1851.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Melbourne  Review,  and  its  editor  for  six 
years.  He  has  written  in  verse :  <A  Sweet 
Girl  Graduate';  <An  Easter  Omelette'  (1878); 
in  both  verse  and  prose  <Femshawe'  (1881; 
2d  ed.  London,  1885);  etc. 

Martin,  Bon  Louis  Henri  (mar-tan').  One 
of  the  most  eminent  of  French  historians ;  born 
at  St.  Quentin,  Aisne,  Feb.  20,  1810;  died  in 
Paris,  Dec.  14,  1883.  He  studied  law  originally ; 
became  a  senator  in  1876,  and  member  of  the 
Academy  in  1878.  His  great  work,  the  <  His- 
tory of  France,'  in  16  volumes,  appeared  in  1855- 
60 ;  the  <  Popular  History  of  France '  in  1867-75  ; 
and  the  continuation  bringing  the  account  down 
to  the  present  day,  <  History  of  Modern  France 
from  1789 '  1878-85.  He  wrote  besides  :  <  France, 
her  Genius  and  her  Destinies'  (1847);  <  Italian 
Unity  >  (1865);  the  heroic  drama  <  Vercingetorix  ' 
(1865);  <  Russia  in  Europe'  (1866);  and  the 
Monograph  <  Jeanne  d'  Arc '  (1872). 


MARTIN  -  MARZIALS 


37J 


Martin,  Edward  Sanford.  An  American 
journalist  of  New  York  city;  bom  at  <*Wil- 
lowbrook,»  Owasco  Lake,  N.  Y.,  in  1856.  He 
is  author  of  <Slv  Ballades  in  Harvard  China'; 

<  A  Little  Brother  of  the  Rich,  and  Other  Poems>; 

<  Windfalls  of  Observation  > ;  <  Courtship  of  a 
Careful  Man.> 

Martin,  Theodore.  Sir.  An  English  poet, 
translator,  and  biographer ;  born  at  Edinburgh, 
1816.  He  became  a  solicitor  in  London  in 
1846;  married  the  actress  Helen  Faucit  in  1851 ; 
was  elected  rector  of  the  University  of  St.  An- 
drews in  1880.  He  first  became  known  as  an 
author  in  London  under  the  pen-name  «Bon 
Gaultier»;  and  jointly  with  W.  E.  Aytoun  pub- 
lished the  famous  <Book  of  Ballads'  about 
1858,  also  under  that  pseudonym.  He  has  made 
many  excellent  translations  from  Horace  and 
Catullus,  from  Dante,  from  Goethe,  Schiller,  and 
Heine,  and  from  mediaeval  ballads,  epigrams, 
etc.  Upon  the  completion  of  the  <  Life  of  the 
Prince  Consort'  (5  vols.,  1874-80),  he  was 
knighted.  He  also  wrote  <  Life  of  the  Princess 
Alice*  (1883);  and  other  biographies. 

Martin,  William  Alexander  Parsons.     A 

distinguished  American  Presbyterian  mission- 
ary and  educator ;  bom  at  Livonia,  Ind.,  April 
10,  1827.  A  missionary  originally  at  Ningpo, 
China  (1850-60),  he  founded  and  directed  the 
Presbyterian  mission  at  Pekin,  1863-68;  be- 
came professor  of  international  law  at  Tung- 
wen  College,  Pekin,  in  1868 ;  president  in  1869 ; 
was  sent  by  China  to  the  United  States  and 
Europe  to  report  on  methods  of  education 
in  1880-81 ;  made  mandarin  of  the  third  rank 
in  1885.  He  has  published  in  Chinese,  <  Evi- 
dences of  Christianity'  (1855),  <The  Three 
Principles'  (1856),  etc.;  in  English,  <The  Chi- 
nese, their  Education,  Philosophy,  and  Letters ' 
(1881);  <  Awakening  of  China'  (1907). 

Martineau,  Harriet  (mar'ti-no).  An  Eng- 
lish reformer  and  miscellaneous  writer,  sister 
of  James ;  born  at  Norwich,  June  12,  1802  ;  died 
at  Ambleside,  June  27,  1876.  She  visited  this 
country  in  1834,  aiding  the  abolitionists,  and 
traveled  in  Palestine  and  the  East  in  1846. 
She  wrote  a  series  of  stories  based  on  political 
economy  (1832).  Among  her  more  important 
works  are  :  <  Society  iij  America'  (1836);  <  Deer- 
brook'  (1839),  a  novel;  <  History  of  England 
during  the  Thirty  Years'  Peace'  (1848);  < Phi- 
losophy of  Comte'  (1853);  <  British  Rule  in 
India'  (1857);  <  Biographical  Sketches'  (1869); 
etc.  She  labored  under  the  remarkable  dis- 
ability of  being  all  her  life  without  the  senses 
of  taste  and  smell,  and  at  16  became  very  deaf. 

Martineau,  James.  An  English  Unitarian 
theologian;  bom  at  Norwich,  April  21,  1805; 
died  in  London,  Jan.  11,  1900.  He  was  the  most 
profound  and  brilliant  theological  and  religious 
writer  on  the  liberal  side  in  England.  He  was 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Manchester  New  Col- 
lege, London  ( 1853).  He  published  'Endeavors 
after  the  Christian  Life'  (1843-47);  <MiscelIa- 
nies>  (1852),  edited  by  T.  Starr  King;  < Studies 
of  Christianity'  (1858).  <Essays,  Theologi- 
cal   and    Philosophical'    (2    vols.,     1866-68); 


< Religion  and  Modem  Materialism'  (1874);  *A 
Study  of  Spinoza'  (1882);  <  The  Seat  of  Au- 
thority in  Religion'  (1890);  < Essays,  Reviews, 
and  Addresses'  (4  vols.,  1890-91);  etc. 

Martinez  de  la  Rosa,  Francisco  (mar-te'- 
neth  da  la  r5'sa).  A  distinguished  Spanish 
statesman,  poet,  dramatist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  at  Granada,  March  10,  1789;  died 
at  Madrid,  Feb.  7,  1862.  His  best  works  were 
the  tragedy  <  CEdipus,'  the  drama  <  The  Vene- 
tian Conspiracy,'  and  the  comedy  <  The  Daugh- 
ter at  Home  and  the  Mother  at  the  Ball.' 
His  novels  •  Hernan  Perez  >  and  <  Isabel  de 
Solis,'  and  his  <  Spirit  of  the  Age,'  are  slight. 

Martyn,  Sarah  Towne.  An  American  writer 
of  semi-historical  fiction;  bom  in  Hopkinton, 
N.  H.,  Aug.  15,  1805 ;  died  in  New  York,  Nov, 
22,  1879.  Some  of  her  books  are  :  <  Huguenots 
of  France  >  (1865);  <  Sibyl  Grey  '  (1866);  <  Women 
of  the  Bible'  (1868);  <The  Crescent  and  the 
Cross'  (1869);  < Dora's  Mistake'  (1870);  and 
< Hillside  Cottage'  (1872). 

Martyn,  William  Carlos.  An  American 
biographical  and  historical  writer ;  bom  in  New 
York  city,  Dec.  15,  1841.  He  is  a  Presbyterian 
divine  in  that  city.  In  his  works  are  included 
<  Life  of  John  Milton ' ;  <  Life  of  Martin  Luther ' ; 
< History  of  the  Huguenots'  (1866);  < History  of 
the  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  New  England'  (1867); 
and  <  'i'he  Dutch  Reformation ' ;  *  Christian 
Citizenship.' 

Marvel,  Ike.    See  Mitchell. 

Marvell,  Andrew.  An  English  poet  and 
satirist ;  bom  at  Winestead,  Yorkshire,  March 
31,  1621 ;  died  in  London,  Aug.  18,  1678.  He 
was  Milton's  friend,  and  his  assistant  in  the 
Latin  secretaryship  to  the  Commonwealth  (1657). 
He  was  called  "the  British  Aristides."  He 
is  best  known  by  his  <  Poems  on  Affairs  of 
State'  (1689),  a  collection  of  satires  on  Charles 
II.  and  the  Stuarts ;  though  often  coarse,  they 
abound  in  lofty  and  generous  sentiments.  Of 
his  other  writings,  the  best  are  the  <  Horatian 
Ode  on  Cromwell's  Return  from  Ireland'  (1776); 
<The  Rehearsal  Transposed'  (1672-73);  the 
single  poem  <  The  Nymph  Complaining ' ;  etc. 

Marz,  Karl  (marks).  A  famous  German  so- 
cialist; born  at  Treves,  May  5,  1818;  died  in 
London,  March  14,  1883.  He  studied  jurispru- 
dence, philosophy,  and  history,  at  Bonn  and 
Berlin;  edited  the  Journal  of  the  Rhine,  1842- 
43;  on  its  suppression  went  to  Paris,  but  was 
expelled  from  there  (1845),  and  took  refuge  at 
Brussels;  founded  the  New  Journal  of  the 
Rhine  at  Cologne  (1848);  expelled  again  from 
Prussia  (1849),  settled  in  London.  He  was  the 
controlling  spirit  of  the  International,  1864-72. 
His  great  work  was  <Das  Kapital'  (Capital: 
1867;  new  ed.  1885).  Vol.  i.,  containing  all  the 
essential  points  of  his  theory,  was  translated 
into  English  (London,  1887).  The  entire  work, 
issued  under  the  editorship  of  Friedrich  Engels, 
appeared  in  an  English  translation  in  1893. 

MarzialB,  Th^ophile.  An  English  poet,  of 
French  parentage;  bom  at  Brussels,  1850.    H» 


372 


M  ASALSKII  —  MASUDI 


was  educated  in  Belgium,  Switzerland,  and 
England,  and  has  been  employed  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum  since  1870.  He  has  published 
<  Gallery  of  Pigeons  and  Other  Poems  >  (1873), 
which  has  been  highly  praised.  His  best-known 
piece  is  the  song  <  Twickenham  Ferry.* 

Masalskli,  Konstantin  Petrovich  (ma-sal'- 
ski-e).  A  Russian  novelist  and  poet;  born  at 
Jaroslav,  1802;  died  1861.  He  was  in  the  gov- 
ernment service  till  1842.  His  principal  novels 
were  :  <Terpi  Kazak,>  etc.  (Have  Patience,  Cos- 
sack, You  will  be  Hetman:  1829);  <The  Black 
Trunk  > ;  <  Siege  of  Uglich  * ;  <  The  Russian 
Icarus  > ;  <  The  First  Love  of  the  Last  of  a 
Race>;  etc.     (<Works,>  1843-45.) 

Mason,  Caroline  Atherton  (Brlggs).  An 
American  verse-writer;  born  in  Marblehead, 
Mass.,  July  27,  1823;  died  in  1890.  She  pub- 
lished <  Utterance,  a  Collection  of  Home  Poems  > 
(1852);  and  <Rose  Hamilton,'  a  story  (1859). 
Her  poems  <  Do  They  Miss  Me  at  Home  ? '  and 
<The  King's  Quest,'  are  widely  popular. 

Mason,  William.  An  English  divine  and 
poet;  bom  at  Hull,  Feb.  I2,  1724;  died  at  York, 
April  7,  1797.  He  was  the  friend,  executor,  and 
biographer  of  the  poet  Gray,  and  precentor  and 
canon  of  York.  He  wrote:  <Elfrida>  (1752), 
and  <Caractacus>  (1759),  two  dramas;  <  The 
English  Garden*  (1772-82),  a  poem;  <  Memoirs 
of  Gray>  (1775);  etc.     (<Works,>  1811.) 

Maspero,  Gaston  (mas-pe-ro').  A  distin- 
guished French  Egyptologist;  born  in  Paris, 
June  24,  1846.  He  became  professor  of  Egyp- 
tian archseology  and  philosophy  at  the  College 
de  France  in  1874;  founded  a  school  of  Egyp- 
tian archaeology  at  Cairo,  1881.  Among  his 
works  are :  <  Popular  Tales  of  Ancient  Egypt ' 
(1881);  'Ancient  History  of  the  Peoples  of  the 
Orient  >  (4th  ed.  1886);  <  Egyptian  Archaeology  ' 
(IS87)  ;<  Ancient  History  of  the  Peoples  of  the 
Classical  Orient* ;  <The  Passing  of  the  Empires.' 

Massaranl,  Tullo  (mas-sa-ra'ne).  An  Italian 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Mantua,  1826. 
A  student  of  law  originally,  he  was  Member 
of  Parliament  in  1860-67;  then  magistrate  in 
Milan.  He  has  written  political  works,  includ- 
ing <The  Italian  Idea  through  the  Ages'  (1850); 
the  volumes  of  essays  <  Studies  in  Literature 
and  Art'  (1873),  < Studies  in  Politics  and  His- 
tory' (1873),  < Critical  Essays'  (2d  ed.  1883); 
•Legnano'  (1876),  a  volume  of  long  and  short 
stories;  < Talks  and  Rhymes'  (2d  ed.  1884); 
etc.    He  is  known  also  as  a  painter. 

Massey,  Gerald.  An  English  poet ;  born  at 
Tring,  May  29,  1828.  In  youth  he  worked 
in  a  silk-mill  and  as  a  straw-braider.  He 
founded  and  edited  the  Spirit  of  Freedom  in 
1849,  and  was  secretary  of  the  Christian  So- 
cialists. He  lectured  in  this  country  in  1873. 
He  is  a  firm  believer  in  spiritualism.  The  titles 
of  his  works  are  :  <  Ballad  of  Babe  Christabel,' 
etc.  (5th  ed.  1855);  <  War  Waits'  (1855J;  <  Have- 
lock's  March,'  etc.  (1861);  <  My  Lyrical  Life' 
Ci889);etc. 


Masslllon,  Jean  Baptlste  (ma-se-yon').  A 
famous  French  preacher ;  born  at  Hyferes, 
June  24,  1663 ;  died  at  Clermont,  Sept.  18, 
1742.  He  was  director  of  the  Seminary  of  St. 
Magloire,  Paris,  in  1699 ;  court  preacher  in  1699, 
1701,  and  1704 ;  preached  the  funeral  orations 
on  Conti  in  1709,  the  Dauphin  in  171 1,  and 
Louis  XIV.  in  1715;  became  bishop  of  Cler- 
moat  in  1717.  His  sermons  are  finished  in 
form,  and  deal  with  conduct  more  than  dogma. 
The  funeral  oration  on  Louis  XIV.  was  trans- 
lated into  English  (London,  1872);  also  selected 
sermons  (2  vols.,  1889-90).  (<  Works,'  4  vols., 
Paris,  1886.) 

Massinger,  Philip.  A  noted  English  drama- 
tist ;  bom  at  Salisbury,  1583 ;  died  at  the  Bank-, 
side,  Southwark,  March,  1639-40.  Of  38  plays 
written  wholly  or  in  part  by  him,  he  was  the  sole 
author  of  15.  Among  the  best  are  :  <  The  Duke 
of  Milan'  (1623);  <The  Fatal  Dowry'  (1632); 
<A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts'  (1633),  which 
still  keeps  the  stage,  the  character  of  Sir  Giles 
Overreach  being  almost  as  familiar  as  one  of 
Shakespeare's;  <A  Very  Woman'  (1655);  <A 
City  Madam'  (1659);  etc.  He  excelled  in  de- 
picting tragic  character  and  in  lofty  sentiment 
without  escaping  from  the  limits  of  possible 
life ;  but  his  verse  is  prosaic,  and  often  halting 
and  unmelodious. 

Masson,  Auguste  Michel  Benolt  Gaudlchot 

(ma-s6h').  A  French  novelist  and  dramatist; 
born  in  Paris,  1800 ;  died  1883.  He  wrote  much 
in  collaboration.  Among  his  works  in  fiction 
are:  < Tales  of  the  Workshop'  (1832-33);  <A 
Young  Girl's  Heart'  (1834);  <The  Bundle  of 
Straw'  (1861);  <The  Stubborn  Wife'  (1865). 
He  also  wrote :  *  Reminiscences  of  a  Child  of 
the  People'  (1838-41),  autobiographic;  < History 
of  Celebrities'  (1838,  many  editions);  the  dramas 
<The  Devil  in  Love'  (1836), 'Madame  Favart' 
(1837),  <A  Fixed  Idea'  (1850),  <The  Orphans 
of  Notre  Dame  Bridge'  (1849);  etc. 

Masson,  David.  A  Scottish  biographer, 
essayist,  and  critic ;  bom  at  Aberdeen,  Dec.  2, 
1822.  He  was  professor  of  English  at  Univer- 
sity College,  London,  ?5552;  later,  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  editor  of  Macmillan's  Magazine; 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  English  literature  at 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  1865.  His  chief 
work  is  <  Life  of  Milton'  (6  vols.,  1858-79).  He 
wrote  besides :  <  Essays,  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical' (1856);  'British  Novelists'  (1859);  <The 
Three  Devils '  ( 1874) ;  etc.    He  died  Oct.  7, 1907. 

Masudi  or  Al-Masudl  (md-so'de).  An  Ara- 
bic historian ;  born  at  Bagdad  about  the  close 
of  the  ninth  century;  died  in  Egypt,  957.  He 
has  been  called  «the  Arabian  Herodotus." 
His  best  work  was  <  Meadows  of  Gold  and 
Mines  of  Gems'  (many  editions ;  the  latest,  text 
with  French  translation,  9  vols.,  Paris,  1861-77). 
It  abounds  in  information  regarding  his  time, 
the  result  of  extensive  travel,  and  is  the  most 
celebrated  of  its  kind  in  the  language.  One 
volume  was  translated  into  English  by  A. 
Sprenger  (1841). 


MATHER  —  MAT  U  RIN 


373 


Mather,  Cotton.  A  famous  American  cler- 
gyman, son  of  Increase ;  born  in  Boston,  Feb. 
12,  1663;  died  there,  Feb.  13,  1728.  A  prolific 
•writer  of  books,  his  <Magnalia>  is  probably 
better  known  than  any  other  of  the  nearly  four 
hundred  volumes  that  he  published.  <  Mem- 
orable Providences  relating  to  Witchcraft  and 
Possessions'  appeared  in  1685. 

Mather,  Increase.  A  noted  American  Con- 
gregational divine,  educator,  and  scholar ;  born 
at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  June  21,  1639;  died  at 
Boston,  Aug.  23,  1723.  Graduating  from  Har- 
vard at  17,  he  went  to  England ;  graduated 
from  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  at  19 ;  settled  in 
England  as  a  pastor,  but  at  the  Restoration 
refused  to  conform  and  returned  to  Boston; 
was  president  of  Harvard  1685-1701 ;  visited 
England  again  to  convey  a  vote  of  thanks  to 
James  II.  (1688).  Of  his  ninety-two  publica- 
tions, one  of  the  most  curious  was  <  An  Essay 
for  the  Recording  of  Illustrious  Providences* 
(1684;  London,  1856).  It  is  a  collection  of 
remarkable  happenings, —  sea-deliverances,  ac- 
cidents, witchcraft,  apparitions,  etc. 

Mathers,  Helen  Buckingham.    See  Reeves. 

Mathews,  Cornelius.  An  American  novel- 
ist, verse-writer,  and  dramatist;  born  in  Port 
Chester,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  28,  1817  ;  died  in  New  York 
city,  March  25,  1889.  His  <  Poems  on  Man  in 
the  Republic,'  and  <  Witchcraft,'  were  com- 
mended by  Margaret  Fuller  in  her  essay  on 
< American  Literature';  Poe  criticized  him 
sharply.  Other  works  of  his  are  :  <  Behemoth  : 
a  Legend  of  the  Mound-Builders'  (1839);  <  Pen- 
and-ink  Panorama  of  New  York  City'  (1853); 
<  False  Pretences,'  a  comedy ;  and  <  Indian  Fairy 
Tales'  (1868).  In  1840,  with  Evert  A.  Duyck- 
inck,  he  edited  Arcturus,  a  monthly  magazine. 

Mathews,  William.  An  American  essayist ; 
bom  in  Waterville,  Me.,  July  28,  1818 ;  resigned 
the  professorship  of  rhetoric  and  English  liter- 
ature in  the  University  of  Chicago  (1875)  to 
devote  his  time  entirely  to  literary  work.  His 
publications  include  :  <  Getting  on  in  the  World ' 
(1872);  <The  Great  Conversers,  and  Other  Es- 
says' (1873);  <  Literary  Style,  and  Other  Essays ' 
(1881);  <  Wit  and  Humor,  their  Use  and  Abuse ' ; 
and  '  Nugse  Litterariae  ;  <  Conquering  Success  > 

(1903)- 
Mathieu,  Adolphe  Charles  Ghlslain  (ma- 

ty6').  A  Belgian  poet  and  journalist;  born  at 
Mons,  June  22,  1804 ;  died  near  Brussels,  June 
13,  1876.  He  was  curator  of  the  public  library 
at  Mons,  1840-45;  assistant  professor  at  the 
University  of  Li&ge,  1849;  chief  librarian  of 
the  Royal  Library,  1864.  He  wrote  :  <  Poems 
of  the  Belfry'  (2d  ed.  1846);  < Roland  de  Lat 
tre>  (2d  ed.  1840);  <Mons  and  Brussels'  (1852) 
<011a  Podrida'  (1828-29);  <  Memories'  (1866) 
<Clippings'  (1863-71);  the  dramas  <Two  Wed 
dings  for  One'  (1836),  <D'Aubign^'  (1854),  etc.; 
<Mons  Biographies'  (1848);  the  political  works 
<The  Reveille  of  Liberty'  and  < France  and 
Belgium.' 

Matta,  Gulllermo  (mii'ta).    A  Chilian  poli- 
tician and  poet,  born  at  Copiap6,  Chili,  1829. 


He  was  banished  in  1859;  was  deputy  1870 
and  1873;  governor  of  Atacama  1875-81.  He 
published  in  1853  some  short  stories  that  were 
severely  criticized  for  their  freedom  of  style. 
His  verses,  chiefly  lyric,  are  very  popular. 
(<  Poems,'  2  vols.,  Leipzig,  about  1880.) 

Matthew  Paris.    See  Paris. 

Matthew,  Sir  Tobie.  An  English  courtier, 
diplomat,  and  writer;  born  at  Salisbury,  1577; 
died  1655.  He  was  famed  for  amiability,  and 
for  a  series  of  letters  published  posthumously 
under  the  title  <A  Collection  of  Letters  made 
by  Sr.  Tobie  Mat  [t]  hew,  Kt.,  with  a  Character 
of  the  Most  Excellent  Lady  Lucy'  (1660). 

Matthews,  (James)  Brander.  An  Ameri- 
can critic  and  essayist;  born  in  New  Orleans, 
La.,  Feb.  21,  1852.  He  graduated  from  Colum- 
bia College  in  1871,  and  from  Columbia  Law 
School  in  1873,  being  admitted  to  the  bar  the 
same  year.  He  soon  turned  to  literature,  taking 
especial  interest  in  the  drama,  and  made  him- 
self an  authority  upon  French  dramatic  liter- 
ature ;  has  also  written  several  clever  comedies. 
In  fiction  he  has  steadily  gained  in  art  and 
reputation,  his  short  studies  of  New  York  city 
life  in  the  realistic  vein  being  among  the  very 
best  of  their  kind.  He  has  also  written  a  strong 
novel  of  New  York  life,  <  His  Father's  Son.' 
He  is  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Authors'  Club 
of  New  York,  and  did  valuable  work  in  or- 
ganizing the  American  Copyright  League.  Mr. 
Matthews  is  a  frequent  and  acceptable  con- 
tributor of  essays  and  fiction  to  periodicals. 
Of  his  many  writings  the  following  books  are 
the  more  important :  <  The  Theatres  of  France  > ; 

<  French  Dramatists  of  the  Ninteenth  Century ' ; 

<  Margery's  Lovers,  a  Comedy ' ;  <  The  Last 
Meeting,  a  Story';  <The  Secret  of  the  Sea, 
and  Other  Stories' ;  <A  Family  Tree,  and  Other 
Stories';  <The  Story  of  a  Story';  <Tom  Paul- 
ding'; < Studies  of  the  Stage';  'Americanisms 
and   Briticisms';   < Vignettes   of    Manhattan'; 

<  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  American  Liter- 
ature ' ;  <  The  Royal  Marine ' ;  <  Tales  of  Fantasy 
and  Fact  > ;  and  <  Development  of  the  Drama.' 

Maturin,  Charles  Robert  (mat'u-rin).  An 
Irish  novelist ;  born  at  Dublin,  1782  ;  died  there. 
Oct.  30,  1824.  A  clergyman  of  the  Church  of 
England,  he  was  noted  for  eloquence  in  the 
pulpit  and  hostility  to  Roman  Catholicism. 
His  best  novel  was  <  Melmoth  the  Wanderer' 
(1820);  others  being  <The  Wild  Irish  Boy' 
(1808),  <The  Milesian  Chief  (1812),  etc.  His 
tragedy  <  Bertram,'  thought  by  many  to  be  his 
best  work,  was  produced  by  Edmund  Kean  at 
Drury  Lane  in  1816. 

Maturin,  Edward.  An  American  novelist; 
born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  in  1812 ;  died  in  New 
York  city.  May  25,  1881.  In  1832  he  came  to 
America  with  letters  of  introduction  from 
Thomas  Moore  and  other  literati.    He  wrote 

<  Montezuma,  the  Last  of  the  Aztecs :  A  Ro- 
mance' (2  vols.,  1845);  'Benjamin,  the  Jew 
of  Grenada:  A  Romance'  (1848);  < Lyric*  of 


374 


M  AUUSLE  Y —MAY 


Spain  and  Erin  >  (1850);  and  <Bianca,  a  Tale 
of  Erin  and  Italy  >  (1852), 

Haudsley,  Henry.  An  English  alienist; 
bom  at  Giggleswick,  Yorkshire,  Feb.  5,  1835. 
He  was  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence  in 
University  College,  London,  186^79;  and  edi- 
tor of  the  Journal  of  Mental  Science,  1863-78. 
He  has  published  :  <  Physiology  and  Pathology 
of  the  Mind>  (1867);  <  Responsibility  in  Mental 
Disease)  (1874);  <  Body  and  Will>  (1883);  etc. 

Maupassant,  Guy  de  (mo-pa-s6h' ) .  A  French 
novelist;  born  at  the  Chateau  de  Miromesnil 
(Seine-Inferieure),  Aug.  5.  1850;  died  at  Passy, 
July  6,  1893.  He  was  for  some  time  clerk  at 
the  navy  department,  Paris.  He  published  over 
twenty  volumes,  among  them  the  collections 
of  short  stories  <The  Sisters  Rondoli>  (1884), 
•Tales  of  Day  and  Night>  (1885),  <  The  Left 
Hand>  (1889);  the  novels  <  Peter  and  John> 
(1888),  <Strong  as  Death'  (1889),  <Our  Heart> 
(1893);  the  books  of  travel  <In  the  Sunshine* 
(1884),  <On  the  Water'  (1888),  <A  Wandering 
Life  >  (1890);  <The  Book  Agent>  (1900).  Un- 
settled by  the  insanity  and  death  of  a  brother,  he 
himself  died  in  an  asylum. 

Maurice,  Frederick  Denison.  A  celebrated 
English  divine,  and  theological  and  philosoph- 
ical writer;  born  near  Lowestoft,  Suffolk,  Aug. 
29,  1805 ;  died  in  London,  April  i,  1872.  He 
was  professor  at  King's  College,  London,  in 
1840 ;  assisted  in  founding  Queen's  College  for 
women,  1848 ;  was  principal  of  St.  Martin's 
Hall,  a  workingmen's  college,  1854;  professor 
of  moral  philosophy  at  Cambridge  University, 
1866.  Among  his  works  are :  <  Theological 
Essays'  (1853);  < Ancient  Philosophy'  (1850); 
<  Mediaeval  Philosophy'  (1857);  <  Modem  Phi- 
losophy' (1862);  the  novel  <  Eustace  Conway' 
(1834).  He  was  known  as  a  leader  in  the 
"  Broad  Church  "  and  in  the  Christian  Socialist 
movement  of  his  time. 

Maury,  Matthew  Fontaine.  An  American 
naval  officer,  famous  in  science ;  bom  in  Spott- 
sylvania  County,  Va.,  Jan.  14,  1806 ;  died  in 
llexington,  Va.,  Feb.  i,  1873.  His  most  distin- 
guished work  is  <  Physical  Geography  of  the 
Sea'  (1855;  revised  ed.  i860);  he  was  also  au- 
thor of  treatises  on  navigation,  astronomy,  and 
meteorology. 

Mauthner,  Fritz  (mout'ner).  A  German 
novelist;  born  at  Horitz,  Bohemia,  Nov.  22, 
1849.  His  home  since  1876  has  been  in  Berlin. 
Among  his  works  may  be  named :  <  After  Fa- 
mous Models '  (27th  ed.  1894 ;  new  series,  i6th 
ed.  1883),  a  collection  of  witty  parodies ;  <  The 
Baroness's  Sundays'  (3d  ed.  1884);  <The  New 
Ahasuerus'  (1882);  <  The  Last  German  of 
Blatna  '  (5th  ed.  1890);  <  Hypatia'  (2d  ed.  1892); 
'The  Ghost-Seer  '  (l894);<  The  Bohemian  ^Tanu- 
script '  (1897). 

Mautner,  Eduard.  A  German  poet  ;  born 
at  I'esth,  Nov.  13,  1824;  died  at  Baden,  near 
Vienna,  July  2,  1889.  He  wrote  :  <  The  Prize 
Comedy,'  which  took  the  prize  offered  by  the 
Hofburg  Theatre  in  Vienna  (1851),  'Countess 
Aurora'  (1852), <A  Stratagem' (1878),  comedies; 


the  plays  < Eglantine'  (1863)  and  <The  Hour- 
Glass'  (1871);  <Short  Stories'  (1858);  <Poems' 
(1847  and  1858);  etc.  < Select  Poems'  appeared 
in  1889. 

Max  O'RelL    See  Blouet,  Paul. 

Maxwell,  Herbert  Eustace,  Sir.  An  Eng- 
lish politician  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  bom 
Jan.  8,  1845.  He  has  been  a  Member  of  Parlia- 
ment since  1880;  was  a  lord  of  the  treasury 
1886-92,  member  of  the  Royal  Commission 
on  the  Aged  Poor  in  1893.  He  has  written  :  <  Pas- 
sages in  Life  of  Sir  Lucian  Elphin'  (1889),  <The 
Art  of  Love'  (1890),  <  The  Letter  of  the  Law' 
(1891),  all  novels;*  Meridiana  :  Noontide  Essays ' 
(1892);  <  British  Fresh  Water  Fishes.' 

Maxwell,  Mary  Elizabeth  (Braddon).  See 
Braddon. 

Maxwell,  William  Hamilton.  An  Irish 
novelist;  born  at  Newry,  County  Down,  1792; 
died  at  Musselburgh,  near  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
Dec.  29,  1850.  He  may  be  called  the  father  of 
the  military  novel.  After  serving  as  an  in- 
fantry captain  in  the  Peninsular  War  and  at 
Waterloo,  he  became  rector  of  Ballagh.  There 
not  being  a  single  Protestant  in  his  parish,  he 
devoted  his  ample  leisure  to  field  sports  and 
literature.  Among  his  best  works  are  :  <  O'Hara, 
or  1798'  (1825),  a  novel;  'Sports  of  the  West' 
(1832);  'Stories  of  Waterloo'  (1834);  <Life  of 
the  Duke  of  Wellington'  (1839-41).  He  was 
editor  of  the  Military  and  Naval  Almanac  for 
1840. 

Maxwell,  William  Stirling,  Sir.  See  Stir- 
ling-Maxwell. 

Maxwell  Gray,    See  Tuttiett,  Mary  0. 

May,  Caroline.  An  American  poet ;  born  in 
England  about  1820;  came  to  New  York,  1834. 
She  was  author  of  <  American  Female  Poets ' 
(1848);  'Treasured  Thoughts  from  Favorite 
Authors'  (1850);  'Poems'  (1864);  and  'Lays 
of  Memory  and  Affection.' 

May,  Lyoflf  Aleksandrovich  (ma).    See  Mei. 

May,  Samuel  Joseph.  A  noted  American 
reformer;  born  at  Boston,  Sept.  12,  1797;  died 
at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  July  i,  1871.  He  was  a  Uni- 
tarian minister,  his  longest  settlement  being  at 
Syracuse  (1845-68).  One  of  the  first  and 
stanchest  abolitionists,  his  best-known  publi- 
cation was  <  Recollections  of  the  Anti-Slavery 
Conflict'  (1869). 

May,  Sophie.    See  Clarke. 

May,  Thomas.  An  English  poet,  dramatist, 
and  historian;  born  at  Mayfield,  Sussex,  1595 » 
died  in  London,  Nov.  13,  1650.  He  was  secre- 
tary and  historiographer  to  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment. His  chief  work  was  '  History  of  the 
Long  Parliament'  (1647).  He  wrote  also  two 
historical  poems  and  five  dramas,  among  the 
latter  the  comedy  'The  Heir'  (1620),  and  a 
tragedy  entitled  'Julius  Csesar.' 

May,  Thomas  Erskine,  Sir  — Lord  Farn- 
borough.  ;An  English  writer  on  the  consti- 
tution and  history  of  England,  etc. ;   born  in 


MAYER  —  MA  ZfiRES 


375 


London,  Feb.  8,  1815;  died  in  Westminster  Pal- 
ace, May  17,  1886.  He  was  called  to  the  bar 
in  1838,  but  the  principal  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  the  service  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons as  librarian  and  clerk.  His  principal 
works  are :  <  Constitutional  History  of  Eng- 
land >  (3d  ed.  1871),  reprinted  in  this  country, 
and  translated  into  French  and  German;  and 
<  History  of  Democracy  in  Europe  >  (2  vols., 
1877).  Besides  these  he  reduced  to  order  for 
the  first  time  the  <  Rules,  Orders,  and  Forms  of 
the  House  of  Commons*  (1854);  published  a 
'Treatise  on  the  Law,  Privileges,  Proceedings, 
and  Usage  of  Parliament'  (1844),  which  be- 
came a  parliamentary  text-book;  etc. 

Mayer,  Alfred  MarshalL  An  American 
scientific  writer;  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Nov. 
13,  1836.  Besides  his  editorial  work  on  the 
American  Journal  of  Science,  and  numerous 
contributions  to  other  journals,  he  has  pub- 
lished <The  Earth  a  Great  Magnet  >  (1872); 
« Light  >  (1877);  <  Sound  >  (1878);  and  <  Sport 
with  Gun  and  Rod  in  American  Woods  and 
Waters >  (1883).    He  died  in  1897. 

Mayer,  Brantz.  An  American  journalist, 
descriptive  writer,  and  novelist;  born  at  Balti- 
more, Md.,  Sept.  27,  1809;  died  there,  Feb.  23, 
1879.  He  was  a  lawyer  by  profession;  became 
editor  of  the  Baltimore  American ;  was  attached 
to  the  American  legation  in  Mexico,  1841-42; 
served  in  the  Civil  War.  He  wrote  several 
works  on  Mexico,  including  <  Mexico :  Aztec, 
Spanish,  and  Republican  >  (2  vols.,  1853),  his 
best  work ;  <  Captain  Canot '  ( 1854),  a  novel ;  etc. 

Mayer,  Karl  (mi'6r).  A  German  poet  and 
biographer ;  bom  at  Neckarbischofsheim,  Wiir- 
temberg,  March  22,  1786;  died  at  Tubingen, 
Feb.  25,  1870.  A  student  of  jurisprudence  ori- 
ginally, he  held  several  important  legal  and 
political  positions  in  his  native  country.  He 
belonged  to  the  <<  Suabian  School  '*  of  poets. 
He  wrote:  <  Lenau's  Letters  to  a  Friend >  (2d 
ed.  1853);  <  Songs  >  (3d  ed.  1864);  <Uhland, 
his  Friends  and  Contemporaries'  (2  vols., 
1867);  etc. 

Mayhew,  Henry.  An  English  humorist ;  bom 
in  London,  Nov.  5,  1812;  died  July  25,  1887.  He 
founded  the  comic  paper  Figaro,  in  London ; 
assisted  in  founding  Punch  (1841),  of  which  he 
was  for  several  years  chief  editor.  He  was  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  magazines ;  wrote 
several  juveniles ;  and  with  his  brothers  Horace 
and  Augustus,  wrote  many  popular  humorous 
novels,  fairy-tales,  and  farces.  His  main  work 
was  <  London  Labor  and  the  London  Poor  > 
(new  ed.  1868). 

Maynard,  Francois  (ma-nar').  A  French 
poet;  born  at  Toulouse,  1582;  died  at  Aurillac, 
1646.  He  was  for  several  years  secretary  of 
Queen  Margaret  of  Navarre  ;  later  a  magistrate 
of  Aurillac ;  toward  the  end  of  his  life  a  Coun- 
cilor of  State.  One  of  the  most  correct  and 
elegant  poets  of  his  day,  his  talent  lay  in  elab- 
oration of  form  rather  than  force  of  matter. 
Malherbe  used  to  say  that  of  him  and  Racan 


(whose  merit  was  of  matter  rather  than  style) 
together,  a  great  poet  might  be  made.  His  spe- 
cialty was  epigrams.  (<  Poetical  Works,>  1646. 
<  Letters,'  1653.) 

Mayne,  Jasper.  An  English  divine,  poet, 
and  dramatist ;  bom  in  Devonshire,  1604 ;  died 
1672.  He  was  archdeacon  of  Chichester,  and 
chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Charles  IL  Besides 
sermons  and  poems,  he  wrote  <  The  City  Match ' 
(new  ed.  1659),  one  of  the  best  of  early  Eng- 
glish  comedies;  <The  Amorous  Warre>  (new 
ed.  1659),  a  tragicomedy;  etc. 

Mayne,  John.  A  Scottish  poet ;  bom  at 
Dumfries,  1759;  died  1836.  He  was  editor  oJ 
the  London  Star.  Among  his  publications  are  1 
<The  Siller  Gun>  (new  ed.  Edinburgh,  1836)$ 
and  <  Glasgow'  (1803),  a  descriptive  poem. 

Mayo,  Mrs.  Isabella  (Fyvie).  [« Edward 
Garrett."]  A  Scottish  novelist;  born  in  Lon- 
don, 1843.  She  has  resided  in  Aberdeen  since 
1877.  Among  her  works  are  :  <  Occupations  of 
a  Retired  Life  >  (1868);  < Friends  and  Acquaint- 
ances' (2d  ed.  1872);  <By  Still  Waters'  (new 
ed.  1886);  <The  Capel  Girls'  (new  ed.  1877); 
<The   House   by  the  Works'    (new  ed.    1881); 

<  Equal  to  the  Occasion  '  (1887);  <  Chrystal  Joyce.' 

Mayo,  Robert.  An  American  historical 
writer;  born  in  Powhatan  County,  Va.,  April 
25,  1784;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Oct.  31, 
1864.  Among  his  publications  are :  <  View  of 
Ancient  Geography  and  History'  (1813);  <New 
System  of  Mythology'   (4  vols.,  1815-19);  and 

<  The  Treasury  Department :  its  Origin,  Organi- 
zation, and  Operations'  (1847). 

Mazade,  Charles  de  (ma-zad').  A  French 
publicist  and  critic;  born  at  Tarn  et  Garonne, 
March  19,  1820;  died  in  Paris,  April  27,  1893. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  tasteful  of  French  prose- 
writers.  He  wrote  :  <  Contemporary  Spain ' 
(1855);  'Modern  Italy'  (i860);  <Two  Women  of 
the  Revolution'  (Marie  Antoinette  and  Madame 
Roland:  1866);  <Lamartine's  Literary  and  Polit- 
ical Life '  (1872);  <  The  War  of  France '  (2  vols, 
1875);  <  Character  Studies  in  the  Moral  and  Po- 
litical History  of  the  Time'  (1875);  < The  Royal- 
ist Opposition '  ( 1894) ;  etc.  He  also  edited  <  Mar- 
shal Davoust's  Correspondence '  (4  vols.,  1885). 

Maze,  Hippolyte  (maz).  A  French  states- 
man and  historian ;  born  at  Arras,  Nov.  5,  1839 ; 
died  in  Paris,  Oct.  25,  1891.  He  was  twice 
elected  deputy  for  Versailles  (1879  and  1881), 
and  twice  senator  (1886  and  1891).     He  wrote: 

<  The  Governments  of  France  from  the  17th  to 
the  19th  Century'  (1864);  <  The  Republic  of 
the  United  States '  (1869);  <  The  Struggle  against 
Want'  (1883);  <The  Generals  of  the  Republic' 
(1889);  etc. 

Mazeres,  ^douard  (ma-zar').  A  French  dra- 
matic writer;  born  in  Paris,  1796;  died  there, 
1866.  When  a  young  man  he  was  in  the  army 
was  prefect  of  the  department  at  Le  Cher. 
He  wrote  the  comedies  <  The  Young  Husband  * 
(1826);  <  Each  for  Himself '  (1828);  <  The  Friend- 
ship of  Women'  (1849);  <The  Pearl  Necklace' 
(1851);  etc.    His  greatest  successes  came  from 


376 


MAZURANIC  —  MEISSNER 


plays  written  in  collaboration  :  as  <  The  Found- 
ling* (1824);  t Three  Quarters'  (1827),  which 
was  very  popular,  with  Picard;  <The  Uncle 
from  America'  (1826), 'Quackery'  (1828),  etc., 
with  Scribe;  < Mother  and  Daughter'  (1830), 
etc.,  with  Empis. 

Mazuranlc,  Ivan  ( ma-zho-ran'yich  ).  The 
greatest  of  Croatian  poets ;  born  at  Novi,  about 
1813.  He  was  procurator-general  in  1850 ;  pres- 
ident of  the  Croat-Slavonian  high  court  of  just- 
ice, 1861 ;  governor,  1873-80.  His  chief  work 
is  the  epic  <  Death  of  Smail-aga  Cengic'  [Jen- 
ghiz  Khan]  (1846;  several  editions),  translated 
into  Bohemian,  Polish,  Russian,  Slovenic,  and 
German.  He  wrote  the  notable  political  pamph- 
let <  The  Croats  to  the  Magyars.'    Died  1890. 

Mazzini,  Joseph  (mat-se'ne).  An  Italian 
patriot  ;  born  at  Genoa,  June  22,  1805  ;  died 
at  Pisa,  March  10,  1872.  Upon  the  fall  of  the 
Revolutionary  government  of  1848,  in  Rome, 
Mazzini  fled  to  Switzerland,  and  from  there 
was  driven  to  England.  He  was  concerned  in 
the  revolutionary  movements  of  1852,  1853,  and 
1857,  and  so  on  down  to  the  occupation  of  Rome 
in  1870.  He  wrote  much  in  English  and  French. 
His  commentaries  on  Dante's  works  are  very 
important,  and  his  essays  on  affairs  in  Europe 
and  criticisms  on  the  great  writers  of  Europe 
are  most  eloquent  and  discerning.  His  <  Me- 
moirs' were  printed  in  1875.  ('Complete 
Works,'  18  vols.,  1861-91.) 

Mazzonl,  Guido  (mat-so'ne).  An  Italian 
poet  and  scholar;  born  at  Florence,  June  12, 
1859.  He  became  professor  of  Italian  litera- 
ture in  the  University  of  Padua,  1887.  He 
has  written:  'Epigrams'  (1880);  'Experiments 
in  Metre '  ( 1882) ; '  Poems '  ( 1883) ; '  New  Poems ' 
(1886);  'Literary  Reviews'  (1887);  'Among 
Books  and  Papers'  (1887);  etc. 

Mead,  Edwin  Doak.  An  American  histor- 
ical writer  and  lecturer;  born  in  Chesterfield, 
N.  H.,  Sept.  29,  1849.  He  is  the  author  of  '  The 
Philosophy  of  Carlyle  >  (1881),  and  'Martin 
Luther:  a  Study  of  the  Reformation'  (1884); 
<  The  Roman  Church  and  Public  Schools.'  He  is 
editor  of  the  New  England  Magazine  (1897 1 . 

Meason,  Malcolm  Ronald  Laing  (me'zgn). 
A  Scottish  soldier,  editor,  journalist,  and  story- 
writer;  bom  at  Edinburgh,  1824.  Entering  the 
army  (1839),  he  served  with  distinction  in  India ; 
edited  the  Bombay  Telegraph  1851-54;  has 
been  special  correspondent  for  the  London 
Daily  News  and  Daily  Telegraph,  the  New 
York  Herald,  etc.  He  has  written :  <  The  Bub- 
bles of  Finance'  (1865);  'The  Profits  of  Panics' 
(1866);  'Turf  Frauds'  (1875);  'Three  Months' 
after  Date,  and  Other  Tales > ;  'Sir  William's 
Speculations'  (1886);  etc. 

Medici,  Lorenzo  de'  (med'e-che),  called  the 
Magnificent.  A  celebrated  Florentine  states- 
man and  patron  of  letters  (1449-1492).  He 
wrote  many  fine  poems  in  Italian  and  Latin, 
and  contributed  much  of  his  wealth  to  literary 
undertakings. 


Meding,  Oskar  (ma'ding).  ["Gregor  Sa- 
marow."]  A  German  statesman  and  historical 
novelist;  born  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  April 
II,  1829.  After  holding  office  in  Prussia,  he  en- 
tered the  public  service  of  Hanover  (1859),  and 
became  councilor  of  State.  He  has  resided 
since  1873  in  Berlin.  Among  his  works  are: 
'For  Sceptres  and  Crowns'  (1872-76);  'Heights 
and  Depths'  (1879-80);  'Summit  and  Abyss' 
(1888);  'Memoranda  for  Contemporary  His- 
tory' (1881-84);  a  short  biography  of  the  Em- 
peror William  I.,  entitled  'Eighty-nine  Years 
in  Faith,  Struggle,  and  Victory.'    Died  1903. 

Meek,  Alexander  Beaufort  (mek).  An 
American  jurist,  journalist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  July  17,  1814; 
died  at  Columbus,  Miss.,  Nov.  30,  1865.  He 
served  in  the  Seminole  war,  1836;  was  attorney- 
general  of  Alabama,  1836 ;  judge  of  Tuscaloosa 
County,  1842-44 ;  member  of  the  Legislature 
in  1853,  where  and  when  he  established  the 
free-school  system  of  Alabama;  Speaker  of 
the  Alabama  House,  1859.  Besides  a  legal  di- 
gest (1842),  he  wrote  :  'The  Red  Eagle  '  (1855); 
'Songs  and  Poems  of  the  South'  (1857);  'Ro- 
mantic Passages  in  Southwestern  History' 
(1857);  'History  of  Alabama'  (unpublished); 
etc.  His  best-known  poem  is  '  The  Charge  at 
Balaklava.' 

Mei,  Lev  Aleksandrovich  (ma'e).  A  Russian 
poet ;  born  at  Moscow,  Feb.  13,  1822 ;  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  May  16,  1862.  He  was  long  in 
the  government  employ  at  St.  Petersburg.  He 
wrote  a  modern  rendering  of  '  The  Tale  of  the 
Troop  of  Igor ' ;  the  historical  dramas  '  The 
Tsar's  Bride'  (1849),  'Servilia'  (1854),  'The 
Women  of  Pskov'  (i860);  numerous  short  po- 
ems, etc.     ('Works,'  3  vols.,  1863-65.) 

Meilhac,  Henri  (ma-yac').  A  noted  French 
dramatist;  bom  in  Paris,  reb.23, 1831;  died  there 
July  6,  1897.  He  wrote  (mostly  in  collaboration 
with  Ludovic  Halevy):  'What  Pleases  the  Men' 
(i860);  <La  Belle  Helene'  (1865);  'Bluebeard' 
(1866);  'The  Grand  Duchess  of  Gerolstein' 
(1867);  <La  Perichole>(i869);<Froufrou'(lS69); 
etc.  Several  of  his  pieces  have  been  used  by 
Offenbach  as  opera-bouffe  librettos. 

Melnhold,  Jobann  Wilbelm  (min'holt).  A 
German  clergyman ;  born  at  Netzelkow,  Use- 
dom  Island,  Feb.  27,  1797 ;  died  at  Charlotten- 
burg,  Nov.  30,  1851.  He  was  settled  at  Usedom 
and  Coserow.  His  books  are  '  Maria  Schweid- 
ler'  (1843)  and  'Sidonia  von  Bork,'  both  pur- 
porting to  be  mediaeval  manuscripts  discovered 
by  Meinhold ;  his  object  being  to  show  the 
Biblical  critics,  through  the  deception,  that  in- 
ternal evidence  as  to  the  antiquity  of  works  is 
not  reliable.  Both  the  works  were  successful 
and  popular. 

Meissner,  Alfred  (mis'ner).  A  German  poet 
and  novelist;  born  at  Teplitz,  Oct.  15,  1822; 
died  at  Bregenz,  May  29,  1885.  He  lived  at 
Prague  (1850-69)  and  Bregenz  (1869-85).  His 
principal  works  are  :  the  revolutionary  '  Poems' 
(1845);  the  epic  'Ziska'  (1846);  the  romances 


MELANCHTHON  —  MENDELSSOHN 


377 


<Sansara>  (3d  ed.  1861),  <Dark  Yellow)  (1862- 
64),  <Norbert  Norson>  (1883).  (<Works,>  18 
vols.,  1871-73.) 

Melanchthon,  Phllipp  (me-langk'thon).  [A 
Greek  translation  of  his  real  name  Schwarzerd, 
«  black  earth.')]  A  famous  German  theologian 
and  religious  reformer ;  born  at  Bretten,  Baden, 
Feb.  16,  1497  ;  died  at  Wittenberg,  April  19,  1560. 
He  was  professor  of  Greek  at  Wittenberg 
(1518),  and  Luther's  chief  literary  helper  in 
the  German  Reformation  ;  revised  the  Augsburg 
(Confession  (1530);  wrote  the  < Apology'  (1530); 
etc.  His  influence  extended  even  to  England. 
His  principal  theological  work  was  <  Loci  Com- 
munes >  (Places  in  Common:  1521),  of  which 
over  sixty  editions  were  issued  during  his  life- 
time. The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  in  24 
vols.,  in  the  'Corpus  Reformatorum  >  (Body 
of  Reformers :  1834-60). 

Meleager  (mel-e-a'jer).  A  Greek  poet;  born 
at  Gadara,  Palestine  ;  flourished  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  first  century  B.  C.  He  is  best  known 
as  a  writer  of  epigrams  on  love ;  and  by  his 
'Stephanos'  (Garland),  a  compilation  made  up 
of  short  poems  taken  from  the  writings  of  some 
forty  poets,  alphabetically  arranged,  with  an 
introduction  in  verse  by  himself.  The  best  edi- 
tion of  his  own  poems,  edited  by  Grafe,  was 
published  at  Leipzig,  181 1. 

Helendez  Valdes,  Juan,  Don  (ma-len'deth 
val-das').  A  Spanish  poet;  bom  at  Ribera  del 
Fresno,  March  11,  1754;  died  at  Montpellier, 
France,  May  24,  1817.  He  was  professor  of 
the  humanities  at  Salamanca  (1781);  afterward 
entered  public  life ;  the  lasting  unpopularity 
incurred  by  siding  with  the  French  on  their 
invasion  of  Spain  forced  him  in  181 1  into  exile, 
where  he  died.  He  was  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent figures  in  Spanish  literary  life  during  the 
i8th  century.  (Poetical  works,  best  edition, 
Paris,  1820.) 

Melgar,  Mariano  (mal-gar').  A  Peruvian 
poet ;  bom  at  Arequipa,  Peru,  1791 ;  shot  at 
Cuzco,  March  10,  1815,  having  been  taken 
prisoner  in  Pumacagua's  rebellion.  Affected 
by  a  disappointment  in  love,  nearly  all  his 
verse  was  sad.  Many  of  his  lyrics  were  set  to 
music,  and  are  among  the  most  popular  songs 
of  the  Spanish-American  country-folk. 

Meli,  Giovanni  (ma'le).  The  greatest  of 
Sicilian  poets ;  born  at  Palermo,  March  4,  1740 ; 
died  there,  Dec.  20,  1815.  He  was  professor 
of  pharmaceutical  chemistry  in  the  University 
of  Palermo  (1787).  His  best  work  was  his 
songs,  some  of  which  recall  Anacreon  and  The- 
ocritus ;  next,  his  witty  satires  and  fables.  He 
wrote  also  two  epics,  and  the  heroi-comic 
poem  <  Don  Chisciotte,'  an  elaboration  and 
continuation  of  Cervantes's  <  Don  Quixote.' 
('  Works,'  poetical  and  scientific,  8  vols.,  Pa- 
lermo, 1830.) 

Heline,  James  Florant.  An  American  his- 
torical writer ;  bom  at  Sackett's  Harbor,  N.  Y., 
181 1  ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  14,  1873. 
His  later  years  were  devoted  to  literary  work. 


Three  of  a  series  of  articles  on  Savonarola 
have  been  published.  Most  noted  of  his  works 
are  :  '  Two  Thousand  Miles  on  Horseback ' 
(1867);  'Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  her  Latest 
English  Historian,'  an  attack  upon  Froude's 
view  of  the  subject ;  and  '  Life  of  Sixtus  the 
Fifth'  (1871). 

Mellin,  Gustaf  Henrik  (mel-len').  A  Swed- 
ish novelist;  born  at  Revolax,  Finland,  April 
23,  1803 ;  died  Aug.  2,  1876.  He  was  a  pastor 
at  Norra  Wram  (1851).  Most  of  his  novels 
deal  with  Swedish  history.  Among  them  are  : 
'The  Flower  of  Kinnekulle'  (3d  ed.  1831); 
'  Sivard  Kruse's  Wedding'  (2d  ed.  1832);  'Anna 
Reibnitz'  (2d  ed.  1833).  He  produced  also  his- 
torical, biographical,  and  poetical  writings. 
('Works,'  Stockholm,  1852.) 

Melo  or  Mello,  Francisco  Manuel  de  (ma'- 
15  or  mel'lo).  A  Portuguese  historian  and  poet ; 
bom  at  Lisbon,  Nov.  23,  161 1 ;  died  there,  Oct. 
13,  1665.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Spanish  army  in  Flanders ;  was  imprisoned  for 
nine  years,  and  banished  to  Brazil,  on  a  false 
charge  of  murder.  He  wrote  sometimes  in 
Spanish,  sometimes  in  Portuguese.  Among  his 
voluminous  works  are :  '  History  of  the  Dis- 
turbances, Separation,  and  War  of  Catalonia, 
in  the  Time  of  Philip  IV.>  (1645;  best  ed.  Paris, 
2  vols.,  1826-32);  'The  Three  Muses  of  Melo- 
dino'  (1649),  containing  his  poems,  mostly  sa- 
tirical and  comic. 

Melville,  George  John  WLyte.  See  Whyte- 
Melville. 

Melville,  Herman.  A  noted  American  writer 
of  travel  and  adventure;  bom  at  New  York, 
Aug.  I,  1819 ;  died  there,  Sept.  28,  1891.  Going 
to  sea  as  a  cabin-boy,  he  spent  a  number  of 
years  in  travel.  His  most  famous  books  were 
'Typee'  (1846),  and  'Omoo'  (1847),  narrating 
his  adventures  in  the  Marquesas  Islands ;  others 
were  'White  Jacket'  (1850),  'Moby  Dick' 
(1851),  and  a  number  of  other  stories,  and  three 
volumes  of  poems.  He  lectured  in  the  United 
States  in  1857. 

Menander  (me-nan'der).  A  famous  Greek 
comic  poet;  bom  at  Athens,  342  B.C.;  died 
about  291  B.  C.  See  Kock's  <  Fragments  of  the 
Attic  Comedians'  (vol.  3,  Leipzig,  1888),  and 
article  'Philemon,  Menander,  and  the  Lost 
Attic  Comedy,'  in  the  '  Library.' 

Mencius  (men'shi-us).  Latinized  from  Meng- 
tse  (meng-tse').  A  famous  Chinese  philoso- 
pher ;  bom  at  Tsow-hien,  372  B.  C. ;  died  about 
289  B.  C.  He  was  a  follower  of  Confucius, 
whose  influence  he  revived.  Twenty-nine  years 
he  spent  in  traveling  about  China  preaching, 
but  with  small  success ;  his  last  fifteen  years 
were  passed  with  his  disciples  in  retirement. 
His  sayings  are  laid  down  in  seven  books  bear- 
ing his  name  as  signature  and  are  contained 
in  the  last  of  the  so-called  Chinese  <  Pour 
Books.' 


Mendeissohn,  Moses  (men'del-son).    A  fa- 
mous   Jewish    philosopher;    bom    a*    Dessau* 


378 


MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY  — MENZEL 


Anhalt,  Germany,  Sept.  6,  1729;  died  at  Berlin, 
Jan.  4,  1786.  He  has  been  called  "the  Ger- 
man Socrates."  He  wrote  on  religious,  moral, 
aesthetic,  and  practical  questions,  in  a  semi- 
philosophical,  common-sense  way,  popularizing 
the  philosophy  of  Leibnitz  and  Wolf,  and  bring- 
ing into  notice  that  of  Spinoza.  Among  his 
friends  were  Lessing,  Nicolai,  Herder,  Wie- 
land,  etc.  He  wrote:  <Phsedon>  (1767),  a  dia- 
logue on  the  immortality  of  the  ,soul,  which 
won  a  European  reputation ;  <  Jerusalem  >  (1783); 
•Morning  Hours >  (1785);  etc.  (<Works,>  Leip- 
zig, 1843-45-) 

MendelBsohn-Bartholdy,  Felix  (men'del- 
s6n-bar-t6l'de).  An  eminent  German  composer 
and  musician,  grandson  of  Moses ;  born  at  Ham- 
burg, Feb.  3,  1809;  died  at  Leipzig,  Nov.  4, 
1847.  Apart  from  his  musical  works,  between 
one  and  two  hundred  in  number,  he  was  a  vo- 
luminous correspondent.  His  < Letters'  were 
published  in  1861  and  1863  (English  translation, 
1862-63);  <  Letters  to  the  Moscheles  >  (1888); 
•Selected  Letters'  (London,  1894). 

Hendds,  Catulle  (moh-des').  A  French  poet 
and  novelist ;  born  at  Bordeaux,  May  22,  1843. 
His  verse  is  marked  by  extreme  devotion  to 
form  ;  his  style  has  been  called  the  cameo-art  in 
literature.  The  collection  entitled  <  Poesies  ♦  ap- 
peared in  1878.  In  prose  he  has  written  <  Love's 
Follies' (1877),  <  Parisian  Monsters'  (1882),  < To 
Read  at  the  Bath  '  (1884),  etc. ;  the  dramas  <  Cap- 
tain Fracasse  '  (1872),  <  Fiamette  '  (1889),  etc. 
His  best  novels  are  <  Grande-Maguet '  (1888); 
and<Rainbow>    (1897).  Died  Feb.  8,  1908. 

Mendes  Leal  da  Silva,  JosI  (men'das  la-al' 
da  sel'va).  A  distinguished  Portuguese  states- 
man and  poet ;  born  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  18,  1818 ; 
died  at  Cintra,  Aug.  22,  1886.  He  was  minister 
of  the  navy  and  of  foreign  affairs;  ambassa- 
dor to  France  1874-83 ;  to  Spain  1883-86.  His 
•Songs'  were  published  in  1858.  He  wrote 
also  a  large  number  of  plays,  some  of  them 
very  popular  on  the  Portuguese  stage,  as  <  Uncle 
Andrew  from  Brazil'  and  <The  Sportsman'; 
and  several  romances. 

Mendez-Pinto,  Ferflao  or  Fernam  (men'- 
deth-pen-to).  A  Portuguese  traveler;  bom  near 
Coimbra  about  1510;  died  near  Lisbon,  1583. 
He  spent  many  romantic  years  as  a  traveler  in 
the  East,  being  repeatedly  captured,  often  sold 
as  a  slave,  acquiring  a  large  fortune,  becoming 
for  a  time  a  Jesuit,  founding  a  Roman  Catho- 
lic seminary  in  Japan,  etc.  He  wrote  •  Mendez- 
Pinto's  Pilgrimage'  (1614), which  was  translated 
into  the  principal  European  languages,  and  has 
become  a  Portuguese  classic. 

Mendlve,  Rafael  Maria  de  (man-de'va).  A 
Cuban  poet;  bom  in  Havana,  1821 ;  died  in 
1886.  His  first  collection  of  poems  (1847), 
entitled  <  Passion-Flowers,'  is  widely  popular. 
Banished  in  1869,  he  lived  alternately  in  New 
York  and  Nassau,  writing  legends  and  stories 
in  verse.  He  was  one  of  the  best  of  Spanish- 
American  poets;  many  of  his  verses  received 
English,  French,  and  Italian  translations.    A 


new  edition  appeared  in  i860,  published  by 
the  Spanish  critic  Don  Manuel  CaHete. 

Mendoza,  Antonio  Hnrtado  de  (men-do'thti). 
A  Spanish  dramatist  and  poet ;  bom  about 
1590;  died  1644.  He  was  private  secretary  of 
Philip  IV.,  and  a  member  of  the  Inquisition. 
Among  his  best  plays  are  <The  Obligations 
of  Lying,'  and  <  The  Husband  Makes  the  Wife.* 
He  wrote  also  many  ballads  and  lyrics,  and 
a  <  Life  of  Our  Lady  >  in  about  800  roundelays. 

Mendoza,  Diego  Hurtado.  A  distinguished 
Spanish  statesman,  satirist,  and  historian ;  bom 
in  the  palace  of  the  Alhambra  at  Granada, 
1503;  died  at  Valladolid,  1575.  Intended  ori- 
ginally for  the  Church,  he  entered  the  army 
instead,  and  rose  high  in  public  life.  His  chief 
works    are,  first,  the    famous    satiric    romance 

<  Little  Lazams  of  Tormes'  (1553,  and  afterward 
many  editions),  which  was  translated  into  a 
number  of  languages  (English  by  Blakeston, 
1670),  provoked  many  imitations,  and  created 
that  new  department  in  Spanish  literature  which 
finally  produced  <  Gil   Bias ' ;   and  second,  the 

<  War  of  Granada'  (first  complete  edition,  1776). 
(•Works,'  Vols,  iii.,  xxi.,  xxxii.,  xxxvi.,  of  Riva« 
deneyra's  •  Library  of  Spanish  Authors.') 

Mendoza,  Iftigo  Lopez  de.    See  Santlllana. 

Menendez  7  Felayo,  Marcellno  (ma-nen'- 
deth  e  pa-la'yo).  A  Spanish  scholar,  historian, 
and  poet ;  born  at  Santander,  1856,  He  is  pro- 
fessor of  Spanish  literature  at  the  University 
of  Madrid,  and  one  of  the  most  brilliant  writers 
of  modern  Spain.  His  <  History  of  Spanish 
Heterodoxy'  (3  vols.,  1880-82),  in  which  he  de- 
fended the  Inquisition,  and  declared  against 
modem  liberalism  and  science,  has  excited 
much  discussion.  Other  prose  works  are  :<  His- 
tory of   Esthetic   Ideas   in   Spain'    (1884-91); 

•  Calderon  and  his  Plays  '  (3d  ed.  1885);  •  Spanish 
Science' (3d  ed.  1887-89).  His  best  poetry  is  con- 
tained in  •  Odes, Epistles,  and  Tragedies'  (1883). 
His  last  work  is  •  Origin  of  the  Novel'  (1905). 

Menken,  Adali  Isaacs.  An  American-Jewish 
poet  and  actress ;  bom  near  New  Orleans,  1835  ; 
died  1868.  Her  maiden  name  was  Dolores 
Adios  Fuertes.  Married  four  times  (once  to  the 
pugilist  John  C.  Heenan),  she  was  generally 
known  by  the  name  of  her  first  husband,  Alex- 
ander Isaacs  Menken.  Her  verses  show  po- 
etic ability  uncultivated.  She  published :  <  Mem- 
ories';  <Infelicia>  (1868). 

Menzel,  Wolfgang.  A  German  critic  and 
miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Waldenburg,  Si- 
lesia, June  21,  1798;  died  at  Stuttgart,  April 
23,  1873.  He  was  member  of  the  Wiirtemberg 
Assembly  (1830-38)  and  Chamber  (1848-49); 
editor  for  many  years  of  the  Literaturblatt 
(Journal  of  Literature).  His  writings  were  very 
varied.  The  best  known  were :  •  German  Lit- 
erature* (1828;  English  translation  in  Ripley's 

•  Specimens  of  Foreign  Literature,'  Boston, 
1840);  a  collection  of  critiques,  •History  of  the 
Germans  >  (6th  ed.  1872-73 ;  English  translation 
by  Horrocks,  London,  1849);  •History  of  Ger- 
man Poetry'  (2d  ed.  1875);  <Rubezahl>  (1829); 


MERCATOR  ^MERLIN 


379 


'Narcissus>  (1830),  two  tales;  <Furore>  (1851), 
a  romance  ;  etc. 

Mercator  (Latinized  from  his  real  name, 
Kramer),  Gerhard  (mer-ka'tor).  A  celebrated 
Flemish  geographer ;  born  at  Rupelmonde,  Bel- 
gium, March  S,  1512;  died  at  Duisburg,  Prussia, 
Dec.  2,  1594.  He  invented  the  «  Mercator  sys- 
tem "  of  projection  of  the  earth's  surface,  made 
familiar  in  our  atlases.     His  chief  works  were 

<  Geographical  Maps  according  to  Ptolemy  > 
(1578-84);  and  <  Atlas >  (1595),  which  made  an 
epoch  in  cartography. 

Mercier,  [Louis]  S^bastien  (mar-se-ya').  A 
French  dramatist  and  essayist;  bom  at  Paris, 
June  6,  1740;  died  there,  April  25,  1814.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Five  Hundred ;  professor 
of  history  at  the  Central  School,  Paris;  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Institute.  His  dramatic 
works  appeared  in  four  volumes  at  Amsterdam, 
1778-84.     His  most   important  writings  were: 

<  Picture  of  Paris>  (12  vols.,  1781-90),  a  descrip- 
tion of  Parisian  life;  <New  Paris >  (6  vols., 
1800),  a  description  of  Parisian  life  during  the 
Revolution.  <  My  Night-Cap'  (4  vols.,  1784) 
was  an  attack  on  classicism.  He  was  a  very 
prolific  writer,  and  made  the  first  French  trans- 
lation of  Schiller's  <Maid  of  Orleans.' 

Meredltb,  George.  A  great  English  novel- 
ist and  poet;  born  in  Hampshire,  1828.  He 
has  published:  <  Poems  >  (1851);  <The  Shaving 
of  Shagpat'  (1855);  <  Farina:  a  Legend  of  Co- 
logne' (1857);  <  The  Ordeal  of  Richard  FevereP 
(1859);  <Mary  Bertrand'  (i860);  <  Evan  Har- 
rington '  (1861);  < Modem  Love'  (1862),  poems ; 
< Emilia  in  England'  (1864),  subsequently  re- 
published under  the  title  <  Sandra  Belloni ' ; 
<Rhoda  Fleming'  (1865);  <Vittoria>  (1866); 
< The  Adventures  of  Harry  Richmond'  (1871); 
<Beauchamp's  Career'  (1875);  <  The  Egoist' 
(1879);  <  The  Tragic  Comedians '  (1881);  <  Poems 
and  Lyrics  of  the  Joy  of  Earth'  (1883);  < Diana 
of  the  Crossways'  (1885);  <  Ballads  and  Poems 
of  Tragic  Life'  (1887);  <  A  Reading  of  Earth' 
(1888);  <One  of  our  Conquerors'  (1890);  <The 
Empty  Purse'  (1892),  poems;  <  Lord  Ormont 
and  his  Aminta'  (1894);  <The  Amazing  Mar- 
riage' (1895).    His  shorter  prose  tales  include: 

<  The  Tale  of  Chloe ' ;  <  The  House  on  the 
Beach ' ;  <  The  Case  of  General  Ople  and  Lady 
Camper.'    He  died  May  17, 1909. 

Meredith,  Owen.    See  Lytton. 

M^rim^e,  Prosper  (ma-re-ma').  A  celebrated 
French  essayist  and  litterateur;  born  at  Paris, 
Sept.  28,  1803;  died  at  Cannes,  Sept.  23,  1870. 
He  studied  law,  but  never  practiced ;  was  sen- 
ator in  1853.  His  best-known  works  were  the 
two  novels  <Colomba'  (1830),  treating  of  the 
Corsican  vendetta ;  and  < Carmen'  (1840),  which 
furnished  the  plot  of  Bizet's  opera  of  the 
same  name.  He  wrote  besides :  <  Plays  of 
Clara  Gazul'  (1825);  <  Historic  Monuments' 
(1843);  *  Historic  and  Literary  Medleys'  (1855), 
a  collection  of  comedies  in  the  style  of  the 
Spanish  « intermezzo "  ;  <Guzla'  (1827),  a  col- 
lection of  Iliyrian  lyrics;  'Mateo  Falcone,'  a 


novel ;  '  Letters  to  an  Unknown '  (<  Lettres  k 
Une  Inconnue':  1873);  etc. 

Merivale,  Charles.  An  English  historian 
and  divine ;  born  at  Barton  Place,  Devonshire, 
March  8,  1808 ;  died  at  Ely,  Dec.  27,  1893.  He 
was  dean  of  Ely  from  1869.  He  wrote :  <  His- 
tory of  the  Romans  under  the  Empire'  (latest 
ed.  1890),  his  principal  work,  extending  from 
Caesar's  Gallic  campaigns  to  Commodus,  where 
Gibbon  begins ;  <  General  History  of  Rome ' 
(1875);  *  Lectures  on  Early  Church  History' 
(1879);  etc. 

Merivale,  Herman.  An  English  states- 
man, political  economist,  and  historical  writer, 
brother  of  Charles ;  born  at  Dawlish,  Devon 
shire,  Nov.  8,  1806;  died  in  London,  Feb.  0, 
1874.  He  was  professor  of  political  economy 
at  Oxford,  1837-42 ;  under-secretary  for  the 
colonies,  1848-60 ;  perpetual  under-secretary  fo) 
India.  He  wrote  :  <  Colonization  and  Colonies' 
(2  vols.,  1841),  the  best  work  on  the  subject; 

<  Historical  Studies'  (1865);  etc. 

Merivale,  Herman  Charles.  An  Englisli 
dramatist,  novelist,  and  poet,  son  of  Herman; 
born  in  London,  1839.  A  lawyer  for  fiftecD 
years,  he  withdrew  from  practice  in  1879.  He 
has  written  the   plays   <A11    for   Her'    (1874), 

<  Forget  Me  Not'  (1879),  etc.;  the  stories 
<Faucit  of  Balliol'  (1S82)  and  <Binko's  Blues' 
(1884);  the  volume  of  poems  <  The  White  Pil- 
grim>  (iS83);<F]orieii>  (1884).  Died  Jan.  15,1906. 

Meriwether,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  (Avery).  An 
American  novelist;  born  in  Tennessee,  1832. 
Her  home  is  at  Memphis,  Tenn.  She  has  writ- 
ten: <The  Master  of  Red  Leaf  (1879);  <Ku- 
Klux-Klan'  (1880),  a  drama;  <My  First  and 
Last  Love ' ;  etc. 

Meriwether,  Lee.  An  American  writer ; 
born  in  Columbus,  Miss.,  Dec.  25,  1862.  He 
is  the  author  of :  <A  Tramp  Trip :  How  to  See 
Europe  on  Fifty  Cents  a  Day'  (1887);  <The 
Tramp  at  Home ' ;  and  'Afloat  and  Ashore  on 
the  Mediterranean  ;  <  A  Lord's  Courtship.* 

Merle,  Jean  Toussaint  (marl).  A  French 
dramatist,  publicist,  and  critic ;  bom  at  Mont- 
pellier,  1785 ;  died  in  Paris,  1852.  A  prolific 
writer,  he  collaborated  with  Ourry,  Brazier,  Car- 
mouche,  etc.,  on  the  dramas  <  The  Old  Young- 
Man'  (1812);  <The  New-Market  Races'  (1818); 
<The  Monster  and  the  Magician'  (1826);  etc.: 
and  wrote  <  Memoirs,  Historic,  Literary,  and 
Critical,  of  Bachaumont'  (3  vols.,  1808-9); 
<The  English  Spy'  (1809);  <0f  the  Opera' 
(1827);  'Anecdotes,  Historical  and  Political,  for 
a  History  of  the  Conquest  of  Algiers'  (1831-32); 
<Chambord'  (1832);  etc. 

Merle  d'AubignS.    See  D'Aublgn£. 

Merlin  (mer'lin).  Putative  author  of  <The 
Prophecy  of  Merlin ' ;  a  British  bard  and  magi- 
cian supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  5th  century. 
In  the  I2th  century  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  gave 
a  Latin  translation  of  the  <  Prophecy,'  which 
till  then  had  been  preserved  in  Welsh  tradition. 
By  natural  accretion  the  <  Prophecy '  grew  in 


38o 


MERRIAM  —  MEYER 


Tolume  from  age  to  age,  and  to  "  Merlin  >^  are 
ascribed  poems  which  had  their  rise  in  the 
time  of  King  Arthur,  as  the  <Avallenau>  (Ap- 
ple-Garth), and  the  <  Hoianau  *  (Listeners). 

Merriam,  George  Spring.  An  American  es- 
sayist and  biographer;  born  in  Massachusetts, 
1843.  He  lives  at  Springfield,  Mass.  He  has 
written  :  <  A  Living  Faith  ' ;  <  Life  of  Samuel 
Bowles  > ;  <  A  Symphony  of  the  Spirit ' ;  <  The 
Negro  and  the  Nation  * ;  and  is  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  periodicals. 

Merrill,  Selab.  A  well-known  American 
explorer  and  archsologist ;  born  at  Canton 
Centre,  Conn.,  May  2,  1837.  He  was  chaplain 
in  the  Civil  War  (1864-65);  since  then  has  been  en- 
gaged in  explorations  in  Palestine.  He  was  con- 
sul at  Jerusalem  1884-86  and  1890-93.  Among 
his  works  are :  <  East  of  the  Jordan  >  (2d  ed.  1883); 
•Galilee  in  the  Time  of  Christ >  (i88l);<The 
Site  of  Calvary  ^ ;  <  Ancient  Jerusalem.^ 

Merry,  Robert.  An  English  dilettante ;  bom 
in  London,  April  1755 ;  died  at  Baltimore,  Md., 
Dec.  14,  1798.  He  resigned  from  the  army 
(1775);  became  a  member  of  the  famous  Delia 
Crusca  Academy  at  Florence,  Italy  (1784-87); 
on  returning  to  London,  wrote  plays  and  poems 
under  the  pseudonym  « Delia  Crusca.'^  His 
affected  style  found  many  imitators,  and  the 
school  that  arose  was  satirized  by  Gifford  in 
his  <Baviad>  and  '  Maeviad.*  He  married  an 
actress,  and  came  to  this  country  in  1796. 

Mersliakov,  Alexis  Theodorovlch  (mar-zle- 
a-kof).  A  noted  Russian  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer;  bom  at  Dolmatov,  government 
of  Perm,  1778 ;  died  near  Moscow,  1830.  He 
was  an  ardent  classicist;  professor  of  rhetoric 
and  literature  at  the  University  of  Moscow  in 
1810.  He  wrote  a  number  of  poems  which  were 
set  to  music  and  became  popular  songs.  His 
principal  literary  works  were  :  'Ancient  Poetry 
and  its  Influence  on  Modem  Civilization '  (1810); 
and  <  Imitation  and  Translation  of  Greek  and 
Latin  Authors'  (1825). 

M^ry,  Joseph  (ma-re').  A  French  miscella- 
neous writer ;  born  near  Marseilles,  Jan.  21, 1798 ; 
died  in  Paris,  June  17,  1866.  Some  of  his  works 
became  very  popular.  Among  them  were  the 
volumes  of  verse  <  Poetic  Melodies >  (1853),  <  Na- 
poleon in  Italy*  (1859);  the  romances  < London 
Nights>  (i840),<H€va>  (1843),  <Novel  Novels* 
(1853);  the  dramas  <  The  Two  Frontins*  (1858), 
<The  Fiancee  Worth  Millions*  (1864).  With 
Barthdlemy  he  wrote  satirical  verses,  and  by 
himself  librettos  for  several  operas. 

Meslhl  (mes'i-he).  A  renowned  Turkish 
poet;  flourished  in  the  14th  century.  He  is 
one  of  the  seven  poets  called  by  the  Turks  <<  the 
Pleiades,**  and  whose  names,  written  in  gold, 
are  suspended  in  the  temple  of  Mecca.  Sir 
William  Jones,  in  his  <  Commentaries  on  Asi- 
atic Poetry,*  translated  one  of  his  idyls. 

Mesonero  y  Romanos,  Ramon  de  (ma-so- 
na'ro  ro-ma'nos).  A  Spanish  descriptive  writer 
and  historian,  employing  sometimes  the  pseu- 
donym <*  El  Curioso  Parlante  **  (The  Inquisitive 
Chatterer);  bom  at  Madrid,  July  10,  1803;  died 


there,  April  1882.  He  was  connected  with  th» 
national  library,  Madrid  (1845).  He  wrote: 
•Manual  of  Madrid*  (3d  ed.  1844),  containing 
apt  pictures  of  life  there;  •  Madrid  Panorama* 
(2  vols.,  1832-35);  •  Types  and  Characters* 
(1843-62);  <  Mementos  of  Travel  in  France  and 
Belgium*  (1842);  < Ancient  Madrid*  (1861),  a 
scholarly  history;  etc.  He  founded  and  edited 
the  Spanish  Pictorial  Weekly  (8  vols.,  1836). 

Mesquita,  Salvador  de  (mas-ke'ta).  A  Bra- 
zilian poet;  born  in  Rio  Janeiro  ia  1646;  died 
in  Rome,  beginning  of  i8th  century.  His  repu. 
tation  as  a  poet  was  assured  when  he  wrote 
his  sacred  drama  <Sacrificium  Jephtae*  (1680), 
His  best  tragedies  are  •Demetrius,^  < Perseus,' 
and  <  Prusias  of  Bithynia*  (1690  to  1700). 

Metastasio,  Pietro  (ma"tas-ta'ze-6).  A  cel» 
•brated  Italian  poet ;  bom  at  Rome,  Jan.  13, 
1698;  died  at  Vienna,  April  12,  1782.  His  real 
name  was  Trapassi.  He  was  court  poet  at 
Vienna,  honored,  surrounded  by  friends,  and 
probably  the  most  famous  Continental  poet 
of  his  time.  His  fame  rests  chiefly  on  his  lyr- 
ical dramas  <The  Gardens  of  the  Hesperides* 
(1720):-  < Demetrius*  (1732);  <The  Clemency  of 
Titus' (1734);  •Atilius  Regulus*  (1740-50);  and 
•Them.stodes.*  He  was  a  master  of  the  can' 
zonet,  anA  wrote  also  sonnets,  idyls,  elegies, 
criticisms,  and  letters.  Monuments  were  erected 
to  him  at  Feme  and  Vienna.  (<  Works,*  best 
edition.  Pans  1780-82.) 

Metcalfe,  Frederick.  An  English  Scandi- 
navian scholar'  born  1815 ;  died  Aug.  24,  188^ 
He  was  a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  Eng 
land.  He  wrote:  <The  Oxonian  in  Norway' 
(1856);  <The  Oxonian  in  Thelemarken*  (1858)- 
<A  History  of  German  Literature*  (1858);  <Th« 
Oxonian  in  Iceland*  (new  ed.  1867);  <The  Eng- 
lishman and  the  Scandinavian*  (1880);  etc. 

Metternlch,  Clemens  Wenzrl  Nepomuk  Lo' 
thar,  Prince  (met'ter-nich).  A  celebrated  Aus- 
trian  statesman ;  bom  at  Coblen^^,  May  15 
1773;  died  at  Vienna,  July  11,  1859.  Managing 
Austria's  affairs  with  consummate  skil.'  through 
the  Napoleonic  era,  he  secured  for  he^"-  at  tha 
Congress  of  Vienna  (1814)  more  than  a  resto- 
ration of  the  territory  Napoleon  had  stripped 
her  of,  and  a  more  prominent  position  than  ever» 
was  chancellor  of  the  Austrian  empire  (1821- 
48);  and  dominated  for  thirty  years  the  Con- 
tinental politics  of  Europe  (1814-44).  (Writings, 
with  autobiography,  8  vols.,  Vienna,  1880-84). 

Mexican  Nun,  The  —  Juana  Yflez  de  la  Cruz. 

A  Mexican  poet  (1651-95),  nun  of  the  convent 
of  San  Ger6nimo.  She  is  famous  for  the  beauty 
of  her  stanzas  <  Learning  and  Riches*;  <  Death 
in  Youth  > ;  etc. 

Meyer-Zeigler,  Conrad  Ferdinand.  A  Swiss 
poet  and  novelist;  bom  at  Zurich,  Oct.  12,  1825; 
died,  Nov.  28,  1898.  His  home  after  1875  was  at 
Kilchberg,  near  Ziirich.  Among  his  works  are 
inverse,  <Ballads>  (1867);  <Romances  an** 
Pictures)  (1870),  <Hutten's  Last  Days>  (8tk 
ed.  1 891),  <Engelberg>  (3d  ed.  1889);  th# 
novels  <The  Saint>  (I2tli  ed.  1894),   <A  Boy** 


MEYN  — MICKLE 


Su£Eering>  (3d  ed.  1889),  <The  Monk's  Wed- 
ding>  (5th  ed.  1893),  <The  Temptation  of  Pes- 
cara>  (4th  ed.  1889),  <  Angela  Borgia>  (5th  ed. 
1892);  etc.  Most  of  the  novels  are  contained 
in  a  collection,  the  fifth  edition  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1892. 

Meyn,  Antoinette  (min).  A  Norwegian 
miscellaneous  writer,  employing  the  pseudo- 
nyms «  Marie  '>  and  «  Holger  Birch.»  Most  of 
her  works  have  been  translated  into  Swedish 
and  German.  Among  them  are  :  •  In  the  Twi- 
light >  (3d  ed.  i88i);<  Through  Struggles >  (1876); 
<In  the  Home  Circle  >  (1878);  <The  House  of 
Dyocke>  (1885);  <  Dream  and  Real  Life>  (1891); 
•From  Times  Gone  By>  (1893);  etc. 

Meynell,  Alice  (Thompson)  (ma'nel).  An 
English  poet  and  essayist;  bom  in  London. 
She  spent  much  of  her  childhood  in  Italy,  and 
married  (1877)  Wilfrid  Meynell,  editor  of  Merry 
England.  She  has  written  in  verse  < Preludes* 
(1875;  2d  ed.  1893),  illustrated  by  her  sister 
Lady  (Elizabeth)  Butler;  in  prose  <  Rhythm 
of  Life  >  (1893);  <  John  Ruskin>  (1900). 

Meyr,  Melchlor  (mir).  A  German  novelist, 
poet,  and  philosophical  writer;  bom  at  Ehr- 
ingen,  near  Ndrdlingen,  Bavaria,  June  28,  1810 ; 
died  at  Munich,  April  22,  187 1.  He  resided  in 
Berlin  (1841-52)  and  Munich  (1852-71).  His 
best-known  works  were :  <  Stories  from  the 
Ries>  (4th  ed.  1892),  containing  delightful  de- 
scriptions of  peasant  life  in  his  native  district; 
they  are  among  the  very  best  German  village 
tales.  Among  the  best  of  his  other  produc- 
tions were  <Duke  Albert  >  (1852)  and  <  Charles 
the  Bold>  (1862).  He  published  also  <  Poems  > 
(1857),  religious-philosophical  writings,  trage- 
dies, and  romances. 

Mezeray,  Frangols  Eudes  de  (maz-ra').  A 
French  historian ;  born  at  Ruy,  near  Falaise, 
Normandy,  1610;  died  in  Paris,  July  10,  1683. 
Richelieu  made  him  historiographer,  and  gave 
him  a  pension.  His  principal  work  was  a 
< History  of  France'  (1638-51),  published  after- 
ward in  improved  form  as  <  Chronological  Ab- 
stract of  the  History  of  France >  (1668).  His 
method  was  a  radical  departure  in  historical 
writing,  and  the  forerunner  of  modem  histo- 
ries, being  of  the  people  as  well  as  sovereigns. 

Michaud,  Joseph  Fran90ls  (me-sho').  A 
French  journalist,  poet,  and  historian ;  born  at 
Albens,  Savoy,  June  19,  1767 ;  died  at  Passy, 
Sept.  30,  1839.  Through  the  Revolution  and 
the  Napoleonic  era  he  remained  a  stanch  Bour- 
bonist.  His  most  popular  poem  was  <An  Ex- 
ile's Spring  >  (2d  ed.  1827).  His  chief  histor- 
ical works  were :  <  History  of  the  Empire  of 
Mysore'  (2  vols.,  1801);  <  History  of  the  Cru- 
sades' (3  vols.,  1812-22).  With  his  brother  he 
edited  the  <  Biographic  Universelle'  (1811-28). 

Michel  Angelo  (me-kel  an'je-lo)— Michel- 
agnolo  Buonarroti.  The  eminent  Italian  sculp- 
tor, painter,  architect,  and  poet ;  born  at  Ca- 
prese,  March  6,  1475;  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  18, 
1564.  Of  world-wide  and  lasting  renown  as  an 
artist  and  architect,  his  claim  to  literary  fame 


381 


rests  upon  his  sonnets  and  letters.  The  best 
edition  of  his  'Poems'  was  published  at  Flor- 
ence, 1863;  an  English  translation  of  the  son- 
nets by  Symonds,  London,  1892.  A  volume  of 
< Letters'  was  published  at  Florence,  1865. 

Michelet,  Jules  (mesh-la').  A  famous 
French  historian ;  bom  in  Paris,  Aug.  21,  1798 ; 
died  at  Hy^res,  Feb.  9,  1874.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  the  College  Rollin,  1821- 
26;  lecturer  at  the  Normal  School,  1827;  chief 
of  the  historical  department  of  the  royal  ar- 
chives, 1830 ;  professor  of  history  and  morals  at 
the  College  de  France,  1838-51.  His  principal 
historical  works  were:  <  History  of  France'  (16 
vols.,  1833-67);  <  History  of  the  Revolution' 
(7  vols.,  1847-53);  < Abridgment  of  Modem  His- 
tory' (1827);  etc.  Among  his  polemical  writ- 
ings were:  <0f  the  Jesuits'  (1843);  <0f  the 
Priest,  the  Wife,  and  the  Family'  (1844);  <Of 
the  People'  (1845);  <  Poland  and  Russia'  (1851); 
etc.  He  wrote  also,  assisted  by  his  wife,  the 
delightful  works  <The  Bird'  (1856);  <The  In- 
sect' (1857);  <Love'  (1858);  < Woman'  (1859); 
*TheSea'(i86i);  <The  Sorceress'  (1862).    , 

Michlels,  Alfred  Joseph  Xavier  (me-shi-al'). 
A  French  historian,  critic,  and  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  in  Rome,  Dec.  25,  1813;  died  in 
Paris,  Oct.  28,  1892.  He  studied  law  originally. 
He  wrote  < Studies  of  Germany'  (2d  ed.  1850); 
<  History  of  Literary  Ideas  in  France  in  the 
19th  Century'  (3d  ed.  1862);  < Journey  of  a  Vir- 
tuoso in  England'  (4th  ed.  1872);  'History  of 
Flemish  and  Dutch  Painting'  (new  ed.  10  vols., 
1865-76) ;  'Architecture  and  Painting  in  Europe ' 
(3d  ed.  1873);  'Secret  History  of  the  Austrian 
Govemment'  (4th  ed.  1879);  'Count  Bismarck' 
(1871);  the  popular  'Tales  of  the  Mountains' 
(1857);  and  'Political  Dramas'  (1865);  etc. 

Mickiewicz,  Adam  (mits-ke'a-vi6h).  A  cel- 
ebrated Polish  poet;  born  near  Novogxodek, 
Lithuania,  Dec.  24,  1798;  died  at  Constanti- 
nople, Nov.  26,  1855.  He  was  the  greatest  of 
Slavic  poets.  Banished  from  Poland  for  polit- 
ical reasons,  he  resided  principally  at  Paris 
after  1828;  was  professor  of  the  Slavic  lan- 
guages and  literature  at  the  College  de  France 
(1840-44).  His  great  work  was  the  epic  'Pan 
Tadeusz'  (Lord  Thaddeus  [of  Warsaw]:  1834), 
a  picture  of  Lithuanian  life  in  1812;  though 
another  epic, 'Conrad  Wallenrod'  (1828),  writ- 
ten while  an  exile  in  Russia,  is  hardly  less  re- 
nowned. Other  important  works  were :  a  third 
epic,  'Grazyna'  (1822);  the  ballad  'Dziady' 
(1823);  'Crimean  Sonnets'  (1826);  'The  Books 
of  the  Polish  People  and  of  the  Polish  Pil- 
grimage' (1832);  'Lectures  on  Slavic  Litera- 
ture,' etc.  ('  Works,'  latest  edition,  4  vols, 
Lemberg,  1893.) 

Mickle,  William  Julius.  A  Scottish  poet; 
bom  at  Langholm,  Dumfriesshire,  Sept.  28,  I735^■ 
died  at  Forest  Hill,  Oct.  28,  1788.  He  trans- 
lated into  English  the  '  Lusiad '  (new  ed.  1798), 
the  national  epic  of  Portugal ;  and  wrote  '  Syr 
Martyn'  (1778),  'Almada  Hill'  (1781).  etc. 
He   is  said   to  have   been  the   author  of  the 


38» 


MIDDLETON  —  MILICE  VIC 


song  <  There's   Nae   Luck   aboot  the   Hoose.> 
(<  Poetical  Works,>  with  life,  1806.) 

Hlddleton,  Conyers.  An  eminent  English 
theological  and  classical  writer;  bom  at  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire,  Dec.  27,  1683;  died  at  Hil- 
dersham,  July  28,  1750.  His  life  was  one  of 
embittered  controversy,  in  which  he  gained 
immediate  opprobrium  and  material  harm,  but 
enduring  intellectual  consideration.  His  princi- 
pal writings  were:  <Life  of  Cicero'  (1741),  an 
acute  defense  of  Cicero  as  statesman;  < Intro- 
ductory Discourse'  (1747);  most  famous  of  all, 
the  <Free  Inquiry'  (1748),— an  argument  to 
prove  that  the  mediaeval  miracles  were  false 
because  they  grew  more  plentiful  as  the  need 
of  them  grew  less. 

Mlddleton,  Thomas.  An  English  dramatist ; 
born  in  London  (?)  about  1570 ;  died  at  New- 
ington  Butts,  1627.  He  collaborated  with  Row- 
ley, Massinger,  Fletcher,  and  Ben  Jonson.  He 
wrote:  <A  Mad  World,  My  Masters'  (1608); 
♦The  Game  of  Chess'  (1623);  <The  Spanish 
Gipsy'  (1653);*  Women  Beware  Women'  (1657); 
a  satire  on  Prince  Charles's  unsuccessful  woo- 
ing of  the  Spanish  Infanta ;  etc.  ('  Dramatic 
Works,'  8  vols.,  London,  1886.) 

Mignet,  Frangols  Auguste  Marie  (men-ya'). 
A  French  historian ;  born  at  Aix,  Provence, 
May  8,  1796 ;  died  in  Paris,  March  24,  1884.  He 
studied  law;  was  director  of  the  archives  of 
the  foreign  ministry,  Paris,  1830-48.  Among 
his  works  were:  <Life  of  Franklin'  (1848); 
<  History  of  the  French  Revolution'  (13th  ed. 
1880);  <  Charles  V.'  (loth  ed.  1882);  <  History  of 
Marie  Stuart'  (6th  ed.  1884);  etc.  He  wrote 
also  a  drama  entitled  <Antonio  Perez  and  Philip 
II.'  (5th  ed.  1881.) 

Mlkliaiilov,  Mikhail  Larionovich  (me-ka'e- 
lof).  A  Russian  journalist  and  novelist;  born 
in  the  Ural  Mountains,  1826;  died  in  Siberia, 
1865.  He  was  son  of  a  Russian  official  and  a 
Khirgiz  princess.  On  his  return  from  traveling 
in  Europe  (1858-61),  political  considerations 
caused  his  exile.  His  best  novel  was :  <Adam 
Adamovich'  (1851).  (< Works,'  St.  Petersburg, 
1859.) 

Miklosich,  Franz  von  (mik'lo-zidh).  The 
founder  of  Slavic  philology ;  bom  near  Lutten- 
berg,  Styria,  Nov.  20,  1813;  died  at  Vienna, 
March  7,  1891.  He  was  member  of  the  Reichs- 
tag (1848);  professor  of  Slavic  philology  at 
Vienna  (1850-86);  life  member  of  the  Reichstag 
(1862).  He  published :  <  Comparative  Grammar 
of  the  Slavic  Languages'  (1852-74);  < Dialects 
and  Wanderings  of  the  Gipsies  of  Europe ' 
(1872-77);  <  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the 
Slavic  Languages'  (1886);  etc. 

Mikovec,  Ferdinand  Bretislav  (mik'o-vets). 
A  Bohemian  dramatist  and  archaeologist;  born 
at  Sloup  (Pirkstein),  Dec.  24,  1826;  died  at 
Prague,  Sept.  22,  1862.  He  took  part  in  the 
Bohemian  and  Servian  commotions  of  1848 ; 
founded  at  Prague  the  Lumir,  the  only  maga- 
eine  in  Bohemia  then  devoted  exclusively 
tu  belles-lettres  (1851);  also  wrote  < Bohemian 


Antiquities'  (1858).  He  published  <The  Ex 
tinction  of  the  Premyslides'  (1851).  and  <  Dimitri 
Ivanovic'  (1856),  two  successful  tragedies;  and 
left  two  other  dramas  in  MS. 

Mil&  y  Fontanals.  Manuel  (me-la'  e  fon-ta- 
nals').  A  Spanish  scholar;  born  near  Barce- 
lona, May  4,  1818 ;  died  at  Barcelona,  July  16, 
1884.  He  was  professor  of  literature  at  Barce- 
lonia  (1845).  He  devoted  himself  to  history, 
especially  that  of  Catalonia  and  Spain,  and 
was  an  authority  on  the  Romance  languages 
and  literatures.  Among  his  works  were* 
<Catalonian  Legends'  (2d  ed.  1882);  <The 
Troubadours  in  Spain'  (1861);  <The  Popular 
Heroic  Poetry  of  Spain'  (1873);  < Principles  of 
Spanish  Literature'  (1874);  etc. 

Milanes,  Jose  Jacinto  (me-la-nas').  A  Cu- 
ban poet ;  born  in  Matanzas,  August  1814 ; 
died  November  1863.  His  drama  <E1  Conde 
de  Alarcos'  at  once  gave  its  author  fame,  as 
it  contains  passages  of  very  passionate  poetry. 
The  drama  <  A  Poet  at  Court '  also  met  great 
success.  He  published  <  A  Cuban  Looker-on,' 
a  series  of  social  sketches  (1842).  Many  of 
his  poems  have  been  translated  into  English, 
French,  and  Italian,  and  nearly  all  his  works 
into  German. 

Milburn,  William  Henry.  A  noted  Ameri- 
can Methodist  preacher  and  lecturer;  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  26,  1823.  He  has  been 
widely  known  as  <<the  blind  preacher,"  and 
six  times  chaplain  of  the  national  House  of 
Representatives,  once  of  the  national  Senate 
(1893).  He  has  written  :  <  Rifle,  Axe,  and  Sad- 
dle-Bags' (1857);  <Ten  Years  of  Preacher  Life' 
(1859);  <  Pioneers  and  People  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  '  (i860).     He  died  in  IQQ^ 

Milelli,  Domenico  (me-lel'le).  An  Italian 
poet ;  bom  at  Catanzaro,  Calabria,  184I.  In- 
tended for  the  priesthood,  he  adopted  instead 
literature  of  the  most  realistic  sort.  A  prolific 
writer,  among  his  works  are  :  <  In  Youth '  (1873); 
<Gioconda>  (1874);  <Hiemalia'  (1874);  <  Pagan 
Odes'  (1879);  <Song  Book'  (1884);  etc.  His 
'Rime'  (Verses),  published  under  the  pseudo- 
n>Tn  '*  Count  of  Lara,"  has  been  very  popular. 

Miles,  George  Henry.  An  American  dram- 
atist and  story-writer ;  bom  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
July  31,  1824 ;  died  in  Thombrook,  Md.,  July  23, 
1871.  His  short  story  <Loretto,  or  the  Choice,' 
won  the  $$0  prize  offered  by  the  Baltimore 
Catholic  Mirror  for  the  best  short  story.  In 
1850  his  <  Mohammed '  won  the  $1,000  prize 
offered  by  Edwin  Forrest  for  the  best  play  by 
an  American  author.  He  wrote  many  poems, 
plays,  and  sketches ;  among  them  <  Christine,  a 
Troubadour's  Song;  and  Other  Poems'  (1866); 
and  <Abou  Hassan  the  Wag,  or  the  Sleeper 
Awakened'  (1868). 

Milicevic,  Milan  ( mil-i-chev'ich ).  A  Ser- 
vian geographical,  ethnological,  and  historical 
writer,  and  novelist;  bom  near  Belgrade,  May 
7,  1831.  He  studied  theology;  was  a  teacher 
(1850);  and  secretary  of  the  Servian  minister 
of  education   (1861).     He  has  written:  <Tbe 


Principality  of  Servia>  (1876);  <  Servian  Peasant 
Life  >  (in  the  Glasnik:  1867  and  1873);  <  King- 
dom of  Servia>  (1884);  the  stories  of  Servian 
life  <  Jurmutsa  and  Fatima,>  and  ♦  Winter  Even- 
ings'  (1879);  <  Summer  Evenings*  (1880). 

Mill,  James.  A  noted  English  philosopher, 
historian,  and  political  economist ;  bom  in  For- 
farshire, Scotland,  April  6,  1773 ;  died  at  Kens- 
ington, June  23,  1836.  He  studied  originally 
for  the  church.  His  great  work  was  <An 
Analysis  of  the  Phenomena  of  the  Human 
Mind>  (2  vols.,  1829),  which  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  the  « association »  psychology,  since 
fcbly  developed  by  Spencer  and  Bain.  He 
published  besides  a  'History  of  British  India > 
(3  vols.,  1817-18;  new  ed.  1872),  which  got  him 
a  position  with  the  East  India  Company ;  <  Po- 
litical Economy  >  (1821-22);  numerous  contri- 
butions to  the  Westminster  Review;  articles 
in  the  <  Encylopaedia  Britannica>;  etc. 

Mill,  John  Stuart.  A  celebrated  English 
philosophical  writer,  logician,  and  political  econ- 
omist, son  of  James ;  bom  in  London,  May  20, 
1806;  died  at  Avignon,  France,  May  8,  1873. 
In  early  childhood  he  was  educated  by  his 
father  after  a  unique  and  rigid  system.  He 
became  superintendent  and  proprietor  of  the 
Westminster  Review  (1836-40);  chief  examiner 
of  the  India  House  (1856);  Member  of  Parlia- 
ment (1865).  Among  his  most  important  works 
were:  <  Logic'  (1843);  <  Political  Economy* 
(1848);  < Essay  on  Liberty*  (1859);  < Utilita- 
rianism* (1862);  'Examination  of  Sir  William 
Hamilton's  Philosophy*  (1865);  <Auguste  Comte 
and  Positivism*  (1865);  <0n  the  Subjection  of 
Women*  (1869);  etc.  His  'Autobiography*  ap- 
peared in  1873.  He  was  one  of  the  most  lucid 
expositors  of  abstract  ideas  who  ever  wrote  in 
English. 

Miller,  ClncinuatuB  Heine,  better  known 
as  Joaquin  Miller.  An  American  poet;  born 
in  Wabash  district,  Ind.,  Nov,  10,  1841.  His 
checkered  life  has  included  the  extremes  of 
being  a  California  gold-miner,  editor  of  an  Ore- 
gon newspaper,  an  Oregon  lawyer  and  judge, 
a  social  lion  in  London,  journalist  at  Washing- 
ton, D. C,  etc.  The  name  of  "Joaquin**  he 
took  from  Joaquin  Murietta,  a  Mexican  brigand, 
whom  he  had  once  legally  defended.  His  <  Col- 
lected Poems*  appeared  in  1882.  Since  then 
he  has  published  'Songs  of  Mexican  Seas* 
(1887);  and  'Songs  of  the  Soul*  (1896).  He 
has  written  also  in  prose  'The  Baroness  of 
New  York*  (1877);  ''49,  or  The  Gold  Seekers 
of  the  Sierras*  (1884);  etc.  His  novel  'The 
Danites*  (1881)  was  successfully  staged. 

Miller,  Mrs.  Emily  (Huntington).  An  Amer- 
ican educator  and  popular  writer  for  the  young ; 
bom  in  Connecticut,  1833.  She  is  president  of 
the  Woman's  College  of  the  Northwestem  Uni- 
versity, 111.  Among  her  works  are  :  <  From  Ava- 
lon  and  Other  Poems  * ;  '  The  Royal  Road  to 
Fortune*  (1875);  the  'Kirkwood*  series;  etc. 

Miller,  Harriet  (Mann).  ["Olive  Thome 
Miller.**]     An   American  writer  of   children's 


MILL  "MILLER  389 

stories ;  bom  in  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  1831 ;  particularl} 
distinguished  for  her  descriptive  books  of  bird; 
and  their  habits.  Included  in  her  publication; 
are:  'A  Bird- Lover  in  the  West*;  '  In  Nesting 
Time*;  'Little  Folks  in  Feathers  and  Fur*; 
'  Our  Home  Pets* ;  and  <  Little  People  of  Asia  * 

Miller,  Hugh.  A  noted  Scottish  geologist, 
whose  writings  first  made  geology  popularly 
known;  bom  at  Cromarty,  Oct.  10,  1802;  died 
near  Edinburgh,  Dec.  2,  1856.  Beginning  life 
as  a  stone-mason  (1819-36),  he  became  bank 
accountant  at  Cromarty  (1834),  and  editor  of 
an  Edinburgh  newspaper  (1840).  His  chief 
works  were:  'The  Old  Red  Sandstone*  (1841); 
'  Footprints  of  the  Creator*  (1847); '  My  Schools 
and  Schoolmasters*  (1852);  'Testimony  of  the 
Rocks*  (1857).  He  published  besides  'Poems* 
(1829);  'Scenes  and  Legends  of  the  North  of 
Scotland*  (1835);  etc. 

Miller,  Joaquin.    See  Miller,  C.  H. 

Miller,  Johann  Martin.  A  German  novel- 
ist and  poet;  bom  at  Ulm,  Dec.  3,  1750 ;  died 
there,  June  21,  1814.  He  was  professor  at  Ulm 
(1781);  dean  and  clerical  councilor  (1810).  He 
was  best  known  by  <  Siegwart,  a  Convent  Tale  > 
(1776).  He  wrote  also  in  prose:  'Contribu- 
tion to  the  History  of  the  Tender  Passion* 
(1776);  'Correspondence  between  Three  Col- 
lege Friends*  (1776);  'Story  of  Charles  of 
Burgheim  and  Emilia  of  Rosenau*  (1778);  etc.: 
while  several  of  his  'Poems*  (1783)  became 
popular  songs. 

Miller,  Olive  Thorne.  See  MlUer,  Har- 
riet M. 

Miller,  Orest  Fedorovich  (mil'er).  A  Rus- 
sian political,  archaeological,  and  critical  writer; 
bom  in  Reval,  1833.  He  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ing Slavophils;  teacher  of  Russian  literature 
in  the  University  of  St.  Petersburg  (1861).  He 
has  written:  'The  Slav  Question  in  Life  and 
Knowledge*  (1865);  'Lomonosov  and  the  Re- 
forms of  Peter  the  Great*  (1866);  <  Ilja  Muro- 
vetz  and  the  Heroes  of  Kiev*  (1869),  a  study 
of  Russian  popular  myths;  'The  Slav  World 
and  Europe*  (1877),  his  most  successful  work; 
'Lectures  on  Russian  Literature  after  Gog  1* 
(3d  ed.  1887);  etc. 

Miller,  Stephen  Franks.  An  American  law- 
yer and  biographical  writer;  bom  in  North 
Carolina  about  1810;  died  1867.  He  wrote: 
'.Bench  and  Bar  of  Georgia*  (2  vols.,  1858),  a 
valuable  collection  of  biographies  and  histor- 
ical matter ; '  Memoir  of  General  Blackshear  and 
the  War  in  Georgia,  1813-14*  (1858);  'Wilkins 
Wylder*  (i860). 

Miller,  Thomas.  An  English  poet,  novelist, 
and  writer  on  rural  life ;  bom  at  Gainsborough, 
1807;  died  in  London,  Oct.  24,  1874.  He  sup- 
ported himself  as  a  basket-maker,  till  Rogers 
the  poet  enabled  him  to  open  a  book-store  in 
London.  He  wrote:  '  Royston  Gower*  (1838), 
a  novel;  'Rural  Sketches*  (1839),  in  verse; 
'Gideon  Giles,  the  Roper*  (1840)  and  'God- 
frey Malvern*  (1843),  novels;  'Histoiy  of  the 


384 


MILLER  — MIRABEAU 


Anglo-Saxons'  (1848;  four  editions  since);  etc. 
With  G.  W.  M.  Reynolds,  he  wrote  VoL  v.  of 
the  <  Mysteries  of  London.* 

Miller,  William.  A  Scottish  poet;  bom  in 
Bridgegate,  Glasgow,  August  1810;  died  at 
Glasgow,  Aug.  20,  1872.  Uncertain  health  pre- 
venting his  becoming  a  physician,  he  adopted 
the  trade  of  wood-turning.  He  has  been  called 
« the  laureate  of  the  nursery."  He  wrote  : 
<  Scottish  Nursery  Songs  and  Other  Poems  > 
(1863).  One  of  his  most  popular  single  poems 
was  <Wee  Willie  Winkie.> 

Millet,  Francis  Davis.  An  American  artist, 
story-writer,  and  noted  war  correspondent ;  born 
at  Mattapoisett,  Mass.,  Nov.  3,  1846.  He  was 
very  successful  as  correspondent  of  the  Lon- 
don Daily  News  in  the  Turco-Russian  war,  and 
has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  periodicals. 
He  has  publislied  in  book  form  <A  Capillary 
Crime,  and  Other  Stories ' ;  and  <  The  Danube 
from  the  Black  Forest  to  the  Black  Sea.> 

Mills,  Abraham.  An  American  prose-writer ; 
born  in  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1796;  died 
in  New  York  city,  July  8,  1867.  He  published 
•Literature  and  Literary  Men  of  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Ireland  >  (2  vols.,  1851);  <  Outlines  of 
Rhetoric  and  Belles-Lettres  >  (1854);  <  Poets 
and  Poetry  of  the  Ancient  Greeks'  (1854); 
•Compendium  of  the  History  of  the  Ancient 
Hebrews'  (1856). 

Milman,  Henry  Hart.  A  distinguished  Eng- 
lish clergyman,  historian,  and  poet ;  bom  in 
London,  Feb.  10,  1791 ;  died  near  Ascot,  Sept. 
24,  1868.  He  was  professor  of  poetry  at  Ox- 
ford, 1821-31 ;  Bampton  lecturer  1827  ;  canon  of 
Westminster  1835;  dean  of  St.  Paul's  1849.  His 
•History  of  the  Jews>  (1830)  excited  intense 
antagonism,  being  the  first  attempt  to  apply 
secular  historical  methods  to  the  sacred  history, 
though  not  irreverently.  In  1838  he  edited 
Gibbon's  •  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire,' and  in  1839  published  a  <  Life  of  Gibbon.' 
He  wrote  <  History  of  Christianity  under  the 
Empire'  (1840),  and  published  in  1855  his  most 
important  work,  <The  History  of  Latin  Christ- 
ianity down  to  the  Death  of  Pope  Nicholas  V.> 
In  verse  he  produced  <Samor'  (1818),  an  epic; 
•Fall  of  Jemsalem'  (1820);  etc.  The  drama 
•Fazio'  (1815),  written  while  he  was  at  Ox- 
ford, was  performed  in  1818  by  Charles  Kem- 
ble  and  Miss  O'Neill,  and  by  Madame  Ristori 
in  1856.  He  also  wrote  a  history  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral.  His  •Essays  and  Memoirs'  were 
collected  by  his  son  in  1870. 

Milnes,  Richard  Monckton  (milz).  See 
Houghton. 

Milton,  John.  One  of  the  greatest  of  Eng- 
lish poets ;  bom  in  London,  Dec.  9,  1608 ;  died 
there,  Nov.  8, 1674.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge 
in  1629;  traveled  in  Italy,  1638;  was  Latin  sec- 
retary of  the  Commonwealth,  1649 ;  became  to- 
tally blind  in  1652.  His  greatest  works  were  the 
famous  epics  •  Paradise  Lost'  (1666)  and  •  Para- 
dise Regained'  (1671);  the  tragedy  'Samson 
Agonistes'  (1671);  the  poems  •Comus'  (1634), 


•Lycidas'  (1637),  <L'Allegro>  (1645),  < II  Pen- 
seroso'  (1645);  and  his  various  sonnets.  Of  his 
prose  writings  the  most  renowned  were  •  Areo- 
pagitica'  (1644),  advocating  freedom  of  the 
press;  <The  Tenure  of  Kings  and  Magistrates' 
(1649),  justifying  the  execution  of  Charles  I.; 
and  the  •  Defence  of  the  English  People ' 
(1654). 

Mines,  John  Flavel.  [«  Felix  Oldboy."]  An 
American  journalist,  descriptive  writer,  and 
writer  of  verse ;  born  in  Paris,  1835 ;  died  1891. 
Originally  a  student  of  theology,  he  entered 
the  army  as  chaplain  in  1861 ;  but  afterward 
abandoned  the  ministry,  received  a  commis- 
sion, and  was  mustered  out  as  lieutenant-colonel 
in  1865.  He  published :  <  Heroes  of  the  Last 
Lustre '  (1858),  verse ;  <  Tour  around  New  York, 
by  Mr.  Felix  Oldboy'  (1888). 

Minghetti,  Marco  (min-get'te).  An  Italian 
statesman,  journalist,  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  at  Bologna,  Nov.  8,  1818;  died  at  Rome, 
Dec.  10,  1886.  A  conspicuous  political  figure  in 
his  day,  he  occupied  for  a  number  of  years  the 
highest  positions,  and  was  very  influential  in 
the  government.  He  wrote  :  •  Relation  of  Pub- 
lic Economy  to  Morality  and  Right'  (2d  ed. 
1868),  his  most  remarkable  work  ;  •  Literary  and 
Economic  Pamphlets'  (1872);  <  Italian  Ladies 
in  the  Fine  Arts'  (1877);  <  Church  and  State' 
(1878);  <  Raphael  >  (1885) ;  a  biography  ;  <  My  Re- 
collections '(1888-91);  <  Parliamentary  Speeches.' 

Minot,  Laurence.  An  English  lyric  poet; 
born  1300  (?);  died  1352  (?).  Scarcely  an}rthing 
is  known  of  his  life.  His  poetry  expressed 
the  militant  England  of  his  time,  being  devoted 
to  the  triumph  of  England  over  the  French  and 
Scots.  First  printed  in  1795;  latest  edition, 
edited  by  Joseph  Hall,  Clarendon  Press,  1887. 

Minto,  William.  A  Scottish  scholar  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  bom  in  Alford,  Aber- 
deenshire, Oct.  10,  1845 ;  died  at  Aberdeen, 
March  i,  1893.  He  was  editor  of  the  Lon- 
don Examiner,  1874-78 ;  professor  of  logic  and 
English  literature  at  the  University  of  Aber- 
deen, 1880.  Besides  several  novels,  articles  in 
the  •  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,'  contributions 
to  reviews,  etc.,  he  published  <  English  Prose 
Writers'  (1872);  and  < English  Poets'  (1874). 

Mira  de  Mescua  or  Amescua,  Antonio  (me'- 
ra  da  ma'-sk\?a).  A  Spanish  poet  and  dram- 
atist ;  bom  at  Guadix,  about  1570 ;  died  at  Ma- 
drid, 1635.  He  was  court  chaplain  at  Granada, 
and  afterward  chaplain  of  honor  to  Philip  IV. 
at  Madrid.  Calderon  and  Comeille  borrowed 
from  his  works.  A  few  of  his  lyrics  can  be 
SA^en  in  Vol.  xiii.,  five  of  his  plays  in  Vol.  xiv., 
of  Rivadeneyra's  <  Library  of  Spanish  Authors.' 

Mirabeau,  Gabriel  Honors  de  Riquetti, 
Count  of  (me-ra-b5').  A  famous  French  ora- 
tor and  revolutionist ;  born  at  Bignon,  March 
9,  1749;  died  in  Paris,  April  2,  1791.  He  rose 
to  the  lank  of  captain  in  the  army;  in  1789 
was  delegate  of  the  Third  Estate  to  the  conven- 
tion of  the  States-General,  where  his  eloquence 
made  him  a  power;  president  of  the  Jacobin 


MIRANL  J1.A— MIVART 


38s 


Club  in  1790,  of  the  National  Assembly  in  1791. 
Among  his  writings  were  :  <  The  Friend  of  Men  * 
(1755);  <  Rural  Philosophy  >  (1763);  <  The  Prus- 
sian Monarchy >  (1788),  his  chief  work;  < Secret 
History  of  the  Court  of  Berlin  >  (1789);  etc. 
He  was  the  one  large  statesman  of  the  French 
Revolution.  (*Works,>  best  edition, —  though 
lacking  the  <  Prussian  Monarchy,*  —  by  Blanch- 
ard,  10  vols.,  1822.) 

Mlrandola  (me-ran'do-la).    See  Pico. 

Mirecourt,  Eugene  de  (mer-kor').  A  French 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Mire- 
court, Nov.  19,  1812;  died  in  Tahiti,  Feb.  13, 
1880.  Among  his  novels  were :  <  Confessions 
of  Marion  Delorme>  (1848)-  <  Memoirs  of  Ni- 
non de  Lenclos*  ( 1852);  <  The  Marchioness  de 
Courcelles>  (1859).  His  name  was  originally 
Jacquot  Mirecourt. 

Mistral,  Frederi  (mes-tral').  A  celebrated 
Proven9al  poet ;  bom  at  Maillane,  Bouches-du- 
Rhone,  Sept.  8,  1830.  After  studying  law,  he 
devoted  himself  to  establishing  the  Provencal 
dialect  as  a  literary  tongue,  and  became  one 
of  the  originators  of  the  renowned  society  of 
F^librige  (1854),  founded  for  that  purpose 
His  most  famous  works  are  the  poems  <  Mi- 
rfeio*  (1858;  several  editions,  and  translated  into 
a  number  of  languages);  <Calendau>  (1867); 
and  <Nerto>    (1883).     He   has  published   also 

<  Lis  Isclo  d'Oro>  (1875),  a  collection  of  fugi- 
tive poems;  <The  Poem  of  the  Rhone'  (1897); 
two  volumes  of  <  Lou  Tresor  dou  Felibrige ' 
{1878-86);  a  Provengal-French  dictionary ;  etc. 

Mitchel,  Frederick  Augustus.  An  Ameri- 
can novelist  and  biographer;  born  1839.  He 
has  written :  *  Chattanooga  >  and  <  Chicka- 
mauga,'  two  romances  of  the  Civil  War;  and 

<  Ormsby  Macknight  Mitchel,  Astronomer  and 
General*  (1887),  a  biography  of  his  father. 

Mitchel,  Ormsby  Macknight.  An  American 
astronomer  and  soldier ;  born  in  Union  County, 
Ky.,  in  1809  or  1810;  died  in  Beaufort,  S.  C, 
of  yellow  fever,  Oct.  30,  1862.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1829;  became  professor  of 
mathematics  and  astronomy  at  Cincinnati  Col- 
lege, O.,  1834,  and  was  largely  instrumental  in 
building  and  equipping  the  observatory  there , 
and  was  director  of  the  Dudley  Observatory, 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  1859.  He  was  made  brigadier- 
general  in  the  Federal  service,  1861 ;  won  the 
battle  of  Huntsville,  Ala.,  April  1862;  was  pro- 
moted to  major-general  and  commander  of  the 
Department  of  the  South.  He  delivered  many 
popular  lectures  on  astronomy,  and  published 

<  Planetary  and  Stellar  Worlds  > ;  <  The  Orbs  of 
Heaven  > ;  <  Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Sun  * ; 
and  'Astronomy  of  the  Bible.* 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant.  [«Ik  Marvel.**] 
A  noted  American  essayist  and  novelist;  born 
at  Norwich,  Conn.,  April  1822.  Originally  a 
lawyer,  he  was  consul  at  Venice  1853-55 !  he 
has  since  lived  on  his  estate  Edgewood,  near 
New  Haven,  Conn.  His  best-known  works 
are:  <  Reveries  of  a  Bachelor*  (1850);  <  Dream 
Life*(i85i);  <My  Farm  of  Edgewood  >  (1863 >; 

as 


<  Wet  Days  at  Edgewood  *  (1864).  He  has  written 
also:  <  Doctor  Johns  *(l866j,  a  novel ;  <  Bound  To- 
gether* (1884);  'English  Lands,  Letters  and 
Kings  *  (1889-90);  <  American  Lands  and  Letters  * 
(1897). 

Mitchell,  John  Ames.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  novelist ;  born  in  New  York,  Jan.  17, 
1845.  He  is  the  editor  of  Life.  He  has  pub- 
lished '  The  Summer  School  of  Philosophy  at 
Mount  Desert  *  (1881);  <  Romance  of  the  Moon  > 
(1886);  <  That  First  Affair,  and  Other  Stories* ; 
<The  Silent  War.* 

Mitchell,  Langdon  Elwyn.  [«  John  Philip 
Varley  *'.]  An  American  writer,  son  of  S.  Weir; 
born    in    Philadelphia,    1862.     He  is   author  of 

<  Love  in  the  Backwoods  *  and  <  Becky  Sharp.* 

Mitchell,  Silas  Weir.  A  distinguished  Amer- 
ican physician,  poet,  and  novelist;  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Feb.  15,  1829.  He  is  noted  as  a 
specialist  in  toxicology,  nervous  disorders,  etc., 
the  results  of  his  researches  being  embodied  in 
a  number  of  valuable  medical  works.  He  has 
achieved  a  high  reputation  by  his  purely  liter- 
ary books :  <  Hephzibah  Guinness,  and  Other 
Stories*  (1880);  <  In  War  Time*  (1885), a  novel; 

<  Poems*    (1882-87);    <  Characteristics  >    (1893); 

<  Hugh  Wynne  *  ( 1897) ;  *  Youth  of  Washington.> 

Mitchell,  Walter.  An  American  prose  and 
verse  writer  ;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1826.  He 
is  an  Episcopalian  clergyman  of  New  York  city, 
and  writer  of  <  Two  Strings  to  his  Bow  * ;  <  Bryan 
Maurice,*  a  novel;  and  'Tacking  Off  Shore,* 
and  <  The  Mocking  Bird,*  notable  poems. 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell.  A  distinguished 
English  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Aires- 
ford,  Hampshire,  Dec.  16, 1787  ;  died  at  Swallow- 
field,  Jan.  10,  1855.  Pier  father  (a  physician) 
having  dissipated  several  fortunes,  she  adopted 
literature  as  a  means  of  family  support.  Her 
most  famous  works  were  :  <  Our  Village  *  (5  vols., 
1824-32) ;  and  <  Recollections  of  a  Literary  Life  > 
(1852-54).     Other    works    were    the    tragedies 

<  Julian*  (1823),  <The  Foscari*  (1826),  and  <  Ri- 
enzi*  (1828),  all  produced  by  Macready  or 
Charles  Kemble,  the  last  being  the  best ;  <  Bel- 
ford  Regis*  {1835),  a  novel ;  poems,  short  stories, 
juvenile  stories,  etc. ;  besides  which  she  was  a 
contributor  to  periodicals  and  all  sorts  of  occas- 
ional publications. 

Mitford,  William.  An  English  historian; 
born  in  London,  Feb.  10,  1744 ;  died  at  Exbury, 
Feb.  10,  1827.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but 
never  practiced;  was  Member  of  Parliament 
for  over  twenty  vears,  and  professor  of  history 
at  the  Royal  Academy.  His  most  notable  work 
wasthe  ^History  of  Greece*:  Vol.  i.,  1784;  Vol. 
v.,  1818.     (Best  edition,  8  vols.,  1838.) 

Mivart,  St.  George  Jackson  (miv^art).  An 
English  naturalist;  born  in  London,  Nov.  30, 
1827;  died  there,  April  I,  1900.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  biology  in  University  College,  1874-77; 
was  professor  of  the  philosophy  of  natural  history 
at  the  University  of  Louvain,  Belgium,  after 
1890.  Among  his  chief  works  are  :  'Genesis  of 
Species)  (1870-71);  <Man  and  Apes>  (l873">; 
'Contemporary  Evolution)  (1876);  'Origin  of 
Human   Reason)   (1889);    'Types  of  Animal 


386 


MOE  — MOLLER 


Life>  (1893).  Though  an  evolutionist,  he  is 
well  known  as  denying  that  evolution  accounts 
for  the  human  intellect. 

Moe,  Jbrgen  Ingebrektsen  (m5'e).  A  dis- 
tinguished Norwegian  poet  and  folk-lorist ; 
born  in  the  district  of  Ringerike.  about  1813; 
died  at  Christiansand,  1880  (?).  He  became 
bishop  of  Christiansand  in  1875.  The  influ- 
ence on  Norwegian  language,  literature,  and 
art,  of  the  popular  fairy  tales  collected  at  great 
pains  by  him,  can  hardly  be  exaggerated.  He 
wrote:  <Digte>  (Poems:  2d  ed.  1856);  <In  the 
Well  and  in  the  Tarn>  (1851),  stories  for  child- 
ren; <  Norwegian  Folk-Tales  >  (5th  ed.  1874-, 
English  translation  as  <  Popular  Tales  from  the 
Norse  >  by  Dasent,  3d  ed.  1888),  with  P.  C. 
Asbjornsen;  etc.     (<VVorks,>  1877.) 

Moffat,  James  Clement,  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  born  in  Glencree,  Galloway, 
Scotland,  May  30, 181 1 ;  died  in  Princeton,  N.  J., 
June  7,  1890.  He  contributed  numerous  articles 
to  periodicals,  and  published  <A  Rhyme  of  the 
North  Countrie>  (1847);  <Life  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Chalmers  >  (1853);  <Song  and  Scenery,  or,  A 
Summer  Ramble  in  Scotland'  (1874);  < Church 
History  in  Brief  >  (1885);  <  The  Story  of  a 
Dedicated  Life>  (1887). 

Moffat,  Robert.  A  noted  Scottish  mission- 
ary ;  born  at  Ormiston,  Dec.  21,  1795 ;  died  at 
Leigh,  Kent,  Aug.  8,  1883.  Originally  a  gar- 
dener, he  went  to  South  Africa  as  a  mission- 
ary in  1816,  remaining  till  1870;  he  translated 
parts  of  the  Bible,  hymn-books,  etc.,  into  the 
Bechuana  and  other  barbaric  languages,  and 
was  very  successful.  He  wrote  <  Labors  and 
Scenes  in  South  Africa'  (1842).  One  of  his 
daughters  married  Dr.  Livingstone,  the  Afri- 
can explorer. 

MoLl,  Julius  von  (m5l).  A  German-French 
Orientalist ;  born  at  Stuttgart,  Wurtemberg,  Oct. 
25,  1800 ;  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  4,  1876.  He  was 
professor  of  Oriental  literature  at  Tiibingen  in 
1826 ;  professor  of  Persian  literature  in  the  Col- 
lege de  France,  1845.  His  principal  work  was 
his  edition  of  Firdausi's  <Shah  Namah'  (The 
Book  of  the  Kings :  6  vols.,  Paris,  1836-68,  text 
and  translation). 

Mokry,  Otokar  (mok're).  A  Bohemian  poet 
and  novelist;  born  at  Budweis,  1854.  He  is 
State  notary  at  Vodnany,  and  editor  of  the  <  Peo- 
ple's Cheap  Library.'  He  is  a  romanticist.  He 
has  written :  in  verse,  <  Melodies  from  South- 
ern Bohemia'  (1880),  <  Poems'  (1883),  <  On 
tlie  Maiden's  Rock'  (1S85),  <  Reflections  and 
Legends'  (1888);  and  in  prose,  < Short  Stories 
and  Arabesques'  (1883),  < Short  Stories  and 
Sketches'  (1886);  etc. 

Molbech,  Christian  Knud  Frederik  (mol'- 
bech).  A  Danish  poet  and  dramatist;  born  at 
Copenhagen,  July  20,  1821 ;  died  at  Kiel,  May 
20,  1888.  He  was  professor  of  Danish  language 
and  literature  at  Kiel,  1853-64 ;  then  a  journal- 
ist at  Copenhagen  ;  censor  at  the  royal  theatre, 
Copenhagen.  Among  his  works  were  :  <  Pict- 
ures from  the  Life  of  Jesus  >  (1840),  a  volume 


of  poems;  <The  Bride  of  the  Mountain  King> 
(1845),  and  <The  Venusberg'  (1845),  dramas; 
< Twilight'  (1851),  poems;  <  Poems,  Lyric  and 
Dramatic'  (1863);  <The  Financier,'  a  comedy. 
(<  Poetical  Works,'  new  ed.  1879.) 

Molesworth,  Mrs.  Mary  Louisa  (StJwart). 
[«Ennis  Graham."]  An  English  novelist  and 
writer  for  children ;  born  of  Scotch  parentage 
at  Rotterdam,  Holland,  1842.  She  has  lived 
several  years  in  France  and  Germany.  Among 
her  works  are  the  novels  <  Lover  and  Hus- 
band' (new  ed.  1873),  'She  was  Young  and 
He  was  Old'  (1872),  < Cicely'  (1874),  <Miss 
Bouverie'  (1880);  and  the  juveniles  <Tell 
Me  a  Story'  (1875),  < Carrots'  (1876),  < Children 
of  the  Castle'  (1890),  < Hollow  Tree  House,' 
etc.  ( 1894) ;  'The  Laurel  Walk  > ;  <  Peterkin.' 

Moliere  (mo-lyar'),  the  stage  name  of  Jean 
Baptiste  Poquelin.  The  greatest  of  French 
dramatists;  bom  in  Paris,  Jan.  I5(?),  1622;  died 
there,  Feb.  17, 1673.  His  greatest  works  were  his 
comedies  of  character,  <  The  School  for  Wives ' 
(1662);  <Tartuffe'  (1664),  thought  by  many  to  be 
his  masterpiece;  <Don  Juan'  (1665);  <The  Mis- 
anthrope' (1666);  <The  Miser'  (1668);  <The 
Tradesman  Turned  Gentleman'  (1670);  <The 
Learned  Ladies'  (1672);  <The  Imaginary  In- 
valid' (1673).  Other  renowned  dramas  were: 
<The  Affected  Ladies'  (1659);  <  Sganarelle ' 
(1660);  <The  School  for  Husbands'  (1661); 
<The   Physician  in  Spite   of   Himself   (1666); 

<  Georges  Dandin  '  (1668). 

Molina,  Juan  Ignacio  (mo-le'na).  A  Jesuit 
historian ;  born  in  the  province  of  Talca,  Chili, 
June  24,  1737 ;  died  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept. 
12,  1829.  After  1774  he  resided  at  Bologna, 
teaching  and  devoting  his  leisure  to  the  com- 
position of  valuable  historical  works  on  Chili. 
These  were:  < Compendium  of  Chilian  His- 
tory'; < Essay  on  Chilian  Natural  History' 
(1782);  < Essay  on  Chilian  Civil  History'  (1787), 
the  last-named  being  translated  into  several  lan- 
guages, including  English ;  etc. 

Molinos,  Miguel  (mo-Ie'nos).  A  Spanish 
mystic,  founder  of  the  Quietists ;  born  near  Sa- 
ragossa,  Dec.  21,  1640 ;  died  at  Rome,  Dec.  29, 
1696  or  1697.  He  was  a  priest  at  Rome.  His 
principal  work,  <A  Spiritual  Guide'  (1675), 
maintained  that  godliness  consists  in  uninter- 
rupted communion  with  God  through  contem- 
plation—  the  doctrine  called  «  Quietism."  This 
being  thought  to  imperil  the  doctrine  of  good 
actions,  the  book  was  condemned  (1687);  and 
in  spite  of  recanting,  he  was  imprisoned  for 
life,  dying  in  confinement. 

Mbller,  Peter  Ludwig  (mel'ler).  A  Danish 
poet  and  art  critic ;  born  at  Aalborg,  April  18, 
1814;  died  at  Rouen,  Dec.  7,  1865.  He  spent 
the  last  fifteen  years  of  his  life  in  Paris.  He 
published  <  Lyrical  Poems'  (1840);  <  Critical 
Sketches'  (1847);  <  Pictures  and  Songs'  (1847); 

<  Falling  of  the  Leaves'  (1855,  under  the  pseu- 
donym of  <<Otto  Sommer");  and  the  interesting 
work  'Modern  Comedy  in  France  and  Den- 
mark' (1858). 


MOLLER  — MONROE 


387 


Mbller,  Poul  Martin.  A  Danish  poet,  nov- 
elist, and  philosophical  writer;  born  at  Veile, 
March  21,  1794 ;  died  at  Copenhagen,  March 
13,  1838.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Christiania,  Norway,  1828-31,  and  at  Copenha- 
gen in  1831.  Of  a  number  of  fine  lyrics,  the 
best-known  was  his  *■  Joy  over  Denmark.'  In 
fiction  he  wrote  <  Eyvind  the  Skald,*  <A  Danish 
Student's  Adventure,'  etc.  His  philosophical 
writings  are  contained  in  his  <  Posthumous 
Works'  (3d  ed.  1856).  He  wrote  also  < Notes 
Taken  on  a  Journey  to  China.'  <  Poetry  and 
Prose,'  selections,  appeared  in  1891. 

Moltke,   Count  Hellmuth   Karl   Bernhard 

von  (molt'ke).  The  famous  Prussian  field-mar- 
shal ;  born  at  Parchim,  Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
Oct.  26,  1800;  died  at  Berlin,  April  24,  1891. 
Having  reorganized  the  Prussian  army  (1858- 
63-),  he  won  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  1870-71 ; 
became  field-marshal,  187 1 ;  life  member  of  the 
Prussian  Upper  House,  1872.  He  published : 
<  The  Russo-Turkish  Campaign,  1828-29'  (2d 
ed.  1877);  <  History  of  the  Franco-Prussian  War' 
(1891);  <  Letters'  (1892);  <  Letters  on  Conditions 
in  Turkey'  (6th  ed.  1893);  etc.  (<  Works,'  1891- 
93.    <  Military  Works,'  1892-93). 

Monunsen,  Theodor  (mom'zen).  A  famous 
German  historian ;  born  at  Garding,  Schleswig, 
Nov.  30,  1817.  He  was  professor  of  law  at 
Leipzig,  1848-50;  of  Roman  law,  at  Ziirich 
1852-54,  at  Breslau  1854-58;  of  ancient  history 
at  Berlin,  1858 ;  member  of  the  Prussian  House 
of  Delegates.  His  great  work  is  <  Roman  His- 
tory' (1854-56;  8th  ed.  1888-89;  vol.  5,  3d  ed. 
1886).  He  has  written  besides,  <  Roman  Chro- 
nology down  to  Caasar'  (2d  ed.  1859);  <  History 
of  Roman  Coinage'  (i860);  <  Roman  Investi- 
gations' (1864-79); '  History  of  Roman  Political 
Law'  (3d  ed.  1888).  He  was  editor-in-chief  of 
the  great  <  Body  of  Latin  Inscriptions'  (15  vols, 
iind  supplement,  1863-93).  His  historical  work 
•^ncorporates  the  results  of  vast  learning  in 
i.iany  lields.     Died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  i,  1903. 

Monboddo,  James  Burnet,  Lord  (mon-bod'- 
do).  A  distinguished  Scottish  judge  and  phil- 
osophical writer;  born  at  Monboddo,  1714; 
died  at  Edinburgh,  May  26,  1799.  He  wrote : 
^Dissertation  on  Language*  (6  vols.,  1773-92), 
and  'Ancient  Metaphysics'  (6  vols.,  1779-99); 
both  works  upholding  the  theory  that  the  hu- 
man race  was  developed  from  simian  stock. 

Monier-Williams,  Sir  Monier.  An  English 
Orientalist;  bom  at  Bombay,  India,  1819;  died 
at  Cannes,  April  II,  1899.  He  was  professor 
of  Sanskrit  at  Haileybury  College  1844-58, 
Cheltenham  College  1858-60,  Oxford  i860. 
His  books  include:  Sanskrit  grammars  (1846 
and  i860);  English-Sanskrit  (1851)  and  San- 
skrit-English (1872)  dictionaries;  editions  of 
Kalidasa's  (^akuntala  (1853)  and  other  San- 
skrit texts;  <Rudiments  of  Hindustani'  (1858); 
'Indian  Epic  Poetry'  (1863);  'Indian  Wisdom' 
(1875);  Hinduism' (1877);  'Modem  India  and 
the  Indians'  (1878);  Religious  Thought  and 
Life  in  India)  (1883);  'The  Holy  Bible  and  the 
Sacred  Books  of  the  East'  (1887);  and  'Bud- 


dhism in  its  Connection  with  Brahminism  and 
Hinduism,  and  in  its  Contrast  with  Christianity^ 
—the  Duff  Lectures  (1889). 

Monkhouse,  'Williani  Cosmo.  An  English  ar^ 
critic,  born  March  18,  1840;  died,  July  20,  190I. 
Among  his  works  are  :  'A  Dream  of  Idleness' 
(1865),  verse;  'A  question  of  Honor'  (1868^, 
a  novel;  'Masterpieces  of  English  Art'  (i868k 
<Tumer'  (1879,  in  the  'Great  Artists'  series); 
<Italian  Pre-Raphaelites'  (1887);  etc. 

Monnier,  Marc  (mo-nya').  A  French  scholar 
and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  at  Florence, 
Italy,  Dec.  7,  1827 ;  died  at  Geneva,  April  18, 
1885.  He  was  professor  of  comparative  liter- 
ature at  Geneva.  Among  his  works  were :  '  Is 
Italy  the  Land  of  the  Dead?'  (1830),  which 
made  a  sensation;  'Permitted  Loves'  (1861),  a 
novel;  'Figaro's  Ancestors'  (1868),  an  essay 
in  dramatic  history ;  '  Plays  for  Marionettes  > 
(1871);  'Geneva  and  its  Poets'  (1874);  'Popu- 
lar Tales  in  Italy'  (1880);  'History  of  Modern 
Literature'  (2  vols.,  1884-85);  and  in  verse 
'Lucioles'  (1863),  'Poems'  (1872). 

Monod,  Gabriel  Jacques  Jean  (mo-no').  A 
distinguished  French  historian ;  born  at  Ingou- 
ville,  near  Havre,  May  7,  1844.  Since  1880 
he  has  been  a  lecturer  at  the  Normal  School, 
Paris.  Chiefly  noted  for  his  researches  in  me- 
diaeval history,  he  has  published :  '  Germans 
and  French'  (1872);  'Jules  Michelet'  (1875); 
<  Critical  Studies  on  the  Sources  of  Merovin- 
gian History'  (1872-85);  the  school  text-books, 
'Short  Universal  History'  (1883),  with  M.  G. 
Dhombre,  and  '  History  of  France  to  Louis 
XL'  (1884),  with  P.  Boudois;  'Bibliography  of 
the  History  of  France'  (1888),  indispensable 
to  the  student ;  a  translation  of  J.  R.  Green's 
'History  of  the  English  People'  (with  his 
brother,  A.  M.  Monod);  articles  in  French  and 
English  reviews ;  'Portraits  and  Souvenirs'  (1897). 

Monroe,  Harriet.  An  American  poet  and 
biographer  ;  born  i860.  She  has  written  '  Co- 
lumbian Ode'  (1893),  composed  for  the  opening 
celebration  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion ;  <  John  Wellborn  Root  >  (1896),  a  study  of  his 
life  and  work;'  Historical  Lutheranism.' 

Monroe,  James.  The  fifth  President  of  the 
United  States ;  bom  in  Westmoreland  County, 
Va.,  April  28,  1758 ;  died  in  New  York,  July  4, 
1831.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
was  useful  to  his  State  and  country  in  many 
conspicuous  positions,  and  was  President  of  the 
United  States  for  two  terms,  1817-25.  The  time 
of  his  administration  is  known  as  the  "era  of 
good  feeling,"  from  the  lack  of  party  divisions, 
the  Federalist  party  having  been  absorbed  in 
the  Democratic.  Among  its  chief  events  were 
the  acquisition  of  Florida,  1819;  the  Missouri 
Compromise,  1820;  and  the  statement  of  the 
"  Monroe  Doctrine,"  1823.  He  published  :  <  Con- 
duct of  the  Executive  in  the  Foreign  Affairs 
of  the  United  States'  (1798);  'Tour  of  Obser- 
vation through  the  North-Eastem  and  North- 
Westem  States'  (1818);  'The  People  the  Sov- 
ereigns ' ;  etc. 


388 


MONSELL  —  MONTEMAYOR 


Monsell,  John  Samuel  Bewley.  An  Eng- 
lish divine  and  hymn -writer;  born  at  St.  Co- 
lumb's,  Derry,  Ireland,  March  2,  i8il;  died 
April  9,  1875,  at  Guildford,  England,  his  final 
church  living.  Among  his  popular  publica- 
tions of  devotional  poetry  were  :  <  Parish  Mus- 
ings* (7th  ed.  1863);  <  Hymns  of  Love  and 
Praise  >  (2d  ed.  1866);  <The  Passing  Bell,  and 
Other  Poems'  (2d  ed.  1869);  < Simon  the  Cyre- 
nian,  and  Other  Poems*  (new  ed.  1876);  < Spir- 
itual Songs*  (6th  ed.  1887). 

Montagu,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Robinson).    An 

English  social  leader  and  letter-writer ;  born 
at  York,  Oct.  2,  1720;  died  in  London,  Aug. 
25,  1800.  She  married  Edward  Montagu,  grand- 
son of  the  fifth  Earl  of  Sandwich.  She  gave 
every  year  a  famous  dinner  to  the  London 
chimney-sweeps.  Her  residence  in  Portman 
Square  was  the  meeting-place  of  the  celebrated 
<•  Blue-Stocking  Club  '*  (origin  of  this  famous 
term).  Among  her  visitors  and  associates  were 
Lord  Lyttelton,  Burke,  Garrick,  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  Hannah  More,  Fanny  Burney,  etc. 
She  wrote  three  of  the  dialogues  in  Lord 
Lyttelton's  <  Dialogues  of  the  Dead  *  (4th  ed. 
1765);  <The  Genius  of  Shakespeare'  (1769),  an 
essay;  <  Letters*  (4  vols.,  1809),  her  best-known 
work. 

Montagu,  Mary  Wortley,  Lady.  A  famous 
English  letter-writer;  born  at  Thoresby,  Notts, 
May  26,  1689;  died  in  England,  Aug.  21,  1762. 
Her  high  birth  (eldest  daughter  of  an  earl 
afterwards  duke)  gave  her  brilliant  wit  and 
literary  gifts  national  fame.  Accompanying 
her  husband  (grandson  of  the  first  Earl  of 
Sandwich,  and  the  richest  commoner  in  Eng- 
land) to  Constantinople,  where  he  was  minister 
to  the  Porte  (1716-17),  she  assisted  in  intro- 
ducing from  the  East  into  England  the  prac- 
tice of  inoculation.  At  one  time  the  friend  of 
Pope,  she  quarreled  with  him  afterward.  From 
1739  to  1762,  having  left  her  husband,  she  was 
again  abroad,  settling  in  1758  at  Venice.  Her 
<  Letters,*  with  a  life,  appear  in  her  works 
(3d  ed.  1887). 

Montague,  Charles  Howard.  An  American 
journalist  and  novelist ;  born  in  Massachusetts, 
1858 ;  died  1889.  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  Boston  Globe.  He  wrote :  <  Romance  of  the 
Lilies*  (1886);  <The  Face  of  Rosenfel*  (1888); 
'Countess  Muta>;  etc. 

Montaigne,  Michel  Eyquem  de  (mon-tan'). 
The  famous  French  moral  philosopher ;  born  at 
Chateau  Montaigne,  P^rigord,  Feb.  28,  1533 ; 
died  Sept.  13,  1592.  Having  originally  studied 
law,  he  became  a  courtier  in  1559;  was  attached 
to  the  person  of  Henry  III.,  1571;  traveled  in 
Germany,  Switzerland,  and  Italy,  1580 ;  was 
mayor  of  Bordeaux  1581-85.  His  masterpiece 
was  his  <  Essays  >  (1580;  5th  ed.  during  his  life- 
time, with  an  added  book,  1588 ;  many  editions 
since,  the  best  being  Le  Cleve's,  4  vols.,  Paris, 
1865;  the  best  English  translation,  Hazlitt's). 
They  are  marked  by  a  doubting  or  inquiring 
spirit,  a  tolerant  and  anti-persecuting  temper, 
and  a  classic  perfection  of  style. 


Montalembert,  Charles  Forbes  de  Tryon, 
Comte  de  (mohta-loh-bar').  A  noted  French 
statesman,  historian,  and  orator;  born  in  Lon- 
don, May  29,  1810;  died  in  Paris,  March  13, 
1870.  He  championed  the  Catholic  and  cler- 
ical interests.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Peers  in  1835;  the  National  Assembly 
1848;  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1848-57.  His 
principal  writings  were :  <  Life  of  St.  Elizabeth 
of  Hungary*  (1836);  <The  Political  Future  of 
England*  (1855);  < The  Monks  of  the  West* 
(1860-67  ;  5th  ed.  1874-77),  his  main  work ;  <  Let- 
ters to  a  College  Friend*  (1874);  etc.  (<  Works,* 
1861-68.) 

Montalvin,  Juan  Perez  de  (mon-tal-van'). 
A  Spanish  dramatist  and  story-writer;  born  at 
Madrid,  1602 ;  died  June  25,  1638.  He  was  a 
priest  at  Madrid,  and  notary  of  the  Inquisition. 
His  best  play,  <  Teruel's  Lovers,*  one  of  the 
most  popular  of  Spanish  dramas,  holds  the 
stage  at  the  present  da)'.  Among  his  works 
were:  <  Model  Novels*  (1624);  <  Life  and  Pur- 
gatory of  St.  Patrick*  (1627);  <  El  Para-Todos* 
(1632),  a  collection  of  diverting  stories,  anec- 
dotes, and  plays ;  etc.  The  best  of  his  dramas 
can  be  seen  in  Vol.  xiv.  of  Rivadeneyra's  <  Li- 
brary of  Spanish  Authors*  (Madrid,  1881). 

Montalvo,  Garcia  Ordoflez  de  (mon-tal'vo). 
A  Spanish  romancer;  lived  at  the  end  of  the 
15th  century.  He  was  governor  of  the  city  of 
Medina  del  Campo.  He  was  the  author  of  the 
earliest  Spanish  version  of  the  famous  <  Amadis 
of  Gaul.* 

Montchrestien,  Antoine  de  (moh-kra-tyah'). 
A  French  poet,  dramatist,  and  political  econo- 
mist; born  at  Falaise,  Normandy,  about  1570; 
died  near  Domfront,  October  1621.  His  life 
was  adventurous  and  romantic.  He  wrote  a 
work  on  political  economy  (he  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  to  introduce  the  term  into  French); 
several  poems,  and  seven  tragedies  possessing 
merit.  (<  Dramatic  Works,*  Rouen,  last  ed. 
1607.) 

Montegut,  tmile  (moh-ta-gii')-  A  French 
journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  at 
Limoges,  June  24,  1825.  He  became  a  chev- 
alier of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1865.  He 
has  published  in  book  form  <  The  Netherlands : 
Impressions  of  Travel  and  Art*  (1869);  < Poets 
and  Artists  of  Italy*  (1881);  'Literary  Types 
and  /Esthetic  Fancies*  (1882);  < Books  and 
People  of  the  Orient*  (1885);  'Critical  Mis- 
cellanies* (1887);  <A  Critic's  Reading  Hours* 
(1891);  etc. 

Montemayor,  Jorge  de  (mon-ta-ma-yor').  A 
celebrated  Spanish  romance-writer  and  poet ; 
born  at  Montemayor,  Portugal,  about  1520 ;  died 
at  Turin,  Feb.  26,  1561.  When  a  young  man 
he  was  in  the  army;  afterward,  being  a  skill- 
ful musician,  was  attached  to  the  traveling 
chapel  of  the  prince  of  Spain  (later  Philip  II.), 
visiting  several  countries,  particularly  Italy  and 
Flanders.  His  principal  work  was  the  famous 
•Diana  Enamorada*  ('Diana  in  Love,*  1542; 
latest    ed.    Madrid,    1795),    the    most    popular 


MOXTEPIN  -  MOORE 


389 


Spanish  pastoral  romance  since  <Amadis  of 
Gaul.>  It  furnished  the  model  for  Sir  Philip 
Sidney's  'Arcadia.'  (<  Works,*  Antwerp,  1554; 
several  editions  since.) 

Montepin,  Xavier  Aymon  de  (mofi-ta-pafi'). 
A  French  novelist  and  dramatist ;  born  at  Apre- 
mont,  Haute-Sa6ne,  March  18,  1824;  died  at 
Paris,  May  I,  1902.  His  works  abound  in  sen- 
sational incidents  and  situations.  He  wrote 
nearly  IChd  novels,  which  have  been  translated 
into  almost  every  language,  the  first  being  <The 
Knights  of  Lansquenet'  (1847);  and,  alone  or 
with  collaborators,  about  30  plays. 

Montesquieu,  Charles  de  Secondat,  Baron 
de  (mon-tes-kye').  A  famous  French  historian 
and  political  philosopher;  born  near  Bordeaux, 
Jan.  18,  1689 ;  died  in  Paris,  Feb.  10,  1755.  He 
gave  up  high  magistracies  to  travel  widely  in 
order  to  collect  material  for  the  renowned 
< Spirit  of  Laws*  (1748);  his  masterpiece,  and 
one  of  the  most  influential  works  of  modern 
times,  establishing  the  historical  method  in 
political  science.  He  wrote  besides  :  '  Persian 
Letters'  (1721),  a  satire  on  French  society; 
'The  Temple  of  Cnidus'  (1725),  an  allegory; 
'Causes  of  Roman  Greatness  and  Decline' 
(1734),  a  powerful  work;  'Dialogue  of  Sylla 
Eucrates  and  Lysimachus '  (174S);  etc. 
('Works,'  best  edition,  Paris,  1879.) 

Montgomery,  Florence.  An  English  novel- 
ist, daughter  of  Sir  Alexander  Montgomery ; 
born  1843.  She  has  written :  '  A  Very  Simple 
Story  >  ( 1867  ) ;  '  Thrown  Together '  ( 1872  ) ; 
'Thwarted'  (1874);  'Wild  Mike  and  his  Vic- 
tim' (newed.  1878); 'Seaforth'  (1878);  <  Trans- 
formed' (1886);  'The  Fisherman's  Daughter' 
( 1.S8S);  <  Prejudged  ' ;  <  An  Unshared  Secret.' 

Montgomery,  James.  An  English  poet,  best 
known  by  his  hymns  and"  devotional  poetry ; 
born  at  Irvine,  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  Nov.  4,  1771 ; 
died  at  Sheffield,  England,  April  30,  1854.  He 
founded  and  edited  the  Sheffield  Iris,  1794- 
1825.  He  published  : '  The  West  Indies '  (1809), 
an  anti-slavery  poem ;  '  The  World  before  the 
Flood'  (1813);  'Greenland'  (1819);  'Prose  by 
a  Poet'  (1830-31),  lectures  on  poetry  and  Eng- 
lish literature;  'Original  Hymns'  (1853),  his 
chief  work ;  etc. 

Monti,  Luigi  (mon'te).  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer;  born  in  Palermo,  Sicily,  in 
1830.  Being  exiled,  he  came  to  Boston  in  1850. 
Besides  contributions  to  magazines,  he  has  pub- 
lished '  The  Adventures  of  an  American  Consul 
Abroad'  (1878);  and  'Leone,'  a  novel  in  the 
'  Round  Robin  >  series.  Longfellow  introduced 
him  in  his  'Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn'  as  the 
young  Sicilian. 

Monti,  Vlncenzo.  A  celebrated  Italian  poet; 
born  near  Ravenna,  Feb.  19, 1754 ;  died  at  Milan, 
Oct.  13,  1828.  He  was  secretary  of  the  Cis- 
alpine Republic ;  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Pavia ; 
Napoleon's  Italian  court  historiographer;  a 
member  of  the  Italian  Institute.  Among  his 
works  were  the  tragedies  '  Aristodemus'  (1787), 
•Caius   Gracchus,'  etc.;    '  Basvilliana'    (1793), 


a  grand  poem  in  four  cantos  on  the  death  of 
Hugo  Basville ;  '  Mascheroniana,'  a  poem  on 
the  death  of  the  mathematician  Mascheroni ; 
'Italian  Dictionary'  (1817-26);  etc. 

Montiano  y  Luyando,  Agustin  de  (mon-ti- 
a'no  e  16-i-an'd5).  A  Spanish  poet  and  dram- 
atist; born  at  Valladolid,  March  i,  1697;  died 
at  Madrid,  Nov.  I,  1764.  He  was  director  of 
the  Academy  of  History,  Madrid.  He  wrote 
'  The  Rape  of  Diana '  and  '  The  Lyre  of  Or- 
pheus,' poems;  'Virginia'  (1750)  and  'Athaul- 
pho'  (1753),  tragedies  aiming  at  a  reform  of 
the  Spanish  drama  by  bringing  it  into  conform- 
ity with  the  rules  of  the  French  stage ;  and 
other  works. 

Montresor,  Frances  Frederica.  An  English 
novelist,  daughter  of  the  late  Admiral  F.  B. 
Montrdsor,  R.  N.  She  resides  in  London.  She 
is  the  author  of  several  powerful  stories  of 
lowly  life :  the  first,  '  Into  the  Highways  and 
Hedges'  (1895),  met  with  instant  success;  and 
'False  Coin  or  True'  (1896),  the  story  of  a 
workhouse  girl,  and  'Worth  While'  (1896), 
have  been  favorably  received. 

Moodie,  Susanna.  A  Canadian  poet  and 
prose-writer,  sister  of  Agnes  Strickland ;  born 
in  Reydon  Hall,  Suffolk,  England,  Dec.  6, 
1803;  died  in  Toronto,  Canada,  April  8,  1885. 
She  wrote :  '  Enthusiasm  and  Other  Poems  > 
(1829);  'Roughing  it  in  the  Bush,  or  Life  in 
Canada'  (2  vols.,  1852);  'Matrimonial  Specula- 
tions' (1854);  and  'The  Monctons'  (2  vols., 
1856). 

Moody,  Dwight  Lyman.  A  noted  American 
evangelist;  born  at  Northfield,  Mass.,  Feb.  5, 
1837;  died  there,  Dec.  22,  1899.  With  Ira  D. 
Sankey  he  held  revival  meetings  in  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain.  He  founded  a  School 
for  Christian  Workers  in  Northfield,  and  a  Bible 
Institute  in  Chicago.  Among  his  works  are  : 
'Arrows  and  Anecdotes'  ( 1877);  'Secret  Power' 
(1881);  'Bible  Characters)  (1888);  etc. 

Mooney,  James.  An  American  ethnologist; 
born  at  Richmond,  Ind.,  1861.  From  a  boy  of 
12  his  specialty  has  been  Indian  ethnology.  He 
has  written:  'Medical  Mythology  of  Ireland' 
(1887);  'Funeral  Customs  of  Ireland'  (1888); 
'Holiday  Customs  of  Ireland'  (i8qo);  'Myths 
of  the  Cherokees';  <  Siouan  Tribes  of  the 
East';  'The  Messiah  Religion  and  the  Ghost- 
Dance  * ;  <  Myths  of  the  Kero  Kec' 

Moore,  Mrs.  Bloomfield.  See  Bloomfield- 
Moore. 

Moore,  Charles  Leonard.  An  American 
writer  of  verse ;  born  at  Philadelphia  in  1854. 
A  lawyer  there,  he  was  consul  at  San  Antonio, 
Brazil,  1878-79.  He  has  written  :  '  Poems,  An- 
tique and  Modern'  (1883);  'A  Book  of  Day- 
Dreams '  in  verse ;  and  '  Banquet  of  Palacios,' 
a  comedy;  <  The  Red   Branch   Crests'  (1904). 

Moore,  Clement  Clarke.  An  American  edu- 
cational writer  and  poet ;  born  in  New  York 
city,  July  15,  1779;  died  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  July 
10,  1863.     He   was   the   compiler   of   the   first 


39° 


MOORE  —  MOREAS 


Hebrew  and  Greek  lexicon  published  in  Amer- 
ica, and  the  author  of  a  book  of  <  Poems'  (1844), 
in  which  is  included  his  best-known  poem,  <  A 
Visit  from  St.  Nicholas >  («'Twas  the  night 
before  Christmas").  He  was  the  donor  of  the 
extensive  grounds  on  which  the  General  The- 
ological Seminary,  New  York  city,  stands. 

Moore,  Edward.  An  English  dramatist  and 
fabulist;  born  at  Abingdon,  March  22,  1711-12, 
died  in  London,  March  i,  1757.  He  was  edi- 
tor of  The  World  (1753),  to  which  Lyttelton, 
Pulteney,  Chesterfield,  Soame  Jenyns,  Horace 
Walpole,  and  others  of  distinction  were  contrib- 
utors. He  wrote  <  Fables  for  the  Female  Sex  > 
(1744);  <The  Foundling)  (1748)  and  <  Gil  Blas> 
(1751),  comedies;  <  The  Gamester'  (1753,  with 
Garrick,  often  reprinted),  a  highly  successful 
tragedy;  < Poems,  Fables,  and  Plays'  (1756). 
(<  Dramatic  Works,'  1788.) 

Moore,  Frank  Frankfort.  An  English  novel- 
ist. Among  his  principal  works  may  be  men- 
tioned <  Flying  from  a  Shadow'  (1872);  <  The 
Mate  of  the  Jessica  '(new  ed.  1882);  <Tre,  Pol,  and 
Pen'  (1887);  <  Under  Hatches' (1888);  The  Ope- 
r  1  tns  :    <  TJie  Queen's  Room';  <  The  Ma}  flower.' 

Moore,  George.  An  English  novelist,  poet, 
and  essayist ;  born  1859.  Among  his  novels 
are:  <A  Modern  Lover'  (1883);  <A  Mummer's 
Wife'  (6th  ed.  1885);  <A  Drama  in  Muslin' 
(1886);  <  Confessions  of  a  Young  Man'  (1888); 

<  Esther  Waters '  (1894);  etc.  He  has  written 
also:   in   verse,  <  Flowers   of    Passion'    (1877), 

<  Pagan  Poems'  (1881);  and  the  volumes  of  es- 
says <  Impressions  and  Opinions'  (1891),  'Mod- 
ern Painting'  (1893). 

Moore,  George  Henry.  An  American  his- 
torical writer ;  born  in  Concord,  N.  H.,  April 
20,  1823;  died  in  New  York  city.  May  5,  1892. 
He  published:  <The  Treason  of  Charles  Lee' 
(1858)  ;  <  Employment  of  Negroes  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary Army  '  (1862);  <  Notes  on  the  History  of 
Slavery  in  Massachusetts  '  (1866);  and<  Washing- 
ton as  an  Angler ' ;  <  The  Untilled  Field  '  (1903). 

Moore,  Horatio  Newton.  An  American 
dramatist  and  novelist ;  born  in  New  Jersey  in 
1814;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Aug.  26,  1859.  His 
first  work  of  importance,  <  Orlando,  or  Woman's 
Virtue,'  a  tragedy,  was  published  at  19;  <  The 
Regicide,'  a  five-act  drama,  at  20.  His  short 
novel  <Mary  Morris'  (1840)  was  very  popular. 
The  <  Lives  of  Marion  and  Wayne '  was  issued 
in  1854. 

Moore,  Thomas.  A  famous  Irish  poet  and 
song-writer;  born  at  Dublin,  May  28,  1779;  died 
near  Devizes,  Feb.  25,  1852.  He  was  the  pet 
of  London  society;  received  an  appointment 
in  the  civil  service  in  the  Bermudas,  1803-4; 
traveled  in  the  United  States,  1803-4;  married 
an  actress,  181 1.  His  principal  works  were  a 
translation  of  the  <Odes  of  Anacreon'  (1800); 
<Odes  and  Epistles'  (1806);  <  Irish  Melodies' 
(10  parts,  1807-34);  <  The  Twopenny  Post  Bag' 
(1813);  <Lalla  Rookh'  (1817);  <  Loves  of  the 
Angels'  (1823);  etc.  He  wrote  also  :  <  The  Epi- 
curean >  (1827),  a  romance  ;  <  Lives  >  of  Sheridan 


(1825)  and  Byron  (1830);  < History  of  Ireland> 
(1827-35);  etc. 

Moratin,  Leandro  Fernandez  de  (m5-ra-ten'). 
A  noted  Spanish  dramatist  and  poet,  son  of 
Nicolas  F.;  born  at  Madrid,  March  10,  1760; 
died  at  Paris,  June  21,  1828.  He  has  been  called 
<<  the  Spanish  Moli^re."  Among  his  plays  were  : 
<The  Old  Man  and  the  Young  Girl'  (1790), 
his  best  drama;  < The  New  Comedy'  (1792); 
<The  Baron'  (1803);  < The  Female  Hypocrite' 
(1804);  <The  Girl's  Yes'  (1806);  etc.  He  wrote 
also  <  Origins  of  the  Spanish  Stage';  lyrical 
poems;  etc.  His  works  can  be  seen  in  Vol.  ii. 
of  <  Library  of  Spanish  Authors.' 

Moratin,  Nicolas  Fernandez  de.  A  Span- 
ish poet;  born  at  Madrid,  July  20,  1737;  died 
there,  May  II,  1780.  He  was  professor  of  poetry 
in  the  Imperial  College,  Madrid.  His  best  work, 
and  one  of  the  best  epics  in  the  language,  was 
<The  Ships  of  Cortds  Destroyed'  (1785).  He 
wrote  besides  <  Diana'  (1763),  a  fine  didactic 
poem ;  and  many  of  his  short  poems  were  ex- 
cellent. In  the  attempt  to  substitute  for  the 
usual  religious  dramas  others  more  agreeable 
to  the  taste  of  the  times,  he  produced  the  com- 
edy <  The  Belle '  ( 1762  ),  and  the  tragedies 
<  Lucrecia,'  <  Hormesinda'  (1770),  <  Guzman  the 
Good'  (1777),  etc.  His  works  can  be  seen  in 
Vol.  ii.  of  Rivadeneyra's  <  Library  of  Spanish 
Authors.' 

More,  Hannah.  An  English  religious  writer ; 
born  at  Stapleton,  Gloucestershire,  Feb.  2,  1745; 
died  at  Clifton,  Sept.  7,  1833.  She  abandoned 
a  successful  worldly  literary  career  at  its  height 
to  devote  her  pen  to  the  furtherance  of  edu- 
cation and  religion.  Her  best-known  works 
were  the  celebrated  tract  'The  Shepherd  of 
Salisbury  Plain'  and  the  novel  *Ccelebs  in 
Search  of  a  Wife*  (1809).  She  wrote  also: 
'Sacred  Dramas'  (1782);  'Religion  of  the 
Fashionable  World'  (1791);  'Practical  Piety' 
(1811);  etc.  Garrick  produced  her  tragedies 
'Percy'  (1778)  and  'The  Fatal  Falsehood' 
(1779).    ('Works,'  II  vols.,  1830.) 

More,  Paul  Elmer.  An  American  essayist; 
born  in  Missouri,  1864.  He  is  instructor  in  San- 
skrit and  Greek  at  Bryn  Mawr  College.  He 
has  written  :  <  The  Great  Refusal :  Being  Let- 
ters of  aDreamer  in  Gotham';  'Shelburne  Plssavs  ' 

More,  Thomas,  Sir.  An  eminent  English 
statesman  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in 
London,  Feb.  7,  1478;  executed  on  Tower  Hill, 
July  6,  1535.  A  great  lawyer,  he  became  Lord 
Chancellor,  and  was  put  to  death  by  Henry 
VIII.  for  refusing  to  take  the  oath  renouncing 
the  Pope  and  abjuring  Catherine's  rights.  His 
greatest  literary  work  was  the  famous  '  Utopia ' 
(1516),  an  account  of  an  imaginary  ideal  com- 
monwealth supposed  to  exist  on  a  distant 
island  of  the  Atlantic.  He  wrote  besides  :  '  Life 
of  John  Picus,  Earl  of  Mirandola'  (1510);  '  His- 
tory of  Richard  HI.'  (1513);  etc.  (' Works,> 
Latin  and  English,  Louvain,  1556-57.) 

Moreas,  Jean  (mo-ra-a').  A  French  poet, 
novelist,  and  romance-writer;  born  at  Athens, 


MOREAU  —  MORLEY 


391 


April  15,  1856.  He  is  one  of  the  leaders  of 
trie  school  called  the  "  Decadents.^  He  has 
v.'ritten  in  verse  <  The  Quicksands'  (1884),  <  Can- 
tilenas' (1886),  <Iconostasis>;  the  novel  <The 
Young  Ladies'  (1887);  the  romances* The  Thin 
Woman,'  <Tea  at  Miranda's'  (1887),  etc. 

Morelli,  Giovanni  (mo-rel'e).  A  distin- 
guished Italian  art  critic ;  born  in  Verona,  Feb. 
25,  1816;  died  in  Milan,  Feb.  28,  1891.  He 
traveled  widely  throughout  Europe,  studying 
the  great  collections  of  paintings.  His  fame 
rests  principally  upon  the  <  Critical  Art  Studies 
in  Italian  Painting'  (1890-93),  devoted  to  the 
Borghese  and  Doria  Pamfili  galleries  in  Rome, 
the  Munich  and  Dresden  galleries,  and  that 
of  Berlin.  He  bequeathed  his  valuable  collec- 
tion of  paintings  to  his  native  city.  In  1895 
a  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  in 
Milan. 

Moreto  y  CabaiLa,  Agustin  (mo-ra'to  e  ka- 
ba'nya).  A  noted  Spanish  dramatist;  born  at 
Madrid  about  1618;  died  at  Toledo,  Oct.  28, 
1669.  He  introduced  into  Spain  the  comedy  of 
character  and  manners.  <  Disdain  for  Disdain,' 
his  chief  work,  was  one  of  the  four  classical 
masterpieces  of  the  old  Spanish  stage ;  <  The 
Handsome  Don  Diego'  contained  excellent 
character-drawing;  <  Snares  Ahead'  (Trampa 
Adelante)  won  high  success ;  and  <  The  Val- 
iant Justiciary '  and  <  The  Power  of  Blood '  were 
good  specimens  of  his  more  earnest  writing. 

Morford,  Henry.  An  American  novelist  and 
dramatist ;  born  in  New  Monmouth,  N.  J.,  1823 ; 
died  in  New  York  city,  1881.  Among  his  plays 
are  <  The  Merchant's  Honor '  and  <  The  Bells 
of  Shandon.'  Two  volumes  of  poems  were 
published  by  him  :  <  Rhymes  of  Twenty  Years' 
(1859);  and  <  Rhymes  of  an  Editor'  (1873). 
Among  his  novels  are  < Shoulder  Straps'  (1863), 
<The  Coward'  (1864),  <  Utterly  Wrecked' 
(1866),  and  <Only  a  Commoner'  (1871). 

Morgan,   Lady    (Sydney   Owenson).     An 

Irish  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom 
in  Dublin,  about  1783;  died  in  London,  April 
14,  1859.  The  daughter  of  an  Irish  actor,  she 
became  a  leader  in  London  Society.  Among 
her  works  were  the  novels  <  The  Wild  Irish 
Girl'  (1806),  her  most  successful  book  ;  <  O'Don- 
neP  (1814)  ;< Florence  Macarthy'  (i8i6j  ;  <The 
O'Briens  and  the  O'Flahertys  '  (1827) ;  etc.  She 
wrote  also  :  <  France  under  the  Bourbons '  (1817), 
and  its  companion,  <  Italy'  (1821),  two  books 
which  excited  furious  opposition  ;  <  Woman  and 
her  Master'  (1840);  'Autobiography'  (1858); 
songs,  comic  operas,  biographies,  travels,  etc. 
See  her  <  Memoirs,'  edited  by  Hepworth  Dixon 
(2  vols.,  1862). 

Morgan,  Lewis  Henry.  An  American  ethnol- 
ogist and  archKologist  of  great  repute  ;  born 
near  Aurora,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  21,  1818 ;  died  at 
Rochester,  N.  Y.  (where  he  was  a  lawyer),  Dec. 
17,  1881.  Among  his  important  contributions 
to  the  science  of  ethnology  is  <  Systems  of 
Consanguinity  and  Affinity  of  the  Human  Fam- 
ily,' published   by  the   Smithsonian  Institution 


in  1869,  and  which  remains  the  standard  work 
on  the  subject.  His  <  League  of  the  Iroquois,' 
published  in  1851,  is  the  highest  authority  on 
the  tribal  organization  of  the  Six  Nations. 
His  other  works  include:  <The  American  Bea- 
ver and  his  Works';  <  Ancient  Society' (1887)-, 

<  Horses  and  Horse  Life  of  the  American  Ab- 
origines';  etc. 

Morier,  James  Justinian  (mo'ri-er).  An 
English  novelist  and  writer  of  travels ;  bom 
1780;  died  at  Brighton,  March  19, 1849.  He  was 
Lord  Elgin's  secretary  during  his  embassy  to 
Constantinople,  and  secretary  of  legation  at  the 
court  of  Persia  (1811-15).  He  wrote  two  suc- 
cessful books  describing  travels  in  Brazil,  Asia, 
Asia  Minor,  and  Turkey.  He  was  best  known, 
however,  by  his  novels  depicting  Persian  life : 
< Adventures  of  Hajji-Baba'  (1824-28;  latest  ed. 
1895);  <Zohrab  the  Hostage'  (1832);  <Ayesha, 
the  Maid  of  Kars'  (1834);  <Mirza'  (1841). 

Mbrike,  Eduard  (me're-ke).  A  noted  Ger- 
man poet  (the  last  and  best  of  the  '*  Suabian 
school " )  and  novelist ;  born  at  Ludwigsburg, 
Wiirtemberg,  Sept.  8, 1804 ;  died  at  Stuttgart,  June 
4,  1875.  He  was  a  clergyman  and  teacher,  and 
the  greatest  German  lyrist  after  Goethe.  His 
best  verse  can  be  seen  in  'Poems'  (nth  ed. 
1895),  and  < Idylls  from  the  Lake  of  Constance' 
( 1846 ).  Of  his  prose  writings,  famous  are  : 
<Nolten  the  Painter'  (3d  ed.  1892)  and  < Mozart 
on  the  Way  to  Prague'  (5th  ed.  1892).  He 
also  made  fine  translations  of  Anacreon  and 
Theocritus.     ('Works,'  Stuttgart,  1890.) 

Morison,  James  Augustus  Cotter.  An  Eng- 
lish biographer  and  essayist ;  born  in  London, 
1832;  died  Feb.  26,  1888.  He  was  a  Positivist 
in  philosophy,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Fortnightly  Review.  He  wrote  'Life  and 
Times  of  St.  Bernard'  (3d  ed.  1877);  lives  of 
Gibbon,  Macaulay,  and  Madame  de  Maintenon ; 

<  The  Service  of  Man  :  An  Essay  toward  the 
Religion  of  the  Future'  (2d  ed.  1887);  etc. 

Morley,  Henry.  An  English  scholar  and 
physician;  bom  in  London,  Sept.  15,  1822;  died 
May  14,  1894.  He  practiced  medicine  1844-48; 
edited  the  Examiner;  was  professor  of  Eng- 
lish language  and  literature  at  University  Col- 
lege 1865-89,  and  Queen's  College  1878-89, 
London ;  principal  of  University  Hall  1882-89. 
He  wrote:  'A  Defense  of  Ignorance'  (1851); 
several  biographies ;  '  Memoirs  of  Bartholomew 
Fair'  (1857);  'First  Sketch  of  English  Liter- 
ature' (1873);  'English  Literature  in  the  Reign 
of  Victoria'  (1881);  'English  Writers'  (8  vols., 
1887-93);  etc.;  besides  editing  many  important 
works,  as  Boswell's  '  Life  of  Johnson '  (5  vols., 
1886);  Cassell's  '  National  Library,'  'Carisbrook 
Library,'  etc. 

Morley,  John.  A  distinguished  English  states- 
man, editor,  biographer,  essayist,  and  critic; 
born  at  Blackburn,  Lancashire,  Dec.  24,  1838. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1873;  edited 
successively  the  Literary  Gazette,  the  Fort- 
nightly Review,  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  and 
Macmillan's    Magazine ;    became    Member   of 


MORLEY  — MORSE 


Parliament  1S83  ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  18S6, 
1892.  He  has  written  lives  of  Voltaire  (1S72), 
Rousseau  (1S74I,  Burke  (1879).  Cobden  fi88i), 
Emerson  ('1884),  Sir  Robert  Walpole  (1889);  and 
edited  the  valuable  series  known  as  <  English 
Men  of  Letters  > ;  <  Life  of  Gladstone*  (1903). 

Morley,  Margaret  Warner.  An  American 
writer  of  popular  scientific,  biological,  and  botan- 
ical works.  She  has  written  :  <  The  Song  of 
Life>  (1891I;  <  Life  and  Love>  (1895);  *A  Few 
Familiar  Flowers'  ( i8q7);  <  Flowers  and  their 
Friends  >  ( 1897 ) ;  <  The  Renewal  of  Life  > ; '  Grass- 
hopper Land.' 

Morris,  George  Pope.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  song-writer;  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Oct.  10,  1802 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  July  6, 
1864.  In  1846,  with  N.  P.  Willis,  he  founded 
the  Home  Journal.  He  became  famous  as  a 
writer    of    songs,    among    which    is    included 

<  Woodman,  Spare  that  Tree.*    His  books  are  : 

<  Briercliff,*  a  drama ;  <  The  Little  Frenchman  > ; 
and  <  Poems.' 

Morris,  George  Sylvester.  An  American 
prose-writer;  born  in  Norwich,  Vt.,  1840;  died 
1889.  He  has  published  :  <  British  Thought  and 
Thinkers'  (1880);  < Kant's  Critique  of  Pure 
Reason:  A  Critical  Exposition'  (1882);  and 
•Hegel's  Philosophy  of  the  State  and  of  His- 
tory: An  Exposition'  (1887). 

Morris,  Gouverneur.  A  famous  American 
statesman;  born  at  Morrisania,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  31, 
1752;  died  there,  Nov.  6,  1816.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  Continental  Congress,  1777-80 ;  of  the 
committee  that  drafted  the  Constitution,  1787; 
minister  to  France,  1792-94 ;  United  States  Sen- 
ator from  New  York,  1800-3.  He  was  noted 
for  ability  both  in  political  thought  and  polit- 
ical action.  Specimens  of  his  writing  can  be 
seen  in  Jared  Sparks's  <  Memoirs  of  Gouverneur 
Morris'  (3  vols.,  1832),  Annie  Cary  Morris's 
< Diary  and  Letters  of  Gouverneur  Morris'  (2 
vols.,  1889),  etc. 

Morris,  Harrison  Smith.  An  American  poet ; 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Oct.  4,  1856.  With  John 
A.  Henry  he  wrote  <A  Duet  in  Lyrics'  (1883). 
He  is  author  of  <  Madonna  and  Other  Poems,' 
and  has  edited  many  editions  of  standard  works. 

Morris,  Lewis,  Sir.  An  English  poet ;  bom 
at  Carmarthen,  1833.  He  practiced  law  till 
1881  ;  became  secretary  of  University  College, 
Wales,  in  1877 ;  is  now  justice  of  the  peace 
for  Carmarthenshire.  He  has  written :  <  Songs 
of  Two  Worlds'  (three  series,  respectively  in 
1871,  1874,  and  1875);  <The  Epic  of  Hades' 
(1876),  his  best-known  work ;  <  Gwen  >  (1879),  a 
dramatic  monologue  ;  <  The  Ode  of  Life  '  (1880): 

<  A  Vision  of  Saints '  (1890).    Died  Nov.  12, 1907. 

Morris,  William.  A  celebrated  English 
poet,  and  writer  on  socialism ;  born  near  Lon- 
don, 1834;  died  at  Hammersmith,  Oct.  3,  1896. 
Having  studied  painting,  he  became  a  designer 
and  manufacturer  of  artistic  household  furni- 
ture, wall  paper,  stained  glass,  etc.  (1863).  In 
later  life  he  took  great  interest  in  social  ques- 
tions, was  a  leader  in  tbe   Socialist   League, 


and  contributed  to  the  Commonweal.  His  chie! 
poetical  work  was  <The  Story  of  Sigurd'  (1876). 
He  wrote  besides  in  verse  :  <  Defence  of  Guene- 
vere,  and  Other  Poems'  (1858);  <  Life  and  Death 
of  Jason'  (1867);  < The  Earthly  Paradise'  (1868- 
70);  <Love  Is  Enough'  (1872);  < Poems  by  the 
Way'  (1892);  etc.  Translations  of  the  ^neid 
( 1876) ,  the  Odyssey  ( 1887) ,  and  <  Beowulf '  ( 1895) ; 
and  <  The  House  of  the  Wolfings'  (1889),  <The 
Roots  of  the  Mountains'  (1890),  etc.,  represent 
his  prose  work.  He  also  published  <  Hopes  and 
Fears  for  Art'  (1882),  five  lectures;  < Signs  of 
Change '  ( 1888),  a  socialistic  book ;  and  others.  * 
Morrison,  Arthur.  An  English  writer  of 
fiction;  born  1863.  During  his  employment 
and  residence  for  some  years  as  secretary  of  a 
Charity  Trust  in  the  East  End  of  London,  he 
made  a  study  of  life  in  the  slums,  which  he 
has  reproduced  in  his  powerful  *  Tales  of  Mean 
Streets'  (1895),  and  <The  Child  of  the  Jago> 
(1896).    A  volume  of  detective  stories,  entitled 

<  Martin  Hewitt,  Investigator,'  appeared  in  1896. 

Morse,  Mrs.  Charlotte  Dunning  (Wood).  An 

American  novelist,  writing  under  the  name 
« Charlotte  Dunning »  ;  born  in  New  York 
State,  1858.  She  has  written :  <  Upon  a  Cast,> 
a  society  novel ;  <A  Step  Aside ' ;  •  Cabin  and 
Gondola.' 

Morse,  Edward  Sylvester.  A  distinguished 
American  biologist ;  born  at  Portland,  Me.,  1838. 
He  founded  the  Peabody  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Salem,  Mass.,  being  its  curator  and  president 
since  1881 ;  was  professor  at  Bowdoin  College, 
1871-74;  professor  at  the  Imperial  University, 
Tokio,  Japan,  1877 ;  president  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
1885-87.  Besides  numerous  scientific  and  pop- 
ular papers,  he  has  published  :  <  First  Book  in 
Zoology'  (new  ed.  1880);  < Japanese  Homes* 
(1885);  <  Mars  and  Its  Mystery'  (1906). 

Morse,  John  Torrey.  An  American  writer 
of  biography  ;  born  in  Boston,  Jan.  9,  1840,  and 
resides  in  that  city  as  a  lawyer.  He  is  editor 
of  the  'American  Statesmen  Series,'  and  has 
published  biographies  of  Alexander  Hamilton 
(2  vols.,  his  strongest  work),  John  and  J.  Q. 
Adams,  Jefferson,  Lincoln,  Franklin,  and  Dr. 
Holmes;  also  < Banks  and  Banking';  'Arbitra- 
tion and  Award ' ;  and  <  Famous  Trials.*  His  lit- 
erary work  is  marked  by  virile  energ3%  strong 
grasp,  and  luminous  common-sense. 

Morse,  Mrs.  Lucy  (Gibbons).  An  Ameri- 
can novelist ;  born  in  New  York  State,  1839. 
Her  home  is  in  New  York.     She  has  written 

<  Rachel  Stanwood  * ;  <  The  Chezzles  :  A  Story 
of  Young  People'  (1888). 

Morse,  Samuel  Finley  Breese.  The  famous 
inventor  of  the  electro-magnetic  telegraph,  also 
an  artist  and  a  publicist ;  born  at  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  April  27,  1791 ;  died  at  New  York,  April 
2,  1872.  He  was  professor  of  natural  history 
at  Yale  College ;  the  first  president  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design,  New  York  (1826- 
42);  and  one  of  the  first  professors  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York  (professor  0; 


MORTON  —  MOTLEY 


393 


the  fine  arts).  He  wrote  <  Foreign  Conspiracies 
against  the  Liberties  of  the  United  States  > 
(1835);  <Our  Liberties  Defended,*  a  memoir  of 
Lucretia  Maria  Davidson  (1829);  etc. 

Morton,  John  Maddison.  An  English  play- 
wright; born  at  Pangbourne,  Jan.  3,  1811;  died 
Dec.  19,  1S91.  He  wrote  over  100  farces,  many 
of  great  popularity  ;  including  the  well-known 
<Box  and  Cox,>  adapted  from  the  French. 

Morton,  Sarah  Wentworth  (Apthorp).  An 
American  verse- writer;  born  in  Braintree,  Mass., 
Aug.  29,  1759;  died  in  Quincy,  Mass.,  May  14, 
1846.  She  was  the  writer  of  <  Ouabi,>  an  In- 
dian tale  in  four  cantos  (1790),  and  <  My  Mind 
and  its  Thoughts  >  (1823). 

Morton,  Thomas.  An  English  dramatist; 
born  in  the  county  of  Durham,  1764;  died  in 
London,  March  28,  1838.  He  abandoned  the 
law  for  play-writing.  Among  his  dramas,  some 
of  which  are  still  favorites,  were:  < Children  in 
the  Wood>  (1793);  <The  Way  to  Get  Married  > 
(1796);  <Cure  for  the  Heart-Ache>  (1797); 
♦Speed  the  Plough >  (1798),  introducing  the  ori- 
ginal Mrs.  Grundy,  who  is  heard  of  but  never 
seen;  <The  Blind  Girl>  (1801);  <Town  and 
Country*  (1807);  < School  for  Grown  Children* 
(1827);  etc. 

Mosby,  John  Singleton.  A  famous  Confed- 
erate cavalry  leader ;  born  in  Powhatan  County, 
Va.,  1833.  After  the  Civil  War  he  practiced 
law  at  Warrenton,  Va. ;  was  United  States  con- 
sul at  Hong-Kong,  1875-85 ;  afterward  practiced 
law  at  San  Francisco.  He  wrote  <War  Rem- 
iniscences* (1887). 

Moschus  (mos'kus).  A  celebrated  Greek  bu- 
colic poet ;  born  at  Syracuse ;  lived  about  200 
B.  C.  His  extant  works  are  generally  published 
with  those  of  Theocritus  and  Bion,  the  latter 
being  his  friend  and  very  likely  his  teacher. 
They  consist  of  four  complete  idyls,  three 
small  fragments,  and  an  epigram ;  and  are 
mostly  joyous  and  sportive  in  character.  They 
can  be  found  in  Ahrens's  <  Remains  of  the  Bu- 
colic Greek  Poets  *  (1861);  English  translations 
by  Fawkes,  in  Chalmers's  <  English  Poets.* 

Mosen,  Julius  (mo'zen).  A  German  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist ;  born  at  Marieney,  Sax- 
ony, July  8,  1803 ;  died  at  Oldenburg,  Oct.  10, 
1867.  He  gave  up  the  practice  of  law  at  Dres- 
den to  become  official  dramatist  of  the  court 
theatre  at  Oldenburg.  His  chief  work  was  the 
epic  <Ahasuerus*  (1838),  based  on  the  legend 
of  the  Wandering  Jew.  He  published  <  Poems  > 
( 1836),  some  of  which  became  popular  songs ;  the 
historical  dramas  <  The  Brides  of  Florence  * 
(1842),  <The  Prince's  Son*  (1858),  <  Emperor 
Otto  HL*  (1842),  <  Henry  the  Fowler*  (1836), 
etc.;  and  the  novels  <  The  Blue  Flower*  (1837), 
<  Homesickness  *  ( 1837),  etc.  (<  Works,*  new  ed., 
6  vols.,  Leipzig,  1880.) 

Mosenthal,  Salomon  Hermann  von  (m5'- 
zen-tal).  A  German  dramatist ;  born  at  Cassel, 
Jan.  14,  182X ;  died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  17,  1877. 
He  obtained  a  position  in  the  Austrian  gov- 
ernment in  1850.    His  best-known  works  were 


< Deborah*  (1S50:  the  original  of  <  Leah  the 
Forsaken*),  and  <  Heliotrope  Manor*  (1857). 
He  wrote  also  <The  German  Actors*  (1863); 
<The  Mayor  of  Altenbiiren*  (1868);  <Maryna> 
(1871);  the  tragedies  <  Diiweke*  (i860),  <Pietra* 
(186S);  etc.     (<  Works,*  6  vols.,  Stuttgart,  1878.) 

Mbser,  Albert  (me'zer).  A  German  poet; 
born  at  Gottingen,  May  7,  1835.  His  life  has 
been  that  of  a  teacher.  He  has  written  <  Po- 
ems* (1865;  new  ed.  1890);  < Night  and  Stars' 
(1872);  <  Idylls*  (1875);  < From  the  Attic*  (1893); 
<  Pol  de  Mont » (1893).     Died  Feb.  27,  1900. 

Moser,  Gustav  von  (mo'zer).  A  prolific 
German  comedy-writer ;  born  at  Spandau,  May 
II,  1825.  He  resigned  from  the  army  in  185610 
devote  himself  to  literature.  Among  his  pieces 
are  :  <  What  do  You  Think  about  Russia?* ;  <A 
Modern  Barbarian  * ;  <  Ultimo  * ;  <  The  Hypo- 
chrondriac*;  <The  Temptress';  <The  New  Govern- 
ess.* (<  Works,*  l8  vols.,  Berlin,  1873-88).  D.  1903. 

Mbser,  Justus  (me'zar).  A  noted  German 
publicist  and  historian ;  born  at  Osnabriick,  Dec. 
14,  1720;  died  there,  Jan.  8,  1794.  He  held  very 
important  government  posts.  Modern  Ger- 
man historiography  may  be  said  to  date  from 
him ;  his  theory  being  that  history  should  de- 
scribe the  development  of  peoples,  laws,  cus- 
toms, and  habits,  instead  of  being  a  mere 
chronicle  of  dynasties  and  wars.  His  most  cel- 
ebrated works  were  <  History  of  Osnabriick* 
(3d  ed.  1819);  and  <  Patriotic  Reveries*  (latest 
ed.  1871),  a  work  of  national  importance. 
(<  Works,*  10  vols.,  Berlin,  1842-44.) 

Mosheim,  Johann  Lorenz  von  (mos'him). 
A  distinguished  German  church  historian  and 
theologian ;  born  at  Liibeck,  Oct.  9,  1694 ;  died 
at  Gottingen,  Sept.  9,  1755.  He  was  the  first 
to  treat  ecclesiastical  history  as  a  sequence  of 
secular  causes  and  effects.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity at  Gottingen  in  1747.  His  great  work 
was  his  <  Institutes  of  Ecclesiastical  History* 
(new  ed.  1755).  He  published  also  other  his- 
torical writings,  and  was  a  noted  pulpit  orator. 
His  published  sermons  are  contained  in  <  Sacred 
Discourses*  (4th  ed.,  3  vols.,  Hamburg,  1765). 

Mota-Padilla,  Matias  de  la  (mo'ta-pa-del'- 
ya).  A  Mexican  historian;  born  at  Guadala- 
jara, Oct.  6,  1688 ;  died  1766.  He  was  a  lawyer, 
and  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life  a  priest. 
He  wrote  among  other  things  <  History  of  the 
Conquest  of  New  Galicia*  (1870-71),  a  work 
of  much  importance. 

Motherwell,  William.  A  Scottish  poet  and 
antiquary ;  born  at  Glasgow,  Oct.  13,  1797 ; 
died  there,  Nov.  i,  1835.  He  was  a  journalist 
and  under-secretary  of  the  sheriff  of  Paisley. 
His  principal  works  were  :  <  Minstrelsy,  Ancient 
and  Modern*  (1827),  and  < Poems,  Narrative 
and  Lyrical*  (1832;  latest  ed.  1881). 

Motley,  John  Lothrop.  A  distinguished 
American  historian  and  diplomatist ;  born  at 
Dorchester,  Mass.,  April  15,  1814;  died  in  Dor- 
setshire, England,  May  29,  1877.     Originally  a, 


394 


MOULTON  —  MULHALL 


lawyer,  he  wrote  two  novels,  became  interested 
in  historical  research,  chose  Dutch  historj'  for 
his  field,  and  spent  years  in  Holland  working 
up  the  original  sources.  The  chief  fruits  were  : 
<Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic  >  (3  vols.,  1856); 
'History  of  the  United  Netherlands >  (4  vols., 
1860-68);  <Life  of  John  of  Bameveld  >  (1874). 
He  was  United  States  minister  to  Austria  1861- 
67,  and  to  Great  Britain  1869-70.  After  1868  he 
resided  in  England. 

Moulton,  Louise  (Chandler).  An  Ameri- 
can poet  and  prose-writer;  born  in  Pomfret, 
Conn.,  April  10,  1835.  She  is  one  of  the  prom- 
inent literary  women  of  Boston,  and  the  author 
of  many  books,  in  which  are  included :  <  This, 
That,  and  the  Other'  (1854),  stories,  essays, 
and  poems ;  •  Bedtime  Stories  for  Children  > 
(1873);  <  Swallow-Flights,  and  Other  Poems  > 
(1878);  <Ourselves  and  Our  Neighbors'  {1887); 
<  Some  Women's  Hearts '  (1888);  and  <  In  the  Gar- 
den of  Dreams,  Lyrics,  and  Sonnets  \     D.  1908. 

Moultrie,  John.  An  English  poet ;  bom  in 
London,  Dec.  30,  1799 ;  died  at  Rugby,  Dec. 
26,  1874.  He  was  rector  of  Rugby  in  1828.  He 
published :  <  My  Brother's  Grave  and  Other 
Poems'  (4th  ed.  1854);  <The  Dream  of  Life 
and  Other  Poems'  (last  ed.  1854);  a  volume  of 
'Sermons'  (1852);  etc. 

Mountcastle,  Clara  H.  ["Cans  Sima."]  A 
Canadian  poet  and  story-writer ;  born  at  Clin- 
ton, Ont.  Nov.  26,  1837.  She  taught  drawing 
and  painting  1871-84.  She  has  written:  <The 
Mission  of  Love,  and  Other  Poems'  (1882); 
<Lost,  and  Other  Poems'  (1882),  <A  Mystery' 
(1886),  verse;  and  the  novel  'Crow's  Hollow.' 

Mountford,  William.  An  American  miscel- 
laneous prose-writer;  born  in  Kidderminster, 
England,  May  31,  1816;  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1849;  died  in  Boston,  April  20,  1885. 
Among  his  publications  are :  '  Martyria,  a 
Legend'  (1846);  'Euthanasy;  or  Happy  Talks 
toward  the  End  of  Life'  (1850);  'Beauties  of 
Channing' ;  <  Miracles,  Past  and  Present'  (1870). 

Mowatt,  Mrs.    See  Ritcliie. 

Mudford,  William.  An  English  journalist 
and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  London,  Jan. 
8,  1782;  died  there,  March  10,  1848.  He  was 
for  many  years  editor  of  the  London  Courier, 
afterward  of  the  Kentish  Observer.  Among  his 
works  were  '  Nubilia  in  Search  of  a  Husband ' 
(4th  ed.  1809);  'The  Contemplatist'  (1811), 
essays  on  morals  and  literature ;  '  Life  and 
Adventures  of  Paul  Plaintive'  (1811),  a  novel; 
'The  Premier'  (1831),  a  novel;  'Tales  and 
Trifles  from  Blackwood's '  (1849),  containing  the 
well-known  story  'The  Iron  Shroud,'  his  best 
work ;  etc. 

Miigge,  Theodor  (miig'ge).  A  German  nov- 
elist and  writer  of  travels ;  bom  at  Berlin, 
Nov.  8,  1806;  died  there,  Feb.  18,  1861.  For 
some  years  he  was  a  journalist.  Among  his 
best-known  works  were  the  novels  'The  Cav- 
alier' (1835),  'Toussaint'  (1840),  'Life  and 
Love  in  Norway'  (1858),  'The  Prophet'  (i860), 


etc. ;  and  the  volumes  of  travel  <  Sketches  from 
the  North '  ( 1844 ),  '  Noithem  Picture-Book  > 
(3d  ed.  1862),  etc.  (Complete  novels,  33  vols., 
BerJin,  1862-67). 

Miihlbacli,  Luise  (miil'bach),  pseudonym  of 
Madame  Klara  Miiller  Mundt.  A  German 
novelist,  wife  of  Theodor  Mundt ;  born  at  Neu- 
brandenburg,  Jan.  2,  1814 ;  died  at  Berlin,  Sept. 
26,  1873.  She  wrote  a  number  of  popular  his- 
torical novels,  including  'Queen  Hortense'  (5th 
ed.  1861);  'Emperor  Joseph  II.  and  his  Court' 
(9th  ed.  1866);  'Marie  Antoinette  and  her  Son' 
(1867);  'Emperor  Alexander  and  his  Court' 
(1868);  'Mohammed  Ali  and  his  House'  (1871); 
•Frederick  the  Great  and  his  Court'  (8th  ed. 
1882).    She  was  a  prolific  writer. 

Muhlenberg,  William  Augustus.  An  Amer- 
ican Episcopal  clergyman  and  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Sept.  16,  1796; 
died  in  New  York,  April  8,  1877.  From  1846 
to  1877  he  was  rector  of  the  Church  of  the 
Holy  Communion,  New  York.  His  time  was 
largely  given  to  educational  work  and  the 
amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the  poor. 
Among  his  writings  are  :  '  St.  Johnland  :  Ideal 
and  Actual'  (1867);  'Christ  and  the  Bible' 
(1869);  and  <I  Would  Not  Live  Alway,'  the 
story  of  the  hymn  (1871). 

Muir,  John.  An  American  naturalist  and 
explorer;  born  at  Dunbar,  Scotland,  1838.  He 
discovered  Glacier  Bay  and  the  Muir  Glacier 
in  Alaska  in  1879.  Besides  contributing  a 
number  of  illustrated  papers  to  magazines,  and 
editing  Picturesque  California,  he  has  published 
'  The  Mountains  of  California  >  (1894),  a  valuable 
and  charming  work ;  <  Our  National  Parks.' 

Muir,  Sir  William.  A  Scottish  Orientalist, 
brother  of  John ;  born  at  Glasgow,  1819.  En- 
tering the  Bengal  civil  service  at  18,  he  was 
lieutenant-governor  of  the  Northwest  Prov- 
inces, 1868-74  ■>  minister  of  finance  for  India. 
1874-76;  principal  of  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, 1885.  He  has  written :  <  Life  of  Ma- 
homet and  History  of  Islam'  (18S3);  'The 
Caliphate:  Its  Rise,  Decline,  and  Fall'  (2d  ed. 
1892);  'The  Mohammedan  Controversy  '  (1897). 

Mulford,  Elisha.  An  American  Episcopal 
clerg)-man  and  philosophical  'WTiter;  born  at 
Montrose,  Pa.,  Nov.  19,  1833;  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Dec.  9,  1885.  He  wrote  'The 
Nation'  (new  ed.  1876)  and  'The  Republic  of 
God'  (1881),  two  works  of  great  elevation  of 
thought  and  expression. 

Mulford,  Prentice.  An  American  journalist 
and  miscellaneous  writer  ;  born  on  Long  Island 
in  1834;  died  in  1891.  He  was  settled  in  New 
York,  and  afterwards  in  San  Francisco.  He 
wrote  :  '  The  Swamp  Angel ' ;  '  Life  by  Land 
and  Sea ' ;  '  Your  Forces,  and  How  to  Use 
Them'  (2  vols.,  1888). 

Mulhall,  Michael  G.  A  British  statistician; 
born  at  Dublin,  Sept.  29,  1836;  died  in  London, 
Dec.  13,  1900.  Having  removed  to  South  Ameri- 
ca, he  founded  the  Buenos  Ayres  Standard 
(1861),  the  first  English  daily  paper  printed  in 


MULLANY  — MULLER 


395 


South  America.  He  published  :  'Handbook  of 
the  River  Plata>  (5th  ed.  1885),  translated  into 
Spanish;  'Progress  of  the  World)  (1880);  'Dic- 
tionary of  Statistics'  (new  ed.  1892);  etc.  His 
wife,  Mrs.  Marion  Mulhall,  has  published  'Be- 
tween the  Amazon  and  the  Andes'  (1883). 

Mullany,  Patrick  Francis.  ["Brother  Aza- 
rias."]  An  Irish-American  priest,  educator,  and 
literary  critic ;  born  in  Killemain,  Ireland,  June 
29,  1847 ;  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in 
childhood;  died  at  Plattsburg,  N. Y.,  Aug.  20, 
1893.  He  joined  the  order  of  the  Brothers  of 
the  Christian  Schools.  He  became  in  1866  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  and  English  literature 
at  Rock  Hill  College,  Ellicott  City,  Md.,  and 
in  1878  president,  remaining  such  until  1889, 
after  which  he  lived  in  New  York  and  its 
neighborhood  until  his  death.  As  a  lecturer 
on  literary,  philosophic,  and  pedagogic  themes, 
he  was  eloquent  and  influential ;  his  papers  on 
Dante  and  Aristotle  were  read  at  the  Concord 
School  of  Philosophy,  and  he  was  a  frequent 
speaker  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  He 
was  also  a  steady  contributor  to  the  periodicals ; 
his  essays,  afterwards  gathered  into  book  form, 
embodying  the  results  of  wise  thought  and  ripe 
culture,  and  possessing  a  fine  literary  quality. 
His  critical  attitude  was  that  of  the  Christian 
scholar  making  a  constant  appeal  to  the  ideals 
of  the  great  past,  and  judging  the  present 
thereby.  His  printed  works  are  :  <The  Devel- 
opment of  English  Literature';  'Old  English 
Period  > ;  <  Philosophy  of  Literature  > ;  <  Psy- 
chological Aspects  of  Education';  <  Address 
on  Thinking';  'Aristotle  and  the  Christian 
Church  > ;  <  Culture  of  the  Spiritual  Sense  ' ; 
'  Phases  of  Thought  and  Criticism.' 

Miiller,  Friedrich  (miil'ler).  [Called  Painter 
Mliller.]  A  German  painter,  engraver,  poet,  and 
dramatist;  bom  at  Kreuznach,  Jan.  13,  1749; 
died  at  Rome,  April  23,  1825.  As  a  poet  he 
belonged  to  the  '<  storm  and  stress "  school. 
Among  his  works  may  be  mentioned  :  '  Bac- 
chido  and  Milo'  (i775);  *  The  Satyr  Mop- 
sus'  (1775);  <  Adam's  First  Awaking  and  First 
Happy  Nights'  (1778);  the  dramas  <Genoveva> 
(1808);  'Life  of  Faust'  (latest  ed.  1881);  the 
opera  '  Niobe '  (1778);  etc.  (<  Works,'  new  ed., 
Heidelberg,  1825.) 

Miiller,  Friedrich  Maximilian.  [Universally 
known  in  England  and  America  as  "Max 
Miiller."]  A  celebrated  German-English  San- 
skrit scholar  and  comparative  philologist,  son  of 
Wilhelm  Miiller  the  poet ;  born  at  Dessau,  Dec. 
6,  1823  ;  died  at  Oxford,  Oct.  28,  1900.  Remov- 
ing to  England  (1846),  he  became  professor  of 
modern  languages  and  literature  (1854J,  and 
professorof  comparative  philology  (1868-75),  at 
Oxford.     He    has    edited    and    translated    the 

<  Hitopade9a'  (1844),  and  edited  the  'Rig- Veda' 
(  6  vols.,  1849-74  j,  etc.  He  has  written  :  <  History 
of  Ancient  Sanskrit  Literature  '  (2d  ed.  i860)  ; 

<  Science  of  Language  '  (latest  ed.  1891)  ;  <  Chips 
from  a  German  Workshop'    (latest  ed.  1895); 

<  Science  of  Religion  '  (1870)  ;  <  Essays  on  Lan- 
guage, Mythology,  and  Religion'  (1881);  'Science 


of  Thought'  (1887)  ;  the  novel  '  German  Love' : 
and  was  the  editor  of  the  series  <  Sacred  Books 
of  the  East,'  now  being  issued  by  the  Claren- 
don Press  at  Oxford,  of  which  some  sixty  vol- 
umes are  now  ready,  and  which  constitutes  the 
most  important  translated  collection  of  Oriental 
literature. 

Miiller,  Jobannes  von.  A  celebrated  Swiss 
historian ;  born  at  Schaffhausen,  Jan.  3,  1752  ; 
died  at  Cassel,  Prussia,  May  29,  1809.  He  held 
a  number  of  positions  in  the  service  of  Mainz, 
Austria,  and  Prussia,  and  when  he  died  was 
director-general  of  education  in  the  kingdom 
of  Westphalia.  His  principal  works  were  : '  His- 
tory of  the  Swiss'  (new  ed.,  5  vols.,  1786-1808), 
and  <24  Books  of  Universal  History'  (3  vols., 
1811;  new  ed.  1852). 

Miiller,  Earl.  A  German  romance-writer; 
bom  at  Stuttgart,  Feb.  8,  1819 ;  died  there,  Nov. 
28,  1889.  He  was  editor  of  several  periodicals. 
He  wrote :  '  Life's  Changes,  by  Franz  von  El- 
ling'  (1854);  'New  Mysteries  of  Paris'  (1863); 
'New  Mysteries  of  London'  (1865-67);  'The 
White  Woman'  (1868-73);  'The  Turks  before 
Vienna'  (1870);  'At  the  Court  of  the  Northern 
Semiramis'  (1873);  etc.  Among  his  pseudo- 
nyms were  "Otfried  Mylius,"  '<Rod.  Nellen- 
burg,"  etc. 

Miiller,  Karl  Otfried.  A  distinguished  Ger- 
man Hellenist  and  archaeologist ;  born  at  Brieg, 
Aug.  28,  1797  ;  died  at  Athens,  Aug.  i,  1840.  He 
was  professor  of  archaeology  at  Gottingen  in 
1819.  His  principal  works  were  :  '  History  of 
Hellenic  Races  and  States'  (2d  ed.  1844);  'The 
Etruscans'  (2d  ed.  1877-78);  'Introduction  to  a 
Scientific  Mythology'  (1825);  '  Handbook  of  the 
Archaeology  of  Art'  (latest  ed.  1878);  < Monu- 
ments of  Ancient  Art'  (3d  ed.  1876-81);  '  History 
of  Greek  Literature'  (4th  ed.  1882-84);  maps  of 
ancient  Greece ;  etc. 

Miiller,  Otto.  A  German  novelist ;  bom  at 
Schotten,  Hesse,  June  i,  1816;  died  at  Stuttgart, 
Aug.  7,  1894.  He  edited  several  periodicals. 
Among  his  works  were  the  popular  <  Burgher' 
(3d  ed.  1870);  <  Charlotte  Ackermann'  (1854), 
which  he  dramatized;  <The  Mayor  of  Frank- 
fort' (3d  ed.  1878);  'The  Convent  Court'  (2d 
ed.  1862);  'Roderich'  (2d  ed.  1862);  'Tales' 
(2d  ed.  1870);  etc. 

Miiller,  Wilhelm.  A  German  lyric  poet; 
bora  at  Dessau,  Oct.  7,  1794;  died  there,  Sept. 
30,  1827.  His  life  was  that  of  a  teacher  and  a 
librarian.  He  wrote  in  verse  '  Poems  from  the 
Posthumous  Papers  of  a  Traveling  Bugler' 
(1821-24;  2d  ed.  1826),  < Songs  of  the  Greeks' 
(new  ed.  1844),  < Romaic  National  Songs' 
(1825),  <  Lyrical  Journeys  and  Epigrammatic 
Walks'  (1827),  etc.;  the  novel  < The  Thirteenth' 
(1827);  the  critical  essay  <  Introduction  to  Ho- 
mer' (2d  ed.  1836);  the  book  of  travel  'Rome, 
and  Rome's  Men  and  Women'  (1820);  etc. 
A  number  of  his  songs  became  very  popular; 
some  were  set  to  music  by  Schubert  and  oth- 
ers. (Miscellaneous  writings,  with  biography, 
5  vols.,  Leipzig,  1830.  Poetical  works,  new  ed. 
Berlin,  1874.) 


396 


MULLER— MUNDT 


Miiller,  Wilhelm.  A  German  historian; 
born  at  Giengen,  Wiirtemberg,  Dec.  2,  1820; 
died  near  Ravensburg,  Feb.  7,  1892.  He  was 
professor  in  the  gymnasium  at  Tiibingen  in 
1863.  He  wrote:  <  Guide  for  Instruction  in 
History)  (14th  ed.  1890);  <  Political  History  of 
the  Present  >  (annual,  1867-92);  'Illustrated 
History  of  the  Franco-Prussian  War>  (1873); 
'Historical  Women >  (2d  ed.  1882);  'Emperor 
William »  (4th  ed.  1880);  <  Count  Moltke  >  (3d  ed. 
1889);  'Prince  Bismarck >  (3d  ed.  1890);  'Em- 
peror Frederick  >  ( 1888) ; '  Political  History  of  the 
Most  Recent  Times,  1876-90  >  (4th  ed.  1890);  etc. 

Miiller,  Wolfgang,  called  von  Kbnigswinter 

(fon  k6'nigs-vin-ter).  A  German  lyric  and  epic 
poet  and  novelist ;  born  at  Konigswinter,  Prus- 
sia, March  15,  1816;  died  at  Neuenahr,  Prussia, 
June  29,  1873.  Originally  a  physician  (1842), 
he  was  Member  of  the  Frankfort  Parliament 
in  1848,  but  abandoned  both  medicine  and 
politics  for  literature.  Among  his  works  were  : 
'Poems'  (3d  ed.  1868);  'Legends  of  the  Rhine 
in  Ballad  Form>  (4th  ed.  1873);  'The  May 
Queen  >  (1852),  a  charming  village  tale  in  verse ; 
'Prince  Minnewin'  (2d  ed.  1856);  '  Heinrich 
Heine's  Journey  to  Hell  >  (1856),  published  anon- 
ymously;  'Aschenbrodel  *  (Cinderella  :  1863),  an 
epic  poem ;  the  comedy  <  She  has  Uncovered 
her  Heart';  and  in  the  department  of  art  his- 
tory 'Diisseldorf  Artists'  (1854)  and  'Munich 
Sketch  Book'  (1856).  A  selection  of  many  of 
his  best  poems,  entitled  'Verses  of  a  Rhine 
Poet,'  appeared  in  6  vols.,  Leipzig,  1871-76. 

Mulock,  Dinah  Maria.    See  Craik,  Mrs. 

Munby,  Arthur  Joseph.  An  English  poet; 
born  in  the  wapentake  of  Bulmer,  Yorkshire, 
1828.  His  themes  are  largely  pastoral  idylls. 
He  has  written:  'Verses  Old  and  New'  (1865); 
'Dorothy'  (18S0),  which  was  well  received; 
'Vestigia  Retrorsum'  (Steps  Backward:  1891); 
'Vulgar  Verses,  by  Jones  Brown'  (1891),  mostly 
in  dialect;  'Susan'  (1893). 

Munch,  Andreas  (monch).  A  Norwegian 
poet  and  dramatist;  born  at  Christiania,  Oct. 
19,  1811;  died  near  Copenhagen,  June  27,  1884. 
Originally  a  student  of  law,  he  was  an  edi- 
tor (1841-46)  and  professor  in  the  university 
(1866)  at  Christiania.  His  chief  works  were 
'Ephemera'  (1836),  his  first  effort;  'King 
Sverre's  Youth'  (1837),  a  drama;  'The  Singer' 
(1838);  'Poems  Old  and  New'  (1848);  'Pict- 
ures from  North  and  South'  (1848),  in  prose; 
'New  Poems'  (1850);  'Grief  and  Consolation' 
(1852),  his  most  successful  production;  'Lord 
William  Russell'  (3d  ed.  1888),  a  tragedy;  'An 
Evening  at  Giske'  (1855),  a  historical  drama. 
('Works,'  Copenhagen,  5  vols.,  1887-90.) 

Munch,  Peder  Andreas.  A  distinguished 
Norwegian  historian,  antiquary,  and  philologist; 
born  at  Christiania,  Dec.  15,  1810;  died  at 
Rome,  May  23,  1863.  He  was  professor  of  his- 
tory in  the  university  at  Christiania  in  1841. 
His  masterpiece  was  'History  of  the  Norwe- 
gian People'  (1851-64).  ('Works,'  published 
tjy  the  State,  2d  ed.  Christiania,  i8g4.) 


Miinch-Bellinghausen,  Eligius  Franz  Jo- 
seph von,  Baron  (miinch'  beriing-hou"zen), 
better  known  as  "Friedrich  Halm"  (halm). 
An  Austrian  dramatist ;  born  at  Cracow,  April 
2,  1806 ;  died  at  Vienna,  May  22,  1871.  He  stud- 
ied law,  and  held  various  official  positions  at 
Vienna.  He  wrote:  'Griseldis'  (loth  ed.  1893), 
which  had  great  success;  'The  Adept'  (1836); 
'  Camoens  '  ( 1837  ) ;  '  Imelda  Lambertazzi ' 
(1838);  'The  Son  of  the  Wilderness'  (9th  ed. 
1894),  well  known  in  England  and  America 
under  the  title  'Ingomar';  '  The  Fencer  of  Ra- 
venna' (5th  ed.  1893),  perhaps  his  best  work; 
'Wild  Fire'  (6th  ed.  1894),  a  romantic  com- 
edy; etc.     ('Works,'  8  vols.,  Vienna,  1856-64.) 

Munchausen,  Baron.  See  Munchhausen 
and  Raspe. 

Miinchhausen,  Hieronymus  Karl  Friedrich 
von,  Baron  (miinch-hou'zen).  A  notorious 
German  braggart ;  born  at  Bodenwerder,  Han- 
over, 1720;  died  there,  1797.  Having  served 
in  the  Russian  cavalry  against  the  Turks  (1737- 
39),  the  tales  he  told  of  his  exploits  gave  him 
the  reputation  of  being  "  the  greatest  liar  in 
Germany."  Ostensibly  written  out  in  English 
by  Rudolph  Eric  Raspe,  a  German  exile, '  Baron 
Munchausen's  Narrative  of  his  Marvelous  Trav- 
els and  Campaigns  in  Russia'  appeared  at 
(Oxford,  1785),  and  was  translated  into  Ger- 
man by  Gottfried  A.  Biirger  the  poet  (1786). 
Since  then  it  has  often  been  reprinted.  In  real- 
ity the  stories  are  old  "  yarns "  of  various  ages 
collected  from  other  books.    See  also  Raspe. 

Munday,  Anthony.  An  English  miscella- 
neous writer  of  great  versatility  and  note ;  born 
in  London,  1553;  died  there,  August  1633.  He 
wrote  a  large  number  of  plays,  generally  in 
collaboration  with  Chettle,  Drayton,  Wilson, 
Dekker,  Webster,  and  others  :  among  them  be- 
ing '  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion's  Funeral '  (1589); 
'A  Chance  Medley'  (1598);  <The  Rising  of 
Cardinal  Wolsey'  (1601);  'Death  of  Robert, 
Earl  of  Huntington'  (1601);  and  'The  Two 
Harpes'  (1602).  He  was  also  a  writer  of  bal- 
lads of  much  note,  which  were  licensed  to  be 
sung  in  London.  He  wrote,  translated,  or 
adapted  numerous  romances,  including  <  Pal- 
ladino  of  England'  (1588)  and  the  two  first 
books  of  '  Amadis  de  Gaule'  (between  1589 
and  1595).  His  work  'The  English  Romayne 
Lyfe  >  (about  1582)  excited  the  most  comment: 
it  was  ostensibly  an  account  of  his  adventures 
among  English  Catholic  refugees  in  France 
and  Italy,  and  was  anti-Catholic  in  tone.  His 
prodigious  activity  in  literature  and  affairs 
makes  him  one  of  the  most  notable  characters 
of  his  time. 

Munday,  John  William.  [«  Charles  Sumner 
Seeley."]  An  American  writer  for  boys;  born 
in  Indiana,  1844.  He  is  a  lawyer  at  Chicago. 
He  has  published  'The  Spanish  Galleon >,• 
'  The  Lost  Canyon  of  the  Toltecs.' 

Mundt,  Klara.    See  Miihlbach. 
Mundt,   Theodor.     A    German    biographer, 
writer  of  travels,  critic,  and  novelist;  bom  at 


HUNGER  —  MURNER 


397 


Potsdam,  Sept.  19,  1808 ;  died  at  Berlin,  May 
30,  1861.  He  belonged  to  the  <*  Young  Ger- 
many >>  school.  He  was  professor  of  the  his- 
tory of  literature  at  Breslau  in  1848;  professor 
and  librarian  at  the  University  of  Berlin,  1850. 
Among  his  biographical  writings  and  travels, 
which  were  his  best,  were  monographs  on 
Prince  Piickler,  George  Sand,  Lamennais,  and 
others;  <  Walks  and  World  Journeys >  (1838-39); 

<  Italian  Conditions*  (1859-60).  His  critical 
works  include  :  <Art  of  German  Prose  >  (2d  ed. 
1843);  'Universal  History  of  Literature >  (2d  ed. 
1848);  < History  of  Contemporary  Literature' 
(2d  ed.  1853);  <The  Pantheon  of  the  Ancient 
Peoples'  (2d  ed.  1854);  <  History  of  Society' 
(2d  ed.  1856).  He  wrote  the  novels  <  Thomas 
Miintzer>  (3d  ed.  i860);  <  Mendoza,  the  Father 
of  Rogues'  (1847);  etc. 

Munger,  Theodore  Thornton.  An  Ameri- 
can Congregational  clergyman ;  born  in  Bain- 
bridge,  N.  Y.,  March  5,  1830.  He  graduated 
from  Yale  in  1851,  and  Yale  Theological  School 
in  1855.  Since  1885  he  has  been  pastor  of  the 
United  Church,  New  Haven,  Conn.  He  is  a 
Congregational  leader  in  his  State ;  has  been 
active  in  municipal  reform,  and  is  well  known 
as  a  writer  of  ability  and  attractiveness  on 
ethical  subjects,  and  an  exponent  of  broad, 
progressive  theology.  He  has  published  :  <  On 
the    Threshold  > ;    <  The    Freedom    of    Faith  > ; 

<  Lamps  and  Paths ' ;  and  <  The  Appeal  to  Life.' 

Munkittrick,  Richard  Kendall.  An  Amer- 
ican poet  and  humorous  writer ;  born  in  Eng- 
land, 1853.  He  is  on  the  editorial  staff  of  Puck, 
New  York.  He  has  published :  <  The  Moon 
Prince,'  for  children ;  <  The  Acrobatic  Muse,'  a 
volume  of  humorous  verse.  He  has  also  writ- 
ten serious  verse  of  fine  fancy  and  delicate 
workmanship. 

Munroe,  [Charles]  Kirk.  An  American 
writer  for  the  young;  born  in  Wisconsin,  1856. 
His  present  home  is  in  Florida.  He  has  writ- 
ten :  <  The  Flamingo  Feather '  (1887);  *  Wakulla ' 
(1888);  <Campmates';  <Canoemates' ;  <  Raft- 
mates  ' ;  <  Rick  Dale ' ;  <  Dorymates ' ;  <  The 
White  Conquerors ' ;  <  Big  Cypress ' ;  <  At  War 
with  Pontiac ' ;  etc. :  also  a  <  Life  of  Mrs.  Stowe ' 
(with  her  son)  ;<  The  Outcast  Warrior.' 

Murat,  Napoleon  Achille  (mii-ra')-  A  French- 
American  essayist  and  political  writer ;  born  in 
France,  1801 ;  died  1847.  He  was  son  of  Joa- 
chim Murat,  king  of  Naples,  and  hence  prince 
of  the  Two  Sicilies.  Coming  to  this  country 
in  1821,  he  settled  at  Tallahassee,  Fla.,  where  he 
was  mayor  1824,  and  postmaster  1826-28.  He 
wrote  in  French  <  Essays  Moral  and  Political 
on  the  United  States  of  America';  <  Exposition 
of  the  Principles  of  Republican  Government 
as  Perfected  in  America,'  the  latter  running 
through  over  fifty  editions. 

Muratorl,  Ludovlco  Antonio  (mo-.a-tS'ri). 
An  Italian  historian ;  born  at  Vignola,  Oct.  21, 
1672;  died  Jan.  23,  1750.  He  was  keeper  of  the 
Ambrosian  library  at  Milan  (1694),  and  of  the 
Este   library   and   ducal    archives   at   Modena 


(1700).  He  wrote  :  'Writers  of  Italian  Affairs' 
(25  vols.,  1723-51);  'Italian  Antiquities  of  the 
Middle  Ages '  (6  vols.,  1738-42) ;  <  Annals  of 
Italy'  (12  vols.,  1744-49);  all  of  great  value. 

i  Muraviefif,  Andreii  (mo-ra've-eff).  A  Rus- 
sian traveler  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
1798;  died  1874.  His  works  enjoyed  consider- 
able popularity  in  Russia.  They  contained : 
'Dante'  (1841),  a  drama;  'History  of  the  Rus- 
sian Church'  (1845);  'Souvenirs  of  Rome' 
(1846);  'Souvenirs  of  the  East'  (1851);  'Im- 
pressions of  the  Ukraine  and  Sebastopol '  (1859); 
etc. 

Murchison,  Roderick  Impey,  Sir.  A  Scot- 
tish geologist;  born  at  Tarradale  (Ross),  Feb. 
19,  1792;  died  in  London,  Oct.  22,  1871.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  and  often  president  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society ;  director-general 
of  the  British  Geological  Survey  (1855).  He 
published:  'Geology  of  Russia  and  the  Ural' 
(1845);  'Siluria'  (1854);  'Geological  Atlas  of 
Europe'  (1856);  etc. 

Murdoch,  William.  A  Canadian  poet ;  born 
in  Paisley,  Scotland,  Feb.  24,  1823;  died  in  St. 
John,  N.  B.,  May  4,  1887.  His  publications  in- 
clude 'Poems  and  Songs'  (2d  ed.  1872);  and 
'  Discursory  Ruminations  :  a  Fireside  Drama,' 
with  other  pieces  (1876). 

Mure,  William.  A  Scottish  historian;  born 
near  Caldwell,  Ayrshire,  July  9,  1799;  died  in 
London,  April  i,  i860.  He  was  Member  of 
Parliament  for  Renfrew,  1846-55 ;  and  rector  of 
Glasgow  University,  1847-48.  He  wrote  '  His- 
tory of  the  Language  and  Literature  of  Ancient 
Greece'  (5  vols.,  1850-57),  his  main  work,  but 
left  unfinished ;  '  Journal  of  a  Tour  in  Greece 
and  the  Ionian  Islands'  (1842);  etc. 

Murfree,  Fanny  Noailles  Dickinson.  An 
American  novelist,  sister  of  Mary;  born  in 
Tennessee,  1845.  She  has  written  the  novel 
'Felicia.' 

Murfree,  Mary  Noailles,  better  known  as 
"Charles  Egbert  Craddock."  A  noted  Ameri- 
can novelist;  born  at  Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  Jan. 
24,  1850.  She  was  a  contributor  to  the  Atlantic 
Monthly  before  1880.  Among  her  best-known 
books  are:  'In  the  Tennessee  Mountains' 
(1884);  'The  Prophet  of  the  Great  Smoky 
Mountains  '(1885);  <  In  the  Clouds  '  (1886)  ;  '  The 
Story  of  Keedon  Bluffs  > ;  '  The  Windfall.' 

Murger,  Henri  (miir-zha')-  A  noted  French 
litterateur ;  born  in  Paris,  March  24,  1822 ;  died 
near  there,  Jan.  28,  1861.  He  was  at  one  time 
secretary  of  Count  Leo  Tolstoy.  He  wrote  : 
'Scenes  of  Bohemian  Life'  (1848),  his  best- 
known  work,  depicting  existence  in  the  Latin 
Quarter  of  Paris ;  '  Claude  and  Marianne ' 
(1851);  'Scenes  of  Youthful  Life'  (1851);  'The 
Last  Appointment'  (1852);  'The  Latin  Coun- 
try' (1852);  'Adeline -Protat'  (1853);  'The  Wa- 
ter Drinkers'  (1854);  etc.  His  verse  was  col- 
lected in  a  volume  entitled  '  W^inter  Nights.' 

Murner,  Thomas  (mor'ner).  An  Alsatian 
clergyman,  and  a  leading  satirist  of  the    i6th 


398 


MURPHY  -  MUSAUS 


century ;  born  at  Straslnirg,  Dec.  24,  1475 ; 
died  at  Oberehnheim,  Alsace,  about  1536.  He 
was  made  poet  laureate  by  the  emperor  Maxi- 
milian (1506),  and  taught  for  a  while  logic  at 
Cracow;  but  in  the  main  led  a  roaming  and 
unsettled  life,  drawing  large  crowds  by  his  witty 
sermons  whenever  he  preached.  He  wrote : 
<The  Rogues'  Guild  >  (1512);  <  The  Exorcism 
of  Fools>  (1512);  <0n  the  Great  Lutheran 
Fool>  (1522),  a  stinging  satire  on  the  Reforma- 
tion; etc. 

Murphy,  Henry  Cruse.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  historical  writer;  born  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  v.,  1810;  died  1882.  He  was  a  lawyer  by 
profession;  was  minister  to  The  Hague  1857- 
61.  He  wrote:  <  Henry  Hudson  in  Holland' 
(1S59);  < Anthology  of  the  New  Netherlands' 
1 1S65),  consisting  of  translations  and  memoirs ; 
<  The  Voyage  of  Verrazzano  >  (1875);  etc. 

Murray,  David  Christie.  An  English  nov- 
elist; born  at  West  Bromwich,  Staffordshire, 
April  13,  1847.  He  has  been  a  journalist  in 
London.  He  has  written  numerous  works, 
among  which  are  :  <A  Life's  Atonement'  (1879); 
♦Goals  of  Fire>  ( 1881 );  <  The  Way  of  the 
World'  (new  ed.  1886);  <  The  Weaker  Vessel' 
(1888);  etc.     He  died  Aug.  2,  1907. 

Murray,  Grenville.  An  English  miscella- 
neous writer ;  born  Oct.  2,  1824 ;  died  at  Passy, 
France,  Dec.  20,  1881.  He  was  in  the  diplo- 
matic service  1845-68.  A  voluminous  writer, 
among  his  works  were :  <  Dudley  Cranbourne ' 
(1845),  a  novel;  <The  Roving  Englishman' 
(1854);  < Embassies  and  Foreign  Courts'  (1856); 
<The  Member  for  Paris'  (1871);  <  Young  Brown' 
(1874),  both  novels;  < Turkey'  (1877);  <The 
Russians  of  To-day'  (1878);  < Under  the  Lens, 
Social  Photographs'  (2d  ed.  1885);  etc. 

Murray.  Hugh.  A  Scottish  geographer; 
born  at  North  Berwick,  1779;  died  in  Lon- 
don, March  4,  1846.  He  was  a  clerk  in  the 
excise  office  at  Edinburgh,  devoting  his  leis- 
ure to  literature,  especially  geography ;  edited 
the  Scots'  Magazine.  He  wrote  :  <  Histories  of 
Discoveries  and  Travels,'  consisting  of  <  Africa' 
(2  vols.,  1817),  <Asia'  (3  vols.,  1820),  and 
< North  America'  (2  vols.,  1829);  < Descriptive 
Geography  of  British  India '  (3  vols.);  <  China ' 
(3  vols.);  'United  States'  (3  vols.);  < Marco 
Polo's  Travels'  (i  vol.,  1839);  and  < Encyclo- 
paedia of  Geography'  (1834),  his  chief  work. 

Murray,  James  Augustin  Henry.  A  dis- 
tinguished British  lexicographer ;  born  in  Den- 
holm,  Roxburghshire,  Scotland,  1837.  He  has 
long  been  compiling* A  New  English  Diction- 
ary on  Historical  Principles '  (first  number  1888), 
founded  mainly  on  materials  collected  by  the 
Philological  Society.  The  letters  A  and  B,  and 
the  greater  part  of  C  and  E,  had  appeared  by 
1893,  and  G  by  1897 ;  and  the  work  is  now  in 
continuous  publication.  The  aim  of  this  dic- 
tionary « is  to  furnish  an  adequate  account  of 
the  meaning,  origin,  and  history  of  English 
words  now  in  general  use,  or  known  to  have 
been   in   use   at  any  time  during  the  past  700 


years."  Its  purpose  is  <<  not  to  dictate  to  usage, 
but  to  record  usage."  Dr.  Murray  has  also 
published  <  Dialect  of  the  Southern  Counties  of 
Scotland,'  and  similar  philological  studies. 

Murray,  John  Clark.  A  Canadian  educator 
and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  Paisley,  Scot- 
land, March  19,  1836.  In  1872  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  mental  and  moral  philosophy  in  Mc- 
Gill  University,  Montreal.  He  is  the  author 
of  <The  Ballads  and  Songs  of  Scotland'  (1874); 

<  Handbook  of  Psychology'  (1885);  and  <  Solo- 
mon Maimon :  an  Autobiography,'  translated 
from  the  German,  with  notes  and  additions 
(1888). 

Murray,  John  O'Kane.  An  American  physi- 
cian and  historian  ;  born  in  Glenariffe,  County 
Antrim,  Ireland,  Dec.  12,  1847 ;  died  in  Chicago, 
July  30,  1885.  He  was  a  man  of  unusual  cult- 
ure. His  most  notable  work  was  a  <  Popular 
History  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United 
States'  (1876).  This  was  succeeded  by  *The 
Prose  and  Poetry  of  Ireland'  (1877);  <The  Cath- 
olic Heroes  and  Heroines  of  America'  (1878); 
<The  Catholic  Pioneers  of  America'  (1881); 
and  'Lessons  in  English  Literature'  (1883). 

Murray,  Lindley,  whose  name  was  long  a 
synonym  for  grammar  in  America,  was  born 
in  Swatara,  Pa.,  April  22,  1745;  died  near 
York,  England,  Jan.  16,  1826.  From  1784  until 
his  death  he  was  devoted  to  literary  work. 
His  publications  include :  <  Grammar  of  the 
English  Language'  (1795,  first  ed.),  <The 
Power  of  Religion  on  the  Mind'  (1787);  'Com- 
pendium   of    Religious    Faith    and    Practice.' 

<  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Lindley 
Murray'  was  issued  in  1826. 

Murray,  Nicholas.  ["Kirwan."!  An  Ameri- 
can Presbyterian  clergyman,  and  controversial 
and  didactic  writer;  born  in  Ireland,  Dec.  25, 
1802;  died  1861.  He  was  settled  at  Elizabeth- 
town,  N.  J.  Among  his  works  were  :  <  Letters  to 
Bishop  Hughes'  (collective  ed.  revised  and  en- 
larged, 1855),  translated  into  several  languages ; 

<  Romanism  at  Home  >  (1852);  <  Men  and  Things 
as  I  Saw  Them  in  Europe'  (1853);  'Preachers 
and  Preaching'  (i860);  etc. 

Murray,    William    Henry    Harrison.     An 

American  preacher,  lecturer,  and  miscellaneous 
writer ;  born  in  Guilford,  Conn.,  April  26,  1840. 
His  publications  include  :  '  The  Perfect  Horse' ; 
'Adirondack  Tales';  'How  Deacon  Tubner 
Kept  New-Year's ' ;  '  Daylight  Land ' ;  ■>  Ad- 
ventures in  the  W^ilderness ' ; '  Deacons ' ;  <  Music 
Hall  Sermons';  'Sennons  from  Park  Street 
Pulpit ' ;  '  The  Doom  of  Mamelons ' ;  <  Words 
Fitly  Spoken';  etc.     Died  March  3,  1904. 

Musaus,  Johann  Karl  August  (mb-za'os).  A 
German  satirical  writer;  born  at  Jena,  March 
29,  1735 ;  died  at  Weimar,  Oct.  28,  1787.  He  was 
professor  at  the  Weimar  gymnasium  in  1770. 
Among  nis  works  were  :  '  The  German  Grand- 
ison'  (1781-82),  satirizing  Richardson's  novel 
'  Sir  Charles  Grandison  ; '  '  Physiognomical  Jour- 
neys'  (177S-79),  satirizing  Lavater;  '  Folk-Tales 
of  the  Germans'  (latest  ed.  Hamburg,  1870); 


MUSICK  —  M  YRDDIN 


'Ostrich  Feathers >  (1787),  his  chief  production, 
and  for  a  long  time  very  popular;  etc. 

Musick,  John  Roy.  An  American  novelist 
and  historian;  born  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Feb.  28, 
1849;  died  at  Omaha,  Neb.,  April  14,  1901. 
Among  his  werks  may  be  named:  ^Calamity  Row> 
(1887);  <Brother  Against  Brother>  (1887); 
'Mysterious  Mr.  Howard  > ;  etc.  He  wrote  a 
series  of  twelve  American  historical  novels. 

Musset,  Louis  Charles  Alfred  de  (mii-sa'). 
One  of  the  greatest  three  French  poets  of  the 
nineteenth  century;  born  in  Paris,  Nov.  il, 
1810;  died  there,  May  i,  1857.  He  studied 
law  and  medicine,  and  tried  business,  each 
for  a  short  time ;  was  librarian  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Interior  (1838),  and  the  department 
of  Public  Instruction  (1855).  He  wrote:  <Tales 
of  Spain  and  Italy  >  (1830);  <A  Play  in  an 
Arm-Chair>  (1832);  < A  Night  of  May>  (1835); 
«A  Night  of  December  >  (1835);  <A  Night  of 
August  >  (1836);  <  A  Night  of  October  >  (1837),— 
the  last  four  being  his  masterpieces  ;  <  Letter  to 
Lamartine>  (1836);  <  Hope  in  God>  (1838);  etc. 
The  <  Nights,*  as  well  as  the  latter  part  of  the 
prose  story  <  Confession  of  a  Child  of  the  Cen- 
tury* (1836),  related  to  his  connection  with 
George  Sand.  Other  notable  stories  were  :  <  Em- 
meline>  (1837);  <  The  Two  Mistresses'  (1837); 
♦Frederick  and  Bernerette>  (1838);  < Titian's 
Son>  (1838);  etc.  He  produced  also  a  series  of 
graceful  and  original  <  Comedies  and  Proverbs,' 
some  of  which  hold  the  stage  to-day :  <  One 
Must  Not  Play  with  Love>  (1834);  <We  Must 
Swear  to  Nothing'  (1836);  <A  Door  Must  be 
either  Open  or  Shut'  (1845);  etc.  His  life  was 
dissipated.    (<  Works,'  best  ed.  10  vols.,  1886.) 

Muzzey,  Artemas  Bowers.  An  American 
clergyman  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in 
Lexington,  Mass.,  Sept.  21,  1802;  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, April  21,  1892.  In  1865  he  retired  from 
ministerial  work.  Included  in  his  numerous 
publications  are  :  <The  Young  Man's  Friend* 
(1836);  <Man,  a  Soul)  (1842);  <The  Higher 
Education*  (1871)  ;  Personal  Recollections  of 
Rev.  Dr.  Channing'  (1874-75);  'Immortality 
in  the  Light  of  Scripture  and  Science'  (1876); 
and  'Education  of  Old  Age>  (1884). 


399 


Myers,  Ernest  James.  An  English  poet, 
brother  of  Frederic  W.  H.;  born  at  Keswick 
in  1844.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  (1874),  but 
never  practiced.  He  has  published:  'The 
Puritans'  (1869);  'Poems'  (1877);  'Defence  of 
Rome  and  Other  Poems'  (1880);  'Judgment 
of  Prometheus  and  Other  Poems'  (1886);  etc.; 
besides  translating  the  odes  of  Pindar  (2d  ed. 
1884). 

Myers,  Frederic  William  Henry.  An  Eng- 
lish poet  and  critic;  born  at  Keswick,  Feb.  6. 
1843;  died  in  Rome,  Jan.  17,  1901.  He  was 
classical  lecturer  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1865-68.  He  wrote 'St.  Paul'  (new  ed.  1879), 
verse;  'Wordsworth'  (1880),  in  'English  Men 
of  Letters' ;  'Renewal  of  Youth,  and  Other 
Poems'  (1882);  'Essays,  Modern  and  Classical' 
(1883);  'Science  and  a  Future  Life'  (1893),  a 
volume  of  essays;  etc.  He  was  one  of  the  fore- 
most writers  in  English  reviews. 

Myers,  Peter  Hamilton.  An  American 
story-writer  and  lawyer;  born  in  Herkimer, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  4,  1812;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
Oct.  30,  1878.  Among  his  published  works  are : 
<  The  First  of  the  Knickerbockers :  A  Tale  of 
1673'  (1848);  'The  Young  Patroon,  or  Christ- 
mas in  1690'  (1849);  'The  King  of  the  Hu- 
rons,'  republished  in  England  as  'Blanche 
Montaigne'  (1856);  and  'The  Prisoner  of  the 
Border:  A  Tale  of  1838'  (1857). 

Myers,  Philip  Van  Ness.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  historian ;  born  in  New  York  State, 
1846.  He  was  president  of  Belmont  College, 
Ohio,  and  has  been  dean  of  the  University  of 
Cincinnati  since  1895.  He  has  written :  '  Re- 
mains of  Lost  Empires'  (1875);  'Outlines  of 
Ancient  History'  (1882);  'Outlines  of  Mediae- 
val a.nd  Modern  History'  (1886);  'General  His- 
tory ' ;  <  The  Middle  Ages  > ;  <  The  Modern  Age.' 

Myrddin  (m€r'din),  Wyllt,  —  ?.  i?.,  the  Mad. 
[Called  also  Merlin.]  A  Welsh  poet;  flour- 
ished 580  (?).  Hardly  anything  is  known  of 
his  life.  In  mediseval  Welsh  literature  he  is 
credited  with  being  the  author  of  six  poems, 
which  can  be  found  in  the  '  Myryrian  Archae- 
ology' (2d  ed.,  pages  104-18,  348). 


400 


NABUCO  DE  ARAUJO  — NAPIER 


N 


Nabuco  de  Araujo,  Jos^  Tito  (na-bo'ko  da 
ar-ii-o'zho).  A  Brazilian  historical  and  dra- 
matic writer;  born  in  Rio  Janeiro,  Jan.  4,  1836. 
He  has  written  <The  Son  of  Chance,*  a  drama 
which  has  been  successfully  represented  in 
several  of  the  South-American  cities  ;  <  Maxims 
and  Thoughts*  (1876);  <Life  of  Lamartine* 
(1877);  <Life  of  General  Gurjao*  (1878);  and 
< Poems*  (1879). 

Nack,  James.  An  American  verse-writer; 
born  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  4,  1809 ;  died  there, 
Sept.  23,  1879.  He  labored  under  the  disability 
of  being  deaf  and  dumb.  His  popular  verses 
include  <  Spring  Is  Coming,*  <  Here  She  Goes 
and  There  She  Goes,*  and  the  volumes  <The 
Legend  of  the  Rocks*  (1827);  <The  Immortal, 
and  Other  Poems  *  (1850);  <  Poems  *  (1852);  and 
<  The  Romance  of  the  Ring,  and  Other  Poems  * 
(1859). 

Nadal,  Ehrman  Syme.  An  American  jour- 
nalist, lecturer,  and  author ;  bom  at  Lewisburg, 
W.  Va.,  Feb.  13,  1843.  He  was  secretary  of  the 
United  States  legation  at  London,  1870-71  and 
1877-84.  He  is  a  frequent  contributor  to  maga- 
zines. His  chief  works  are :  <  Impressions  of 
London  Social  Life*  (1875);  < Essays  at  Home 
and  Elsewhere*  (1882);  <  Zwieback,  or  Notes 
of  a  Professional  Exile*  (1887). 

Nadaud,  Gustave  (na-do').  A  French  song- 
writer and  composer;  born  in  Roubaix,  Feb. 
20,  1820 ;  died  in  Paris,  April  28,  1893.  He 
published :  <  Songs  *  ( 1849  ) ;  <  More  Songs  * 
(1873);  < Unpublished  Songs*  (1876);  and  <New 
Songs*  (2ded.  1892).  He  composed  the  music 
for  many  of  them.  He  also  wrote  a  novel 
called  <An  Idyll*  (2d  ed.  1886). 

Naden,  Constance  C.  W.  An  English  poet; 
born  in  Birmingham,  1858;  died  in  London  (?), 
1889.  She  studied  sociological  problems,  and 
lectured  with  effect ;  but  is  chiefly  remembered 
for  her  volumes  of  <  Songs  and  Sonnets  of 
Springtime*  (1S81),  and  ^A  Modern  Apostle,* 
etc.  (1887). 

NsBVius,  Cneius  (ne've-us).  A  Roman  poet; 
born  in  Campania,  B.C.  272  (?);  died  B.C. 
204  (?).  He  wrote  dramas  and  an  epic  on  the 
Punic  wars,  but  only  fragments  of  his  works  are 
extant.  The  ancients,  Cicero  in  particular,  con- 
sidered him  a  great  genius. 

Naharro,  Bartolom^  de  Torres  (na-ar'o). 
A  Spanish  dramatist  who  flourished  in  the  six- 
teenth century.  He  entered  the  clerical  l^ody, 
but  his  career  otherwise  is  little  known.  His 
pieces  are  among  the  earliest  specimens  of 
Spanish  drama.  The  best  are  probably  <Sol- 
dadesca*  (Soldiery),  and  the  <Tinelaria.*  The 
<Propaladia*  was  condemned  by  the  Inquisi- 
tion. 


Nairne,    Lady    (Carolina    Oliphant).     A 

Scotch  poet;  born  at  Gask,  Perthshire,  1766; 
died  there,  1845.  She  attained  universal  celeb- 
rity in  Scotland  through  her  poetry,  the  most 
popular  among  her  productions  being :  <  The 
Land  of  the  Leal*  (1798);  < Caller  Herrin*;  and 

<  The  Laird  o'  Cockpen.* 

Najac,  tmile,  Count  de  (na-zhak').  A  French 
dramatist ;  born  in  Lorient,  Morbihan,  1828 ; 
died  in  Paris,  1869.  He  produced :  <  Caged 
Birds*  (1863);  (The  Last  Doll*  (1875);  <  Madam 
Is  Served*  (1874);  and  <  Let  Us  Divorce!* 
(1880).  He  has  also  collaborated  with  Meilhac, 
Sardou,  and  Hennequin. 

Nannarelli,  Fabio  (na-na-rel'le).  An  Italian 
poet ;  born  in  Rome,  Oct.  25,  1825 ;  died  in 
Corneto  Tarquinia,  May  1894.  His  early  studies 
were  elaborate,  and  he  held  a  professorship  of 
literature  at  the  University  of  Rome  for  years. 
His  poetry  shows  the  influence  of  classic  mod- 
els, particularly  the  collections  entitled  <  Poems* 
(1853),  and  <New  Poems*  (1856).  His  essays 
and  studies  appear  in  various  volumes,  and 
his  later  poems  include  <New  Lyrics*  (1881). 

Nansen,  Fridtjof  (nan'sen).  A  Norwegian 
Arctic  explorer;  born  near  Christiania,  Oct.  10, 
1861.  For  many  years  he  has  devoted  himself 
to  Arctic  exploration,  aiming  especially  to  reach 
the  North  Pole,  which  he  has  approached  much 
more  nearly  than  any  other  explorer.  His  ob- 
servations, experiences,  and  discoveries  have 
been  carefully  noted  by  him,  and  published  in 

<  Farthest  North  * ;  <  Oceanography  of  the  North 
Polar  Basin.* 

Napbegi,  Gabor.  An  American-Hungarian 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  Buda-Pesth  in 
1824;  died  in  1884.  He  became  a  naturalized 
American  citizen  in  1868.  Among  his  works 
are:  < Among  the  Arabs*  (1868);  <An  Album 
of  Language*  (1869);  <Ghardia;  or.  Ninety 
Days  in  the  Desert*  (1871);  <The  Grand  Re- 
view of  the  Dead,*  poems. 

Napier,  Charles  James,  Sir.  An  English 
soldier  and  military  writer;  born  in  London, 
Aug.  10,  1782;  died  Aug.  29,  1853.'  He  had  a 
very  distinguished  military  career,  and  wrote 
important  books  based  on  his  experiences ;  in- 
cluding <  Lights  and  Shades  of  Military  Life  * 
(2d  ed.  1853),  and  <  Letter  on  the  Defense  of 
England  by  Corps  of  Volunteers  and  Militia' 
(1852). 

Napier,  Charles  John,  Sir.  A  British  vice- 
admiral  and  military  and  naval  historian ;  bom 
in  Scotland,  March  6,  1786;  died  Nov.  6,  i860. 
He  held  high  command,  and  was  a  great  naval 
tactician.  His  writings  include  :  <  The  War  in 
Portugal  between  Pedro  and  Miguel*  (1836); 
<The    War    in    Syria*    (1842);    <The    Navy> 


NAPIER- NEALE 


401 


(1850);  and  'History  of  the  Haltic  Campaign' 
(1857). 

Napier,  Henry  Edward.  An  English  naval 
commander  and  historian,  brother  of  Sir  Charles 
James;  born  in  1789;  died  in  1853.  His  best- 
known  work  is  *  Florentine  History  from  the 
Earliest  Authentic  Records'  (6  vols.,  1847). 

Napier,  William  Francis  Patrick,  Sir.  A 
British  soldier  and  historian ;  born  in  Ireland, 
Dec.  17,  1785;  died  Feb.  10,  i860.  He  saw 
much  active  service,  his  earliest  experiences 
being  in  the  wars  again*  Napoleon.  In  litera- 
ture he  ranks  among  the  greatest  of  military 
historians  through  his  <  History  of  the  War  in  the 
Peninsula  >  ( 1828-40) ,  a  masterpiece  and  a  classic. 

Napoleon  III.  (Charles  Louis  Napoleon 
Bonaparte).  Emperor  of  the  French  (1852-70); 
born  at  Paris,  April  20,  1808;  died  at  Chisel- 
hurst,  England,  Jan.  9,  1873.  He  was  the  os- 
tensible author  of  < History  of  Julius  Caesar' 
(1865-66),  an  important  and  valuable  work; 
Victor  Duruy  was  his  collaborator. 

Nares,  Edward.  An  English  story-writer 
and  biographer;  born  in  London,  1762;  died 
1841.  He  was  a  clergyman,  who  held  the  pro- 
fessorship of  modern  history  at  Oxford  for  a 
time.  His  writings  include  <  Thinks  I  to  My- 
self (1811),  a  novel;  and  <Life  and  Adminis- 
tration of  Lord  Burghley'  (1828-31). 

Naruszewicz,  Adam  Stanislas  (na-ros'6- 
vich).  A  Polish  historian  and  poet ;  born  in 
Lithuania,  1733;  died  1796.  He  entered  the 
Jesuit  order  and  became  a  bishop,  devoting 
his  leisure  to  literature.  His  masterpiece  is  a 
<  History  of  the  Polish  People'  (new  ed.  10 
vols.,  1836).  His  idyls  and  satires  are  the  best 
of  his  poetic  pieces.  He  made  a  good  Polish 
version  of  Tacitus. 

Nasby,  Petroleum  V.    See  Locke. 

Nascimento,  Francisco  Manoel  do  (nas-che- 
men'to).  ["Filinto  Elysio."]  A  Portuguese 
poet;  born  in  Lisbon,  1734;  died  1819.  He 
won  a  prominent  place  in  his  country's  liter- 
ature with  a  version  of  La  Fontaine's  fables, 
but  it  is  to  his  <  Odes '  and  other  poems  that 
he  owes  his  greatest  eminence. 

Nash,  Thomas.  An  English  satirical  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist ;  born  in  Lowestoft,  Suf- 
folk, 1567  (?);  died  in  London,  1601.  His  <An- 
atomy  of  Absurdities'  (1589),  a  satire,  was  very 
successful;  as  were  his  <  Return  of  Pasquil' 
(1589),  and  'Pasquil's  Apology'  (1590).  His 
best  work  was  the  romance  called  <  The  Unfor- 
tunate Traveler ;  or,  The  Life  of  Jack  Wilton ' 
(1594)-  'Summer's  Last  Will  and  Testament' 
(1600),  a  comedy,  is  known  to  students  of  liter- 
ature. 

Nason,  Ellas.  An  American  clergyman,  bi- 
ographer, and  ^'l^ious  writer;  bom  in  Wrent- 
ham,  Mass;,  April  21,  1811;  died  in  North  Bil- 
lerica,  Mass.,  June  17,  1887.  Among  his  works 
are:  <Life  of  Governor  Andrew'  (1868);  <Life 
of  Charles  Sumner'  (1874);  < Lives  of  Moody 
and  Sankey'  (1877);  <  Originality '  (1882), 
26 


Nason,    Mrs.    Emma    (Huntington).     An 

American  poet ;  born  in  Maine  in  1845.  She 
is  a  resident  of  Augusta,  Me.  Her  works  are 
< White  Sails'  (1888),  and  <The  Tower,  with 
Legends  and  Lyrics.' 

Navarrete,  Manuel  Maria  de  (na-va-ra'ta). 
A  Mexican  poet;  born  in  Zamora,  Mechoacan, 
June  18,  1768;  died  in  Tlalpujahua,  July  17, 
1809.  His  principal  work  is  <  Poem  on  the 
Divine  Providence'  (1808).  Before  his  death 
he  burned  his  manuscripts.  The  few  which 
escaped  destruction  were  published  under  the 
title  of  <  Poetical  Entertainments'  (Mexico, 
1823;  Paris,  1825). 

Navarrete,  Martin  Fernandez  de.  A  Span- 
ish historian  and  scholar ;  born  in  Abalos,  Nov. 
9,  1765;  died  Oct.  8,  1844.  He  paid  particular 
attention  to  geographical  science  and  to  the 
historical  side  of  discovery,  his  best  work  being 
<  Collection  of  Voyages  aftd  Discoveries  Made 
by  the  Spaniards  since  the  End  of  the  Fifteenth 
Century'  (1825-37). 

Navarro,  Madame  de  — Mary  [Antoinette] 
(Anderson).  An  American  actress;  bom  in  Sac- 
ramento, Cal.,  1859.  She  won  fame  both  in 
the  United  States  and  England.  In  1890  she 
retired  from  the  stage  and  married  Antonio 
F.  de  Navarro.  Her  autobiography,  <A  Few 
Memories'  (1896),  is  an  interesting  work. 

Neal,  Daniel.  An  English  historian;  bom 
in  London,  1678 ;  died  1743.  He  was  a  widely 
known  Dissenting  clergyman.  His  principal 
writings  are:  <  History  of  the  Puritans'  (1732- 
38);  and  < History  of  New  England'  (1720). 

Neal,  John.  An  American  poet  and  author; 
born  in  Falmouth,  Mass.,  now  Portland,  Me., 
Aug.  25,  1793;  died  there,  June  21,  1876.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  but 
left  it  at  25.  Later  in  life  he  figured  as  editor, 
lecturer,  lawyer,  poet,  novelist,  and  teacher  of 
gymnastics.  Among  his  numerous  works  are : 
<Keep  Cool>  (1817),  a  novel;  <The  Battle  of 
Niagara'  (1818),  a  poem;  < Brother  Jonathan' 
(1825);  <  Rachel  Dyer'  (1828),  a  novel ;  <  Down- 
easters'  (1833),  a  novel;  < Wandering  Recollec- 
tions of  a  Somewhat  Busy  Life'  (1870). 

Neal,  Joseph  Clay.  An  American  journal- 
ist and  humorist ;  born  at  Greenland,  N.  H., 
Feb.  3,  1807  ;  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  18,  1847. 
He  was  editor  of  the  Pennsylvanian  from  1831 
to  1844,  when  he  founded  the  Saturday  Gazette. 
His  works  are:  <  Charcoal  Sketches'  (1837); 
<  Peter  Ploddy  and  Other  Oddities'  (1844). 

Neale,  John  Mason.  A  notable  English 
church  historian  and  poet ;  born  in  London, 
Jan.  24,  1818;  died  at  East  Griustead,  Aug.  6, 
1866.  He  was  an  extreme  High-Churchman ; 
founded  a  sisterhood,  was  inhibited  from  church 
ministrations  for  14  years,  and  once  burned  in 
effigy.  His  translations  of  Latin  and  Greek 
hymns  are  among  the  finest  religious  lyrics  in 
the  language :  the  most  famous  are  •  Art  Thou 
Weary' and  *  Jerusalem  the  Golden.'  His  best- 
known  books  are  :  History  of  the  Holy  Eastern 
Church ' ;  <  Mediaeval  Hymns ' ;  <  Hymns  of  the 


402 


NEANDER  —  NEWHALL 


Eastern  Church  > ;  and  <  History  of  the  So-called 
Jansenist  Church  of  Holland.' 

Neander,  Johann  August  Wilhelm  (na-an'- 
der).  A  German  church  historian;  born  in 
Gottingen,  Jan.  17,  1789 ;  died  at  Berlin,  July  14, 
1850.  He  was  of  Jewish  extraction,  but  earnest 
in  the  advancement  of  Christianity.  His  prin- 
cipal works  include  :  <  The  Emperor  Julian  and 
his  Times  >  (1812);  <  Memorable  Occurrences 
from  the  History  of  Christianity  and  Christian 
Life>  (1822);  <  History  of  the  Planting  of  the 
Apostolic  Church  >  (1832);  <  Universal  History 
of  the  Christian  Religion  and  Church  >  (1843); 
and  many  others. 

Neele,  Henry.  An  English  poet;  born  in 
London,  1798;  died  1828.  He  was  a  lawyer, 
but  devoted  his  leisure  to  literature,  writing 
< Dramatic  Scenes';  < Odes  and  Other  Poems' 
(1817);  and  editing  an  edition  of  Shakespeare. 

Negri,  Ada  (na'gre)  —  Mme.  Garlanda.  An 
Italian  poet;  born  in  Lodi,  Feb.  3,  1870.  She 
has  written  in  mournful  numbers  of  the  suf- 
ferings of  the  poor,  the  best  collection  of  her 
verse  being  in  the  volume  <  Fatality'  (or  <  Fate ' : 
1892);  but  excellent  poems  are  contained  in 
< Storms'  (1895). 

Negruzzi,  Jakob  (na-grots'e).  A  Roumanian 
poet,  son  of  Konstantin ;  born  in  Jassy,  Jan. 
II,  1843.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Roumanian 
Academy,  and  founder  of  the  periodical  Con- 
vorbiri  Literare.  His  volumes  of  <  Poems,'  and 
<  Copies  from  Nature,'  the  latter  made  up  of 
sketches  and  tales,  have  been  widely  read. 

Negruzzi,  Konstantin.  A  Roumanian  poet 
and  prose-writer ;  born  in  Jassy,  1808 ;  died  there, 
1861}.  He  wrote  many  verses  and  plays,  the 
historical  poem  <Aprode  Purice,'  and  the  his- 
torical sketch  ^Alexander  Lepusneanu.'  His 
best  verse  is  in  the  volume  entitled  <  Youthful 
Sins.' 

Nekras30V,NikolaiAlexejevich(na-kras'ov). 
A  Russian  poet;  born  in  Podolia,  Dec.  4,  1821 ; 
died  in  St.  Petersburg,  Jan.  8,  1888.  He  is  one 
of  the  most  important  figures  in  the  literature 
of  his  country;  and  his  < Poems'  (1845),  and 
<Last  Poems'  (1877),  gave  him  great  celebrity. 
He  contributed  to  periodical  literature,  and 
sdited  Sovremmenik  (Contemporaries). 

Nelson,  Henry  Loomis.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  author  ;  born  in  New  York  city,  Jan. 
5,  1846.  Edited  Harper's  Weekly  ;  became 
professor  at  Williams  College.  He  wrote:  <Our 
Unjust  Tariff  Law'  (1884);  <John  Rantoul' 
(1885),  a  novel ;  <  The  Money  We  Need '  (1896). 

Nemcovft,,  Bozena  (nyem'tso-va).  A  Czech 
poet  and  story-writer;  born  (Pankl)  in  Vienna, 
Feb.  4,  1820 ;  died  in  Prague,  Jan.  21,  1862. 
She  studied  the  folk-lore  of  the  Czechs,  and 
embodied  it  in  poetic  narratives,  notably  <  Little 
Grandmother,'  and  the  <  Little  Mountain  Vil- 
lage.' 

Nepos,  Cornelius  (ne'pos).  A  Roman  bi- 
rvpapher  and  historian;  born  in  Ticinum  (?), 
yg  tf*)  3.  C;  died  24  (?)  B.C.     His  'Lives' 


of  eminent  men  are  preserved,  and  much  used 
as  school  text-books  from  their  simplicity  of 
style. 

Neruda,  Jan  (nyer-o'da).  A  Czech  poet; 
born  in  Prague,  July  10,  1834 ;  died  there,  Aug. 
22,  1891.  He  was  noted  in  periodical  journal- 
ism ;  while  as  a  poet  he  is  distinguished  for  his 

<  Book  of  Verse'  (1867),  <  Cosmic  Songs'  (2d 
ed.  1878),  and  various  plays,  including  <Fran- 
cesca  da  Rimini.'  His  <  Humble  Histories' 
(1878),  a  series  of  sketches  of  Czech  life,  at- 
tained great  popularity. 

Nerval,  Gerard  de.    See  Gerard  de  Nerval. 

Nettement,  Alfred  Frangois  (net-man').  A 
French  journalist ;  born  in  Paris,  1805 ;  died  1869. 
He  acquired  note  with  his  <  History  of  the 
Revolution  of  July  1830'  (1833),  and  < History 
of  French  Literature  under  the  Reign  of  Louis 
Philippe.' 

Nevay,  John.  A  Scotch  poet;  bom  at  For- 
far, Jan.  28,  1792 ;  died  May  1870.  His  lyrics 
are  contained  in  <A  Pamphlet  of  Rhymes' 
(1818);  <The  Child  of  Nature'  (183s),  a  verse 
collection ;  and  other  volumes. 

Nevin,  William  Clianning.  An  American 
lawyer  and  journalist ;  born  in  New  Athens,  O., 
in  1844.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  187 1 ; 
and  has  written  for  Philadelphia  journals.  His 
works  include  :<  History  of  All  Religions'  (1871); 

<  Ghouls  and  Gold  >  (18S5);  <  In  the  Nick  of  Time  > 
(1886);  <  A  Summer  School  Adventure'  (1887); 
'  Our  New  Possessions  > ;  <  A  New  Start  in  Life.' 

Nevinson,  Henry  W.  An  English  story-writer ; 
born  18 — .  He  has  been  a  contributor  of  fic- 
tion to  London  periodicals  for  some  time ;  a 
collection  of  his  tales,  called  <  Slum  Stories  of 
London'  (1895),  being  very  popular. 

Newcastle,  Duchess  of.    See  Cavendish. 

Newcomb,  Simon.  An  American  astronomer 
of  distinction,  scientist,  and  author;  born  of 
United  States  parents  in  Wallace,  N.  S.,  March 
12,  1835.    Among  his  most  important  works  are  : 

<  Popular  Astronomy  ' ;  <  School  Astronomy,' 
with  E.  S.  Holden  ;  a  series  of  text-books  on  <  x\l- 
gebra,'  <  Geometry,'  <  Trigonometry,'  and  <  Cal- 
culus ' ;  '  .Spherical  Astronomy  ' ;  <  Lights  on  As- 
tronomy > ;  *  The  Moon.'     Died  July  11,  1909. 

Newell,  Robert  Henry.  [«  Orpheus  C.  Kerr."] 
An  American  journalist  and  humorist ;  born  in 
New  York  city,  Dec.  13,  1836;  died  in  Brook- 
lyn, July  II,  1901  He  was  connected  with  the 
New  York  Mercury  and  World,  and  editor  of 
Hearth  ajiid  Home  from  1S74  to  1876.  He 
wrote:  'The  Orpheus  C.  Kerr  Papers'  (1862- 
68);  <  The  Palace  Beautiful,  and  Other  Poems' 
(1864);  <  The  Cloven  Foot,'  a  travesty  of 
Dickens's 'Edwin  Drood'  (1870);  'Versatilities' 
(1871);  'There  Was   Once  a  Man'  (1884);  etc. 

Newhall,  Charles  Stedman.  -^^\.n  American 
educator  and  author;  born  in  Massachusetts  in 
1842.  He  is  a  resident  of  Asbury  Park,  N.  J. 
Besides  a  series  of  books  on  the  trees,  shrubs, 
and  vines  of  northeastern  America,  he  has 
written  several  books  for  young  people.     The 


NEWMAN  —  NICHOLS 


403 


most  popular  are :  <  Joe  and  the  Howards ' ; 
•Harry's  Trip  to  the  Orient'  (1885);  <  Ruthie's 
Story  >  (1888);  <  Handbook  and  Herbarium.' 

Newman,  Francis  William.  An  English 
historian  and  theological  writer,  brother  of  John 
Henry;  born  in  London,  June  27,  i8o5;  died  at 
Weston -Super  Mare,  Oct.  4,  1897.  He  wrote 
many  important  works,  including  :  ^History  of 
the  Hebrew  Monarchy)  (1847);  <The  Soul:  Its 
Sorrows  and  Aspirations'  {1849);  <Phases  of 
Faith'  (1850) ;  <  Lectures  on  Ancient  and  Modern 
History'  (1851);  <Crimesof  the  House  of  Haps- 
burg'(i853);  etc. 

Newman,  John  Henry.  An  English  the- 
ologian ;  born  in  London,  Feb.  21,  1801 ;  died 
in  Birmingham,  Aug.  11,  1890.  His  writings 
include:  <  St.  Bartholomew's  Eve'  (1821),  a 
poetic  tale ;  <  Suggestions  on  Behalf  of  the 
Church  Missionary  Society'  (1830);  <The  Ari- 
ans  of  the  Fourth  Century'  (1833);  <Five  Let- 
ters on  Church  Reform'  (1833);  < Tracts  for  the 
Times'  (1834-41);  <Lyra  Apostolica'  (Verses 
on  Various  Occasions  :  1834) ;  <  Lectures  on  the 
Prophetical  Office'  (1837);  < Plain  and  Parochial 
Sermons'  (1837-42);  <  Lectures  on  Justification ' 
(1838);  'Sermons  before  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford' (1843);  < Select  Treatise  of  St.  Athana- 
sius'  (1842-44);  <  Loss  and  Gain'  (1848),  a  novel; 

<  Verses  on  Religious  Subjects'  (1853);  <  Hymns 
for  the  Use  of  the  Birmingham  Oratory'  (1854); 
<Callista'  (1856),  a  novel;  <  Apologia  pro  Vita 
Sua'  (1864);  < Essay  in  Aid  of  a  Grammar  of 
Assent'  (1870);  <The  Via  Media  of  the  Angli- 
can Church'  (1877).  A  new  and  uniform  edi- 
tion of  the  <  Works '  appeared  in  36  vols., 
1868-81. 

Newman,  John  Philip.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  writer;  born  in  New  York  city,  Sept.  I,. 
1826;  died  at  Saratoga,  July  5,  1899.  He  was 
ordained  a  minister  in  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  in  i860,  and  elected  bishop  in  1888.  He 
was  a  preacher  of  note  in  Washington,  and  long 
chaplain  to  the  Senate.  In  1873  he  was  sent 
to  Asia  as  inspector  of  consulates.  Among  his 
works  are:  <From  Dan  to  Beersheba'  (1864); 

<  Thrones  and  Palaces  of  Babylon  and  Nine- 
veh'  (1875);   <  America  for  Americans'  (1887). 

Newton,  Isaac,  Sir.  The  celebrated  English 
philosopher  and  mathematician  ;  born  at  Wools- 
thorpe,  Lincolnshire,  Dec.  25,  1642  (O.S.),  died 
at    Kensington,   March   20,   1727.     He    wrote : 

<  Theory  of  Light  and  Colors'  (1675);  <0n 
Motion'  (1685);  <Principia'  (1687);  <Opticks' 
(1704);  'Optical  Readings'  (1728);  <The  Chro- 
nology of  Ancient  Kingdoms  Amended'  (1728); 

<  Observations  upon  the  Prophecies  of  Daniel 
and  the  Apocalypse  of  St.  John'  (1733);  and 
various  essays. 

Newton,  John.  An  English  religious  and 
historical  writer,  best  remembered  as  Cowper's 
friend ;  born  in  London,  1725 ;  died  1807.  He 
published  'Review  of  Ecclesiastical  History' 
(1770),  <  Cardiphonia,'  and  various  hymns. 

Newton,  Richard  Heber.  An  American 
clergyman  and  religious  writer ;  bom  in  Phila- 


delphia, Oct.  31,  1840.  Since  1869  he  has  been 
rector  of  All  Souls  Church,  New  York  city.  He 
is  a  Churchman  of  advanced  views.  His  pub- 
lished works  include  :  <  The  Morals  of  Trade ' 
(1876);  'Philistinism'  (1885);  'Social  Studies' 
(1886);  'Church  and  Creed'  (1891) ;  'Parci- 
faP  (1904). 

Newton,  William  Wilberforce.  An  Ameri- 
can clergyman  and  miscellaneous  writer,  brother 
of  Richard  H.;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Nov.  4, 
1843.  He  is  rector  of  a  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.  His  works  include : 
'Essays  of  To-Day'  (1879);  'The  Priest  and 
the  Man'  (1883),  a  historical  novel;  '  Ragnar, 
the  Sea-King'  (1888);  and  a  series  of  sermons 
for  children. 

Nicander,  Karl  August  (ne-kan'der).  A 
Swedish  poet ;  bom  at  Strengnas,  1799 ;  died 
1839.  His  '  Death  of  Tasso'  (1826)  is  very  well 
known ;  other  noted  works  by  him  are :  '  The 
Runic  Sword,'  a  tragedy  in  verse  (1821);  '  King 
Enzio '  ( 1825 ) ;  and  '  Recollections  of  the  South  > 
(1828). 

Niccolini,  Giovanni  Battista  (ne-ko-le'ne). 
An  Italian  poet  and  dramatist ;  born  near  Pisa, 
1782 ;  died  1861.  His  tragedies  'Antonio  Fos- 
carini'  (1827),  '  Polissena,'  'Giovanni  da  Pro 
cida'  (1830),  and  'Filippo  Strozzi'  (1847),  are 
well   known. 

Nicephorus  (ni-sef'o-rus),  known  as  the 
"  Confessor."  A  Byzantine  historian ;  born 
at  Constantinople  in  758 ;  died  in  828.  He 
was  appointed  patriarch  of  Constantinople  in 
806,  but  on  account  of  his  defense  of  image- 
worship  was  persecuted  and  finally  deposed 
by  the  Iconoclast  Leo  V.,  the  Armenian.  Re- 
tiring to  a  monastery  he  wrote  a  '  Breviarium,' 
a  brief  history  of  Constantinople  (602  to  770), 
distinguished  for  accuracy  and  erudition ;  a 
'  Chronology '  from  the  beginning  of  the  world ; 
and  controversial  writings. 

Nichol,  John.  A  Scottish  litterateur  and 
historical  writer ;  born  in  Montrose,  Forfarshire, 
Sept.  8,  1833;  died  in  London,  Oct.  11,  1894. 
He  was  a  professor  of  English  literature  at 
the  University  of  Glasgow  (1861-89),  who  did 
much  to  make  American  books  popular  in 
England.  His  numerous  publications  include  : 
'Leaves'  (1854),  verse;  'Tables  of  European 
History,  200-1876  A.  D.'  (1876;  4th  ed.  1888); 
'  Byron '  in  '  English  Men  of  Letters '  series ; 
'American  Literature,  1620-1880'  (1882).  He 
was  an  ardent  advocate  of  the  Northern  cause 
during  the  Civil  War,  and  visited  the  United 
States  at  the  close  of  the  conflict. 

Nichols,  George  Ward.  An  American  writer 
on  art  and  music ;  born  in  Mt.  Desert,  Me., 
June  21,  1837 ;  died  in  Cincinnati,  O.,  Sept.  15, 
1885.  He  was  on  the  staff  of  General  Sher- 
man in  the  Civil  War.  He  was  for  some  years 
president  of  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Music. 
Among  his  works  are  :  '  The  Story  of  the  Great 
March'  (1865);  'Sanctuary'  (1866),  a  story  of 
the  Civil  War ;  '  Art  Education  Applied  to  In- 
dustry' (1877);  'Pottery'  (1878). 


404 


NICHOXS— NISARD 


Nichols,  John.  An  English  essayist  and 
miscellaneous  pro?e-writer ;  bom  in  London, 
1745;  died,  1826.  He  was  one  of  the  publish- 
ers of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  and  wrote 
<  Histor>'  and  Antiquities  of  Leicestershire 
(1795-1811),  and  <  Literary  Anecdotes  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century'  (1812-15). 

Nlcolardot,  Louis  (nik-6-lar-do).  A  French 
essayist  and  man  of  letters;  born  at  Dijon, 
Nov.  28,  1822;  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  21,  ibbS. 
The  most  characteristic  of  his  works  are  : 
(Journal  of  Louis  XVL>  (1873);  <The  Impec- 
cable Thdophile  Gautier)  (1883);  and  <  La  lon- 
taine  and  the  Human  Comedy>  (1885). 

Nicolay,  John  George.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  historical  writer ;  bom  at  Essingen, 
Bavaria,  Feb.  26,  1832;  died  in  Washington, 
Sept.  26,  1 901.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1838.'  He  was  engaged  in  journalism  in  the 
V^'^est;  was  private  secretary  of  President  Lincoln, 
1861-5;  United  States  consul  at  Paris,  1865-69; 
and  marshal  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court, 
1872-87.  His  chief  work  is  'Abraham  Lincoln: 
A  History)  (1891),  written  in  collaboration  with 
John  Hay.  He  also  wrote  <The  Outbreak  of 
the  Rebellion)  (1881). 

Nicole,  Francois  Leon  Etienne  (ne-kol). 
A  Haytian  poet ;  bom  near  Grande  Riv&re  in 
1731;  died  at  Cap  Franfais  in  1773.  He  was 
a  mulatto.  Educated  in  a  Jesuit  college,  he 
went  to  Paris  in  1750,  where  Voltaire  introduced 
him  to  literary  circles.  Louis  XV.  granted 
him  a  pension  in  recognition  of  his  talents. 
He  published:  <The  Romance  of  the  Slave > 
(1766);  <  Tropical  Flowers  >  (1770);  and  <New 
Poems)  (1772). 

Nicole,  Pierre.  A  French  theological  and 
philosophical  writer;  bom  at  Chartres,  1625; 
died  1695.  He  is  best  known  for  his  'Moral 
Essays  and  Theological  Instructions)  (25  vols., 
1671-),  a  collection  of  treatises,  of  which  the 
one  entitled  <0n  the  Means  of  Preserving 
Peace)  is  very  famous.  He  also  wrote  'Trea- 
tise on  Human  Faith)  (1664),  and  <The  Imagi- 
native and  the  Visionary)   (1667). 

NicoU,  Robert.  A  Scotch  poet;  bom  in 
Perthshire,  1814;  died  1837.  His  'Poems) 
(1835)  were  very  popular,  but  he  died  at  so 
early  an  age  that  the  promise  of  his  first  book 
remained  unfulfilled. 

NicoU,  William  Robertson.  A  Scotch  cler- 
gyman and  editor;  born  in  Lumsden,  Aberdeen- 
shire, Oct.  10,  185 1.  He  took  an  M.  A.  at 
Aberdeen  University ;  was  minister  of  the  Free 
Church  at  Kelso  for  eight  years ;  on  account  of 
ill-health  he  resigned,  in  1887  started  the  Brit- 
ish Weekly,  one  of  the  most  successful  religious 
papers  in  England,  and  within  recent  years  has 
been  English  editor  of  the  Bookman.  Among 
his  publications  a»e  :  'Calls  to  Christ)  (1877); 
<  The  Incamate  Saviour  :  A  Life  of  Jesus  Christ ) 
(1881);  'John  Bunyan)  (1884)  in  the  'Evangel- 
ical Succession  >  series ;  '  Ten-Minute  Sermons  > 
(1895); '  The  Key  of  the  Grave  >; '  Letters  on  Life.) 


Niebuhr,  Barthold  Georg  (ne'bor).  A  great 
German  historian;  born  at  Copenhagen,  Aug. 
27, 1776 ;  died  at  Bonn,  Jan.  2, 1831.  His  '  Roman 
History)  (3  vols.,  1811-32)  marked  a  great 
advance  in  critical  history-writing.  Other 
works  by  Niebuhr  are :  '  Lectures  on  the  His- 
tory of  Rome)  (2d  English  ed.  1850);  'Lectures 
on  Ancient  History)  (3  vols.,  1852);  'Grecian 
Heroic  History)  (1842);  'Minor  Historical  and 
Philological  Writings)  (2  vols.,  1828-43). 

Niembscn  von  Strehlenau,  Nikolaus  Franz. 
See  Lenau. 

Niemcewicz,  Julian  Ursin  (nyem-se'vitch). 
A  Polish  poet,  historian,  and  publicist ;  born  in 
Lithuania,  1758 ;  died  at  Paris,  1841.  His  public 
career  was  quite  distinguished ;  and  he  accom- 
panied Kosciuszko  to  this  country.  He  married 
Mrs.  Livingston  Kean  of  New  York.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  :  '  Historical  Songs  of  Poland);' 
<  History  of  the  Reign  of  Sigismund  HI.) ; '  Con- 
tributions to  the  Ancient  History  of  Poland); 
and  a  romance  called  'John  of  Tenczyn.) 

Nieriker,  Mrs.  May  (Alcott)  (ne'rik-er).  An 
American  artist  and  author,  daughter  of  A.  B. 
Alcott;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  184O;  died 
in  1879.  Her  works  are  :  <  Concord  Sketches ) 
(1869),  and  'Studying  Art  Abroad)  (1879). 

Nietzsche,  Friedricli  Wilhelm  (netsh'6).  A 
German  writer;  born  in  Rocken,  Oct,  15,  1844; 
died  at  Weimar,  Aug.  25,  1900.  His  writings 
have  attracted  a  great  deal  of  attention  owing  to 
there  extreme  character.  His  principal  works 
include:  'The  Birth  of  Tragedy  from  the  Spirit 
of  Music)  (4th  ed.  1895);  'Thus  Spake  Zara- 
thustra)  (4th  ed.  1895  ) ;  'Beyond  Good  and  Evil' 
(5th  ed.  1895)  ;  '  The  Genealogy  of  Ethics  > 
(4th  ed.  18951;  ^'i'lie  Inversion  [Umwertung| 
of  all  Values  [Weite],)  the  last  remaining  m- 
complete,  although  deemed  his  masterpiece. 

Nievo,  Ippolito  (nya'v5).  An  Italian  poet 
and  story-writer ;  bom  in  Padua,  Nov.  30,  1832 ; 
died  at  sea,  March  4,  1861.  His  best-known 
work  is  <  The  Confessions  of  an  Octogenarian  > 
(new  ed.  1887),  a  historical  novel.  His  <  Poems' 
(1883)  are  admired. 

•  Nikitin,  Ivan  Savich  (ne-kit'in).  A  Rus- 
sian poet;  born  in  Varonesh,  Oct.  3,  1824; 
died  Oct.  28,  1861.  His  'Peasant  Hangman) 
(1858),  and  'Poems)  (1856),  'Taras,)  and  other 
verse,  have  given  him  a  conspicuous  place. 

Niles,  John  Milton.  An  American  lawyer, 
journalist,  and  statesman;  born  in  Windsor, 
Conn.,  Aug.  20,  1787 ;  died  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
May  31,  1856.  In  1817  he  founded  the  Hart- 
ford Times ;  was  twice  United  States  Senator ; 
and  in  1840  became  Postmaster-General.  Be- 
sides addresses  and  speeches  he  published: 
'Lives  of  Perry,  Lawrence,  Pike,  and  Harri- 
son) (1820);  'History  of  the  Revolution  in 
Mexico  and  South  America'  (1839). 

Nisard,  Jean  Marie  Napoleon  D^slr^  (ne- 
sar').  A  French  man  of  letters;  bom  at  Cha- 
tillon-sur-Seine,  March  20,  1806;  died  at  San 
Remo,  Italy,  March    15,  1888.     He  wfts  noted 


NIZAMl  — NORRIS 


405 


as  a  critic,  and  also  for  his  <  Studies  of  Morals 
and  Criticism  on  the  Latin  Poets  during  the 
Decline  of  Learning*  (1834),  and  'History  of 
French  Literature'  (1844-61). 

Nizami  or  Nizamee  (ne-sha'me).  A  Persian 
poet;  born  1141;  died  1202.  His  works  are: 
the  <  Storehouse  of  Mysteries,'  a  religious  poem ; 

<  Khusrau  and  Shirin,*  a  metrical  tale ;  <  Laila 
and  Majnun,*  a  romantic  epic ;  <  Seven  Portraits,' 
love  stories ;  and  the  'Alexander  Book.' 

Noah,  Mordecal  Manuel.  An  American  lavi'- 
yer,  editor,  and  author ;  born  in  Philadelphia, 
July  14,  1785;  died  in  New  York,  May  22, 
1851.  During  his  journalistic  career  in  New 
York  he  was  connected  with  seven  newspapers. 
He  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  found  a 
Jewish  colony  on  Grand  Island,  in  the  Niagara 
River.  His  chief  works  are:  <  The  Siege  of 
Tripoli  >  and  <  The  Fortress  of  Sorrente,'  dra- 
mas ;  <  Travels  in  England,  France,  and  Spain  > 
(1819);  'Gleanings  from  a  Gathered  Harvest' 
(1845). 

Noble,  Annette  Lucile.  An  American  writer 
of  fiction ;  born  in  Albion,  Orleans  County,  N.  Y., 
July  12,  1844.  She  is  a  frequent  contributor  to 
magazines.  Among  her  works  are  :  <  Uncle  Jack's 
Executors'  (1880);  <  Tarryport  Schoolhouse  ' 
(1882);  'After  the  Failure'  (1887);  'Rachel's 
Farm  '  ( 1894) ; '  The  Silent  Man's  Legacy ' ; '  The 
Crazy  Angel.' 

Noble,  Louis  Legrand.  An  American  poet ; 
born  in  Lisbon,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  26,  1813;  died  in 
Ionia,  Mich.,  Feb.  6,  1882.  He  published  :  '  Ne- 
Ma-Min :  An  Indian  Stor)','  in  three  cantos 
(1852);  '  The  Course  of  Empire,  Voyage  of  Life, 
and  Other  Pictures  of  Thomas  Cole,  with  Se- 
lections from  his  Letters  and  Miscellaneous 
Writings  Illustrative  of  his  Life,  Character,  and 
Genius'  (1853);  'The  Lady  Angeline,  A  Lay 
of  the  Appalachians ;  The  Hours ;  and  Other 
Poems'  (l8S7). 

Noble,  Lucretia  Gray.  An  American  novel- 
ist ;  a  native  of  Lowell,  Mass. ;  born  18 — .  At 
an  early  age  she  removed  to  Wilbraham,  Mass., 
where  she  now  resides.  Besides  contributions 
to  magazines,  she  wrote  the  popular  novel  '  A 
Reverend  Idol'  (1882). 

Nodier,  Charles  (nod-ya').  A  French  ro- 
mance-writer and  poet;  bom  at  Besan9on, 
April  1780 ;  died  1844.  His  works  include: 
'Entomological  Bibliography'  (1801);  'Napo- 
leone'  (1802),  a  satiric  ode;  'The  Painter  of 
Salzburg'  (1803),  'The  Exiles,'  'Jean  Sbogar' 
(1818),  'Th^r^se  Aubert'  (1819),  romances; 
'Dictionary  of  French   Onomatopoeia'  (1808); 

<  Picturesque  and  Romantic  Travels  in  Ancient 
France'  (1820);  and  others. 

Noel,   Roden  Berkeley  Wriothesley.     An 

English  poet;  bom  Aug.  27, 1834;  died  at  Mainz, 
May  26,  1894.  He  published:  'Behind  the  Veil 
and  Other  Poems'  (1863);  Beatrice  and  Other 
Poems,  ( 1 868);  and  various  other  volumes. 

Noel,  Thomas.  An  English  poet;  born,  1799; 
died,  1861.  He  published  several  volumes  of 
IPtrse,  among  them  'Rhymes  and  Roundelayes' 


(1841),  in  which  is  the  poem  'The  Pauper's 
Drive,'  often  erroneously  attributed  to  Hood. 

Nogaret,  Frangois  Felix  (n5-ga-ra').  A 
French  poet  and  man  of  letters;  bom  at  Ver- 
sailles, 1740;  died  1831.  He  wrote  :  'The  Apol- 
ogy for  my  Taste'  {1771).  a  work  on  natural 
history;  'Tales  in  Verse'  (5th  ed.  1810);  and 
several  plays. 

Nomsz,  Jan  (nomz).  A  Dutch  playwright 
and  poet ;  born  at  Amsterdam,  1738 ;  died  1803. 
His  most  popular  work  is  <  Maria  van  Lalain,' 
a  tragedy;  'Zoroaster';  and  a  poem  (1779)  of 
which  William  I,  of  Orange  is  the  hero. 

Nonius  Marcellus  (no'ne-us).  A  Roman 
writer  on  syntax,  who  flourished  in  the  fourth 
century.  His  '  Correctness  in  [the  use  of] 
Words'  is  important  because  of  its  citations 
from  classic  works  now  lost. 

Nordau,  Max  Simon  (nor'dou).  A  German 
prose-writer  and  critic  ;  born  at  Pesth,  Hungary, 
July  29,  1849.  His  most  celebrated  work  is 
'  Degeneration '  ( 1893),  but  he  has  written  : '  Paris 
under  the  Third  Republic'  (1881J;  'The  Con- 
ventional Lies  of  our  Civilization'  (1883);  '  Par- 
adoxes' (1886);  'The  Sickness  of  the  Century' 
(1889),  a  novel ;  and  the  drama  '  Doctor  Kohn  ' 
(1898). 

Nordhofif,  Charles  (nord'hof).  An  Ame'  - 
can  journalist  and  author ;  born  at  Lrwittee,  West- 
phalia, Aug.  31,  1830;  died  at  Coronado,  Cal., 
July  14,  1901.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1835,  and  was  a  sailor  for  nine  years.  He  was 
on  the  stafT  of  the  New  York  Evening  Post  from 
1861  to  1871,  and  later  correspondent  of  the 
New  York  Herald  at  Washington,  D.  C.  Among 
his  works  are:  <Manof-War  Life'  (1855); 
<Merchant  Vessel'  (1855);  'Cape  Cod  and  All 
Along  Shore'  (1868);  'Northern  California' 
(1873);  'Pohtics  for  Young  Americans'  (1875); 
tPenmsular  Califomia'  (1888). 

Nordmann,  Johannes  Rumpelmaier  (nord'- 
man).  An  Austrian  poet  and  descriptive  writer; 
born  near  Krems,  March  13,  1820;  died  in  Vi- 
enna, Aug.  20,  1887.  He  was  connected  with 
several  prominent  periodicals,  and  also  wrote : 
'Poems'  (1847);  <  A  Marshal  of  France'  (1857), 
a  tragedy ; '  Springtime  Evenings  in  Salamanca' 
(3d  ed.  1880);  several  novels;  and  a  record  of 
travel  called  'My  Sundays'  (2d  ed.  1880). 

Noriac,  Claude  Antoine  Jules  Cairon  (nor- 
yak').  A  French  novelist  and  publicist;  born 
at  Limoges,  1827 ;  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  i,  1882. 
His  novels  include:  'The  Countess  of  Bruges' 
(1878);  'The  Chevalier  de  Cerny'  (1879);  and 
'Paris  as  It  Is'  (1884). 

Norman,  Henry.  An  Anglo-American  jour- 
nalist and  author;  born  at  Leicester,  Eng. ,  Sept. 
19,  1858.  Educated  at  Harvard  University;  has 
been  a  member  of  Parliament  since  1900. 
Besides  contributions  to  magazines  he  has  writ- 
ten :  'The  Broken  Shaft'  (1886);  'The  Witch- 
ing Time'  (1887);  'The  Real  Japan'  (1892); 
'Peoples  and  Politics  of  the  Far  East'  (1895). 

Norris,  William  E.  An  English  novelist ;  bom 
in  London,  1847.     His  very  numerous  works 


4o6 


NORTH -NYE 


include  :  <  Heaps  of  Money  >  (1877);  *  Mademoi- 
selle de  Mersac>  (1880);  <  Matrimony  >  (1881); 
<No  New  Thing >;  <His  Grace',;  <A  Deplora- 
ble Affair' ;  <  The  Countess  Kadna  '  (1893);  <  My 
Friend  Jim  >;  *  The  Rogue';  <  Nature's  Comedian.' 

North,  Cbristopher.    See  Wilson,  Jolin. 

North,  Simeon.  An  American  educator  and 
author;  born  in  Berlin,  Conn.,  Sept.  7,  1802 ; 
died  in  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  12,  1884.  He  is 
widely  known  as  president  of  Hamilton  Col- 
lege, 1839-57.  His  works  include:  <The  Amer- 
ican' System  of  Collegiate  Education'  (1839); 
< Faith  in  tne  World's  Conversion'  (1842);  <The 
Weapons  in  Christian  Warfare'  (1849);  'Obe- 
dience in  Death'  (1849);  < Half-Century  Letter 
of  Reminiscences'  (1879). 

Norton,    Caroline   Elizabeth    Sarah.     An 

English  poet  and  miscellaneous  prose-writer; 
born  in  1808;  died  1877.  She  was  a  grand- 
daughter of  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan.  Her 
first  book  of  poetry,  <  The  Sorrows  of  Rosalie ' 
(1829),  was  published  when  she  was  seventeen. 
Her  <The  Undying  One'  (1830),  a  poem;  <A 
Voice  from  the  Factories'  (1836);  <The  Dream, 
and  Other  Poems'  (1840);  and  <Aunt  Carry's 
Ballads'  (1847),  contain  much  admired  verse. 
She  also  wrote  <  Stuart  of  Dunleith'  (1847),  a 
novel,  and  <  Lives  of  the  Sheridans.' 

Norton,  Charles  Eliot.  An  American 
scholar  and  author ;  born  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Nov.  16,  1827.  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  North  American  Review  1863-68,  and  is 
professor  in  Harvard  Universit3\  Among  his 
writings  are:  <  Notes  of  Travel  and  Study  in  Italy' 
(i860);  '  The  New  Life  of  Dante  Alighieri,  trans- 
lated, with  Essays  and  Notes  >  (1867);  <  Historical 
Studies  of  Church-Building  in  the  Middle 
Afjes.' 

Norton,  Charles  Ledyard.  An  American 
journalist  and  author ;  born  at  Farmington, 
Conn.,  in  1837.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1859. 
He  was  editor  of  the  Christian  Union  1869-79, 
and  in  1893  became  editor  of  Outing.  His 
chief  works  are:  'Canoeing  in  Kanuckia'  (1878), 
with  J.  Habberton; 'Handbook  of  Florida'  (1890); 
<  A  Medal  of  Honor  Man ;  or.  Cruising  among 
Blockade-Runners' ;  *,The  Queen's  Rangers.' 

Norton,  Thomas.  An  English  dramatist ; 
bom  in  London,  1532;  died,  15S3-4.  He 
owes  his  place  in  literature  to  the  fact  that  he 
was  joint  author  with  Sackville  of  the  earli- 
est English  blank-verse  tragedy,  called  <  The 
Tragedie  of  Gorboduc'  (1560-61),  based  on  the 
legendary  history  of  a  British  king. 

Nott,  Eliphalet.  An  American  clergjonan 
and  educator;  bom  at  Ashford,  Conn.,  June 
25.  1773;  died  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  29, 
1866.  He  was  ordained  a  Presbyterian  minis- 
ter in  1795.  After  holding  pastorates  in  Cherry 
Valley  and  Albany,  N.  Y.,  he  became  presi- 
dent of  Union  College  in  1804,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  death.  His  chief  works 
are:  'Counsels  to  Young  Men'  (1810),  and 
< Lectures  on  Temperance '  (1847).    Hi*  funeral 


sermon  on  the  death  of  Alexander  Hamilton 
was  famous,  and  in  the  school  readers  for 
many  years. 

None,  Fran9oi3  de  la  (no),  called  Bras  de 
Per  (Iron  Arm).  A  French  Huguenot  com- 
mander ;  bom  near  Nantes,  1531  ;  killed  at 
Lamballe,  1591.  His  'Political  and  Military 
Discourses'  (1587)  are  deemed  masterpieces. 

Novalis  (no-val'es),  pseudonym  of  Friedrick 
von  Hardenberg.  A  German  philosopher  and 
mystic;  bom  in  Saxony,  1772;  died  1801.  His 
works  include:  '  H>inns  to  the  Night'  (1797); 
'Disciples  at  Sais';  and  <  Heinrich  von  Ofter- 
dingen,'  his  most  considerable  work. 

Noyes,  John  Humphrey.  An  American 
communist ;  born  in  Brattleboro,  Vt.,  Sept.  6, 
181 1 ;  died  at  Niagara  Falls,  Canada,  April  13, 
1886.  He  is  best  known  as  the  founder  of  the 
Oneida  Community.  He  published  :  '  The  Sec- 
ond Coming  of  Christ'  (1859);  '  Salvation  from 
Sin  the  End  of  Christian  Faith'  (1869);  'His- 
tory of  American  Socialism'  (1870). 

Numatianus,  Rutilius  Claudius  (no-ma-te- 
a'nos).  A  Roman  poet  of  Gallic  birth.  He 
wrote  '  Of  His  Return,'  a  metrical  narrative  of 
a  visit  to  his  native  country,  which  had  been 
devastated  by  the  Gothic  invader.  This  poem 
is  supposed  to  date  from  416  A.  D.,  and  it  has 
not  come  down  to  us  complete. 

Nuflez,  Rafael  (non'yath).  President  of 
Colombia;  born  in  Carthagena,  Sept.  28,  1825. 
He  is  a  brilliant  writer,  and  his  poems  rank 
high  in  Spanish  literature.  The  most  widely 
known  are:  'Que  Sais-je?';  '  Dulce  Ignoran- 
cia';  'Todavia  and  Moises.'  His  publications 
include:  'Ensayos  de  Critica  Social'  (1876); 
'La  Reforma  Politica  en  Colombia'  (1885). 

Nuflez  de  Arce,  Caspar  (non'yath  da 
ar'tha).  A  Spanish  dramatist  and  poet,  known 
as  the  "  Spanish  Tennyson  "  ;  born  at  Vallado- 
lid,  Aug.  6,  1834.  Of  his  plajs  the  most  nota- 
ble are  the  comedies  '  Who  Is  the  Author  ?  > 
(1859);  'Neither  So  Much  nor  So  Little  '  (1865); 
<  El  Hazde  Leila,'  a  drama  in  five  acts  on  the 
subject  of  Don  Carlos.  Among  his  remarkably 
popular  lyric  and  patriotic  poems  are :  '  The 
Last  Lament  of  Lord  Byron'  (23d  ed.  1884); 
'Battle  Cries'  (5th  ed.  1885);  'Vertigo'  (25th 
ed.  1886);  'An  Idyl  and  an  Elegy'  (i8th  ed, 
1886); '  The  Vision  of  Friar  Luther '  (1880). 

Nye,  Edgar  Wilson.  An  American  journal- 
ist, lecturer,  and  humorist ;  born  at  Shirley,  Me., 
Aug.  25,  1850 ;  died  near  Asheville,  N.  C,  Feb. 
22,  1896.  He  settled  in  Wyoming  Territory  as 
a  young  man,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  [in  1876.  Afterwards  he  removed 
to  New  York  city,  and  became  famous  as  a 
humorous  lecturer  and  writer  under  the  pseu- 
donym of  "  Bill  Nye."  Among  his  works  are  : 
'Bill  Nye  and  the  Boomerang'  (1881);  'Forty 
Liars'  (1883);  'Remarks'  (1886);  'Fun,  Wit, 
and  Humor'  (1889),  with  J.  W.  Riley;  'Comic 
History  of  the  United  States'  (1894);  'Comic 
History  of  England'  (1896). 


OBER  —  OHNET 


407 


Ober,  Frederick  Albion.  An  American 
ornithologist,  traveler,  and  author;  bom  in 
Beverly,  Mass.,  Feb.  13,  1849.  He  has  traveled 
extensively  in  Florida,  the  West  Indies,  and 
Mexico;  and  is  the  author  of  a  large  number 
of  books  of  travel  and  descriptive  works,  prin- 
cipally for  young  readers.  Among  the  best 
known  are:  < Camps  in  the  Caribbees>  (1880); 
<The  Silver  City>  (1883);  <  Young  Folks'  His- 
tory of  Mexico'  (1883);  < Montezuma's  Gold 
Mines'  (1887);  <  In  the  Wake  of  Columbus' 
I1S93);  <The  Heroes  of  American  History' 
(12  vols.,  1907). 

Oberholtzer,  Mrs.  Sara  Louisa  (Vickersi. 
An  American  poet;  born  in  Chester  County, 
Pa.,  May  20,  1841.  Her  works  include  :  'Violet 
Lee  and  Other  Poems'  (1872);  <Come  for 
Arbutus'  (1882);  < Hope's  Heart  Bells,'  a  story 
of  Quaker  life  (1884);  <  Daisies  of  Verse' 
(1886);  and  <  Souvenirs  of  Occasions.' 

O'Brien,  Fltz-James.  An  Irish- American 
poet  and  story-writer ;  born  in  Limerick,  1828 ; 
died  April  6,  1862.  His  writings  comprise 
<The  Diamond  Lens  and  Other  Stories,'  and 
many  poems.  His  collected  works  appeared 
in  1881. 

Occam  or  Ockham,  William.  A  scholastic 
philosopher ;  born  at  Occam,  Surrey,  England ; 
died  in  Munich,  Bavaria,  in  1347,  at  an  ad- 
vanced age.  Throughout  his  life  he  strenu- 
ously contested  the  right  of  the  pope  to  political 
power  and  secular  possessions.  His  skill  in 
logic  gave  him  the  name  « Doctor  Invincibi- 
lis."  His  chief  works  are :  <  Tractatus  Logi- 
ces>;  <Quodlibeta  Septem';  <  Super  Quatuor 
Libros  Sententiarum ' ;  <  Expositio  Aurea  super 
Totam  Artem  Veterum.'  Besides  these  there 
are  commentaries  and  polemics. 

Occleve  or  Hoccleve,  Tbomas.  An  early 
English  poet  and  lawyer;  supposed  to  have 
been  born  about  1370.  He  wrote  <The  Story 
of  Jonathan'  and  other  poems.  His  poetry, 
according  to  Hallam,  «  abounds  with  pedantry, 
and  is  destitute  of  all  grace  and  spirit." 

Ochoa  y  Acuna,  Antonio  (6-cho'a  e  a-ko'na). 
A  Mexican  poet;  born  in  Huichapam,  April 
27,  1783;  died  in  Queretaro,  Aug.  4,  1833.  His 
first  satirical  work  appeared  in  1806.  In  1811 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Arcadia  Mexicana,  a 
society  of  poets ;  the  same  year  he  wrote  <  Don 
Alphonso,'  a  tragedy.  <  Love  by  Proxy,'  a  com- 
edy, was  presented  in  1831.  His  works,  under 
the  name  of  *  Poems  of  a  Mexican,'  have  been 
issued  in  this  country  (1820).  He  was  a 
priest,  and  wrote  under  the  name  of  <<  Pastor 
Antimio."  He  is  greatly  admired  by  his  coun- 
trymen. 

O'Connell,  Daniel.  The  great  Irish  orator 
and   statesman ;   was  bom  at  Carhen  House, 


Cahirciveen,  County  Kerry,  Aug.  6,  1775 ;  died 
in  Genoa,  Italy,  May  15,  1847.  His  <  Life  and 
Speeches'  (1846)  appeared  under  the  editorial 
supervision  of  his  son ;  and  there  is  also  an  edi- 
tion of  the  <  Correspondence  of  Daniel  O'Con- 
nell '  by  Fitzpatrick.  His  <  Life '  has  been  writ- 
ten by  W.  Fagan  (1847);  M.  F.  Cusack  (1872); 
J.  O'Rourke  and  O'Keefe  (1875);  J.  A.  Hamil- 
ton (1888).  He  wrote  <A  Memoir  of  Ireland, 
Native  and  Saxon'  (1843). 

O'Connor,  William  Douglas.  An  Ameri- 
can author ;  bom  in  Boston,  Jan.  2,  1833 ;  died 
in  1889.  He  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
Saturday  Evening  Post,  Philadelphia,  from  1854 
to  i860,  and  afterwards  held  several  government 
positions  at  Washington,  D.  C.  His  chief  works 
are:  <The  Ghost'  (1856);  <  Harrington'  (i860), 
a  novel;  <  Hamlet's  Note-Book'  (1886). 

O'Conor,  John  Francis  Xavier.  An  Ameri- 
can Catholic  clergyman  and  author;  bom  in 
New  York  in  1852.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Jesus,  and  a  professor  in  Boston 
College.  His  works  include  :  <  Something  Real  > ; 

<  Lyric  and  Dramatic  Poetry';  <  Reading  and 
the  Mind ' ;  <  Christ,  the  Man  God.' 

Oehlenschlager  or  Oblenschlager,  Adam 
Gottlob  (feren-shlag"er).  A  leading  Danish 
poet ;  bom  near  Copenhagen,  Nov.  14,  1779 ; 
died  Jan.  20,  1850.  His  works  comprise : 
< Poems'  (1803);   < First   Song   of   the    Edda>; 

<  A  Journey  to  Langeland ' ;  <  The  Life  of  Christ 
Annually  Repeated  in  Nature ' ;  <  Earl  Hakon' ; 

<  Thor's  Journey  to  Jotunheim  > ;  <  Palnatoke ' ; 
<Axel  and  Valborg';  <The  Little  Shepherd 
Boy ' ;  and  several  tragedies,  including  <  Socra- 
tes >  and  <  Hamlet* 

Oettinger  or  Ottinger,  Eduard  Marie  (et'- 
ing-er).  A  German  journalist  and  novelist; 
born  in  Breslau  in  1808;  died  1872.  He  edited 
several  satirical  journals ;  and  published  a 
number  of  novels,  among  which  is  <Onkel 
Zebra'  (7  vols.,  1843).  He  also  wrote  a  work 
entitled  <  Rossini'  (1847),  which  is  said  to  be  a 
romance  rather  than  a  biography ;  and  <  Biblio- 
graphie  Biographique  Universelle '  (2  vols.,  1850- 
54),  the  most  complete  work  on  that  subject. 

Ohnet,  Georges  (5-na').  A  French  novelist 
and  dramatist ;  born  in  Paris,  April  3,  1848. 
Among  his  dramatic  works  are  <  Regina  Sarpi  > 
(1875)  and  < Martha'  (1877).  His  novels  have 
appeared  as  serials  in  Figaro,  L'lllustration, 
and  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  before  being 
published  in  book  form ;  some  of  them  have 
been  adapted  to  the  stage,  notably  <  The  Forge 
Master.'  Among  his  stories  are :  <  Black  and 
Red ' ;  <  Doctor  Rameau '  (1888);  <  Pierre's  Soul> 
(1890);  <Les  Dames  de  Croix-Mort>  (1886);  <  La 
Comtesse  Sarah  > ;  <  The  March  to  Love  >  (1902). 


4o8 


O'KEEFE  —  OLSSON 


O'Keeffe,  John.  An  Irish  dramatist;  born  in 
Dublin,  lune  24,  1747;  died  at  Southampton, 
Feb.  4,  1833.  He  was  designed  for  an  artist; 
but  becoming  stage-struck,  left  Dublin  for  Lon- 
don, where,  failing  to  procure  a  theatrical  en- 
gagement, he  devoted  himself  entirely  to  dra- 
matic composition.  He  produced  nearly  fifty 
comedies,  comic  operas,  and  farces,  which  were 
extremely  popular.  Among  the  principal  ones 
were  :  <  The  Castle  of  Andalusia  > ;  Wild  Oats> ; 
<The  Poor  Soldier >;  <The  Young  Quaker*; 
and  <  Peeping  Tom.> 

Oldham,  Jobn.  An  English  poet  and  sat- 
irist ;  born  in  Shipton,  Gloucestershire,  in  August 
1653;  died  1683.  He  was  educated  at  the 
school  of  Tedbury,  and  then  at  Oxford.  He 
had  many  patrons,  the  last  being  the  Earl  of 
Kingston,  in  whose  house  he  died.  His  works 
have  been  published  in  three  volumes. 

Oldmizon,  John.  An  English  political  writer ; 
born  in  Bridgewater,  Somersetshire,  1673 ;  died 
1742.  His  principal  works  were:  'A  History 
of  England  >  (2  vols.);  <Life  of  Arthur  Ma)Ti- 
waring>;  and  <Life  of  Queen  Anne.*  He  was 
distinguished  for  his  hatred  of  the  Stuart  fam- 
ily. 

Oldys,  William.  An  English  biographer 
and  antiquary;  born  July  14,  1696;  died  April 
15,  1761.  In  1737  he  succeeded  to  the  care  of 
Lord  Oxford's  (the  Harleian)  library,  the  cata- 
logue of  which  was  partly  drawn  up  by  him. 
He  wrote :  <  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  > ; 
<  The  British  Librarian  > ;  <  The  Universal  Spec- 
tator*; 22  lives  in  the  <Biographia  Britannica.* 
His  most  valuable  and  curious  work  is  an  an- 
notated copy,  now  in  the  British  Museum,  of 
Langbaine's  <  Account  of  the  Early  Dramatick 
Poets.*  Mr.  James  Yeowell  published  in  1862 
<A  Memoir  of  01d3'S,  together  with  his  Diary, 
Choice  Notes  from  his  Adversaria,  and  an  Ac- 
count of  the  London  Libraries.* 

Olipliant,  Laurence.  An  English  writer 
and  traveler,  who  was  more  remarkable  than 
his  books.  He  was  born  in  Cape  Town,  South 
Africa,  in  1829 ;  died  at  Twickenham,  England, 
Dec.  23,  1888.  Of  good  family  and  position, 
he  roamed  over  the  earth,  deeply  interested  in 
the  mystic  philosophy  of  the  East;  and  while 
sometimes  holding  official  positions,  was  essen- 
tially a  dreamer  who  cared  most  for  the  things 
of  the  spirit,  and  gave  up  brilliant  prospects 
and  the  pleasures  dearest  to  humanity  in  order 
to  elevate  his  soul.  He  published  a  dozen 
books,  including  three  novels ;  several  works  of. 
a  politico-military  nature,  such  as  <  A  Narrative 
of  the  Earl  of  Elgin's  Mission  to  China  and 
Japan*  (i860);  and  journalistic  and  philosophic 
books,  like  < Episodes  in  a  Life  of  Adventure* 
(1887)  and  'Scientific  Religion  (1888). 

Oliphant,  Margaret  Oliphant  Wilson.  A 
Scotch  novelist ;  born  at  Wallyford,  Scotland, 
April  4,  1828  ;  died  at  Windsor,  England,  June 
29,  1897.  Her  works  include  :  <Zaidee*  (1856); 
'Chronicles  of  Carlingford*;  <The  Story  of 
Valentine   and   bis   Brother*;    <Sir   Tom*;   <In 


Trust*;  <A  House  Divided  against  Itself*; 
<  The  Cuckoo  in  the  Nest  * ;  <  English  Liter- 
ature at  the  End  of  the  Eighteenth  and  Begin- 
ning of  the  Nineteenth  Century*;  < Victorian 
Age  of  English  Literature  * ;  <  Makers  of  Flor- 
ence, Venice,  and  Rome.* 

Olivier,  Juste  Daniel  (6-lev-ya').  A  Swiss 
poet ;  born  in  Eysius,  Canton  of  Vaud,  Oct.  18, 
1807 ;  died  in  Geneva,  Jan.  7,  1876.  In  1830  he 
published  his  first  volume  of  poems,  <Pofemes 
Suisses.*  This  was  followed  by  <The  Future* 
(1831);  < Songs  from  Afar*  (1833);  and  many 
others.  He  also  wrote  many  works  in  prose.  He 
spent  most  of  the  last  years  of  his  life  in  Paris. 

Ollivier,  ^niile.  A  French  statesman  and 
political  writer;  born  at  Marseilles,  July  2,  1825. 
He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  (1870) 
as  successor  to  Lamartine.  His  main  works 
are  :  <  Democracy  and  Liberty*  (1867);  < Church 
and  State  in  the  Council  of  the  Vatican*  (2 
vols.,  1879);  'Thiers  in  the  Academy  and  in 
History*  (l88o);  <  1789  and  1889*  (1890). 

Olmedo,  Jos6  Joaquin  (ol-ma'do).  A  South- 
American  poet ;  born  in  Guayaquil  in  1781 ; 
died  there,  Jan.  19,  1847.  His  verses  have  been 
highly  praised.  One  of  his  best  poems  is  a 
<Song  to  Bolivar*  (1826).  His  'Collected 
Works*  (Valparaiso,  1848;  Paris,  1853;  and 
Mexico,  1862)  have  been  widely  circulated. 

Olmsted,  Frederick  Law.  The  renowned 
American  architect  and  designer  of  public 
parks;  born  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  April  26,  1822. 
He  designed  Central  Park  in  New  York,  and 
the  park  systems  of  Boston,  Chicago,  Buf- 
falo, and  other  cities.  His  publications  in- 
clude :  <  Walks  and  Talks  of  an  American 
Farmer  in  England*  (1852);  <A  Journey  in  the 
Seaboard  Slave  States*  (1856);  <A  Journey  in 
Texas*  (1857);  <A  Journey  in  the  Back  Coun- 
try* (1861).  These  books  may  be  regarded  as 
diversions, —  though  some  of  them  are  of  per- 
manent interest  and  instructiveness, —  as  his 
engineering  work  has  been  constant,  and  is  of 
the  highest  value  and  repute.     Died  Aug.  2S,  1903. 

Olney,  Jesse.  An  American  geographer; 
born  in  Union,  Conn.,  Oct.  12,  1798;  died  in 
Stratford,  Conn.,  July  31,  1872.  In  1828  he  first 
published  <A  Geography  and  Atlas,*  which  be- 
came a  standard  work  for  thirty  years,  and 
caused  a  revolution  in  the  methods  of  teaching 
geography.  IJe  published  a  series  of  text-books 
(1831-52),  including  a   series   of   'Readers,*   a 

<  Common   School   Arithmetic,*   a  '  History   of 
the  United   States ' ;  and  a  volume  of  poems, 

<  Psalms  of  Life.* 

Olsson,  Olof  (ol'sen).  A  Swedish  Lutheran 
clergyman  and  educator ;  bom  in  Bjortorp, 
March  31,  1841.  He  came  to  this  country  in 
18&8,  and  was  professor  and  president  of  Augus- 
tana  College,  Rock  Island,  111.  He  edited  two 
Swedish  journals,  and  has  published :  <  At  the 
Cross  > ;  <  Greetings  from  Afar,*  travels  in  Eng- 
land and  Germany  (1880);  and  <The  Christian 
Hope*  (1887).  His  books  have  been  translated 
into  Swedish  and  Norwegian,    Died,  1900. 


O'MAHONY  — OROZCO   Y   BERRA 


409 


O'Mahony,  Francis.  [« Father  Prout.'>] 
A  noted  Irish  journalist  and  poet ;  born  at 
Cork,  about  1804 ;  died  in  Paris,  1866.  Or- 
dained a  Roman  Catholic  priest,  he  resigned 
his  calling  about  1834,  and  became  an  author. 
He  published  :  <  Reliques  of  Father  Prout  > 
(1836),  contributed  originally  to  Fraser's  Mag- 
azine (a  final  volume  appeared  in  1876,  edited 
by  Blanchard  Jerrold);  <  Facts  and  Figures  from 
Italy*  (1847),  published  originally  as  letters  to 
the  Daily  News.  He  died  in  a  monastery,  to 
which  he  retired  in  1864.     (<Works,>  1880.) 

Omar  Khayyam.    See  Khayyam. 

Ofla,  Pedro  de  (5n'ya).  A  Chilian  poet; 
born  in  Confines,  Araucania,  about  1560 ;  died 
in  Lima  about  1620.  His  great  work  <Arauco 
Domado*  (Conquered  Chili:  1596)  consisted 
of  nineteen  cantos.  It  is  said  to  be  one  of 
the  finest  of  epic  poems.  A  second  edition 
appeared  in  1605,  and  one  in  1849.  He  also 
wrote  a  poem  <  The  Lima  Earthquake  of  the 
Year  1609  > ;  several  sonnets ;  and  a  heroic 
poem,  <Ignacio  de  Cantabria>  (1639). 

Ondegardo,  Polo  (on-da-gar'do).  A  Spanish 
historian;  born  in  Spain,  about  1500;  died  in 
Peru,  about  1570.  From  manuscripts  written  by 
him  and  preserved  in  the  archives  of  Simancas 
and  the  Escorial,  Prescott  obtained  information 
which  he  used  in  his  <  History  of  the  Conquest 
of  Peru.> 

Opie,  Amelia.  An  English  writer,  wife  of 
John  Opie  the  painter ;  born  in  Norwich,  Nov. 
12,  1769;  died  there,  Dec.  2,  1853.  Among  her 
numerous  tales,  once  highly  popular,  may  be 
mentioned:  <  Father  and  Daughter  >;  <  Murder 
Will  Out  > ;  <  The  Ruffian  Boy  > ;  <  Temper  > ;  <  St. 
Valentine's  Day  > ;  <  Illustrations  of  Lying.*  In 
1825  she  joined  the  Society  of  Friends,  and 
after  this  only  published  <  Detractions  Dis- 
played* and  <  Lays  for  the  Dead.* 

Opitz,  Martin  (o'pits).  A  German  poet; 
born  in  Bunzlau,  Silesia,  Dec.  23,  1597;  died 
of  the  plague  in  Dantzic,  Aug.  20,  1639.  For 
more  than  a  century  he  was  called  the  <<  father 
of  German  poetry.'*  He  attained  great  influ- 
ence on  the  literature  of  Germany,  chiefly  by 
his  theoretical  and  critical  writings ;  of  which 
his  <Aristarchus ;  or,  on  Contempt  for  the  Ger- 
man Language*  (1617)  is  the  most  important. 

Oppert,  Julius.  A  celebrated  French  Assyri- 
ologist  and  Orientalist ;  born  at  Hamburg,  July 
9,  1825,  of  Jewish  parents.  An  expert  on  the 
decipherment  of  cuneiform  inscriptions,  he  has 
published:  <  Assyrian  Studies*  (1859-64);  <  San- 
skrit Grammar*  (1859);  < History  of  the  Em- 
pires of  Chaldea  and  Assyria  from  the  Monu- 
ments* (1866);  <The  People  and  Language  of 
the  Medes'  (1879);  ^Chronology  of  Genesis*  ( 1895). 

Oppian  or  Oppianus  (op'e-an).  A  Greek 
poet;  born  at  Anazarbus  in  Cilicia;  flourished 
under  Marcus  Aurelius.  He  composed  a  di- 
dactic poem,  <  On  Fishing,*  in  five  books.  The 
versification  is  smooth,  the  style  ornate.  His 
works  have  been  edited  by  J.  G.  Schneider 
(Leipzig,  1813),  and  F.  S,  Lehrs  (Paris,  1846). 


Optic,  Oliver,  pseudonym  of  William  T. 
Adams.  A  popular  American  writer  of  stories 
for  boys ;  born  in  Massachusetts,  1822 ;  died 
1897.  He  was  for  many  years  a  teacher  in  the 
Boston  public  schools.  He  wrote  <  Army  and 
Navy  *  series  ;  <  Young  America  Abroad  *  series ; 
<  Lake  Shore  *  series  ;  etc. 

O'Reilly,  John  Boyle.  An  Irish-American 
poet  and  prose-writer,  for  a  long  time  editor 
of  the  Pilot,  Boston ;  born  near  Drogheda,  Ire- 
land, June  28,  1844;  died  at  Hull,  Mass.,  Aug. 
10,  1890.  His  works  comprise  :  <  Songs  of  the 
Southern  Seas*  (1873);  <Moondyne*  (1878);  and 
many  fugitive  poems  and  stories.  He  was 
part  author  of  <  The  King's  Men  *  (1884). 

O'Reilly,  Miles.    See  Halplne. 

O'Rell,  Max.     See  Blouet,  Paul. 

Orgaz,  Francisco  (or-gath'j.  A  Cuban  poet; 
born  in  Havana  in  1815 ;  died  in  Madrid  in 
1873.  He  published  a  volume  of  poems,  <  Pre- 
ludes for  the  Harp*  (1841),  which  placed  him 
among  the  best  lyric  poets  of  Spanish  Amer- 
ica. A  collection  of  poems,  <  Poems  of  the 
Tropics*  (1850),  preserved  the  uses  and  cus- 
toms of  the  Cuban  aborigines.  He  also  wrote 
several  dramas. 

Origen  (or'i-jen),  surnamed  "Adamantinos  ** 
from  his  indefatigable  study ;  one  of  the  most 
learned  and  spirited  of  the  Christian  fathers  ; 
born  at  Alexandria  in  185  (?)  A.  D.;  died  in 
Tyre,  in  254(7).  Of  his  many  writings  only  a 
few  have  come  down  to  us.  Of  his  *De  Prin- 
cipiis*  (Of  the  Principles),  there  exists  only 
a  free  and  even  interpolated  translation  by 
Rufinus.  Flis  celebrated  treatise  on  martyrdom 
is  entire.  His  works  were  among  the  earliest 
printed  of  the  patristic  writings. 

Orosius,  Paulus  (6-r6'si-us).  A  Latin  histo- 
rian and  theologian ;  born  in  Spain,  probably 
at  Tarragona,  at  the  beginning  of  the  fifth 
century  A.  D.  He  wrote  a  <  History  directed 
against  Pagans*  (in  seven  books),  from  the 
beginning  of  the  world  to  the  author's  time, 
especially  to  disprove  the  assertions  of  pagan 
historians  that  the  calamities  of  Rome,  such  as 
the  invasions  of  the  barbarians,  were  due  to 
Christianity. 

Orozco  y  Berra,  Fernando  (6-roth'k6  e 
bar'a).  A  Mexican  poet;  born  in  San  Felipe 
del  Obraje,  June  3,  1822;  died  in  Mexico,  in 
1851.  His  novel  <  The  Thirty  Years'  War*  ap- 
peared in  1850.  He  wrote  :  <  The  Coming 
Fashion,*  <  Three  Patriots,*  <  Three  Aspirants,* 
three-act  comedies  in  verse;  and  'Friendship,* 
a  five-act  comedy  in  prose.  After  his  death  a 
collection  of  his  works  was  published  (1886;. 

Orozco  y  Berra,  Manuel.  A  Mexican  his- 
torian;  born  in  the  City  of  Mexico,  June  8, 
1816;  died  there,  Jan.  27,  1881.  Among  his 
published  works  are  :  <  History  of  Geography 
in  Mexico*  (1876  and  1880);  and  < Ancient 
History  of  Mexico,*  his  most  famous  work 
(1880-81),  in  four  parts,— <  Civilization,*  <  Prim- 
itive Man,*  <  Ancient  History,*  and  <The  Con- 
quest.* 


4IO 


ORTON  —  OTFRIED 


Orton,  James.  An  American  clergyman, 
naturalist,  and  traveler ;  born  at  Seneca  Falls, 
N.  Y.,  April  21,  1830 ;  died  on  Lake  Titicaca, 
Peru,  Sept.  25,  1877.  In  1867,  1873,  and  1876, 
he  conducted  exploring  expeditions  to  South 
America.  His  works  are:  <The  Andes  and 
the  Amazon  >  (1870);  <  Underground  Treasures  > 
(1872);  (Liberal  Education  of  Women>  (1873); 
'Comparative  Zoology'  (1875). 

Orton,  Jason  Rockwood.  An  American  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  Hamilton, 
N.  Y.,  in  1806;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Feb.  13, 
1867.  He  was  educated  as  a  physician,  but 
abandoned  the  practice  of  medicine  in  1850, 
and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  Besides  con- 
tributions to  periodicals,  he  published :  <  Poet- 
ical Sketches'  (1829);  'Arnold,  and  Other 
Poems'  (1854);  <Camp-Fires  of  the  Red  Men' 
(1855);  <  Confidential  Experiences  of  a  Spirit- 
ualist' (1858). 

Osborn,  Laughton.  An  xiiiierican  artist  and 
litterateur ;  born  in  New  York  city  in  1809 ; 
died  there,  Dec.  12,  1878.  He  graduated  at 
Columbia  College  in  1827.  His  works  include : 
< Sixty  Years  of  Life'  (1831);  < Vision  of  Ru- 
beta'  (1838);  <  Arthur  Carryl'  (1841);  <  Travels 
by  Sea  and  Land'  (1868). 

Osborne,  (Samuel)  Duffleld.  An  American 
novelist ;  born  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  in  1858. 
His  works  are :  <  The  Spell  of  Ashtaroth  ' 
(1888);  <  The  Robe  of  Nessus  >  ( 1890),  a  historical 
novel ;  <  Macaulay's  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome.' 

Oscanyan,  Hatchik  (os-kan'yan).  An  Ar- 
meno-Turkish  author,  resident  in  New  York  ; 
born  in  Constantinople,  April  23,  1818,  of  Ar- 
menian parents.  He  was  educated  in  the 
United  States,  established  an  Armenian  paper 
in  Constantinople  in  1841,  and  was  afterwards 
in  the  official  employ  of  the  Turkish  govern- 
ment. He  wrote  in  Armenian  :  <  Acaby,'  a  satir- 
ical romance  (1849);  < Veronica'  (1851);  and  a 
child's  book,  <Bedig.'  He  published  in  New 
York  <The  Sultan  and  his  People'  (1857),  a 
remarkably  popular  work. 

Osgood,  Mrs.  Frances  Sargent  (Locke).    An 

American  poet;  born  in  Boston,  June  18,  181 1; 
died  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  May  12,  1850.  Besides 
contributions  to  magazines  she  published : 
'Wreath  of  Wild  Flowers'  (1839);  <  Poetry  of 
Flowers'  (1841);  < Poems'  (1849). 

Osgood,  SamueL  An  American  clergyman 
and  author ;  bom  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  Aug. 
30, 1812 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  April  14,  1880. 
He  was  the  pastor  of  a  Unitarian  church  in 
New  York  city  from  1849  to  1869,  when  he 
resigned  and  joined  the  Episcopal  Church. 
Besides  translations  from  the  German,  his  nu- 
merous works  include :  <  Studies  in  Christian 
Biography'  (1851);  <  Mile-Stones  in  our  Life 
Journey'  (1855);  'Student  Life'  (i860). 

O'Shaughnessy,  Arthur  William  Edgar.  A 
British  poet;  born  in  1844;  died  in  1881.  In 
1864  he  entered  the  British  Museum,  and  in 
1873  married  Eleanor,  sister  of  Philip  Bourke 
Marston.    He  was  a  follower  of  Morris  and 


Swinburne  and  of  the  French  romantic  school. 
He  published  between  1870  and  1881 :  'An  Epic 
of  Women ' ;  '  Lays  of  France,'  a  free  para- 
phrase of  the  lais  of  Marie  de  France ;  <  Music 
and  Moonlight';  and  'Songs  of  a  Worker.' 
Ossian.     See  the  article  '  McPherson,  James.' 

Ossoli,  Marcbioness  d'  (os-s6'le)— Sarah 
Margaret  Fuller,  best  known  as  "  Margaret 
Fuller."  An  American  writer  on  literature, 
art,  and  society ;  born  at  Cambridgeport,  Mass., 
1810;  died  at  sea,  1850.  For  some  years  she 
was  employed  as  a  teacher  in  girls'  schools ; 
for  two  years  edited  the  Dial  (1840-42).  Her 
collected  essays  on  '  Women  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century'  were  published  in  1843.  She  con- 
tributed regularly  to  the  New  York  Tribune 
papers  on  literature  and  art,  which  were  col- 
lected in  a  volume  published  in  1846.  At  Rome 
in  the  same  year  she  married  the  Marquis 
d'Ossoli.  The  pair  were  on  the  way  to  New 
York  when  their  ship  was  wrecked  and  both 
were  lost.  Besides  the  volumes  already  named, 
she  published  other  collections  of  her  essays 
under  the  titles  :  'Art,  Literature,  and  Drama' ; 
'At  Home  and  Abroad ' ;  <  Life  Without  and 
Life  Within.' 

Ostrovsky,  Alexander  Nikolaievicb  (os- 
trov'ske).  A  Russian  dramatist;  born  in  Mos- 
cow, April  12,  1823  ;  died  June  14,  1886.  One  of 
his  best  comedies, '  We  Get  On  with  our  Own 
Kind,'  published  in  1849,  established  his  repu- 
tation. His  works  followed  each  other  in 
rapid  succession.  Among  the  best  are  :  '  The 
Poor  Bride'  (1852);  'Poverty  is  Not  a  Fault' 
(1853);  'A  Profitable  Place'  (1857);  'The 
Storm'  (1859);  and  'A  Warm  Heart'  (1869). 
He  was  the  author  of  several  translations, 
especially  a  remarkable  one  of  'The  Taming 
of  the  Shrew.'  His  complete  works  were  pub- 
lished in  St.  Petersburg  (1887,  10  vols.). 

Oswald,  Felix  Leopold.  An  American  nat- 
uralist and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Na- 
mur,  Belgium,  in  1845.  He  graduated  at  Li^ge 
in  1864,  and  became  a  physician ;  but  later 
abandoned  the  practice  of  medicine,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  natural  history. 
He  resides  in  Tennessee.  His  works  include  : 
'Summer-Land  Sketches'  (1880);  'Physical 
Education'  (1882);  'The  Secret  of  the  East; 
or.  The  Origin  of  the  Christian  Religion ' 
(1883);  'Days  and  Nights  in  the  Tropics' 
(1887).     He  died  in  1906. 

Otero,  Rafael  (6-ta'r"  A  Cuban  dramatist; 
born  in  Havana  in  1827 ;  died  there  in  1876. 
Among  his  comedies  are :  '  A  Betrothed  of  a 
Day';  'The  Coburger' ;  'My  Son  the  French- 
man > ;  and  '  The  Dead  Commands  It,'  which 
were  presented  in  the  theatres  of  Havana  and 
Matanzas.  His  novel  <  La  Perla  de  la  Diaria ' 
was  published  in  1866,  and  '  Cantos  Sociales ' 
in  1868. 

Otfried  (ot'fred).  A  Prankish  poet;  bom 
near  Weissenburg  in  Alsace  ;  studied  at  Fulda 
under  Hrabanus  Maurus  (822-884),  and  also 
under  Salomon  I.,  bishop  of  Constance   (839- 


OTIS  — OWEN 


411 


871);  then  went  back  to  the  Benedictine  Mon- 
astery in  Weissenburg,  where  he  wrote  his 
famous  <  Evangilienbuch,>  a  paraphrase  in  verse 
of  the  Gospels,  dedicated  about  865  to  (King) 
Louis  the  German,  and  to  Archbishop  Luit- 
bert  of  Mentz.  It  is  one  of  the  most  valuable 
documents  of  the  Old  High  German  period. 

Otis,  Harrison  Gray.  An  eminent  Ameri- 
can statesman  and  orator,  son  of  James ;  born 
in  Boston,  Oct.  8.  1765;  died  there,  Oct.  28, 
1848.  He  was  Member  of  Congress  1797-1801, 
and  U.  S.  Senator  1817-22.  He  was  prominent 
in  the  Massachusetts  Legislature ;  took  an  act- 
ive part  in  the  Hartford  Convention  of  1814 ; 
and  was  mayor  of  Boston  in  1829.  His  pub- 
lished works  include :  <  Letters  in  Defense  of 
the  Hartford  Convention'  (1824),  and  < Ora- 
tions and  Addresses.' 

Otis,  James.  A  celebrated  American  states- 
man and  orator;  born  at  West  Barnstable, 
Mass.,  Feb.  5, 1725  ;  died  at  Andover,  Mass.,  May 
23.  1783.  At  an  early  age  he  attracted  attention 
by  his  eloquence  in  behalf  of  the  colonists 
against  British  oppression,  and  his  determined 
opposition  to  the  «  writs  of  assistance  ''  in  1761. 
Through  his  efforts  the  Stamp  Act  Congress 
was  assembled  in  1765.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  number  of  political  essays  and  orations,  among 
which  are  :  *■  Vindication  of  the  Conduct  of  the 
House  of  Representatives*  (1762);  'Rights  of 
the  British  Colonies  Asserted  >  (1765);  <  Consid- 
eration on  Behalf  of  the  Colonists'  (1765). 

Otis,  James.    See  Ealer. 

Otway,  Thomas.  An  English  dramatist; 
born  at  Trotton,  Sussex,  1652 ;  died  1685.  He 
was  educated  at  Winchester,  and  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  served  as  comet  in  the  Low 
Countries ;  was  an  unsuccessful  actor,  and  finally 
wrote  for  the  stage.  Of  his  many  plays,  one 
tragedy,  <  Venice  Preserved,'  is  among  the  best 
remembered  of  the  Restoration  drama,  and 
keeps  his  name  familiar  in  literary  allusion. 
^  The  Orphan '  ranks  next  in  critical  esteem. 

Oulda  (we'da),  pseudonym  of  Louise  de  la 
Ramde ;  an  English  novelist  of  French  extrac- 
tion ;  born  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1840.  She  has 
published:  <  Held  in  Bondage'  (1863);  <  Strath- 
more'  (1865);  <Chandos'  (1866);  <  Cecil  Castle- 
maine's  Gage';  <Idalia';  <  Under  Two  Flags' 
( 1867) ;  <  Tricotrin '  ( 1868) ;  <  Puck '  ( 1870) ;  <  Folle 
Farine'  (1871);  <A  Dog  of  Flanders';  <A 
Leaf  in  the  Storm'  (1872);  <Pascarel>  (1873); 
'Bebee;  or,  Two  Little  Wooden  Shoes'  (1874); 
<Signa'    (1875);   <In    a   Winter   City'    (1876); 

<  Ariadne'  (1877);  < Friendship'  (1878);  <  Moths' 
(1880);  <  Pipistrello '  (1880);  <A  Village  Com- 
mune' (i88i);<In  Maremma';  <Bimbi'  (1882); 

<  Wanda';  <  Frescoes'  (1883);  <  Princess  Na- 
praxine'  (1884);  <Othmar';  <A  House  Party'; 

<  Guilderoy ' ;  <  Syrlin ' ;  <  A  Rainy  June ' ;  <  Don 
Gesualdo'  (1890);  <Moufflou';  <TheNurnberg 
Stove ' ;  <  The  Tower  of  Taddeo ' ;  <  The  Silver 
Christ';  <The  New  Priesthond)  (1803);  < Views  and 
Opinions'  (1895) ;  ^Critical  Studies.'  Died  in  1908. 


Overskov,  Thomas  (6'ver-skov).  A  Danish 
dramatist;  born  in  Copenhagen,  Oct.  11,  1798; 
died  in  1873.  ^lis  first  comedy  (1826)  was  a 
complete  failure,  but  later  his  dramas  were  suc- 
cessfully performed  ;  one  of  them,  <  Ostergade 
og  Vestergade,'  in  the  style  of  Sheridan,  being 
his  best  work,  and  another,  <  Capriciosa,'  still 
keeping  its  place  in  the  repertory  of  the  Royal 
Theatre.  His  most  important  contribution  to 
literature  is  a  <  History  of  the  Danish  Theatre' 
(7  vols.,  Copenhagen,  1854-76). 

Ovid  (Publius  Ovidius  Naso)  (ov'id).  The 
Roman  poet;  born  at  Sulmo,  March  20,  43 
B.  C;  died  at  Tomi,  17  A.  D.  He  wrote  :  <  Meta- 
morphoses';  <  Fasti '  (The  Calendar);  <  Epis- 
tles ' ;  <  Amours ' ;  <  Art  of  Love ' ;  <  Heroids ' ; 
and  other  works. 

Oviedo  y  Valdez,  Gonzalo  Fernandez  de  (6v- 
ya'd5  e  val'dath).  A  Spanish  historian;  born 
in  Madrid  in  1478;  died  in  Valladolid  in  1557. 
In  1545  he  was  appointed  historian  of  the 
Spanish  Indies.  The  first  part  of  his  great 
work  appeared  as  <  General  and  Natural  His- 
tory of  the  West  Indies,'  in  1535 ;  the  revision 
of  the  entire  work  was  completed  in  1548.  It 
was  once  deemed  one  of  the  profoundest  works 
on  the  natural  history  of  America. 

Owen.  Goronwy.  A  Welsh  poet;  born  in 
Anglesea,  North  Wales,  Jan.  I,  1722;  died  in 
St.  Andrews  parish,  Brunswick  County,  Va., 
between  1770  and  1780.  He  became  rector  of 
Uppington,  Shropshire,  in  1745  ;  and  while  there 
wrote  his  celebrated  poem  <The  Day  of  Judg- 
ment.' He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1775 ; 
accepted  a  position  at  William  and  Mary  Col- 
lege, and  married  for  his  second  wife  Mrs. 
Clayton,  a  sister  of  the  president  of  the  college. 
He  is  described  as  the  last  of  the  great  poets 
of  Wales.  His  bardic  title  was  « Black  Go- 
ronwy of  Anglesea."  His  poems  for  a  long 
time  circulated  in  manuscript ;  but  in  1780  his 
collected  works  were  published,  succeeding  edi- 
tions being  printed  in  1819  and  i860.  In  1831 
his  countrymen  erected  a  tablet  to  his  memory 
in  the  cathedral  church  of  Bangor. 

Owen,  Robert.  Social  reformer  and  author; 
born  in  Newtown,  Montgomeryshire,  Wales, 
May  14,  1 77 1;  died  there,  Nov.  17,  1858.  He 
early  turned  his  attention  to  social  questions, 
publishing  in  1812  <  New  Views  of  Society; 
or,  Essays  upon  the  Formation  of  the  Human 
Character,  and  Book  of  the  New  Moral  World.' 
He  attempted  to  found  communist  societies  in 
England,  also  in  New  Harmony,  Ind.,  and  later 
in  Mexico.  In  his  later  years  he  became  a  be- 
liever in  Spiritualism.  His  followers  bore  the 
name  of  Owenites,  and  were  among  the  found- 
ers of  the  English  Chartist  movement. 

Owen,  Robert  Dale.  An  American  politi- 
cian, diplomatist,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  son 
of  Robert ;  born  in  Glasgow,  Scotland,  Nov. 
6,  1801 ;  died  at  I>ake  George,  N.  Y.,  June  17, 
1877.  He  was  educated  in  Switzerland ;  re- 
moved to  the  United  States  in  1823;  was  Rep- 
resentative to  Congress  from  Indiana  (1843-47); 


412 


OZAN  AM  — PAGET 


ind  minister  to  Naples  (1855-58).  During 
the  Civil  War  he  was  a  prominent  advocate  of 
negro  emancipation.  Among  his  works  are : 
<  Moral  Physiology  >  (1831);  <  Footfalls  on  the 
Boundary  of  Another  World >  (i860);  <  Beyond 
the  Breakers >  (1870),  a  novel;  < Threading  My 
Way>  (1874). 

Ozanam,  Antoine  Frederic  (5-za-nam').  A 
French  scholar  and  writer;  born  in  Milan,  1813  ; 
died  September  1853.  In  1844  he  succeeded 
Fauriel  as  professor  of  foreign  literature  at  the 


Sorbonne,  Paris.  He  attained  eminence  as  a 
lecturer,  and  published  besides  other  works : 
<  Dante  and  the  Catholic  Philosophy  in  the 
Thirteenth  Century  >  (1839);  <  Germanic  Studies 
for  Use  in  the  History  of  the  Franks  >  (2  vols., 
1847-49). 

Ozaneaux,  Jean  George  (o-za-no).  A  French 
writer  of  prose  and  verse ;  born  in  Paris,  1795 ; 
died  1852.  He  wrote  a  <  History  of  France*  (2 
vols.,  1846),  which  gained  a  prize  from  the  Acad- 
emy ;  and  <  Poetic  Errors  ♦  (3  vols.,  1849). 


Paalzov,  Henrietta  Joanna  Wach  von  {piV- 
zof).  A  German  story-writer ;  born  at  Berlin, 
1788 ;  died  there,  1847.  Among  her  stories  are  : 
<  Godwin  Castle  >  (3  vols.,  1837);  <  Saint-Roche  > 
(1839);  <  Thomas  Tyrnau>  (1842);  <  Jakob  von 
der  Nees>  (1842).  Her  plots  are  very  skillfully 
contrived  and  elaborated. 

Paban,  Adolphe  (pa-bah').  A  French  poet 
and  story-writer ;  born  at  Combs-la-Ville,  dept. 
Seine-et-Oise,  Nov.  13,  1839.  He  published 
three  volumes  of  <  Poems  '  (1859-62);  <  Inspira- 
tions >  (1868);  <  Fanciful  Sonnets  >  (1871);  <A 
Drama  in  a  Garden,'  a  story  in  prose  (1874). 

Packard,  Alpheus  Spring.  An  American 
naturalist  and  author;  born  at  Brunswick,  Me., 
Feb.  19,  1839.  Since  1878  he  has  been  pro- 
fessor of  geology  and  zoology  in  Brown  Uni- 
versity. His  works  include :  <A  Guide  to  the 
Study  of  Insects'  (1869);  <  Half-Hours  with  In- 
sects' (1875);  < Life  Histories '( 1876) ;< Zoology' 
(1879).     He  died  in  1905. 

Packard,  Frederick  Adolphus.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer,  editor,  and  author;  bom  in  Massa- 
chusetts in  1794;  died  in  1867.  He  was  editor 
of  the  publications  of  the  American  Sunday- 
School  Union  for  nearly  forty  years.  Among 
his  important  works  are :  <  The  Union  Bible 
Dictionary'  (1837);  < The  Teacher  Taught' 
(1839);  <Life  of  Robert  Owen'  (1866). 

Pacuvius,  Marcus  (pa-ku've-us).  A  Roman 
tragic  poet ;  born  at  Brundisium  about  219  B.  C. ; 
died  about  129  B.  C.  His  plays  are  nearly  all 
founded  on  Greek  subjects  connected  with  the 
Trojan  war :  except  fragments  preserved  in  the 
writings  of  Cicero  and  in  the  'Attic  Nights' 
of  Gellius,  they  are  all  lost.  Among  these 
fragments  is  one  in  which  the  poet  is  seen  to 
have  been  a  rather  bold  free-thinker,  consider- 
ing the  age  in  which  he  lived  :  <<  They  who  un- 
derstand the  notes  of  birds  "  (i.  e.,  augurs,  ha- 
ruspices,  etc.),  '<  and  derive  their  wisdom  more 
from  examining  the  livers  of  other  creatures 
than  from  their  own  [wit],  I  think  should  be 
rather  heard  than  heeded." 

Paddock,  Mrs.  Cornelia.  An  American 
writer  of  fiction.    Her  works  are :  <  In  the  Toils  > 


(1879);  <The  Fate  of  Madame  la  Tour :  A  Tale 
of  Great  Salt  Lake'  (1881). 

Padilla,  Pedro  de  (pa-de'lya).  A  Spanish 
poet;  born  at  Linares;  died  about  1595.  He 
was  a  friend  of  Cervantes,  and  a  notable  im- 
provisator. He  renounced  the  world  in  his 
old  age  and  became  a  Carmelite  friar  (1585). 
His  works  consist  of  lyric  and  bucolic  poems, 
satires,  spiritual  songs,  and  metrical  romances : 
some  of  them,  especially  the  eclogues,  are 
among  the  best  of  their  time.  His  poems  were 
published  under  the  titles :  <  Treasury  of  Vari- 
ous Poems'  (1575);  'Pastoral  Eclogues'  (1581); 
'Romances'  (1583);  'Spiritual  Garden'  (1585); 
'  Grandeurs  and  Excellencies  of  the  Virgin  Our 
Lady'  (1587). 

Page,  Thomas  Nelson.  An  American  writer 
of  fiction ;  born  in  Oakland,  Va.,  April  23,  1853. 
He  was  educated  at  Washington  and  Lee 
University,  and  practiced  law  at  Richmond,  Va. 
His  first  story, 'Marse  Chan>  (1887),  attracted 
immediate  attention  and  was  widely  read.  He 
has  written  :  'Two  Little  Confederates '  (1888); 
<iOn  New-Found  River'  (1891);  '  Elsket  and 
Other  Stories'  (1891);  'The  Old  South'  (1892); 
'  Pastime  Stories '  ( 1894) ;  <  Unc'  Edinburgh ' 
(1895);  'Social  Life  in  Old  Virginia'  (1S971 
'Two  Prisoners'  (1897)  ;  'Red  Rock'  (1898); 
'Gordon  Keith'  (1903);  'The  Negro— The 
Southerner's  Problem'  (1904);  'Bred  in  the 
Bone.'  (1905)  ;  'Under  the  Cross' (1907). 


Paget,  Francis  Edward.  An  English  story- 
writer  ;  born  Ma^y  24,  1806 ;  died  Aug.  4,  1882. 
His  most  important  work  is  a  compilation  of 
'Some  Records  of  the  Ashstead  Estate'  (1873). 
His  stories  deal  with  church  and  social  reform; 
among  them  are :  '  Caleb  Kniverton,  the  In- 
cendiary' (1833);  'Milford  Malvoisin;  or.  Pews 
and  Pewholders'  (1842);  'The  Curate  of  Cum- 
berworth  and  the  Vicar  of  Roost'  (1859). 

Paget,  Violet.  ["  Vernon  Lee.»]  An  Eng- 
lish story-teller  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born 
at  Chateau  St.-Leonard  in  Normandy.  She  is 
author  of  several  works  on  the  history  of  art 
and  of  culture,  among  them  '  Studies  of  the  l8tli 


PAILLERON  —  PALFREY 


413 


Century  in  Italy'  (1880);  <  Belcaro  :  Essays  on 
Sundry  .'Esthetical  Questions'  (1881)  ;  <  Eupho- 
rion  :  Studies  of  the  Antique  and  the  Mediseval 
in  the  Renaissance'  (2  vols.  2d  eu.  1885);  <  Re- 
naissance Fancies  and  Studies'  (1895).  Among 
her  stories  are  :  <  Ottilie'  (1883) ;  <Miss  Brown  ' 
(1884);  <  Limbo,  Essays'  (1897). 

Pailleron,  Edouard  Jules  Henri  (pa-yer-ofi''). 
A  French  dramatic  writer  ;  bom  at  Paris,  Sept. 
17,  1834;  died  there  April  20,  1S99.  Authorof 
the  comedy  < The  Parasite'  (1860J;  <The  Para- 
sites,' a  volume  of  satiric  poems  ;  the  comedies 
<Last  Quarters,' the  last  stage  of  a  wedding  tour 
(1863);  <The  Second  Movement'  (1865);  <The 
World  where  One  is  Amused'  (1868);  <  The 
World  ofBoredom>(i88i);<TheMouse'(  1887); 
*The  Strolling  Players. '  He  wrote  three  volumes 
of  poems;  viz.,  < Loves  and  Hatreds'  (iS 
<Prayer  for  France'  ( 1 871 ),  <The  Doll'  (18 
and  'Academic  Discourses'  (1886). 

Pain,  Marie  Joseph  (paft).  A  French  dram- 
atist;  bom  at  Paris,  1773;  died  there,  1830. 
Beginning  with  <  Saint-Far,  or  Love's  Dainti- 
ness,' in  the  initial  crisis  of  the  Revolution  (1792), 
he  followed  it  with  a  long  series  of  vaude- 
villes and  comedies,  some  of  which  had  great 
success;  among  them:  <A  Flat  to  Let'  (1799); 
<The  Connoisseur'  (1800);  <The  Duke's  Por- 
trait' (1805);  <Love  and  Mystery;  or.  Which  Is 
my  Cousin?'  (1807);  <  The  Dreamers  Awak- 
ened' (1813);  <The  Ghost'  (1816). 

Paine,  Robert  Treat,  Jr.  An  American 
poet;  born  in  Taunton,  Mass.,  Dec.  9,  1773; 
died  in  Boston,  Nov.  13,  181 1.  During  the 
greater  part  of  his  erratic  career  he  was  engaged 
in  various  literary  pursuits,  although  he  was  at 
one  time  in  business,  and  later  practiced  law 
for  a  brief  period.  He  will  be  best  remembered 
as  the  author  of  two  songs,  <  Rise,  Columbia,' 
and  <Adams  and  Liberty.'  Among  his  poems 
are:  <  The  Invention  of  Letters'  (i795J,  and 
<  The  Ruling  Passion'  (1797J. 

Paine,  Thomas.  A  celebrated  American 
publicist ;  born  at  Thetford  in  Norfolkshire, 
England,  Jan.  29,1736-7;  died  at  New  Rochelle, 
N.  Y.,  June  8,  1809.  He  wrote 'Common  Sense' 
(1776);  <  The  Rights  of  Man'  (2  vols.,  1790); 
'The  Age  of  Reason'  (1793);  'Decline  and 
Fall  of  the  English  System  of  Finance'  (1896: 
it  had  14  editions  in  that  year). 

Painter,  William.  An  English  writer  and 
compiler  of  stories  after  the  manner  of  Boc- 
caccio; born  about  1540;  died  Feb.,  1893-4.  His 
most  famous  book  is  <The  Palace  of  Pleasure' 
(2  vols.,  1566-67),  consisting  of  stories  taken 
from  the  <  Heptameron,'  from  Bandello,  and 
other  Italian  story-tellers. 

Palacky,  Frantisek  (pa-lats-ke'j.  A  Czech 
historian ;  bom  at  Hodoslavitz  in  Moravia,  June 
14;  1798;  died  at  Prague,  May  26,  1876.  He 
was  appointed  State  historian  of  Bohemia  in 
1839.  He  wrote  a  '  History  of  Bohemia' down 
to  the  year  1526  (1836-67);  'Beginnings  of  Bo- 
hemian Poetry'  (1818);  'Estimate  of  the  An- 
cient Bohemian  Historians'   (1830);  'Literary 


Travels  in  Italy  in  the  Year  1837,  in  Search  of 
Documents  for  Bohemian  and  Moravian  His- 
tory' (1838);  'The  Earliest  Monuments  of  the 
Bohemian  Language'  (1840);  <  History  of  Huss- 
itism'  (1868);  'Documents  Illustrating  the  Life, 
the  Cause,  and  the  Teaching  of  Master  John 
Huss'  (1869). 

Palaprat,  Jean  Sieur  de  Bigot  (pa-la-pra). 
A  French  dramatist;  bom  at  Toulouse,  1650; 
died  at  Paris,  1721.  He  is  best  known  for  cert- 
ain lively  comedies  written  by  him  in  collabora- 
tion with  the  Abb^  Brueys ;  chief  among  these 
are:  'The  Mute';  'The  Grumbler'  (1681); 
'The  Ridiculous  Concert'  (1689);  'The  Secret 
Revealed'  (1690).  Independently  he  wrote: 
'Quid  pro  Quo';  'Hercules  and  Omphale'; 
'The  Prude.' 

Palearius,  Aonius,  or  Antonio  della  Paglia 
fpa-le-ar'e-us).  An  Italian  polemic  wTiter; 
born  at  Veroli  in  the  Pontifical  States ;  died  at 
Rome,  1570.  He  wrote  several  theological  dis- 
sertations, and  a  notable  '  Disputation  against 
the  Roman  Pontiffs  and  their  Adherents ' ;  his 
best  work  is  a  poem  '  On  the  Immortality  of  the 
Soul'  (1531),  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of 
Latin  poetry  written  in  the  l6th  century. 

Paley,  Frederick  Apthorp.  An  English 
scholar  and  writer  on  architecture,  grandson 
of  William.  He  graduated  in  1838  at  Cam- 
bridge, became  a  Roman  Catholic  in  1846,  and 
professor  of  classical  literature  in  Universit}' 
College  from  1874.  He  edited  many  Greek  and 
Latin  texts,  and  published  a  '  Manual  of  Gothic 
Architecture'  ( 1846), and  other  writ'int^s  on  similar 
subjects.    Born  Jan.  14,1815;  died,  Dec.  9,1888. 

Paley,  William.  A  distinguished  English 
theological  writer;  born  at  Peterborough,  1743; 
died  May  25,  1805.  He  was  appointed  arch- 
deacon of  Carlisle,  1782;  prebendary  of  St 
Paul's,  London,  1794 ;  dean  of  Lincoln,  1795. 
His  principal  writings  are  :  '  Principles  of  Moral 
and  Political  Philosophy'  (1785);  '  Horae  Pau- 
linae ;  or.  The  Truth  of  the  Scripture  History 
of  St.  Paul  Evinced,'  etc.  (1791);  'View  of 
the  Evidences  of  Christianity'  (1794),  his 
most  celebrated  work  ;  '  Natural  Theology ;  or, 
Evidences  of  the  Existence  and  Attributes  of 
the  Deity  Collected  from  the  Appearances  of 
Nature'  (1802),  in  some  respects  the  most  re- 
markable of  all  his  writings. 

PSilffy,  Albert  (pal'fe).  A  Hungarian  novel- 
ist and  publicist;  born  at  Gyula,  1820.  In  the 
year  of  revolutions,  1848,  he  started  a  daily 
journal,  The  Fifteenth  of  March,  which  had  a 
powerful  influence  in  inciting  the  Hungarian 
people  to  insurrection.  He  was  incarcerated 
for  several  months  after  the  suppression  of  the 
rebellion,  and  then  resumed  his  labors  as  a 
novelist.  His  principal  stories  are:  'The  Hun- 
garian Millionaire'  (1845);  'The  Black  Book' 
(1846);  'Stories  Left  Behind  by  a  Refugee' 
(1850);  'Mother  and  Countess'  (1886);  'Last 
Years  of  Old  Hungary'  (1S90).     D.Dec.  23, 1897. 

Palfrey,  Francis  Winthrop.  An  American 
historical  writer;  born  in  Boston,  April  ii-,  1831 ; 


414 


PALFREY  —  PALMEIRIM 


died  in  Cannes,  France,  Dec.  5,  1889.  He  was 
educated  as  a  lawyer ;  served  in  the  Civil  War 
as  colonel  of  the  20th  Massachusetts  Infantry. 
He  published  <A  Memoir  of  William  F.  Bart- 
lett>  (1879);  <Antietam  and  Fredericksburg;,> 
being  Vol.  v.  of  <  Campaigns  of  the  Civil  War  > 
(1882). 

Palfrey,  John  Gorham.  An  American  cler- 
gyman and  author;  born  in  Boston,  May  2, 
1796;  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  April  26,  1881. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard;  was  pastor  of 
Brattle  Street  Unitarian  Church,  Boston;  pro- 
fessor in  Han-ard,  1830-39;  member  of  the 
State  Legislature,  1842-43;  Secretary  of  State 
of  Massachusetts,  1844-48;  and  member  of  the_ 
Anti-Slavery  Congress  at  Paris,  1867.  He  pub-' 
lished  numerous  lectures,  addresses,  and  ser- 
mons ;  and  wrote  <  The  Relation  between  Juda- 
ism and  Christianity >  (1854).  His  enduring 
work,  however,  is  <The  History  of  New  Eng- 
land) (4  vols.,  1858-64). 

Palfrey,  Sarah  Hammond.  [«E.  Foxton."] 
An  American  novelist  and  poet,  daughter  of 
John  G.;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1823.  She 
resides  in  Cambridge,  Mass.  Among  her  po- 
etical works  are  :  <  Prdmices  > ;  <  The  Chapel  * ; 
<Agnes  Wentworth.'  She  has  also  published 
the  stories  <  Katherine  Mome  > ;  <  Hermann,  or 
Young  Knighthood  >  (1866). 

Palgrave,  Francis,  Sir.  An  English  histo- 
rian of  Jewish  parentage,  originally  named 
Cohen  ;  born  in  London,  1788 ;  died  July  6,  1861. 
Besides  numerous  contributions  to  the  reviews, 
he  wrote:  <  History  of  England>  (1831);  <  Rise 
and  Progress  of  the  English  Commonwealth  > 
(1832);  < Detached  Thoughts  on  the  Polity  and 
Ecclesiastical    History   of   the   Middle   Ages>; 

<  History  of  Normandy  and  England  >  (4  vols., 
1851-64);  <  Merchant  and  Friar>  (1837),  an  im- 
aginary history  of  Marco  Polo  and  Friar  Bacon. 

Palgrave,  Francis  Turner.  An  English  poet 
and  art  critic,  son  of  Sir  Francis  ;  bom  at  Great 
Yarmouth,  Sept.  28,  1824  ;  died  in  London,  Oct. 
24,  1897.  From  1885  to  1895  he  was  a  professor 
at  Oxford.  His  books  are  :  <Idylls  and  Songs' 
(1854);  the  famous  anthology  <The  Golden 
Treasury-)  of  English  poetry  ( 1861);  <Essays  on 
Art)  (1866);  <Hymns)  (1868);  <Lvrical  Poems' 
( 187 1 ) ;  <The  Visions  of  England'  ( 1 88 1 ) ;  <The 
Life  of  Jesus  Christ  Illustrated  from  the  Italian 
Painters  of  the  14th,  15th,  and  l6th  Centuries' 
(i885l;<Amenophis  and  Other  Poems'  (1892).  A 
second  <Golden  Treasury'  was  published  in  1897. 

Palgrave,  Reginald  F.  D.,  Sir.  An  English 
writer  on  history  and  parliamentary  law,  son 
of  Sir  Francis ;  born  at  London,  June  28,  1829. 
He  wrote:  <  The  Chairman's  Handbook  (nth 
ed.  1895);  <The  House  of  Commons';  < Oliver 
Cromwell,  the  Protector :  an  Appreciation  Based 
on  Contemporary  Evidence'  (1890),  in  which 
he  presents  the  antidote  to  Thomas  Carlyle's 

<  Life  and  Letters  of  Oliver  Cromwell.' 

Palgrave,  William  Giflford.  An  English 
traveler,  son  of  Sir  Francis ;  bom  in  London, 
Jan.  24,  1826 ;  died  at  Montevideo,  Sept.  30,  1888. 


His  chief  writings  are :  Narrative  of  a  Year's 
Journey  through  Central  and  Eastern  Arabia' 
(2  vols.,  1862-63) ;  <  Essays  on  Eastern  Questions ' 
(1872);  <  Herrmann  Agha,'  a  story  (1872); 
< Dutch  Guiana'  (1876);  < Ulysses:  Scenes  and 
Studies  in  Many  Lands'  (1887);  a  posthumous 
poem,  <  A  Vision  of  Life  :  Semblance  and  Re- 
ality' (1891). 

Palissot  de  Montenoy,  Charles  (pa-le-so' 
de  mont-nwa').  A  French  poet;  bom  at 
Nancy,  Jan.  3,  1730 ;  died  at  Paris,  June  15,  1814. 
At  14  he  took  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  The- 
olog)',  but  gave  up  the  ecclesiastical  career  for 
literature,  and  was  appointed  director  of  the 
Mazarin  Library.  With  his  first  tragedies  he 
had  little  success ;  otherwise  with  his  comedies 
<The  Guardians'  and  <The  Barber  of  Bagdad.* 
His  satiric  piece  <The  Coterie'  (Le  Cercle),  at- 
tacking Rousseau,  brought  down  upon  him  the 
enmitj'  of  the  encyclopedists,  who  paid  him 
back  with  <  Little  Letters  on  Great  Philoso- 
phers'  (1757),  and  the  comedy  <The  Philoso- 
phers' (1760).  He  lived  on  pacific  terms  with 
Voltaire,  and  even  dedicated  to  him  his  <  Dun- 
ciad,  or  War  of  the  Blockheads'  (1764). 

Pallssy,  Bernard  (pa-le-se).  A  great  artistic 
potter  and  glass-painter ;  born  at  La  Chapelle, 
Biron,  in  the  province  of  Pdrigord,  1510 ;  died 
about  1590,  in  the  Bastille,  where  he  was  impris- 
oned on  the  charge  of  heresy.  His  writings 
are  :  <  Veritable  Receipt  whereby  all  Men  in 
France  can  Learn  to  Multiply  and  Enlarge 
their  Treasures,'  etc.  (1564);  <  Admirable  Dis- 
courses on  the  Nature  of  Waters  and  Fount- 
ains' (1580). 

Pallavicino,  Sforza,  Cardinal  (pa-la-ve'che- 
n5).  An  Italian  church  historian;  born  at 
Rome,  Nov.  28,  1607 ;  died  June  4,  1667.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Company  of  Jesus 
in  1638 ;  was  raised  to  the  cardinalate  in  1659. 
His  principal  work,  <  History  of  the  Council  of 
Trent,'  written  in  Italian,  was  first  published 
(2  vols.,  folio)  in  1656-57;  the  second  edition 
(1666)  had  many  changes.  The  work  was 
written  to  counteract  Sarpi's  history  of  the  same 
council. 

Palleske,  Emil  (pa-lesk'e).  A  German  elo- 
cutionist and  author ;  born  at  Tempelburg,  in 
Pomerania,  Jan.  5,  1823 ;  died  at  Thai,  near 
Eisenach,  Oct.  28,  1880.  He  gave  dramatic 
readings,  especially  of  Shakespeare's  plays, 
throughout  Germany.  He  wrote  <  Life  and 
Work  of  Schiller'  (2  vols.,  1858-59);  < Char- 
lotte von  Kalb:  in  Memoriam'  (1880). 

Palma  y  Romay,  Ram6n  (pal'ma  e  ro'ma). 
A  Cuban  dramatist  and  poet ;  born  in  Havana, 
in  January  1812;  died  there,  January  i860.  His 
first  poems  were  published  in  1830.    The  drama 

<  La  Vuelta  del  Cruzado,'  performed  in  1837, 
met  great  success.  Volumes  of  his  poems  have 
appeared  with  the  titles :  <  Aves  de  Paso'  (1841); 

<  Hojas  Caidas '  ( 1843) ;  and  <  Melodias  Po^ticas  > 
(1846). 

Palmeirim,  Luiz  Augusto  fpal-mi'rem).  A 
Portuguese  poet ;  born  at  Lisbon,  Aug.  9,  1825 ; 


PALMER  — PANS  y 


415 


died  there,  Dec.  4,  1893.  His  first  collection 
of  lyric  verse,  < Poesies*  (1851),  reached  a  5th 
edition  in  his  lifetime,  and  won  for  him  the 
title  «the  Bdranger  of  Portugal.')  Among  his 
patriotic  poems,  <  Exiled '  is  the  one  best  known. 
His  lyrics  have  been  published  as  <  Popular 
Songs.'  He  wrote  also  some  comedies  in  verse  ; 
a  < Gallery  of  Portuguese  Portraits'  (1878);  and 
<The  Eccentrics  of  my  Time'  (1891). 

Palmer,  Edward  Henry.  An  English  Ori- 
entalist; born  at  Cambridge,  Aug.  7,  1840;  died 
in  Egypt,  1882.  He  wrote  Arabic  and  Persian 
grammars ;  made  a  metrical  translation  of  the 

<  Poetical  Works  of  Behd-ed-din  Zoheir  of  Egypt ' 
(1876);  translated  the  < Koran'  (1880);  wrote  a 

<  Life  of  Haroun  Alraschid  >  (1881);  and  a  series 
of  papers  on  <Arab  Humour.' 

Palmer,  John  Williamson.  An  American 
physician  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  April  4,  1825;  died  on  February 
26,  1906.  In  1870  he  settled  in  New  York ; 
subsequently  was  connected  with  the  staff  of 
the  Century  Dictionary.  Among  his  writings 
are  :  *  The  Golden  Dagon ;  or,  Up  and  Down 
the  Irrawaddi'  (1S53);  <  The  New  and  the  Old; 
or,  California  and  India  in  Romantic  Aspects' 
(1859);  'After  his  Kind,  by  John  Coventry,'  a 
novel  (1886);  and  'Stonewall  Jackson's  Way,' 
which  was  one  of  the  most  popular  ballads  of 
the  Civil  War. 

Palmer,  Joseph.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  1756;  died  at  Eastbourne  in  Sus- 
sex, Sept.  4,  1815.  He  wrote :  <  A  Fortnight's 
Ramble  to  the  Lakes,'  etc.  (1782);  <  Half-Pay,' 
a  narrative  poem ;  <  The  Lancashire  Collier 
Girl'  (1795);  'Siege  of  Gibraltar'  (1795),  a 
poem;  'Windermere'  (1798),  a  poem. 

Palmer,  Julius  Auboineau.  An  American 
author ;  bom  in  Massachusetts  in  1840.  Among 
his  works  are :  '  One  Voyage  and  its  Conse- 
quences'    (1889);   'About   Mushrooms'  (1894); 

<  Memories  of  Hawaii'  (1894);  'Again  in  Ha- 
waii' (1895).    He  died  1900. 

Palmer,  Mary.  An  English  writer,  niece  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  ;  born  at  Plympton  Earl 
in  Devonshire,  F"eb.  9,  1716;  died  at  Great  Tor- 
rington,  May  27,  1794.  She  wrote  '  A  Devon- 
ihire  Dialogue,'  the  best  piece  of  literature  in 
the  Devon  dialect. 

Palmer,  Ray.  An  American  clergyman  and 
h>Tnn-writer ;  born  at  Little  Compton,  R.  I., 
Nov.  12,  1808 ;  died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  March 
29,  1887.  He  was  pastor  of  Congregational 
churches  in  Bath,  Me.,  and  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and 
secretary  of  the  Congregational  Union,  1866- 
78.  His  best-known  hymn  is  '  My  Faith  Looks 
Up  to  Thee,'  which  has  been  translated  into 
twenty  languages.  He  has  published  :  '  Spirit- 
ual Improvement'  {1839);  'Hymns  and  Sacred 
Pieces'  (1865);  'Hymns  of  my  Holy  Hours' 
(1866). 

Palmer,  William.  An  English  theologian 
and  archaeologist ;  bom  at  Mixbury  in  Oxford- 
shire, July  12,  181 1 ;  died  at  Rome,  April  4. 1879. 
He  was  a  clergyman  of  the  Established  Church, 


but  seceded  to  Rome  in  1855.  He  was  a  volu- 
minous writer.  Among  his  works  are  :  '  Shorl 
Poems  and  H>-mns'  (1843);  'Remarks  on  the 
Turkish  Question'  (1858);  'Introduction  to 
Early  Christian  S)Tnbolism>  (1859);  'Egyptian 
Chronicles'  (1861);  'Commentary  on  the  Book 
of  Daniel'  (1874). 

Palmer,  William  Pitt.  An  American  poet ; 
born  in  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  22,  1805 ;  died 
in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  May  2,  1884.  He  wrote 
many  poems,  some  of  which  became  famous; 
among  them  are  the  '  Ode  to  Light '  and  '  Or- 
pheus and  Eurydice.' 

Palmotta,  Giunio  (pal-mot'ta).  A  Dalma- 
tian poet;  born  at  Ragusa,  1606;  died  1657. 
Among  his  works  are  :  '  The  Christiad ;  or,  Life 
of  Jesus  Christ,'  in  24  cantos  (1670);  some 
dramas,  as  <  Atalanta,'  <  CEdipus,'  <  The  Rape 
of  Helen ' ;  and  the  poem  '  Glorious  History  of 
the  Slav  Kings  of  Dalmatia.' 

Paltock,  Robert.  An  English  story -writer ; 
born  at  London,  about  1697 ;  died  there,  March 
20,  1767.  He  is  known  to  fame  only  through 
his  story  '  Peter  Wilkins,  a  Cornishman'  (1750J. 

Paludan-Miiller,  Frederik  (pal'o-dan- 
mel'ler).  A  Danish  poet;  born  at  Kjerteminde 
in  the  island  of  Fuynen,  Feb.  7,  1809 ;  died  at 
Copenhagen,  Dec.  28,  1876.  He  wrote :  '  Love 
at  Court'  (1832),  a  romantic  drama;  the  spirited 
Byronesque  poem 'The  Dancers'  (1833);  'Cupid 
and  Psyche'  (1834);  'Trochees  and  Iambics' 
(1837);  'Poems'  (2  vols.,  1836-38);  the  dra- 
matic poems  'Venus'  (1841),  'Tithon'  (1844); 
the  great  satirical  poem  'The  Man  Adam' 
(3  vols.,  1841-49),  his  masterpiece;  'Aeronauts 
and  Atheists'  (1853),  a  versified  defense  of 
Christianity ;  '  Death  of  Abel ' ;  ' Ahasuerus ' ; 
'  Benedict  of  Nursia'  (1854-62).  His  chief  prose 
writings  are  'The  Fountain  of  Youth'  (1865), 
and  'Story  of  Ivar  Lykke'  (3  vols.,  1866-73). 
One  of  his  latest  poems  is  'Adonis,'  in  which 
he  returns  to  mythological  themes. 

Panaiefif,  Vladimir  Ivanovicli  (pa-ni'yef). 
A  Russian  story-writer  and  poet ;  born  in  the 
government  of  Kazan,  1792;  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, 1854.  He  wrote  '  Panegyrics '  of  the  poet 
Derzhavin  (1817)  and  the  Emperor  Alexander  I. 
(1820);  'Idylls'  (1820);  'Miscellaneous  Poems'; 
'  Stories.' 

Panard,  Francois  (pan-ar').  A  noted  French 
lyric  poet;  bom  at  Courville  near  Chartres, 
about  1694;  died  at  Paris,  June  13,  1765.  He 
wrote  a  series  of  admirable  songs,  besides 
vaudevilles  and  comic  operas.  He  lived  on 
the  bounty  of  his  friends,  repaying  them  with 
his  verses. 

Panlni  (pa'ne-ne).  A  celebrated  Indian  phi- 
lologist of  the  fourth  century  B.  C.  There  is 
extant  a  philological  work  written  by  him,  con- 
sisting of  eight  books  of  Sanskrit  grammati- 
cal rules  :  it  was  published  at  Calcutta  (2  vols., 
1809). 

Panonaita.    See  BeccadelU. 

Pansy.    See  Alden. 


4i6 


PANTENIUS  —  PARK 


Pantenius,  Theodor  Hermann  (pan-te'ne-us). 
A  German  novelist;  born  at  Mitau  in  Cour- 
land,  Oct.  lo,  1843.  Under  the  pseudonym  of 
« Theodor  Hermann »  he  wrote  :  <  Wilhehn 
Wolfschild>  (2d  ed.  1873);  < Alone  and  Free> 
(1875);  <  Ruddy  Gold>  (1881);  <  Stories  from 
Courland*  (1892). 

Paparrtlgopoulos,  Constantine  (pa"pa-re- 
gop'6-los).  A  modern  Greek  historian;  born 
at  Constantinople  in  1815;  died  at  Athens, 
April  26,  1891.  His  father  was  a  rich  banker 
of  Constantinople,  who  was  put  to  death  dur- 
ing the  Greek  Revolution  of  1821.  The  son, 
having  escaped  to  Russia,  was  educated  at 
Odessa  at  tlie  expense  of  the  Czar  Alexander, 
and  in  1854  became  professor  of  history  at  the 
University  of  Athens.  His  principal  work,  ^{A 
History  of  the  Greek  People  >  (5  vols.,  1862-77), 
was  translated  into  French  in  an  abridged  form 
as  a  < History  of  Hellenic  Civilization'  (1878). 

Papillon,  Marc  de  (pa-pe-yon'),  known  as 
"  Captain  Lasphrise.'^  A  French  poet ;  born  at 
Amboise,  1555;  died  about  1605.  In  1590  he 
published  a  volume  of  stanzas,  songs,  elegies, 
epigrams,  satires,  epitaphs,  etc.  His  verses 
are  graceful  and  enlivened  with  wit,  but  many 
of  them  are  licentious.  Toward  the  end  of 
his  life  he  composed  poems  on  religious  sub- 
jects; e.  g.,  a  versified  rendering  of  the  <  Can- 
ticle of  the  Three  Children  in  the  Fiery  Fur- 
nace,* the  <  Magnificat,*  the  <  Lord's  Pra3'er,*  etc. 

Pardo-Baz^n,  Emilia  (par-do-ba-zan').  A 
Spanish  story-teller;  born  at  Coruna,  1852. 
Most  noteworthy  among  her  writings  are  :  <  Pas- 
cual  Lopez*  (1888);  < Mother  Nature*  (2  vols., 
1888);  Morrifia,  a  Love  Story*  (1889);  <The 
Palpitating  Question*  (4th  ed.  1891).  She  com- 
menced the  publication  of  the  monthly  New 
Critical  Theatre  in  1890. 

Pardee,  Julia.  An  Engli„ii  historical  and 
miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Beverly,  York- 
shire, 1806 ;  died  in  London,  Nov.  26,  1862.  She 
was  a  most  voluminous  writer,  among  her  works 
being:  < Traditions  of  Portugal*  (1833);  <City 
of  the  Sultan,*  etc.  (1837);  <  Louis  XIV.  and 
the  Court  of  France*  (1847);  <The  Jealous 
Wife*  (1847-58);  <The  Court  and  Reign  of 
Francis  I.*  (1849);  <  Marie  de'  Medici*  (1852); 
<  Episodes  of  French  Historj',  during  the  Con- 
sulate,* etc.  (1859);  <A  Life  Struggle*  (1859). 

Pardon,  George  Frederick.  An  English 
miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  London,  1824 ; 
died  1884.  He  wrote  many  handbooks  of  games, 
sports,  and  pastimes  ;  several  stories,  as  <  Faces 
in  the  Fire*  (1856);  <  Tales  from  the  Operas* 
(1858);  <Boldheart  the  Warrior*  (1859);  <  Noble 
by  Heritage*  (1877);  'Stories  About  Animals  * ; 
'  Stori«s  About  Birds  * ;  <  Illustrious  Women  who 
have  Distinguished  Themselves  for  Virtue,  Piety, 
and  Benevolence*  (1868). 

Parini,  Giuseppe  (pa-re'ne).  An  Italian 
lyric  and  satiric  poet;  born  in  the  village  of 
Bosisio  in  the  Milanese,  May  22,  1729;  died  at 
Milan,  Aug.  15,  1799.  His  chief  work  is  a  so- 
cial   satire    in    four    parts,    called    <  Morning,' 


<  Noon,*  <  Evening,*  and  <  Night,*  afterward  col- 
lected and  named  <  Day.*  (<  Works,*  6  vols., 
1801-4.) 

Paris,  Gaston  Bruno  Paulin  (pa-res').  A 
distinguished  French  Romance  philologist ;  born 
at  Avenay,  Aug.  9,  1839.  He  was  professor  of 
the  French  language  and  literature  at  the  College 
de  France,  and  did  much  to  arouse  interest  in 
the  study  of  Romance  philology.  <A  Poetical 
History  of  Charlemagne*  (1866);  <Poetry  of  the 
Middle  Ages*  (1885),  and  <  French  Mediaeval 
Literature*  (1888),  were  his  most  important 
publications.  He  was  a  member  of  German, 
Austrian,  and  Italian  academies.  Died  at  Paris, 
March  6,  1903. 

Paris,  Matthew.  A  celebrated  mediaeval 
chronicler ;  his  birthplace  and  date  of  birth 
are  unknown ;  he  died  about  1259.  He  be- 
came a  novice  in  the  Benedictine  monastery 
of  St.  Albans,  England,  in  1217 ;  was  received 
into  the  order,  and  was  employed  in  many 
weighty  affairs  of  church  and  State.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  his  <  Greater  History,*  or  <  Larger 
Chronicles*  of  events  down  to  1259.  Among 
his  other  writings  is  the  <  Lives  of  Twenty-three 
Abbots  of  St.  Albans.* 

Parisius,  Ludolf  (par-e'se-us).  A  German 
publicist ;  born  at  Gardelegen,  Oct  15,  1827. 
Besides  several  political  pamphlets,  he  wrote  : 

<  Commentary  on  the  Imperial  Law  against 
Associations*  (1876);  < German  Political  Parties, 
and  the  Ministry  of  Bismarck*  (1877);  the  nov- 
els <Duty  and  Obligation*  (1873),  'Weary  of 
Freedom*  (1873),  <  In  the  Woods  and  on  the 
Heath  * ;  <  German  Popular  Songs  * ;  <  Pictures 
from  Ancient  Brandenburg*  (2  vols.,  1882-84). 

Park,  Andrew.  A  Scotch  poet ;  borri  at  Ren- 
frew, March  7,  1807 ;  died  at  Glasgow,  Dec.  27, 
1863.  After  an  Oriental  tour  he  published 
< Egypt  and  the  East*  (1856).    His  poems  are: 

<  The  Vision  of  Mankind  * ;  *■  The  Bridegroom 
and  the  Bride*  (1834);  <  Silent  Love,*  a  grace- 
ful poem  (1843);  < Veritas*  (1849),  a  poem  of 
an  autobiographical  character. 

Park,  John.  A  Scotch  poet ;  born  at  Green- 
ock, Jan.  14,  1804;  died  at  St.  Andrews,  April 
8,  1-865.  He  wrote  many  songs  which  have 
become  popular  favorites,  among  them  <  O  gin 
I  were  where  Gadie  rins,*  and  *■  The  Miller's 
Daughter.*  His  songs  were  not  published  till 
after  his  death  ;  then  also  was  published  a 
volume  of  his  < Lectures  and  Sermons*  (1865). 

Park,  Mungo.  A  celebrated  Scottish  traveler ; 
born  at  Fowlshiels,  Sept.  10,  1771 ;  died  in 
equatorial  Africa  in  1806.  He  was  sent  to 
Africa  under  the  auspices  of  the  African  Asso- 
ciation, and  explored  the  Gambia  and  upper 
Niger,  publishing  on  his  return  the  well-known 

<  Travels  in  the  Interior  of  Africa*  (1799).  On 
his  second  expedition,  which  was  equipped  by 
the  British  government,  he  descended  the  Niger 
some  1500  miles ;  and  after  losing  the  majority 
of  his  men  from  fever,  was  treacherously  mur- 
dered by  natives. 


PARK  — PARR 


417 


Park,  Roswell.  An  American  miscellaneous 
writer;  bom  in  Lebanon,  Conn.,  1807;  died  in 
Chicago,  111.,  1869.  He  published  :  <  Selections 
of  Juvenile  and  Miscellaneous  Poems'  (1836); 

<  Sketch  of  the  History  of  West  Point*  (1840); 

<  Pantology,  or  Systematic  Survey  of  Human 
Knowledge*  (1841);  and  < Jerusalem,  and  Other 
Poems  >  (1857). 

Parker,  Edwin  Pond.  An  American  clergy- 
man, hymn-writer,  and  author ;  born  at  Castine, 
Me.,  1836.  He  has  been  pastor  of  the  South  Con- 
grejjational  Church  in  Hartford,  Conn., since  i860, 
lie  is  the  author  of  several  hymns,  and  has  pub- 
lished among  other  works  <  Book  of  Praise  > ;  <The 
Ministry  of  Beauty*;  <  Sermons  on  Domestic 
Duties.* 

Parker,  Sir  Gilbert.  A  Canadian  novelist, 
now  living  in  London  ;  born  in  Ontario,  1862  ; 
Among  his  works  are  :  *  Pierre  and  his  Peo- 
ple * ;  < Tales  of  the  Far  North*;  <An  Ad- 
venturer of  the  North  * ;  <  A  Romany  of  the 
Snows*;  <A  Lover's  Diary*  (1894);  <  The  Trail  , 
of  the  Sword  *  (1894);  ^When  Valmond  Came  to 
Pontiac*;  <The  Seats  of  the  Mighty*;  <The 
Pomp  of  the  Lavillettes  * ;  <  The  Trespasser.* 

Parker,  John  Henry.  An  English  archae- 
ologist; born  in  London  in  1806;  died  in  1884. 
He  superintended  many  excavations  in  Rome, 
and  was  the  author  of  *■  The  Archaeology  of 
Rome  *  (3  vols.,  1874-84),  an  important  work 
on  the  walls,  aqueducts,  tombs,  etc.,  of  the 
Eternal  City.  His  other  publications  are :  a 
< Glossary  of  Architecture*  (1836),  an  important 
aid  to  the  revival  of  Gothic  art ;  <  Introduction 
to  the  Study  of  Gothic  Architecture*  (1849). 

Parker,  Martin.  A  noted  English  balladist ; 
the  dates  of  his  birth  and  death  are  unknown, 
but  he  died  probably  in  1656.  Among  his  bal- 
lads are :  <  When  the  King  Enjoyes  his  Own 
Again  * ;  <  The  King  and  a  Poore  Northerne 
Man  * ;  <  Sailors  for  my  Money  * ;  <  John  and 
Joan;  or,  A  Mad  Couple  Well  Met.* 

Parker,  Theodore.  A  distinguished  Ameri- 
can preacher  and  reformer;  born  at  Lexing- 
ton, Mass.,  Aug.  24,  1810;  died  at  Florence, 
May  10,  i860.  He  was  pastor  of  a  Unitarian 
church  in  Roxbury  (1836-43),  meanwhile  con- 
tributing to  the  Dial  essays  and  reviews  in 
which  he  gave  expression  to  theological  opin- 
ions of  extreme  heterodoxy.  His  <  Discourse 
on  Matters  Pertaining  to  Religion*  (1842),  a 
volume  of  lectures  delivered  by  him  in  Boston, 
made  him  famous,  and  he  finally  left  Rox- 
bury and  preached  regularly  in  that  city.  He 
also  lectured  in  the  chief  cities  of  the  Union. 
He  published  <  Theism,  Atheism,  and  the  Pop- 
ular Theology*  (1853),  and  a  volume  of  <Ten 
Sermons  on  Religion*  (1852). 

Parkhurst,  Charles  Henry.  An  American 
clergyman  and  reformer ;  born  at  Framingham, 
Mass.,  April  17,  1842.  He  graduated  at  Am- 
herst College  in  1866,  and  studied  theology  in 
Germany.  Since  1880  he  has  been  pastor  of 
the  Madison  Square  Presbyterian  Church.  In 
1891,  as  president  of  the  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Crime,  he  began  his  attack  on  the 

37 


police  department  of  New  York  city,  and  was 
prominent  in  the  Lexow  investigation  which 
followed.  His  writings  include :  <  The  Blind 
Man's  Creed*  (1883);  <  Three  Gates  on  a  Side* 
(1891);  <Our  Fight  with  Tammany*  (1895). 

Parkman,  Francis.  An  eminent  American 
historian;  born  at  Boston,  Sept.  16,  1823;  died 
at  Jamaica  Plain,  Mass.,  Nov.  8, 1893.     He  wrote  : 

<  The  Oregon  Trail :  Prairie  and  Rocky  Mount- 
ain Life*  (1849);  <  History  of  the  Conspiracy 
of  Pontiac*  (2  vols.,  1851);  <The  Pioneers  of 
France  in  the  New  World*  (1865);  <The  Jesuits 
in  North  America*  (1866);  <La  Salle  and  the 
Discovery  of  the  Great  West*  (1869);  <The 
Old  Regime  in  Canada*  (1874);  'Count  Fron- 
tenac  and  New  France  under  Louis  XIV.*  {1877); 

<  Montcalm  and  Wolfe  *  (2  vols.,  1884);  <A  Half- 
Century  of  Conflict*  (2  vols.,  1892). 

Parley,  Peter.    See  Goodrich. 

Parmenides  (par-men'i-dez).  A  celebrated 
Greek  philosopher  of  the  fifth  century  B.  C. ; 
born  at  Elea  in  Southern  Italy.  He  wrote  but 
one  work  on  philosophy, —  a  didactic  poem 
in  the  epic  metre  and  in  the  Ionic  dialect, 
entitled  <On  Nature*:  fragments  of  it,  in  all 
about  160  lines,  have  come  down  to  our  times. 
It   was   divided    into  three   sections,  <  Proem,* 

<  Truth,*  <  Opinion.*  The  fragments  have  been 
rendered  into  English  by  Thomas  Davidson. 

Parnell,  Thomas.  An  Irish  poet;  bom  at 
Dublin,  1679;  died  1718.  He  was  a  minister 
of  the  established  Irish  Church,  and  held  a 
cure  of  souls  in  Ireland,  but  spent  most  of  his 
life  in  England.     His  works  are :  a  volume  of 

<  Poems,*  in  which  is  <  The  Hermit  * ;  a  <  Life 
of   Homer*  prefixed,  and   a  translation  of  the 

<  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice  *  always  suffixed, 
to  Pope's  version  of  the  Iliad. 

Parny,  ^variste  Desir^  Desforges,  Viscomte 
de  (par-ne').  A  French  poet;  born  in  the  Isle 
of  Bourbon,  Feb.  6,  1753 ;  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  5, 
1814.    He  won  celebrity  through  his  volume  of 

<  Erotic  Poems,*  which  first  appeared  in  incom- 
plete form  1778,  completed  1781 :  Voltaire  sa- 
luted him,  «My  dear  Tibullus.**  In  1799  he 
published  <The  War  of  the  Gods,*  afterward 
enlarged  and  named  <  The  Christianide  * :  it  is 
a  cynical  and  impious  attack  upon  all  religions. 
He  published  (1805)  <  The  Stolen  Portfolio,*  con- 
taining <  Venus's  Disguises,*  <  Gallantries  of  the 
Bible,*  <  Paradise  Lost.* 

Parodl,  Dominique  Alexandre  (pa-ro-de'). 
A  French  poet  of  Greek  origin ;  born  in  the 
island  of  Crete,  Nov.  15,  1840.  He  spent  his 
early  years  at  Smyrna,  then  lived  for  a  time 
at  Milan,  and  afterward  settled  in  Paris  as  a 
journalist.  He  wrote  :  <The  Last  of  the  Popes,* 
a  novel,  in  Italian  ;  a  volume  of  French  verses, 

<  Passions  and  Thoughts  *  (1865);  <  Messenian 
Tales*  (1867);  <The  Triumph  of  Peace*  (1878); 

<  Flesh  and  Soul  Cry  Out*  (1883).  He  wrote 
also  the  tragedy  <  Rome  Vanquished*  (1876), 
and  the  Scriptural  poem  *Sephora>  (1877). 

Parr,  Samuel.  A  famous  English  scholai 
and  educator ;  born  at  Harrow-on-the-Hill,  Jan. 


4i! 


PARROT  — PASCAL 


15,  1747;  died  at  Hatton,  March  6,  1825.  He 
was  chief  assistant  at  Harrow,  1767-71 ;  after- 
wards master  of  schools  at  Colchester  and  Nor- 
wich; and  prebend  of  St.  Paul's,  London.  He 
was  famous  for  extent  and  variety  of  learning 
vnd  for  conversational  powers.  His  writings 
/8  vols.,  1828)  include  sermons,  memoirs,  re- 
views, dissertations,  etc.,— a  mass  of  crude  schol- 
arship not  focused  to  any  special  field,  and  per- 
ishing with  itself.  <  Aphorisms,  Opinions,  and 
Reflections  by  Dr.  Parr>  (1826)  was  an  effort 
to  preserve  some  of  the  talk  which  helped  to 
make  him  a  popular  colossus  in  his  day. 

Parrot,  Henry.  An  English  epigrammatist ; 
place  and  date  of  birth  and  death  unknown. 
in  the  first  quarter  of  the  17th  century  he  pub- 
lished six  volumes  of  licentious  epigrams  and 
satires.  One  of  the  volumes  was  entitled 
•Springes  to  Catch  Woodcocks >  (1613),  and 
contains  216  epigrams ;  another,  *  Cures  for  the 
Itch:  Characters,  Epigrams,  Epitaphs*  (1626). 

Parsons,  Mrs.  Eliza.  An  English  novelist  and 
dramatist;  born  at  Plymouth;  died  at  Leyton- 
stone  in  Essex,  Feb.  5,  181 1.  She  wrote  the 
farce  <  Intrigues  of  a  Morning ;  or.  An  Hour  at 
Paris'  (1792),  an  adaptation  of  Moliere's  < Mon- 
sieur de  Pourceaugnac > ;  the  novels  'History 
f  Miss  Meredith)  (1790);  <The  Castle  of  Wolf- 
enbach*  (i793);  'The  Peasant  of  Ardennes 
Forest  > ;  <  The  Mysterious  Visits  > ;  and  others. 

Parsons,  Mrs.  Frances  Tbeodora  (Smitli) 
(Dana).  An  American  writer  of  Albany,  N.  Y. ; 
born  in  New  York  State  in  1861.  Under  the 
name  of  "William  Starr  Dana*)  she  has  pub- 
lished :  <  How  to  Know  the  Wild  Flowers  > ;  <  Ac- 
cording to  Season  * ;  *  Plants  and  their  Children.* 

Parsons,  George  Frederic.  An  American 
journalist  and  writer;  bom  in  Brighton,  Eng- 
land, January  15,  1840  ;  died  in  New  York  city, 
July  19,  1893.  In  1863  he  began  journalistic 
work  at  Vancouver  Island ;  subsequently  was 
editor  of  the  Sacramento  (Cal.)  Record  Union. 
In  1883  he  joined  the  editorial  staff  of  the  New 
York  Tribune.  His  works  include  :  <Life  of 
James  Marshall,*  discoverer  of  gold  in  California 
(1871);  'Middle  Ground,*  a  novel  (1874). 

Parsons,  Mrs.  Gertrude.  An  English  novelist 
born,  1812;  died  at  Hextmouth,  I'eb.  12,  1891. 
Among  her  novels  are:  <  Thornberry  Abbey* 
(1846);  <Emma  Cross:  A  Tale*  (1859);  <  Ruth 
Baynard's  Story*  (1861);  'Major  V^andermere * 
(1876).  She  wrote  also  <  Life  of  St.  Ignatius  of 
Loyola*  (i860);  'Life  of  St.  Colette*  (1879). 

Parsons,  Philip.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  at  Dedham  in  Essex,  1729;  died 
at  Wye,  June  12,  1812.  His  principal  work  is 
<  Monuments  and  Painted  Glass  in  upwards  of 
100  Churches*  (1794).  He  wrote  also:  <  Inef- 
ficacy  of  Satire  :  a  Poem*  (1766);  '  Dialogues  of 
the  Dead  with  the  Living*  (1779);  'Simplicity: 
A  Poem*  (1784). 

Parsons,  Thomas  William.  An  American 
poet  ;  bom  at  Boston,  Aug.  18,  1819;  died  at 
Scituate,  Sept.  3,  1892.  He  made  a  metrical 
translation    of    the    hrst    ten  cantos  of  Dante's 


■Inferno*  (1843),  and  afterwards  of  the  others 
(18)7).  He  published  a  volume  of  poems, 
'Ghetto  di  Roma*  (1854);  'The  Magnolia* 
(1867);  'The  Old  House  at  Sudbury*  (1870); 
'The  Shadow  of  the  Obelisk*  (1872). 

Parsons,  William.  An  English  poet  of  the 
i8th  century  ;  died  1807.  He  wrote  '  A  Poetical 
Tour*  (1787);  'Ode  to  a  Boy  at  Eton*  (1796); 
'  Fidelity,  or  Love  at  Firs'  ,gh«-,  with  Other 
Poems*  (1798). 

Parthenius  (par-the'ne-us).  A  Bithynian 
poet  said  to  have  lived  in  Rome  in  the  first 
century  B.  C.  He  wrote  '  Metamorphoses  *  and 
other  poems,  none  of  which  are  preserved  ex- 
cept one  on  '  Amatory  Affections,*  dedicated  to 
the  poet  Cornelius  Gallus. 
Partington,  Mrs.  See  Shillaber. 
Parton,  James.  An  American  writer;  born 
at  Canterbury,  England,  Feb.  9,  1822;  died  at 
Newburyport,  Mass.,  Oct.  17,  1891.  He  wrote 
many  valuable  biographies,  as  :  <  Life  of  Horace 
Greeley*  (1855);  'Life  and  Times  of  Aaron 
Burr*  (1857);  '  General  Butler  in  New  Orleans* 
(1863);  '  Life  and  Times  of  Benjamin  Franklin* 
(1864);  'Famous  Americans  of  Recent  Times* 
(1870);  'Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson*  (1874); 
'Life  of  Voltaire*  (1881).  Among  his  other 
works  are  :  '  Humorous  Poetry  of  the  English 
Language*  (1857);  'Triumphs  of  Enterprise, 
Ingenuity,  and  Public  Spirit*  (1871);  'Topics 
of  the  Time*  (1871);  'Caricature  in  all  Times 
and  Lands*  (1875). 

Parton,  Sara  Pay  sou  Willis.  ["Fanny 
Fern.'*]  An  American  essay-writer,  sister  of 
N.  P.  Willis  and  wife  of  James  Parton ;  born  in 
Portland,  Me.,  July  9,  1811;  died  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  10,  1872.  She  is  said  to  have  con- 
tributed an  article  each  week,  for  sixteen  years, 
to  the  New  York  Ledger.  She  published  two 
novels, —  'Ruth  Hall*  (1854),  a  slightly  veiled 
autobiography,  and  'Rose  Clark*  (1857);  and 
collections  from  her  contributions  to  the  weekly 
press. 

Partridge,  John.  An  English  poet  and  trans, 
lator ;  he  flourished  in  the  latter  half  of  the  i6th 
century.  Besides  prose  work,  he  wrote :  '  The 
Most  Famouse  and  Worthie  Historic  of  the 
Worthy  Lady  Pendavola  * ;  '  The  Worthye  His- 
toric of  the  Most  Noble  and  Valiaunt  Knight 
Plasidas  * ;  '  The  Notable  Hystorie  of  the  Two 
Famous  Princes  of  the  World,  Astianax  and 
Polixena* — all  published  in  1566. 

Partridge,  William  Ordway.  An  American 
sculptor  and  writer  on  art ;  born  in  France  in 
1861.  He  is  a  resident  of  Milton,  Mass.,  and 
the  author  of  'Art  for  America*  (1894);  *  The 
Song  Life  of  a  Sculptor*  (1894); 'The  Technique 
of  Sculpture  *(  1895);  <  The  Czar's  Gift  *  (1906). 

Parzanese,  ■"'"rwaulo  foar-tsan-a'zej.  An 
Italian  poet;  born  at  Ariano  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  about  1800;  died  1852.  He  wrote: 
'  Popular  Songs  * ;  '  Songs  of  the  Poor  * ;  <  Mis- 
cellaneous Verses  * ;  '  The  Man  of  Viggiano.* 

Pascal,  Blaise  ( pas-kal' ).  A  celebrated 
French  philosopher  and  mathematician;  born 


PASQUfi— PAULI 


419 


at  Clermont  Ferrand  in  Auvergne,  June  19, 
1623;  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1662.  Among 
his  writings  are:  <  Letters  Written  by  Louis 
Montalte  to  a  Friend  in  the  Provinces,'  better 
known    as    the   /Provincial     Letters*     (1656); 

<  Thoughts  on  Religion  >  (Pens^es),  published 
several  years  after  the  author's  death. 

Pasqiue,  Ernst  (pas-ka').  A  German  story- 
writer  and  musician ;  born  at  Cologne,  Sept.  3, 
1821 ;  died  at  Alsbach,  March  20,  1892.  Among 
his  novels  are :  <  The  Grenadier  of  Pirmasens  > 
(1875);  <  The  Prima  Donna  >  (1879);  <  The  Vaga- 
bonds'  (1886);  < Stories  of  Musicians'   (1887); 

<  Magdalena :  Story  of  a  German  Parisian 
Lioness'  (1890). 

Pasquier,  Etlenne  (pas-kya').  A  celebrated 
French  jurisconsult;  born  at  Paris,  1529;  died 
there,  1615.  His  greatest  work  is  <  Researches 
on  France,'  in  nine  books,  treating  of  the  magis- 
tracies, States-general,  Church  affairs,  famous 
trials,  origin  of  French  poetry,  the  French 
language,  etc. ;  very  important  are  <  Pasquier's 
Letters'  (1619). 

Passarge,  Ludwig  (pas-ar'ge).  A  German 
miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Wollitnick  near 
Heiligenbeil,  East  Prussia,  Aug.  6,  1825.  He 
traveled  extensively  in  Europe,  and  wrote: 
<From  the  Weichsel  Delta'  (1857);  <  Fragments 
from  Italy '  (i860);  <  Sweden,  Wisby,  and  Copen- 
hagen' (1867);  < Summer  Tours  in  Norway 
(2d  ed.  1884.  He  wrote  also:  <  Henrik  Ibsen' 
(1883);  < Baltic  Stories'  (1884);  <From  Con- 
temporary Spain  and  Portugal'  (1884);  and 
translated  several  works  of  Scandinavian  poets. 

Passerat,  Jean  (pas-er-a').  A  French  poet 
and  scholar ;  born  at  Troyes,  1534 ;  died  at  Paris, 
1602.  Among  his  works  are :  *■  Verses  of  Love 
and  the  Chase ' ;  <  Metamorphosis  of  a  Man  into 
a  Bird  > ;  he  wrote  a  complete  commentary  on 
Rabelais's  works,  but  shortly  before  his  death 
committed  it  to  the  flames. 

Pater,  Walter  Horatio.  An  English  literary 
and  art  critic ;  born  at  London,  Aug.  4, 
1839  ;  died  at  Oxford,  July  30,  1894.  He  wrote: 
<rhe  Renaissance  :  Studies  in  Art  and  Poetry' 
(1873);  <Marius  the  Epicurean'  (1885);  <Imagi- 
nary  Portraits'  (18S7);  'Appreciations'  (1889); 
<Plato  and  Platonism'  (1893);  <Greek  Studies' 
and  'Miscellaneous  Studies  and  Essays,'  post- 
humously published  ( 1 895  ) . 

Paterculus,  Gains  Velleius  (pa-ter'ku-lus). 
A  Roman  historian ;  bom  about  19  B.  C. ;  died 
after  30  A.  D.  He  was  a  prefect  or  legate  in 
the  Roman  army  under  Tiberius,  and  saw  active 
service  in  Germania,  Pannonia,  and  Dalmatia. 
His  only  extant  work  is  the  <  Historise  Romanae,- 
in  two  books;  a  compendium  of  universal,  but 
more  particularly  of  Roman,  history.  It  is 
generally  trustworthy,  and  valuable  for  confirma- 
tory evidence. 

Patmore,  Coventry  Kearsey  Deighton.  An  Eng- 
lish poet ;  born  at  Woodford,  July  23,  1823 ; 
died  at  Lymington,  Nov.  26,  1896.  He  wrote: 
<The  Angel  in  the  House'  (4  parts,  1854-62 ; 


7th  ed.  1877);  <The  Unknown  Eros'  (1877); 
<Amelia'  (1878);  'Religio  Poet?e'  (1893);  <The 
Rod,  the  Root  and  the  Flower'  (1895);  also 
^Principle  in  Art,  and  Other  Essays'  (1889). 

Patmore,  Peter  George.  An  English  miscel- 
laneous writer;  born  at  London,  1786;  died 
Dec.  19,  1855.  He  wrote  :  <  Imitations  of  Cele- 
brated Authors,  or  Imaginary  Rejected  Articles ' 
(1826);  <My  Friends  and  Acquaintances,  being 
Memorials,  Mind-Portraits,  and  Personal  Recol- 
lections,' etc.  (1854);  'Marriage  in  Mayfair,'  a 
comedy  (1854). 

Patten,  George  Washington.  An  American 
poet ;  bom  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  Dec.  25,  1808 ;  died 
in  Houlton,  Me.,  April  28,  1882.  Educated  at 
West  Point,  he  served  in  the  Mexican  and 
Seminole  wars.  He  acquired  some  reputation 
as  a  writer,  and  has  been  called  the  "  poet- 
laureate  of  the  army."  Among  his  lyrics  are : 
<The  Seminole's  Reply,'  once  declaimed  by 
most  American  schoolboys;  <Joys  that  We've 
Tasted';  and  <  An  Episode  of  the  Mexican 
War.'  He  published  in  book-form:  'Artillery 
Drill'  (1861);  'Army  Manual'  (1863);  'Voices 
of  the  Border,'  a  collection  of  his  poems  (1867). 

Pattison,  Mark.  An  English  critic  and  his- 
torian of  literature;  bom  at  Hornby  in  York- 
shire, Oct.  10,  1813 ;  died  at  Harrogate,  July  30, 
1884.  His  writings  were  for  the  most  part  con- 
tributions to  the  quarterlies,  and  notes  and  com- 
mentaries on  classic  authors  ancient  and  modern. 
His  chief  book  is  'Isaac  Casaubon'  (1875),  a 
life  of  the  great  scholar  giving  a  vivid  picture 
of  literary  life  in  the  l6th  century.  His  auto- 
biographical '  Memoirs  >  (1883)  come  down  only 
to  the  year  i860. 

Patton,  Jacob  Harris.  An  American  histor- 
ical writer;  born  in  Fayette  County,  Pa.,  May 
20,  1812.  Among  his  publications  are  :  'A  Con- 
cise History  of  the  American  People '  (2  vols., 
1860-82);  'Yorktown.  1781-1881'  (1881);  'The 
Democratic  Party,  its  History  and  Influence' 
(1884);  and  'The  Natural  Resources  of  the 
United  States'  (1888). 

Paul,  John.    See  Webb,  Charles  Henry. 

Paulding,  James  Kirke.  An  American  novel- 
ist; born  in  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  22, 
1779 ;  died  at  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y.,  April  6,  i860. 
He  founded,  with  Washington  Irving,  the  satir- 
ical journal  Salmagundi.  He  wrote  :  '  Lay  of 
a  Scotch  Fiddle'  (1813);  'The  United  States 
and  England'  (1814);  'The  Diverting  History 
of  John  Bull  and  Brother  Jonathan'  (1816). 
His  chief  novels  are:  '  Koningsmarke '  (1823); 
<  Tales  of  a  Good  Woman  by  a  Doubtful  Gentle- 
man' (1823);  'John  Bull  in  America'  (1824); 
'  Merry  Tales  of  the  Three  Wise  Men  of  Gotham  > 
(1826);  'The  Dutchman's  Fireside'  (1831); 
'Westward  Ho!'  (1832); 'The  Puritan  and  his 
Daughter'  (1849).  He  wrote  also  'Letters  on 
Slavery'  (1835),  and  <  Life  of  George  Washing- 
ton '  (2  vols.,  1854). 

Paull,  Reinhold  (pou'le).  A  German  his- 
torian; born  at  Berlin,  May  25,  1823;  died  at 


420 


PAULUS—  PEACOCK 


Bremen,  June  3,  1882.  Among  his  writings  are  : 
<King  Alfred  and  his  Place  in  the  History  of 
England>  (1851J;  <History  of  England,>  con- 
tinuation of  Lappenberg's  work  (Vols,  iii.,  iv.,  v., 
1853-58);  < Pictures  of  Ancient  England*  (i860); 
•  History  of  England  from  the  Treaties  of  Peace 
i8i4-i5>  (3  vols.,  1864-75). 

Paulus,    Helnrlch    Eberhard    Gottlol) 

(pou'lus).  A  German  theologian  and  Oriental- 
ist ;  born  in  Leonberg,  Wiirtemberg,  Sept.  I, 
1761;  died  at  Heidelberg,  Aug.  10,  1851.  He 
was  professor  of  Oriental  languages  at  Jena 
(1789)  and  Heidelberg  (1811).  He  was  the 
author  of  a  <  Philological,  Critical,  and  Histor- 
ical Commentary  on  the  New  Testament  >  (4 
vols.,  1800-4);  <Exegetic  Manual  on  the  First 
Three  Gospels  >  ( 1830-33  and  1841-42  ) ;  and 
similar  works. 

Paulus  Diaconus  (pa'lus  di-ak'o-nus)  (Paul 
the  Deacon).  An  early  Langobardian  histo- 
rian in  the  eighth  century.  He  wrote  a  <  Ro- 
man History,'  coming  down  to  the  time  of 
Justinian.  In  the  court  of  Charlemagne  he  was 
one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  literary  circle.  By 
the  order  of  Charlemagne  he  compiled  a  col- 
lection of  homilies,  <  Omiliarius  ' ;  <  he  wrote 
also  <  History  of  the  Bishops  of  Metz,'  and  a 

<  History  of  the  Langobardi,'  which  however 
he  did  not  live  to  complete. 

Pausanias  (pa-sa'ne-as).  A  Greek  traveler 
of  the  second  century  of  our  era;  a  native  of 
Lydia.  He  wrote  in  ten  books  <  The  Tour  of 
Greece,*  commonly  called  •  Pausanias's  De- 
scription of  Greece.' 

Pautet,  Jules  (po-ta').  A  French  publicist 
and  poet ;  born  at  Beaune,  1799 ;  died  1870. 
Among  his  writings  are :  <  Evening  Songs ' 
(1838);  < Abdul   Medjid,'   a  lyric  chant  (1840); 

<  Ernest,  or  the  Savoyard  Vicar's  Confession  of 
Faith >  (1858);  <The  Pope,  Austria,  and  Italy' 
(1859);  <  Vercingetorix  and  Caesar,'  a  poem 
(186S). 

Pavlov,  Nikolai  Pbilippovitsli  (p'av'lov).  A 
Russian  story-writer  and  poet ;  born  at  Moscow, 
1802;  died  1854.  He  wrote:  <  Mary  Stuart,'  a 
tragedy  (1828);  <  Lyric  Poems'  (1831);  two  series 
of  <  Stories '  (1831-35);  and  a  series  of  <  Dramas ' 
(1850). 

Payn,  James.  An  English  editor  and  novelist. 
He  was  born  at  Cheltenham,  Feb.  28,  1830;  died 
in  London,  March  25,  1898.  He  graduated  at 
Cambridge  in  1854,  beginning  at  once  a  notable 
literary  career.  From  1858  he  edited  Chambers' 
Journal,  for  which  he  wrote  exclusively  for  many 
years.  In  1882  he  became  editor  of  the  Corn- 
hill  Magazine.  His  works  reach  upwards  of  loo 
books,  the  best  known  being  :  <Lost  Sir  Massing- 
berd';  <By  Proxy);  <The  Luck  of  the  Darrells'; 
<The  Talk  of  the  Town';  <Some  Literary  Recol- 
lections* (1886);  and  <Gleams  of  Memory' 
(autobiographical),  1894. 

Payne,  John.  An  English  poet  and  Oriental 
scholar  ;  bom  in  London,  Aug.  23,  1842.  He 
studied   for    the  bar,    and  in    1867    became   a 


solicitor.  Among  his  works  are  :  <  The  Masque 
of  Shadow'  (1870);  <  Intaglios'  (1871);  < Songs 
of  Life  and  Death'  (1872);  <Lautrec'  (1878); 
a  translation  of  the  <  Poems  of  Francis  Villon* 
(1878);  <New  Poems'  (1880);  < Francis  Villon 
—  a  Biographical  Study'  (1881);  a  close  and 
scholarly  translation  of  the  'Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments,'  with  the  addition  of  those 
volumes  of  'Arabian  Tales'  not  included  in 
the  common  (1882  et  seq.);  and  a  translation 
of  the  *Rub&iy^t>  of  Omar  Khayydm,  includ- 
ing over  800  quatrains,  several  hundred  more 
than  have  been  before  translated  (1897).  He 
has  also  made  a  translation  of  Dante's  <  Divina 
Commedia,'  which  is  unpublished.  Mr.  Payne 
is  a  profound  Oriental  scholar,  and  a  writer  of 
vigorous  vernacular  English. 

Payne,  John  Howard.  An  American 
dramatist  and  author;  born  in  New  York  city, 
June  9,  1792;  died  in  Tunis,  Africa,  April  10, 
1852.  A  precocious  child,  a  successful  acto" 
and  author,  his  chief  fame  rests  upon  the  lyric 
<  Home,  Sweet  Home,'  which  occurs  in  one  of 
his  dramas,  the  <  Maid  of  Milan.'  From  1841 
until  his  death  he  was  consul  at  Tunis;  his 
remains  were  removed  to  Washington  in  1883. 
Of  his  plays,  <  Brutus,'  <  Virginius,'  and  <  Charles 
II.'  still  remain  popular. 

Payne,  William  Morton.  An  American  lit- 
erary critic,  editor  of  the  Dial  Chicago  :  born  in 
Massachusetts,  1858.  He  published  <  Our  New 
Education';  <  Little  Leaders';  '  Bjornstjerne 
Bjornson '  ;  <  The  American  scholar  of  the 
Twentieth  Century  '  ;<  Richard  Wagner — A  Cy- 
cle of  Sonnets ' ;  <  The  Greater  English  Potts 
of  the  Nineteenth  Century.' 

Paz  Soldan,  Mariano  Felipe  (path  sol-dan'). 
A  Peruvian  geographer  and  historian;  bom  at 
Arequipa,  August  1821 ;  died  at  Lima,  Dec.  31, 
1886.  He  was  director  of  public  works,  twice 
minister  of  justice,  and  the  author  of  <  Geo- 
graphical Atlas  of  Peru'  (1861);  'History  of 
Independent  Peru'  (1866);  'Dictionary  of  the 
Argentine  Republic*  (1884);  'History  of  the 
War  of  the  Pacific*  (1884);  etc.  During  the 
Chilean  occupation  he  was  exiled  to  Buenos 
Ayres. 

Peabody,  Elizabetli  Palmer.  An  American 
writer  and  educator,  of  celebrity ;  born  at  Bil- 
lerica,  Mass.,  May  16,  1804;  died  at  Jamaica 
Plain,  Mass.,  Jan.  3, 1894.  She  became  a  teacher 
in  Boston  in  1822 ;  and  was  one  of  the  first  to 
introduce  the  kindergarten  system  in  the  United 
States.  Besides  contributions  to  periodicals  she 
published:  'First  Steps  to  History*  (1833); 
'Esthetic  Papers*  (1849); '  The  Polish-American 
System  of  Chronology*  (1852);  'Chronological 
History  of  the  United  States'  (1856);  '  Remi- 
niscences of  Dr.  Channing'  (1880);  'Letters  to 
Kindergarteners'  ( 1886  );  and  '  The  Last  Even- 
ing with  Allston,  and  Other  Papers*  (1887). 

Peacock,  John  Macleay.  A  Scotch  verse- 
writer;  born  at  Kincardine,  March  31,  1817; 
died  at  Glasgow,  May  4,  1877.  His  works  are : 
'  Poems  and  Songs'  (1864);  *  Hours  of  Reverie* 


PEACOCK  — PEELE 


421 


(1867);  and  some  previously  unpublished  verses 
contained  in  his  <  Life  and  Works'  (1880). 

PeacoclE,  Thomas  Brewer.  An  American 
verse-writer;  born  in  Ohio,  1852,  and  living  in 
Topeka,  Kan.  He  has  written :  <  Rhyme  of 
the  Border  War,>  and  <  The  Vendetta :  Poems 
of  the  Plains  ' ;  <  Nil  Desperandum.' 

Peacock,  Thomas  Love.  An  English  novel- 
ist and  poet;  born  at  Weymouth,  Oct.  18,  1785; 
died  at  lower  Halliford,  near  Chertsey,  Jan.  23, 
1866.  He  first  wrote  poems :  <  The  Monks  of 
St.  Mark>  (1804);  <  Palmyra  >  (1806);  <The  Gen- 
ius of  the  Thames'  (1810);  <The  Philosophy  of 
Melancholy*  (1812);  and  some  dramas.  His 
principal  novels  are;  <  Headlong  HalP  (1815); 
<Melincourt>  (1816);  <Maid  Marian>  (1822); 
<The  Misfortunes  of  Elphin'  (1821^);  <  Crotchet 
Castle >  (1831);  <Gryll  Grange'  (i860). 

Feake,  Richard  Brinsley.  An  English  dram- 
atist ;  born  at  London,  Feb.  19,  1792 ;  died  Oct. 
4,  1847.  Among  his  plays  are :  <Amateurs  and 
Actors,'  a  musical  farce  (1818);  <  The  Duel,  or 
my  Two  Nephews'  (1823);  <  Presumption,  or 
the  Fate  of  Frankenstein'  (1824);  <  Comfortable 
Lodgings,  or  Paris  in  1750'  (1827);  <  Before 
Breakfast'  (1828);  <The  Title  Deeds,'  a  three- 
act  comedy  in  prose  (1847). 

Peale,  Charles  Willson.  An  American 
artist,  inventor,  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born 
in  Maryland,  April  16,  1741 ;  died  in  Philadel- 
phia, Feb.  22,  1827.  He  attained  distinction 
as  a  portrait  painter,  and  also  as  a  naturalist. 
He  wrote  :  <  Essay  on  Building  Wooden  Bridges' 
(l797)»  'Discourse  Introductory  to  a  Course  of 
Lectures  on  Natural  History'  (1800);  <  Do- 
mestic Happiness'  (1816). 

Peale,  Rembrandt.  An  American  artist  and 
writer  on  art ;  born  in  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  Feb. 
22,  1778 ;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Oct.  3,  i860. 
He  was  a  renowned  portrait  painter,  and  the 
author  of  <  Notes  on  Italy'  (1831);  <  Portfolio  of 
an  Artist'  (1839);  'Graphics'  (1845). 

Peard,  Frances  Mary.  A  popular  English 
novelist,  daughter  of  Commander  G.  S.  Peard, 
R.  N.;  born  at  Exminster,  Devon,  in  1835. 
Among  her  numerous  novels  and  historical  ro- 
mances, which  have  been  popular  both  in  Eng- 
land and  the  United  States,  are  :  <  Unawares  > 
»  (1870);  <The  Rose-Garden'  (1872);  < Thorpe 
Regis '  (1874) ;  <  Cartouche '  (1878) ;  <  Schloss  and 
Town'  (1882);  <The  Asheldon  School-Room' 
(1883);  <  Prentice  Hugh '  (1887) ;  <  The  Blue  Dra- 
gon';  <The  Interloper'  ;<Tlie  Abbot's  Bridge.' 

Peattie,  Mrs.  Elia  ( Wilkinson).  An  Ameri- 
can journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born 
in  Michigan  in  1862.  She  is  connected  with 
the  Chicago  press.  Her  works  include  :  <  The 
Judge,'  a  novel  (1891);  <  With  Scrip  and  Staff.' 
a  story  of  the  Children's  Crusade  (1891);  <A 
Mountain  Woman,  and  Other  Stories'  (1896). 

Peck,  George  Wilbur.  An  American  poli- 
tician and  humorist ;  bom  in  New  York  State 
in  1840.  He  was  at  one  time  mayor  of  Milwau- 
kee, and  subsequently  governor  of  Wisconsin. 


In  1883  he  published  <  Peck's  Bad  Boy  and 
his  Pa,'  a  humorous  book  which  attained  im- 
mediate popularity  and  was  subsequently  suc- 
cessfully dramatized.  His  other  works  include  : 
<  A  Compendium  of  Fun'  (1883);  <  How  Private 
George  W.  Peck  Put  Down  the  Rebellion' 
( 1887) ;  <  Peck's  Bad  Boy  with  the  Circus.' 

Feck,  Harry  Thurston.  An  American 
scholar  and  literary  critic ;  bom  at  Stamford, 
Conn.,  1856.  He  is  a  graduate  of  Columbia 
College,  and  professor  of  Latin  in  that  institu- 
tion, now  Columbia  University.  Since  1895  he 
has  been  the  American  editor  of  the  Bookman. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  The  Semitic  Theory  of 
Creation'  (1886);  < Suetonius'  (1889);  < Latin 
Pronunciation'  (1890);  'Dictionary  of  Classical 
Antiquities  and  Literature  ' ;  '  Twenty  Years  of 
the  Republic' 

Feck,  Samuel  Minturn.  A  popular  Amer- 
ican poet ;  born  in  Tuscaloosa,  Ala.,  1854.  He 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  Alabama,  and 
later  studied  medicine  in  New  York.  He  is  a 
resident  of  his  native  place,  where  he  devotes 
his  time  to  literature  and  farming.  Among  his 
works  are  :  'Cap  and  Bells '  (1886);  <  Rings  and 
Love  Knots '  (1892);  <  Rhymes  and  Roses  > ;  <Fair 
Women  of  To-Day ' ;  <  Alabama  Sketches.' 

Peckham,  John.  An  English  mediaeval  theo- 
logian; archbishop  of  Canterbury;  died  1292. 
He  was  a  voluminous  writer  on  theological 
and  scientific  subjects.  Among  his  works  are : 
'  Common  Perspective ' ;  '  Theory  of  the  Plan- 
ets.' In  verse  he  wrote :  <  The  Nightingale, 
Harbinger  of  Pleasant  Weather';  'Defense  of 
the  Mendicant  Friars.' 

Federsen,  Christiern  (pa'der-sen).  A  Dan- 
ish scholar  and  historical  writer;  bom  about 
1480,  at  Svendborg  on  the  island  of  Fuynen; 
died  1554.  He  was  an  ardent  Reformer.  By 
his  translation  of  Luther's  Bible  —  the  'Bible 
of  Christian  HI.,'  so  called  —  he  contributed 
largely  to  the  formation  of  the  literary  lan- 
guage of  Denmark.  He  wrote  several  histori. 
cal  works,  and  translated  the  'Danish  History* 
of  Saxo  Grammaticus. 

Fedoue,  Frangols  (ped-b-a').  A  French 
poet;  bom  at  Paris,  1603;  died  at  Chartres, 
1667.  His  works  are :  '  Essays  in  Poetry  and 
in  Praise  of  a  Lady'  (1624);  'Early  Works  of 
the  Sieur  Pedoue  ' ;  and  '  The  Polished  Citizen  > 
(1631).  Thereafter  he  renounced  poetry  and 
set  about  compiling  a  work  on  mystical  the- 
ology, '  The  Granada  Collection.' 

Peebles,  Mrs.  Mary  Louise  (Parmlee). 
[«Lynde  Palmer."]  An  American  writer  of 
juvenile  tales;  bom  in  Lansingburg,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  10, 1833.  Among  her  books  are  :  <  The  Little 
Captain'  (1861);  <  Helps  over  Hard  Places' 
(1862);  <The  Good  Fight'  (1865);  'The  Hon- 
orable Club'  (1867);  <  Drifting  and  Steering' 
(1867 J;  <  Archie's  Shadow'  (1869);  '  Jeannette's 
Cisterns ' ;  <  The  Spirit's  Pathway ' ;  Five  Jour- 
neys Around  tlic  ^^'orld.' 

Peele,  George.  An  English  dramatist ;  born 
1553  (?);  died  1597  (?).  He  wrote:  <  The  Ar- 
raignment of  Paris,'  a  comedy  (15S4I;  < 'Die 
Chronicle  History  of  Edward  I.'   (1593);  'The 


422 


PEET--PENN 


Battle  of  Alcazar >  {1594);  'The  Old  Wives' 
Tale>  (1595);  'David  and  Bethsabe  >  (i599); 
»Sir  Clyomon  and  Sir  Clamydes  >  (1599)- 

Peet,  Stephen  Denlson.  An  American  cler- 
gyman and  archaeologist;  born  at  Euclid,  O., 
Dec.  2,  1830.  He  is  a  Congregational  minister 
of  Wisconsin,  and  an  authority  on  the  works 
of  the  mound-builders  and  American  archaeol- 
ogy in  general.  Among  his  works  are  :  <Ancient 
Architecture  in  America >  (1884);  'Picture  Writ- 
ing >  (1885);  <  The  Effigy  Mounds  of  Wisconsin) 
(1888);  'Prehistoric  America>  (1890-95). 

Pelabon,  Etienne  (pa-la-bon).  A  Proven9al 
poet;  born  at  Toulon,  174S;  died  at  Marseilles, 
1808.  He  wrote  a  two-act  comedy  in  patois 
verse  (1790),  which  had  extraordinary  success. 
He  wrote  also:  'Patriotic  Reunion,'  in  verse 
and  in  one  act ;  <  Matthew  and  Anne  > ;  <  The 
Sansculottes.* 

Feladan,  JosepMn  (pa-la-dan').  ["The Sar.»] 
A  French  mystical  writer ;  born  at  Lyons,  1859. 
He  gave  himself  out  to  be  a  descendant  of  the 
last  of  the  Babylonian  kings,  and  as  such  took 
the  name  or  title  of  "Sar,»  and  assumed  a 
theatrical  garb.  He  reinstituted  the  Templar 
Order  of  the  Rosy  Cross,  of  which  he  was 
grand  master.  For  the  "salon  of  the  Rosy 
Cross »  he  prepared  dramatic  pieces,  among 
them :  '  The  Son  of  the  Stars,>  a  sort  of  Wag- 
nerian-Chaldaic  play  in  three  acts  (1892);  and 
'Babylon,'  a  tragedy  in  four  acts  (1893).  His 
masterpiece  is  a  romantic  cyclus, '  Latin  Deca- 
dence,' a  mixture  of  astrology,  mysticism,  and 
esotericism.  The  first  romance  in  the  cyclus  is 
'The  Supreme  Vice'  (1886);  others  are  'The 
Man-Woman  >  ( 1890);  <  TheWoman-Man  '(1891). 
He  has  written  also  <  /Esthetic  Decadence  '  and 
'Ochlocratic  Art'  ;  'Introduction  to  History  of 
Painting.' 

Pellegrin  Simon-Josepli  (pel-gran').  A 
French  dramatist ;  born  at  Marseilles,  1663 ;  died 
at  Paris,  1745.  Among  his  works  are :  '  Poly- 
dorus,'  a  tragedy  (1705);  'Death  of  Ulysses' 
(1706);  'The  New  World,'  comedy  (1723);  'Di- 
vorce of  Love  and  Reason'  (1724);  'Pastor 
Fido'  (1726);  'Hymen's  School;  or,  Her  Hus- 
band's Sweetheart'  (1742).  He  wrote  also  a 
great  many  religious  poems. 

Pelletan,  Pierre  Clement  Eugene  (pel-ton'). 
A  French  publicist ;  born  Oct.  29,  1813 ;  died  Dec. 
13,  1884.  Under  the  signature  "An  Unknown," 
he  won  distinction  as  a  literary  and  phil- 
osophical critic  and  writer  on  social  questions 
in  the  Paris  Presse.  Noteworthy  among  his 
writings  are  : '  The  Extinguished  Lamp,'  a  philo- 
sophical novel  (1840); '  Dogma :  the  Clergy  and 
the  State'  (1848);  'Rights  of  Man'  (1858); 
'Some  People  and  Others'  (1873),  a  curious 
collection  of  personal  reminiscences. 

Pellew,  [William]  George  (pel'o).  An 
American  writer  ;  born  in  England  in  1859  ;  died 
in  New  York  city,  Feb.  18-19,  1892.  Among 
his  works  are  :  <ln  Castle  and  Cabin,  or  Talks 
in  Ireland'  (1888);  'Woman  and  the  Common- 
wealth'(1888);  'Lifeof  John  Jay'  (1888). 


Pellico,  Silvio  (pel'le-ko).  An  It^ilian  poet; 
born  at  Saluzzo  in  Piedmont,  June  24.  1788; 
died  at  Turin,  Jan.  31,  1854.  His  works  are  the 
tragedies  '  Laodicea,'  'Francesca  of  Rimini,' 
and  'Eufemio  of  Messina'  (1820).  During  his 
incarceration  in  the  prison  of  Santa  Margherita 
in  Milan,  he  wrote  the  tragedies  '  Iginia  of 
Asti,'  '  Ester  of  Engaddi,'  and  '  Leonerio  of 
Dertonia.'  He  told  the  story  of  his  prison  life 
in  '  My  Prisons.'  After  his  liberation  he  wrote 
the  tragedies  '  Gismonda  da  Mendrisio,'  '  Hero- 
dias,'  and  '  Thomas  More ' ;  also  some  poetical 
narratives  and  lyric  poems. 

Pellissier,  Charles  Marie  Atbanase  (pel-is- 
ya').  A  French  theologian;  born  at  Bordeaux, 
1810;  died  1871.  He  entered  the  ministry  of 
the  French  Protestant  Church  1847,  and  attained 
high  distinction  as  a  pulpit  orator  and  polemist. 
He  wrote  an  'Appeal  to  Catholics,  or  Essay 
on  the  Duty  of  Examining ' ;  also  several  poems ; 
and  made  a  versified  translation  of  the  Book 
of  Job. 

Pelloutier,  Simon  (pel-bt-ya').  A  German 
historian  ;  born  at  Leipsic,  1694;  died  at  Berlin, 
1757.  He  wrote  a  'History  of  the  Celts'  (2 
vols.,  1740-50),  a  work  of  immense  research 
and  written  in  most  attractive  style. 

Pels,  Andreas  (pels).  A  Dutch  poet  of  the 
17th  century;  died  at  Amsterdam  in  1681.  His 
principal  works  are  : '  Death  of  Dido,'  a  tragedy ; 
'  lulfus,'  comedy ;  a  poem  '  On  the  Use  and 
Abuse  of  the  Theatre'  (1671). 

Pemberton,  Max.  An  English  journalist, 
editor,  and  novelist.  He  has  been  a  contributor 
to  Vanity  Fair,  and  editor  of  Chums,  a  boys' 
paper,  and  is  now  in  charge  of  Cassell's  Maga- 
zine. He  has  published :  '  The  Iron  Pirate ' 
(1894),  <  Sea- Wolves'  (1894),  and  'The  Im- 
pregnable City'  (1895),  stories  of  adventure; 
'The  Little  Huguenot';  'A  Puritan's  Wife' 
(1896);  <  A  Gentleman's  Gentleman  ' ;  'Christine 
of  the  Hills';  'Red  Moon' (1904);  'The  Fin- 
ishing School  >  (play),  (1904). 

Pendleton,  Louis  [Beauregard].  An  Amer- 
ican novelist  and  writer  of  juvenile  literature ; 
born  in  Georgia  in  1861.  His  works  deal  prin- 
cipally with  Southern  scenes  and  characters, 
the  most  popular  being:  'In  the  Wire  Grass' 
(1889);  <  King  Tom  and  the  Runaways'  (1890),  a 
juvenile  tale  ;  'The  Sons  of  Ham'  ( 1895);  <  In  the 
Okefenokee ';  '  A  Forest  Drama  > ;  '  In  Assyrian 
Tents.' 

Penn,  Granville.  An  English  theological 
writer ;  born  at  London,  Dec.  9,  1761 ;  died 
1844.  He  made  a  critical  revision  of  the  New 
Testament  —  'The  Book  of  the  New  Covenant 
of  our  Lord'  (1836);  'Annotations'  to  the 
same  (1837);  'Remarks  on  the  Eastern  Ori- 
gination of  Mankind  and  of  the  Arts  of  Cul- 
tivated Life'  (1799). 

Penn,  John.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  at  London,  Feb.  22,  1760;  died 
June  21,  1834.  He  wrote  :  '  The  Battle  of  Ed- 
dington,  or  British  Liberty,' a  drama  (1792);  a 
volume  of  'Poems'    (1794);   'Letters  on  the 


PENN  — PEREY 


Drama >  (1796);  <  Virgil's  Fourth  Eclogue,  with 
Notes >  (1825). 

Penn,  William.  The  founder  of  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  born  at  London,  Oct.  14,  1644 ;  died 
July  30,  1718.  He  wrote:  < Truth  Exalted,*  a 
religious  tract  expounding  the  doctrines  or 
principles  of  the  Friends  (1668);  <A  Sandy 
Foundation  Shaken  >  (1668),  an  impeachment 
of  the  Athanasian  Creed;  <No  Cross,  No 
Crown  >  (1669),  written  in  the  prison  of  the 
Tower  of  London,  to  which  he  had  been  com- 
mitted for  publication  of  the  Anti-Athanasian 
tract  without  license  ;  <  Reasonableness  of  Tol- 
eration* (1689);  <  Primitive  Christianity  Revived 
in  the  Faith  and  Practice  of  the  People  Called 
Quakers*  (1696);  and  many  other  works. 

Pennell,  Henry  Cholmondeley.  An  English 
poet  and  writer  on  angling ;  born  in  1837.  After 
serving  in  various  departments  of  the  Admi- 
ralty, he  was  selected  to  carry  out  commercial 
reforms  for  the  Kliedive  of  Egypt.  His  poetical 
works  are  well  known,  among  them  being  :  <  Puck 
on  Pegasus*  (1861);  <  The  Crescent*  (1866); 
<The  Muses  of  Mayfair*  (1874);  <From  Grave 
to  Gay*  (1885).  On  angling  and  ichthyology 
he  has  written:  < The  Angler-Naturalist*  (1864); 
<The  Modem  Practical  Angler*  (1873);  two 
volumes  on  fishing  in  the  <  Badminton  Library  * ; 
articles  in  the  Fisherman's  Magazine  and  Re- 
view, of  which  he  was  editor  1864-65. 

Pennell,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  (Robins)  (pen'el). 
An  American  writer,  wife  of  Joseph.  For  many 
years  she  has  been  a  resident  of  London,  and 
has  traveled  extensively  in  Europe.  Besides 
contributions  to  the  Atlantic,  the  Century,  and 
other  magazines,  she  has  published  numerous 
books,  illustrated  by  her  husband,  and  in  some 
cases  written  in  collaboration  with  him,  the 
best  known  being :  <  A  Canterbury  Pilgrimage  * 
(1885);  <Two  Pilgrims'  Progress*  (1886);  <  Our 
Journey  to  the  Hebrides*  (1889);  <Play  in 
Provence*  (1891);  <  To  Gipsyland*  (1892); 
<  Feasts  of  Autolycus*  (1896). 

Pennell,  Joseph.  An  American  illustrator 
and  author;  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  i860.  Besides 
works  written  in  collaboration  with  his  wife,  he 
has  published:  <  Pen  Drawing  and  Pen  Draughts- 
men *  (1889);  <The  Jew  at  Home  * ;  <  Modern  Il- 
lustration * ;   <  Lithography  and   Lithographers.* 

Pennie,  John  Fitzgerald.  An  English  dra- 
matic writer ;  born  at  East  Lulworth  in  Dorset- 
shire, March  25,  1782  ;  died  at  Storborough,  near 
\Vareham,July  13,  1848.  Among  his  dramas  are  : 
<The  Varangian,  or  Masonic  Honor*;  <  Ethel- 
red  the  Usurper*  (1817);  <  Ethelwolf,  or  the 
Danish  Pirates*  (1821);  he  wrote  also  <  The 
Royal  Minstrel,*  an  epic  poem  (1817). 

Pentecost,  George  Frederick.  An  Ameri- 
can clergyman  and  religious  writer ;  born  at 
Albion,  111.,  in  1843.  He  was  at  one  time  con- 
nected with  the  Baptist  and  Congregational 
Churches,  but  of  late  has  been  more  prominent 
as  an  evangelist.  His  best  works  are :  <  The 
Angel  in  the  Marble'  (1877);   <Out  of  Egypt* 


(1884);  <  The  Christian  and  the  Modern  Dance  * 

( iS84i ;  <  Bible  Studies  > ;  <  Precious  Truths.* 

Pepys,  Samuel  (peeps  or  peps).  A  cele- 
brated English  diarist ;  born  in  London,  Feb. 
23,  1632-3;  died  there.  May  26,  1703.  He  wrote 
the  < Diary*  which  bears  his  name,  beginning 
it  in  January  1660,  and  making  the  last  entry 
May  31,  1669. 

Peralta-Barnuevo,  Pedro  de  (pa-ral'ta-bar- 
no-a'voj.  A  Peruvian  historian  of  the  first  half 
of  the  i8th  century.  Among  his  works  are : 
<The  Founding  of  Lima*  (1718);  <  History  of 
Spain  Vindicated*  (1730). 

Perce,  Elbert.  An  American  writer  and 
litterateur  of  New  York  city;  born  in  New 
York  in  1831 ;  died  in  1869.  He  published : 
<01d  Carl  the  Cooper*  (1854);  <The  Last  of 
his  Name*  (1854);  <  The  Battle  Roll*  (1857); 
<His  Three  Voyages*;  and  several  translations 
from  the  Swedish. 

Percival,  James  Gates.  An  American  poet 
and  scientist ;  born  in  Kensington,  Conn.,  Sept. 
15,  1795  ;  died  at  Hazel  Green,  Wis.,  May  2, 1856. 
During  his  career  he  was  a  professor  of  chem- 
istry at  West  Point,  army  surgeon,  botanist,  and 
State  geologist  of  Connecticut;  but  will  be 
best  remembered  as  a  poet.  His  chief  works 
are:  <  Prometheus*  (1820);  <Clio*  (1822),  prose 
and  verse;  < Dream  of  a  Day*  (1843). 

Percy,  Thomas.  An  English  poet;  born  at 
Bridgenorth  in  Shropshire,  April  13,  1728  or 
1729;  died  at  Dromore,  Ireland,  Sept.  30,  1811. 
He  was  a  minister  of  the  English  Church; 
was  made  dean  of  Carlisle  in  1778,  and  bishop 
of  Dromore  in  1782.  He  made  a  collection  of 
old  popular  ballads  and  songs,  published  under 
the  title  <  Reliques  of  Ancient  English  Poetry* 
(3  vols.,  1765),  which  ultimately  transformed 
English  poetic  style  and  matter.  He  wrote 
the  ballad  <  The  Hermit  of  Warkworth,*  and 
the  song  <  O  Nanny,  Wilt  Thou  Gang  wi'  Me.* 

Pereda,  Jose  Maria  de  (per-a'da).  A  Span- 
ish story-writer ;  born  at  Polanco,  near  Santan- 
der,  Feb.  7,  1834.  He  wrote  many  charming 
descriptions  of  life  in  rural  Spain  and  in  Ma- 
drid. Among  his  stories  are  :  <Sotileza*  (1888); 
<Don  Gonzalo  Gonzalez  de  la  Gonzalera*(i889); 
<La  Puchera';  <La  Montalvez.*  Died  Mar.  2, 1906. 

Pereira  da  Silva,  Joao  Manuel  (pe-ra'ra  da 
sel'va).  A  Braziban  historian  :  born  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  1818.  He  wrote  :  <  History  of  the 
Founding  of  the  Empire  of  Brazil  *  (3  vols., 
1864-68);    <  Brazilian    Plutarch*  (2  vols.',  1866); 

<  Jeronimo  Corte-Real  * ;  <  Portuguese  Literature  : 
Its  Past  and  Present*  (1866);  <  Second  Period  of 
the  Reign  of  Dom  Pedro  I.  in  Brazil*  (1875); 

<  History  of  Brazil  during  the  Minority  of 
Dom  Pedro  IL,  1831-40*  (1882);  <  Epic  Poetry* 
(1889). 

Perey,  Luce  (par-a),  pseudonym  of  Luce 
Herpin.  A  French  critic  and  essayist ;  born  in 
Carouge,  Switzerland,  1845.  Her  best  works 
are :  <A  Woman  of  the  World  in  the  i8th  Cen- 
tury :  The  Youth  of  Madame  d'^pinay  * ;  <  The 


424 


PEREZ  — PERRQT 


Last  Years  of  Madame  d'Epinay>;  and  <The 
Private  Life  of  Voltaire  at  D^lices  and  at 
Femey.' 

Perez,  Antonio  (pa'rath).  A  Spanish  states- 
man and  historian;  born  1539;  died  at  Paris, 
i6n.  His  principal  work  is 'Relations  of  An- 
tonio Perez,  Secretary  of  State  of  Philip  II.> 
(1589).  As  revealing  the  secrets  of  Philip  IL's 
life  as  a  king  and  a  man,  it  had  a  wide  circu- 
lation :  from  this  work  was  made  up  a  volume 
of  'Aphorisms  of  Antonio  Perez  >;  also  a  vol- 
ume of  <  Noteworthy  Passages  Taken  from  the 
Writings  of  Don  Antonio  Perez  >  (1602). 

Perez,  Pedro  Ildefonso.  A  Mexican  poet; 
born  at  Merida  in  Yucatan,  Jan.  23,  1826 ;  died 
tnere,  Feb.  21,  1869.  He  wrote  :  'The  Martyrs 
of  Independence ' ;  '  The  Prison  of  Life  > ;  <  The 
Smuggler,*  a  tragedy. 

Perez  de  Zambrana,  Lulsa  (pa'rath  da 
tham-bra-na).  A  Cuban  story-writer  and  poet; 
born  at  El  Cobre  near  Santiago,  1837.  She 
wrote  the  novels  <  Angelica  and  Stella,'  and 
♦The  Executioner's  Daughter';  several  of  her 
poems  were  translated  into  Italian  and  French. 

Perez  Galdos,  Benito.    See  Galdos. 

Perfall,  Karl,  Baron  von  (per'fal).  A  Ger- 
man story-writer  and  art  critic  ;  born  at  Lands- 
berfT  on  the  Lech,  Dec.  11,  i8S3-  Under  the 
pseudonym  "  Theodor  von  der  Ammer,"  he 
wrote  '  Munich  Pictures :  Humor  and  Satire 
irom  isar- Athens '  (2d  ed.  1878);  and  under  his 
own  name  the  novels  <  Ghosts  of  Quality ' 
(1883); 'Wedding  of  Herr  von  Radenau>  (1884); 
•Viscountess  Bossu'  (1885);  'The  Langstein- 
frs>  (I.S86);' Natural  Love >  (1890)  'The  Devout 
\VmI,,w>  (2ded.  1890);  'Lost  Eden:  Holy  Grail  > 
('•^'M);  <  At  tlie  Table  of  Life  >  (1902). 

Perfetti,  Bernardino  (per-fet'te).  An  Italian 
poet ;  born  at  Siena,  1681 ;  died  1747.  He  was 
an  improvvisatore,  and  accompanied  with  the 
lyre  his  verses  as  he  composed  them ;  he  was 
as  ready  to  versify  a  thesis  of  philosophy  or  of 
jurisprudence  as  to  compose  a  lyric  poem.  A 
collection  of  his  verses  was  published  in  1748 
under  the  title  <  Poetic  Essays.' 

Perl,  Gian  Domenico  (per'e),  sumamed  "  The 
Poet  of  the  Woods."  An  Italian  poet ;  born 
in  the  district  of  Siena,  about  1570 ;  died  1638. 
He  wrote  <  Comedies  of  the  Woods '  and 
'  Shepherds'  Dramas.'  After  reading  the  Bi- 
ble and  Tasso,  he  essayed  more  ambitious 
themes,  and  wrote  a  poem  on  the  creation  of 
the  world,  entitled  '  Chaos  > ;  but  it  was  never 
published.  He  wrote  some  spirited  satires  on 
the  corrupt  manners  of  his  time  in  the  highest 
and  lowest  classes  of  society. 

Perkins,  Charles  Callahan.  An  American 
writer  and  lecturer  on  art ;  born  in  Boston, 
March  1823;  died  at  Windsor,  Vt.,  Aug.  25, 
1886.  He  was  a  prominent  art  critic  and  lect- 
urer, and  president  of  the  Boston  Art  Club 
(1869-79).  His  published  works  include  :' Ital- 
ian Sculptors'  (1868);  'Raphael  and  Michel 
Angelo'    (1878);    'Sepulchral    Monuments    in 


Italy'  (1883).     He  was  also  critical  editor  of 
the  'Cyclopaedia  of    Paintings    and    Painters* 

(1892). 

Perkins,  Eli.  See  Landon,  Melville  de 
Lancey. 

Perkins,  Frederic  Beecher.  An  American 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
Sept.  27,  1828.  He  received  his  education  at 
Yale ;  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1851.  He  was  librarian  of  the  San 
Francisco  Library  from  1880  to  1887.  Among 
his  works  are  :  '  Scrope  ;  or.  The  Lost  Library ' 
(1874),  a  novel;  'Devil  Puzzlers,  and  Other 
Studies  >  ( 1877) ; '  Life  of  Dickens  >  ( 1877) ; '  The 
Best  Reading'  (1877).     He  died  1899- 

Perkins,  James  Breck.  An  American  lawyer 
and  historical  writer  of  Rochester,  N.  Y. ;  born 
at  St.  Croix  Falls,  Wis.,  Nov.  4,  1847.  His  chief 
works  are:  'France  under  Mazarin'  (1886); 
'France  under  the  Regency'  (1892);  'France 
under  Louis  XV.' ;  '  Richelieu  '  (1900). 

Perkins,  Justin.  An  American  missionary  ; 
born  at  West  Springfield,  Mass.,  March  12, 1805  ; 
died  in  Chicopee,  Mass.,  Dec.  31,  1869.  He 
was  educated  at  Amherst  and  Andover.  In 
1833  he  went  to  Persia  as  a  missionary,  and  was 
active  in  establishing  schools  in  that  country. 
His  works  include  :  '  Residence  of  Eight  Years 
in  Persia'  (1843);  'Missionary  Life  in  Persia' 
(1861). 

Perrault,  Charles  (pa-ro').  A  French  poet; 
born  at  Paris,  Jan.  12,  1628 ;  died  there.  May 
16,  1703.  He  wrote  a  poem  on  '  The  Age  of 
Louis  the  Great'  (1687);  a  'Parallel  between 
the  Ancients  and  the  Moderns ' ;  and  a  series 
of  immortal  fairy-tales  in  prose  :  '  Stories  of  my 
Mother  the  Goose'  (1697),  containing  'Puss  in 
Boots,'  <  Red  Riding  Hood,'  '  Bluebeard,' '  Cin- 
derella,' 'Tom  Thumb,'  etc. 

Perrens,  Fran50is  Tommy  (per-raris').  A 
F'rench  historian  ;  born  at  Bordeaux,  Sept.  20, 
1822  ;  died  Feb.  4,  1901.  Among  his  works 
are:  'Jerome  Savonarola'  (1854);  'Church  and 
State  under  Henri  IV.'  (1872);  'Democracy  in 
France  in  the  Middle  Ages'  (1873);  'General 
History  of  Paris);  'History  of  Florence  from 
the  Beginning  to  the  Domination  of  the  Medicis' 
(6  vols.,  1877-S4);  continued  down  to  the  fall 
of  the  republic  (3  vols.,  1893). 

Ferret,  Paul  (per-a').  A  French  novelist ; 
born  at  Paimbceuf  (Loire  Inf^rieure),  Feb.  12, 
1830.  He  wrote  : '  Life's  Seven  Crosses ' ; '  Eve's 
Fair  Daughters';  'Neither  Maid  nor  Widow' 
(1879);  'What  Love  Costs'  ( 1881 );  'Half- 
Marriages'  (1881);  'King  Margot'  (1887); 
'The  Last  Dreamers'  (1890). 

Perrot,  Georges  ( per-ro').  A  celebrated 
French  archaeologist  and  historian  of  art ;  born 
at  Villeneuve-Saint-Georges  ( Seine-et-Oise ), 
Nov.  12,  1832.  He  became  professor  of  archae- 
ology in  the  Faculty  of  Letters  (  1877 ),  and 
director  of  the  Upper  Normal  School  (1883). 
During  his  archaeological  investigations  in 
Asia  Minor,  he  made  the  first  complete  copy 


PERRY  —  PETERSON 


425 


of  the  celebrated  inscription  on  the  monument 
to  Augustus  at  Ancyra.  He  enjoys  a  world- 
wide reputation  as  co-author,  with  the  archi- 
tect C.  Chipiez,  of  a  <  History  of  Art  in  An- 
tiquity* (1881-89),  in  five  volumes,  treating  of 
art  in  Egypt,  Chakiiva,  Asia  Minor,  etc.  He  also 
wrote  <  The  Forerunners  of  Demosthenes'  and 
<  Crete — Past  and  Future.* 

Perry,  Bliss.  An  American  educator  and 
writer  of  fiction ;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  i860. 
He  was  professor  of  oratory  and  aesthetic  criti- 
cism at  Princeton  University.  He  has  pub- 
lished:  <The  Broughton  House  >  (1890);  <  Salem 
Kittredge,  and  Other  Stories  >  (1894);  <The 
Plated  City  >  ( 1895) ;  <  The  Powers  at  Play> ;  <  The 
Amateur  Spirit.' 

Perry,  Charlotte  Augusta.  An  American 
poet :  born  in  Wisconsin  in  1848.  In  1888  she 
published  a  volume  of  poems  under  the  name 
«  Carlotta  Perry.» 

Perry,  Mary  Alice.  An  American  writer  of 
fiction ;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1854 ;  died  in 
1883.  Her  works  include  <  Esther  Pennefather,' 
and  <  More  Ways  Than  One.' 

Perry,  Nora.  An  American  poet  and  writer 
of  fiction;  born  at  Dudley,  Mass..  in  1832;  died 
there  May  13,  1896.  For  many  years  she  was 
a  correspondent  of  the  Chicago  Tribune  and  the 
Providence  Journal.  She  early  gained  a  repu- 
tation as  a  poet,  but  of  late  was  more  widely 
known  as  a  writer  of  stories  for  girls.  Her 
■works  include:  < After  the  Ball,  and  Other 
Poems'  ( 1875);  <For  a  W^oman'  ( 1885),  a  novel ; 
<New  Songs  and  Ballads'  (1886);  <A  Flock  of 
Girls'  (1887);  <A  Rosebud  Garden  of  Girls) 
(1892);  <Hope  Benham'  (1894). 

Perry,  Tbomas  Sergeant.  An  American 
educator,  critic,  and  author;  born  at  Newport, 
R.  F,  1845.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1866; 
was  tutor  in  German  there,  1868-72 ;  and  in- 
structor in  English,  1877-81.  He  has  spent 
many  years  abroad,  and  is  a  frequent  contrib- 
utor to  magazines.  One  of  his  best  efforts  is 
<The  Evolution  of  the  Snob'  (1887).  His  other 
works  are :  <  English  Literature  in  the  i8th 
Century'  (1883);  <From  Opitz  to  Lessing' 
(1884);  <  History  of  Greek   Literature'  (1890). 

Perry,  William  Stevens.  An  Am^iican  cler- 
gyman and  writer  ;  born  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
Jan.  22,  1832  ;  died  at  Dubuque,  Iowa,  May 
13,  1898.  He  became  bishop  of  Iowa  in  1876. 
He  wrote  :  'Documentary  History  of  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church'  (1863);  <FIistory  of  the 
American  Episcopal  Church'  (1885);  <Life 
Lessons  from  the  Book  of  Proverbs'  (1885). 

Persius  Flaccus,  Aulus  (per'ze-us  flak'us). 
A  Latin  satiric  poet;  born  at  Volaterrse  in 
Etruria,  34  A.  D. ;  died  62  A.  D.  He  wrote  but 
six  satires,  and  they  are  all  extant.  The  mean- 
ing is  often  very  obscure  because  of  unintelli- 
ble  allusions  and  excessive  brevity. 

Pesado,  Jose  Joaquin  (pa-za'do).  A  Mexi- 
can poet ;  born  at  San  Agustin  de  Palmar,  Feb. 
9,  1801 ;  died  at  Mexico,  1861.  His  works  are 
collected  in  the  volume  <  Original  and  Trans- 
lated Poems'  (3d  ed.  1886). 


Pestalozzi,  Johann  Heinrich  (pes-ta-lot'se). 
A  Swiss  educationist ;  born  at  Ziirich,  Jan.  12, 
1746 ;  died  at  Brugg  in  Aargau,  Feb.  17,  1827. 
Inspired  by  Rousseau's  <Emile,'  he  decided  to 
work  for  the  reformation  of  the  systems  of 
popular  schooling.  He  wrote  a  celebrated  story 
of  village  life,  <  Lienhart  and  Gertrude'  (4  vols., 
1781-89);  its  sequel,  < Christopher  and  Else' 
(1782);  <  Researches  on  the  Course  of  Nature 
in  the  Development  of  the  Human  Race '  (1797); 

<  How  Gertrude  Teaches  her  Children  :  An  Es- 
say toward  Directing  Mothers  how  to  Educate 
their  Children'  (i8oi);<Life  and  its  Fortunes,' 
autobiographical  (1825);  <  The  Simplest  Way 
to  Educate  a  Child  from  the  Cradle  to  the 
Sixth  Year'  (1825)  ;  and  his  <  Swan  Song '(1826). 

Peter,  Karl  Ludwig  (pa'ter).  A  German 
historian ;  born  at  Freyburg  on  the  Unstrut, 
April  6,  1808;  died  at  Jena,  Aug.  Ii,  1893. 
Among  his  works  are  :  '  Epochs  in  the  History 
of  the  Roman  Constitution'  (1841);  < Studies 
in  Roman  History'  (1863);  < Criticism  of  the 
Sources  of  Ancient  Roman  History'  (1879). 

Peters,  Samuel  Andrew.  An  American 
clerg>Tnan  and  author ;  born  at  Hebron,  Conn., 
1735;  died  in  New  York,  1826.  He  was  or- 
dained a  minister  in  the  Church  of  England 
at  Hartford  in  1760.  In  1774  he  sailed  to 
England  to  escape  persecution  on  account  of 
his  toryism,  and  in  1781  published  the  satirical 

<  General  History  of  Connecticut,'  which  gave 
rise  to  the  misconception  as  to  **  Blue  Laws," 
which  were  in  the  brain  of  Peters  instead  of 
having  ever  been  on  the  statute-books  of  Con- 
necticut. 

Petersen,  Niels  Mathias  (pa'der-sen).  A 
Danish  historian  and  philologist ;  born  at 
Sanderum  in  the  island  of  Fuynen,  Oct.  24, 
1791 ;  died  at  Copenhagen,  May  11,  1862.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  Nor.se  languages 
in  the  University  of  Copenhagen  in  1845. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are :  <  History  of 
the  Danish,  Nor\vegian,  and  Swedish  Lan- 
guages' (2  vols.,  1829-30);  <  History  of  Den- 
mark in  Heathenism'  (3  vols.,  2d  ed.  1854); 
< Norse  Mythology'  (2d  ed.  1862);  <  History  of 
Danish  Literature'  (5  vols.,  2d  ed.  1867-71). 

Peterson,  Charles  Jacobs.  An  American 
publisher  and  novelist ;  born  in  Philadelphia, 
1S18;  died  there,  1887.  He  was  the  founder  of 
Peterson's  Magazine,  and  the  author  of  several 
popular  novels.  His  works  include  :  <  Military 
Heroes  of  the  United  States'  (1847);  < Cruising 
in  the  Last  War' (1849);  <  Grace  Dudley '  (1849); 
Kate  Aylesford'  (1855);  <  Mabel'  (1857). 

Peterson,  Frederick.  An  American  physi- 
cian and  poet ;  born  in  Minnesota  in  1859. 
He  has  published  <  Poems  and  Swedish  Trans- 
lations'  (1883);  and  <  In  the  Shade  of  YgdrasiP 
( 1893) ;  <  A  Song  of  the  Latter  Day '  (1904). 

Peterson,  Henry.  An  American  journalist 
and  poet,  cousin  of  Charles  J. ;  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, 1818;  died  in  1891.  For  twenty  years 
he  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Philadelphia 


436 


PETIS   DE  LA  CROIX— PFEFFEL 


Saturday  Evening  Post.  Among  his  works  are  : 
<The  Modern  Job,  and  Other  Poems  >   (1869); 

<  Faire-Mount  >  (1874);  'Csesar:  A  Dramatic 
Study >  (1879). 

Petls  de  la  Croix,  Francois  (pa-te'  de  la 
krwa').  A  French  Orientalist;  born  in  Paris 
in  1653;  died  in  1713.  He  was  secretary  to 
the  French  ambassador  in  Morocco,  and  greatly 
assisted  in  negotiating  the  treaties  of  peace  be- 
tween France,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli.  From  1692 
he  was  professor  of  Arabic  in  the  Royal  College 
of  France.  He  translated  from  the  Persian 
<The  Thousand  and  One  Days>  (5  vols., 
1710-12).  His  great  work  <The  History  of 
Timur,>  from  the  Arabic  of  Ali  Yazdi,  was 
published  nine  years  after  his  death  (4  vols., 
1722),  and  translated  into  English  in  1723. 

Petit  de  Julleville,  Louis  (pete'  de  zhiil- 
vel').  A  French  historian  of  literature ;  born 
at  Paris,  July  18,  1841  ;  died  there  Aug.  28, 
igcxD.  Hebecame  professor  of  French  literature 
in  the  Sorbonne.  His  principal  work  is  'His- 
tory of  the  Theatre  in  France'  (5  vols.,  1880-86); 
it  is  very  full  with  regard  to  the  old  French 
theatre.  He  gives  in  <The  Theatre  in  France* 
(1889)  an  account  of  the  evolution  of  the 
French  drama  down  to  the  present  time.  In 
1896  he  commenced  the  publication  of  a  < His- 
tory of  the  French  Language  and  Literature,*  to 
be  comprised  in  8  vols. 

Petbfi,  Alexander  (pa-te'fe).  A  celebrated 
Hungarian  poet ;  born  at  Kis-Koros,  near  Pesth, 
Jan.  I,  1823;  died  July  31,  1849.  Among  his 
chief  works  are:  <The  Wine-Bibbers >  (1842); 
'  The  Hangman's  Rope  > ;  <  Coriolanus,'  trans- 
lated from  Shakespeare  (1848);  <  Arise,  Ye  Mag- 
yars* (1848). 

Petrarch,  Francesco  (pe'trark).  The  great- 
est of  Italian  lyric  poets;  born  at  Arezzo,  July 
20,  1304 ;  died  at  Arqui,  July  18,  1374.  He  wrote 
mostly  in  Latin ;  but  his  fame  rests  on  his  lyrics 
written  in  the  vulgar  tongue,  and  his  <  Rime,  * 
containing  sonnets  (227),  ballads,  songs,  etc. 
In  Latin  verse  he  wrote :  <  Africa,'  an  epic  in 
hexameters,  recounting  the  feats  of  Scipio  Afri- 
canus  the  Elder ;  a  <  Bucolic  Poem  * ;  a  volume 
of  68  <  Metrical  Epistles.*  His  chief  writings  in 
Latin  prose  are  :  <  Of  Contempt  of  the  World  > ; 

<  Of  the  Solitary  Life  * ;  <  Of  the  Remedies  for 
Either  Fortune* ;  <  Memoranda,'  brief  historical 
and  legendary  anecdotes;  <  Of  Illustrious  Men*; 
<Of  True  Wisdom';  <  Of  his  Own  and  Others' 
Ignorance.' 

Petrie,  W.M.  Flinders  (pe'tre).  A  celebrated 
English  Egyptologist,  grandson  of  Capt.  Flin- 
ders the  Australian  explorer ;  born  June  3,  1853. 
He  made  measurements  of  prehistoric  monu- 
ments in  Britain  (1875-80);  discovered  and  exca- 
vated the  Grseco-Egyptian  city  of  Naukratis, 
m  the  Delta ;  and  examined  the  interior  of  the 
pyramids  at  Hawara  and  Illahun.  The  results 
of  his  researches  are  found  in  <  Stonehenge : 
Plans,  etc.*  (1881);  <  Pyramids  and  Temples  of 
Gizeh'  (1883);  <Tanis'  (1885-88);  <  Ten  Years' 
Diggings  in  Egypt'  (1892),  a  popular  summary 
ol  Ins  Egyptian  work  ;•  Ko}al  Tombs  '  (1900-01). 


Petronius  Arbiter  (pe-tro'ne-us  ar'bit-er). 
A  Latin  writer  of  satirical  fiction.  He  lived 
in  the  first  century  of  our  era,  but  nothing  is 
known  with  certainty  of  his  life.  Of  his  story 
or  novel,  called  *■  Satires,'  which  originally  con- 
sisted of  about  20  « books,"  there  is  extant 
a  considerable  fragment,  <  Trimalchio's  Ban- 
quet.* 

Petrucelli  della  Gattina,  Ferdinando 

(pa-tro-chel'e  del'la  gat-te'na).  An  Italian 
politician  and  journalist ;  born  in  Naples,  1813. 
He  wrote  :  <  Preliminaries  of  the  Roman  Ques- 
tion* (i860);  <King  of  Kings,*  a  study  of 
Hildebrand  (2d  ed.  1865);  < Diplomatic  His- 
tory of  Conclaves*  (4  vols.,  1864-65). 

Peyrebrune,  Georges  de  —  Mathilde  Geor- 
gina  Elisabeth   de   Peyrebrune    de  Judicis 

(par-briin').  A  French  novelist ;  born  in  Dor- 
dogne  in  1848.  She  is  one  of  the  most  popular 
women  novelists  in  France,  and  has  written : 
<Gatienne>  (1882);  <Jean  Bernard*  (1883);  <A 
Separation'  (1884);  <The  Brothers  Colombe* 
(1S85),  one  of  her  best  works;  <A  Decadent* 
(1888);  <The  Romance  of  a  Bas-Bleu*  (1892), 
showing  the  dangers  of  a  literary  career  for 
women. 

Peyrol,  or  Peyrot,  Antoine  (pa-roT).  A 
Provencal  poet ;  born  at  Avignon  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  17th  century ;  died  about  1780. 
His  < Christmas  Carols'  (Noels)  are  published 
with  those  of  two  other  Provencal  poets,  Sa- 
boly  and  Roumanillo  (1852). 

Peyton,  John  Lewis.  An  American  lawyer 
and  author;  born  in  Staunton,  Va.,  Sept.  15, 
1824.  He  studied  law  at  the  University  of 
Virginia,  and  subsequently  practiced  in  Chi- 
cago. In  1861  he  went  to  Europe  as  agent  of 
the  Confederacy,  and  remained  abroad  until 
1880.  He  has  published:  < Adventures  of  My 
Grandfather'  (1867);  <The  American  Crisis* 
(1867);  <Over  the  Alleghanies'  (1869);  <  Me- 
morials of  Nature  and  Art'  (1881).  Died  1896. 

Pfau,  Ludwig  (pfou).  A  German  lyric  poet 
and  art  critic ;  born  at  Heilbronn,  Aug.  25, 
1821 ;  died  at  Stuttgart,  April  12,  1894.  He 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  Baden  revolu- 
tion, 1848 ;  and  was  editor  of  the  Owl-Glass, 
one  of  the  most  spirited  comic  journals  of  that 
day.  He  wrote:  <  Voices  of  the  Time'  (1848); 
'German  Sonnets  for  the  Year  1850'  (1849); 
translated  into  German  'Breton  Folk-Songs' 
(1859).  Among  his  works  in  art  criticism  are: 
<Art  in  the  State'  (3d  ed.  1888);  'Contempo- 
rary Art  in  Belgium ' ;  '  Art  and  Criticism ' 
(1877). 

Pfefifel,  Gottlieb  Konrad  (pfa'fel).  A  Ger- 
man poet ;  born  at  Colmar,  June  28,  1736 ;  died 
there.  May  i,  1809.  He  became  totally  blind 
in  1758.  He  is  best  known  as  a  fabulist.  He 
wrote  '  Ibrahim ' ;  '  The  Tobacco  Pipe ' ;  '  The- 
atrical Diversions  after  French  Models'  (1765); 
'  Dramatic  Plays  for  Children '  (1769).  A  selec- 
tion from  his  'Fables  and  Poetical  Narratives* 
was  published  in  1810. 


PFEIFFER  —  PHILLIPS 


427 


Pfeiffer,  Ida  Reyer  (pfl'fer).  An  Austrian 
traveler;  born  at  Vienna,  Oct.  15,  1797;  died 
tliere,  Oct.  28,  1858.  Her  travels  were  made  in 
both    hemispheres.      Among    her    books    are : 

<  Travels  of  a  Viennese  Woman  in  the  Holy 
Land>  (2  vols.,  1843);  'Travels  in  the  Scandi- 
navian North  and  Iceland'  (2  vols.,  1846);  <A 
Lady's  Voyage  Round  the  World  >  (1850);  <  My 
Second  Voyage  Round  the  World  >  (4  vols., 
1856);  <  Voyage  to  Madagascar  >  (2  vols.,  1861). 

Pfizer,  Gustav  (pfe'tser).  A  German  poet; 
born  at  Stuttgart,  July  29,  1807 ;  died  there,  July 
19,1890.  His  principal  works  are:  <  Poems  > 
(1831;  a  second  series  1835);  <  Life  of  Martin 
Luther  >  (1836);  <  Poems  Epical  and  Epico- 
LyricaP  (1840);  the  poem  <The  Italian  and  the 
German  :  /Eneas  Silvius  Piccolomini  and  Gregor 
von  Heimburg>  (1844);  <  History  of  Alexander 
the  Great  <  (1S47);  <  History  of  the  Greeks.' 

Pbsedrus  (fe'drus).  A  Latin  fabulist.  He 
was  a  native  of  Macedonia,  and  was  taken  to 
Rome  as  a  slave,  but  was  freed  by  Augustus. 
Nearly  the  whole  of  the  <.(Esopian  Fables  of 
Phaedrus,  Freedman  of  Augustus  >  are  extant  in 
the  original  poetic  form ;  besides  these,  we  have 
three  different  versions  in  Latin  prose,  made 
in  the  Middle  Ages. 

Phelps,  Austin.  An  American  clergyman 
and  author;  born  at  West  Brookfield,  Mass., 
Jan.  7,  1820;  died  at  Bar  Harbor,  Me.,  Oct.  13, 
1890.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Pine  Street  Con- 
gregational Church,  Boston,  1842-48 ;  and  pro- 
fessor of  sacred  rhetoric  in  Andover  Theologi- 
cal Seminary,  1848-79.  He  was  noted  as  an 
original  writer  and  an  eloquent  preacher.  His 
works  include:  ^The  Still  Hour>  (1859);  <  The 
New  Birth >  (1867);  <  Men  and  Books'  (1882); 
•English  Style  in  Public  Discourse'  (1883). 

Phelps,  Charles  Henry.  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  born  at  Stockton,  Cal.,  Jan. 
I,  1853.     He  wrote  <Californian  Verses'  (1882). 

Phelps,  Elizabeth  Stuart.  See  Ward,  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Stuart  (Phelps). 

Pherecrates  (fer-e-kra'tes).  A  Greek  comic 
poet  of  the  fourth  century  B.  C,  contemporary 
of  Cratinus,  Crates,  and  Aristophanes.  Of  his 
works  fragments  only  remain ;  among  them  an 

<  Address  to  Old  Age,'  preserved  by  Stobasus. 
He  is  variously  stated  to  have  written  18  or 
16  plays. 

Pherecydes  of  Syros  (fer-e-si'des).  An 
early  Greek  philosopher,  native  of  the  island 
of  Syros ;  he  lived  in  the  sixth  century  B.  C, 
being  contemporary  with  Thales  and  Anaxi- 
mander.  He  is  credited  with  having  written  a 
work  on  the  origin  of  things,  in  which  the 
doctrine  of  metempsychosis  is  first  propounded. 

Philemon  (fi-le'mon).  A  Greek  comic  poet ; 
born  at  Soli  in  Cilicia,  about  361  B.  C. ;  died 
263  B.C.  He  wrote  97  plays,  nine  of  which 
are  extant :  the  Latin  poet  Plautus's  <  Merchant ' 
and  <Trinummus'  are  founded  on  Philemon's 
•  The  Merchant  >  and  <  The  Treasure.'  See 

article  <  Philemon,  Menander,  etc' 


Philippson,  Martin  (firip-son).  A  German 
historian;  born  at  Magdeburg,  June  27,  1846. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  history  m  the 
University  of  Brussels,  1878.  Among  his  works 
are :  <  Henry  IV.  and  Philip  HI. :  Origin  of 
French  Preponderance  in  Europe,  1598-1610 ' 
(3  vols.,  1871);  <The  Age  of  Louis  XIV.'  (1879); 

<  Origins  of  Modern  Catholicism'  (1884). 

Philips,  Ambrose.  An  English  poet;  born 
in  Leicestershire,  1675  (?);  died  1749.  He  wrote 
a  series  of  <  Pastorals'  (1709);  <  The  Distressed 
Mother'  (1712),  a  drama  adapted  from  the 
'Andromache'  of  Racine,  and  highly  praised 
by  Addison  in  the  Spectator;  <The  Briton' 
and  <  Humphry,  Duke  of  Gloucester,'  dramas 
(1722).  He  wrote  also  some  epigrams,  and 
made  translations  of  odes  of  Pindar,  Anacreon, 
and  Sappho. 

Philips  or  Phillips,  Edward.  An  English 
miscellaneous  writer,  nephew  of  Milton;  born 
at  London,  1630 ;  died  about  1696.  He  was 
a  voluminous  writer.  Among  his  works  are : 
<New  World  of  English  V^'ords'  (1658);  'Mys- 
teries of  Love  and  Eloquence ;  or.  The  Arts  of 
Wooing,' etc.  (1658);  'Compendious  Latin  Dic- 
tionary' (1682);  'Poem  on  the  Coronation  of 
his  Most  Sacred  Majesty  King  James  II.  and 
his  Royal  Consort'  (1685). 

Philips,  Francis  Charles.  An  English  bar- 
rister, playwright,  and  novelist ;  born  in  1849. 
After  long  service  as  officer  in  the  army,  he 
retired  from  it  and  became  a  barrister.  From 
1874  to  1880  he  was  lessee  of  the  Globe  Thea- 
tre, London.  His  novels  include :  <  As  in  a 
Looking-Glass'  (1885),  translated  into  several 
languages,  and  dramatized  for  Mrs.  Beere  and 
Sarah  Bernhardt;  'A  Lucky  Young  Woman' 
(1886);  'The  Dean  and  his  Daughter'  (1887), 
dramatized;  'Mrs.  Bouverie'  (1894).  He  was 
also  collaborator  in  the  acted  plays  '  Husband 
and  Wife  ' ;  '  Godpapa ' ;  etc. 

Philips,  John.  An  English  dramatist ;  born 
at  Bampton  in  Oxfordshire,  1676;  died,  1 708-9. 
He  was  an  ardent  student  of  the  ancient  classics, 
and  also  of  Chaucer,  Spenser,  and  Milton.  He 
came  into  the  favorable  notice  of  critics  and 
lovers  of  poetry  with  'The  Splendid  Shilling' 
(1703),  pronounced  by  the  Tatler  "the  best 
burlesque  poem  in  the  English  language."  In 
a  like  burlesque  vein  he  wrote  '  Blenheim' 
(1705);  then  the  didactic  poem  'Cyder'  in 
imitation  of  Virgil's  '  Georgics.' 

Philips,  Katherine  (Fowler).  ["The  Match- 
less Orinda."J  An  English  poet;  born  in  Lon- 
don, Jan.  I,  1631 ;  died  June  22,  1664.  She 
wrote  many  poems,  and  translated  Corneille's 

<  Horace '  and  <  Pompde.'  She  signed  herself 
"Orinda"  in  correspondence  with  literary 
friends,  and  was  pronounced  "matchless"  for 
her  poetry,  first  collected  in  1678.  Dryden, 
Cowley,  Jeremy  Taylor,  and  others  eulogized 
it  extravagantly ;  but  personal  admiration  for 
the  woman  probably  affected  their  judgment. 

Phillips,  George  Searle.  ["  January  Searle."  J 
An    English-American     litterateur;     born    in 


428 


PHILLIPS  — PIC  ARD 


England  in  1818;  died  in  1889.  He  was  a 
well-known  writer  and  lecturer  of  Yorkshire, 
England,  who  removed  to  this  country  and 
became  prominent  in  literary  circles.  He  pub- 
lished:  <  Chapters  in  the  History  of  a  Life>; 
<  Memoirs  of  Wordsworth  > ;  and  <  The  Gypsies 
of  Dane's  Dyke.* 

Phillips,  Henry.  An  American  writer  and 
lawyer  of  rhiladelpliia;  bom  there  Sept.  6,  1838; 
died  there  June  6,  1895.  He  wrote  :  <History 
of  American  Colonial  Paper  Currency);  <History 
of  American  Continental  Paper  Money>;  <Pleas- 
ures  of  Numismatic  Science*;  <Poems  from  the 
Spanish  and  German.* 

Phillips,  Wendell.  An  eminent  American 
social  and  political  reformer  and  orator;  born 
at  Boston,  Nov.  29,  1811;  died  there,  Feb.  2, 
1884.  He  wrote :  <  The  Constitution  a  Pro- 
Slavery  Compact*  (1840);  <Can  Abolition- 
ists Vote  or  Take  Office?*  (1845);  'Review 
of  Spooner's  "  Constitutionality  of  Slavery  **  * 
(1847);  <  Review  of  Webster's  Speech  of  March 
7th*  (1850);  <  Review  of  Kossuth's  Course'* 
(1851);  *  Defense  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Movement* 
(1853);  < Addresses*  (1859);  < Speeches,  Lectures, 
and  Letters*  (1863). 

Philo  the  Jew  (fi'lo),  or  Philo  Judaeus.  An 
Alexandrine  Jewish  philosopher  ;  born  at  Alex- 
andria about  20  B.  C.  About  the  year  40,  in 
his  old  age,  he  went  to  Rome  at  the  head  of 
a  Jewish  embassy,  to  persuade  the  emperor 
Caligula  to  exempt  the  Jews  from  the  obliga- 
tion of  paying  the  emperor  divine  honors;  a 
full  account  of  this  mission  is  given  in  Philo's 
extant  work  <  On  the  Embassy  to  Caius.*  We 
have  still  many  of  his  writings,  or  considerable 
fragments  of  them;  an  edition  of  them  has 
been  published  (8  vols.,  1851-54). 

Philolaus  (fil-o-la'us).  A  Greek  Pythagorean 
philosopher,  native  of  Magna  Graecia ;  con- 
temporary with  Socrates.  Only  fragments  of 
his  writings  have  come  down  to  us.  He  was 
the  first  to  commit  to  writing  the  doctrines  of 
Pythagoras.  He  taught  the  doctrine  of  the 
earth's  motion ;  that  the  sphere  of  the  fixed 
stars,  the  five  planets,  and  the  sun,  moon,  and 
earth,  move  round  the  « central  fire,**  which  is 
the  «  hearth  of  the  universe.** 

Philostratus  (fi-los'tra-tus).  A  Greek  rhet- 
orician and  sophist ;  bom  in  the  island  of 
Lemnos  between  170  and  180  A.  D.;  died  about 
250.  Of  his  writings  five  are  extant :  viz.,  <  Life 
of  ApoUonius  of  Tyana,*  the  famous  religious 
impostor  and  thaumaturge  ;  <  Lives  of  the  Soph- 
ists*; ^Heroics*;  <  Images*;  and  < Epistles.* 

Philoxenus  (fi-lok'se-nus).  A  Greek  poet; 
bom  in  the  island  of  Cythera  about  B.  C.  435 ; 
died  at  Ephesus,  B.  C.  380.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  in  war,  conveyed  as  a  slave  to  Ath- 
ens, and  sold  to  the  musician  Melanippides,  who 
gave  him  a  liberal  education.  At  the  court 
of  Dionysius,  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  he  brought 
upon  himself  condemnation  to  servitude  in  the 
quarries  by  refusing  to  praise  the  autocrat's 
verses;  when  brought  again  before  the  tyrant 


and  asked  what  he  thought  of  the  verses  now, 
he  answered,  <<  Take  me  away  to  the  quarries.** 
He  took  his  revenge  on  Dionysius  in  his  dithy- 
ramb <  Cyclops.'  He  wrote  24  dithyrambs,  and 
a  lyric  poem  on  the  genealogy  of  the  .(Eacidse. 
Of  his  writings  only  scanty  fragments  remain. 

Fhoeniz,  John.    See  Derby. 

Phranza    (fran'tsa)   or    Phranzes,    George 

(fran'tses).  The  last  of  the  Byzantine  his- 
torians ;  born  in  1401 ;  died  in  1478.  He  was 
chamberlain  of  Manuel  II.  (Palseologus),  and 
protovestiary,  or  wardrobe  keeper,  to  Constan- 
tine  XIII.,  whose  life  he  saved  at  the  siege  of 
Patras  (1429).  After  the  capture  of  Constan- 
tinople by  Mohammed  II.  he  escaped  to  Corfu, 
and  retiring  to  a  monastery,  wrote  his  inter- 
esting and  reliable  <  Chronicon  *  or  Byzantine 
history,  covering  the  period  from  1259  to  1477. 

Phrynichus  (frin'i-kus).  A  Greek  tragic  poet 
of  the  fifth  century  B.  C.  Departing  from  the 
custom  of  tragic  poets,  he  took  for  the  subject 
of  his  greatest  tragedy  <  The  Capture  of  Miletus  * 
by  the  Persians,  a  contemporary  event.  It 
moved  the  Athenians  profoundly,  but  they  fined 
the  poet  1,000  drachmas  for  harrowing  their 
sensibilities  by  rehearsing  the  woes  of  their 
allies.  Next  he  wrote :  <  The  Phoenician  Wo- 
men,* commemorating  the  defeat  of  Xerxes  at 
Salamis.  He  wrote  also  several  tragedies  on 
legendary  themes,  as  <  The  'Danaids  * ;  <  Ac- 
ta;on  > ;  <Alcestis  * ;  <  Tantalus.*  Only  fragments 
of  his  plays  remain. 

Piatt,  Donn.  An  American  lawyer,  journal- 
ist, and  author ;  born  in  Cincinnati,  O.,  1819 ; 
died  in  1891.  He  began  his  career  as  a  lawyer; 
was  secretary  of  the  Paris  legation  in  Pierce's 
administration ;  served  as  colonel  of  volunteers 
during  the  Civil  War;  and  subsequently  be- 
came famous  as  a  journalist  in  Washington. 
His  works  include:  < Memories  of  Men  Who 
Saved  the  Union*  (1887);  'The  Lone  Grave 
of  the  Shenandoah*  (1888);  <  Life  of  General 
George  H.  Thomas*  (1893). 

Piatt,  John  James.  An  American  journalist 
and  poet,  nephew  of  Donn;  born  at  James' 
Mills,  Ind.,  March  i,  1835.  He  became 
clerk  of  the  U.  S.  Treasury  Department  and 
the  House  of  Representatives ;  and  from  1882 
to  1894  was  consul  at  Cork,  Ireland.  He  has 
written  poems  of  considerable  merit  and  ori- 
ginality. His  works  include :  <  Poems  by  Two 
Friends*  {i860),  with  W.  D.  Howells;  <The 
Nests  at  Washington*  (1863),  with  Mrs.  Piatt; 
<  Poems  in  Sunshine  and  Firelight  *  (1866);  'West- 
ern Windows*  (1868);  'Idyls  and  Lyrics  of  the 
Ohio  Valley*  (1884); 'The  Hesperian  Tree*  (igoo). 

Piatt,  Mrs.  Sarah  Morgan  (Bryan).  An 
American  poet,  wife  of  John  J. ;  born  at  Lex- 
ington, Ky.,  1836.  Her  best-known  works  are : 
<A  Woman's  Poems*  (1871);  'A  Vo3'age  to 
the  Fortunate  Isles*  (1874);  'Dramatic  Persons 
and  Moods*  (1880);  'The  Witch  in  the  Glass* 
(1888);  'An  Enchanted  Castle*  (1893). 

Picard,  Louis  Benoit  (pe-kar').  A  French 
writer  of  comedy ;  born  at  Paris,  July  29,  1769 ; 


PICH  AT  —  PIETSCH 


429 


died  there,   Dec.  31,  1828.     At  20  he  was   a 

writer  for  the  stage,  but  in  1797  he  first  came 
into  prominence  with  the  comedy  <  Mediocre 
and   Groveling*    (worked  over   by  Schiller  in 

<  The  Parasite ').  He  then  went  upon  the  stage, 
and  in  1801  became  director  of  the  Louvois 
Theatre ;  but  renounced  the  stage  in  1807,  was 
elected  to  the  French  Academy,  and  was  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  Imperial  Academy  of 
Music.  His  best  comedies  are :  <  The  Little 
City>;  'Monsieur  Musard>  (Mr.  Trifler);  <The 
Puppets  >;  <The  Two  Philiberts.> 

Pichat,  Michel  (pe-sha').  A  French  dram- 
atist ;  born  at  Vienne,  1790 ;  died  at  Paris,  1828. 
He  wrote  the  tragedies  <Turnus,>  <Leonidas> 
(1825),  which  had  great  success,  <  William  Tell  > ; 
<Ali  Pasha>  (1822),  a  melodrama;  <  Devotion  of 
the  French  Physicians  at  Barcelona  >  (1822),  a 
poem. 

PicMer,  Adolf  (pich'ler).  An  Austrian  poet 
and  naturalist ;  born  at  Erl  in  the  Tyrol,  Sept.  4, 
1819.  He  wrote  narratives  of  the  revolution- 
ary troubles  of  1848,  viz.:  <  The  Days  of  March 
and  October  in  Vienna,  1848  >  (1850);  and  <  The 
Italo-Tyrolean  War*  (1849),  in  which  he  served 
as  a  volunteer.  He  wrote  also  a  volume  of 
'Poems'  (1853);  <  Hymns  >  (2d  ed.  1857);  <From 
the  Tyrol  Mountains  >  ( 1862) ;  <  Epigrams '  ( 1865) 
<A11  Sorts  of  Stories  from  the  Tyrol  >  (1867) 
'Boundary  Stones,'  poetical  narratives  (1874) 

<  Literature  and  Art,>  a  volume  of  epigrams 
(1879);  'In  My  Time,'  personal  recollections 
(1892); 'The  Solitary'  (1896).     Died  in  1900. 

Pichler,  Karoline.  An  Austrian  novelist; 
bom  at  Vienna,  Sept.  7,  1769 ;  died  there,  July 
9,  1843.  She  was  a  very  prolific  writer.  Among 
her  stories  are:  'Agathocles'  (3  vols.,  1808); 
'Woman's  Worth'  (4  vols.,  1808);  'The  Siege 
of  Vienna'  (3  vols.,  1824);  'The  Castle  among 
the  Mountains ' ;  '  Black  Fritz.' 

Pichon,  Jerome  Frederic,  Baron  (pe-shoh'). 
A  French  writer  on  historical  subjects;  born 
at  Paris,  Dec.  3,  1812.  Among  his  works  are  : 
'The  Apparition  of  Jehan  de  Meun;  or,  The 
Dream  of  the  Prior  of  Salon'  (1845);  'The 
Count  d'Hoym,  his  Library  and  his  Collections ' 
(2  vols.,  1880). 

Pickering,  Charles.  An  American  natu- 
ralist and  author;  born  in  Pennsylvania,  1805; 
died  in  Boston,  1878.  He  traveled  extensively, 
and  published  the  volumes :  '  The  Races  of 
Man  and  their  Geographical  Distribution' 
(1848);  'Geographical  Distribution  of  Animals 
and  Man'  (1861);  'Chronological  History  of 
Plants'  (1879). 

Pickering,  Henry.  An  American  poet ;  born 
in  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  1781 ;  died  in  New  York, 
1831.  His  poetical  writings  include :  '  Ruins 
of  Paestum'  (1822);  'Athens  and  Other  Poems' 
(1824);  and  'The  Buckwheat  Cake'  (1831). 

Pickering,  John.  A  distinguished  American 
philologist  and  Oriental  scholar  ;  born  in  Salem, 
Mass.,  1777 ;  died  in  Boston,  1846.  He  held 
many  important  public  positions ;  was  president 


of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
and  a  member  of  various  learned  associations 
at  home  and  abroad.  He  published  a  paper 
on  the  'Adoption  of  a  Uniform  Orthography 
for  the  Indian  Languages'  (1820);  a  'Vocab- 
ulary of  Words  and  Phrases  Peculiar  to  the 
United  States'  (1816);  a  'Greek  Dictionary' 
(1826);  and  wrote  many  pamphlets  on  scien- 
tific and  political  questions. 

Pico,  Giovanni,  Count  of  Mirandola  (pe'ko). 
An  Italian  philosopher ;  lived  1463-1494.  Pie 
wrote  '  Heptaplus,'  an  allegorical  explanation  of 
the  creation ;  '  Philosophical,  Cabalistic,'  and 
'Theological  Conclusions '  (i486). 

Picot,  Emile,  a  French  scholar;  born  Sept. 
13,  1844  ;  professor  of  Roumanian  at  the  School 
of  Oriental  Languages  in  Paris.  He  published 
'The  Servians  of  Hungary'  (1874);  'Rouman- 
ian Folksongs  uf  Servia  >  ( 1889)  ;  '  The  Italians 
in  France  in  the  XVI.  Century'  (1902-4). 

Picot,  Georges  (pe-ko').  A  French  historian; 
born  at  Paris,  Dec.  24,  1838.  He  succeeded 
Thiers  as  member  of  the  Institute  in  1878,  and 
on  the  death  of  Jules  Simon  in  1896  became 
permanent  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences. He  wrote :  '  Elections  to  the  States- 
General  in  the  Provinces  from  1302  to  1614* 
(1874);  'The  Parliament  of  Paris  under  Charles 
VIII.'  (1877);  'Judiciary  Reform  in  France' 
(1881);  'A  Social  Duty  and  Workmen's  Homes  > 
(1885);  'History  of  the  States-General  and 
their  Influence  on  the  Government  of  France 
from  1355  to  1614'  (4  vols.,  1872),  his  principal 
work,  which  twice  won  the  Gcoert  prize  of  the 
Academy ;  <  The  Battle  against  Social  Revolu- 
tion' (1895). 

Piedagnel,  Francois,  Alexandre  (pya-dan- 
yel').  A  French  verse-writer;  born  at  Cher- 
bourg, Dec.  27,  1831.  He  published  three  vol- 
umes of  poems:  'Yesterday'  (1882);  'On  the 
Road'  (1886);  'April'  (1887).  He  wrote  also: 
'Jules  Janin'  (1874);  'J.  F.  Millet:  Recollec- 
tions of  Barbizon'  (1878). 

Pierce,  Henry  Niles.  An  American  Epis- 
copal bishop  and  author;  born  in  Pawtucket, 
R.  I.,  1820.  He  spent  many  years  in  the  West 
as  a  missionary,  and  was  consecrated  bishop 
in  1870.  He  published  essays,  sermons,  and 
reviews;  and  a  volume  of  poems,  'The  Agnostic,' 
etc.  (1884).     Died,  Sept.  5,  1899. 

Pierpont,  John.  A  Unitarian  clergyman  and 
poet ;  born  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  April  6,  1785 ; 
died  in  Medford,  Mass.,  Aug.  27,  1866.  Among 
his  works  is  <  Airs  of  Palestine,  and  Other  Po- 
ems >  (1840).  One  of  his  best-known  poems 
is  'Warren's  Address  at  the  Battle  of  Bunker 
Hill.' 

Piers  Plowman.  Assumed  name  of  William 
Longland  or  Langland.  An  English  satirical 
writer  of  the  14th  century.  His  work  'The 
Vision  of  Piers  Plowman'  —  a  religious  and 
moral  allegory,  in  rhjone  — is  a  picture  of  the 
disorders  in  church  and  State  prevailing  at  his 
time. 

Pietsch,  Ludwig  (p§tsh).  A  German  traveler 
and  designer;  born  at  Dantzic,  Dec.  25,  1824. 
He  wrote  :  <  The  World  and  Art '  (2  vols,  1867)' 


43° 


PIGAULT-LEBRUN  —  PINKERTON 


'Travels  in  the  East>  (1870);  <From  Berlin  to 
Paris:  War  Pictures >  (1871);  <  Morocco >  (1S78); 
<  Pilgrimage  to  Olympia  in  i876>  (1879);  <How 
I  Became  an  Author >  (2  vols.,  1892-94). 

Pigault-Lebrun  ( pe-go''le-briin'),  pseudo- 
nym of  Antoine  P.  de  L'Epinoy.  A  French 
novelist  and  dramatist ;  born  at  Calais,  April  8, 
1753;  died  at  La  Celle  Saint  Cloud,  July  24, 
1835.  He  wrote  more  than  70  volumes  of 
stories,  among  them  <  The  Child  of  the  Car- 
nival >  (1792),  <The  Barons  of  Felsheim>  (1798), 
•Spanish  Madness>  (1801);  and  several  come- 
dies, as  <The  Pessimist  >  (1789),  'Rivals  of 
Themselves'  (1798),  <  Love  and  Reason'  (1799). 
He  wrote  also  '  Literary  and  Critical  Miscel- 
lanies'  (2  vols.,  1816). 

Pignottl,  Lorenzo  (pen-yot'te).  An  Italian 
poet  and  historian ;  born  at  Figlina,  Tuscany, 
1739;  died  at  Pisa,  1812.  Among  his  writings 
are  poems  *  On  the  Grave  of  Shakespeare  > 
(1778);  <The  Shade  of  Pope>  (1791).  He  wrote 
a  book  of  *  Fables'  (1779),  which  were  very 
popular;  and  a  'History  of  Tuscany'  (9  vols., 
1813). 

Piis,  Pierre  Antoine  Augustin  (pes).  A 
French  dramatist ;  born  at  Paris,  1755 ;  died 
1832.  Among  his  very  numerous  dramatic 
pieces  were :  'Aristotle  in  Love,'  vaudeville 
(1780);  'Summer  Loves'  (1781);  'Two  Sedan- 
Chairmen'  (1781);  'Marriage  in  Extremis' 
(1782),  a  comedy  in  one  act.  His  miscella- 
neous writings  included  :  <  Carlo-Robertiad  ' 
(1784),  a  satire  on  ballooning;  'Easter  Eggs 
for  my  Critics'  (1786). 

Pike,  Albert.  An  American  lawyer,  journal- 
ist, and  poet;  born  in  Boston,  Dec.  29,  1809; 
died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  April  2,  1891.  Early 
in  life  he  went  West,  entered  journalism,  and 
later  practiced  law  in  Arkansas.  He  served  as 
captain  of  cavalry  in  the  Mexican  War,  and  was 
a  brigadier-general  in  the  Confederate  army 
during  the  Civil  War.  His  chief  works  are : 
<  Prose  Sketches  and  Poems'  (1834);  'Hymns 
to  the  Gods'  (1839);  'Nugse'  (1854);  'Morals 
and  Dogma  of  Freemasonry'  (1870). 

Pike,  Mrs.  Mary  Hayden  (Green).  An 
American  novelist ;  bom  in  Eastport,  Me.,  Nov. 
30,  1825.  She  will  be  best  remembered  as  the 
author  of  'Ida  May'  (1854),  a  novel  dealing 
with  slavery  and  Southern  life,  which  had  a 
large  sale.  She  also  published  < Caste'  (1856), 
and  'Bond  and  Free'  (1858). 

Pilch,  Frederick  Henry.  An  American  verse- 
writer;  born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  March  5,  1842; 
died  at  Bloomtleld,  N.  J.,  Dec.  3,  1889.  He  con- 
tributed verses  to  the  magazines,  and  published 
a  collection  of  'Homespun  Verses'  (1889). 

Pilkington,  Mary.  An  English  story-writer ; 
born  at  Cambridge,  1766;  died  1839.  Among 
her  very  numerous  writings  were :  '  Edward 
Barnard  ;  or.  Merit  Exalted'  (1797);  <  Mentorial 
Tales  for  Young  Ladies'  (1802);  <  The  Sorrows 
of  Caesar ;  or.  Adventures  of  a  Foundling  Dog ' 
(1813);  'The  Shipwreck;  or.  Misfortune  the 
Inspirer  of  Virtuous  Sentiments'  (1819) 


Pillet,  Fabien  (pe-ya').  A  French  journal- 
ist; born  at  Lyons,  1772;  died  at  Passy,  1855. 
He  published  several  volumes  of  dramatic  criti- 
cism, and  a  collection  of  'Oddities,  Stories, 
Anecdotes,  Epigrams,'  etc.,  relating  to  the 
stage  (1838). 

Pilpay  or  Pilpai  (pil-pa').  The  supposed 
author  of  fables  in  India,  which  have  been  so 
extensively  used  by  other  Oriental  countries 
and   in   Europe. 

Pindar  (pin'dar).  The  greatest  of  the  Greek 
lyric  poets ;  born  at  Cynoscephalce  near  Boeo- 
tian Thebes,  522  B.  C;  died  at  Argos,  about 
450  B.C.  The  Alexandrine  scholars  divided 
his  poems  into  17  books,  comprising  Hymns, 
Paeans,  Dithyrambs,  Encomia,  Songs  of  Victory. 
There  are  now  extant,  apart  from  mere  frag- 
ments, only  four  books,  all  songs  of  victory 
(epinikia)  celebrating  the  victors  in  the  Olym- 
pian, Pythian,  Nemean,  and  Isthmian  games. 

Pindemonte,  Ippolito  (pen"da-mon'tal).  An 
Italian  poet ;  1753-1828.  He  achieved  a  dis- 
tinguished reputation  by  his  works  :  <  Poems  of 
the  Fields'  (1788),  among  the  best  of  their 
kind  in  Italian  literature ;  '  Various  Poems ' 
(1798);  '  Epistles  in  Verse  '  (1805);  a  tran.slation 
of  Homer's  Odyssey  (1809-22);  'Discourses' 
(181Q:    Sermoni,  after  tiie  manner  of   Horace's 

<  Satires.' 

Pinero,  Sir  Arthur  Wing.  A  distinguished 
English  dramatist  ;  born  in  London  in  185=;; 
knighted  in  1909.  He  studied  for  the  law,  then 
became  an  actor,  and  ultimately  left  the  stage 
for    dramatic    authorship.      His    first    comedy, 

<  Two  Can  Play  at  That  Game,'  was  produced 
in  1877,  and  has  been  followed  by  'Two  Hun- 
dred a  Year'  (1877);  'The  Money  Spinner' 
(1880);  'The  Magistrate'  (1885);  'Dandy  Dick' 
(1887);  'Sweet  Lavender'  (1888);  'The  Prof- 
ligate' (1889);  'Lady  Bountiful'  (1891);  'The 
Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray'  (1893),  conceded  to 
be  his  most  powerful  work ;  <  The  Notorious 
Mrs.  Ebbsmith'  (1895);  'The  Benefit  of  the 
Doubt'  (1896);  'The  Princess  and  the  Butter- 
fly' (1897);    'Trelawny  of  the  Wells'  (1898); 

<  The  Gay  Lord  Onex  '  ( 1890 ) ;  <  Iris  '  and  <  Letty ' 
(1903);  <  A  Wife  Without  a  Smile  >  (1904);  '  His 
House  in  Order'  (1905). 

Pinheiro-Chagas,  Manuel  (pen-ya'ro-sha'- 
gas).  A  Portuguese  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer ;  born  at  Lisbon,  1842.  Among  his  works 
are :  <A  Poem  of  Youth,'  '  The  Angel  of  the 
Hearth ' ;  some  novels,  as  '  The  Court  of  John 
V.,'  'The  Red  Mask,'  < Death's  Guerrillas' 
(1872),  'The  Viscountess's  Secret';  dramas, 
'Senhorita  de  Valflor'  (1867),  'Helen,'  <The 
Jewish  Woman,'  'During  the  Battle'  (1870); 
some  volumes  of  political  comment  and  satire, 
as  <  Ministers  of  State,  Priests,  and  Kings,' 
'  Critical  Essays,'  <  Portuguese  Scenes  and  Fan- 
cies,' '  Celebrated  Portuguese,'  <  Madrid  :  Im- 
pressions of  Travel' 

Pinkerton,  Allan  G.  A  famous  American 
detective ;   born    at   Glasgow,    Scotland,   1819-, 


PINKNEY  —  PLANCHE 


431 


died  in  Chicago,  1884.  He  became  involved 
in  the  Chartist  outbreak  in  Birmingham,  and 
emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1842.  He 
founded  his  detective  agency  in  Chicago  in 
1850,  and  was  in  charge  of  the  United  States 
secret  service  during  the  Civil  War.  His  works 
include:  <The  Molly  Maguires>  (1877);  <  The 
Spy  of  the  Rebellion)  (1883);  'Thirty  Years  a 
Detective'  (1884). 

Pinkney,  Edward  Coate.  An  American 
writer  of  verses ;  born  at  London,  1802 ;  died 
at  Baltimore,  Md.,  1828.  He  wrote  a  volume 
of  < Poems'  (1825;  republished  1838  and  1844). 

Fiozzl,  Hester  Lynch  Salisbury   (Thrale) 

(pe-ots'e).  An  Englishwoman,  chiefly  noted 
from  her  friendship  with  Dr.  Johnson.  She  was 
born  in  Carnarvonshire,  Jan.  16,  1740-I;  died 
May  2,  1 82 1.  She  received  a  good  education, 
and  married  in  1763  Henry  Thrale,  a  brewer 
much  her  elder,  taciturn  and  wholly  absorbed 
in  business,  and  who  allowed  her  little  liberty. 
She  first  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  Johnson 
the  next  year;  he  spent  much  time  at  their 
home  and  traveling  with  them.  After  Thrale's 
death  she  married  Mr.  Piozzi,  a  cultivated  Ital- 
ian musician  of  considerable  note  ;  Johnson  re- 
sented the  change  and  left  her  with  reproaches, 
English  society  considered  it  a  social  descent, 
and  most  writers  since  have  echoed  their  sen- 
timents. Although  she  has  written  other  things, 
her  <  Anecdotes  of  Dr.  Johnson  >  and  her  <  Auto- 
biography '  are  the  works  now  read. 

Piron,  Alexis  (pe-roii').  A  French  poet; 
born  at  Dijon,  July  9,  1689 ;  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
21,  1773.  As  an  epigrammatist  he  holds  the 
foremost  place  in  French  literature.  He  wrote 
many  tragedies,  comedies,  and  comic  operas, 
but  of  these  none  is  now  valued  except  the 
comedy  <  Metromania'  (The  Poetic  Craze).  His 
pungent  epigrams  made  him  many  enemies ; 
and  when  he  was  elected  to  the  Academy, 
Louis  XIV.  was  prevailed  upon  to  nullify  the 
choice.  Hence  the  witty  couplet  proposed  for 
his  epitaph :  — 

«Ci  g^t  Piron,  qui  ne  fut  rien, 
Pas  mgme  acad^micien ;  " 
that  is,  '<  Here  lies  Piron,  who  was  nothing,  not 
even  Academician." 

Pisan,  Christine  de  (pe-zan').  A  French 
poet ;  born  at  Venice,  1364 ;  died  about  1431. 
Among  her  poems  are :  <An  Epistle  to  the 
God  of  Loves'  (1399);  < Feats  of  Arms  and  of 
Chivalry'  (1404);  <  Life  and  Good  Ways  of  the 
Wise  King  Charles  V.'  [of  France]  (1404); 
•  Lamentations  over  the  Evils  of  the  Civil  War  > 
(1410);  <  Moral  Sayings.' 

PisemskiJ,  Aleksei  Teofilaktovich  (pe-zem- 
ske).  A  Russian  novelist;  born  at  Ramene  in 
the  government  of  Kostroma,  March  20,  1820 ; 
died  January  1881.  His  greatest  novel  is  <A 
Thousand  Souls'  (1858);  he  wrote  also  <The 
Stormy  Sea'  (1863),  <The  Men  of  1840'  (1868), 
<  In  the  Whirlpool'  (1871).  Some  of  his  short 
stories  are  in  every  way  admirable,  among  them 
*The  Wood  Demon'  and  <  Pietershik.' 


Pithou,  Pierre  (pe-to').  A  notable  French 
jurisconsult  and  historical  writer;  born  at 
Troyes,  Nov.  I,  1539 ;  died  at  Nogent-sur-Seine, 
Nov.  I,  1596.  Among  his  writings  are :  <  Me- 
moirs of  the  Counts  of  Champagne'  (1572); 
<  Reasons  why  the  Bishops  of  France  were 
able  to  give  absolution  to  Henry  of  Bourbon, 
King  of  France'  (1593);  < Comparison  of  Mo- 
saic and  Roman  Laws'  {1673). 

Pitre,  Luigi  (pe-tra').  An  Italian  collector 
of  folk-lore;  born  at  Palermo,  Dec.  23,  1842. 
He  compiled  and  edited  a  <  Library  of  Sicilian 
Popular  Traditions'  (19  vols.,  1870-95),  and 
was  editor  of  'Archives  for  the  Study  of  Pop- 
ular Traditions,'  founded  1882.  He  is  author 
of  a  <  Bibliography  of  Italian  Folk-Lore  Litera- 
ture' (1894);  <  Patron  Festivals  in  Sicily'  (1901). 

Pitre  Chevalier,  name  assumed  by  Pierre 
Michel  Fran5ois  Chevalier.  A  French  journal- 
ist and  historical  writer;  born  1812;  died  1863. 
He  wrote  several  volumes  of  poems;  also 
'Studies  on  Brittany'  (6  vols.  1839-42);  'An- 
cient Brittany'  (1844);  'Modern  Brittany' 
(1844);  'History  of  the  War  of  the  Cossacks 
against  Poland'  (1859). 

Pixer6court,    Rene    Charles    Guilbert   de 

(pex-a-ra-kor').  A  French  dramatist;  born  at 
Nancy,  Jan.  22,  1773;  died  July  27,  1844.  He 
wrote  dramas,  among  them  '  Seligo ;  or.  The 
Generous  Negro'  (1793),  'The  Castle  in  the 
Apennines ;  or,  The  Mysteries  of  Udolfo '  (1798); 
several  very  successful  comedies,  as  '  The  Doc- 
tor in  Love,'  '  The  Living  Manikin ;  or.  The 
Wooden  Husband,'  '  Marcellus ;  or.  The  Sup- 
posititious Heir'  (1801);  and  many  melodramas, 
comic  operas,  etc. 

Placentius,  John  Leo  (pla-sen'shus).  A  Bel- 
gian versifier,  viriting  in  Latin;  born  about 
1500,  at  St.  Trond  (Lifege);  died  about  1550. 
Among  his  writings  are :  '  Catalogue  of  all 
Bishops  of  Tongres,  Lifege,'  etc.,  a  fabulous  his- 
tory (1529);  two  comedies,  one  in  prose,  the 
other  in  verse ;  an  alliterative  poem,  '  Battle 
of  the  Pigs,  by  P.  Porcius,  Poet'  (Pugna  Por- 
corum,  per  P.  Porcium,  Poetam),  in  which  every 
word  in  the  253  verses  begins  with  the  letter  p. 
It  was  printed  at  Basle,  1552,  in  conjunction 
with  Hugbald's  'Eclogue  on  Baldheads'  (De 
Calvis),  in  which  every  word  begins  with  c. 

Planard,  Fran90is  Antoine  Eugene  (pla- 
nar'). A  French  dramatist;  born  at  Millau, 
in  Aveyron,  Feb.  4,  1783;  died  at  Paris,  Nov. 
13.  1853.  Besides  the  novel  'Almedan'  (1825), 
and  some  occasional  verse,  he  wrote  many 
comedies,  as  '  The  Marrier  of  Old  Women ' 
(1808);  'The  Family  Portrait'  (1809);  'The 
Supposititious  Niece'  (1813);  'The  Lucky 
Meeting'  (1821):  and  several  libretti  of  comic 
operas,  among  them  '  Last  Wills  and  Love 
Letters,'  music  by  Auber;  'The  Manikin  of 
Bergamo,'  music  by  Fdtis;  'Mina,'  music  by 
Ambroise  Thomas. 

Planch^,  James  Robinson  (plon-sha').  An 
English  playwright,  archaeologist,  and  herald ; 
born  in  London,  Feb.  27,  1796 ;  died  May  301 


432 


PLATEN-HALLERMUND  -  PLUMPTRE 


1880.  He  was  an  expert  on  the  subject  of 
archaeology  and  costumes ;  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  British  Archxological  Association;  and 
is  credited  with  the  authorship  of  200  plays 
and  librettos,  original  and  adapted.  Among 
his  miscellaneous  works  are :  <  Lays  and  Le- 
gends of  the  Rhine  >  (1826-27);  <  History  of 
British  Costume'  (1834);  <  Pursuivant  of  Arms> 
(1851),  a  treatise  on  heraldry  which  procured 
for  him  the  appointment  of  Rouge  Croix  Pur- 
suivant ;  <  Popular  Fairy  Tales  > ;  <  Recollections  > 
(2  vols.,  1872),  chiefly  literary  and  theatrical. 

Platen-Hallermund,    August,    Count    von 

(plat'en-hal'ler-mond).  An  eminent  German 
poet ;  born  at  Ansbach,  Oct.  24,  1796 ;  died  at 
Syracuse  in  Sicily,  Dec.  5,  1835.  His  principal 
works  are  :  <  Sonnets  from  Venice '  (1824);  <  The 
Fateful  Fork>  (1826),  an  Aristophanic  comedy 
ridiculing  the  reigning  literary  fashions  of  the 
time  ;  <  The  Romantic  CEdipus  >  ( 1828),  a  comedy 
with  the  same  subject:  then  followed  a  num- 
ber of  lyric  poems  and  odes,  with  the  drama 
<The  League  of  Cambrai,'  and  the  epic  story 

<  The  Abassides,>  written  in  1830.  His  <  Songs 
of  Poland'  (1830)  gave  expression  to  his  deep 
hate  for  the  Czar;  though  privately  circulated 
they  were  not  published  till  after  the  poet's 
death. 

Plato  (pla'to).  The  renowned  Greek  philos- 
opher; born  at  Athens,  in  427  B.  C;  died 
there,  347  B.  C.  His  writings  seem  to  have 
come  down  to  us  complete.  They  consist 
of  44  separate  works  in  64  books,  and  are  all 
written  in  dialogue  form.  These  dialogues  are 
classed  in  three  series,  marking  three  periods  in 
the  philosopher's  life.  First,  those  written  dur- 
ing the  life  of  Socrates  or  during  the  year  or 
two  next  following  his  death  :  in  these  Plato  is 
thoroughly  under  the  Socratic  influence,  and 
tlie  discussion  is  ever  on  conduct,  the  founda- 
tions of  morality.  The  dialogues  of  this  period 
are:     the     <  Apology,'     <  Lysis,'     <Charmides,' 

♦  Laches,'  <  Protagoras,'  <  Meno,'  <  Gorgias,'  <  lo,' 

<  Euthyphro,'  <  Crito,'  etc.  In  the  second  pe- 
riod the  object  of  research  is  the  objective 
ground  of  cognition  :  to  this  belong  ^  Thesetetus,' 

*  The  Sophist,'  <  The  Politician,'  <  Parmenides.' 
The  dialogues  of  the  third  period  deal  with 
the  problem  of  reducing  to  philosophical  unity 
the  data  of  the  several  sciences, —  physics,  eth- 
ics, politics,  etc.:  to  this  class  belong  <  Phse- 
drus,'  <  Symposium,'  <  Phaedo,'  <  Philebus,'  <  The 
Republic,'  <Tim£eus,'  <The  Laws.'  No  better 
guide  to  the  full  sense  and  spirit  of  Plato's 
dialogues  need  be  wished  than  Jowett's  trans- 
lation, as  revised  by  Jowett  shortly  before  his 
death. 

Plautus,  Titus  Maccius  (pla'tus  or  plou'- 
tus).  A  celebrated  Roman  comic  poet;  born 
at  Sarsina  in  Umbria,  about  254  (?)  B.C.;  died 
at  Rome  in  184  B.  C.  According  to  Varro, 
130  comedies  passed  current  in  his  time  as 
written  by  Plautus;  but  of  these  Varro  consid- 
ered only  21  genuine.  Twenty  of  these  are 
extant.  In  their  plots,  leading  incidents,  and 
characters,  and   even    in   the   outlines   of   the 


dialogues,  they  are  borrowed  from  Greek  origi- 
nals ;  but  Plautus  fairly  makes  this  borrowed 
material  his  own.  Lessing  declared  Plautus's 
<  Captives '  to  be  <'  the  best  constructed  drama 
in  existence";  and  the  greatest  of  modern 
dramatists,  as  Shakespeare  and  Moli&re,  did 
not  scruple  to  draw  on  the  Roman  poet  for 
motives  of  their  comedies. 

PlavistsMkoff,  Peter  Alexilvlch  (plav- 
ist'she-kof).  A  Russian  dramatist;  born  at 
Moscow,  1760 ;  died  there,  1812.  Besides  lyric 
and  didactic  poems,  he  wrote  these  dramatic 
pieces :  <  Ruric,  Founder  of  the  Russian  Mon- 
archy'; <Takmass  Kuli  Khan,  Prince  of  Si- 
beria ' ;  <  Yermak,  Conqueror  of  Siberia  > ;  <  The 
Landless  Peasant';  <The  American  Savages.' 

Pliny  the  Elder,  or  the  Naturalist  (Caius 
Plinius  Secundus)  (plin'e).  A  celebrated  Ro- 
man compiler  of  encyclopaedic  knowledge ;  born 
at  Novum  Comum,  the  modem  Como,  23 
A.  D. ;  died  79  A.  D.  He  wrote  a  <  Natural  His- 
tory '  in  37  books,  compiled,  as  the  author  states 
in  the  preface,  from  more  than  2,000  volumes. 
He  begins  with  physics  and  astronomy,  which 
occupy  books  I  and  2;  books  3-6  treat  of 
geography;  books  7-19  treat  of  man,  the  ani- 
mal kingdom,  and  plants;  in  books  20-32 
the  author  notes  the  medicinal  properties  of 
plants ;  the  remaining  books  are  devoted  to 
mineralogy  and  the  medicinal  uses  of  minerals, 
and  to  fine  art  and  anecdotes  of  artists. 

Pliny  the  Younger  (Caius  Publius  Csecilius 
Secundus,  Minor).  A  Roman  orator,  nephew 
of  Pliny  the  Elder ;  born  at  Comum,  A.  D.  61 ; 
died  about  113.  Of  his  writings,  one  oration 
is  extant,  <  The  Panegyric,'  addressed  to  the 
emperor  Trajan  on  the  occasion  of  Pliny's  in- 
vestiture with  the  insignia  of  the  consulship ; 
and  his  <  Letters,'  including  the  correspondence 
between  him  and  Trajan  while  Pliny  was  pro- 
praetor of  Bithynia. 

Plotinus  (plo-tl'nus).  An  Alexandrine,  the 
most  celebrated  representative  of  Neo-Plato- 
nism ;  born  at  Lycopolis  in  Egypt,  205  A.  D. ; 
died  at  Minturnae  in  Campania,  270.  His  writ- 
ings were  collected  by  his  disciple  Porphyrins, 
and  divided  into  six  parts,  each  part  subdivided 
into  nine  books.  The  doctrine  of  Plotinus  starts 
from  the  basis  of  Plato's  doctrine  of  ideas ;  but 
with  that  he  combines  many  foreign  elements 
of  supernaturalism,  mysticism,  and  extravagant 
idealism. 

Plouvier,  fdouard  (plov-ya').  A  French 
dramatist  and  story-writer ;  bom  at  Paris,  Aug. 
2,  1821 ;  died  there,  Nov.  12,  1876.  Among  his 
stories  are:  <  The  Christmas  Tree'  (1854); 
<The  Beauty  with  Golden  Hair'  (1861).  He 
wrote  a  volume  of  songs,  <  Sunday  Refrains  > 
(1856);  and  the  comedies  <The  Steeple-Chase' 
(1851),  < Winter  Night's  Dream'  (1854),  <A 
Household  Crisis'  (1858),  <The  Dragooness  ' 
(1874);  also  <The  Late  Capt.  Octave'  (1859). 

Plumptre,  Anna.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer,  sister  of  James ;  bom  1760 ;  died  at  Nor- 
wich, 1818.    She  wrote:  < Antoinette,'  a  novel; 


PLUMPTRE  —  POGODIN 


433 


<Life  of  Kotzebue>  (1801);  'Narrative  of  a 
Three    Years'    Residence    in    PVance*    (1810); 

<  Narrative  of  a  Residence  in  Ireland  >  (1817); 
many  other  narratives  of  observations  in  for- 
eign countries,  as  South  Africa  (1806),  the  Otto- 
man Empire,  Brazil,  Japan,  etc.;  and  several 
stories. 

Plumptre,  James.  An  English  dramatic  and 
miscellaneous  writer ;  born  1770 ;  died  Jan.  23, 
1832,  at  Great  Gransden  in  Huntingdonshire, 
where  he  was  rector  of  a  church.  Among  his 
writings  are :  <  The  Coventry  Act,*  comedy 
{1793);  < Osway,>  tragedy  (1795);  <  The  Lakers,* 
comic  opera  (1798);  <A  Popular  Commentary 
on  the  Bible  >  (1827 J. 

Plutarch  (plo'tark).  A  celebrated  Greek 
moralist,  practical  philosopher,  and  biographer;^ 
born  at  Chseronea  in  Bceotia  about  46  A.  D.,  the 
time  of  his  death  cannot  be  determined,  but  he 
appears  to  have  been  living  at  an  advanced  age 
at  the  death  of  Trajan,  117  A.  D.  He  wrote 
*  Parallel  Lives  >  of  notable  men  of  Greece  and 
Rome :  and  a  great  many  <  Moral  Treatises,* 
including  <  The  Education  of  Children  > ;  <  The 
Right  Way  of  Hearing*;  <  Precepts  about 
Health  * ;  <  Cessation  of  Oracles  > ;  <  The  Pythian 
Responses  * ;  <  The  Retarded  Vengeance  of  the 
Deity  * ;  <  The  Daemon  of  Socrates  * ;  <  The  Vir- 
tues of  Women*;  < On  the  Fortune  of  the  Ro- 
mans * ;  <  Political  Counsels  * ;  <  On  Superstition  * ; 

<  On  Isis  and  Osiris*;  <On  the  Face  of  the 
Moon's  Disk  * ;  <  On  the  Opinions  Accepted  by 
the  Philosophers.* 

Pocci,  Franz,  Count  von  (pot'che).  A  Ger- 
man poet,  musician,  and  designer;  born  at 
Munich,  March  7,  1807;  died  there.  May  7, 
1876.  Besides  several  light  musical  dramas  he 
wrote  an  opera,  <  The  Alchemist,*  and  a  num- 
ber of  songs  and  sonatas ;  a  volume  of  <  Poems  * 
(1843);  <  Hunting  Songs*  (1843);  < Student 
Songs*;  several  books  for  children,  admirable 
alike  for  literary  form  and  artistic  illustration, 
—  e.g.,  <The  Little  Rose  Garden,*  a  prayer- 
book  (3d  ed.  1868);  <A  Little  Book  of  Prov- 
erbs.* 

Pocock,  Edward.  An  English  Orientalist; 
born  at  Oxford,  1604 ;  died  1691.  He  wrote, 
or  rather  edited,  with  a  most  learned  and  elab- 
orate commentary,  <  Specimen  of  the  History 
of  the  Arabians*  (1649);  and  a  similar  work, 
'Moses's  Gate*  (1655),  one  of  the  writings  of 
Maimonides. 

Pocock,  Isaac.  An  English  playwright ;  bom 
at  Bristol,  1782;  died  1835.  Among  his  most 
successful  productions  were:  <John  of  Paris,* 
comic  opera  (1814);  <Zembuca;  or.  The  Net- 
Maker,*  holiday  piece  (1815);  <The  Robber's 
Wife,*  romantic  drama  (1829);  <King  Arthur 
and  the  Knights  of  the  Round  Table,'  Christ- 
mas spectacle  (1834). 

Foe,  Edgar  Allan.  An  American  poet  and 
story-writer ;  born  in  Boston,  Jan.  19,  1809 ;  died 
in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  7,  1849.  Left  an  or- 
phan in  early  childhood,  he  was  adopted  by 
John  Allan  of  Richmond,  Va.,  and  at  the  age 
28 


of  19  left  this  home  and  published  his  first  vol- 
ume of  verse  at  Boston.  He  was  a  cadet  at 
the  United  States  Military  Academy,  1830-31 ; 
and  subsequently  was  editor  of  the  Southern 
Literary  Messenger,  1835-37 ;  of  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  1839-40 ;  of  Graham's  Maga- 
zine, 1841-42 ;  and  of  the  Broadway  Journal, 
1845.  He  also  contributed  to  the  Evening 
Mirror,  Godey's  Lady's  Book,  the  Whig  Review, 
and  other  periodicals.  He  projected  a  maga- 
zine to  be  called  Literary  America,  and  to  aid 
it,  lectured  in  New  York  city  and  through  the 
South,  1848-49.  He  died  under  distressing  con- 
ditions at  Baltimore  in  1849.  A  complete  list 
of  his  works  in  book  form  includes :  <  Tamer- 
lane and  Other  Poems*  (Boston,  1827);  <A1 
Aaraf,  Tamerlane,  and  Minor  Poems*  (Balti- 
more, 1829);  <  Poems*  (2d  ed.,  including  many 
poems  now  first  published,  New  York,  1831). 
The  <  Narrative  of  Arthur  Gordon  Pym,  of 
Nantucket*  (New  York,  1838);  <The  Conchol- 
ogist's  First  Book*  (Philadelphia,  1839);  < Tales 
of  the  Grotesque  and  Arabesque*  (Philadelphia, 
1840);  <The  Prose  Romances  of  Edgar  A.  Poe* 
(Philadelphia,  1843J;  <The  Raven  and  Other 
Poems*  (New  York,  1845);  <  Mesmerism :  In 
Articulo  Mortis*  (London,  1846);  'Eureka,  a 
Prose  Poem*  (New  York,  1848).  After  his 
death  there  were  republished  '  The  Literati : 
Some  Honest  Opinions  about  Autorial  Merits 
and  Demerits,  with  Occasional  Words  of  Per- 
sonality,* etc.,  edited  by  R.  W.  Griswold  (New 
York,  1850) ;  <  Tales  of  Mystery,  Imagination,  and 
Humor  ;  and  Poems,*  edited  by  Henry  Vizetelly 
(London,  1852).  A  collected  edition  was  issued 
in  3  vols.,  1850,  4th  vol.  1856.  The  definitive 
edition  is  the  one  edited  by  E.  C.  Stedman 
and  G.  E.  Woodberry  (10  vols.,  Chicago,  1894- 
95)- 

Poggio  Brujciolini,  Gian  Francesco  (pod'- 
je-o  bratch-e-o-le'ne).  An  eminent  Italian  hu- 
manist ;  born  at  Castel  Terranuova,  near  Flor- 
ence, Feb.  II,  1380;  died  at  Florence,  Oct 
30,  1459.  By  his  untiring  research  of  the  mon- 
astery libraries  of  Switzerland  and  Germany, 
he  brought  to  light  MSS.  supposed  to  have 
been  lost,  of  works  of  the  ancient  classics,  as 
Quintilian,  Valerius  Flaccus,  Ascanius,  Statius, 
Ammianus,  and  many  others.  He  translated 
into  Latin  several  of  the  Greek  classics.  His 
own  writings  are :  <  Facetiae,*  a  work  of  the 
same  questionable  character  as  others  of  the 
same  title  —  the  book  had  26  editions  at  the 
end  of  the  15th  century;  <0f  the  Variances  of 
Fortune  > ;  a  <  History  of  Florence  * ;  <  The 
Miseries  of  Human  Life  * ;  <  The  Infelicity  of 
Princes*;  < On  Marriage  in  Old  Age*;  'Dia- 
logue Against  Hypocrites.* 

Pogodin,  Mlcbail  Petrovicli  (po-go'din).  A 
Russian  historian ;  born  at  Moscow,  Nov.  23, 
1800;  died  there,  Dec.  20,  1875.  He  wrote: 
'On  the  Origin  of  the  Russians'  (1823);  'Char- 
acter of  Ivan  the  Terrible*  (1828);  'Complicity 
of  Godunov  in  the  Murder  of  Demetrius* 
(1829);  <  Marfa  Posadniza,*  a  tragedy  (1831); 
•Stories*  (3  vols.,  1833);  <  History  of  the  Pseudo- 


434 


POINSINET  —  POLO 


Demetrius>  (1835);  <  Russian  History'  (7  vols., 
1846-54:  the  work  was  left  unfinished);  'Re- 
searches on  the  Historic  Basis  of  Serfdom > 
(1858);  <The  First  Seventeen  Years  of  the 
Reign  of  Peter  the  Great  >  (1875). 

Polnalnet,  Antolne  Alexandre  Henri 
(pwan-se-na').  A  French  dramatic  writer; 
born  at  Fontainebleau,  1735;  died  at  Cordova, 
1769.  His  first  work  was  a  parody  of  the 
opera  <  Tithonus  and  Aurora  >;  then  followed 
'<The  False  Dervish,>  comic  opera  (i757); 
<The  Little  Philosopher,*  comedy  (1760);  <San- 
cho  Panza  in  his  Island,'  opera-bouffe  (1762); 
<Tom  Jones,>  lyric  comedy  (1764);  <Erme- 
linda,>  lyric  tragedy  (1767);  *  The  Sick  Ogre,' 
spectacular  piece;  *Lot  and  his  Daughters.' 

Poitevin,  Prosper  (pwat-van').  A  French 
lexicographer  and  writer ;  born  about  1804 ; 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  27,  1884.  He  wrote  :  <  Ali 
Pasha  and  Vasiliki,'  a  poem  (1833);  and  some 
comedies,  among  them  <  A  Night  at  Potiphar's ' 
(1841),  <The  Husband  in  Spite  of  Himself 
(1842).  His  works  on  lexicography  and  lin- 
guistics are  numerous  ;  among  them  <  Universal 
Dictionary  of  the  French  Language'  (2  vols., 
1854-60),  and  <  General  and  Historical  Gram- 
mar of  the  French  Language'  (2  vols.,  1856). 

Pol,  Vincenty  (pol).  A  Polish  poet;  born 
at  Lublin,  April  20,  1807 ;  died  at  Cracow, 
Dec.  2,  1872.  He  wrote  the  patriotic  <  Songs 
of  Janusz'  (1833);  < Song  of  Our  Country' 
(1843),  which  won  for  its  author  unbounded 
popularity ;  <  Pictures  from  Life  and  from 
Travel'  (1847),  probably  his  finest  work;  <  The 
Starost  of  Kisla'  (1873),  a  narrative  poem  on 
the  chase. 

Polev6J,  Nikoia.j  Alexejevitsli  (po-lev'oi). 
A  Russian  novelist,  dramatist,  and  literary 
critic ;  born  at  Irkutsk,  July  4,  1796 ;  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  March  6,  1846.  His  dramatic 
compositions  are  <  Ugolino,'  <  Parasha,'  *  Little 
Grandfather  of  the  Russian  Fleet':  they  have 
a  place  in  the  repertoire  of  Russian  theatres. 
He  wrote  also  <  History  of  the  Russian  Peo- 
ple' (6  vols.,  1829-33). 

Politian  (Angelo  Ambrogini)  (po-lish'an). 
A  celebrated  Italian  humanist ;  born  at  Monte- 
pulciano  in  Tuscany,  July  1454;  died  at  Flor- 
ence, 1494.  At  15  he  wrote  epigrams  in  Latin, 
at  17  in  Greek,  and  at  18  published  an  edition 
of  Catullus.  He  was  professor  of  Greek  and 
Roman  literature  at  Florence,  1480.  His  trans- 
lations from  Greek  into  Latin,  especially  that 
of  the  Iliad,  were  much  admired  by  his  contem- 
poraries. Among  the  Greek  works  translated 
by  him  were  those  of  Epictetus,  Herodian,  Hip- 
pocrates, and  Galen,  Plutarch's  <  Eroticus,'  and 
Plato's  <  Charmides.'  Among  his  original  works 
are  :  <A  Brief  Account  of  the  Conspiracy  of  the 
Paz?.i>  (1478);  <  Miscellanea'  (1489),  a  collection 
of  his  essays  in  philology  and  criticism ;  several 
poems  in  elegant  Latin,  among  them  <  Manto,' 
in  praise  of  Virgil ;  <Ambra,'  an  idyllic  sketch 
of  Tuscan  landscape  ;  <  The  Countryman,'  cele- 
brating the  delights  of  rural  life.    He  wrote  in 


Italian  the  stanzas  called  <  The  Joust,'  on  Giuli- 
ano  de'  Medici's  victory  in  a  tournament;  and 

<  Orpheus,'  a  lyric  drama. 

Polko,  Elise  (pol'kS).  A  Gennan  story- 
writer;  born  at  Minden,  Jan.  31,  1822;  died  at 
Munich,  May  15,  1899.  She  wrote  an  interesting 
series  of  <Musical  Tales'  (first  instalment  1852); 
also  < A  Woman's  Life'  (1854);  <In  the  Artist 
World' ;  (Reminiscences  of  Felix  Mendelssohn 
Bartholdy)  (1868';  <  Conversations  >  (1872); 
<From  the  Year  1870' ;  <Xew  Story-Book'  (1884). 

Pollard,  Edward  Albert.  An  American 
journalist  and  author ;  born  in  Virginia,  Feb. 
27,  1828;  died  at  Lynchburg,  Va.,  Dec.  12,  1872. 
As  editor  of  the  Richmond  Examiner  during 
the  Civil  War,  he  was  an  earnest  advocate  of 
the  Confederate  cause,  but  an  active  opponent 
of  Jefferson  Davis.  Among  his  numerous  works 
are  :<  Black  Diamonds'  (1859);  <  Southern  His- 
tory of  the  War'  (1862);  <The  Lost  Cause' 
(i866j;  <The  Life  of  Jefferson  Davis'  (1869). 

Pollard,  Josephine.  An  American  writer  of 
juvenile  literature ;  born  in  New  York  city  in 
1843;  died  there,  Aug.  15,  1892.  Her  works 
include:  <The  Gypsy  Books'  (1873-74);  <Elfin 
Land'  (1882),  poems;  'Gellivor,  a  Christmas 
Legend)  ( 1882) ;  <The  Boston  Tea  Party'  ( 1 882). 

Pbllnitz,  Karl  Ludwig  (pel'nits).  A  Ger- 
man adventurer,  known  as  a  writer  of  memoirs ; 
born  1692  ;  died  1775.  He  was  at  one  time  mas- 
ter of  ceremonies  at  the  court  of  Frederick  the 
Great.  He  wrote  <La  Saxe  Galante'  (1737: 
the  private   life  of  Augustus  of   Saxony),  and 

<  Memoirs'  of  his  own  life  and  times  (1734). 

Pollock,  Walter  Berries.  An  English  edi- 
tor, poet,  and  author,  son  of  Sir  W.  F.  Pollock ; 
born  in  London  in  1850.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1874,  has  delivered  lectures  at  the 
Royal  Institution,  and  from  1884  to  1894  acted 
as  editor  of  the  Saturday  Review.  Among  his 
miscellaneous  literary  and  poetical  publications 
are :  <  Lectures  on  French  Poets  > ;  <  The  Picture's 
Secret,'  a  novel :  <  Songs  and  Rhymes,  English 
and   French';    a    translation    of    De   Musset's 

<  Nights';  *  Old  and  New,'  verse;  'Fencing'  in 
the  <  Badminton  Library  > ;  <  Animals  That  Have 
Owned  Us.' 

Pollok,  Robert.  A  Scotch  poet;  born  at 
Moorhouse  in  Renfrewshire,  Oct.  19,  1798;  died 
at  Shirley-Commor,  near  Southampton,  Sept. 
18,  1827.  His  poem  <The  Course  of  Time' 
(1827)  is  noted.  He  wrote  also  'Tales  of  the 
Covenanters'  (1833). 

Polo,  Gaspar  Gil.     See  Gil  Polo. 

Polo,  Marco.  A  famous  Italian  traveler ; 
born  at  Venice,  1254;  died  there,  1324.  He 
accompanied  his  father  and  his  uncle,  Venetian 
traders,  127 1,  on  their  second  journey  to  the 
court  of  Kublai,  the  Khan  of  Tartary.  Marco 
won  the  favor  of  Kublai,  and  was  taken  into 
his  service :  he  was  employed  on  various  im- 
portant missions  to  the  remotest  parts  of  the 
Khan's  dominions,  and  thus  collected  informa- 
tion regarding  the  countries  and  their  inhab- 
itants.   The  three  Venetians  started  on  their 


POLO  DE  MEDINA  — PONGERVILLE 


435 


return  home,  1292,  by  way  of  Cochin-China, 
Sumatra,  Ceylon,  Ormus,  Trebizond,  and  Con- 
stantinople, reaching  Venice  in  1295.  Marco 
commanded  a  Venetian  galley  in  the  war  with 
Genoa,  and  was  taken  prisoner,  1298 ;  while  in 
prison  he  dictated  to  Rusticiano  of  Pisa  an 
account  of  his  travels,  which  Rusticiano  wrote 
out  in  French,  and  nine  years  later  revised 
and  amended.  The  title  of  the  book  is  simply 
<The  Book  of  Marco  Polo.>  About  80  MS. 
copies  of  it  are  extant,  differing  each  from  each 
considerably. 

Polo  de  Medina,  Salvador  Jacinto  (po'16 
de  ma-de'na).  A  Spanish  poet;  bom  in  Murcia 
about  1607 ;  died  about  1660.  He  wrote  a  poem 
in  the  form  of  a  vision,  <  The  Incurables'  Hos- 
pital ;  Journey  out  of  this  Life  into  the  Next,' 
a  moral  treatise  which  was  much  admired  in 
his  time ;  <  On  Moral  Supremacy,  to  Lselius  > ; 
also  some  fables  and  some  satirical  verses. 

Polysenus  (pol-i-e'nus).  A  Greek  writer  of 
the  second  century,  native  of  Macedonia.  He 
wrote  a  historical  collection  of  instances  of  mili- 
tary ruses  employed  by  Greeks,  Romans,  and 
Barbarians.  It  was  entitled  <  Strategics,'  or 
<  Stratagems,'  and  was  inscribed  to  the  em- 
perors Marcus  Antoninus  and  Lucius  Verus. 
The  work  is  extant.  It  was  first  printed  in 
1549,  and_again  in  1887. 

Polyblus  (po-lib'e-us).  A  celebrated  Greek 
historian ;  born  at  Megalopolis  in  Arcadia,  210 
B.C.,  while  much  of  Greece  was  stiU  inde- 
pendent; died  127,  after  it  had  long  been  a 
province  of  Rome,  and  himself  an  admired 
companion  of  its  conquerors.  His  work,  <  His- 
tories,' comprised  40  books,  of  which  only  the 
first  five  have  come  down  to  us  complete :  it 
was  the  author's  purpose  to  write  the  history 
of  ^'  all  the  known  regions  of  the  civilized  world 
which  had  fallen  under  the  sway  of  Rome." 

Polyides  (pol-e-i'des).  A  Greek  poet  and 
musician  of  the  fourth  century  B.  C. ;  famous 
for  his  dithyrambs.  To  him  is  credited  by 
Welcker  the  tragedy  of  <  Iphigenia,'  some  pass- 
ages from  which  are  quoted  by  Aristotle  in 
his  <  Poetics.' 

Pomeroy,  Marcus  Mills.  [«  Brick  Pomeroy.'*] 
An  American  journalist  and  humorous  writer; 
born  at  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  25,  1833;  died  at 
Brooklyn,  May  30,  1896.  He  was  a  journalist 
of  La  Crosse,  Wis.,  and  later  of  New  York  city, 
where  he  founded  Brick  Pomeroy' s  Democrat. 
His  chief  publications  are:  <Gold  Dust'  (1872^; 
<Brick  Dust'  (1872);  <Perpetual  Money>  (1878). 

Pomfret,  John.  An  English  poet;  bom  at 
Luton  in  Bedfordshire,  1667 ;  died  1702.  His 
best-knovra  work  is  <  The  Choice  :  A  Poem  Writ- 
ten by  a  Person  of  Quality'  (1700), which  had 
four  editions  within  a  year.  His  other  principal 
writings  are :  <  A  Prospect  of  Death,'  an  ode 
(1700),  and  'Reason,'  a  poem  (1700). 

Pommier,  Victor  Louis  Amedee  (pom-ya'). 
A  French  poet ;  born  at  Lyons,  1804 ;  died  in 
1877,    Among  his  writings  are  :  <  The  Russian 


Expedition'  (1827);  <The  Republic;  or.  The 
Book  of  Blood'  (1836);  <The  Assassins'  (1837); 
<Hell'  (1853),  a  most  realistic  portrayal  of  the 
infernal  regions  as  conceived  by  old-time  or- 
thodoxy ;  'Algeria  and  Conquering  Civilization  > 
(1848);  <  Death  of  the  Archbishop  of  Paris' 
(1849);  < Monologues  of  a  Solitary'  (1870). 

Pompery,  ifidouard  de  (pom-per-e').  A 
French  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  at  Couv- 
relles  in  Afane,  1812.  lie  was  a  socialist  demo- 
crat, and  nearly  all  his  writings  deal  with  social 
questions.  He  wrote  :  <  The  Doctor  from  Tim- 
buktu' (1837);  < Despotism  or  Socialism'  (1849); 
'Woman  in  Human  Society:  Her  Natiu-e,  her 
Role,  her  Social  Value  >  ( 1864) ;  <  Essay  on  the 
True  Voltaire'  (1873). 

Pomplgnan,  Jean  Jacques  Lefranc,  Mar* 
quis  de  (p5m-pen-yan  ).  A  French  poet;  born 
at  Montauban,  1709;  died  1784.  His  tragedy 
<Dido'  (1734)  had  an  extraordinary  success; 
it  was  followed  by  <  Zoraide,'  tragedy ;  <  The 
Farewell  of  Mars,'  comedy  (1735);  <Trip  to 
Languedoc  and  Provence,'  narrative  poem 
(1740).  Some  of  his  odes  are  works  of  con- 
summate grace  and  art,  e.  g.,  the  <  Ode  on  the 
Death  of  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau.' 

Ponce  de  Leon,  Luis  (pon'tha  da  la-6n'). 
A  great  Spanish  l>Tic  poet;  bom  at  Granada, 
1527 ;  died  at  Madrigal,  1591.  He  entered  the 
order  of  Augustin  Friars,  1544,  and  in  1561 
became  professor  of  theology  in  the  University 
of  Salamanca.  He  suffered  five  years'  impris- 
onment, by  sentence  of  the  Court  of  Inquisi- 
tion, for  his  translation  of  the  <  Song  of  Songs ' 
into  Spanish,  with  commentary.  Among  his 
prose  writings  is  a  treatise  on  the  <  Names  of 
Christ'  (1583)  and  <The  Perfect  Wife'  (1583): 
both  books  are  still  in  popular  use  in  Spain. 
His  poems,  almost  exclusively  of  a  religious 
character,  are  to  be  classed  with  the  highest 
products  of  the  lyric  Muse  of  Spain.  His 
translations  in  verse  of  some  of  the  works  of 
Virgil  and  Horace,  of  40  of  the  Psalms,  and 
of  passages  from  Greek  and  Italian  poets,  are 
characterized  by  much  spirit  and  grace  of  style. 

Poncy,  Louis  Charles  (p6n-se').  A  French 
poet ;  bom  at  Toulon,  1821 ;  died  1891.  He 
was  a  stone-mason  quite  without  school  edu- 
cation. He  published  a  series  of  volumes  of 
verse:  <Poems>  (1840);  <  Marine  Views'  (1842); 
•Marguerite's  Posy'  (1855). 

Pond,  Frederick  Eugene.  An  American 
journalist  and  author ;  bom  in  Marquette 
County,  Wis.,  April  8,  1856.  He  was  among 
the  first  to  urge  the  establishment  of  a  Na- 
tional Sportsman's  Association,  and  und^r  the 
pen-name  of  ^<  Will  Wildwood "  has  published 

<  Handbook    for    Young    Sportsmen'     (1876); 

<  Memoirs  of  Eminent  Sportsmen'  (1878);  and 
<Guu  Trial  and  Field  Records  of  America' 
(1885);  *  American  Game  Reserves.' 

Pongerville,  Jean  Baptiste  AimS  Sanson 
de  (pon-zha-vel').  A  French  miscellaneous 
writer;  bom  at  Abbeville  in  Somme,  March  3, 
1782;  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  24,  1870.    His  great 


436 


PONINSKl  —  PORPH  VRIUS 


work  is  a  scholarly  metrical  translation  of  the 
Latin  poet  Lucretius.  He  translated  also  into 
French  verse  some  of  Ovid's  works,  under  the 
title  <  Mythological  Amours.' 

Poninski,  Anton  Slodzin  (po-nin'ske).  A 
Polish  poet;  died  1742.  He  wrote  < Hymeneal 
Song  of  Augustus  IIL>  (1720),  and  <Sarmatides 
or  Satires'  (1741). 

Ponsard,  Fran90is  (p6n-sar').  A  French 
dramatist;  born  at  Vienne,  1814;  died  at  Paris, 
1867.  His  first  venture  in  literature  was  made 
with  a  translation  of  Lord  Byron's  <  Manfred  > 
{1837).  His  <Lucretia>  (1843),  in  the  produc- 
tion of  which  on  the  stage  of  the  Oddon  the 
celebrated  Rachel  acted  the  leading  role,  was 
a  brilliant  success :  it  marlced  a  reaction  against 
romanticism.  Among  his  other  dramatic  pro- 
ductions are  :  <Agn&s  de  M^ranie  >  ( 1846) ;  <  Char- 
lotte Corday>  (1850);  <Ulysses>  (1852);  <  Honor 
and  Money  >  (1853),  a  fine  satiric  comedy ;  <  The 
Bourse'  (1856);  <What  Pleases  Womankind' 
(i860),  a  trilogy,  which  had  little  success;  <The 
Lion  in  Love'  (1866);  < Galileo'  (1867). 

Ponson  du  Terrail,  Pierre  Alexis  (pon-son 
dii  ter-il').  A  French  romancer;  born  at  Mont- 
maur  near  Grenoble,  July  8,  1829;  died  at 
Bordeaux,  Jan.  31,  1871.  He  wrote  an  in- 
credible number  of  works  of  fiction ;  among 
his  works  are :  <  Heritage  of  a  Centenarian  > ; 
<Gown  and  Sword'  (1857);  <The  Matrimonial 
Agency';  <  Memoirs  of  a  Man  of  the  World' 
(1861);  <  Nights  at  the  Gilded  House';  <The 
King  of  Navarre's  Mistress'  (1863);  <The  Great 
World's  Bohemians'  (1867);  <Dr.  Rousselle's 
Secret'  (1869);  'Aurora's  Amours'  (1870). 

Pontmartin,  Armand  Augustin  Joseph 
Marie  (poii-mar-tan').  A  French  story-writer 
and  literary  critic ;  bom  at  Avignon,  July  16, 
181 1;  died  there,  1890.  In  1853  he  commenced 
a  series  of  <  Literary  Talks '  in  the  Gazette 
de  France,  which,  collected,  fill  30  volumes. 
Among  his  works  are :  <  Recollections  of  an 
Old  Lover  of  Music'  (1878);  < Medusa's  Raft' 
(1872);  < Recollections  of  an  Old  Critic';  <My 
Memoirs'  (2  vols.,  1885-86);  <Sins  of  Old  Age' 
(1889);  < Literary  Episodes'  (1890). 

Pontoux,  Claude  de  (poii-to').  A  French 
versifier;  born  at  Chalons-sur-Saone,  about 
1530;  died  there,  1579.  He  wrote:  < Lament- 
able Harangues  on  the  Death  of  Divers  Ani- 
mals'; < Love's  Smiles  and  Tears'  (1576);  <The 
Idea  and  Other  Works'  (1579),  <The  Idea' 
being  a  lady  to  whom  he  paid  a  hopeless  suit. 

Pool,  Maria  lomse.  An  American  journalist 
and  novelist;  born  in  Rockland,  Mass.,  Aug.  20, 
1845;  died  there.  May  19,  1898.  At  one  time  she 
was  connected  with  the  New  York  Tribune.  Her 
best-known  works  are  :  <ln  Buncombe  County'; 
<.A.  Vacation  in  a  Buggy'  (1887);  <  Tenting  at 
Stony  Beach'  (1888);  <Rowena  in  Boston' 
(1892);  <ln  a  Dike  Shanty'  (1896). 

Poole,  William  Frederick.  An  American  libra- 
rian and  bibliographer;  bom  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Dec.  24,  1821;  died  at  Evanston,  III.,  March  I, 
1894.    He  was  a  librarian  at  Boston,  Cincinnati, 


and  Chicago.  His  chief  work  is  the  celebrated 
'Index  to  Periodical  Literature,'  which  he  in- 
itiated, and  of  which  in  its  greatly  expanded 
later  form  he  was  co-editor  with  W.  I.  Fletcher. 
Among  his  other  works  are  'The  Battle  of 
the  Dictionaries'  (1856),  and  'Cotton  Mather 
and  Salem  Witchcraft'  (1869). 

Poore,  Benjamin  Perley.  An  American  jour- 
nalist, compiler,  and  author ;  born  at  Newbury, 
Mass.,  Nov.  2,  1820 ;  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
May  30,  1887.  He  spent  several  years  abroad, 
and  devoted  much  time  to  research  in  French 
history.  Upon  his  return  he  became  active  in 
journalism,  and  for  thirty  years  was  Washington 
correspondent  of  the  Boston  Journal.  His  works 
include  :  '  The  Rise  and  Fall  of  Louis  Philippe ' 
(1848);  <  Early  Life  of  Napoleon'  (1851); '  Remi- 
niscences of  Sixty  Years'  (1886). 

Poorten-Schwartz,  J.  M.  W.  van  der.  See 
Maartens. 

Poot,  Huibert  Cornelis  (pot).  A  Dutch 
poet ;  born  at  Abtswoud,  South  Holland,  Jan. 
29,  1689;  died  at  Delft,  Dec.  31,  1733.  His 
countrymen  called  him  "the  Hesiod  of  Hol- 
land." He  published  '  Miscellaneous  Poems ' 
(1716;  to  which  succeeded  a  second  volume, 
1728,  and  a  third,  1735). 

Pope,  Alexander.  A  great  English  poet; 
born  at  London,  May  21,  1688 ;  died  at  Twick- 
enham on  the  Thames,  May  30,  1744.  His 
principal  works  are :  '  The  Iliad  of  Homer,' 
translated  (1715-20); '  Homer's  Odyssey'  (1725); 
'  Essay  on  Criticism,'  in  the  manner  of  Horace 
(1711);  'The  Temple  of  Fame'  (1711);  'Epis- 
tle from  Eloisa  to  Abelard'  (1716);  'The  Rape 
of  the  Lock'  (1712);  'The  Dunciad'  (1728, 
1742);  'Essay  on  Man'  (1733);  'Imitations  of 
Horace'  (1740). 

Pope,  John.  An  Amen, an  general;  born  at 
Louisville,  Ky.,  March  16,  1822;  died  at  San- 
dusky, O.,  Sept.  23,  1892.  He  graduated  from 
West  Point  in  1842,  and  had  important  com- 
mands in  the  Civil  War.  Later  in  life  he  had 
charge  of  various  departments  of  the  regular 
army  in  the  West.  He  published :  <  The  Vir- 
ginia Campaign  of  July  and  August  1862,'  a 
defense  of  his  campaign  in  command  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac. 

Porphyrins  (por-fi're-us).  A  celebrated  Neo- 
Platonic  philosopher ;  born  at  Batanea  in  Syria, 
233  A.  D.;  died  at  Rome,  304  A.D.  He  was  a 
disciple  first  of  Longinus,  then  of  Plotinus, 
whose  works  he  edited,  and  whom  he  succeeded 
as  master  of  a  school  of  philosophy  at  Rome. 
But  few  of  his  writings  have  come  down  to  us. 
He  wrote  a  '  History  of  Philosophy,'  to  which 
probably  belongs  the  extant  'Life  of  Pythago- 
ras.' Some  fragments  of  his  work  against  the 
Christian  religion  —  condemned  to  the  flames 
by  the  emperor  Theodosius  II.  in  453  —  are 
preserved  in  the  writings  of  his  adversaries. 
We  have  his  tractate  <  On  Abstinence  from 
Animal  Food  > ;  also  his  <  Homeric  Questions,' 
in  32  chapters ;  his  <  Epistle  to  Marcella '  on 
the    right    conduct   of   life;    his   letter  to   the 


PORSON  —  PORTER 


437 


Egyptian  priest  Anebon  in  condemnation  of 
magic  nnd  theurgy ;  <  Introduction  to  Philoso- 
phy,' in  which  the  question  of  realism  and 
nominalism  is  first  mooted ;  <  On  Deriving  a 
Philosophy  from  Oracles  > ;  and  <  On  the  Cave 
of  the  Nymphs.* 

For  son,  Ricliard.  An  eminent  English 
scholar  and  critic ;  born  in  Norfolk,  Dec.  25, 
1759;  died  in  London,  Sept.  25,  1808.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge,  and  regius 
professor  of  Greek  at  Cambridge  from  1792 
till  his  death.  He  possessed  phenomenal  pow- 
ers of  memory,  great  critical  acumen,  and  a 
knowledge  of  Greek  unequaled  in  his  day.  His 
emendations  and  critical  notes  on  the  Greek 
writers  are  accepted  as  authoritative.  He  wrote 
for  the  literary  reviews  on  many  subjects ;  ed- 
ited ^schylus  (1795);  the  <Hecuba,>  <Orestes,> 
<  Phoenissae.>  and  <  Medea  >  of  Euripides  (1797- 
1801)  :  and  published  <Adversaria>  (1812); 
♦Tracts  and  Criticisms*  (1815);  <Aristophanica' 
(1820);  <Photii  Lexicon'  (1822);  <Notae  in  Sui- 
dam  >  (1834).  His  Letters  to  Archdeacon  Travis 
on  the  <<  Three  Witnesses "  are  monuments  of 
analytic  and  argumentative  power. 

Port,  Elizabeth-Marie  (port).  A  Dutch  poet 
and  novelist;  born  in  the  second  half  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  Her  writings  are  :  <  The 
Country'  (1792),  prose  and  poetry;  <  For  the 
Solitary  '  (  1789  );  <  Reinhart  on  Nature  and  Re- 
ligion' (1793);  <  Elegies'  (1794);  <  True  Enjoy- 
ment of  Life'  (1796);  <  My  Childhood's  Tears' 
(1804),  domestic  tableaux;  'Frederick  Weit 
and  his  Children ' ;  <  On  Society  and  Solitude ' 
(1806);  and  <New  Poems'  (1807). 

Porter,  Anna  Maria.  An  English  novelist; 
bom  at  Durham,  1780 ;  died  1832.  Sister  of 
Jane  and  Sir  R.  K. ;  she  wrote  'Artless  Tales ' 
(1793-95),  which  was  succeeded  by  a  long  series 
of  novels,  among  them  :  <  Walsh  Colville '  (1797); 
<The  Lakes  of  Killarney'  (1804);  <The  Hun- 
garian Brothers'  (1807);  <The  Recluse  of  Nor- 
way' (1814);  <The  Knight  of  St.  John'  (1817); 
<The  Fast  of  St.  Magdalen'  (1818);  <  Roche 
Blanche'  (1822);  <  Honor  O'Hara'  (1826); 
< Barony'  (1830);  also  'Ballads,  Romances,  and 
Other  Poems'  (1811). 

Porter,  David.  An  American  naval  officer 
and  diplomat ;  born  in  Boston,  Feb.  I,  1780  ; 
died  near  Constantinople,  March  3,  1843.  He 
commanded  in  several  naval  engagements  of 
the  Tripoli  war  (1801-6)  and  the  War  of  1812. 
From  1831  to  1843  he  held  important  diplomatic 
positions  at  Constantinople.  His  chief  work  is 
'Constantinople  and  its  Environs'  (1835). 

Porter,  David  Dixon.  An  American  admi- 
ral, son  of  David ;  born  at  Chester,  Pa.,  June 
8,  1813;  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  13, 
1891.  He  came  into  prominence  in  the  Mexi- 
can War,  and  during  the  Civil  War  held  im- 
portant naval  commands  at  New  Orleans,  Vicks- 
burg,  and  Fort  Fisher.  As  an  author  he  will 
be  best  remembered  for  his  nautical  romance, 
'The  Adventures  of  Harry  Marline'  (1886). 
Among  his  other  works  are  :  '  Life  of  Commo- 
dore David  Porter'  (1875);  'Allan  Dare  and 


Robert  le  Diable '  (1885),  a  romance;  'History 
of  the  Navy  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  > 
(1887). 

Porter,  Horace.  An  American  general  and 
military  writer ;  born  at  Huntingdon,  Pa.,  April 
15.  1837.  He  graduated  from  West  Point,  and 
during  the  Civil  War  was  a  staff  officer  of 
McClellan  and  Rosecrans,  and  subsequently 
Grant's  trusted  aide  and  personal  friend  in  Vir- 
ginia during  the  last  two  years  of  the  War.  He 
is  the  author  of  '  Campaigning  with  Grant,' 
which  first  appeared  serially  in  the  Century 
Magazine  ' ;  and  '  West  Point  Life.' 

Porter,  Jane.  An  English  novelist ;  born  at 
Durham,  1776 ;  died  at  Bristol,  May  24,  1850. 
Among  her  stories,  some  of  which  still  enjoy 
a  wide  popularity,  are  :  '  Thaddeus  of  Warsaw ' 
(1803),  which  has  been  translated  into  several 
languages,  and  for  which  she  was  elected  can- 
oness  of  the  Teutonic  Order  of  St.  Joachim ; 
'The  Scottish  Chiefs'  (1810);  'The  Pastor's 
Fireside'  (1815);  ' Duke  Christian  of  Liineburg' 
(1824);  'Coming  Out'  (1828);  'The  Field  of 
Forty  Footsteps'  (1828).  In  collaboration  with 
her  sister  she  wrote  '  Tales  round  a  Winter 
Hearth'  (1826).  She  was  long  credited  with 
the  authorship  of  '  Sir  Edward  Seward's  Diary' 
(1831) ;  but  it  was  written  by  her  elder  brother. 
Dr.  Wm.  Ogilvie  Porter. 

Porter,  John  Addison.  An  American  jour- 
nalist; born  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  April  17, 
1856.  He  is  editor  of  the  Hartford  Post.  His 
works  are  :  '  The  Corporation  of  Yale  College ' 
(1885);  'Administration  of  the  City  of  Wash- 
ington' (1885);  'Sketches  of  Yale  Life'  (1886). 
He  is  now  (1897-98)  private  secretary  to  Presi- 
dent McKinley.     Died  in  1900. 

Porter,  Linn  Boyd.  An  American  novelist 
of  Cambridge,  Mass. ;  born  about  1840.  He  is 
the  author  of  numerous  sensational  novels, 
published  under  the  pseudonym  of  "Albert  Ross  " 
which  have  had  a  large  sale.  Among  the  roost 
popular  are:  'Thou  Shalt  Not'  (1889);  'Speak- 
ing of  Ellen'  (1890);  'Out  of  Wedlock »  (1894); 
'  Love  Gone  Astray ' ;  '  Stranger  than  Fiction.' 

Porter,  Noah.  An  eminent  American  clergy- 
man, educator,  and  author;  born  at  Farming- 
ton,  Conn.,  Dec.  14,  1811;  died  in  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  March  4,  1892.  In  1846  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  metaphysics  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity ;  and  was  president  of  that  institution 
from  187 1  to  1885.  The  most  valuable  of  his 
numerous  works  are  :  '  Human  Intellect '  (1868); 
'Books  and  Reading'  (1870);  'American  Col- 
leges and  the  American  Public'  (1870);  'Moral 
Science'  (1885). 

Porter,  Sir  Robert  Ker.  An  English  trav- 
eler, brother  of  Jane  and  Anna  Maria ;  bom 
at  Durham,  1777;  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May 
4,  1842.  He  traveled  extensively  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  South  America  ;  and  wrote  :  <  Travel- 
ing Sketches  in  Russia  and  Sweden'  (1808); 
'Letters  from  Portugal  and  Spain'  (1809); 
'Narrative  of  the  Late  Campaign  in  Russia' 
(1813);  'Travels  in  Georgia,  Persia,  Armenia, 


438 


POSIDONIUS  — POWELL 


Ancient  Babylonia,  etc.,  during  the  Years  1817- 
20'  (1821-22). 

PosldoniUB  (pos-i-do'ni-us).  A  Greek  Stoic 
philosopher ;  born  at  Apamea  in  S>Tia,  but  styled 
« the  Rhodian  »  by  reason  of  his  long  residence 
in  the  island  of  Rhodes ;  lived  from  103  to  19 
b.C  tie  was  one  of  the  most  learned  men 
of  antiquity,  his  knowledge  and  his  writings 
extending  over  every  branch  of  science.  Only 
fragments  of  his  works  are  extant.  His  great- 
est work  was  a  universal  history  in  52  books, 
held  in  high  esteem  by  the  ancients:  it  was  a 
continuation  of  Polybius,  and  covered  the  pe- 
riod 145-82  B.  C.  His  lectures  on  <  Tactics  > 
would  seem  to  be  the  basis  of  the  tractate  of 
his  disciple  Asclepiodotus  on  the  same  sub- 
ject. 

Posnett,  Mrs.  George.  An  English  novel- 
ist ;  born  18 — .  Her  books  are :  <  The  Touch 
of  Fate>  (1884);  <0n  the  Square  >  (1884);  <  Her 
Golden  Forget- Me-Not>  (1885);  and  <  Who  Am 
I?>  (1885). 

Potler,  Charles  Joseph  Edward  (p5t-ya'). 
A  French  actor  and  dramatic  author;  born  at 
Bordeaux  in  1806;  died  at  Paris  in  1870.  His 
principal  dramatic  works  are:  < Factor*  (1834), 
a  five-act  drama  with  Charles  Desnoyer  and 
Bould;  <  Because)  (1835),  <  The  Drunkard's  Sis- 
ter* (1839),  one-act  vaudevilles;  < Everybody's 
Master*  (1840),  a  two-act  comedy  with  Antony 
B€raud ;  <The  Clothing  Merchant*  (1841),  a 
five-act  drama  with  Desnoyer  and  B^raud ; 
'Estelle  and  N^morin*  (1844),  a  two-act  pas- 
toral bouffe  ;  and  <  The  National  Sickness  * 
(1846),  a  three-act  vaudeville  with  Brissebarre. 

Potter,  Henry  Codman.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  author,  bishop  of  New  York ;  born  at 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  May  25,  1835.  Educated 
in  theology  in  Virginia,  he  became  rector  of 
Grace  Church,  New  York  city,  in  1868 ;  and 
was  consecrated  bishop  of  New  York  in  1887. 
His  works  include :  <  Gates  of  the  East :  A 
Winter  in  Egypt  and  Syria*  (1876);  < Sermons 
oftheCity>(iSSi);<  Waymarks*(i892).  D.  1908. 

Potts,  William.  An  American  writer  on 
nature,  also  on  political  and  social  reform  ;  born 
in  Philadelphia,  May  5,  1838.  For  many  years 
he  was  secretary  and  he  is  now  vice-president 
of  the  National  Civil  Service  League.  He  was 
chief  examiner  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission 
for  New  York  State  in  1887.  He  has  published 
a  volume  of  nature  studies,  <  From  a  New  Eng- 
land Hillside,*  and  a  Sunday-school  service 
book,  <  Noblesse  Oblige  * ;  <  Evolution  and  Local 
Reform* ;  <  The  Monetary  Problem.* 

Potvln,  Charles  (po-vari').  A  Belgian  poet, 
and  historian  of  literature ;  born  at  Mons,  Dec. 
2,  1818.  He  wrote  several  volumes  of  lyric 
poetry:  <  Poems  and  Amours*  (1838);  <  Poems, 
Historical  and  Romantic*  (2  vols.,  1840);  <  Po- 
litical and  Elegiac  Poems*  (1849);  <  Satires* 
(1852);  <The  Beggar-Woman *  (1856).  On  the 
drama  he  wrote  :  <  The  Theatre  in  Belgium  * 
(1862);  <  Essays  on  Dramatic  Literature*  (2 
vols.,  1880J ;   and   some   comedies,  as  <  Choice 


of  an  Occupation  *  and  <  War.*  He  also  wrote 
many  volumes  of  literary  history  and  criticism, 
among  them  <  Our  Early  Literary  Periods*  (2 
vols.,  1870),  and  < French  Literature  in  Belgium 
before  1830.*    Died  at  Ixelles,  March  i,  1902. 

Pougin,  Fran9ois-Auguste  Arthur  (po- 
zhaii').  A  French  musician  and  author;  bom 
at  Chateauroux,  1834.  Besides  pseudonymous 
contributions  to  various  journals,  he  published 
among  others  the  following  volumes  :  <  French 
Musicians  of  the  i8th  Century*  (1863);  <  Meyer- 
beer: A  Biographical  Sketch*  (1864);  'William 
Vincent  Wallace*  (1865);  <F.  Hal^vy,  Writer* 
(1865);  < Bellini,  his  Life  and  Works*  (1867); 
<  Rossini  *  ( 1869) ;  <  Musical  Literature  in  France  * 
(1869);  and  (Albert  Grisar*  (1870). 

Poujol,  Adolph  (pb-zhol').  A  French  dra- 
matic  author;  born  at  Paris,  1811  (?).  He  wrote 
very  many  plays  in  collaboration.  Among  his 
writings  are:  <A  Service  of  Love*  (1840); 
The  Pastry-Cook  of  Danaustadt*  (1842);  <  Re- 
sults of  a  Fault*  (1842);  < Jeanne  de  Naples* 
(1842);  <A  Daughter  of  the  Legion  of  Honor' 
(1843);  'December  10*  (1849);  'Marguerite* 
(1851);  <A  Maiden's  Heart*  (1854);  'Doctor 
Momus  *  (1857);  and  'The  Art  of  Managing 
Women*  (1859). 

Poujoulat,  Jean  Joseph  Frangois  (p6-zho- 
la').  A  French  historian ;  born  at  La  Fare, 
Bouches-du-Rhone,  Jan.  26,  1800 ;  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  s,  1880.  His  principal  works  are:  'His- 
tory of  Jerusalem*  (2  vols.,  1840-42);  'Cardinal 
Maury*  (1855);  '  History  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion* (2  vols.,  1855);  'History  of  France  from 
1814*  (4  vols.,  1865-67);  'Insanities  of  the  Pres- 
ent Time  regarding  Religion*  (1877);  'The 
Bedawin  Woman*  (2  vols.,  1835),  a  novel, 
crowned  by  the  Academy. 

Pouvillon,  Emile  (pb-ve-yon')-  A  French 
novelist ;  born  at  Montauban,  1840.  His  novel 
'Cdsette*  (1880),  a  tale  of  village  life,  won  the 
Academy's  Lambert  prize.  It  was  followed 
by  'Jennie's  John*  (1886);  'The  Blue  Horse* 
(1888);  'Singing-Weeping*;  and  'Bemadotte,* 
a  cabinet  drama, —  an  antithesis  of  Zola's 
'  Lourdes.* 

Powell,  John  Wesley.  An  American  soldier, 
geologist,  and  author;  born  in  Mount  Morris, 
N.  Y.,  March  24,  1834.  He  was  educated  at 
Oberlin  College ;  was  a  lieutenant-colonel  of 
artillery  at  the  close  of  the  Civil  War;  pro- 
fessor of  geology  in  the  Illinois  Wesleyan  Uni- 
versity, 1865 ;  explored  the  caiion  of  the  Colo- 
rado River  in  1867,  and  again  in  1870-74.  He 
succeeded  Clarence  King  as  director  of  the 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey  (1879-96). 
The  special  volumes  of  reports  written  by 
Major  Powell  are  : '  Exploration  of  the  Colorado 
River  in  1869-72*  (1S75);  'Geology  of  the 
Uinta  Mountains*  (1876);  'The  Arid  Regions 
of  the  United  States*  (1879);  'Introduction  to 
Study  of  Indian  Languages.*     Died  in  1902. 

Powell,  Thomas.  An  American  playwright 
and  author;  born  in  London,  Sept.  3,  1809; 
died  in  Newark,   N.  J.,  Jan.    13,    1887.      For 


POWERS  — PRENTICE 


439 


many  years  he  was  connected  with  the  Frank 
Leslie  publications.  Besides  two  acted  plays, 
<True  at  Last>  and  <  The  Shepherd's  \Vell,>  he 
published:  <  Florentine  Tales>  (1847);  <  Living 
Authors  of  England  >  (1849);  <  Living  Authors 
of  America*  (1850). 

Powers,  Horatio  Nelson.  An  American 
clergyman,  literary  critic,  and  poet;  born  at 
Amenia,  N.  Y.,  April  30,  1826;  died  in  1890. 
Among  his  works  are :  <  Through  the  Year  > 
(1875);  <  Poems,  Early  and  Late>  (1876);  <Ten 
Years  of  Song*  (1887);  < Lyrics  of  the  Hudson.* 

Pradon,  Nicolas  (pra-don').  A  French  tragic 
poet;  born  at  Rouen,  1632;  died  at  Paris,  1698. 
Besides  many  fugitive  poems,  he  wrote  :  <  Tam- 
erlane *  (1677);  <  Phaedra  and  Hippolytus*  (1677); 
<The  Troad>  (1679);  <Statira>  (1683);  <  Regu- 
lus>  (1688);  <Scipio  Africanus*  (1697);  and  his 
most  famous  work,  <  Pyramus  and  Thisbe.* 

Pradt,  Dominique  Dufour  de  (prat).  A 
PVench  statesman  and  historian  ;  born  at  Al- 
lanches  in  Auvergne,  April  23,  1759  ;  died  March 
18,  1837.  He  wrote :  <  Historic  Narrative  of 
the  Restoration  of  Royalty  in  France*  (1814); 

<  History  of  the  Embassy  to  the  Grand  Duchy 
of  Warsaw  in  1812*  (1815);  <The  Congress  of 
Vienna*  (2  vols.,  1815-16);  < Historical  Memoirs 
on  the  Spanish  Revolution*  (1816);  <The  Colo- 
nies and  the  Present  Revolution  in  [Spanish] 
America  *  (2  vols.,  1817) ;  <  The  Congress  of  Carls- 
bad *  (2  vols.,  1819-20) ;  <  The  Four  Concordats.* 

Praed,  Mrs.  Campbell  Mackworth  (prad) 
(Rosa  Caroline  Murray -Prior).  An  Aus- 
tralian novelist,  wife  of  the  nephew  of  W.  M. 
Praed ;  born  in  Bromelton,  Queensland,  March 
27,  1851.  In  1876  she  came  to  London  and 
began  to  write  her  noted  Australian  stories. 
Her  most  popular  works  are :  <  An  Austra- 
lian Heroine*  (1880);  < Moloch*  (1883);  <The 
Head  Station*  (1885);  <  December  Roses* 
(1892);  <Outlaw  and  Lawmaker*  (1893); 
<Nulma*  (1897).  In  collaboration  with  Justin 
McCarthy  she  has  written  <The  Right  Hon- 
ourable* (1886),.  and  <The  Ladies'  Gallery* 
(1889) ; '  Fugitive  Anne  *  (1903);  <  Nyria  >  (1904). 

Praed,  Winthrop  Mackworth.  An  English 
poet  (1802-39);  born  in  London.  He  wrote 
society  verse  and  occasional  poetry.  Among 
his  best-known  pieces  are :  <  The  Red  Fisher- 
man * ;  <  Every-Day  Characters  * ;  <  Private  The- 
atricals * ;  <  School  and  Schoolfellows  * ;  < A  Let- 
ter  of   Advice*;   <Our  Ball*;   <My   Partner*; 

<  My  Little  Cousins  * ;  etc. 

Pram,  Christen  Henriksen  (pram).  A 
Danish  poet ;  born  at  Gudbrandsdal  in  Nor- 
way, 1756;  died  in  the  island  of  St.  Thomas, 
W.  I.,  1821.  He  was  editor  of  the  periodical 
Minerva,  at  Copenhagen;  wrote  the  romantic 
epic  <  Staerkodder *  (1785),  and  two  tragedies, 

<  Damon  and  Pythias  *  and  <  Frode  and  Fingal.* 

Prati,  Giovanni  (prii'te).  An  Italian  lyric 
poet;  born  at  Dascindo  near  Trent,  Jan.  27, 
1815 ;  died  at  Rome,  May  9,  1884.  He  wrote  <  Ed- 
menegarda*  (1841),  a  powerful  narrative  poem 


after  the  Byronic  manner,  which  was  received 
with  extraordinary  favor.  Then  followed  sev- 
eral volumes  of  lyric  poetry,  which  still  further 
enhanced  the  poet's  reputation.  His  satire 
< Satan  and  the  Graces*   (1855),  and  his  epics 

<  Count  Riga*  (1856),  <  Rudolf  >  (1858),  <Aribert> 
(i860),  were  equally  successful. 

Pratt,  Anne  (Mrs.  John  Fearless).  Bom  at 
Strood,  Dec.  5,  1806;  died  in  London,  July  27, 
1893.  An  English  nature-writer,  whose  books 
achieved  great  popularity.  Among  them  are: 
<Flowers  and  their  Associations*  (newed.  1840); 
<Field,  Garden,  and  Woodland*  (for  the  young, 
newed.  1843);  'Chapters  on  Common  Things  of 
the  Seaside*  (1850);  <Green  Fields,  their  Grasses* 
(1852);  <Our  Native  Songsters*  (1852);  <Wild 
Flowers  >  (1853);  <Flowering  Plants,  Grasses, 
and  Ferns  of  Great  Britain*  (1854);  etc. 

Pratt,  Mrs.  Ella  (Farman).  An  American 
writer  of  juvenile  literature.  She  has  been 
editor  of  Wide  Awake,  and  at  present  has 
charge  of  Our  Little  Men  and  Women.  Among 
her  works  are:  <  Anna  Maylie*  (1873);  <A 
White  Hand*  (1875);  <  Good-for-Nothing  Polly* 
(1877);  <  A  Crirl's  Money.*     She  died  1907. 

Pratt,  Orson.  A  Mormon  apostle,  educator, 
and  professor;  born  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  Sept. 
19,  181 1 ;  died  in  Salt  Lake  City,  Oct.  3,  1881. 
He  was  one  of  the  twelve  apostles  of  the  Mor- 
mon Church  (1835),  and  was  in  charge  of  Euro- 
pean missions  from  1840,  many  successive  years. 
He  was  professor  of  mathematics  in  Deseret 
University  ;  also  church  historian  and  recorder. 
His  writings  include  :  <  Divine  Authenticity  of 
the  Book  of  Mormon*  (6  parts,  1851);  'Patri- 
archal Order,  or  Plurality  of  Wives*  (1853); 
< Cubic    and    Biquadratic    Equations*    (1866); 

<  Key  to  the  Universe*  (1879);  and  <The  Great 
First  Cause.*  He  left  in  manuscript  a  'Trea- 
tise on  the  Differential  Calculus.* 

Pratt,  Samuel  Jackson.  An  English  poet 
and  novelist ;  born  at  St.  Ives,  Cornwall,  Dec. 
25,  1749;  died  at  Birmingham,  Oct.  4,  1814. 
Besides  his  translation  of  Goethe's  'Sorrows 
of  Werther*  (1813),  his  books  are  :  'Sympathy,* 
a  poem;  'Tears  of  Genius*  (1774),  a  poem  on 
Goldsmith ;  '  Landscapes  in  Verse  * ;  <  Liberal 
Opinion*  (1775),  a  novel;  'Emma  Corbett* 
(1776),  a  novel;  'Apology  for  David  Hume* 
(1777);  'Pupils  of  Pleasure*  (1779),  a  novel; 
'  Gleanings  through  Wales,  Holland,*  etc.  (1795); 
'Gleanings  in  England*  (1796);  'The  Fair  Cir- 
cassian,* a  tragedy;  'Family  Secrets*  (1797),  a 
novel;  'Cabinet  of  Poetry*  (1808). 

Prentice,  George  Denison.  An  American 
journalist,  author,  and  poet;  born  at  Preston, 
Conn.,  Dec.  18,  1802;  died  at  Louisville,  Ky., 
Jan.  22,  1870.  He  was  on  the  staff  of  the  Hart- 
ford Weekly  Review  from  1828  to  1830,  when 
he  became  editor  of  the  Louisville  Journal,  and 
held  that  position  until  his  death,  making  the 
paper  famous  for  satiric  wit  and  exuberant  fun. 
His  best-known  work  is  a  volume  of  witticisms 
entitled  '  Prenticeana*  (1859).  His  other  pub- 
lications are  'Life  of  Henry  Clay*  (1831),  and 
'Poems*  (1876). 


440 


PRENTISS  —  PRIDEAUX 


Prentiss,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  (Payson).  An 
American  writer  of  fiction ;  born  at  Portland, 
Me.,  Oct.  26,  1818;  died  at  Dorset,  Vt,  Aug.  13, 
1878.  Her  most  popular  work  was  <  Stepping 
Heavenward*  (1S69),  which  was  translated  into 
several  languages.  She  also  published  :  <  Little 
Susy's  Six  Birthdays  >  (1853);  <  Fred  and  Maria 
and  Me>  (1867);  <Aunt  Jane's  Hero>  (1871); 
<Pemaquid>  (1877);  'Gentleman  Jim>  (1878). 

Preradovl6,  Peter  (prer-a-do'vich).  The 
most  eminent  of  modern  Croatian  lyric  poets ; 
born  at  Grabonitza,  March  19,  1818;  died  Aug. 
18,  1872.  He  wrote  :  <  Firstlings,*  a  collection  of 
short  poems  (1846);  <  New  Songs>  (1851);  <The 
First  Men '  and  <  The  Slavic  Dioscuri,*  epics. 

Prescott,  William  Hlckllng.  An  eminent 
American  historian ;  born  at  Salem,  Mass., 
May  4,  1796;  died  at  New  York,  Jan.  28,  1859. 
His  works  are  :  <  History  of  Ferdinand  and  Is- 
abella* (3  vols.,  1838);  <  History  of  the  Conquest 
of  Mexico*  (3  vols.,  1843);  <  History  of  the 
Conquest  of  Peru*  (3  vols.,  1847);  'History  of 
the  Reign  of  Philip  H.  of  Spain*  (3  vols.,  1855- 
58);  'Biographical  and  Critical  Miscellanies* 
(1843);  'Critical  Essays*  (1852). 

Pressens^,  Edmond  Dehoult  de  (pra-soii- 
sa').  An  eminent  French  theologian  and  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Paris,  Jan.  7,  1824 ;  died  there, 
April  8,  1891.  Among  his  numerous  writings 
are  :  '  The  Church  and  the  French  Revolution  * 
(1864);  'Jesus  Christ,  his  Life  and  his  Work* 
(1866;  7th  ed.  1884),  written  in  opposition  to 
Renan's  <  Life  of  Jesus*;  'History  of  the  First 
Three  Centuries  of  the  Christian  Church*  (6 
vols.,  1858-77);  'The  Council  of  the  Vatican* 
(1872);  'Origins:  The  Problem  of  Cognition, 
the  Cosmologic  Problem,*  etc.  (1883);  'Moral 
and  Political  Miscellanies*  (1885);  'Alexander 
Vinet  and  his  Unpublished  Correspondence 
with  H.  Lutteroth*  (1890). 

Preston,  Harriet  Waters.  An  American 
scholar,  translator,  and  writer ;  bom  in  Danvers, 
Mass.,  in  1843  ;  later  resided  at  Leland  Stan, 
ford  University,  California.  At  an  early  age  she 
became  noted  as  a  linguist,  and  now  has  achieved 
a  brilliant  reputation  as  a  translator  from  the 
Latin  and  Proven9al  languages,  and  as  an  essay- 
ist. Besides  her  translations  of  Mistral's  '  Mi- 
r^io*  (1873),  Virgil's  'Georgics*  (1881),  and  sev- 
eral others,  she  has  published  of  her  own  ori- 
ginal work:  'Aspendale*  (1881);  'Troubadours 
and  Trouv^res*  (1876);  'A  Year  in  Eden,* 
with  Louise  Dodge  (1886);  'Private  Life  of  the 
Romans*  (1893);  and  'Love  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century.* 

Preston,  Mrs.  Margaret  (Junkln).  An 
American  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born 
in  Philadelphia  in  1825;  died  at  Baltimore,  March 
28,  1897.  She  was  a  resident  of  Lexington,  Va., 
and  later  of  Baltimore,  Md.  Her  writings  deal 
chiefly  with  the  period  of  the  Civil  War,  the 
best  known  being:  'Silverwood*  ( 1856),  a  novel; 
<Beechenbrook,  a  Rhyme  of  the  War*  (1866); 
•Cartoons)  (1875);  'Colonial  Ballad*;*  (18" 
«Aunt  Dorothy)  (1890). 


Provost,  Eugdne  Marcel  (pra-v5').  A  French 
novelist ;  born  at  Paris,  May  I,  1862.  His  first 
story, 'The  Scorpion*  (1887),  the  tragic  history 
of  a  clerical  tutor  in  a  Jesuit  school,  made  a 
deep  impression  because  of  the  fine  psycho- 
logical insight  and  intimate  knowledge  of  the 
priestly  life  it  displayed.  It  was  followed  by 
'  Our  Helpmate  :  Provincials  and  Parisiennes  * 
(1885);  'Chonchette*  (1888);  'Mile.  Jaufre  * 
(1889),  perhaps  his  best  work  ;  '  Cousin  Laura : 
Stage  Morality*  (1890);  < A  Lover's  Confession* 
(1891);  'Women's  Letters*  (1892);  'A  Woman's 
Autumn*  (1893);  *The  Mill  at  Nazareth* 
(1894);  'The  Demi-Virgins*  (1894);  'More  of 
the  Women's  Letters*   (1894);  'Abbot  Pierre.* 

Prevost  d'Exiles,  Antoine  Fran90is  (pra-vo- 
deg-zel'),  commonly  called  Abb^  Provost.  A 
notable  French  novelist ;  born  at  Hesdin  in 
Artois,  April  i,  1697 ;  died  near  Chantilly,  Nov. 
23, 1763.  He  gained  great  celebrity  through  his 
remarkable  novels :  '  Memoirs  of  a  Man  of 
Quality  *  ( 1728) ;  '  Cleveland  > ; '  Manon  Lescaut,* 
his  greatest  work  (1731);  'Story  of  a  Modern 
Greek  Woman*  (1741).  He  also  wrote  some 
historical  works  and  moral  essays,  and  trans- 
lated Richardson's  '  Pamela*  and  '  Clarissa.* 

Pr^vost-Paradol,  Luclen  Anatole  (pra-v5' 
pa-ra-dol').  A  distinguished  French  journalist; 
born  at  Paris,  Aug.  8,  1829;  died  by  suicide  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  July  20,  1870,  while  he  was 
French  envoy  to  the  United  States.  He  wrote  : 
'Essay  on  Universal  History*  (2  vols.,  1854); 
'Role  of  the  Family  in  Education*  (1857); 
'  Essays  on  Politics  and  Literature  *  (3  vols., 
1859-63);  'Pages  of  Contemporary  History*  (4 
vols.,  1862-64) ;  '  Studies  on  the  French  Moral- 
ists* (1865);  'The  New  France*  (1868). 

Price,  Eleanor  C.  An  English  novelist ;  born 
18—.  Her  books  are:  'One  Only*  (1874); 
'Constantia*  (1875);  'A  French  Heiress  in  her 
Own  Chateau  >  ( 1878) ;  '  Mrs.  Lancaster's  Rival  * 
(1879) ; '  Valentina :  A  Sketch  >  (1882) ; '  The  For- 
eigners *  (1883);  'High  Aims*  (1884);  'Gerald* 
(1885);  'Alexia*  (1887);  'Red  Towers*  (1888). 

Price,  Richard.  A  notable  English  philoso- 
pher and  man  of  science ;  born  at  Tynton  in 
Glamorganshire,  Feb.  23,  1723;  died  April  19, 
1791.  He  was  a  Dissenting  minister,  and  was 
pastor  of  a  congregation  at  Hackney.  He  was 
the  friend  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  sympa- 
thized warmly  with  the  American  colonists. 
His  tables  of  vital  statistics  and  calculations 
of  expectancy  of  life  were  the  basis  of  modern 
annuities  and  life  insurance ;  his  economic  and 
financial  writings  were  of  a  high  order,  and 
the  younger  Pitt  consulted  him  on  finance. 
His  principal  writings  are :  'An  Appeal  to  the 
Public  on  the  Subject  of  the  National  Debt  * 
(1771);  'Civil  Liberty  and  the  Justice  and 
Policy  of  the  War  with  America*  (1776);  'Re- 
view of  the  Principal  Questions  in  Morals*  (3d 
ed.  1787);  'The  American  Revolution  and  the 
Means  of  Rendering  It  a  Benefit  to  the  World  * 
(1784). 

Prideaux,  Humphrey.  An  English  theolo- 
gian and  historical  writer;  bom  at  Place  in 


PRIEST  —  PROCOPIUS 


441 


Cornwall,  May  3,  1648 ;  died  at  Norwich,  Nov. 
I,  1724.  He  was  a  minister  of  the  established 
Church,  and  became  dean  of  Norwich  in  1702. 
His  chief  writings  are  :  <  Validity  of  the  Orders 
of  the  Church  of  England  >  (1688);  <  The  Case 
of  Clandestine  Marriages  Stated  >  (1691);  <  Life 
of  Mahomet  >  (  1697 ) ;  *  The  Old  and  New 
Testament  Connected  in  the  History  of  the 
Jews,'  a  work  of  great  research  and  learning 
(1716). 

Priest,  Josiah.  An  American  writer ;  born 
in  New  York,  about  1790;  died  about  1850- 
He  was  an  unschooled  man,  a  harness-maker 
by  trade  ;  but  published  several  books,  some  of 
which  became  very  popular.  Among  them 
were:  < Wonders  of  Nature >  (1826);  <View  of 
the  Millennium  >  (1828);  <  Stories  of  the  Revo- 
lution >  (1836);  < American  Antiquities'  (1838); 
and  <  Slavery  in  the  Light  of  History  and 
Scripture'  (1843). 

Priestley,  Joseph.  A  celebrated  English 
philosopher,  theologian,  physicist,  and  chemist ; 
born  at  Birstall  near  Leeds,  March  13,  1733; 
died  near  Philadelphia,  Feb.  6,  1804.  He  was 
a  Dissenting  minister  of  Unitarian  or  Socinian 
principles,  and  served  as  such  in  various  towns, 
the  last  being  Hackney,  a  London  suburb. 
Among  his  writings  are:  < Institutes  of  Natural 
and  Revealed  Religion'  (1754);  <  History  of 
Electricity'  {1767);  < Disquisitions  on  Matter 
and  Spirit,'  his  most  noteworthy  philosophical 
treatise  (l777);  'History  of  the  Corruptions  of 
Christianity'  (1782);  < Observations  on  Differ- 
ent Kinds  of  Air'  (3  vols.,  1774-77);  *  The 
Doctrine  of  Phlogiston  Established'  (1800). 

Prime,  Samuel  Irenseus.  An  American 
clerg3Tnan,  editor,  and  author;  born  at  Balls- 
ton,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  4,  1812 ;  died  at  Manchester, 
Vt,  July  18,  1885.  He  was  first  a  minister  in 
the  Presbyterian  Church.  About  1840  he  be- 
came editor  of  the  New  York  Observer,  and 
remained  in  charge  until  his  death.  He  is  the 
author  of  over  forty  volumes,  the  best  known 
being :  <  Travels  in  Europe  and  the  East ' 
(1855);  <  Letters  from  Switzerland '  (i860);  <The 
Alhambra  and  the  Kremlin'  (1873);  *  Life  of 
Samuel  F.  B.  Morse'  (1874). 

Prime,  William  Cowper.  An  American  man 
of  letters;  born  at  Cambridge,  N.  Y..  Oct.  31, 
1825.  He  wrote  :  <Owl  Creek  Letters'  (1848); 
<The  Old  House  by  the  River'  (1853);  <  Later 
Years'  (1854);  <Boat  Life  in  Egypt  and  Nubia' 
(1857);  <  Tent  Life  in  the  Holy  Land ' ;  <  Coins, 
Medals,  and  Seals'  (1861);  a  work  on  the 
hymn  <0  Mother  Dear,  Jerusalem'  (1865);  <I 
Go  a-Fishing'  (1873);  <The  Holy  Cross'  (1877); 
<  Pottery  and  Porcelain  of  all  Times  and  Na- 
tions'  (1878).  He  edited  <  McClellan's  Own 
Story,' with  biography  (1886).     Died  in  1905. 

Prince.  Mrs.  Helen  Choate  (Pratt).  An 
American  novelist,  granddaughter  of  Rufus 
Choate  ;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1857.  She  is  at 
present  residing  in  France.  Her  works  are:  <  The 
Story  of  Christine  Rochefort '  (1895);  *  A  Trans- 
atlantic Chatelaine ' ;  <  The  Strongest  Master.' 


Prince,  John  Critchley.  An  English  poet- 
workingman  ;  born  in  1808 ;  died  in  1866 ;  a 
Lancashireman.  He  wrote :  <  Hours  with  the 
Muses '  ( 1842) ;  <  Dreams  and  Realities ' ;  <  Poetic 
Rosary'  (1851)  ;  and  <  Autumn  Leaves'  (1856). 

Prince,  Le  Baron  Bradford.  An  American 
historical  writer,  descendant  of  William  Brad- 
ford of  the  Mayflower ;  born  in  Flushing,  L.  I., 
July  3,  1840.  He  was  a  prominent  jurist  of 
New  Mexico.  His  works  include  :  <  E  Pluribus 
Unum;  or,  American  Nationality'  (1868);  <A 
Nation,  or  a  League'  (1880);  <  History  of  New 
Mexico'  (1883);  and  <  The  American  Church 
and  its  Name'  (1887). 

Principe,  Miguel  Agustin  (pren'the-pa). 
A  Spanish  writer;  born  at  Caspa,  181 1.  He 
was  at  one  time  professor  of  literature  and  his- 
tory at  the  University  of  Saragossa,  and  after- 
wards connected  with  the  Royal  Library  of 
Madrid.  He  has  written  a  <  History  of  the  War 
of  Independence  ' ;  <  Verses,  Serious  and  Gay' ; 
the  tliree  dramas  <  Count  Julian,'  <Cerdan, 
Judge  of  Aragon,'  and  <  Mauregato,'  as  well  as 
several  comedies,  among  them  'Periquito'  and 
<The  House  of  Pero  Hernandez.' 

Prior,  Matthew.  A  distinguished  English 
poet ;  born  at  Wimborne  in  Dorsetshire,  July 
21,  1664 ;  died  at  Wimpole  in  Cambridgeshire, 
Sept.  18,  1721.  With  Charles  Montagu,  after- 
ward Lord  Halifax,  he  wrote  <  The  City  Mouse 
and  the  Country  Mouse'  (1687),  in  ridicule  of 
Dryden's  <  Hind  and  Panther.'  His  other  works 
are :  <  Alma ;  or.  The  Progress  of  the  Mind  > 
(1718) ;  <  Solomon,'  his  most  ambitious  poetic 
flight  (1718);  <  Poems  on  Several  Occasions* 
(1718). 

Privat  d'Anglemont,  Alexandre  (pre-va'- 
darigl-moii').  A  French  man  of  letters;  bom 
at  St.  Rose,  W.  I.,  about  1820 ;  died  at  Paris, 
1859.  He  first  became  known  through  a  small 
volume,  <The  Prado'  (1846);  but  all  his  days 
he  led  the  life  of  a  bohemian,  and  finally  died 
in  a  hospital.  He  published  <  Anecdotes  of 
Paris'  (1854);  and  one  of  his  friends  has  col- 
lected and  published  Privat's  fugitive  efforts 
under  the  title  < Unknown  Paris'  (1861). 

Proclus  (prS'klus.)  A  Greek  Neo- Platonic 
philosopher;  born  at  Constantinople,  412 ;  died 
there,  485.  He  wrote  hymns  and  epigrams, 
some  of  which  have  come  down  to  us.  He 
wrote  also  works  on  astronomy  and  mathe- 
matics, among  them  a  <  Commentary  on  Euclid,* 
which  is  extant ;  and  a  commentary  on  Plato's 
<  Dialogues,'  of  which  the  commentary  on  <  The 
Republic'  has  come  down  to  our  time. 

Procopius  (pro-ko'pe-us).  An  eminent  Greek 
historian  of  the  sixth  century,  the  leading  au- 
thority for  Justinian's  reign ;  born  at  Caesarea 
in  Palestine.  He  was  private  secretary  to 
Belisarius,  then  chief  of  his  commissariat  and 
his  navy,  and  prefect  of  Constantinople  under 
Justinian.  Of  his  writings  we  have  the  <  His- 
tories,' or  as  the  author  styles  them,  <  Books 
about  the  Wars'  of  his  time, —  Persian,  Van- 
dal, and  Gothic;   a  treatise   <On   Buildings*; 


442 


PROCTER  —  PRUDENTIUS 


'Anecdotes'  (posthumous),  a  supplement  to  the 
<  Histories,'  consisting  of  political  and  personal 
matter  he  dared   not  publish   in  his   lifetime. 

Procter,  Adelaide  Anne.  An  English  poet, 
daughter  of  Bryan  W. ;  born  at  London,  Oct. 
30,  1S25 ;  died  Feb.  2, 1864.  She  wrote  <  Legends 
and  Lyrics'  (1858),  which  went  through  nine 
editions  in  seven  years;  and  a  second  series 
(i860),  which  had  a  like  succes.s. 

Procter,  Bryan  Waller.  [«  Barry  Cornwall.] 
An  English  poet  and  man  of  letters;  born  at 
Leeds,  Nov.  21,  1787;  died  at  London,  Oct. 
4,  1874.  He  wrote :  <  Dramatic  Scenes  and 
Other  Poems'  (1819);  <A  Sicilian  Story'  (1820); 
<Mirandola,'  a  tragedy  (1821);  <  The  Flood  of 
Thessaly' (1823);  <English  Songs'  (1832).  His 
chief  prose  writings  are :  <  Life  of  Edmund 
Kean>  (1835);  <  Essays  and  Tales'  (1851); 
< Charles  Lamb:  a  Memoir'  (1866). 

Proctor,  Edna  Dean.  An  American  poet ; 
born  at  Henniker,  N.  H.,  Oct.  10,  1838.  She 
is  a  resident  of  South  F"ramingham,  Mass.,  but 
was  formerly  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  Her  works 
are:  <  Poems '  (1866);  <A  Russian  Journey' 
(1872);  <  The  Song  of  the  Ancient  People' 
(1892);  <  Songs  of  America  >  (1906). 

Proctor,  Ricliard  Anthony.  A  distinguished 
English  astronomer  and  writer  on  scientific 
subjects ;  born  at  Chelsea,  March  23,  1837; 
died  at  New  York,  Sept.  12,  1888.  He  wrote 
a  great  many  popular  expositions  of  science  ; 
his  greatest  work,  'Old  and  New  Astronomy,) 
not  quite  completed  at  his  death,  was  com- 
pleted by  another  hand  and  published  in 
parts. 

Propertius,  Sextus  (pro-per'shius).  The 
great  Roman  elegiac  poet ;  born  at  Assisium, 
about  50  B.  C;  died  about  15  B.  C.  His  poems 
consist  of  four  «  books";  the  subjects  are  either 
amatory,  or  political  and  social,  or  historical 
and  antiquarian. 

Prosper  of  Aquitaine.  A  Gallic  poet  of  the 
first  half  of  the  fifth  century.  He  wrote  a  hex- 
ameter poem  of  about  a  thousand  lines  against 
the  Pelagian  heresy,  <Against  the  Ungrateful.' 
He  was  a  correspondent  of  St.  Augustine,  and 
after  that  Father's  death  wrote  <  Responsions 
for  Augustine.' 

Proth,  Mario  (prot).  A  French  writer; 
born  at  Sin,  1832.  After  having  finished  his 
studies  at  Metz,  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
always  showed  himself  a  stanch  Republican 
and  violent  opponent  of  the  Empire.  After 
the  revolution  of  1870,  he  was  selected  to  put 
in  order  and  publish  the  curious  <  Papers  and 
Correspondence  of  the  Imperial  Family'  found 
in  the  Tuileries.  Among  his  own  works  are : 
<To  Young  People:  How  to  do  Battle'  (1861); 
<Love  Letters  of  Mirabeau,  Preceded  by  a 
Study  of  Mirabeau'  (1863);  <A  Silhouette  of  the 
Revolution'  (1864);  <  The  Vagabonds'  (1864). 

Proudfit,  David  Law.  [«Peleg  Arkwright.»]  An 
American  verse-writer;  born  in  Newburg,  N.Y., 
Oct.  27,  1842;  died  in  New  York,  Feb.  22,  1897. 


His  writings  have  received  popular  favor.  In 
book-form  they  are:  <Love  among  the  Gamins,' 
poems  (1877);  and  <Mask  and  Domino'  (1888). 

Proudlion,  Pierre  Joseph  (pro-doh').  A 
French  social  economist;  born  at  Besan9on, 
July  15,  1809;  died  at  Passy,  Jan.  19,  1865.  In 
his  early  years  he  was  a  compositor  and  after- 
ward proof-reader  in  a  printing-office ;  and  in 
that  situation  acquired  a  knowledge  of  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew,  also  of  Catholic  and  patris- 
tic theology.  He  wrote :  <  An  Essay  toward 
a  General  Grammar'  (1837);  <What  Is  Prop- 
erty?' (1840),  answering  the  question  in  the 
words  already  used  by  Brissot,  « Property  is 
robbery";  <  System  of  Economic  Contradictions, 
or  Philosophy  of  Misery'  (2  vols.,  1846),  to 
which  Karl  Marx  replied  with  <  The  Misery 
of  Philosophy';  < Justice  in  the  Revolution  and 
in  the  Church,'  a  violent  attack  on  all  existing 
institutions  of  Church  and  State  (1858). 

Prout,  Father.    See  O'Mahony.  Francis. 

Provanclier,  Leon  (pro-van-sha').  A  Cana- 
dian priest  and  naturalist;  born  in  Becancour, 
P.  Q.,  March  10,  1820.  In  1869  he  retired  from 
the  ministry,  and  devoted  himself  to  literary 
work  and  the  study  of  natural  history.  He 
established  Le  Naturalist  Canadien  in  1868, 
and  received  the  degree  of  D.  Sc.  in  1880.  His 
publications  include  :  <  Elementary  Treatise  on 
Botany'  (1858);  < Canadian  Plant  Life'  (1865); 
<From  Quebec  to  Jerusalem'  (1882);  and  < Short 
History  of  Canada'  (1887). 

Proyart,    Lievain    Bonaventure    ( A  b  b  6 ) 

(prwa-yar').  A  French  religious  writer  and 
historian ;  born  at  Artois,  1748 ;  died  at  Arras, 
1808.  He  took  orders,  and  emigrated  at  the 
period  of  the  Revolution,  against  which  some 
of  his  writings  were  directed.  Among  his 
works  are  :  <  The  Virtuous  Pupil,'  a  small  book 
which  has  become  a  classic  (1772);  a  <Life  of 
the  Dauphin,  Father  of  Louis  XV.>  (1778);  <  His- 
tory of  Stanislaus  I.,  King  of  Poland'  (1782); 
<The  Life  and  Crimes  of  Robespierre,  Sur- 
named  the  Tyrant'  (1795);  and  various  others 
on  historical  themes. 

Prudden,  Theophile  Mitchell.  An  Ameri- 
can physician  and  bacteriologist ;  born  at  Mid- 
dlebury,  Conn.,  July  7,  1849.  He  is  professor 
of  pathology  intheCollege  ot  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, New  York.  His  works  include  :  <  Hand- 
book of  Pathological  Anatomy  and  Histology ' 
(1885),  withF.Delafield;  <  Story  of  the  Bacteria' 
(1889)  ;  <Dust  and  its  Dangers '  (1891)  ;  'Water 
and  Ice  ' ;  <  On  the  Great  American  Plateau.' 

Prudentius,     Aurelius    Publius     Clemens 

(pro-den'shi-us).  A  Christian  poet;  born  in 
Spain,  about  350  A.  D.;  died  about  410.  He 
wrote  :  <  Hjmins  for  Days  and  Seasons ' ;  'Apo- 
theosis,' 1085  hexameter  verses  on  the  divinity 
of  Jesus  Christ ;  <  Hamartigenia,'  the  origin  of 
sin ;  '  Psychomachia,'  virtue  and  vice  contend- 
ing for  man's  soul ;  '  Against  Symmachus  ' ; 
<  The  Martyrs'  Crowns ' ;  '  Diptychs,'  comprising 
forty-nine  hexameter  tetrastichs  on  Scriptural 
events  and  personages. 


PRUDHOMME  —  PUCKLER-MUSKATJ 


443 


Prudhomme,  Rene  Francois  Armand  Sully. 
See  Sully-Prudhomme. 

Fruszakowa,  Severine  Zocliowska  (pro-sa 
ko'va).  A  Polish  woman  of  letters ;  born 
about  1830.  She  received  an  excellent  educa- 
tion, and  has  acquired  a  style  of  almost  classic 
purity.  She  has  published  both  historical  and 
poetical  works,  among  them :  <  Tales  of  Our 
Times>  (1853);  <Poetic  Tales>  (1855);  <Eliza- 
beth  Druzbacka,>  a  poem  (1855);  a  <  History  of 
Hungary >  (1863);  < Sebastian  Klouswieg,>  one 
of  her  finest  poetical  compositions ;  and  a 
<View  of  the  Literature  of  the  Peoples  of  the 
Middle  Ages,  Particularly  the  Slavs  and  Ger- 
mans) (1856). 

Prutz,  Hans  (prots).  A  German  historical 
writer,  son  of  Robert  Eduard ;  born  at  Jena, 
May  20,  1843.  He  became  professor  of  history 
in  the  University  of  Konigsberg  in  1870.  He 
wrote:  < Henry  the  Lion>  (1865);  <  Kaiser  Fred- 
erick I.>  (3  vols.,  1871-74);  <  Phoenicia:  Geo- 
j  -aphical  Sketches  and  Historical  Studies  > 
V.\876);  <The  Possessions  of  the  German  Order 
:__  the  Holy  Land*  (1877);  <  Secret  Teaching 
i.:_d  Secret  Laws  of  the  Templars  >  (1879); 
'  Culture-History  of  the  Crusades  >  (1883);  <  De- 
Volopment  and  Fall  of  the  Order  of  Knights 
lemplar)  (1888). 

Frutz,  Robert  Eduard.  A  German  poet 
and  historian  of  literature ;  born  at  Stettin, 
May  30,  1816 ;  died  there,  June  21,  1872.  His 
principal    works    are:    <The     Rhine*     (1840); 

<  Poems,*  a  collection  of  his  lyrics,  in  great 
part  erotic  (1841);  a  comedy,  <The  Political 
Lying-in  Chamber*  (1843);  several  historical 
dramas,  as  'Charles  of  Bourbon,*  <  Maurice  of 
Saxe,*  <  Eric,  the  Peasants'  King  * ;  <  Lectures 
on  the  History  of  the  German  Theatre*  (1847); 
'Contemporary    German     Literature*     (1847); 

<  Men  and  Books :  Biographical  Contributions 
to  the  History  of  German  Literature  in  the 
l8th  Century*  (1862). 

Przezdziecki,  Alexander  (pzhes-jets'ke).  A 
Polish  miscellaneous  writer  and  historian ;  born 
in  Podolia,  1814;  died  in  Cracow,  1871.  He 
studied  in  Berlin ;  and  possessing  a  large  for 
tune,  traveled  in  all  parts  of  Europe  for  mate- 
rial relating  to  the  history  of  his  country.  He 
wrote  French  as  easily  as  his  mother  tongue. 
Among  his  works  are :  <  Halzka  d'Ostrog,*  a 
historical  drama  (1841);  <The  Capitalist,*  a  com- 
edy (1841);  <  Hedwig,*  a  historical  drama  (1844); 
< Sources  for  the  History  of  Poland*  (1843-44); 

<  Monuments  of  the  Art  of  the  Middle  Ages  at 
the  Time  of  the  Renaissance  of  Poland*  (1853- 
62);  <  Dom  Sebastian  of  Portugal,*  a  comedy.   • 

Fsalmanazar,  George  (sal-man-a-tsar).  A 
noted  impostor;  born  probably  in  Languedoc, 
about  1679 ;  died  at  London,  May  3,  1763.  He 
pretended  to  be  a  native  of  Formosa,  and  in 
that  character  traveled  through  Germany  and 
the  Low  Countries.  At  Sluys  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  a  Scotch  parson,  who  brought 
him  to  England  and  introduced  him  to  the 
bishop  of  London.    He  published  a  fictitious 


<  Historical  and  Geographical  Description  of 
Formosa*  (1704),  inventing  an  alphabet  and 
a  lingo  professing  to  represent  the  Formosan 
tongue ;  *■  Dialogue  between  a  Japanese  and  a 
Formosan*  (1707);  'An  Inquiry  into  the  Objec- 
tions against  George  Psalmanazar  of  Formosa, 
with  George  Psalmanazar's  Answer,*  both  in- 
quiry and  answer  doubtless  written  by  the  im- 
postor; <  Essays  on  Scriptural  Subjects*  (1753). 

Psellus,  Micbael  Constantine  (sel'lus).  A 
Byzantine  writer  on  miscellaneous  subiects; 
born  at  Constantinople,  1018;  died  about  1079. 
He  wore  the  title  << prince  of  philosophers,** 
conferred  on  him  by  the  emperors.  Among  his 
writings  are  :  <  Paraphrase  of  Aristotle  on  Inter- 
pretation* (1503);  <A  Work  Distributed  to  the 
Four  Mathematical  Sciences,  Arithmetic,  Mu- 
sic, Geometry,  and  Astronomy*  (printed  1532); 

<  Synopsis  of  the  Laws,*  in  iambic  verse  (1544); 

<  Dialogue  about  the  Action  of  Demons*;  <Of 
the  Virtues  of  [precious]  Stones.* 

Ptolemy,  or  Claudius  Ptolemseus  of  Alex- 
andria. The  most  celebrated  of  ancient  as- 
tronomers, believed  to  have  been  a  native  of 
Ptolemais  in  the  Thebaid;  he  lived  in  the  first 
half  of  the  second  century  of  our  era.  His 
great  astronomical  treatise  was  entitled  <  Mathe- 
matical Arrangement,*  and  by  the  Arabian  phi- 
losophers < Almagest*  (al  magiste,  "the  great- 
est**); it  gives  an  exposition  of  the  system  of 
the  universe,  the  interrelations  and  revolutions 
of  the  heavenly  bodies,  as  understood  in 
Ptolemy's  time.  He  also  wrote  treatises  on 
'  Geography,*    <  Trigonometry,*    <  Chronology,* 

<  Optics,*  and  other  subjects  pertaining  to  mathe- 
matical and  physical  science.  The  "  Ptolemaic 
System**  was  the  accepted  and  ruling  astro- 
nomical authority  down  to  Copemicus's  time, 
and  his  work  on  geography  was  the  chief  au- 
thority up  to  the  time  of  the  great  discoveries 
of  the  15th  century.  His  system  of  map  ori- 
entation (north  at  the  top  and  east  at  the  right) 
is  still  the  universal  one. 

Publilius  Syrus  (pub-lil-yus  si'rus).  A  Latin 
writer  of  farces ;  first  century  B.  C.  He  was 
a  native  of  Syria  ("Syrus,**  the  Syrian),  and 
was  brought  to  Rome  a  slave.  He  made  tours 
of  the  provincial  cities  of  Italy,  acting  in  his 
own  farces,  and  everywhere  received  with  great 
popular  favor.  All  that  remains  of  his  works 
is  a  collection  of  <  Sentences,*  maxims  in  iam- 
bic and  trochaic  verse :  of  these  verses  about 
700  have  come  down  to  us. 

Pucitelli,  Virgile  (po-che-tel'e).  An  Italian 
poet,  who  died  in  Warsaw,  1669.  He  left  his 
country  to  attach  himself  to  the  court  of 
Wadislas  IV.,  King  of  Poland,  who  made  him 
his  secretary,  and  sent  him  on  various  diplo- 
matic missions.  .  He  received  the  title  of  Poet 
for  the  King,  and  composed  for  him  several 
plays,  among  them:  < Andromeda*  (1634);  <St. 
Cecilia,*  a  musical  drama;  <The  Rape  of 
Helen*  (1648);  etc. 

FUckler-Muskau,  Hermann  Ludwlg  Hein- 
ricb,  Furst  von  (piik"ler-mos'kou).   A  German 


444 


PUDLOWSKI  —  PURCHAS 


writer  of  books  of  travel ;  bom  at  Muskau, 
Silesia,  Oct.  30,  1785 ;  died  near  Kottbus,  Feb. 
,4,  1871.  He  wrote:  < Letters  of  a  Dead  Man> 
(4  vols.,  1830-31),  containing  outspoken  judg- 
ments on  England  and  other  countries  visited 
by  him;  <  Hints  on  Landscape  Gardening  > 
(1834);  <Tutti  Frutti :  From  the  Papers  of  the 
Deceased'  (5  vols.,  1834);  <Semilasso's  Penulti- 
mate Tour  of  the  World :  Europe  >  (3  vols., 
1835);  <Semilasso  in  Africa'  (5  vols.,  1836); 
<The  Precursor'  (1838);  <From  Mehemed  All's 
Realm'  {3  vols.,  1844);  < The  Return  Journey' 
(3  vols.,  1846-48). 

Pudlowski,  Melchior  (pod-Iov'ske).  A  Polish 
poet,  who  died  about  1588.  He  studied  at  the 
University  of  Cracow,  and  afterwards  became 
secretary  of  King  Sigismund  Augustus,  being 
noted  as  a  defender  of  the  Catholic  religion 
against  the  Protestants.  His  most  noted  writ- 
ings are :  <  Lamentation  and  Admonition  of 
the  Polish  Republic'  (1561) ;  <  Dido  to  Eneas' ; 
<An  Oration  for  the  Republic  and  for  Religion 
to  the  Magistrates  of  Poland'  (1562);  and  <A 
Book  of  Trifles;  That  Is,  Comic  Poems'  (1586). 

Puech,  Jean  Louis  Scipio  (puch).  A  Pro- 
vencal poet ;  bom  at  Aix,  1624 ;  died  there, 
1688.  He  took  orders,  and  occupied  success- 
ively various  positions  in  the  Church.  He 
cultivated  poetry  with  much  success,  showing 
great  talent  for  versification,  a  jovial  spirit,  and 
a  leaning  towards  satire,  many  of  his  verses 
being  full  of  ingenious  and  sometimes  stinging 
allusions  to  events  of  the  times.  The  most  re- 
markable of  his  Provenfal  poems  is  one  called 

<  The  Bohemians ' ;  and  in  French  he  published  : 

<  The  Burning  Chamber ' ;  <  Madeline  Dying 
in  the  Desert ' ;  <  Christ  on  the  Cross ' ;  etc. 

Pufendorf,  Samuel  von  (pof'en-dorf).  An  il- 
lustrious German  publicist ;  born  near  Chemnitz 
in  Saxony,  Jan.  8,  1632 ;  died  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
26,  1694.  His  tractate  <  Elements  of  Universal 
Jurisprudence'  (1660)  won  him  the  office  of 
professor  of  Roman  law  in  Heidelberg  Univer- 
sity. Among  his  principal  works  are :  <  On  the 
State  of  the  German  Empire'  (1667);  'On 
the  Law  of  Nature  and  the  Law  of  Nations' 
(1672);  <The  Duty  of  the  Man  and  the  Citizen' 
{1673);  <  Relation  of  the  Christian  Religion  to 
Civil  Life'  (1687);  <  History  of  Charles  Gusta- 
vus'  (1688);  < Divine  Fecial  Law'  (1695), —  i-^-, 
the  divine  basis  of  the  laws  of  war  and  peace. 

Pugh,  Eliza  Lofton.  [«Arria."]  An  Amer- 
ican novelist ;  born  in  Bayou  Lafourche,  La., 
1841.  She  is  the  author  of  <  Not  a  Hero '  (1867), 
and  <In  a  Cracible'  (1871). 

PulBieux,  Madeleine  d'Arsant  (pwe-sy6').  A 
French  woman  of  letters ;  bom  at  Paris,  1720 ; 
died  in  the  same  city,  1798.  She  had  an  easy 
and  agreeable  style,  but  lacked  warmth  and 
imagination.  Her  chief  works  are :  'Advice 
to  a  Friend'  (1749-S0);  'Characters'  (1750-55); 
<Zamor  and  Almanzine'  (1755);  'Alzarac;  or. 
The  Necessity  of  Being  Inconstant  >  (1762) ;  <  The 
History  of  Mademoiselle  do  Terville'  (1768); 
etc. 


Pujoulx,  Jean  Baptlste  (pii-zho')-  A  French 
writer ;  born  at  St.  Macaire,  1762 ;  died  at  Paris, 
1821.  He  composed  many  plays  for  the  theatre, 
but  devoted  the  last  years  of  his  life  to  the 
study  of  natural  history  and  other  sciences. 
Among  his  works  are  the  comedies  'The  Ca- 
prices of  Proserpine'  (1784);  'The  Family  Sup- 
per' (1788);  'Amelia;  or,  the  Convent'  (1791). 
He  wrote  also  'The  New-Rich'  (1798);  'Paris 
at  the  End  of  the  Eighteenth  Century'  (1800); 
and  several  works  on  mineralogy,  botany,  etc. 

Pulci,  Luca  (pol'che).  An  Italian  poet, 
brother  of  Luigi ;  born  at  Florence,  1431 ;  died 
1470.  He  wrote  :  '  The  Dryad  of  Love ' ;  <  Ci- 
riffo  Calvaneo ' ;  '  Stanzas  for  Lorenzo  de'  Med- 
ici's Tourney';  and  under  the  title  'Epistles,' 
an  imitation  of  Ovid's  'Heroides.' 

Pulci,  Luigi.  An  Italian  poet,  friend  of 
Lorenzo  de'  Medici ;  born  in  Florence,  Aug.  5, 
1432;  died  14S4.  His  greatest  work  is  the 
romantic  epic  '  Morgante  Maggiore  >  (first 
printed  14S1).    He  wrote  also  some  stories. 

Pulgar,  Fernando  de  (pul'gar).  A  Spanish 
prose-writer  of  the  latter  part  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury. He  wrote  a  '  Chronicle '  of  the  reign  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella;  'Notable  Men  of  Cas- 
tile > ;  a  commentary  on  the  ancient  <  Couplets 
of  Mingo  Revulgo.' 

Pulle,  Count  Giulio.    See  Castelvecchio. 

Pull^,  Count  Leopoldo.    See  Castelnovo. 

Pulszky,  Franz  Aurelius  (puKske).  A  Hun- 
garian writer;  born  at  Eperies  (Saros),  Sept.  17, 
1814;  died  at  Buda  Pesth,  Sept.  9,  1897.  After 
completing  his  studies,  he  traveled  in  Germany, 
Italy,  France,  and  England.  He  wrote:  'Journal 
of  a  Hungarian  Traveler  in  Great  Britain ' 
(1837) ;  with  his  wife, '  White,  Red,  and  Black  ' 
(3  vols.,  1852),  an  account  of  Kossuth's  tour 
in  the  United  States ;  also  a  historical  novel, 
'The  Jacobins  in  Hungary'  (2  vols.,  1851)  ;  '  My 
Time  and  my  Life'  (4  vols.,  1879-82);  'The 
Age  of  Copper  in  Hungary'  (1884). 

Pulszky,  Therese.  A  Hungarian  prose- 
writer,  wife  of  Franz  Aurel ;  born  at  Vienna, 
1815.  She  accompanied  her  husband  on  Kos- 
suth's American  tour;  see  his  name  for  their 
joint  work.  She  wrote  independently :  '  Me- 
moirs of  a  Hungarian  Lady'  (2  vols.,  1850); 
'Tales  and  Traditions  of  Hungary'  (2  vols., 
1851). 

Pumpelly,  Raphael  (pum-pel'li).  An  emi- 
nent American  geologist  and  author ;  bora  at 
Oswego,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  8,  1837.  In  his  early  life 
he  conducted  explorations  for  the  governments 
of  Japan  and  China ;  was  professor  at  Harvard 
for  several  years  ;  and  from  1879  to  1892  geolo- 
gist in  charge  of  the  Archsean  division  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey.  His  chief 
works  are :  '  Geological  Researches  in  China, 
Mongolia,  and  Japan'  (1867) ;  'Across  America 
and  Asia'  (1870);  'Mining  Industries  of  the 
United  States  ; '  Explorations  in  Central  Asia.^ 

Purchas,  Samuel  (per-chasj.  An  English 
compiler  of  books  of  travel  and  exploration, 


PUSEY  — PUTNAM 


445 


bom  at  Thaxted,  in  Essex,  1577;  died  1626  —  in 
poverty,  and,  it  is  believed,  in  a  debtor's  prison. 
His  works  are  :  <  Purchas  his  Pilgrimage,  or  Re- 
lations of  the  World  and  the  Religions  Observed 
in  all  Ages>  (1613;  much  enlarged  in  the  4th 
ed.  1626);  <  Purchas  his  Pilgrim  or  Microcosmus, 
or  the  Historie  of  Man :  Relating  the  Wonders 
of  his  Generation,  Varieties  in  his  Degeneration, 
and    Necessity    of    his    Regeneration  >    (1619); 

<  Purchas  his  Pilgrimes :  or  Relation  of  the 
World  in  Sea  Voyages  and  Land  Travels,  by 
Englishmen  and  Others >  (4  vols.,  1625), —  a 
continuation  of  Hakluyt,  and  partly  founded 
on  papers  left  by  him. 

Pusey,  Caleb  (pu-zy).  An  American  Qua- 
ker colonist ;  born  in  Berkshire,  England,  about 
1650 ;  died  in  Chester  County,  Pa.,  Feb.  25,  1727. 
He  came  with  Penn's  company  to  America  in 
1682,  erected  the  first  mills  in  the  province, 
held  many  high  places  in  civil  affairs,  and  was 
a  noted  controversialist  writer  of  his  day.  He 
published  a  great  number  of  pamphlets  and 
articles  in  defense  of  his  creed,  among  them : 
'A  Serious  and  Seasonable  Warning,'  etc.  (1675); 
<A  Modest  Account  from  Pennsylvania  of  the 
Principal  Differences  in  Point  of  Doctrine  be- 
tween George  Keith  and  those  of  the  People 
called  Quakers  >  ( 1696 ) ;  <  Satan's  Harbingers 
Encountered,*  etc.   (1700). 

Pusey,  Edward  Bouverie.  An  English  theo- 
logical writer,  a  leader  of  the  Anglo-Catholic 
(Tractarian)  party  in  the  Established  Church; 
born  near  Oxford,  1800 ;  died  Sept.  14,  1882. 
He  was  associated  with  Newman  and  others 
in  the  British  Critic,  <  Tracts  for  the  Times,* 
etc. ;  and  his  conspicuousness  from  his  social 
position  (nephew  of  one  earl  and  grandson  of 
another,  professor  and  canon  of  Christ  Church), 
wealth,  and  munificent  charities,  caused  the 
Oxford  Movement  to  be  known  as  «  Puseyism,'* 
though  he  was  not  its  initiator  and  did  not  at 
first  sympathize  with  it.  He  published:  <An 
Historical  Enquiry  into  the  Probable  Causes 
of  the  Rational  Character  Lately  Predominant 
in  the  Theology  of  Germany'  (1825);  <The 
Holy  Eucharist  a  Comfort  to  the  Penitent' 
(1843),  a  sermon  which  resulted  in  his  suspen- 
sion for  three  years ;  two  sermons  on  <  The  En- 
tire Absolution  of  the  Penitent'  (1846),  equally 
revolutionary ;  other  sermons  on  <  The  Rule  of 
Faith  as  Maintained  by  the  Fathers,'  etc.  (1861), 
and  on  <  The  Presence  of  Christ  in  the  Holy 
Eucharist'  (1853).  Of  his  larger  works  the 
most  important  are  :  <  The  Doctrine  of  the 
Real  Presence'  (1855);  <The  Real  Presence  of 
the  Body  and  Blood  of  Christ  the  Doctrine  of 
the  English  Church'  (1857);  <An  Eirenicon.' 

Pusbkin,  Alexander  Serg6evicli(push'kin). 
A  great  Russian  poet  and  romancer;  born  at 
Moscow,  1799 ;  died  1837.  Among  his  princi- 
pal works  are :  <  The  Prisoner  of  the  Cauca- 
sus'  (1821);  <The  Fountain  of  Bakhchisaraj ' 
(1822);  <The  Robber  Brothers'  (1822);  <The 
Gipsies'  (1824);  < Count  Nulin,'  a  comic  epos; 

<  Poltava'  (1829),  an  epic  poem;  < Journey  to 
Erzerum  during  the  Campaign  of  1829'  (1836); 


<  The  Little  House  in  Kolomna,'  a  poetical 
narrative  ;  the  dramas  <  The  Avaricious  Knight,' 
< Mozart  and  Salieri,'  and  'The  Stony  Guest'; 

<  The  Banquet  during  the  Plague ' ;  his  mas- 
terpiece <Evgeny  Onyegin'  (1833),  a  romance 
in  verse  after  the  manner  of  Byron's  *  Don 
Juan ' ;  and  the  historical  novels  <  The  Captain's 
Daughter'  (1831),  <  Dubrovsky,'  <  History  of 
Pugachev's  Revolt '  {i834);<  Pique  Dame'  (1834). 

Putlitz,  Gustav  Heinrich  Gans,  Edler  Herr 
von  und  zu  (pot'lits).  A  German  poet  and 
novelist ;  born  at  Retzien,  Prussia,  March  20, 
1821 ;  died  there,  Sept.  9,  1890.  He  began  his 
literary  career  by  writing  a  number  of  little 
comedies  dealing  with  high  social  life,  all  in  a 
vein  of  lively  humor ;  among  them  are :  <  The 
Heart  Forgotten  ' ;  <  Watering-Places ' ;  <  Fam- 
ily Quarrels.'  He  wrote  also  some  exquisite 
short  tales,— <  What  the  Forest  Tells,' <  Forget- 
me-not,'  'Arabesques' ;  <Don  John  of  Austria,' 
a  tragedy  (1863),  and  numerous  other  plays; 
also  a  series  of  novels, —  'The  Alpine  Bride' 
(1870),  'Sparks  'Neath  the  Ashes'  (1871),  'The 
Nightingale'  (1872);  and  'My  Home:  Recol- 
lections of  Childhood  and  Youth'  (1885). 

Putnam,  Eleanor.     See  Bates. 

Putnam,  George  Haven.  An  American  pub- 
lisher and  author,  son  of  George  P. ;  bom  in 
London,  April  2,  1844.  He  entered  the  pub- 
lishing business  in  1866,  and  is  at  the  head 
of  the  firm  of  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  New  York. 
His  works  include:  'International  Copyright' 
(1879);  'Authors  and  Publishers'  (1883);  'Au- 
thors and  their  Public  in  Ancient  Times  '  (1893); 
'Books  and  their  Makers  during  theMiddle  Ages'; 

<  The  Censorship  of  the  Church  of  Rome  and  Its 
Influence  upon  the  Production  and  Distribution 
of  Literature.' 

Putnam,  George  Palmer.  An  American  pub- 
lisher and  author  (1814-1872).  In  1848  he  estab- 
lished the  publishing  house  now  conducted  under 
the  name  of  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons;  and  also  founded 
Putnam's  Magazine,  which  was  subsequently  mer- 
ged with  Scribner's  Monthly.  His  works  include: 
'The  Tourist  in  Europe'  (1838);  'American 
Facts'  (1845);  'The  World's  Progress'  (1850): 

<  Ten  Years  of  the  World's  Progress  > ;  etc. 

Putnam,  Mrs.  Mary  (Lowell).  An  Ameri- 
can historical  and  miscellaneous  writer,  sister  of 
J.  R.  Lowell;  bora  in  Boston,  Dec.  3,  1810.  In 
1832  she  married  Samuel  R.  Putnam,  a  mer- 
chant of  Boston.  Besides  a  translation  from 
the  Swedish,  and  numerous  magazine  articles, 
she  published  :  <  History  of  the  Constitution  of 
Hungary'  (1850); '  Records  of  an  Obscure  Man' 
(1861);  and  two  dramatic  poems  on  the  subject 
of  slavery,  entitled  'The  Tragedy  of  Errors'  and 
'The  Tragedy  of  Success. '     Died  in  1898. 

Putnam,  Mrs.  Sarah  A.  Brock.  An  Amer- 
ican novelist  and  writer;  born  at  Madison 
Court-House,  Va.,  about  1845.  In  1883  she  mar- 
ried the  Rev.  Richard  Putnam,  of  New  York. 
Her  works  include :  '  Richmond  during  the 
War' (1867);  'The  Southern  Amaranth'  (1869); 
'Kenneth,  My  King'  (1872);  'Myra,'  a  novel. 


446 


PUYMAIGRE  —  PYTHAGORAS 


Puymalgre,  Theodore  Joseph  Boudet  (pwe- 
magr).  A  French  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer;  bom  at  Metz,  1816.  Among  his  works 
are:    < Jeanne  Darc,>  a  dramatic  poem  (1843); 

<  Dante  Alighieri  >  (1845);  <  Lost  Hours,>  a 
collection  of  poems  (1866);  <The  Prediction,) 
in  verse  (1870);  <The  Literary  Court  of  Don 
Juan  IL  of  Castile  >  (1894);  etc. 

Puys^gur,  Armand,  Marie  Jaques  (pwe-se- 
giir').  A  French  soldier  and  writer;  born  at 
Paris,  1751 ;  died  at  Buzancy,  1825.  He  entered 
the  artillery  service  and  distinguished  himself, 
aftervvards  also  espousing  the  cause  of  the 
Revolution.  His  chief  fame,  however,  rests 
upon  the  fact  of  his  having  been  a  disciple  of 
the  famous    Mesmer.     His    chief  writings  are : 

<  Memoirs  Touching  the  History  and  Establish- 
ment of  Animal  Magnetism  >  (1784);  <  Animal 
Magnetism,  Considered  in  its  Relations  with 
Various  Branches  of  General  Physics >  (1804-7); 

<  Truths  Travel ;  Sooner  or  Later  They  Arrive  > 
(1814).  He  has  also  written  some  plays,  among 
them  <The  Day  of  Dupes  >  (1789)  and  <The 
Benevolent  Judge  >  (1799). 

Puzynin,  Gabrielle  Gunther  (pzhe'nin).  A 
Polish  woman  of  letters ;  born  in  Lithuania 
about  1820.  She  has  written  poetry  and  novels 
remarkable  for  moral  tendencies  and  elegant 
simplicity  of  style.  Among  them  are :  *■  In  the 
Name  of  God>  (1843);  <  Further  in  the  World  > 
{1845);  <  Lithuanian  Children  >  (1847);  <  Collec- 
tion of  Poems  Old  and  New'  (1859);  etc. 

Pyat,  Felix  (pya).  A  French  dramatist  and 
politician ;  born  at  Vierzon,  1810 ;  died  1889. 
An  extreme  radical  agitator,  his  activity  and 
personal  hazard  extending  from  the  revolution 
of  1848  to  the  Communard  insurrection  of  1871, 
his  part  in  the  latter  obliged  him  to  fly  the  coun- 
try, and  in  1873  he  was  sentenced  to  death  by 
the  Council  of  War.  During  his  exile  he  wrote 
many  inflammatory  political  pamphlets.  His 
plays  also  are  of  political  and  social  tendencies  ; 
they  are  vigorous,  and  while  somewhat  sensa- 
tional, show  real  originality.  Among  them  are  : 
•A  Revolution  of  Other  Times  ;  or.  The  Romans 
at  Home  > ;  <  The  Brigand  and  the  Philosopher  > ; 
<Ango>;  <Arabella,>  a  drama  (1838);  <  Cedric 
the  Norwegian >;  <  Diogenes*  (1846);  <The  Rag- 
Picker  of  Paris,*  a  tragedy  (1849);  < Tiberius*; 
etc. 

Pyle,  Howard.  An  American  illustrator  and 
author;  born  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  March  5, 
1853.  For  many  years  he  has  been  an  illus- 
trator for  Harper's  periodicals,  and  recently 
has  become  popular  as  a  writer,  chiefly  of 
juvenile  literature.  His  works  include  :  <  "^Vithin 
the  Capes*  (1885),  a  novel;  <  Pepper  and  Salt* 
(1887);  <  Otto  of  the  Silver  Hand  *  (1888);  <  Buc- 
caneers and   Marooners    of  America*    (1S91); 

<  Jack  Ballister's  Fortunes  * ;  <  Stolen  Treasure .' 

Pynchon,  William.  A  noted  American  col- 
onist; born  in  Springfield,  England,  about  1590; 
died  iti  Wraysbury,  England,  Oct.  29,  1662.  He 
emigrated  to  New  England  with  Winthrop,  and 
founded   the   town   of   Springfield,   Mass.      In 


1650  he  published  <The  Meritorious  Price  of 
Our  Redemption,*  opposing  the  Calvinistic  view 
of  atonement.  The  boojc  was  denounced  as 
heretical,  and  the  author  was  compelled  to 
return  to  England  to  avoid  persecution.  His 
other  works  are :  <  The  Tewes  Synagogue  *  (1652); 
<How  the  First  Sabbath  was  Ordained*  (1654). 

Pypers,  Peter  (pe'pers).  A  Dutch  poet  and 
dramatic  writer ;  born  at  Amersfoort,  1749 ;  died 
1805.  To  escape  entering  the  Church  as  his 
family  wished,  he  fled  to  Amsterdam  and  en- 
tered the  employ  of  a  merchant ;  but  devoted 
his  leisure  to  writing  poetry  and  plays,  most 
of  them  translated  or  imitated  from  the  French. 
Among  them  are  :  <  Lansus  and  Lydia,*  a  tra- 
gedy (1777);  <  Beverly,*  a  drama  (1781);  <The 
Widow  of  Malabar,^  a  tragedy  (1786);  <  Stephen, 
the  First  Christian  Martyr*  (1790);  <Jephtha,*  a 
tragedy  (1794);  <  Iphigenia,*  a  tragedy  (1801). 
He  also  published  various  collections  of  poems. 

Pypin,  Alexander  Nikolajevich  (pip'in). 
A  Russian  historian  of  literature ;  born  at  Sar- 
atov, 1833.  He  wrote  :  <  Sketch  of  the  Literary 
History  of  the  Ancient  Russian  Tales  and 
Wonder-Stories*  {1859);  '  History  of  the  Slavic 
Literatures  *  (1865);  <  Characteristics  of  Literary 
Opinion,*  1820-50*  (1874);  <  History  of  Russian 
Ethnography* ;  <  History  of  Russian  Literature.' 

Pyra,  Immanuel  Jakob  (pir'ra).  A  German 
poet;  born  at  Kottbus,  July  25,  1715;  died  at 
Berlin,  July  14,  1744.  He  wrote:  < Temple  of 
True  Poesy*  (1737);  < Friendship  Songs  of 
Thyrsis  (Pyra)  and  Damon  (Lange).' 

Pyrrlio  (pir'r5).  A  Greek  philosopher;  born 
at  Elis  about  360  B.C.,  and  supposed  to  have 
lived  to  the  age  of  90.  In  his  earlier  years  he 
accompanied  Alexander  the  Great  on  his  expe- 
dition to  India.  He  is  usually  looked  upon  as 
the  founder  of  the  older  School  of  Skeptics, 
doubting  the  existence  of  anything  like  posi- 
tive knowledge.  He  passed  much  of  his  life 
in  solitude,  showing  a  stoical  firmness  of  mind 
in  all  danger  or  pain.  His  countrymen  made 
him  high  priest.  He  left  nothing  in  writing, 
being  known  only  through  the  works  of  others. 

Pythagoras  (pi-thag'6-'ras).  A  celebrated 
Greek  philosopher;  born  at  Samos,  about  582 
B.C.;  died  about  500.  His  history  is  involved 
in  obscurity ;  but  he  is  believed  to  have  visited 
Egypt  and  been  inducted  into  the  mysteries 
and  sciences  of  the  priests  in  the  temples  there. 
He  founded  a  society  and  school,  or  an  exoteric 
and  esoteric  community  of  disciples,  at  Cro- 
tona  in  Magna  Grsecia.  The  societaires  took 
control  of  the  political  State  of  Crotona,  and 
governed  it  more  or  less  in  accordance  with  the 
principles  of  the  master's  philosophy;  but  the 
democracy  rose  against  them,  and  after  an 
existence  of  100  years,  or  probably  much  less, 
the  organization  was  broken  up  and  the  Pyth- 
agoreans dispersed.  No  authentic  writing  of 
Pythagoras  exists.  He  seems  to  have  materially 
developed  mathematical  science ;  he  certainly 
did  much  to  develop  tjie  science  of  government 
and  of  conduct. 


\ 


QUANDT  — QUESNE 


441 


Quandt,  Johann  Gottlob  von  (kw&nt).  A 
German  writer  on  art ;  born  at  Leipsic,  April  9, 
1787  ;  died  June  18,  1859.  He  wrote  :  <  History 
of  Copperplate  Engraving)  (1826);  < Letters 
from  Italy  >  (1830);  <  Observations  and  Fancies 
Regarding  Man,  Nature,  and  Art,  during  a  Tour 
in  Southern  France*  (1846);  and  a  similar  work 
on  Spain  (1853). 

Quarles,  Francis.  An  English  sacred  poet ; 
born  in  Rumford,  Essex,  in  1592 ;  died  Septem- 
ber 1644.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and 
studied  for  a  lawyer.  He  received  several  ap- 
pointments from  the  Crown,  and  finally  held 
the  position  of  city  chronologer.  His  leading 
works  were :  <  Emblems  Divine  and  Moral  > 
(1635);  <Argalus  and  Parthenia>  (1621);  and  the 

<  Enchiridion  >  (1640)    in  prose     Frequent  fine 
expressions  redeem  much  commonplace. 

Qnatrefages  de  Breare,  Jean  Louis  Armand  de 
(katrfazh^).  A  French  naturalist;  bom  at  Berthe- 
zenie  (Gard),  Feb.  lo,  1810;  died  in  Paris,  Jan- 
13,  1892.  He  became  professor  of  anatomy  and 
ethnology  in  the  Paris  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, 1855.  Many  of  his  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English.  Among  them  are:  <The 
Human  Species*  (1877);  <  Recollections  of  a 
Naturalist*  (1854);  <  The  Prussian  Race*  (1879); 

<  Pygmies*  (1887). 

Quatremere,  Etienne  Marc  (katr-mar').  A 
French  Orientalist ;  born  at  Paris,  July  12,  1782; 
died  Sept.  18,  1857.  His  father  was  a  merchant, 
while  he  was  himself  a  lifelong  student.  He 
was  successively  employed  in  the  Imperial 
Library,  in  the  chair  of  Greek  at  Rouen,  in 
the  Academy  of  Inscriptions,  in  the  College  de 
France  as  professor  of  Hebrew  and  Aramaic, 
and  in  the  School  of  Living  Oriental  Languages 
as  professor  of  Persian.  He  produced  many 
learned  works,  among  which  are  :  <  Investiga- 
tions into  the  Language  and  Literature  of 
Egypt*  (i8o8j;  'Memoir  upon  the  Nabateans* 
[the  Nabathites  of  the  Bible]  (1835);  together 
with  numerous  valuable  translations.  He  left 
also  much  lexicographic  material. 

Quatremere  de  Quincy,  Clirysostome  (katr- 
mar  de  kaii'se).  A  French  archaeologist  and 
writer  on  art ;  born  at  Paris,  Oct.  28,  1755 ;  died 
there,  Dec.  8,  1849.     Among  his  writings  are : 

<  Dictionary  of  Architecture  *  (3  vols.,  1786-1828); 

<  Olympian  Jupiter ;  or,  the  Ancient  Art  of  Sculp- 
ture *  (1814);  <  Life  and  Works  of  Raphael  *  (1824); 

<  Ancient  Monuments  and  Works  of  Art  Restored* 
(2  vols..  1826-28)  ;  <  Lives  of  the  Most  Famous 
Architects*  (3  vols.,  1830);  <  Canova  and  his 
Works*  (1834) ;  '  Biography  of  Michael  Angelo.* 

Quelroz,  Jos€  Maria  E$a  de  (ka-e-ros').  A 
Portuguese  novelist ;  born  in  Povoa  de  Varzim, 


Nov.  25,  1845.  He  studied  jurisprudence  in 
Coimbra,  was  editor  of  a  paper,  traveled  to 
the  Orient,  and  became  consul  successively  to 
Havana,  Bristol,  and  Paris,  where  he  went  in 
1889.  He  is  a  naturalist  of  Zola's  school,  and 
introduced  this  style  into  Portugal.  He  is  the 
author  of  <  The  Crime  of  Father  Amaro  *  (1874); 

<  The  Mandarin  * ;  <  The  Dragon's  Teeth  * ;  etc. 

Quenstedt,  Friedrich  August  (kwen'stet). 
A  German  mineralogist  and  geologist;  bom  at 
Eisleben,  July  9,  1809 ;  died  Dec.  21,  1889,  at 
Tubingen,  where  he  was  professor  in  the  uni- 
versity. Among  his  works  are :  <  Epochs  of 
Nature*  (1861J,*  Then  and  Now*  (1S56),  popular 
expositions  of  geology ;  <  Manual  of  Mineralogy.* 

Quental,  Anthero  de  (ken'tal).  A  distin- 
guished Portuguese  lyric  poet ;  born  at  Ponta- 
Delgada  in  the  island  of  San  Miguel,  one  of 
the  Azores,  April  18,  1842;  died  there,  Sept. 
II,  1891.  While  yet  a  student  in  the  University 
of  Coimbra,  he  wrote  a  little  volume  of  '  Son- 
nets'  (1861),  which  showed  a  rare  command 
of  poetical  form ;  it  was  followed  by  <  Modern 
Odes*  (1865);  <  Romantic  Springtides*  (1871); 
and  another  volume  of  'Sonnets*  (1881).  He 
wrote  also  'Considerations  on  the  Philosophy 
of    Portuguese    Literary    History*    (1872),  and 

<  General  Tendencies  of  Philosophy  in  the  Sec- 
ond Half  of  the  19th  Century*  (1892). 

Quesnay,  Fran50is  (ka-na').  A  French  phy- 
sician and  economist ;  born  near  Paris,  June  4, 
1694 ;  died  Dec.  16,  1774.  He  was  the  founder 
of  the  school  of  economists  called  Physiocrats, 
?nd  very  influential  on  Adam  Smith  and  all 
modern  political  economy.  His  theory  was 
that  all  value  is  derived  from  the  products  of 
land,  which  should  therefore  bear  all  taxation, 
but  also  receive  all  State  encouragement.  He 
published  several  medical  works,  in  addition 
to  his  more  famous  ones  (chiefly  short  articles) 
on  political  economy.  Among  the  latter  the 
leading  one   is  the   'Tableau  Economique.* 

Quesnay  de  Beaurepaire,  Jules  (ka-na'  de 
bo-re-par').  ["Jules  de  Glouvet.**]  A  French 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Sau- 
mur,  1838.  He  is  author  of  'Stories  of  the 
Olden  Time*  (1882);  the  novels  'The  Bour- 
geois Family*  (1883),  'The  Ideal*  (1884), 
'Marie  Fougere*  (1889);  and  some  volumes  of 
poetry,  as  'The  Mariner*  (1881),  'The  Shep- 
herd* (1882); 'The Forester*  (1880). 

Quesne,  Jacques  Salbigoton  (ka-na').  A 
French  man  of  letters  ;  born  at  Pavilly,  Jan.  I, 
1778 ;  died  June  13,  1859.  He  studied  with  a 
notary,  went  to  sea  for  a  short  time,  then 
served  in  the  army,  but  after  1800  devoted  him- 
self to  literary  pursuits,  although  for  some  years 


448 


QUESNEL  —  QUINET 


he  held  an  inspectorship.  He  produced  many 
works,  the  most  important  of  which  was  <  Con- 
fessions of  J.  S.  Que6nd>  (1828),  an  intimate 
autobiography. 

Quesnel,  Pierre  (ka-nel').  A  French  abbd 
and  historian;  born  in  Dieppe  in  1699;  died 
about  1774.  Little  is  definitely  known  of  his 
life,  but  he  seems  to  have  been  in  easy  cir- 
cumstances and  of  high  birth.  He  traveled 
much,  and  spent  nearly  forty  years  in  preparing 
for  his  great  work,  the  <  History  of  the  Jesuits,> 
in  four  volumes. 

Quesnot  de  la  Ctiesnee,  Jean  Jacques  (ka- 
no'  de  la  sha-na').  A  French  writer  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  Little  is  known  concern- 
ing him.  He  was  a  French  Protestant,  an  exile 
from  his  country  after  the  revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes ;  and  his  productions  are  chiefly 
attacks  against  his  country.  He  wrote  :  <  The 
Battle  of  Ramillies,'  a  historic  pastoral ;  <  The 
Battle  of  Hoogstet,>  an  operatic  tragedy ;  etc. 

Qu^telet,  Lambert  Adolphe  Jacques  (kat- 
la').  A  Belgian  statistician  and  astronomer; 
born  at  Ghent,  Feb.  22,  1796;  died  Feb.  17, 
1874.  He  was  educated  at  the  lyceum  of 
Ghent;  became  professor  of  mathematics  in 
the  athenaeum  of  Brussels  in  1819 ;  was  lecturer 
at  the  Museum  of  Science  and  Literature  from 
1828  to  1834,  and  was  at  the  same  time  di- 
rector of  the  Royal  Obser\'atory.  In  1834  he 
was  made  secretary  of  the  Brussels  Academy. 
His  principal  works  were  <  On  Man  and  the 
Development  of  his  Faculties,'  and  <Anthro- 
pometry';  but  he  wrote  many  others. 

Quevedo,  Vasco  Mauzinho  (ka-va'tho), 
known  also  as  Mauzinho  Quevedo  de  Castello 
Branco.  A  Portuguese  poet,  bom  at  Setubal 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  i6th  century;  died 
some  time  after  1627.  He  was  educated  at  the 
University  of  Coimbra.  He  wrote  a  history  of 
Santa  Isabel,  Queen  of  Portugal ;  also  <Affonso 
Africano'  (1611),  a  brilliant  piece  of  work. 

Quevedo  y  Villegas,  don  Francisco  (ka- 
va'tho  e  vel-ya'gas).  A  Spanish  satirist;  born 
at  Madrid,  Sept.  26,  1580;  died  Sept.  8,  1645. 
He  was  very  witty,  very  brilliant,  and  ranks  as 
the  greatest  satiric  writer  of  his  country.  His 
leading  works  are  the  <  Sueilos  >  (Dreams),  and 
<  Don  Pablo  of  Segovia,'  a  romantic  satire. 

Quicherat,  ^tienne  Joseph  (kesh-ra).  A 
French  historian ;  born  at  Paris,  Oct.  13,  1814  ; 
died  there,  April  8,  1882.  His  principal  work 
is  <  The  Trial  and  Condemnation  and  Rehabil- 
itation of  Joan  of  Arc>  (5  vols.,  1841-49).  He 
wrote  also:  <  History  of  Costume  in  France' 
(1874);  <  Archaeological  and  Historical  Miscel- 
lanies >  (2  vols.,  1885). 

Quicherat,  Louis.  A  French  philologist ;  bom 
at  Paris,  Oct.  12,  1799;  died  there,  Nov.  17, 
1884.  He  wrote:  < Treatise  on  Latin  Versifica- 
tion' (1826;  29th  ed.  1882);  <  Elementary  Treatise 
on  Music  >  ( 1833) ;  <  Poetic  Thesaurus  of  the  Latin 
Language'  (1836);  <  Latin  Prosody'  (1839;  32d 
ed.  1893);  < French-Latin  Dictionary'  (1858). 


Quiller-Couch,  A.  T.  An  English  writer  of 
fiction ;  born  in  Cornwall,  Nov.  21,  1863.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford.  He  belongs  to  the 
staff  of  the  weekly  Speaker.  Among  his  no- 
table stories  are  :  <  Dead  Man's  Rock ' ;  <  The 
Astonishing  History  of  Troy  Town';  <The 
Splendid  Spur ';  <  The  Blue  Pavilions ';  <  The  De- 
lectable Duchy ' ;  <  Hetty  Wesley' ;  <  Fort  Amity.' 

Quillet,  Claude  t^ke-ya'),  known  also  as 
Calvidius  Lastus.  A  French  physician  and  poet; 
born  in  Touraine  in  1602;  died  in  1661.  He 
went  to  Rome,  and  lived  there  until  after  the 
death  of  Richelieu.  His  chief  work  was  <Calli- 
psedia,'  written  in  Latin  and  satirizing  Mazarin  ; 
but  on  account  of  the  latter's  kindness,  the  sat- 
ire was  changed  to  eulogy  in  a  second  edition. 

Quinault,  Philippe  (ke-no').  A  French 
dramatist ;  born  in  Paris,  June  3,  1635 ;  died 
Nov.  26,  1688.  His  first  play  was  produced  at 
18,  and  was  successful.  He  studied  law  and 
continued  writing  at  the  same  time.  He  ob- 
tained a  literary  pension,  and  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Academy  in  1670.  He  was  a 
prolific  writer,  producing  comedies,  tragedies, 
and  finally  libretti  for  Lulli's  operas.  It  was  in 
the  latter  work  that  he  made  his  name.  Among 
his  chief  works  are :  <  La  M&re  Coquette,'  a 
comedy ;  '  Armide  '  and  <  Hys,'  operas. 

Quincy,  Edmund.  An  American  writer,  son 
of  Josiah ;  born  in  Boston,  Feb.  i,  1808 ;  died 
May  17,  1877.  He  wrote  a  'Biography'  of  his 
father  (1867),  and  edited  his  speeches  (1875), 
together  with  some  works  of  his  own. 

Quincy,  Josiah,  sometimes  called  Josiah 
Quincy,  Jr.  An  American  lawyer ;  bom  in  Bos- 
ton, Jan.  23,  1744;  died  April  26,  1775.  He 
graduated  from  Harvard  in  1763.  Though 
noted  as  a  patriot,  he  joined  with  John  Adams 
in  defending  the  British  soldiers  in  the  <'  Bos- 
ton Massacre"  case.  But  he  took  part  in  the 
town-meeting  ordering  the  «  Boston  tea-party"; 
and  in  September  1774  went  to  England  to 
speak  in  behalf  of  the  colonists.  His  best- 
known  works  are :  <An  Address  of  the  Mer- 
chants, Traders,  and  Freeholders  of  Boston' 
in  favor  of  a  non-importation  act  (1770),  and 
< Observations  on  the  Boston  Port  Bill'  (1774). 

Quincy,  Josiah.     Son  of  Josiah  ^'Jr.";  born 

in  Boston,  Feb.  4,  1772 ;  died  July  i,  1864.  He 
was  a  historian  and  statesman ;  Member  of 
Congress  from  Massachusetts,  1805-13;  mayor 
of  Boston,  1823-28;  president  of  Harvard, 
1829-45.  He  wrote  a  < Memoir'  of  his  father 
{1825);  <  History  of  Harvard  University'  (1840); 
<  Municipal  History  of  Boston'  (1852);  and 
other  works. 

Quinet,  Edgar  (ke-na'j.  A  French  historian 
and  philosopher;  bom  near  Bourg,  Feb.  17, 
1803 ;  died  at  Versailles,  March  27,  1875.  His 
works  fill  nearly  thirty  volumes,  of  which  only 
a  small  part  has  any  permanent  value,  as  he 
is  vague  and  undetermined,  in  spite  of  his  real 
learning  and  ability.  He  went  to  Greece  on  a 
government  mission,  and  was  made  professor 
of  foreign  literatures  at  Lyons,  and  afterwards 


QUINTANA  — RADCLIFFE 


449 


at  the  College  de  France  in  Paris.  He  was 
on  the  staff  of  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes, 
and  received  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 
in  1838.  His  principles  were  strongly  republi- 
can, and  brought  him  into  trouble  more  than 
once.  His  leading  worivs  are:  'Ahasuerus* 
(1834);  <  Merlin  the  Enchanter  >  (1861);  <  The 
Revolution*  ( 1865);  and  <The  Creation >  (1869). 
He  also  wrote  several  long  poems,  of  which 
perhaps  < The  Slaves*  (1853)  is  the  best. 

Quintana,  Manuel  Jose  (ken-ta'na).  A  Span- 
ish poet;  born  in  Madrid,  April  11,  1772;  died 
March  11,  1857.  He  was  lawyer,  journalist,  and 
man  of  letters,  as  well  as  poet.  He  was  gov- 
ernor or  preceptor  to  the  young  Queen  Isabella, 
was  made  senator  and  peer  in  1835,  and 
crowned  with  laurel  in  1855.  He  was  a  Liberal 
in  politics,  and  twice  driven  from  office,  being  im- 
prisoned from  1814  to  1820.  His  most  famous 
works  are  the  <  Lives  of  Celebrated  Spaniards  > 
(1807-1S33),  and  <  Odes  to  Free  Spain.' 

Quintilian  (Marcus  Fabius  Quintilianus) 
ikwin-til'yun).  A  Roman  rhetorician  ;  born 
in  35  A.  D.,  at  Calagurris  (Calahorra),  Spain; 
died  about  95  or  96  A.  D.  His  father  was  a 
teacher  of  rhetoric  at  Rome,  where  Quintilian 
probably  received  his  education.  He  spent 
some  years  in  Spain  previous  to  68  A.  D.,  when 


he  came  to  I\.ome  again  with  Galba.  He 
was  a  pleader  in  the  courts  and  a  professional 
teacher  of  rhetoric,  and  also  educated  two 
grand-nephews  of  Domitian.  His  own  teaclier 
in  rhetoric  was  Domitius  Afer,  but  he  made 
Cicero  his  model.  One  of  his  pupils  was  Pliny 
the  Younger.  Quintilian's  great  work  is  the 
<  Institutio  Oratoria,'  one  of  the  most  famous 
classical  works  on  riietoric.  His  knowledge 
and  cultivation  were  extensive,  and  his  style 
delightful. 

Quintus  Curtius  Rufus.  A  Roman  historian, 
probably  of  the  first  century  A.  D.,  of  whose 
life  nothing  is  known  with  certainty.  He  is 
the  author  of  <  De  Rebus  Gestis  Alexandri 
Magni'  (Deeds  of  Alexander  the  Great),  in 
ten  books,  the  first  two  of  which  are  lost.  It 
is  pleasing  in  style,  but  not  very  accurate. 

Quita,  Domingo  dos  Reis  (ke'ta).  A  Portu 
guese  poet ;  born  in  Lisbon,  Jan.  8,  1728 ;  died 
1770.  He  was  left  at  his  father's  death  the 
oldest  of  seven  children,  and  was  apprenticed 
to  a  barber,  but  pursued  by  himself  the  study 
of  Portuguese  literature  and  that  of  other  coun- 
tries. The  money  gained  by  his  writings  was 
lost  in  the  Lisbon  earthquake.  His  most  famous 
work  is  <  Inez  de  Castro,*  besides  which  he 
wrote  four  other  dramas  and  many  poems. 


R 


Raabe,  Wllhelm  (ra'be).  A  German  novel- 
ist ;  born  at  Eschershausen,  Brunswick,  Sept.  8, 
1831.  He  is  distinguished  as  a  humorist  among 
German  novelists  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
His  principal  works  are:  <The  Chronicle  of 
the  Sperlingsgasse  *  (1857);  <  Woodland  Folk  > 
(1863);  <  The  Hunger  Pastor '  (1864) ;  <  Horacker  > 
(1876);  <  Wunnigel  >  (1879) ;  <  The  Horn  of  Wan- 
za  >  (1881);  <  The  Lar > ;  <  Cloister  of  Lugan.> 

Rabelais,  Francois  (riib-la').  The  French 
satirist;  born  at  Cliinon,  Touraine,  about  1495. 
died  1553.  His  fame  rests  upon  the  two  works 
called  <Gargantua>  (1535)  and  <  Pantagruel  > 
(1533)-  *Gargantua,>  although  a  sequel  to  the 
other  book,  was  written  before  it.  He  was  also 
the  author  of  scientific  treatises,  which  are  now 
almost  entirely  forgotten.  He  is  deemed  not 
only  the  greatest  of  French  satirists,  but  one  of 
the  great  satirists  of  all  times. 

Racan,  Honorat  de  Bueil  (ra-kaiV).  A 
French  poet ;  born  in  Touraine  in  1589 ;  died 
in  1670.  He  was  a  member  of  the  French 
Academy,  and  a  friend  of  Malherbe.  He  pub- 
lished <  Pastorals*  (1628),  and  a  number  of 
other  poems,  during  his  lifetime.  His  works 
were  collected  and  published  at  Paris  in  1724. 

Racine,  Jean  Baptiste  (ra-sen').    The  illus- 
trious   French   dramatist ;    born    at   La    Fert^- 
Milon,  Dec.  21,  1639;  died  at   Paris,  April  26, 
1699.      His   works    include :   <  Nymphs   of   the 
29 


Seine  *  (1660),  an  ode  ;  'Amasie,'  a  comedy,  ncA 
lost ;  <  Ovid's  Amours,*  a  comedy,  now  lost , 
<The  Thebaid  *  (1664),  his  first  staged  tragedy, 
although  he  had  previously  written  <  Theagenes 
and  Chariclea,*  a  tragedy,  which  he  suppressed  ; 
'Alexander*  (1665),  a  tragedy;  <The  Chaplain's 
Wig*  (1665?),  a  parody  of  <The  Cid,*  and  writ- 
ten partly  in  collaboration;  *  Andromache' 
(1667);  <  The  Pleaders*  (1668),  a  comedy  mod- 
eled upon  Aristophanes;  <  Britannicus'  (1669): 
< Berenice*  (1670);  <Bajazet*  (1672);  <  Mithri- 
dates*  (1673);  *Iphigenia*  (1674),  pronounced 
by  Voltaire  the  masterpiece  of  the  French  the- 
atre;  <Phaidra>  (1677);  <Esther>  (1689);  <Y\.tha- 
lie*  (1691),  his  last  dramatic  work;  < Abridg- 
ment of  the  History  of  Port  Royal*;  <  Letters*; 
and  some  historical  memoranda  concerning  the 
campaigns  of  Louis  XIV. 

Racine,  Louis.  A  French  poet  and  critic, 
son  of  J.  B. ;  born  at  Paris  in  1692 ;  died  in 
1763.  He  is  chiefiy  noteworthy  for  his  two 
poems,  <  Grace  *  (1720),  and  <  Religion*  (1742), 
which  passed  through  sixty  editions.  He  wrote 
in  prose  :  <  Reflections  upon  Poetry  * ;  <  Memoirs 
of  the  Life  of  Racine  * ;  and  <  Remarks  on  Ra- 
cine's Tragedies.*     (<  Complete   Works,*  1808). 

Radclifife,  Ann.  An  English  novelist;  born 
in  London,  July  9,  1764 ;  died  1823.  She  was 
once  very  popular,  but  is  not  now  read.  Her 
best-known  novel,  still  familiar  by  name  as  a 
type  of  the  pseudo-medieval,  is  <  The  Mysteries 


450 


RAE  — RAMSAY 


of  Udolpho*  (1794).  which  ran  through  many 
editions.  She  also  wrote  :  <  The  Castles  of  Ath- 
lin  and  Dunboyne  >  ( 17S9);  <  A  Sicilian  Romance ' 
(1790);  <The  Romance  of  the  Forest>  (1791); 
and  <The  Italian  >  (l797)- 

Rae,  Edward.  An  English  traveler  and  de- 
scriptive writer ;  born  at  Birkenhead  in  1847. 
His  publications  include:  <The  Land  of  the 
North  Wind>;  <  The  Country  of  the  Moors  >; 
<The  White  Sea  Peninsula  >;  and  <A  Limb  of 
the  Law,>  a  novel :  all  most  favorably  received. 

Rafa,  Carl  Christian  (rafn).  A  Danish  critic 
and  arclufologist ;  born  in  Brahesborg,  Fiinen, 
Jan.  16,  1795  ;  died  in  Copenhagen,  Oct.  20, 1864. 
He  produced  numerous  works,  the  most  im- 
portant being  a  Danish  translation  of  Norse 
mythic  and  romantic  sagas  (1829-30);  an  edi- 
tion of  Ragnar  Lodbrog's  death-song,  with  phil- 
ologico-critical  remarks  (1826);  and  'American 
Antiquities'  (1837),  his  most  widely  read  book, 
in  which  he  undertakes  to  prove  that  America 
was  discovered  by  Norsemen  in  the  tenth  cen- 
tury. 

Ragozin,  Zenaide  Alezeivna  (rag'o-tsin).  A 
Russian-American  Oriental  writer ;  born  in  1835. 
She  came  to  the  United  States  in  1874.  Her 
most  important  books  are :  <  The  Story  of 
Chaldea>  (1886);  <  The  Story  of  Assyria >  (1887); 
and  <  The  Story  of  Media,  Babylon,  and  Persia ' 
(1888 1, — all  in  the  <  Stories  of  the  Nations  >  series; 
<  Siegfried  > ;  <  Boewulf  > ;  <  Frithjof  > ;  <  Roland.> 

Rainsford,  William  Stephen.  An  American 
Episcopal  clergyman ;  born  in  Dublin,  Oct.  30, 
1850.  He  was  called  to  the  rectorship  of  St. 
George's,  New  York  city,  and  since  that  time 
has  been  associated  with  ,many  philanthropic 
and  other  reforms.  Besides  many  contribu- 
tions to  current  literature,  he  has  published 
< Sermons  Preached  in  St.  George's'  (1887), 
and  <The  Church's  Opportunity  in  the  City  of 
To-day  ';< A  Preacher's  Story  of  His  Work.' 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter.  The  famous  English 
admiral ;  born  at  Hayes  in  Devonshire,  1552 ; 
executed  Oct.  29,  1618.  Imprisoned  by  Queen 
Elizabeth,  he  produced  poetical  and  literary 
fragments,  and  his  <  History  of  the  World.'  His 
poems  were  not  published  until  nearly  two 
hundred  years  after  his  death  (1814);  his  'Mis- 
cellaneous Writings'  in  1751 ;  and  his  'Com- 
plete Works'  in  1829. 

Ralph,  James.  An  English  pamphleteer  and 
poetaster ;  born  in  Philadelphia,  about  1695 ; 
died  in  Chiswick,  Jan.  24,  1762.  He  went  to 
England  in  1725  with  Benjamin  Franklin,  and 
was  unsuccessful  in  his  first  efforts  to  win  pub- 
lic favor.  His  poem  on  'Night'  (1728)  was 
ridiculed  by  Pope  in  his  <  Dunciad ' ;  but  his 
continuation  of  Guthrie's  <  History  of  England  ' 
(1744-46)  won  public  praise.  He  also  published 
'The  Other  Side  of  the  Question'  (1742),  a 
reply  to  a  criticism  on  the  Duchess  of  Marl- 
borough. 

Ralph,  Julian.  An  American  journalist ; 
born  in  New  York  in  1853,    His  publications 


include:  'On  Canada's  Frontier';  < Dixie*; 
'Our  Great  West';  'Chicago  and  the  World's 
Fair ' ;  '  People  We  Pass ' ;  and  <  Alone  in 
China,  and  Other  Stories.'  Died  in  New  York, 
Jan.  20,  1903. 

Ralston,  William  Ralston  Shedden.     An 

English  writer  on  Russian  folk-lore ;  bom 
1828;  died  1889.  He  devoted  himself  to  Rus- 
sian studies,  and  published :  <  Kriloff  and  his 
Fables'  (1869);  'Liza'  (1869);  'Songs  of  the 
Russian  People'  (1872);  'Russian  Folk-Tales' 
(1873);  and  'Early  History  of  Russia'  (1874). 

Rambaud,  Alfred  Nicolas.  An  eminent 
French  historian ;  born  at  Besan9on,  depart- 
ment of  Doubs,  July  2,  1842.  Of  his  works 
the  most  important  is  the  '  History  of  French 
Civilization'  (3  vols.,  1885),  which  is  used  as  a 
text-book  in  nearly  all  universities.  His  other 
publications  include:  'French  Domination  in 
Germany,  1792-1804'  (1873);  'Germany  under 
Napoleon  I.'  (1874);  'The  French  and  the 
Russians,'  etc.  (1877);  'History  of  Russia' 
(1878);  'History  of  Contemporary  Civilization 
in  France'  (1887);' Jules  Ferry '  (1903). 

Ramee,  Louisa  de  la.    See  Ouida. 

Ramirez,  Ignacio  (ra-me'reth).  A  Mexican 
philosopher;  born  in  San  Miguel  el  Grande, 
June  23,  1818 ;  died  in  Mexico,  June  15,  1879. 
He  was  of  pure  Aztec  blood.  He  published 
under  the  pseudonym  of  "The  Necromancer" 
many  satirical  poems  and  philosophical  arti- 
cles ;  and  also  founded  the  paper  Don  Simpli- 
cio,  in  1846.  His  many  literary  works  were 
never  collected ;  but  his  <  Manual  of  Rudiment- 
ary Knowledge,'  written  in  1873,  was  published 
in  1884. 

Rammohun  Roy  (ram-mo-hun'  roi),  A  Hindu 
rajah;  born  at  Rddhdnagar,  Bengal,  May  1772; 
died  at  Bristol,  England,  Sept.  27,  1833.  Re- 
jecting the  Hindu  religion  at  an  early  age,  he 
published  '  A  Gift  to  Monotheists,'  a  protest 
against  idolatry  and  priestcraft.  He  embraced 
the  moral  principles  of  Christianity,  and  issued 
'  The  Precepts  of  Jesus,  the  Guide  to  Peace 
and  Happiness'  (1820);  an  English  abridgment 
of  the  sacred  books  of  the  Vedanta  (1826); 
and  numerous  pamphlets  concerning  the  con- 
dition of  India. 

Ramsay,  Allan.  A  Scottish  poet;  born  in 
Leadhills,  Lanarkshire,  Oct.  15,  1686;  died  in 
Edinburgh,  Jan.  7,  1758.  His  fame  rests  largely 
upon  his  'Gentle  Shepherd'  (1725),  a  pastoral 
drama  in  the  Lowland  Scotch  dialect,  to  which 
songs  were  added  (1728).  It  is  regarded  as 
the  best  pastoral  in  any  language.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  :  '  Tartana ;  or.  The  Plaid ' 
(1721); ' Fables  and  Tales '  (1722);  'Fair  Assem- 
bly' (1723);  'Health'  (1724);  'The  Tea-Table 
Miscellany'  (1724);  'The  Evergreen'  (1725); 
and  'Thirty  Fables'  (1730). 

Ramsay,  Andrew  Michael.  A  Scotch 
mathematician  and  theologian;  bom  at  Ayr, 
Jan.  9,  1686;  died  at  St.  Germain-en-Laye, 
France,  May  6,  1743.    A  visit  to  F^neloa  at 


RAMSAY  —  RASPE 


45  » 


Cambray  resulted  in  his  conversion  to  Roman- 
Catholicism  and  the  production  of  his  prin- 
cipal work,  <  Travels  of  Cyrus  *  (1727),  in  avowed 
imitation  of  <Tel^maque.>  He  also  edited 
<  T^ldmaque,>  with  an  introduction  :  and  wrote, 
in  French,  a  <  Political  Essay  >  on  the  principles 
of  its  author ;  a  <  History  of  the  Life  and 
Works  of  Fdnelon  > ;  besides  a  number  of  Eng- 
lish poems.  His  French  is  remarkable  for  its 
purity  and  perfection  of  style. 

Ramsay,  David.  An  American  physician 
and  historian ;  born  in  Lancaster  County,  Pa., 
April  2,  1749;  died  at  Charleston,  May  8,  1815. 
He  devoted  his  leisure  to  the  study  of  the  Rev- 
olutionary struggle,  and  published  :  <  History  of 
the  Revolution  in  South  Carolina  >  (1785); 
'History  of  the  American  Revolution >  (1789); 
•Life  of  Washington'  (1801);  and  < History  of 
South  Carolina'  (1809J.  His  <  History  of  the 
United  States'  was  published  posthumously  in 
1816,  and  his  <  Universal  History  Americanized  ' 
in  1819. 

Ramus,  Pierre  (ra'mus).  A  French  logician  ; 
born  at  Cuth,  Vemiandois,  1515;  was  assas- 
sinated in  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
August  1572.  He  distinguished  himself  at  21, 
upon  the  occasion  of  taking  his  degree,  by 
defending  the  thesis  that  « all  that  Aristotle 
taught  is  false."  He  followed  this  with  <  Crit- 
icism of  Aristotelian  Dialectic'  {1543),  written 
in  Latin ;  and  with  his  <  Dialectic,'  a  French 
version  of  Jhis  system,  the  first  work  of  the 
kind  published  in  the  French  language.  His 
literary  activity  produced  in  all  fifty-nine  works, 
all  but  nine  of  which  appeared  before  his 
death.  They  include  treatises  on  arithmetic, 
geometry,  and  algebra. 

Rand,  Edward  Augustus.  An  Episcopal 
clergyman  and  writer  of  juvenile  books  ;  born 
at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in  1837.  He  has  pub- 
lished :  <  Christmas  Jack'  (1878);  <  Pushing 
Ahead '  (1880);  <  The  Tent  in  the  Notch '  (1881); 
< After  the  Freshet'  (1882);  'Little  Brown  Top' 
(1883);  'Fighting  the  Sea'  (1887);  <  Sailor  Boy 
Bob » (1888);  <  When  the  War  Broke  Out '  (1888); 
and  others.     Died  Oct.  5,  1903. 

Randall,  James  Ryder.  An  American  song- 
writer ;  bom  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Jan.  i,  1839. 
His  'Maryland,  My  Maryland'  (1861),  called 
"  the  <  Marseillaise '  of  the  Confederate  cause," 
was  set  to  music  and  became  very  popular. 
He  wrote  much  in  support  of  the  South.  His 
poems  include  :  '  The  Sole  Entry  > ;  'Arling- 
ton'; 'The  Cameo  Bracelet';  'There's  Life 
in  the  Old  Land  Yet ' ;  and  '  The  Battle  Cry 
of  the  South.' 

Randolph,  John.  An  American  statesman  ; 
born  at  Cawsons,  Va.,  June  2,  1773 ;  died  at  Phil- 
adelphia, June  24,  1833.  His  response  to  Patrick 
Henry  is  famous.  His  '  Letters  to  a  Young 
Relative '  were  published  in  1834. 

Randolph,  Sarah  Nicholas.  An  American 
biographical  writer,  great-granddaughter  of 
Thomas  Jefferson;  born  at  Edge  Hill,  Va.,  Oct. 
12,  1839.     She  has  published :  '  The  Domestic 


Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson  >  (1871);  <The  Lord 
will  Provide'  (1872);  'A  Paper  on  Martha 
Jefferson  Randolph'  (1876);  and  'Life  of  Stone- 
wall Jackson'  (1876).  Died  in  1900. 

Ranke,  Leopold  (rank'e).  A  leading  Ger- 
man historian ;  born  at  Wiehe,  Saxony,  Dec. 
21,  1795 ;  died  May  23,  1886.  From  early  youth 
till  his  death  at  90  he  was  engaged  in  fruitful 
historical  research  and  production ;  his  chief 
labors  being  devoted  to  the  Reformation  period, 
15th  and  i6th  centuries,  all  through  Europe, 
though  his  last  work  was  a  great  '  Universal 
History'  (the  first  volume  published  when  he 
was  85),  embodying  the  ripest  results  of  modern 
scholarship,  but  of  most  value  in  the  earliest 
part  dealing  with  prehistoric  origins.  His  '  His- 
tory of  the  Popes,  their  Church  and  State* 
(1834-36), —  which  really  means  the  mediaeval 
popes,  the  earlier  papacy  being  only  outlined, 
—  is  one  of  the  most  widely  circulated  histories 
of  modern  times,  and  has  been  translated  into 
English,  French,  and  Dutch.  His  '  History  of 
Germany  during  the  Reformation'  (1839-47)  is 
regarded  in  Germany  as  his  best  production. 
Among  his  other  important  works  are :  '  Crit- 
ique on  Modem  Historians'  (1824);  'Princes 
and  Nations  of  South  Europe  during  the  l6th 
and  17th  Centuries'  (1827);  and  'Genesis  of  the 
Prussian  States'  (1847).  His  expos^  of  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.  has  been  compared  to  that 
of  Voltaire. 

Rankin,  Jeremiah  Eames.  An  American 
clergyman  and  religious  writer ;  bom  at  Thorn- 
ton, N.  H.,  Jan.  2,  1828.  He  has  written  sev- 
eral national  hjTnns,  including  'For  God  and 
Home  and  Native  Land '  and  '  Keep  your 
Colors  Flying.'  He  is  also  the  author  of 
'Bridal  Ring'  (1866);  'Auld  Scotch  Mither  > 
(1873);  'Subduing  Kingdoms'  (1881);  'The 
Hotel  of  God'  (1883);  'Atheism  of  Heart' 
(1884);  'Christ  his  Own  Interpreter'  (1884); 
and  'Ingleside  Rhaims'  (1887).  Died  in  1904. 

Rapin  de  Thoyras,  Paul  de  (ra-pafi'  di 
twa-ra').  A  French  historian  ;  born  at  Castres, 
Languedoc,  March  25,  1661 ;  died  at  Wesel, 
Holland,  May  16,  1725.  He  is  remarkable  for 
the  production  of  a  '  History  of  England ' 
(1724),  to  which  he  devoted  seventeen  years' 
labor.  It  undoubtedly  shortened  his  life,  and 
he  survived  its  publication  but  a  year.  It  is 
considered  one  of  the  most  complete  and  im- 
partial expositions  of  English  political  events 
ever  published.  He  also  wrote :  'A  Disserta- 
tion on  the  Whigs  and  Tories'  (1717). 

Raspe,  Rudolph  Eric  (ras'p6).  A  German 
archaeologist  and  mineralogist ;  born  at  Han- 
over in  1737 ;  died  in  1794.  A  refugee  in  Eng- 
land, most  of  his  books  were  published  in 
English.  He  is  the  author  of  the  well-known 
'  Baron  Munchhausen's  Narrative  of  his  Marvel- 
lous Travels  and  Campaigns  in  Russia'  (1785); 
a  recital  of  many  extraordinary  adventures 
taken  from  ancient  German  books,  but  believed 
by  many  to  have  been  stories  actually  related 
by  Baron  von  Miinchhausen  (1720-97),  who  was 
reputed   to  have   entertained   his  friends  with 


452 

wonderful  teles  of  his  exploits  in  war,  and  be- 
lieved to  have  been  «the  greatest  liar  in  ail 
Germany."  Among  his  other  writings,  apart 
from  his  works  on  mineralogy,  may  be  named 
<A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  a  General  Collec- 
tion of  Engraved  Stones >  (1791).  besides  works 
on  philosophy,  and  historical  memoirs. 

Rattazzi,  Marie  Studolmine  de  Solms  (ra- 
tats'e).  A  French  novelist;  born  in  London 
(or  in  Waterford.  Ireland)  in  1830.  Among  her 
many  novels,  <The  Marriages  of  the  Creole  > 
and  <If  I  Were  Queen  >  are  the  most  popular. 
She  edited  several  journals,  and  wrote  poems 
and  dramas.  She  died  in  Paris,  February  — , 
1902. 

Eaupacli,  Ernst  Benjamin  Salome  (rou'- 
pach).  A  German  dramatist ;  born  at  Strau- 
pitz,  Silesia,  May  21,  1784;  died  at  Berlin, 
March  18,  1852.  He  was  popular  in  his  day, 
but  has  latterly  fallen  into  neglect,  though  he 
has  many  admirers  still.  His  leading  plays  in- 
clude :  'The  Princess  Chawansky>  (i8i8j;  <  The 
Enchained'  (1821);  <The  Magic  Ring  of  Love  > 
(1824);  <  The  Friends  >  (1825);  <  Isidor  and  Olga ' 
(1826);  <  Raphael  >  (1828);  and  <Tlie  Daughter 
of  the  Air>  (1829).  His  comedies  were  very 
successful, —  among  others,  <  Critic  and  Anti- 
Critic,>  <The  Smugglers,'  and  <The  Spirit  of 
the  Time.' 

Ravenscroft,  Edward.  An  English  drama- 
tist who  flourished  between  1671  and  1697.  He 
was  exceedingly  popular  in  his  day.  His  first 
play  was  <  Mamamouchi ;  or,  The  Citizen  Turned 
Gentleman'  (1675),  and  was  taken  from  Mo- 
lifere's  <Le  Bourgeois  Gentilhomme.'  His  nu- 
merous comedies,  farces,  and  tragedies,  some 
posthumous,  include  <  The  Wrangling  Lovers ' 
(1676);  < Scaramouch,  a  Philosopher'  (1677); 
<  King  Edgar  and  Alfreda'  (1677);  <  Ignoramus  > 
(1678);  <The  London  Cuckolds  >  (first  published 
in  1783);  <  Dame  Dobson'  (1683);  <The  Canter- 
bury Guests'  (1695);  and  <Tlie  Italian  Hus- 
band' (1698). 

Rawlinson,  George.  A  noted  English  scholar, 
historian  and  theological  writer ;  bom  at 
Chadlington,  1812.  He  was  canon  of  Can- 
terbury Cathedral.  His  chief  works  are  indis- 
pensable classics  in  tlieir  fields:  notably  the  set 
of  'Great  Oriental  Monarchies,'  (<Five,>  1862- 
67;<Sixth,)  1873;  'Seventh,'  1876),  and  (with 
his  brother  Henry  and  Sir  J.  G.  Wilkinson) 
the  4-V0I.  edition  of  Herodotus  (1858-60). 
He  also  wrote  a  'History  of  Egypt'  (1881), 
'Phoenicia'  (1889).  He  died  in  London,  Oct. 
5,  1902. 

Rawlinson,   Henry     Creswicke,    Sir.      An 

English  diplomat  and  Oriental  scholar  of  great 
repute,  brother  of  George ;  born  at  Chadling- 
ton, Oxfordshire,  April  11,  1810;  died  March  5, 
1895.  He  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  his  re- 
searches among  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  of 
Persia,  and  for  his  translation  of  the  Behistun 
inscription,  written  in  one  of  the  old  Persian 
languages.  He  is  the  author  of  'England  and 
Russia  in  the  East '  ( 1875).  and  the  '  Cuniform 
Inscriptions  of  Western  Asia'  (1861-84). 


RATTAZZI  — READ 


Raymond,  Henry  o.  An  American  journal- 
ist; born  at  Lima,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  24,  1820 ;  died  in 
New  York,  June  18,  1869.  He  first  attracted 
attention  by  his  editorials  in  the  New  York 
Tribune ;  and  on  Sept.  18,  1851,  founded  the 
New  York  Times.  He  was  active  in  organiz- 
ing the  Republican  party ;  and  composed  the 
'Address  to  the  People'  delivered  at  the  Na- 
tional Convention  in  Pittsburg,  February  1856. 
He  has  published :  <  Political  Lessons  of  the 
Revolution'  (1854);  'Letters  to  Mr.  Yancey' 
(i860);  'History  of  the  Administration  of  Pres- 
ident Lincoln'  (1864);  and  'Life  and  Services 
of  Abraham  Lincoln'  (1865).  He  did  much 
to  make  the  newspaper  "editorial"  the  power 
it  now  is. 

Raynouard.Fran^ois  Juste-Marie  (ra-nwar'). 
A  French  poet  and  philologist ;  born  at  Bri- 
gnole'^,  Provence,  September  1761 ;  died  at  Passy, 
Oct.  27,  1836.  His  first  tragedies,  '  Eleonora  oi 
Bavaria '  and  '  The  Templars,'  were  produced 
in  1805  with  great  success.  He  also  wrote  dur- 
ing the  regime  of  Napoleon  :  '  Scipio ' ;  '  The 
States  of  Blois ' ;  <  Don  Carlos ' ;  '  Charles  I.' ; 
'Deborah';  and  'Joan  of  Arc  at  Orleans.' 
Later  he  produced  a  number  of  books  con- 
cerning the  Provengal  language  and  literature, 
among  them  a  '  Dictionary  of  the  Language 
of  the  Troubadours'  (1838-44). 

Reacb,  Angus  Bethune.  An  English  jour- 
nalist ;  born  at  Inverness,  Scotland,  Jan.  23, 
1821 ;  died  in  London,  Nov.  25,  1856.  His  first 
production,  'Labor  and  the  Poor'  (1848),  was 
a  very  noted  series  of  articles  published  in 
the  London  Morning  Chronicle.  H^  wrote : 
'The  Comic  Bradshaw;  or,  Bubbles  from  the 
Boiler'  (1848); '  Clement  Lorimer;  or.  The  Book 
with  the  Iron  Clasp,'  a  romance  (1S49);  'Leon- 
ard Lindsay ;  or.  The  Story  of  a  Buccaneer  > 
(1850);  'Claret  and  Olives'  (1852);  and  many 
amusing  miscellanies  and  farces. 

Read,  Opie  P.  An  American  journalist ;  born 
in  Tennessee  in  1852.  He  edited  the  Arkansaw 
Traveller  for  many  years.  His  studies  of  Ar- 
kansas life  have  been  widely  read,  and  include  : 
'Len  Gansett'  (1888);  'My  Young  Master'; 
'An  Arkansaw  Planter' ;  'Up  Terrapin  River'; 
'A  Kentucky  Colonel';  'On  the  Suwanee 
River';  'Miss  Polly  Lop,  and  Other  Stories'; 
<  I'iie  Captain's  Romance,'  and  'The  Jucklins'; 
'  Son  of  the  Swordmaker  ' ;  <  The  Mystery  of 
Margareth.' 

Read,  Thomas  Buchanan.  At  American 
portrait-painter  and  poet ;  born  in  Pennsylvania, 
March  12,  1822  ;  died  in  1S72.  His  most  im- 
portant works  are  :  'Poems'  (1847);  'Lays  and 
Ballads'  (1848);  'The  House  by  the  Sea'(i856); 
'The  Wagoner  of  the  Alleghanies'  (1862);  'A 
Summer  Story'  (1865);  and  'Poetical  Works' 
(1867).  His  best-known  poems  are  'Sheridan's 
Ride '  and  <  Drifting.'  He  also  published  :  '  Fe- 
male Poets  of  America'  (1848);  'The  Pilgrims 
of  the  Great  St.  Bernard,'  a  romance  ;  '  The  New 
Pastoral'  (1854),  his  most  ambitious  poem; 
'Sylvia;  or.  The  Lost  Shepherd'  (1857);  'A 
Voyage  to  Iceland'  (1857);  and  'The  Good 
Samaritans'   (1867). 


READE— REEVES 


453 


Reade,  Charles.  The  well-known  English 
novelist;  born  at  Ipsden,  June  8,  1814;  died 
April  II,  1884.  His  first  great  success  was  <It's 
Never  Too  Late  to  Mend>  (1856);  although  he 
had  previously  written  <  Peg  Woffington>  (1852), 
and  < Christie  Johnstone*  (1853).  His  numer- 
ous productions  include  :  <  The  Course  of  True 
Love  Never  did  Run  Smooth  >  (1857);  <Jack  of 
All  Trades  >  (1858);  <The  Autobiography  of  a 
Thief  >  (1858);  <  Love  Me  Little,  Love  Me  Long' 
(1859);  <The  Double  Marriage;  or,  White  Lies' 
(i860);  <The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth'  (1861); 
<Hard  Cash'  (1863);  < Griffith  Gaunt'  (1866); 
<Foul  Play'  (1869);  <Put  Yourself  in  his  Place' 
(1870);  <A  Terrible  Temptation'  (1871);  <A 
Simpleton'  (1873);  <The  Wandering  Heir' 
(1875);  <  A  Woman-Hater'  (1877);  and  <A  Peril- 
ous Secret,'  published  posthumously.  His  plays 
include:  <Gold'  (1850);  <  Masks  and  Faces' 
(1854);  <The  Courier  of  Lyons';  <Two  Loves 
and  a  Life';  <The  King's  Rivals'  (1854); 
< Drink'  (1879);  besides  the  dramatization  of 
a  number  of  his  novels. 

Reade,  Jolm.  An  Irish-Canadian  clergyman 
and  journalist ;  born  in  Ballyshannon,  Donegal, 
Nov.  13,  1837.  He  came  to  Canada  in  1856, 
and  has  contributed  to  every  magazine  or  re- 
view established  in  Canada  since  i860.  His 
writings  include :  <  The  Prophecy  and  Other 
Poems'  (1870);  <  Language  and  Conquest' 
(1883);  <The  Making  of  Canada'  (1885);  < Lit- 
erary Faculty  of  the  Native  Races  of  America ' 
(1885);  <The  Half-Breed'  (1886);  <Vita  Sine 
Liberis'  (1886);  and  < Aboriginal  American  Po- 
etry' (1887). 

Reade,  William  Winwood.  An  English  trav- 
eler, novelist,  and  controversialist ;  born  in  Ox- 
fordshire, Jan.  30,  1838;  died  April  24,  1875. 
On  his  return  from  African  journeys,  he  wrote 
< Savage  Africa'  (1863);  <The  African  Sketch- 
Book'  (1873 J;  <  Story  of  the  Ashantee  Cam- 
paign' (1875);  and  several  novels.  His  mas- 
terpiece is  probably  <  The  Martyrdom  of  Man,' 
which  presents  the  history  of  all  the  forms  of 
human  slavery  (1872;  13th  ed.  1890). 

Realf,  Richard.  An  English- American  poet ; 
born  at  Framfield,  Sussex,  June  14,  1834;  com- 
mitted suicide  in  Oakland,  Cal.,  Oct.  28,  1878. 
At  18  he  published,  under  the  patronage  of 
several  literary  people,  a  collection  of  poems, 
<  Guesses  at  the  Beautiful.'  In  1854  he  came 
to  the  United  States,  enlisted  in  the  army  in 
1862,  and  wrote  some  of  his  best  lyrics  in  the 
field.  His  most  admired  poems  are  <  My  Slain,' 
<An  Old  Man's  Idyl,'  and  <  Indirection.' 

Recke,  Ernst  von  der  (reck'e).  A  Danish 
romantic  poet;  born  at  Copenhagen,  Aug.  14, 
1848.  His  earliest  and  most  popular  poem  is 
the  three-act  drama  <Bertran  de  Born'  (1872). 
He  has  written  much  on  the  art  of  Danish 
verse,  including  <  Principles  of  Danish  Versi- 
fication as  Manifested  in  its  Historic  and  Sys- 
tematic Development'  (1881);  and  <The  Rules 
of  Danish  Versification  Concisely  Stated '  (1885). 
Among  his  other  publications  include  :  <  Lyric 


Poems'  (1876);  < King  Liuvigild  and  his  Sons,' 
a  tragedy  (1878);  <Archilochus '  (1878);  <Knud 
and  Magnus,'  a  tragedy  (1881);  < Short  Poems' 
(1883);  < Miscellaneous  Poems'  (1890);  <Fru 
Jeanna,'  a  tragic  opera  (1891);  and  <The  Duch- 
ess of  Burgundy'  (1891). 

Reclus,  Jean  Jacques  tlis6e  (ra-klU').  A 
French  geographer  and  scientist ;  born  in  the 
Gironde,  May  15,  1830.  After  extensive  travels 
in  England,  Ireland,  and  North  and  South 
America,  he  devoted  himself  to  writing  on  the 
social  and  political  conditions  of  these  countries, 
many  of  his  articles  appearing  in  the  Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes  and  in  the  Tour  du  Monde. 
Among  his  numerous  writings,  <The  Earth' 
(1867-68),  <The  Ocean  Atmosphere  and  Life' 
(1872),  and  < Universal  Geography'  (1875-88), 
in  thirteen  volumes,  are  most  elaborate.  D.  1904. 

Redpath,  James,  An  American  journalist; 
born  in  Berwick,  Scotland,  Aug.  24,  1833 ;  died 
Feb.  10,  1891.  He  was  known  as  a  fiery  aboli- 
tionist, and  an  ardent  supporter  of  the  Irish 
in  the  land-league  troubles.  He  founded  the 
« Redpath  Lyceum  Bureau,"  an  agency  for 
lecturers  and  musicians,  in  1867,  and  conducted 
it  until  1875.  He  became  assistant  editor  of 
tiie  North  American  Review  in  1886.  He  pub- 
lished:  < Handbook  to  Kansas'  (1859);  <The 
Roving  Editor'  (1859);  <  Echoes  of  Harper's 
Ferry'  (i860);  <  Southern  Notes'  (i860);  <  Guide 
to  Hayti'  (i860);  'The  John  Brown  Invasion' 
(i860);  <  Life  of  John  Brown'  (i860);  and 
< Talks  About  Ireland'  (1881). 

Redwitz  (-Schmblz),  Oskar  von  (red'vitz- 
shmelts).  A  German  poet ;  born  at  Lichtenau, 
Bavaria,  June  28,  1823;  died  July  7,  1891.  He 
gained  wide  reputation  by  his  first  work,  <Am- 
aranth'  (1849),  an  epic  poem  written  in  praise 
of  Roman-Catholicism ;  and  his  later  works 
did  not  fall  short  of  his  early  promise.  They 
include :  <  Tales  of  the  Forest  Brook  and  the 
Pine';  <  Hermann  Stark,'  a  novel  (1868);  the 
remarkable  <  Lay  of  the  New  German  Empire ' 
(1871);  <Odilo'  (1878);  <The  Wartenberg 
House'  (1884);   and  < Hymen'  (1887). 

Reese,  Lizette  Woodworth.  An  American 
verse-writer  and  educator ;  bom  in  Maryland 
in  1856.  Her  writings  include :  <  A  Branch  of 
May'  (1887);  <A  Handful  of  Lavender';  and 
<A  Quiet  Road.' 

Reeve,  Clara.  An  English  novelist;  bom 
at  Ipswich  in  1729 ;  died  Dec.  3,  1807.  Her 
most  famous  work  is  <The  Champion  of  Vir- 
tue: A  Gothic  Story'  (1777),  afterwards  pub- 
lished under  the  title  of  <The  Old  English 
Baron.'  She  had  previously  written  <  The 
Phoenix'  (1772),  a  translation  from  the  Latin 
of  Barclay's  romance  <  Argenis.'  Among  her 
other  and  less  important  works  are :  <  The 
Two  Mentors'  (1783);  <The  Progress  of  Ro- 
mance' (1785);  and  <The  Exiles;  or,  Memoirs 
of  Count  de  Cronstadt'  (1788). 

Reeves,  Helen  Buckingham  (n^e  Mathers). 
An  English  novelist;  bom  at  Crewkerne, 
Somersetshire,  in    1852.     Her   novels   treat  of 


454 


REEVES  —  RELLSTAB 


domestic  English  life,  and  are  exceedingly  pop- 
ular. They  include  :  <  Comin'  through  the  Rye  > 
(1875);  <  The  Token  of  the  Silver  Lily,>  a  poem 
(1876);  < Cherry  Ripe'  (1877);  <As  He  Comes 
up  the  Stair  >  (1878);  <The  Land  of  the  LeaP 
(1878);  <My  Lady  Green  Sleeves'  (1879);  <The 
Story  of  a  Sin>  (1S81);  < Sam's  Sweetheart' 
(1883);  <  Eyre's  Acquittal'  (1884);  <  Jock  o' 
Hazeidean'  (1884);  <  Found  Out'  (1885);  <Mur- 
der  or  Manslaughter?'  (1885);  <The  Fashion 
of  this  World'  (1886);  <  A  Study  of  a  Woman' 
(1893);  and  <A  Man  of  the  Time'  (1894). 

Reeves,  Marian  Calboun  Legate.  An  Amer- 
ican novelist;  born  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  about 
1854.  She  began  to  write  in  1866  under  the 
pseudon>Tn  of  "  Fadette."  Her  publications  in- 
clude :  <Ingemisco'  (1867);  <  Randolph  Honor' 
(1868);  <  Sea-Drift  >  (1869);  <  Wearithorne  > 
(1872);  <A  Little  Maid  of  Arcadie'  (1888);  and 
in  conjunction  with  Emily  Read,  <01d  Martin 
Boscawen's  Jest'  (1878),  and  <  Pilot  Fortune' 
(1883). 

Begaldl,  Giuseppe  (ra-gal'de).  An  Italian 
poet;  born  at  Novara,  November  1809;  died  at 
Bologna,  February  1883.  He  heard  the  im- 
provisatore  Giustiniani,  and  resolved  to  rival 
him.  He  accordingly  improvised  in  the  prin- 
cipal cities  of  Italy,  in  France,  Switzerland,  and 
Germany,  and  with  great  success.  His  volumes 
of  verse  include  :  <  War  >  (1832);  <  Poems  :  Ex- 
temporaneous and  Elaborated'  (1839);  < Songs' 
(1840);  <  National  Songs'  (1841);  <  Prose  and 
Poetry'  (1861-65);  <  Selected  Poems'  {1874); 
<  Water'  (1878).  He  also  wrote  <Dora'  (1867), 
and  < History  and  Literature'  (1879). 

Regnard,  Jean  Francois  (ren-yar').  A  French 
comic  dramatist ;  born  at  Paris  in  1656 ;  died 
Sept.  4,  1709.  By  common  consent  his  rank  in 
France  is  second  to  Molifere  only.  His  finest 
productions  are:  <The  Gambler'  (1696),  and 
<The  Sole  Legatee'  (1708).  He  also  wrote : 
'The  Absent-Minded'  (1697);  <  The  Unexpected 
Return'  {1700);  <The  Follies  of  Love'  (1704); 
•The  Menaschmi'  (1705),  in  imitation  of  Plau- 
tus;  and  a  number  of  satires  and  poems. 

Regnler,  Matliurln  (ren-ya').  A  French 
satirist;  born  at  Chartres,  Dec.  21,  1573;  died 
at  Rouen,  Oct.  22,  1613.  He  is  famed  for 
his  <  Satires'  (1608),  sixteen  in  number,  in  which 
he  imitated  Horace,  Juvenal,  and  Martial.  He 
also  wrote  a  number  of  epistles  and  elegies. 
Editions  of  his  works  have  appeared  in  1853, 
1862,  1867,  and  1875. 

Reld,  Christian.    See  Tiernan,  Frances  C. 

Reld,  Mayne.  An  Irish  novelist  of  advent- 
ure ;  born  in  Ballyroney,  County  Down,  April 
4,  1818;  died  near  London,  Oct.  22,  1883.  He 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1838,  and  traveled 
extensively  North,  East,  South,  and  Wes^  He 
became  a  captain  in  the  Mexican  War  Later 
he  went  to  London,  where  he  published  his 
many  novels  of  adventure,  including  :  <  The 
Rifle-Rangers'  (1850);  <The  Scalp-Hunters' 
(1851);  <The  Quadroon'  (1855);  < Osceola' 
U858);  <Th<  Maroon'  (1862);  < Cliff-ClJTibers ' 


(1864);    'Afloat   in    the    Forest>    (1866);    'The 
Castaways'  (1870);  and  <  Gwen-W^ynne '  (1877). 

Reld,  Thomas.  A  Scotch  professor  and  phi- 
losopher; born  at  Strachan,  Kincardineshire, 
April  26,  1710;  died  Oct.  7,  1796.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  at  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity 1764-80,  thenceforward  devoting  himself 
to  preparing  for  publication  the  substance  of 
his  lectures.  They  appeared  as  <  Intellectual 
Powers'  (1785),  and  'Active  Powers'  (1785). 
His  other  works  include  :  'An  Essay  on  Quan- 
tity' (1748);  'An  Inquiry  into  the  Human  Mind 
on  the  Principles  of  Common-Sense'  (1764), 
his  most  original  work ;  '  A  Brief  Account 
of  Aristotle's  Logic'  (1774);  'Essays  on  the 
Intellectual  Powers  of  Man'  (1785);  'Essays 
on  the  Active  Powers  of  Man'  (1788).  He  is 
the  leading  representative  of  the  school  of 
"  common-sense." 

Reld,  Thomas  Wemyss.  An  English  jour- 
nalist ;  born  at  Newcastle  on  Tyne  in  1842. 
He  contributed  largely  to  English  reviews  and 
magazines,  and  published  :  '  Cabinet  Portraits : 
Sketches  of  Leading  Statesmen  of  Both  Par- 
ties' (1872);  'Charlotte  Bronte:  A  Monograph' 
{1877);  'Politicians  of  To-Day'  (1879);  'The 
Land  of  the  Bey'  (1882);  'Gabrielle  Stuart' 
(1883);  'A  Memoir  of  John  Deakin  Heaton' 
(1883);  'Gladvs  Fane:  A  Story  of  Two  Lives' 
(18S3);  ' Mauleverer's  Millions'  (1885);  'Life 
of  Willam  Edward  Forster';  'Lifie  of  Wm.  Black.' 

Reld,  Whltelaw.  An  American  journalist; 
born  near  Xenia,  O.,  Oct.  27,  1837.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  represented  the  Cincinnati  Ga- 
zette in  the  field ;  and  his  letters,  under  the  sig- 
nature of  "Agate,"  attracted  much  attention. 
Shortly  afterward  he  published  'After  the  War' 
(1866),  and  'Ohio  in  the  War'  (1868),  the  most 
important  of  all  the  State  histories  of  the  Civil 
War.  He  became  an  editorial  writer  on  the 
New  York  Tribune ;  and  upon  the  death  of 
Horace  Greeley  he  succeeded  him  as  editor  and 
principal  owner.  Besides  many  contributions  to 
periodicals,  he  wrote:  'Schools  of  Journalism' 
(1871);  'The  Scholar  in  Politics'  (1873);  'Some 
Newspaper  Tendencies'  (1879);  and  'Town 
Hall  Suggestion'  (1881).  He  was  candidate 
for  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  in  1892. 

Relnbold,  Adelheld.    See  Berthold. 

Relnlck,  Robert  (rin'ick).  A  German  poet; 
born  at  Dantzig,  Prussia,  Feb.  22,  1805 ;  died  at 
Dresden,  Feb.  7,  1852.  He  studied  painting  un- 
der Schadow  and  Begas,  and  these  studies  in- 
fluenced all  of  his  lyric  productions,  which  rank 
among  the  best  in  German  literature.  His 
works  include:  'Song-Book  for  Artists'  (1833); 
'  Song-Book  of  a  Painter'  (1837-44); '  Songs  and 
Fables  for  the  Young'  (1844);  'Hebel's  Alle- 
manic  Poems  Translated  into  High  German ' 
(1851);  'Collected  Songs'  (1852);  and  'Book 
of  Poetic  Fables  and  Stories.'  His  poetry  is 
remarkable  for  its  childlike  humor,  simplicity, 
and  artistic  perfection. 

Rellstab,  Ludwig  (ral'stab).  A  German 
matJiematician  and   critic;  bom  at  Berlin  iq 


RfiMUSAT  —  RfeVILLON 


455 


1799 ;  <^icd  there  in  i860.  He  published  romances, 
dramas,  and  critical  essays,  among  them  being : 

<  Henrietta,t  he  Beautiful  Singer  * ;  <Algiers  and 
Paris'  (1830-46);  <The  Year  i8i2>  (1834);  and 
an  < Autobiography '  (i860). 

R^musat,  Charles  de  (ra-mii-sa').  A  French 
philosopher  and  minister  of  State ;  bom  at 
Paris  in  1797 ;  died  June  6, 1875.     He  published  : 

<  Essays  on  Philosophy*  (1842),  which  was  re- 
ceived with  favor ;  <  Treatise  on  German  Philos- 
ophy>  (1845);  <Abelard>  (1845);  <Bacon,  his 
Life  and  Time  >  (1858);  <  Religious  Philosophy  > 
(1864);  and  'History  of  English  Philosophy 
from  Bacon  to  Locke  >  (1875). 

R^musat,  Claire  Elisabeth  Jeanne  de.  A 
French  essayist;  born  at  Paris  in  1780 ;  died 
in  1821.  She  was  the  mother  of  Charles  de 
Rdmusat,  and  companion  to  the  Empress  Jose- 
phine. She  wrote  an  <  Essay  on  the  Education 
of  Women*  (1824).  Her  <  Memoirs*  are  very 
celebrated.  They  form  the  substance  of  her 
diary,  destroyed  by  fire  and  rewritten  by  her 
from  memory.  They  are  very  unfriendly  to 
Napoleon. 

R^musat,  Jean  Pierre  Abel.  A  French 
Orientalist ;  born  at  Paris,  September  1788 ;  died 
June  3, 1832.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  Asiatic  languages,  especially  Chinese,  and 
published  :  <  Researches  among  the  Tartar  Lan- 
guages* (1820);  <  Elements  of  the  Chinese 
Grammar*  (1822);  'Asiatic  Miscellanies*  (1825); 
and  'New  Miscellanies*  (1828);  besides  trans- 
lations and  essays. 

Renan,  Joseph  Ernest  (re-non').  The  re- 
nowned French  Semitic-Orientalist,  philologist, 
historian,  and  essayist ;  born  at  Tr^guier,  Brit- 
tany, Feb.  27,  1823 ;  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  2,  1892. 
His  chief  subjects  of  study  were  the  Semitic 
languages,  and  the  antecedents  and  beginnings 
of  Christianity.  His  works  include  :  '  General 
History  of  the  Semitic  Languages*  (1856);  the 
translations  'Job*  (1859), 'The  Song  of  Songs* 
(i860),  and  'Ecclesiastes*  (1881);  'The  Life  of 
Jesus*  (1863); 'The  Apostles*  (1866); 'St.  Paul* 
(1867);  'Anti-Christ*  (1873);  'The  Gospels* 
(1877);  'The  Christian  Church*  (1879);  'Mar- 
cus Aurelius*  (1881);  'The  History  of  the  Peo- 
ple of  Israel*  (1887-89).  Also  the  collected 
essays  'Studies  in  Religious  History*  (1857), 
'  Essays  in  Criticism  and  Ethics  *  (1859),  <  Ques- 
tions of  the  Day*  (1868),  '  Miscellanies  of  His- 
tory and  Travel*  (1878),  'New  Studies  in  Re- 
ligious History*  (1884),  and  'Discourses  and 
Conferences*  (1884);  the  philosophical  dramas 

<  Caliban,*  '  The  Water  of  Youth,*  '  The  Priest 
of  Nemi,*  'Dialogue  of  the  Dead,*  'The  Ab- 
bess of  Jouarre,*  and  'New-Year's  Day*  (1886); 
and  the  autobiographical  works  '  Recollections 
of  Infancy  and  Youth*  (1883)  and  'Stray 
Leaves*  (1892). 

Reppller,  Agnes.  An  American  essayist; 
bom  in  Philadelphia  in  1855.  Her  published 
works  include  :  '  Books  and  Men  * ;  '  Points  of 
View  *;  'In  the  Dozy  Hours  *;  'Essays  in  Idleness*; 

<  Assays  in  Miniature  * ; '  Varia  * ;  'Compromises.* 


Restlf,  Nicolas  Edme  (called  Restif  or  Rfltif 
de  la  Bretonne)  (re-tef).  A  French  novelist; 
born  at  Sacy  near  Auxerre,  Nov.  22,  1734;  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  3,  1806.  He  published  in  all  more 
than  200  volumes,  full  of  wit  and  imagination, 
but  reflecting  the  licentious  habits  of  their  au- 
thor and  his  circle.  The  most  noteworthy  are  : 
'The  Foot  of  Fanchette  *  (1769);  'The  Per- 
verted Countryman*  (i774);  *The  Life  of  my 
Father*  (1778),  a  monument  of  filial  piety; 
'The  Pomograph*  (1796),  a  plan  for  regulating 
prostitution;  and  the  remarkable  'Autobiogra- 
phy of  Monsieur  Nicolas*  (1794-97.  16  vols.). 

Reuchlin,  Johann  (roich'lin).  A  German 
classical  and  Hebrew  scholar  and  humanist; 
born  at  Pforzheim,  Baden,  Feb.  22,  1455 ;  died 
at  Liebenzell,  June  30,  1522.  He  did  much  to 
restore  Hebrew  and  Greek  letters  among  his 
countrymen.  His  Latin  Dictionary,  published 
in  1475,  ran  through  many  editions.  The  re- 
sults of  his  Hebrew  studies  were  the  works 
entitled:  'On  the  Wondrous  Word*  (1494 j; 
'Hebrew  Grammar  and  Lexicon*  (1506);  and 
'Concerning  the  Cabbalistic  Art*  (1517).  His 
famous  satire,  Epistoke  Clarorum  Virorum  * 
(1515),  aimed  at  his  enemies,  had  an  influence  in 
developing  the  Reformation. 

Reumont,  Alfred  von  (roi'mont).  A  Ger- 
man archaeologist;  born  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  in 
1808 ;  died  April  27.  1887.  He  resided  in  many 
cities  of  Europe,  and  collected  material  for 
many  books,  among  the  most  important  being  : 
'Roman  Literature*  (1840-44);  'Contributions 
to  Italian  History*  (1853-55);  <The  Youth  of 
Catherine  de  Medici* ;'  Italian  Diplomacy.* 

Reuss,  Eduard  Wilhelm  Eugen  (rois).  A 
noted  German  theologian ;  bom  at  Strasburg 
(then  a  part  of  France),  July  18,  1804;  died 
there,  April  15,  1891.  He  was  made  professor 
in  the  college  of  his  native  city,  and  pub- 
lished :  '  A  History  of  the  Books  of  the  New 
Testament*  (1842);  'History  of  the  Christian 
Religion  in  the  Apostolic  Age*  (1872);  'A  His- 
tory of  the  Books  of  the  Old  Testament*  (1881); 
and  others.   Was  co-editor  of  Calvin's  Works. 

Renter,  Franz  (roi'ter).  A  German  novel- 
ist and  poet;  bom  at  Stavenhagen,  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin,  Nov.  7,  1810;  died  at  Eisenach, 
June  12,  1874.  He  published  :  '  My  Apprentice- 
ship on  the  Farm  * ;  '  Funny  Tales  and  Non- 
sense Rhymes  * ;  '  Nuptial  Eve  Stories  * ;  '  An 
Account  of  a  Journey  to  Belgium  * ;  '  Kein 
Hiisung  * ;  <  Hanne  Niite  und  de  Liidde  Pudel  * ; 
<  Schurr-Murr* ;  'Old  Camomile  Flowers*;  'In 
the  Year  13* ;  'Trips  to  Constantinople.' 

Revere,  Joseph  Warren.  An  American  of- 
ficer, kinsman  of  Paul  Revere;  born  in  Boston, 
in  1812;  died  in  1880.  He  was  an  officer  in 
the  Federal  army,  and  published :  <  Keel  and 
Saddle:  Retrospect  of  Forty  Years'  Military 
and  Naval  Service*  (1872). 

R^villon,  Antoine  (rev-e-yoiV).  ["Tony.**] 
A  French  novelist  and  journalist;  bom  at  St. 
Laurent-le» -Macon  (Ain)  in  1832.  He  has  con- 
tributed Xq  many  periodicals,  and  published; 


456 


R^VOIL  —  RICARDO 


•The  Happy  Youth  of  F.  Lapalud>  (1866); 
<The  Separated  One>  (1875);  and  others. 

R^voil,  Benedict  Henri  (rev-way").  A  French 
novelist  and  dramatist;  born  in  Aix  (Bouches- 
du-Rhone),  Dec.  16,  1816.  He  lived  in  the 
United  States  for  nine  years,  during  which 
time  he  collected  the  material  for  many  of  his 
works.  They  include  :  <  Hunting  and  Fishing 
of  the  Other  World  >  (1856);  <The  Daughter 
of  the  Comanches>;  and  <  Dramas  from  the 
New  World  >  (1864-65),  a  number  of  plays 
which  he  put  on  the  stage  in  the  United  States, 
and  afterwards  published  in  France. 

Rexford,  Eben  Eugene.  An  American  poet ; 
born  at  Johnsburg,  Warren  County,  N.  Y.,  July 
1848 ;  lives  in  Shiocton,  Wis.  He  began  to  write 
when  a  mere  child,  contributing  to  periodicals 
and  magazines.  He  published  in  book  form 
the  poems  <  Brother  and  Lover  >  and  <  Grand- 
mother's Garden  >  (1887);  and  a  story,  <  John 
Fielding  and  his  Enemy  >  (1888).  He  wrote 
the  popular  songs  <  Silver  Threads  among  the 
GokP  and  <Only  a  Pansy-Blossom.* 

Reybaud,  Marie  Roch  Louis  (ra-bo').  A 
French  writer  on  social  topics ;  born  at  Mar- 
seilles, Aug.  15,  1799 ;  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  28, 
1879.  After  traveling  extensivel)',  he  settled  in 
Paris  and  devoted  himself  wholly  to  literature, 
producing:  < Stories  of  the  Modern  Reform- 
ers or  Sociaii.'^ts,*  published  in  the  Revue  des 
Deux  Mondes  from  1836-40,  and  which  have 
since  passed  through  several  editions  in  book 
form;  'Jerome  Paturot  in  Search  of  a  Social 
Position'  (1843);  < Jerome  Paturot  in  Search  of 
the  Best  Republic  >  (1848);  besides  many  ro- 
mances, essays,  and  criticisms. 

Reynolds,  Frederic.  An  English  dramatist ; 
born  in  Lime  Street,  London,  Nov.  i,  1764; 
died  April  16,  1841.  His  first  piece,  <Werter,> 
founded  on  Goethe's  novel,  was  produced  in 
1785;  and  later  was  reproduced  many  times, 
and  printed  both  in  London  and  Dublin.  His 
second  drama,  <  Eloisa,*  was  played  in  1786, 
when  he  abandoned  tragedy  for  comedy.  His 
first  attempt,  <  The  Dramatist  >  (1786),  was  very 
successful.  He  produced  in  all  nearly  one 
hundred  plays,  a  novel,  and  two  autobiograph- 
ical volumes. 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua.  The  great  English 
painter;  was  born  at  Plympton  Earl's,  Devon- 
shire, July  16,  1723;  died  in  London,  Feb.  23, 
1792.  Although  it  is  as  a  portrait-painter  that 
he  is  famous,  it  was  his  custom  to  deliver  each 
year  at  the  Royal  Academy  (of  which  he  was 
president)  a  carefully  prepared  address  on  some 
topic  immediatelj'  connected  with  art;  and 
these  addresses  constitute  the  well-known  <  Dis- 
courses of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,'  fifteen  in 
number.  He  contributed  also  three  essays  to 
The  Idler ;  notes  to  Mason's  translation  of  Du 
Fresnoy's  <  Art  of  Painting  > ;  a  few  notes  for 
Dr.  Johnson's  edition  of  Shakespeare  ;  and  notes 
of  his  tour  through  Flanders  in  1781. 

Rhodes,  Albert.  An  American  descriptive 
writer ;  born  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Feb.  i,  1840.    He 


has  spent  most  of  his  time  abroad  in  diplo- 
matic emplo>Tnents  and  contributing  to  Amer- 
ican, French,  and  English  periodicals.  His 
published  works  include  :  <  Jerusalem  as  It  Is  > 
(1867);   <The    French   at    Home>    (1875);  and 

<  Monsieur  at  Home  >  (1886). 

Rhodes,  James  Ford.  An  American  histo- 
rian ;  born  in  Cleveland,  O.,  in  1848.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Universities  of  New  York  and 
Chicago ;  spent  some  years  in  study  abroad, 
and  engaged  in  business  until  1891.  He  has 
published  two  volumes  of  <  History  of  the 
United  States  from  the  Compromise  of  1850 ' 
(Vol.  ii.  1892).  The  work  is  a  political  his- 
tory of  the  events  growing  out  of  the  slavery 
question,  the  Civil  War,  and  the  reconstruction 
era,  and  will  summarize  the  great  debates  that 
took  place,  and  bring  into  relief  the  men  who 
took  part. 

Rhodes,  William  Barnes.  An  English  dra- 
matic writer;  born  Dec.  25,  1772;  died  Nov.  i, 
1826.  He  is  famous  as  the  author  of  a  long 
popular  burlesque,  <  Bombastes  Furioso,'  pro- 
duced anonymously  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre 
in  1810,  and  published  first  at  Dublin  in  1813. 
Since  then  it  has  passed  through  many  edi- 
tions. He  also  wrote  <The  Satires  of  Juvenal 
Translated  into  English  Verse  >  (1801),  and 
'Epigrams*  (1803). 

Rhys,  John  (ris).  A  Celtic  philologist;  born 
at  Abercaero,  Cardiganshire,  Wales,  June  21, 1840. 
He  has  been  professor  of  Celtic  in  Oxford  since 
1877,  and  is  the  author  of  <  Lectures  on  Welsh 
Philology)     (1877);    <  Celtic     Britain'     (1882); 

<  Studies  in  the  Arthurian  Legends '  (1891);  '  The 
Welch  People'  (1900);  'Celtic  Folk-lore' (1901). 

Ribeiro,  Bernardim  (re-ba-e'ro).  A  Portu- 
guese poet ;  born  at  Tarrao,  province  of  Alemtejo, 
in  i486  (?);  died  about  1550.  He  is  a  note- 
worthy figure  in  Portuguese  literature,  having 
been  one  of  the  men  who  introduced  the  Ital- 
ian pastoral  style  that  has  ever  since  prevailed 
in  Portugal.  Of  his  works  there  are  now 
extant  five  idyls,  a  pastoral  romance  in  prose, 
<Menina  e  Moga'  (first  edition,  1554),  and  a 
number  of  lyrics  in  the  style  of  the  older  poets 
of  Portugal.  Editions  of  his  <  Works '  have 
appeared  in  1645,  1785,  and  1852. 

Ribeiro,  Thomaz  Antonio  Fereiro.  A  Por- 
tuguese poet  and  politician ;  born  at  Parada  de 
Gonta  (Beira),  July  i,  1831.  He  has  taken  high 
rank  among  the  present-day  poets  of  Spain  bv 
his  patriotic  and  exquisite  poem  'Jaime'  (1861). 
Among  his  other  works  may  be  mentioned  two 
collections  of  poems:  'Passing  Tones'  (1854 1, 
and  'Even-Songs'  (1858);  a  poetic  recital, 
'Delfino'  (1868);  two  books  of  travel,  'From 
Tejo  to  Mondovi'  (1864),  and  'Among  the 
Palms'  (1864).  Died  Feb.  7,  190 1. 

Ricardo,  David.  An  English  political  econ- 
omist ;  born  in  London,  April  19,  1772 ;  died  at 
Gatcomb  Park,  Gloucestershire,  Sept.  11,  1823. 
He  stands  next  to  Adam  Smith  (whose  ideas 
he  developed  and  systematized)  in  the  British 
free-trade  school  of  political  science,  and  his 


RICCOBINI  —  RICHARDSON 


457 


writings  have  exerted  a  vast  influence  upon  all 
theories  of  political  economy.  It  has  been  said 
that  Adam  Smith  was  like  the  first  explorer  of 
a  new  country,  who  gives  a  good  description  of 
its  general  appearance,  but  omits  much  and 
mistakes  much ;  while  Ricardo  was  the  first  to 
draw  an  accurate  map  of  it.  After  making  his 
fortune  in  the  Stock  Exchange  in  London,  he 
retired  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  math- 
ematics, chemistry,  etc.  The  first  result  of  his 
studies  was  a  tract  entitled  <The  High  Price 
of  Bullion  a  Proof  of  the  Depreciation  of  Bank- 
Notes'  (1809).  In  1817  appeared  his  most  im- 
portant work,  <  The  Principles  of  Political 
Economy  and  Taxation.*  Its  leading  feature 
was  the  theory  of  rent,  now  universally  accepted, 
—  that  it  represents  the  surplus  earning  power 
of  better  or  more  favorably  situated  land  over 
that  just  eood  enough  to  be  worth  utilizing. 
Many  of  its  other  novel  conceptions  are  now 
commonplaces.  He  published  in  addition  a 
number  of  essays  on  economics.  His  <  Works  > 
were  edited  by  MacCulloch  (1846).  His  'Let- 
ters to  Malthus*  were  published  in  1887. 

Riccobini,  Antoine  Frangois  (rik-o-be'ne). 
An  Italian  dramatic  writer  and  actor,  son  of 
Luigi ;  born  at  Mantua;  died  at  Paris  in  1772. 
He  wrote:  'The  Slave  Comedians*  (1726); 
'Amusements  in  Fashion'  (1732);  and  an  in- 
genious work  called  'Theatrical  Art*   (1750). 

Riccobini,  Luigl.  An  Italian  dramatist  and 
descriptive  writer ;  born  in  Modena  in  1675 ; 
died  in  Paris  in  1733.  He  published :  '  His- 
tory of  the  Italian  Theatre*  (1728-31);  'The 
Comedies  and  Genius  of  Molifere*  (1736);  'Re- 
flections on  the  Theatres  of  Europe*  (1738-50); 
and  several  others. 

Riccobini,  Marie  Jeanne  Laboras  de  Me- 
zieres.  A  French  actress  and  novelist,  wife 
of  Antoine  Francois;  born  at  Paris  in  1713; 
died  there,  1792.  She  did  not  succeed  upon 
the  stage,  and  turned  to  the  production  of  the 
sentimental  novel  with  no  little  success.  Her 
first  work  was  the  remarkable  'Marquis  de 
Cressy*  (1758).  This  was  followed  by  'The 
Letters  of  Julia  Catesby*  (1759);  'Ernestine* 
(1770-98),  considered  by  many  her  master- 
piece ;  <  The  Letters  of  Sophie  de  Valli^re  * 
(1772);  and  a  number  of  others. 

Rice,  George  Edward.  An  American  verse- 
writer;  born  in  Boston,  July  10,  1822;  died  at 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  Aug.  10,  1861  or  1863.  His  pub- 
lications include:  'An  Old  Play  in  a  New 
Garb*  (1852),  a  fanciful  adaptation  of  'Ham- 
let*; 'Ephemera*  (1852),  poems,  wTitten  in 
conjunction  with  John  Howard  Wainwright ; 
'Myrtilla:  A  Fairy  Extravaganza*  (1853); 
'Blondel;  A  Historic  Fancy*  (1854);  and  'Nu- 
gamenta*  (1859),  a  book  of  verse. 

Rice,  Harvey.  An  American  poet;  born  at 
Conway,  Mass.,  June  11,  1800;  died  1891.  He 
removed  to  Cleveland,  opened  a  classical  school, 
and  purchased  a  newspaper,  which  he  issued 
thereafter  as  the  Plaindealer.  He  has  been  a 
frequent  contributor  to  many  periodicals,  and 


in  addition  has  published :  <  Mount  Vernon 
and  Other  Poems*  (1864);  'Nature  and  Cult- 
ure* (1875);  'Pioneers  of  the  Western  Re- 
serve* (1882);  'Select  Poems*  (1885);  'Sketches 
of  Western  Life*  (1888);  and  'The  Founder  of 
the  City  of  Cleveland.* 

Rice,  Ja.mes.  An  English  novelist;  born  at 
Northampton,  Sept.  26,  1843 ;  died  in  London, 
April  26,  1882.  His  reputation  was  well  assured 
by  the  publication  of  'Ready-Money  Mortiboy' 
(1872),  the  first  of  the  series  of  clever  novels 
which  he  issued  in  conjunction  with  Walter 
Besant.  It  was  subsequently  dramatized  under 
the  title  of  'Ready  Money.*  This  remarkable 
partnership  continued  with  <  The  Golden  But- 
terfly* (1876),  'The  Chaplain  of  the  Fleet* 
(1879),  'The  Seamy  Side*  (1881),  and  several 
others.  Previous  to  the  partnership  he  had 
published  'History  of  the  British  Turf*  (1879). 

Richards,  Alfred  Bate.  An  English  journal- 
ist and  dramatist;  born  at  Baskerville  House, 
Worcestershire,  Feb.  17,  1820 ;  died  at  London, 
June  12,  1876.  He  produced  many  tragedies, 
among  them  being:  'Croesus,  King  of  Lydia*; 
several  volumes  of  poems,  including  '  Death 
and  the  Magdalen*  (1846);  'The  Dream  of  the 
Soul '  (1848);  and  one  novel, '  So  Very  Human  * 
(1871),  the  title  being  suggested  by  a  chance 
phrase  of  Charles  Dickens.  In  his  '  Britain 
Redeemed  and  Canada  Preserved*  (1848),  he 
foreshadowed,  thirty  years  before  its  construc- 
tioni  the  inter-oceanic  railway  between  the  At- 
lantic and  the  Pacific. 

Ricbards,  Laura  Elizabeth.  An  American 
writer  of  juvenile  books,  daughter  of  Julia  Ward 
Howe ;  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1S50.  She 
has  published  a  great  number  of  children's 
books,  among  them  being:  'Five  Mice*  (1880); 
'Our  Baby's  Favorite*  (1881);  'Tell-Tale  from 
Hill  and  Dale*  (1886);  and  'Toto's  Merry  Win- 
ter * ; '  The  Piccolo  * ; '  The  Greek  Revolution.* 

Richardson,  Mrs.  Abby  Sage.  An  American 
lecturer  and  writer  ;  born  in  Mass.,  October  14, 
1837  ;  died  in  Rome,  Dec.  5,  1900.  She  wrote: 
'Stories  from  Old  English  Poetry*  (1871);  <The 
History  of  Our  Country  to  1876)  (1876);  'Fa- 
miliar Talks  on  English  Literature*  ( 1881);  'Old 
Love  Letters*  ( 1883);  'Abelard  and  Heloise  :  A 
Mediaeval  Romance*  (1884);  etc. 

Richardson,  Albert  Deane.  An  American 
journalist ;  born  in  Franklin,  Mass.,  Oct.  6, 1833  '< 
died  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  2,  1869.  He  was 
famous  as  the  war  correspondent  of  the  New 
York  Tribune  during  the  Civil  War,  and  was 
imprisoned  with  others  for  eighteen  months  as 
a  result  of  their  undertaking  to  run  the  bat- 
teries of  Vicksburg  on  two  barges.  The  result 
of  his  experiences  was  the  work :  '  The  Field, 
the  Dungeon,  and  the  Escape*  (1865).  He 
also  wrote  :  '  Beyond  the  Mississippi  *  (1866),  and 
<A  Personal  History  of  Ulysses  S.  Grant  *  (1868). 
A  collection  of  his  miscellaneous  writings  was 
published  by  his  wife,  Abby  Sage  Richardson, 
under  the  title  of  'Garnered  Sheaves*  (1871). 


458 


RICHARDSON  —  RIDPATH 


Richardson,  Satnnel.  An  English  novelist ; 
bom  in  Derbyshire  in  1689;  died  July  4,  1761. 
He  is  England's  first  « novelist."  All  of  his 
books  are  in  the  form  of  letters,  long  and  sen- 
timental. His  best-known  novels  are  :  *  Clarissa 
Harlowe>  (1748 J;  <  Pamela >  {1740);  and  a  con- 
tinuation (1741).  'Sir  Charles  Grandison>  fol- 
lowed in  1754.  His  <  Correspondence,'  edited  by 
Anna  Lsetitia  Barbauld,  appeared  in  1804. 

Elchardt,  Christian  Ernst  (rish'art).  A 
Danish  poet;  bom  in  Copenhagen,  May  25, 
1831 ;  died  in  1893.  His  poems  are  noted  for 
religious  depth,  delicacy,  and  patriotic  enthusi- 
asm. He  is  considered  first  among  the  later 
lyrical  poets  of  Denmark.     His  first  book  was 

<  Deklarationen  >  (1851),  a  comedy,  followed  by 
< Short  Poems'  (1861);  'Pictures  and  Songs' 
(1874);  'Fifty  Poems'  (1878);  'Spring  and  Au- 
tumn' (1884);  and'  Miscellaneous  Poems '  (1891). 
He  also  wrote  a  tragic  musical  drama,  'King 
and  Constable'  (1878). 

Richebourg,  Jules  Emile  (resh-bbrg').  A 
French  novelist;  bom  at  Meury,  April  23,  1833; 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  25,  1898.  He  produced  light 
verses  and  comedies  before  devoting  his  at- 
tention seriously  to  romance.  After  1858  he 
produced  a  great  number  of  novels  of  adven- 
ture, intrigue,  and  passion,  which  found  great 
favor  among  the  masses  in  France.  Among 
them  may  be  named  :  <The  Man  with  the  Black 
Spectacles)  (1864);  <The  Veiled  Lady)  (1875); 
<The  Beautiful  Organist)  (1876);  'Father  Ra- 
clot's  Million)  (1889);  'Cinderella)  (1892);  and 
'Winter  Tales)  (1892). 

Richelieu,  Armand-Jean  du  Plessis  (resh- 
ly6').  The  French  duke  and  cardinal,  and 
statesman ;  born  in  Paris,  Sept.  5,  1585 ;  died 
there,  Dec.  4,  1642.  As  prime  minister  of 
France  he  exercised  a  great  influence  upon  its 
history,  externally  and  internally,  and  took 
great  interest  in  literature  and  art,  enlarging 
the  Sorbonne  and  the  royal  library,  and  giving 
encouragement  to  scholars,  poets,  and  artists. 
He  dabbled  in  literature  himself  to  some  ex- 
tent, writing  <  Miriam '  and  '  The  Great  Pastoral.' 
His  <  Letters,  Diplomatic  Instructions,'  etc.,  were 
edited  by  Avenel  (1853-68).  Other  works 
credited  to  him  are  of  doubtful  authenticity. 

Richepin,  Jean  (resh-pan').  A  French  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist ;  born  at  Med^ah,  Al- 
giers, Feb.  4,  1849.  He  first  attracted  attention 
by  his  volume  of  poems  <  The  Song  of  the 
Beggar'  (1876),  which  sent  him  to  prison,  where 
he  wrote  'Curious  Deaths'  (1887).  A  most 
prolific  and  audacious  writer,  he  is  faithful  to 
his  principles,  or  the  lack  of  them,  in  all  his 
works.  They  include  :  <  Caresses '  (1877), '  Blas- 
phemies >  (1884),  and'  The  Sea'  (1886),  in  verse; 

<  Mme.  Andr^ '  (1874);  <  Brave  Men  '  (1888);  <  The 
Cadet)  (1890);  the  dramas  'Monsieur  Scapin' 
(1886) ;  'The  Filibuster'  (1888);  <  By  the  Sword  > 
(1892) ;< The  Martyress'  and  <The  Watchdog' 
(1898). 

Richmond,  Legh.  An  English  religious 
writer  ;  bom  at  Liverpool,  Jan.  29,  1772 ;  died 
St  Turvey,  Bedfordshire,  May  8,  1827.    He  was 


the  author  of  three  famous  tales  of  village  life, 
circulated  as  tracts  in  many  languages.  They 
are  entitled  :  '  The  Dairyman's  Daughter,' '  The 
Negro  Servant,'  and  '  The  Young  Cottager,'  and 
were  printed  under  the  title  of  'Annals  of  the 
Poor'  (1814).  He  also  edited  'The  Fathers  of 
the  English  Church'  (1807-11). 

Richter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrlch  (rich'ter). 
The  celebrated  German  satirist,  philosopher, 
and  humorist ;  born  at  Wunsiedel,  Bavaria, 
March  21,  1763;  died  at  Bayreuth,  Nov.  14, 
1825.  He  is  one  of  the  great  humorists  of 
modern  German  literature,  but  disregards  lit- 
erary form.  His  first  noteworthy  production 
was  the  novel '  The  Invisible  Lodge '  (1793),  fol- 
lowed by  'Hesperus'  (1795);  'Biographical 
Recreations  under  the  Cranium  of  a  Giantess ' 
(1796);  'The  Life  of  Quintus  Fixlein'  (1796); 
'Flower,  Fruit,  and  Thorn  Pieces'  (1797);  'The 
Jubilating  Senior'  (1797);  'The  Country  Val- 
ley' (1797);  'Titan'  (1803);  'Wild  Oats'  (1804); 
'Introduction  to  Esthetics'  (1805),  his  first 
philosophical  attempt,  and  regarded  by  many 
as  the  culmination  of  his  genius ;  and  '  Levana, 
or  Pedagogics'  (1807). 

Riddell,  Charlotte  Eliza  Lawson  (Mrs. 
J.  H. ).  A  popular  English  novelist;  born  Sept. 
30,  1832.  She  published  her  early  novels 
under  the  name  of  «F.  G.  Trafford."  Her 
many  books  include:  'George  Geith '  (1864); 
'The  Race  for  Wealth'  (1866);  'Far  Above 
Rubies'  (1867);  'Austin  Friars'  (1870);  'The 
Ruling  Passion'  (1876);  'The  Senior  Part- 
ner' (1881I;  'The  Struggle  for  Fame'  (1883); 
<  Miss  Gascoiagne'  (1887);  and  <  Idle  Tales' 
( 1888 ) ;  <  Footfall  of  Fate  >  ( 1900);  '  Poor  Fellow  ' 
(1902). 

Ridderstad,  Karl  Fredrik  (rid'er-stad).  A 
Swedish  novelist  and  poet ;  bom  in  Sodermann- 
land  in  1807 ;  died  in  1886.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Riksdag,  and  famous  for  his  eloquence 
and  patriotism.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
historical  romances,  the  best  of  which  are 
'  The  Halberdier '  and  '  The  Prince ' ;  a  num- 
ber of  novels  in  imitation  of  Eugene  Sue, 
including  <  Mysteries  of  Stockholm '  and  <  The 
Black  Hand';  and  many  lyrics,  in  which  line 
he  was  most  successful. 

Rideing,  William  Henry.  An  English- 
American  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  Liver- 
pool, Feb.  17,  1853,  now  a  resident  of  New 
York.  His  books  include:  'Pacific  Railways 
Illustrated'  (1878);  'A-Saddle  in  the  Wild 
West'  (1879);  'Stray  Moments  with  Thack- 
erav'  (1880);  'Boys  in  the  Mountains'  (1882); 
'  a' Little  Upstart'  (1885);  'The  Boyhood  of 
Living  Authors  '  (1887);  <  In  the  Land  of  Loma 
Doone' ;  'The  Captured  Cunarder'; '  How  Tyson 
came  Home.' 

Ridpath,  John  Clark.  An  American  his- 
torian and  educator;born  in  Putnam  County,  Ind., 
April  26,  1841;  died  in  New  York  city,  July  31, 
1900.  Among  his  writings  are:  'Academic  His- 
tory of  the  United  States)  (1875);  Grammar- 
School  History  of  the  United  States)  (1876^ 
'Popular  History  of  the  United  States)  (1877); 
'Inductive  Grammar  of  the  English  Language) 


RIEHL  — RIPLEY 


459 


(1879);  'Life  and  Works  of  Garfield)  (l88l)j 
<History  of  the  World)  (1885);  'Christopher 
Columbus:  The  Epoch,  the  Man,  and  the  Work) 
( 1890);  'Great  Races  of  Mankind)  (1892);  and 
•The  Epic  of  Life,)  a  poem  (1894). 

Riebl,  Wilhelm  Heinrich  (rel).  A  German 
historian,  novelist,  and  publicist;  bom  at  Bieb- 
rich  on  the  Rhine,  May  6,  1823;  died  Nov.  16, 
1897.  He  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  excel- 
lent historical  and  ethnological  works,  and  of 
a  number  of  novels  based  upon  his  studies  in 
these  directions.  The  most  prominent  of  his 
works  are  :  <  Natural  History  of  the  People  as 
the  Foundation  of  the  National  Policy*  (1851- 
69);  <Die  Pfalzer>  (1857);  <  Studies  of  the  Civ- 
ilization of  Three  Centuries*  (1859);  <  Enigmas 
of  Life)  (1888);  and  <From  the  Corner)  (1890). 

Riemer,  Frledricli  Wilhelm  (re'mer).  A 
German  litterateur;  born  at  Glatz  in  Silesia, 
April  19,  1774;  died  at  Weimar,  Dec.  19,  1845. 
The  most  important  of  his  publications  is 
a  <  Greek-German  Dictionary-Manual  >  (1802-4). 
His  close  association  with  Goethe  in  Weimar, 
where  he  was  for  some  time  the  instructor  of 
Goethe's  son,  gave  him  a  poetic  bent,  and  he 
published  'Leaves  and  Flowers*  (1816),  under 
the  pseudonym  of  "  Sylvio  Romano  '* ;  and 
under  his  own  name,  <  Poems*  (1826).  He  also 
brought  out  '  Correspondence  between  Goethe 
and  Zelter)  (1833). 

Rlethmiiller,  Chrlstoplier  James  (ret'miil- 
ler).  An  English  poet  and  novelist;  born  in 
18 — .  His  published  works  include  :  '  Launce- 
lot  of  the  Lake*  (1843),  a  tragedy ;  < Teuton:  A 
Poem*  (1861);  'Frederic  Lucas:  A  Biography* 
(1862);  'Alexander  Hamilton  and  his  Contem- 
poraries* (1864);  'Three  Legends  of  the  Early 
Church*  (1867);  'Adventures  of  N.  Brooke* 
(1877);  'Julian  the  Apostate*  (1883);  and  many 
others. 

Rlis,  Jacob  August  (res).  A  New  York 
writer  on  social  topics ;  born  in  Denmark,  1849. 
He  has  written:  'How  the  Other  Half  Lives*; 
<  The  Children  of  the  Poor  * ;  and  '  Nibsy's 
Christmas  > ;  <  The  Battle  with  the  Slum  > ;  <  Chil- 
dren of  the  Tenements  * ; '  Theodore  Roosevelt, 
the  Citizen.*  He  is  very  active  in  charitable 
movements  in  New  York. 

Riley,  James  Wbitcomb.  An  American 
poet ;  born  at  Greenfield,  Ind.,  about  1853.  In 
1S75  he  began  to  contribute  to  local  papers 
verses  in  the  Hoosier  dialect,  and  latterly  he 
has  published  numerous  dialect  and  serious 
poems  in  magazines.  His  collected  works  in- 
clude:  'The  Old  Swimmin'  Hole  and  'Leven 
More  Poems*  (1883);  'The  Boss  Girl  and 
Other  Sketches*  (1886);  '  Afterwhiles*  (1888): 
'  tripes  o' Fan  at  Zekesbury*  (1880);  *Green  Fields 
and  Running  Brooks*  (1893);  <  Poems  Here  at 
Home* ;  and  <  Armarzindy  :  A  Child  World* ; 
'  A  Defective  Santa  Claus  * ; '  Raggedy  Man.* 

Ring,  Bernard  Jacques  Joseph  Maximilien 

de  (rang).  A  French  archteologist ;  born  at 
Bonn,  Rhenish  Prussia,  May  27,  1799;  died  at 
Bischleim,  Alsace,  in  1875.    He  deveted   him- 


self from  his  sixteenth  year  to  the  study  of 
archaeology,  and  published  '  Picturesque  Views 
of  the  Old  Castles  of  Baden*  (1829);  'Celtic 
Settlement  in  Southern  Germany*  (1842);  'Ro- 
man Settlement  of  the  Rhine  to  the  Danube' 
(1852-53),  crowned  by  the  French  Academy; 
and  '  History  of  the  Opiques  People :  Their 
Legislation,  Customs,  and  Language*  (1859). 

Ring,  Max  (ring).  A  German  novelist;  born 
at  Sauditz,  Silesia,  Aug.  4,  1817.  He  has  pro- 
duced a  great  number  of  novels,  notably  '  The 
Children  of  God*  (1851);  'The  Great  Elector 
and  the  Alderman*  (1851);  'The  Lost  Race* 
(1867);  'The  Friends  of  the  Soul*  (1871); 
'Chains  of  Gold*  (1881);  'Victory  of  Love> 
(1886);  and  'Seekers  and  Strivers*  (188S).  D.  1901. 

Rinuccini,  Ottavio  (re-nb-che'ne).  An  Ital- 
ian poet  and  gentleman ;  bom  at  Florence  in 
1565 ;  died  in  1621.  His  pastoral '  Daphne  *  was 
put  to  music  and  rendered  with  great  success ; 
and  his  second  pastoral,  '  Eurydice,*  was  rep- 
resented at  the  marriage  of  Marie  de'  Medici 
and  Henry  IV.,  and  published  in  1600.  A  later 
lyric  drama,  'Ariadne  at  Naxos,*  is  superior 
to  his  former  productions.  His  poetry  was  col- 
lected and  published  in  1622. 

Rioja,  Francisco  de  (re-o'Ha).  A  Spanish 
poet ;  bom  at  Seville  about  1585 ;  died  at  Madrid, 
Aug.  8,  1659.  He  was  a  great  scholar,  librarian 
of  the  royal  library  and  Chronicler  of  Castile. 
He  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  poets  of 
his  time ;  and  although  his  poetry  is  not  great, 
it  is  distinguished  by  beauty  of  form,  delicacy 
of  style,  and  deep  feeling  for  nature.  His  best- 
known  work  is  'Epistola  Moral  &.  Fabio,*  full 
of  sound  advice  regarding  the  superiority  of  a 
quiet  and  unassuming  life.  He  wrote  many 
sonnets  under  the  titles  of  'To  Riches,*  'To 
Poverty,*  'To  the  Spring,*  'To  the  Rose,*  and 
'  Silvas.*  His  '  Poems,*  with  extensive  biography, 
were  published  in  1867,  and  additions  in  1872. 

Riordan,  Roger.  An  Irish-American  jour- 
nalist; bom  in  1848.  He  now  resides  in  New 
York  city,  and  has  published :  'A  Score  of 
Etchings*  (1883);  and  'Sunrise  Stories:  A 
Glance  at  the  Legislature  of  Japan.*    Died  1904. 

Ripley,  George.  An  American  scholar  and 
editor ;  born  at  Greenfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  3,  1802 ; 
died  in  New  York  city,  July  4,  1880.  His  vent- 
ures along  literary  lines  are  almost  too  numer- 
ous to  mention.  He  was  the  founder  and 
editor  of  the  Dial,  and  contributed  to  many 
journals;  was  one  of  the  projectors  of  Brook 
Farm,  and  a  transcendentalist, —  writing  articles 
which  covered  the  whole  ground  of  philosoph- 
ical speculation.  He  was  long  the  literary 
critic  of  the  New  York  Tribune,  and  one  of 
the  most  noted  reviewers  of  his  time.  He  left 
no  extended  work,  and  will  be  remembered 
rather  as  a  promoter  of  learning.  In  1838  ap- 
peared his  first  two  volumes  of  <  Foreign  Stand- 
ard Literature,)  a  series  of  fourteen  in  all,  which 
exerted  great  influence  upon  the  educated  mind 
of  New  England.  They  Tveire  ^qtitl^d  '  Philo* 
sophicjU  Miscellanies*) 


460 


RISHANGER  — ROBERTHIN 


Risbanger,  William.  An  English  monk  of 
St.  Alban's,  and  chronicler  ;  born  about  1250 ; 
died  about  1312.  He  rekindled  the  desire 
among  monks  for  composing  chronicles, —  a 
desire  which  had  almost  died  out  in  his  day. 
His  most  important  writing  is  the  <  Narratio  de 
Bellis  apud  Lewes  et  Evesham  >  (Account  of 
the  Fights  at  Lewes  and  Evesham),  with  an 
autobiographical  sketch  forming  part  of  the 
manuscript.  It  extends  from  1258  to  1267,  and 
gives  with  vigor,  picturesque  detail,  and  polit- 
ical insight,  an  excellent  account  of  the  barons' 
wars.  Several  other  works  are  accredited  to 
him;  but  their  authenticity  is  doubtful,  with 
the  exception  of  the  short  chronicle  <  Quaedem 
Recapitulatio  Brevis  de  Gestis  Domini  Edwardi  > 
(Short  Account  of  the  Acts  and  Sayings  of 
King  Edward). 

RitcMe,  Mrs.  Anna  Cora  (Mowatt).  An 
American  novelist  and  dramatist ;  born  (Og- 
den)  in  Bordeaux,  France,  in  1822;  died  in 
1870.  She  came  in  early  life  to  New  York. 
A  once  popular  actress,  she  retired  from  tlie 
stage  in  1854,  and  devoted  herself  to  the  pro- 
duction of  romances  and  dramas,  with  no  little 
success.  Some  of  her  books  have  been  pub- 
lished under  the  pseudonyms  of  "  Isabel » 
and  "  Helen  Berkley.''  They  include  :  <  The 
Fortune-Hunter>  (1842);  <  The  Mute  Singer  >; 
'Fashion,'  a  comedy  (1847),  which  was  very 
popular;  < Evelyn'  (1845);  <  The  Autobiography 
of  an  Actress*  (1854),  the  best-known  and 
most  popular  of  her  productions ;  <  Mimic  Life ' 
(1855);  < Fairy  Fingers'  (1865);  <The  Clergy- 
man's Wife'  (1867);  and  others. 

Ritchie,  Anne  Isabelle  (Tbackeray.)    An 

English  miscellaneous  writer,  daughter  of  Will- 
iam Makepeace  Thackeray;  born  in  London 
in  1838.  Among  her  writings  are  :  <  Old  Ken- 
sington' (1873);  ^  Toilers  and  Spinsters '  (1873); 
•Bluebeard's  Keys'  (1874);  <  Miss  Angel' 
(1875);  <Mme.  de  S^vignd'  (1881);  <  Records  of 
Tennyson,  Ruskin,  and  Browning >  (1892);  <  Lord 
Tennyson  and  his  Friends'  (1893);  ^"^d  with  R. 
Evans,  <  Lord  Amherst  and  the  British  Advance 
Eastward  to  Burma';  <  Chapters  from  some  Me- 
moirs.' 

Ritson,  Joseph.  An  English  antiquary  and 
scholar;  born  at  Stockton-on-Tees,  Oct.  2,  1752; 
died  at  Hoxton,  Sept.  2,  1803.  He  devoted 
many  years  to  antiquarian  researches,  and  ed- 
ited a  vast  number  of  reprints  of  old  and  rare 
books.  His  own  works  include:  < Observa- 
tions on  Warton's  History  of  English  Poetry' 
(1782);  <  Ancient  Songs  from  the  Time  of  King 
Henry  HI.  to  the  Revolution'  (1790);  <A  Col- 
lection of  Scottish  Songs'  (1794);  < Robin  Hood 
Ballads'  (1795);  <  Bibliographia  Poetica'  (1802); 
'Ancient  English  Metrical  Romances'  (1802); 
and  many  others. 

Ritter,  Frederic  Louis.  An  American  musi- 
cian ;  born  in  Strasburg,  Alsace,  1834 ;  died  in 
1891.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1856, 
and  soon  made  a  reputation  both  here  and 
abroad  as  a  writer  on  musical  topics.  Besides 
many  article*  in  English,  French,  and  German 


periodicals,  he  published  :  <A  History  of  Music 
in  the  Form  of  Lectures'  (1870-74);  <  Music  in 
England'  (1883);  < Music  in  America'  (1883); 
<  Manual  of  Musical  History'  (1886);  and  'Mu- 
sical Dictation'  (1888). 

Kitter,  Heinrich  (rit'ter).  A  German  phi- 
losopher ;  born  at  Zerbst  in  1791 ;  died  in  1869. 
He  owes  his  literary  fame  to  his  profound 
works  on  the  history  of  philosophy.  The  most 
important  of  them  are  :  <  On  the  Education  of 
the  Philosopher  through  the  History  of  Philos- 
ophy' (1817);  <  Introductory  Lectures  to  Logic' 
(1823);  <  History  of  Philosophy'  (1829-53);  <On 
tlie  Relation  between  Philosophy  and  Scientific 
Life  in  General'  (1835);  and  <  Encyclopaedia 
of  Philosophic  Science'  (1862-63). 

Rivarol,  Antoine  (re-va-rol').  A  French 
satirist  and  publicist ;  born  at  Bagnols,  Langue- 
doc,  near  1754 ;  died  at  Berlin,  April  13,  1801. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  wits  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  His  first  work  of  import- 
ance, the  discourse  <0n  the  Universality  of 
the  French  Language,'  took  the  prize  at  the 
Academy  of  Berlin  in  1784.  His  <  Little  Alma- 
nac of  our  Great  Men'  (1788),  a  volume  of 
satires  against  authors  of  his  day,  and  a  free 
translation  of  Dante's  <  Inferno,'  were  both  par- 
ticularly successful.  He  also  wrote  a  <  Diction- 
ary of  the  French  Language,'  and  <  Letters  to 
the  Duke  of  Brunswick.'  His  <  Works '  ap- 
peared in  1808. 

Rives,  Amelie.    See  Troubetzkoi. 

Rivet,  Gustave  (re-va').  A  French  littera- 
teur; born  at  Dom^ne  (Isfere),  Jan.  25,  1848. 
He  has  written  a  number  of  dramas,  some  of 
vi'hich  have  appeared  on  the  French  stage. 
His  writings  include:  <Lost  Voices''  (1874), 
poems;  < Victor  Hugo  at  Home'  (1878);  <The 
Punishment'  (1879),  a  drama;  <  Marie  Tou- 
chet'  (1881),  a  drama;  and  <The  Quest  of 
Paternity'  (1890). 

Rividre,  Henri-Laurent  (riv-yar').  A 
French  marine  officer  and  litterateur;  born  in 
Paris,  July  12,  1827 ;  killed  in  Anam,  May  20, 
1883.  He  acquired  a  speedy  popularity  by  two 
simple  tales,  <  Pierrot'  (i860),  and  <Cain'  (1870). 
He  afterward  produced  many  stories,  com- 
edies, and  works  of  a  more  serious  character, 
among  them  being :  <  The  French  Navy  under 
Louis  XV.'  (1859);  < The  Possessed  One'  (1863); 
<The  Journal  of  a  Marine'  (1866);  <The  Up- 
start' (1869);  < Adventures  of  Three  Friars' 
(1875);  <M.  Margerie'  (1875);  and  <The  New 
Caledonia'  (1880) 

Robert  of  Gloucester.  An  English  chron- 
icler, living  at  the  time  of  the  battle  of  Eves- 
ham (1265).  He  is  remarkable  for  a  metrical 
chronicle  of  England,  from  the  time  of  the 
fabulous  Brutus  to  his  own,  based  chiefly  upon 
Geoffrey  of  Monmouth's  book.  It  extends  to 
ten  thousand  lines,  and  is  one  of  the  earliest 
epics  of  the  English  language.  It  was  printed 
by  Thomas  Hearne  in  1724. 

Roberthin,  Robert  (rob-ar'ten).  A  German 
poet;  born  at  Konigsberg  in  1600 ;  died  there. 


ROBERTS  —  ROBINSON 


461 


April  7,  1648.  He  published  his  graceful  songs, 
copies  of  which  have  become  very  rare,  under 
the  anagram  of  <<  Berintho.'^  His  principal  work 
was  <  Songs  and  Airs,  Religious  and  Secular' 
(163S-50).  His  poems  have  also  been  incor- 
porated in  volumes  on  German  poets,  etc. 

Roberts,  Anna  S.  An  American  poet ;  born 
in  Philadelphia  in  1827;  died  in  1858.  She 
published  a  book  of  poems  entitled  <  Forest 
Flowers  of  the  West>  (1851),  the  most  notable 
of  which  are  :  <  The  Old  Mansion, >  <  Two  Por- 
traits,' <The  Unsealed  Fountain,'  and  <A  Vis- 
ion.' 

Roberts,  Cbarles  George  Douglas.  A  Ca- 
nadian poet ;  born  in  Douglas,  N.  B.,  Jan.  10, 
i860.  He  is  an  earnest  advocate  of  Canadian 
nationalism,  and  such  of  his  poetical  compo- 
sitions as  relate  to  this  and  other  distinctly 
Canadian  subjects  are  particularly  excellent. 
He  has  published :  <  Orion,  and  Other  Poems ' 
(1880),  and  <In  Divers  Tones'  (1887);  and  has 
edited  <  Poems  of  Wild  Life '  in  the  series  of  <  Can- 
terbury Poets '  (18S8).  In  1897  appeared  his  <  His- 
tory of  Canada,'  and  <  The  Kindred  of  the  Wild.> 

Roberts,  Emma.  An  English  descriptive  and 
verse  writer;  born  in  1794;  died  In  Poona, 
India,  Sept.  16, 1S40.  She  lived  in  India  much 
of  her  life,  devoting  herself  closely  to  literature 
and  journalism.  Among  her  many  books  may 
be  named :  <  Memoirs  of  the  Rival  Houses  of 
York  and  Lancaster'  (1827);  < Oriental  Scenes, 
Sketches,  and  Tales'  (1832),  a  volume  of  po- 
etry ;  <  Scenes  and  Characteristics  of  Hindostan  > 
(1835);  <The  East  India  Voyager'  (1839);  and 

<  Hindostan,  its  Landscapes,  Palaces,  etc'  (1845- 
47). 

Roberts,  Margaret.  A  Welsh  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Honyngs,  North 
Wales,  in  1833.  Si.-  '^as  lived  much  in  Italy, 
France,  and  Germany,  and  wrote  her  first  book 
in  Italian,  with  the  exception  of  the  last  chap- 
ter. Most  of  her  books  have  been  published 
anonymously.  They  include  :  <  Mademoiselle 
Mori'  (i860);  <Denise'  (1863);  < Madame  Fon- 
tenoy'  (1864);  <On  the  Edge  of  the  Storm' 
(1868);  < Margaret  Woodward'  (1877);  <  Gram- 
mar of  the  French  Language'  (1882);  <  In  the 
Olden  Time'  (1883);  <  Hester's  Venture'  (1886); 
< Under  a  Cloud'  (i888j;  and  many  others. 

Roberts,  SamueL  An  English  author  and 
pamphleteer;  born  at  Sheffield,  April  18,  1763; 
died  there,  July  24,  1848.  He  was  known  as 
the  "  Pauper's  Advocate,"  and  is  the  author  of 
an  immense  number  of  books,  pamphlets,  and 
broadsheets,  dealing  with  all  that  he  considered 
unjust  or  tyrannical.  His  principal  works  are : 
< Tales  of  the  Poor'  (1813);  <The  Blind  Man 
and  his  Son'  (1816);  < Defence  of  the  Poor 
Laws'  {1819);  <  Life  of  Queen  Mary'   (1822); 

<  The  Gipsies :  Their  Origin,  Continuance,  and 
Destination'  (1836);  and  <  Milton  Unmasked' 
(1844).  His  <  Autobiography  and  Select  Re- 
mains' were  published  in  1849. 

Robertson,  Frederick  William.  An  English 
clergyman;  born  in  London,  Feb.  3,  1816;  died 


at  Brighton,  Aug.  15,  1853.  His  fame  rests  upon 
the  series  of  sermons  which  he  delivered  at 
Trinity  Chapel,  Brighton.  His  writings  and 
biography  have  been  reprinted  in  the  United 
States,  and  widely  read,  and  have  exerted  great 
influence  in  liberalizing  religious  thought.  Hi.i 
works  were  collected  and  published  after  hia 
death  under  the  titles  <  Sermons  Preached  at 
Trinity  Chapel,  Brighton'  (1855-64);  <  Lectures 
and  Addresses  on  Literary  and  Social  Topics' 
(1858);  < Expository  Lectures  on  St.  Paul's  Epis- 
tles to  the  Corinthians'  (1859);  and  < Notes  on 
Genesis'  (1877). 

Robertson,  James  Burton.  An  English  his- 
torian ;  born  in  London,  Nov.  15,  1800 ;  died  in 
Dublin,  Feb.  14,  1877.  He  studied  literature, 
philosophy,  and  the  elements  of  dogmatic  the- 
ology, in  France  ;  and  after  various  preliminary  - 
essays,  published  a  translation  of  Frederick 
Schlegel's  <  Philosophy  of  History '  (1835),  which 
passed  through  many  editions.  His  second  trans- 
lation, <  Symbolism,  or  Exposition  of  Doctrinal 
Differences  between  Catholics  and  Protestants' 
(1843),  was  also  widely  read  in  both  England 
and  America,  and  created  a  profound  impres- 
sion. His  original  writings  include :  <  Public 
Lectures  on  Some  Subjects  of  Ancient  and 
Modern  History'  (1859);  'Lectures  on  Some 
Subjects  of  Modem  History  and  Biography' 
(1S64);  and  many  others. 

Robertson,  Thomas  William.  An  English 
actor  and  dramatist ;  born  at  Newark-on-Trent, 
Jan.  9,  1829;  died  in  London,  Feb.  3,  1871.  His 
first  play  was  <A  Night's  Adventure'  (1851); 
and  after  its  production  he  settled  in  London, 
and  devoted  himself  to  play-writing.  Several 
of  I  his  dramas  were  very  successful :  the  best 
known  are  <  David  Garrick'  (1864)  and  <  Caste' 
(1868).  Other  successful  ones  are:  <  Society' 
(1865) ;  <  Ours )  (1866);  <  School '  (1869);  <  Dreams> 
(1869);  and  <M.  P.'  (1S70). 

Robertson,  William.  A  Scotch  historian; 
born  at  Borthwick,  Midlothian,  Sept.  19,  1721 ; 
died  at  Grange  House,  near  Edinburgh,  June 
II,  1793.  Although  ranked  with  Gibbon  and 
Hume  while  he  lived,  and  enjoying  great  pop- 
ularity, his  writings  are  now  but  little  read.  He 
is  the  author  of  many  books,  chief  among  which 
are :  <  History  of  Scotland  during  the  Reigns 
of  Mary  and  James  VI.'  (1758-59);  'History  of 
the  Reign  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.'  (1769); 
'History  of  America'  (1777);  and  'Historical 
Disquisition  concerning  the  Knowledge  which 
the  Ancients  had  of  India'  (1791). 

Robinson,  Agnes  Mary  Frances.  See 
Darmesteter. 

Robinson,  Charles  Seymovir.  An  American 
clergyman  and  hymnologist;  born  at  Benning- 
ton, Vt.,  March  31,  1829.  He  is  famed  as  a 
collector  of  hymns  and  tunes  used  in  the  Pres- 
byterian Church.  His  publications  include : 
'Songs  of  the  Church'  (1862);  'Songs  for  the 
Sanctuary'  (1865);  'Church  Work'  (1873); 
'Studies  in  the  New  Testament'  (1880);  'Lau- 
des   Domini'    (1884);    'The   Pharaohs   of  the 


462 


ROBINSON  ^ROCHEFOUCAULD 


Bondage  and  the  Exodus  >  (1887);  <  Simon  Peter, 
his  Life  and  Times>  (1888);  <From  Samuel  to 
Solomon '  ( 1889) ;  <  New  Laudes  Domini  >  ( 1892) ; 

<  Annotations  upon  Popular  Hymns  >  (1893); 
< Simon  Peter:  Later  Life  and  Labors*  (1894J; 
and  others.     He  died  in  1899. 

Robinson,  Frederick  William.  An  English 
novelist;  born  in  Spitalfields,  London,  Dec.  23, 
1830;  died  at  Brixton,  Dec.  6,  1901.  He  was  a 
prolific  writer,  and  published,  among  many 
others: <No Church>  (1862) ; <Beyond  the Church> 
(i866);<True  to  Plerself)  (1870);  <Her  Face 
was  her  Fortune'  (1873) ;  <As  long  as  She  Lived> 
(1876);  <The  Hands  of  Justice'  (1881);  <The 
Man  She  Cared  For'  (1884);  <Dark  Street> 
(1887);  and  <The  Youngest  Miss  Green'  (1888). 

Robinson,  Henry  Crabb.  An  English  lawyer 
and  diarist;  born  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  March 
13.  1775;  died  in  London,  Feb.  5,  1867.  He 
acquired  a  thorough  knowledge  of  modern  Ger- 
man literature,  and  enjoyed  the  intimate  friend- 
ship of  Goethe,  Schiller,  the  Schlegels,  and 
other  prominent  Germans.  He  published  but 
little,  but  left  a  copious  diary  and  correspond- 
ence (102  volumes  in  all),  selections  from  which 
were  published  under  the  title  of  <  Diary,  Rem- 
iniscences, and  Correspondence  of  H.  Crabb 
Robinson'  (1869),  very  valuable  for  its  descrip- 
tion of  the  men  and  events  of  his  time  in 
England. 

Robinson,  Jane.  The  following  volumes, 
signed  «by  the  author  of  Whitefriars,"  are 
ascribed  to  the  above  writer  in  Olphar  Hamst's 
[Ralph  Thomas's]  Handbook  for  Fictitious 
Names  :  <  Whitehall ;  or.  The  Days  of  Charles  I.' 
(1845);  <The  Maid  of  Orleans'  (1849);  <  The 
Gold  Worshipers'  (1851);  <The  City  Banker' 
(185&);  <Maulever's  Divorce'  (1858);  (Which 
Wins?'  (1863);  <  Dorothy  Firebrace'  (1865); 
and  others. 

Robinson,  Mary.  An  English  actress  and 
author;  born  at  Bristol,  Nov.  27,  1758;  died  at 
•Surrey,  Dec.  26,  1800.  Her  first  collection  of 
poems  was  published  in  1775,  under  the  patron- 
age of  the  Duchess  of  Devonshire.  After  this 
she  published  several  books,  among  them  being : 

<  Celadon  and  Lydia'  (1777),  a  tale  ;  <  Captivity' 
(1777),  a  poem;  < Angelina'  (1796);  <  Lyrical 
Tales'  (1800J;  and  <  Effusions  of  Love,' purport- 
ing to  be  her  correspondence  with  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  afterwards  George  IV.,  of  whom  she 
was  the  recognized  mistress. 

Robinson,  Philip  Stewart.  An  English  de- 
scriptive writer ;  born  at  Chunar,  India,  in  1849. 
His  published  works  include:  <In  my  Indian 
Garden'  (1878);  <  Under  the  Punkah'  (1881); 
'Noah's  Ark;  or.  Mornings  in  the  Zoo'  (1882); 

<  Sinners  and  Saints :  A  Tour  across  the  States 
and  Round  them  >  (1883) ;  <  The  Valley  of  Teeto- 
tum Trees  ' ;  <  In  Garden,  Orchard  and  Spinney.' 

Robinson,  Tberese  Albertlne  Luise  (von 
Jakob).  [PseudonjTn  "Talvj," — her  initials.] 
A  German  historical  and  miscellaneous  writer ; 
born  at  Halle,  Jan.  26,  1797;  died  at  Hamburg, 
April    13,  1869.     Her  mest  important  work   is 


'A  Historical  View  of  the  Languages  and  L'tcr- 
ature  of  the  Slavic  Nations'  (1850).  Among  her 
other  writings  are  :  <  Psyche  :  Original  Tales ' 
(1824);  (Servian  Songs'  (1825-26);  and  'Char- 
acteristics of  the  Popular  Songs  of  the  German 
Nations'  (1840). 

Roche,  Antonin  (rosh).  A  French  littera- 
teur; bom  at  Puy  de  Dome,  Nov.  10, 1813;  died 
in  London,  July  9,  1899.  He  founded  in  Lon- 
don, classes  in  literature,  history,  geography, 
and  astronomy,  which  proved  very  successful; 
and  published  both  in  London  and  Paris,  in 
connection  with  this  work,  several  educational 
books,  among  them  being:  'History  of  France' 
(1866)  ;  <The  English  Writers  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century*  (1868);  'History  of  England* 
(1875)  ;  and  ^History  of  Principal  French 
Writers*  (1878). 

Roche,  James  Jeffrey.  An  American  au- 
thor;  born  in  Queen's  County,  Ireland,  May 
31,  1847.  He  went  to  Boston  in  1866  r  nd  has 
lived  there  since ;  is  an  editor  of  the  Pilot, 
and  has  published:  'Songs  and  Satires'  (1886); 
'Ballads  of  Blue  Water';  'Life  of  John  Boyle 
O'Reilly ' ;  <  His  Majesty  the  King ' ;  <  By-Wavs 
of  War.' 

Roche,  Regina  Maria.  An  Irish  novelist-, 
born  about  1764  in  the  south  of  Ireland ;  died 
at  Waterford,  May  17,  1845.  She  sprang  into 
fame  on  the  appearance  of  the  novel  '  The 
Children  of  the  Abbey'  (1798),  a  story  abound- 
ing in  sentimentality,  abductions,  secret  re- 
treats, etc.,  —  a  cross  between  the  '  Mysteries  of 
Udolpho'  and  domestic  novels  like  'Clarissa 
Harlowe.'  From  that  time  until  her  death  she 
produced  many  books  of  the  same  character, 
including:  'The  Nocturnal  Visit '  (1800);  'The 
Tradition  of  the  Castle'  (1824);  'The  Castle 
Chapel'  (1825); '  The  Nun's  Picture  >  (1834);  and 
many  others. 

Rochefort,  Victor  Henri  ( rosh-for' ).  A 
French  journalist  and  republican  agitator ;  born 
at  Paris,  Jan.  30,  1830.  He  was  removed  from 
the  editorship  of  Figaro  because  of  his  satires 
on  the  imperial  government ;  and  the  papers 
which  he  himself  founded  —  La  Lanteme,  La 
Marseillaise,  and  Le  Mot  d'Ordre  —  were  filled 
with  the  same  violent  attacks.  He  has  more 
than  once  been  exiled  from  France  for  long 
periods.  His  last  venture,  L'Intransigeant,  is 
noted  for  the  virulence  of  its  criticisms  upon 
leading  politicians  of  the  day.  He  has  written 
and  published  much, —  farces,  vaudevilles,  comic 
romances,  and  political  works.  Among  them 
may  be  mentioned  :  '  The  Depraved  Ones ' 
(1875);  'Return  from  Nova  Scotia'  (1877); 
'Mile.  Bismarck'  (1880);  '  Bitter  Farces'  (1886); 
'  The  [political]  Lanterns  of  the  Empire'  (1884); 
<  Fantasia '  (188S); '  The  Adventures  of  My  Life.' 

Rochefoucauld,  Fran9ois,  Due  de  la  (rosh- 
fb-ko'),  Prince  de  Marcillac.  A  great  French 
classic;  born  at  Paris,  Sept.  15,  1613;  died 
there,  March  17,  1680.  His  celebrity  is  due 
to  his  small  volume  of  '  Reflections,  or  Moral 
Sentences  and  Maxims,'  commonly  known  as 
the  '  Maxims '  (first  ed.  1665 ;  final  edition   »f 


ROCHESTER  — ROE 


463 


the  author  1678,  comprising  504  maxims).  The 
dominant  note  of  the  <  Maxims  >  is  egoism: 
virtue  and  vice  are  in  themselves  indifferent. 
This  philosophy  of  life  is  set  forth  with  con- 
summate wit,  and  in  a  style  of  faultless  ele- 
gance. His  <  Memoirs  >  (1662)  possess  literary 
merit  in  a  degree  hardly  inferior  to  the  <  Max- 
ims >;  and  in  historical  interest  they  are  equal 
to  the  most  celebrated  memoirs  of  the  time. 

Rochester,    John    Wilmot,    Earl    of.      An 

English  satirist  and  verse-writer ;  born  at  Ditch- 
ley,  Oxfordshire,  April  10,  1648;  died  July  26, 
1680.  He  became  a  favorite  at  the  court  of 
Charles  H.,  and  wrote  songs  and  satires  in 
accordance  with  prevailing  taste.  His  <  Poems 
and  Familiar  Letters*  were  posthumously  pub- 
lished. 

Rochon  de  Chabannes,  Marc  Antoine 
Jacques  (ro-shoii"  de  sha-ban').  A  French 
dramatist;  born  in  Paris,  Jan.  25,  1730 ;  died 
there,  May  15,  1800.  He  wrote  a  great  number 
of  successful  comedies,  published  under  the  title 
of  <  Theatre  >  (1786);  besides  <  Slothful  Nobil- 
ity' (1756),  and  'Philosophic  and  Moral  Dis- 
course >  (1768). 

Rod,  ^douard  (rod).  A  French-Swiss  novel- 
ist and  critic ;  born  at  Nyon  in  1857.  He  has 
published  many  works  of  criticism  and  erudi- 
tion, among  them  being  :  <  A  propos  de  <  L'As- 
sommoir>>  (1879);  'The  Germans  at  Paris* 
( 1880) ;  and  <  Wagner  and  the  German  Esthetic  > 
(1886).  But  he  is  better  known  as  a  novelist, 
and  has  published  :  <  The  Fall  of  Miss  Topsy  > 
(1882);  <The  Deathward  Career*  (1885);  <  The 
Meaning  of  Life  >  (1889);  <  Stendhal  >  (1891);  <  The 
Sacrificed  One  >  (1892);  <  A  Victor*  (1904). 

Rodhertus,  Johann  Karl  (rod-bart'os) 
(known  as  Rodbertus-Jagetzow).  A  German 
political  economist ;  born  at  Greifswald,  Pomer- 
ania,  Aug.  12,  1805;  died  Dec.  6,  1875.  He  is 
regarded  by  many  as  the  founder  of  scien- 
tific socialism.  He  maintains  that  '<  all  com- 
modities can  only  be  considered  economically 
as  the  product  of  labor,  and  cost  nothing  but 
labor.**  His  most  important  works  are :  <  A 
Contribution  to  the  Knowledge  of  Municipal 
Conditions*  (1842);  'Social  Letters  to  Von 
Kirchmann*  (1850-51),  published  later  under 
the  title  of  'Capital*  (1888);  Exposition  and 
Defense  of  the  Existing  Credit  Note  Based 
upon  Real  Estate*  (1868-69);  *The  Normal 
Working-Day*  (1871);  'Letters  and  Politico- 
Social  Theorems  of  Dr.  Rodbertus-Jagetzow* 
(1884). 

Rodd,  Sir  James  Rennell.  An  English  diplo- 
mat and  verse  writer ;  born  in  London,  Nov.  9, 
1858.  He  has  published  :  'Poems  in  Many  Lands* 
(1883);  'Feda  and  Other  Poems*  (1886);  'The 
Unknown  Madonna  and  Other  Poems' ; '  Freder- 
ick, Crown  Prince  and  Emperor*  (1888);  '  Cus- 
toms and  Lore  of  Modern  Greece.* 

Bodeubach,  Georges  (roMen-bach).  A  Belgian 
poet  and  journalist;  born  at  Toumay,  July  16, 
1855;  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  24,  1898.  He  is  noted 
fordttlicacy  of  sentiment  and  the  grace  of  his  lines. 


His  great  piece  is  <  Belgium  >  (1880),  a  histor- 
ical poem ;  and  he  has  also  written :  '  The 
Fireside  and  the  Fields*  (1877);  'Sorrows* 
(1879);  'The  Beautiful  Sea*  (1881);  'The  Win- 
ter of  Fashion*  (1884);  'White  Youth*  (1886); 
'Silence*  (1888);  'Art  in  Exile*  (1889);  'The 
Reign  of  Silence*  (1891);  and  one  romance, 
'Bruges  la  Morte*  (1892). 

Rodenberg,  Julius  (ro'den-berc).  A  Ger- 
man poet  and  descriptive  writer;  born  at  Ro- 
denberg, Hesse-Nassau,  June  26,  1831.  He  sub- 
stituted for  his  own  name.  Levy,  that  of  his 
birthplace.  He  has  published  accounts  of  hia 
extensive  travels  in  France,  England,  Italy,  and 
Belgium,  and  has  written  poems  of  diverse 
kinds,— epic,  heroic-comic,  lyrical,  dramatic, 
and  opera  librettos.  His  works  include  :  'Jour- 
nalistic Life  in  London*  (1859);  <  Paris  by  Day- 
light and  Gaslight*  (1867);  'An  Educational 
Tour  in  England*  (1873);  'Pictures  of  Berlin 
Lite*  (1885-88);  and  the  romances  'The  Singer 
of  London's  Streets  *  (1863);  *  The  New  Deluge ' 
(1865),  translated  into  many  languages  ;  '  By  the 
Grace  of  God  *  (1870) ; '  The  Grandidiers  >  (1879). 

Rodger,  Alexander.  A  Scotch  minor  poet; 
bom  at  Mid-Calder,  Midlothian,  July  16,  1784; 
died  at  Glasgow,  Sept.  26,  1846.  He  began  as 
a  humble  hand-loom  weaver,  and  wrote  some 
of  his  best  lyrics  while  inspector  of  cloths  in 
Glasgow.  His  style  is  somewhat  rough,  but 
easy  and  vigorous.  His  books  include  :  '  Scotch 
Poetry,  Songs,  Odes,  Authors,  and  Epigrams* 
(1821);  'Poems  and  Songs,  Humorous  and  Sa- 
tirical* (1838);  'Stray  Leaves  from  the  Port- 
folios of  Alisander  the  Seer,  Andrew  Whaup, 
and  Humphrey  Henkecke*  (1842);  and  others. 
His  best-known  poems  are :  '  Robin  Tamson's 
Smiddy  *  and  <  Behave  Yoursell  before  Folk.* 

Roe,  Azel  Stevens.  An  American  novelist ; 
born  in  New  York  city,  Aug.  16,  1798 ;  died  at 
East  Windsor  Hill,  Conn.,  Jan.  i,  1886.  He 
left  the  wine  business  for  the  production  of 
literature,  attaining  considerable  success.  He 
wrote:  'James  Mountjoy*  (1850);  'To  Love 
and  be  Loved*  (1852);  'Time  and  Tide;  or. 
Strive  and  Win  *  (1852);  'A  Long  Look  Ahead* 
(1855);  'The  Star  and  the  Cloud*  (1856);  'True 
to  the  Last*  (1859);  'How  Could  He  Help  It?> 
(i860); '  Looking  Around  *  (1865); '  Woman  Our 
Angel  *  (1866);  '  The  Cloud  in  the  Heart*  (1869); 
'  Resolution*  (1871);  and '  True  Love  Rewarded  > 
(1877). 

Roe,  Edward  Payson.  An  American  novel- 
ist ;  born  in  Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  March  7, 
1838;  died  at  Cornwall,  N.  Y.,  July  19,  1888. 
He  has  written  a  great  number  of  very  pop- 
ular novels,  which  have  been  republished  in 
England  and  other  countries.  His  first  novel, 
'Barriers  Burned  Away*  (1872),  met  with  im- 
mediate success,  and  was  followed  by  '  What 
Can  She  Do?*  (1873);  *The  Opening  of  a 
Chestnut  Burr*  (1874);  'From  Jest  to  Earnest  * 
(1875);  'Near  to  Nature's  Heart*  (1876);  'A 
Knight  of  the  Nineteenth  Century*  (1877); 
<A  Face  Illumined*  (1878);  'A  Day  of  Fate» 


464 


ROGER  OF  HOVEDON  — ROLFE 


{1880);  'Without  a  Home>  (1880);  <  His  Lon- 
don Rivals  >  (1883);  <A  Young  Girl's  Wooing  > 
(1884);  <  Nature's  Serial  Story  >  {1884);  <  An  Ori- 
ginal Belle  >  (18S5);  <  Driven  Back  to  Eden> 
(1885);  <  lie  Fell  in  Love  with  his  Wife>  (1S86); 
•The  Earth  Trembled  >  (18S7);  <A  Hornet's 
Nest>  (1887);  <Found,  Yet  Lost>  (1888);  <  Miss 
Lou>  (1888J;  and  <  Taken  Alive,  and  Other 
Stories.' 

Roger  of  Hovedon.  An  English  chronicler, 
known  to  have  been  alive  in  1174;  probably  a 
native  of  Howden ;  died  in  1201  (?).  His  chron- 
icle extends  from  732  to  1201 ;  and  although 
careless  in  chronology,  is  of  the  highest  value 
as  giving  much  attention  to  legal  and  consti- 
tutional details. 

Rogers,  Henry.  An  English  essayist  and 
reviewer;  born  at  St.  Albans,  Oct.  18,  1806; 
died  in  North  Wales,  Aug.  20,  1877.  Although 
he  was  neither  philosopher  nor  theologian,  his 
writings  hovered  between  philosophy  and  the- 
ology, and  were  widely  read.  They  include  : 
<Life  and  Character  of  John  Howe'  (1836); 
<  General  Introduction  to  a  Course  of  Lectures 
on  English  Grammar  and  Composition*  (1838); 
<The  Eclipse  of  Faith*  (1853),  a  piece  of  clever 
dialectics  which  had  great  vogue  with  the  reli- 
gious public  of  his  day;  <  Reason  and  Faith* 
(1866);  <The  Superhuman  Origin  of  the  Bible* 
(1873);   and  two  series  of  <  Essays*  (1850-55). 

Rogers,  James  Edwin  Thorold.  An  Eng- 
lish economist ;  born  in  Hampshire  in  1823 ; 
died  at  Oxford,  Oct.  12,  1890.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  political  economy  at  Oxford,  and  will 
be  remembered  as  a  historian  of  economics. 
His  principal  work  is  <The  History  of  Agri- 
culture and  Prices  in  England*  (1866-88),  of 
which  <  Six  Centuries  of  Work  and  Wages  * 
(1885)  is  an  abridgment.  Among  his  other 
writings  are :  <  Cobden  and  Modern  Political 
Opinion*  (1873);  <The  First  Nine  Years  of  the 
Bank  of  England*  (1887);  <  The  Economic  In- 
terpretation of  History*  (1888);  and  <The  In- 
dustrial and  Commercial  History  of  England* 
(1892). 

Rogers,  Robert.  An  American  soldier  and 
author ;  born  at  Dunbarton,  N.  H.,  1727 ;  died 
in  England  in  1800.  He  commanded  during 
the  French  and  Indian  War  (1755-63)  the  cel- 
ebrated corps  known  as  "  Rogers's  Rangers.** 
Later  he  published  in  England :  <  A  Concise 
Account  of  North  America*  (1765);  < Journal 
of  Major  Robert  Rogers*  (1765);  and  <  Pon- 
teach  [Pontiac];  or,  The  Savages  of  Amer- 
ica,* a  tragedy  in  blank  verse,  copies  of  which 
are  now  very  rare.  He  also  left  in  MS.  <  A 
Diary  of  the  Siege  of  Detroit  in  the  War  with 
Pontiac,*  first  published  in  i860. 

Rogers,  SamueL  An  English  poet ;  born 
at  Newington  Green,  London,  July  30,  1763 ; 
died  in  London,  Dec.  18,  1855.  His  wealth, 
liberality,  and  social  qualities,  gave  his  pro- 
ductions a  great  vogue.  His  best  poem  is  the 
•Pleasures  of  Memory*  (1792),  which  passed 
through  fifteen  editions.    He  wrote  also  :  <  The 


Voyage  of  Columbus*  (1812);  *  Jacqueline  * 
(1813);  'Human  Life'  (1819);  and  <  Italy* 
(1822), —  all  highl)'  prized  for  their  exquisite 
illustrations.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  of 
nearly  all  the  literary  men  of  his  time  in  Great 
Britain. 

Roban,  Henri  de  (ro-oh').  A  French  gen- 
eral and  military  writer;  born  in  Brittany, 
Aug.  25  (or  21),  1579;  died  April  13,  1638. 
He  is  less  remarkable  for  military  achieve- 
ments than  for  his  four  books  of  memoirs : 
the  first  three  published  under  the  title  <  Me- 
moirs on  Events  in  France  from  the  Death  of 
Henry  the  Great  to  June  1629*  (1644),  cover- 
ing the  civil  wars ;  and  the  fourth  as  *  Memoirs 
and  Letters  on  the  War  of  the  Valtelline  * 
(1758),  whither  Richelieu  had  sent  him  to  keep 
off  the  Imperialists  and  the  Spanish.  They 
rank  among  the  finest  of  the  memoirs  written 
by  the  aristocracy  of  the  i6th  and  17th  cen- 
turies. He  also  wrote  <  The  Perfect  Captain' 
(1636),  a  political  tract;  and  others. 

RoMfs,  Anna  Katherine  (Qreen).  See 
Green. 

Roig,  Jaume  (ro'eg).  A  Spanish  (Valencian) 
poet  of  the  15th  century.  Although  physician 
to  Queen  Maria  (wife  of  Alphonso  V.),  he 
wrote  a  work  full  of  invectives  against  the  fair 
sex,  intermingled  with  many  moral  precepts, 
under  the  title  of  *  Book  of  very  Salutary  and 
Profitable  Counsels,  as  much  for  the  Regulation 
and  Order  of  a  Good  Life,  as  for  Augmenting 
the  Devotion  to  the  Purity  and  -Conception  of 
the  Virgin  Mary*  (1531).  Copies  of  this  work 
are  now  very  rare.  He  occupies  one  of  the  first 
places  among  the  Spanish  poets  who  followed 
and  emulated  the  troubadours. 

Rojas  y  Zorilla,  Francisco  (ro'has  e  tho- 
rel'ya).  A  Spanish  dramatist;  born  in  Toledo, 
Oct.  4,  1607 ;  died  probably  after  1680.  Twenty- 
four  of  his  plays  are  now  extant,  which  were 
published  in  two  parts  (1640  and  1645).  The 
finest  is  <  None  Below  the  King,*  considered 
one  of  the  classics  among  Spanish  plays.  Other 
notable  ones  are  :  <  There  is  No  Friend  for  a 
Friend  * ;  <  What  Women  Are  * ;  <  Persiles  and 
Sigismunda,*  taken  from  Cervantes's  romance; 
<  The  Simpleton's  Sport  * ;  and  <  The  Insult 
Avenged.* 

Roland,  Madame  —  Manon  Jeanne  Phlipon. 
A  French  author  and  republican  politician ; 
born  in  Paris,  March  17,  1754  ;  executed  Nov. 
8,  1793.  She  imbibed  republican  ideas  from 
Rousseau  and  her  classical  readings,  and  her 
salon  was  the  meeting-place  of  the  Girondist 
party.  She  is  well  known  for  her  <  Memoirs,' 
written  in  prison,  and  edited  by  Dauban  (1864); 
as  were  her  'Letters*  (1869). 

Rolfe,  William  James.  An  American  edi 
tor ;  born  in  Newburyport,  Mass.,  Dec.  10,  1827. 
He  is  a  distinguished  Shakespearean  scholar, 
and  has  published  many  editions  of  Shakes- 
peare, annotated ;  among  them  <  The  Friendly 
Edition,*  in  20  vols.  (1870-83),  and  a  'School 
Edition,*  in  40  vols.     He  has  also  published; 


ROLLAND  —  RONDELET 


46; 


'Shakespeare,  the  Boy>;  annotated  editions 
of  selections  from  Tennyson,  Scott,  Browning, 
Wordsworth,  Gray,  Gnidsinith,  and  other  Eng- 
lish poets;  several  classical  text-books;  and 
<  Tales  from  English  History  > ;  Life  of  Shakes- 
peare.' 

RoUand,  Amedee  (rol-lan').  A  French  littera- 
teur; born  at  Paris,  February  1819;  died  juiy 
26,  1868.  Besides  contributions  to  many  jour- 
nals he  published  two  books  of  verse,  <At  the 
Bottom  of  the  Glass  >  (1854)  and  <The  Poem 
of  Death  >  (1866);  and  several  plays,  includmg 
<The  Merchant  in  Spite  of  Himself*  (1858); 
<An  Upstart  >  (1859);  <Our  Ancestors  >  (1859). 

Rollenhagen,  Georg  (roren-ha"gen).  A  Ger- 
man poet ;  born  at  Bernau,  April  22,  1542  ;  died 
at  Magdeburg,  May  20,  1609.  His  great  work 
is  the  remarkable  heroic-comic  and  didactic 
poem  entitled  <  Froschmeuseler,  the  Grand 
Court  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice>  (i595J;  where, 
under  the  guise  of  frogs,  rats,  mice,  cats,  and  foxes, 
the  author  describes  the  poor  people  of  his  day,— 
their  customs,  domestic  life,  temporal  and  spirit- 
ual government,  and  lastly  their  military  state. 
lie  also  wrote  <  The  Limping  Courier,' and  the 
dramas,  <  Abraham  > ;  <  Tobit> ;  <  Lazarus.> 

Rollett,  Hermann  (rol'let).  An  Austrian 
poet;  born  near  Vienna,  Aug.  20.  1819.  He 
has  published  two  collections  of  <  Wreaths  of 
Son^)  ( 18421:  <  Wanderings  of  a  Vienna  Poet' 
(1846);  <A  Sister'  (1847);  <War  Songs>  (184S); 
♦Oratorical  Poems'  (1S71);  < Narrative  Poems' 
(1872);  and~" others.  An  American  edition  of 
his  writings  has  appeared  as  <  Poems  from  the 
German  of  1  lermann  Rollett'   Died  June  20, 1904. 

Rollin,  Ambrose  Lucien  (ro-lan')-  A  West- 
Indian  historian  ;  born  at  Trois  Rivi&res,  Guade- 
loupe, m  1692 ;  died  at  Pointe  k  Pitre,  in  1749. 
He  devoted  his  leisure  to  researches  upon  the 
Caribs  and  other  Indian  tribes,  and  published 
several  works  which  are  still  considered  authori- 
ties upon  the  subjects  he  covered.  They  in- 
clude:  'History  of  the  Indians'  (1739);  *The 
Indians  and  the  Spanish  Conquest'  (1840J; 
<  History  and  Description  of  the  Caribs,  their 
Condition  after  the  Conquest'  (1843);  <  Civiliza- 
tion of  the  Indians  Compared  to  their  Social 
Condition'  (1845);  and  <The  Incas  of  Peru  and 
the  Spanish  Conquest'  (1748). 

Rollin,  Charles.  A  French  historian  and 
humanist ;  born  in  Paris,  Jan.  30,  1661 ;  died 
there,  Sept.  14,  1741.  His  best-known  work  is 
the  'Ancient  History'  (1730-38),  often  reprinted 
in  France,  England,  and  America,  and  not 
useless  even  yet  as  an  entertaining  popular 
work  to  create  an  interest  in  history.  He  wrote 
in  an  uncritical  age,  but  he  was  a  good  story- 
teller and  a  keen  judge  of  a  good  story.  His 
other  works  include  'Roman  History'  (1738-48), 
and  a  'Treatise  on  Study'  (1726-31). 

Rollinat,  Andre  fro-le-na').  A  French  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Bordeaux  in  1741 ;  died  at  Nantes 
in  1793.  He  devoted  himself  to  researches  on 
the  early  navigators  who  have  been  credited 
with  the  discovery  of  America,  and  published 
'Researches  on  the  Forerunners  of  Christopher 
30 


Columbus  in  America'  (1785);  'The  Norwegian 
Sagas  and  the  Scandinavian  Navigators'  (1788); 
'Table  of  the  Tithes  Paid  to  the  Treasury  of 
St.  Peter  during  the  I'liiileenth  and  Fourteenth 
Centuries  by  Vinland'  (1790);  <  History  of  the 
Norse  Navigators'  (1791);  and  '  Researches  on 
the  Discovery  of  Brazil  by  a  Dieppe  Naviga- 
tor of  the  Fifteenth  Century'  (17QI). 

Rollinat,  Maurice.  A  French  poet;  born 
at  Chateauroux  (Indre),  in  1853.  In  his  first 
book  of  poems,  'In  the  Heaths'  (1877),  he  re- 
produced in  verse  the  most  remarkable  pass- 
ages of  George  Sand's  '  La  Petite  Fadette '  and 
<La  Mare  au  Diable.'  His  other  works  in- 
clude : '  Les  Nevroses '  (1883),  and  '  The  Abyss ' 
(1886),  besides  his  musical  productions  of  'Ten 
Melodies'  (1877)  and  'Rondels  and  Rondeaux' 
1 1883).  All  of  his  poems  have  been  received 
most  favorably.     Died  Oct.  26,  1003. 

Rollins,  Alice  Marland  (Wellington).    An 

American  verse-writer;  born  in  Boston,  June 
12,  1847 ;  died  Dec.  5,  1897.  She  has  written  : 
'  My  Welcome  Beyond,  and  Other  Poems  > 
(1885);  'All  Sorts  of  Children'  (1886);  'The 
Three  Tetons'  (1887);  'Uncle  Tom's  Tene- 
ment' (1888);  and  'From  Palm  to  Glacier.' 

Romey,  Louis  Charles  Reparat  Genevieve 
Octave  (ro-ma'l.  A  French  historian  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  born  at  Paris,  Dec.  26,  1804 ; 
died  there,  April  1874.  After  extensive  travels, 
and  a  long  sojourn  in  Spain,  where  he  studied 
its  history  and  literature*  he  returned  to  France 
and  began  to  work  upon  his  '  History  of  Spain 
from  its  Early  Days  to  the  Present  Time' 
(1838-51);  a  history  of  great  merit,  but  one 
which  he  never  completed.  His  other  writings 
include:  'Chateaubriand  as  Prophet'  (1849); 
< Ancient  and  Modern  Russia'  (1855);  'A  Voy- 
age among  my  Books'  (1861);  'Men  and 
Things  of  Various  Times'  (1864);  many  trans- 
lations, notably  that  of  'Uncle  Tom's  Cabin' 
(1853);  and  many  valuable  contributions  to 
periodicals. 

Romieu,  Auguste  (rom-ye').  A  French  ad- 
ministrator and  litterateur;  born  at  Paris,  Oct. 
17,  1800 ;  died  Nov.  20,  1855.  He  spent  his 
youth  in  dissipation,  and  in  the  production  of 
vaudevilles  and  brilliant  witticisms  ;  but  after 
the  Coup  d'Etat,  published  two  works  of  merit 
which  attracted  attention,  'The  Era  of  the 
Csesars'  (1850)  and  'The  Red  Spectre'  (1851). 

Rondelet,  Antonin  Fran90is  (roh-dla').  A 
French  professor  and  economist ;  born  at  Lyons, 
Feb.  28,  1823 ;  died  Jan.  24,  1893.  His  professor 
in  philosophy,  the  Abb^  Noirot,  exerted  upon 
him  a  most  important  religious  and  philosophic 
influence, —  one  so  profound  as  to  be  felt  in  all 
his  writings.  He  has  written  :  '  Critical  Expo- 
sition of  the  Ethics  of  Aristotle'  (1847);  'Spirit- 
ualism in  Political  Economy'  (1859);  'Memoirs 
of  a  Man  of  the  World'  (1861);  'The  Science 
of  Faith'  (1867);  'Reflections  upon  Literature 
and  Philosophy,  Morals  and  Religion'  (1881); 
'The  Book  of' Old  Age'  (1888);  <An  Unfoitu- 
nate  Woman'  (1890);  and  many  others. 


466 

Ronsard,  Pierre  de  (rori-sar').  A  French 
poet ;  born  at  Chateau  de  la  Poissonnifere,  Ven- 
domois,  Sept.  ii,  1524;  died  Dec.  27,  1585.  He 
was  the  first  representative  of  the  new  school 
of  literature,  which  completely  disregarded  the 
traditions  and  ideals  of  the  native  literature, 
and  substituted  the  classic  models  of  Rome  and 
Greece.  He  and  his  followers  began  the  crea- 
tion of  3.  new  French  literature,  one  which  has 
reigned  in  France  and  other  countries  for  cen- 
turies. He  published  :  <  Odes  >  (1550) ;  < Amours  > 
(1552);  <  Hymns >  (i555);  and  four  books  of  his 
ambitious  epic,  <La  Franciade>  (1572),  never 
completed.  His  popularity  waned  after  the 
advent  of  Malherbe,  but  his  influence  was 
never  lost. 

Ronstn,  Charles  PMlippe  (roh-san').  A 
French  dramatist;  born  at  Soissons  in  1750  or 
1752;  guillotined  at  Paris,  March  24,  1794.  He 
wrote  six  tragedies  and  two  comedies:  <The 
League  of  Fanatics  and  Tyrants'  (1791)  and 
<Ar^tophile  '  (1793)  were  played  in  Paris  with 
most  brilliant  success. 

Roosevelt,  Robert  Barnwell.  An  American 
lawyer  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  New 
York  city,  Aug.  7,  1829.  He  is  an  enthusiastic 
sportsman,  and  has  published :  <  The  Game 
Fish  of  North  America'  (i860);  <The  Game 
Birds  of  the  North'  (1866);  < Superior  Fishing* 
(1866);  < Florida  and  the  Game  Water  Birds' 
(1868);  <Five  Acres  Too  Much'  (1869),  a  satire 
provoked  by  Edmund  Morris's  <Ten  Acres 
Enough ' ;  and  <  Progressive  Petticoats,'  a  humor- 
ous satire  on  female  physicians.     Died  1907. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore.  An  American  poli- 
tician and  author  ;  born  in  New  York  city,  Oct. 
27,  1858.  He  allied  himself  with  the  civil-service 
reform  movement.  Became  president  of  the 
United  States  1901  and  1904.  He  has  written : 
<The  Naval  war  of  1812'  (1882)  ;<  Hunting 
Trips  of  a  Ranchman  '  (1885)  ;  <  Life  of  Thomas 
Hart  Benton'  (1887);  <  Gouvemeur  Morris' 
(1888);  <  Essays  on  Practical  Polities'  (1888); 
< Ranch  Life  and  the  Hunting  Trail'  (1888); 
'Winning  of  the  West'  (1889);  <  History  of 
New  York  City'  (1891  )  ;  and  the  'Wilderness 
Hunter'  (1893);  'American  Ideals  and  Other 
Essays'  (1897)  ;  <  Life  of  Oliver  Cromwell  >  and 
'The  Strenuous  Life'  (1902).  In  1906  he  re- 
ceived the  Nobel  Prize  for  Promotion  of  In- 
dustrial Peace.  In  1909  he  undertook  a  hunting 
expedition  to  the  heart  of  Africa  in  the  interest 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  ;  contributing  in 
the  meantime  articles  for  the  <  Outlook  '  of  New 
York,  of  which  he  is  associate  editor. 

Root,  George  Frederick.  An  American  mu- 
sician and  song-writer;  1820-1895.  Among  the 
the  most  popular  of  his  songs  are  :  <  Rosalie,  the 
Prairie  Flower  '  (18';';) ;  '  Shouting  the  Battle  Cry 
of  Freedom'  (1S61);  'Just  Before  the  Battle,  Moth- 
er '  ( 1861);  <  Tramp,  Tramp,  Tramp,  the  Boys  are 
Marching'  (I»b4);  and  ttie  well-known  quartet, 
<  There's  Music  in  the  Air.'  His  cantatas  in- 
clude 'The  Flower  Queen'  (1852)  and  'The 
Haymakers '  (1857).  He  has  done  much  to  ele- 
vate the  standard  of  music  in  this  country,  and 
has  also  published  methods  for  the  piano  and 
organ,  nandbooks  on  harmony  and  teaching,  etc. 


RONSARD  — ROSA  GONZALES 


Ropes,  John  Codmail.  A  Russian-American 
lawyer  and  military  historian ;  born  at  St. 
Petersburg,  April  28, 1836,  died  in  Boston,  Octo- 
ber 27,  1899.  Besides  contributions  to  the  Mil- 
itary Historical  Society  of  Massachusetts  and  to 
periodicals,  he  wrote  :  '  The  Army  under  Pope  ' 
(1881);  <The  First  Napoleon'  (1885);  'The 
Campaign  of  Waterloo';  and  <  The  Story  of  the 
Civil  War.) 

Roqueplau,  Louis  Victor  Nestor  (rok-plafi')- 
A  French  litterateur ;  born  at  Mallemort  (dept. 
Bouches-du-Rhone),  in  1804;  died  in  Paris, 
April  24,  1870.  He  gained  a  reputation  at  the 
end  of  the  Restoration  by  his  contributions 
to  literary  journals,  principally  Figaro.  He  has 
published  a  number  of  clever  books,  among 
them  being:  'News  as  Hand';  'Regain  of 
Parisian  Liie'  (1853);  and  'The  Green-Rooms 
of  the  Opera'  (1855). 

Roquette,  Adrien  Emmanuel  (ro-kef).  An 
American  poet ;  born  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  Feb. 
13,  1813;  died  there,  July  15,  1887.  He  was 
chaplain  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Seminary  at 
New  Orleans,  and  known  as  the  Abbd  Ro- 
quette. His  principal  works  include :  '  Les 
Savannes :  American  Poems'  (1841),  in  which 
the  'Souvenir  of  Kentucky'  is  best  known; 
'Wild  Flowers:  Sacred  Poetry'  (1848);  'Deep 
Solitude  in  America'  (1852);  <  L'Antoniade  ;  01, 
Solitude  with  God'  (i860);  'Patriotic  Poems  ^ 
(i860);  and  'Catherine  Tehgahkwita'  (1873). 
He  wrote  with  equal  ease  and  grace  in  Eng- 
lish and  French. 

Roquette,  Otto.  A  German  poet;  born  at 
Krotoschin,  Posen,  April  19, 1824  ;  died  at  Darm- 
stadt, March  16,  1896.  An  instructor  in  Dresden 
and  Berlin,  he  renounced  this  career  and  turned 
to  the  exclusive  study  of  literature.  He  soon  ac- 
quired a  great  reputation  in  his  native  land  by  his 
graceful  poems,  notably  '  Waldermeister's  Bridal 
Tour'  (1851).  He  has  published:  a  'Song 
Book'  (1852);  'History  of  German  Literature' 
(1862-63);  'Dramatic  Poems'  (1867-76);  'Wald- 
ermeister's Silver  Wedding'  (1876);  and  others. 
Also  a  number  of  dramatic  poems,  including: 
'The  Enemy  at  Home';  'The  Serpent*;  and 
'The  Garden  of  Roses'  (1876). 

Rosa,  Salvator  (ro'sa).  An  Italian  painter 
and  poet ;  born  at  Renella,  near  Naples,  about 
1615;  died  March  15,  1673.  He  wrote  many 
lyric  poems,  which  he  set  to  music ;  and  a 
number  of  satires,  the  best  known  of  which 
are  :  '  War,'  '  Envy,'  '  Babylon,'  '  The  Painter,' 
'  Poetry,'  and  '  Music'  His  writings  display 
the  same  energy  and  life  as  are  conspicuous  in 
his  paintings.  His  'Satires'  were  published  in 
1719,  and  were  incorporated  with  his  'Odes 
and  Letters'  (i860). 

Rosa  Gonzales,  Juan  de  la  (ro'sa  g5n-tha'- 
las).  A  Spanish  dramatist;  born  at  Valladolid 
in  1820.  His  articles  in  criticism  have  placed 
him  among  the  first  of  Spanish  contemporary 
literary  critics.  He  has  also  written  lyric  po- 
etry, and  a  number  of  successful  dramas,  nota- 
bly 'At  the  Cock's  Mass';  <With  and  Without 


ROSCOE  — ROSINI 


467 


Reason*;  <The  Counsels  of  Thomas';  <The 
Son  of  the  People  > ;  <  The  Spanish  Adventurer  * ; 
and  <  Jealousy  of  a  Noble  Soul.> 

ROBCOe,  Thomas.  An  English  translator  and 
author ;  born  at  Toxteth  Park,  Liverpool,  June 
23, 1791  ;  died  at  St.  John's  Wood,  London,  Sept. 
24,  1871.  He  followed  literature  as  a  profession 
until  within  a  few  years  of  his  death,  and  pro- 
duced and  translated  many  books.  His  ori- 
ginal works  include  :  <  Gonzola  the  Traitor :  a 
Tragedy'  (1820);  <  The  Tourist  in  Switzerland 
and  Italy*  {1830),  followed  by  six  volumes  of 
a  similar  character ;  <  Legends  of  Venice  >  ( 1841 ) ; 
•  Life  of  William  the  Conqueror*  (1846);  <The 
Last  of  the  Abencerages,  and  Other  Poems' 
(1850);  and  others.  His  translations  comprise: 
< Memoirs  of  Benvenuto  Cellini'  (1822);  <  Ital- 
ian Novelists'  (1825);  'German  Novelists' 
(1826);  < Spanish  Novelists'  (1832);  and  many 
others. 

Roscoe,  William.  An  English  historian ; 
bom  at  Mt.  Pleasant,  Liverpool,  March  8,  1753 ; 
died  at  Toxteth  Park,  Liverpool,  June  30,  1831. 
His  most  important  work,  <The  Life  of  Lo- 
renzo de'  Medici'  (1795),  did  much  toward 
stimulating  English  interest  in  Italian  literature. 
His  <The  Butterfly's  Ball  and  the  Grasshop- 
per's Feast'  (1807),  a  nursery  classic  in  verse, 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  king  and  queen, 
and  was  set  to  music  for  the  young  princesses. 
Among  his  many  other  works  may  be  named : 
<A  General  View  of  the  African  Slave  Trade ' 
(1788);  <The  Life  and  Pontificate  of  Leo  the 
Tenth'  (1805);  and  <On  the  Origin  and  Vicis- 
situdes of  Literature,  Science,  and  Art'  (1817). 

Roscommon,  Wentwortli  Dillon,  Earl  of. 

An  Irish  poet ;  born  in  1633 ;  died  in  London, 
Jan.  17,  1684  or  1685.  He  devoted  himself  to 
the  production  of  literature,  much  of  it  in  con- 
junction with  Dryden;  and  produced  among 
other  works :  <  Essays  on  Translated  Verse ' 
<i684);  a  blank-verse  paraphrase  of  Horace's 
<Ars  Poetica'  (1680);  and  a  translation  of  <Dies 
Irae.' 

Rose,  George.    See  Sketchley. 

Rosegger,  Petri  Kettenfeier  (rS'seg-er).  An 
Austrian  poet  and  novelist ;  born  at  Alpl,  a 
small  village  in  the  Styrian  Alps,  July  31,  1843. 
His  youth  was  one  of  great  poverty,  and  at  17 
he  was  apprf-i^ticed  to  a  tailor;  but  the  excep- 
tional merit  of  his  poetry  secured  him  patron- 
age which  enabled  him  to  devote  himself  ex- 
clusively to  literature.  His  first  book,  <  Zither 
iiiid  Cymbals'  (1869),  a  collection  of  poems 
in  the  Styrian  dialect,  met  with  immediate 
success.  The  best  known  of  his  other  works, 
which  include  stories,  sketches,  and  novels,  con- 
cerning the  peasant  life  about  him,  are  :  <  Tales 
of  the  Alps'  (1873);  <Out  of  the  Woods'  (1874); 
<  The  Seeker  after  God  '  { 1883  j;<  The  Last  Jacol)  > 
(i8.'S8);<  Hoch  vom  Dachstein  '  (1892);  and  <Peter 
Mayr  ' ;  <  The  Eternal  Light '  ;<  Sunshine,'  etc. 

RoBell,  Gayetano  (ro-sel').  A  Spanish  lit- 
terateur; born  in  Madrid  near  1815.  He  fol- 
lowed the  career  of  a  journalist,  writing  many 


successful  articles  in  criticism  and  history.  He 
has  published :  <  The  Mother  of  St.  Frederick,* 
a  drama  well  received ;   <  Before  You   Marry,* 

<  The  Hypocrite,'  and  <  For  a  Watch  and  a 
Hat,'  all  comedies ;  <  History  of  the  Naval  Com- 
bat of  Lepanto,'  regarded  as  the  best  descrip- 
tion of  that  battle  ever  written ;  and  many 
translations. 

Rosen,  George,  Baron  de  (ro'zen).  A  Rus- 
sian poet ;  born  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1805 ;  died 
in  i860.  A  friend  and  imitator  of  Pushkin, 
his  < Three  Poems'  (1827)  met  with  immediate 
success ;  as  did  the  succeeding  volumes,  includ- 
ing <The  Mystery'  (1828 J;  <The  Virgin  among 
the  Angels'  (1828);  and  <The  Birth  of  Ivan 
the  Terrible.'  He  has  also  written  tragedies, 
operas,  and  translations.  His  poetry  is  har- 
monious, elegant,  and  full  of  melancholy;  but 
lacks  force  and  originality. 

Rosenkranz,  Johann  Earl  Friedrich  (ro'zen* 
krantsj.  A  German  philosopher;  born  at 
Magdeburg,  April  23,  1805 ;  died  June  14,  1879. 
He  was  the  best  representative  of  the  <'  cen- 
tre "  of  Hegel's  school,  and  spent  much  time  in 
rearranging  and  reclassifying  the  system.  His 
principal  works,  nearly  all  of  which  have  re- 
ceived English  versions,  are  :  <  Psychology,  or 
the  Science  of  Subjective  Mind'  (1837);  < Crit- 
ical Explanations  of   Hegel's  System'   (1840); 

<  Life  of  Hegel '  (1844);  <  Modifications  of  Logic* 
(1846);  < System  of  Science'  (1850);  'Esthetics 
of  the  Ugly*  (1853);  < Autobiography'  (1873); 
<The  History  of  Literature'  (1875). 

Rosenthal-Bonin,  Hugo  (ro'zen-tal-bo'nen). 
A  German  novelist;  bom  in  Berlin,  October  14, 
1840;  died  at  Stuttgart, April  7,  1897.  Hewrotea 
great  number  of  novels,  includinjr :  (The  Obstacle 
to  Marriage'  (1876);  (.Subterranean  Fire*  (1879); 
<The  Diamond  Polisher'  (1881);  < Black  Shad- 
ows' (1884);  <The  House  with  Two  Entrances' 
(1885);   and  <The  Captain's  Daughter*  (1887). 

Rosetti  or  Roseti,  Constantin  (ro-zet'te). 
A  Roumanian  poet  and  politician ;  born  at 
Bucharest,  June  14,  1816;  died  April  19,  1885. 
He  published  a  volume  of  poems  under  the 
title  of  <  Hours  of  Contentment'  (1843);  and 
wrote  many  political  treatises,  poems,  and  trans- 
lations, a  new  edition  of  which  appeared  in 
Bucharest  in  1885. 

Rosier,  Joseph  Bernard  (roz-ya').  A 
Frencli  dramatist ;  born  at  B^ziers,  Hdrault, 
Oct.  18,  1804;  died  at  Marseilles,  Oct.  12,  1880. 
His  well-known  comedies  are  bright  and  full 
of  wit.  They  include :  <  The  Husband  of  my 
Wife'  (1830);  <A  Criminal  Case'  (1836);  <At 
Thirty  Years'  (1838);  <  The  Prot^gi*  (1839); 
(Raymond*  (1851);  (Every  One  for  Himself* 
(1856);  and  many  others. 

Rosini,  Giovanni  (ro-se'ne).  An  Italian 
litterateur;  born  at  Lucignano,  Tuscany,  June 
24,  1776 ;  died  May  16,  1855.  His  poem  entitled 
(The  Marriage  of  Jupiter  and  Latona*  (1810), 
written  upon  the  occasion  of  the  marriage  of 
Napoleon  with  Marie  Louise,  was  awarded  an 
imperial    prize    of    10,000    francs.     His    many 


468 


ROSMINI  —  ROSSETTI 


•works  of  prose  and  poetry  include  < Poems' 
(1819);  three  historical  romances,  translated 
into  many  languages, —<  The  Nun  of  Monza> 
(1829),  <  Count  Ugolin  de  la  Gherardesca,> 
and  <Luisa  Strozzi  >  (1833);  and  a  historical 
drama,  <  Torquato  Tasso>  (1835).  He  excels 
as  a  literary  and  artistic  critic,  and  his  <  History 
of  Italian  Painting  >  (1834)  is  highly  valued. 

Rosmini-Serbati,  Antonio  (roz-me'ne).  A 
noted  Italian  philosopher;  born  at  Roveredo, 
Tyrol,  March  25,  1797 ;  died  at  Stresa,  July  i, 
1855.  He  produced  some  thirty  volumes  on 
ontology,  theosophy,  theodicy,  pedagogy,  super- 
natural anthropology,  ethics,  methodology,  and 
other  subjects ;  and  he  has  disciples  who  con- 
sider his  name  the  greatest  in  modern  meta- 
physics. English  translations  of  his  <  Psychol- 
ogy >  and  <  Pedagogy'  have  appeared.  But  his 
most  important  work  is  <  New  Treatises  on  the 
Origins  of  Ideas'  (1830). 

Rosmini,  Carlo  de.  An  Italian  historian 
and  biographer;  born  at  Roveredo,  Oct.  29, 
1758;  died  at  Milan,  June  9,  1827.  After  some 
attempts  at  poetry  and  poetic  criticism,  he 
wrote  his  finest  work,  <  Life  of  Victorin  de 
Feltre'  (1801).  Among  his  many  other  books 
may  be  named:  <Life  of  Ovid'  (1789);  < Me- 
moirs on  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Clement 
Baroni  Cavalcabro'  (1798);  <The  Exemplary 
Life  and  Death  of  Marie  Josephine  Repetti,  a 
Young  Milanese  '(1815);  and  <  History  of  Milan  > 
(1820).  He  was  a  most  conscientious  hagiogra- 
pher,  withdrawing  from  the  world  and  living 
almost  the  life  of  a  hermit  that  he  might  de- 
vote himself  more  closely  to  his  work. 

Rosny,  Antoine  Joseph  Nicolas  de  (ro-ne')- 
A  French  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Paris 
in  1771 ;  died  a^  Valenciennes,  Oct.  21,  1814. 
Pie  was  one  of  the  most  prolific  writers  of  his 
century.  His  first  book,  <  The  Unfortunates  of 
La  Galeti&re'  (1796),  a  romance,  was  followed 
with  almost  inconceivable  rapidity  by  more 
than  eighty  volumes,  among  them  being :  <  Life 
of  Florian'  (1797);  <The  Oracle  of  Apollo' 
(1800);  and  *  Literary  View  of  France  during 
the  Thirteenth  Century'  (1809),  an  attempt  to 
finish  the  work  on  the  literary  history  of  France, 
material  for  which  had  been  collected  by  the 
Benedictines  of  St.  Maur.  Chagrin  at  the  mis- 
erable failure  of  his  project  hastened  his  death. 

Ross,  Albert,    See  Porter,  Linn  Boyd. 

Ross,  Alexander.  A  Scotch  poet;  born  in 
Aberdeenshire,  April  13,  1699 ;  died  at  Lochlee, 
Angus,  May  20,  1784.  He  wrote  verses  from 
his  childhood,  but  published  nothing  until  69, 
when  he  brought  out  <  Helenore,  or  the  Unfor- 
tunate Shepherdess'  (1768),  written  in  the  Bu- 
chan  dialect,  which  became  exceedingly  popular 
in  the  north  of  Scotland.  He  also  left  In  MS. 
eight  volumes  of  miscellanies. 

Ross,  Clinton.  An  American  novelist;  bom 
in  New  York  in  1861.  He  has  published :  <The 
Silent  Workman'  (1886);  <The  Gallery  of  a 
Random  Collector'  (1888);  <  The  Countess  Bet- 
tina » ;  <  The  Speculators  > ;  < Adventures  of  Three   | 


Wortliies ' ;  <  Improbable  Tales  > ;  <  Two  Soldiers 
and  a  Politician';  <The  Puppet';  <The  Scar- 
let Coat';  < Battle  Tales';  (Bobbie  McDuff'; 
<  The  Meddling  Hussy ' ;  and  <  Zuleika.' 

Ross-Churcli,  Mrs.  Florence.  See  Marryat 
Florence.  * 

Rossettl,  Christina  Georgina  (ro-set'e).  An 
English  poet,  sister  of  Dante  Gabriel ;  born  in 
London,  Dec.  5, 1830 ;  died  Dec.  29, 1894.  <  Gob- 
Im  Market'  (1862)  is  regarded  as  her  finest 
production.  Her  other  writings  consist  chiefly 
of  lyric  poems  of  great  beauty,  and  sonnets 
mostly  of  a  grave  and  simple  devotional  order 
They  include:  <The  Prince's  Progress'  (i866)- 
•Commonplace,  and  Other  Short  Stories'  (in 
prose:  1S70);  'Sing-Song:  A  Nursery  Rhyme 
Book'  (1872);  « Annus  Domini:  A  Prayer  for 
Each  Day  in  tie  Year'  (1873);  < Speaking 
Likenesses'  (1874);  *Seek  and  Find'  (1879)- 
<A  Pageant,  and  Other  Poems'  (1881);  <  Letter 
and  Spirit'  (1883);  <  Verses'  (1893);  and  several 
posthumous  works. 

Rossetti,  Dante  Gabriel.  The  celebrated 
English  painter  and  poet ;  born  in  London,  May 
12,  1828;  died  at  Birchiiigton,  Kent,  April  10, 
1882.  He  was  foremost  among  the  founders  of  the 
Pre-Raphaelite  brotherhood.  He  began  writ- 
ing verse  when  but  a  few  years  old,  and  his 

<  Blessed  Damozel'  was  published  at  19;  four 
years   later    he    wrote    the    remarkable    poem 

<  Sister  Helen.'  His  other  works  include  the 
translations  of  <  Early  Italian  Poets'  (1861),  re- 
issued as  <  Dante  and  his  Circle ' ;  the  magnifi- 
cent ballads  <  Rose  Mary'  (1871),  'The  White 
Ship'  and  <  The  King's  Tragedy'  (1880);  the 
sonnet-sequence  <  The  House  of  Life ' ;  and  an 
imaginative  work  in  prose,  <  Hand  and  Soul.' 

Rossetti,  Gabriele.-  An  Italian  poet,  father 
of  Dante  Gabriele ;  born  at  Vasto,  Naples, 
March  1783 ;  died  in  London,  April  26,  1854. 
In  1820  he  composed  the  hymn  <  The  Beautiful 
One  with  Seven  Stars  in  her  Hair,'  which  be- 
came rapidly  popular  and  is  still  classed  among 
Italian  patriotic  songs.  Compelled  to  flee  Italy 
for  participation  in  the  insurrections  of  1820 
and  1821,  he  established  himself  in  England  as 
a  teacher  of  Italian,  and  published  several 
works  dealing  with  the  esoteric  anti-papal 
significance  of  the  <  Divine  Comedy.'  They 
include:  <  Divina  Commedia'  (1826);  <  Dante's 
Beatrice'  (1842);  and  <The  Anti-Papal  Spirit 
which  Led  to  the  Reformation'  (1832),  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Miss  C.  Ward  (1834). 

Rossetti,  William  Michael.  An  Engli.sh 
poet  and  art  critic,  brother  of  Dante  Gabriel; 
born  in  London,  Sept.  25,  1829.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  <  Dante's  Comedy  —  The  Hell,  Trans- 
lated into  Literal  Blank  Verse'  (1865);  < Poems 
and  Ballads:  A  Criticism'  [of  Swinburne] 
(1866);  <A  Life  of  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  > 
(1869);  and  <Life  of  John  Keats'  (1887).  He 
has  edited  the  works  of  many  poets. 

Rossi,  Ernesto  (ros'e).  An  Italian  actor 
and  dramatist ;  born  at  Leghorn,  1829.    Though 


ROST  — ROUGET  DE  LISLE 


469 


known  chiefly  as  an  actor,  he  has  written 
several  plays,  including  <Adela,'  —  a  drama  for 
Mme.   Ristori.'with  whom  he  has  appeared, — 

<  The  Hyenas,'  a  social  comedy,  and  *  The  Sol- 
dier's Prayer  > ;   also   a  treatise   on  <  Hamlet  > ; 

<  Dramatic  Studies*  (1882);  < Forty  Years  of 
Artistic  Life,*  a  collection  of  historical  essays 
and  personal  recollections ;  and  *  Niccolai  * 
( 1SS7-90).     He  died  June  4,  1896. 

Rost,  John  Christoplier  (rost).  A  German 
poet;  born  at  Leipsic,  April  7,  1717 ;  died  in 
1765.  He  made  a  reputation  by  his  lively  satires 
against  the  Saxon  school ;  particularly  the  one 
entitled  <The  Prelude*  (1742:  assort  of  epic 
satire  in  five  songs),  and  <The  Devil's  Epistle* 
(1754).  He  also  wrote  many  pastorals,  among 
them  being  < Learned  Love*  (1742),  the  grace 
of  which  equals  its  licentiousness ;  a  collec- 
tion of  < Letters*  (1766);  and  < Various  Poems* 
(1769). 

Rostan,  Joseph  Andre  de  fros-tah').  A 
French  dramatist ;  born  at  Constantinople,  Sept. 
13,  1819.  He  has  written,  either  in  French  or 
in  Spanish,  <Egill  the  Demon*  (1847),  a  lyric 
drama ;  •  The  Last  Troubadour  > ;  <  The  Daugh- 
ter of  Voltaire*  (1859);  <  In  the  Kneading 
Trough*  (1866);  besides  vaudevilles,  librettos 
of  operas,  verse,  romances,  and  critical  articles. 
He  himself  undertook  the  publication  of  his 
< Works:  French  and  Spanish*  (1863). 

Rostand,  Joseph  Eugene  Hubert  (ros-taiV). 
A  French  poet  and  litterateur ;  born  at  Mar- 
seilles, June  23,  1843.  The  following  collections 
of  poems  have  made  his  reputation  :  <  Sketches  * 
(1865);  <The  Second  Page*  (1866);  <  Simple 
Poems*  (1874);  <The  Paths  of  Righteousness* 
(<Les  Sentiers  Unis*:  1886);  and  the  poems  of 
Catullus  translated  into  French  verse  (1880J. 
He  has  also  published :  <  Questions  of  Social 
Economy  in  a  Great  City*  (1889);  <A  Visit  to 
Some  Bureaus  of  Pension  and  Insurance  in  Italy  * 
(iSoi). 

Rota,  Vincent  (ro'ta).  An  Italian  litterateur ; 
born  at  Padua  in  1703;  died  there  in  1785. 
He  wrote  a  great  number  of  theatrical  pieces, 
remarkable  for  their  facility  of  expression  and 
their  witty  but  not  unkind  satires ;  including 
<The  Dead  Alive,*  <The  Icy  Shepherd,*  and 
<The  Fantasm.*  He  also  wrote  <The  Confla- 
gration of  the  Time  of  St.  Anthony  of  Padua : 
A  Tale*  (1749),  in  imitation  of  Boccaccio;  and 
many  dialogues  and  epistles  in  Latin. 

Rotalier,  Charles  Edouard  Joseph  (ro-tal- 
ya')-  A  French  historian  and  publicist ;  born 
at  Villerspoz  near  Colombier,  in  1804;  died 
July  21,  1849.  He  began  his  literary  career 
with  two  romances,  <  The  Captive  of  Barbe- 
rousse*  and  <The  Daughter  of  the  Dey,*  sug- 
gested by  his  sojourn  in  Africa  in  command 
of  a  regiment.  But  he  soon  abandoned  fiction 
for  more  serious  work,  and  wrote  the  <  History 
of  Algiers,*  a  strong  and  brilliant  production, 
still  considered  an  authority  upon  the  subject; 
and  <  France  and  her  Relations  with  Europe,* 
a  work  which  at  once  placed  him  in  the  high- 
est rank  of  the  publicists  of  his  day. 


Rotgans,  Lucas  (rot'gans).  A  Dutch  poet; 
born  in  Amsterdam,  October  1645;  died  at 
Kromwyck,  Nov.  3,  1710.  He  wrote  an  epic 
poem  of  great  merit,  in  eight  cantos,  of  which 
the  hero  is  William  of  Orange  (William  III. 
of  England);  two  tragedies,  <^neas  and  Tur- 
nus  *  and  <  Scylla,*  played  with  great  success  for 
a  long  time ;  <  The  Parish  Feast,*  a  descriptive 
poem  in  two  songs ;  and  <  Miscellaneous  Poems.' 

Rotrou,  Jean  (ro-tro').  A  French  dramatist ; 
born  at  Dreux,  Aug.  21,  i6og;  died  June  27  or 
28,  1650.  He  was  but  19  when  his  first  piece 
was  played:  it  was  <The  Hypochondriac* 
(1628 J,  a  tragicomedy  in  five  acts.  His  chef 
d'oeuvre  is  <Venceslas,*  a  tragedy  founded  on 
the  Spanish  play  of  Francesco  de  Rojas,  <  One 
Cannot  be  Both  Father  and  King.*  He  pro- 
duced a  great  number  of  other  plays,  the  finest 
of  which  are  <  St.  Genest,*  '  Don  Bertrand  de 
Cabrere,*  and  <Cosroes.* 

Rotteck,  Karl  Wenzeslaus  Rodecker  von 

(rot'ek).  A  German  historian;  born  at  Frei- 
burg, Baden,  July  18,  1775;  died  there,  Nov. 
26.  1840.  His  < Universal  History*  (1813-27), 
and  its  minor  compendium,  <  Universal  History 
of  the  World*  (1830),  exercised  a  great  and 
beneficial  influence  upon  the  middle  classes  of 
Germany.  Both  books  have  been  often  re- 
printed and  translated  into  several  languages. 

Roucher,  Jean  Antoine  (rb-sha').  A  French 
poet;  born  Feb.  17  or  22,  1745,  at  Montpellier; 
guillotined  at  Paris,  July  25,  1794.  He  wrote 
an  epithalamium  on  the  marriage  of  Louis 
XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette,  entitled  <  France 
and  Austria  at  Hymen's  Temple.*  But  his 
principal  production  is  the  didactic  poem  in 
five  songs,  <The  Months*  (1779),  which  was 
ridiculed  on  its  first  appearance,  but  later  ac- 
knowledged and  admired  by  the  literary  world. 
He  also  translated  Adam  Smith's  <  Wealth  of 
Nations*  (1790).  His  letters  to  his  family 
wfhile  in  prison  were  published  under  the  title 
of  <The  Consolations  of  my  Captivity*  (1797). 

Rougemont,   Michel   Nicolas   Balisson   de 

(rozh-moii').  A  French  dramatist,  novelist,  and 
journalist ;  born  at  La  Rochelle  in  1781 ;  died 
in  July  1840.  His  dramatic  compositions  are 
almost  innumerable.  The  most  remarkable 
are:  <  The  Supposed  Husband*  (1806);  <  The 
Supper  of  Henry  IV.*  (1810);  <The  Marriage 
of  Charlemagne*  (1811);  <The  Fete  of  Henry 
IV. >  (1826).  Among  his  many  other  poems,  ro- 
mances, and  feuilletons  are  :  <  The  Return  of 
the  Hero*  (1805),  a  poem;  <  Song-Book  of  the 
Bourbons*  (1814);  'Bonliomme;  or.  Observa- 
tions upon  Parisian  Manners  and  Customs  at 
the  Beginning  of  the  Nineteenth  Centurv  * 
(1818);  <The  French  Rover*  (1816-22);  and 
<  Spain   Delivered*  (1823). 

Rouget  de  Lisle,  Claude  Joseph  (rd-zha'  de 
lei').  A  French  officer  and  song-writer;  born 
at  Lons-le-Saulnier,  May  10, 1760 ;  died  at  Choisy- 
Je-Roi,  June  26  or  27,  1836.  He  composed  both 
words  and  music  of  *  La  Marseillaise,*  when  he 
was  an  officer  of  engineers  at  Strasburg,  on  the 


47° 


ROUM  ANILLE  —  ROY 


night  of  April  25,  1792.  It  first  appeared  under 
the  title  of  <Song  of  the  Army  of  the  Rhine.> 
He  wrote  several  other  fragments  of  songs, 
included  in  his  <  Fifty  French  Songs,  Words  of 
Various  Authors,  Set  to  Music  by  Rouget  de 
Lisle*  (1825);  and  other  poems,  stories,  and 
plays,  of  but  little  merit. 

RoumanlUe,  Joseph  (ro-man-cr).  A  French 
(Proven9alj  poet;  born  at  Saint  Remy (Bouches- 
du-Rhone),  Aug.  8,  1818;  died  at  Avignon,  May 
24,  1891.  He  was  one  of  the  most  popular  au- 
thors of  the  Society  of  Fdlibres.  Apart  from 
his  improvisations,  for  which  he  was  noted,  he 
produced:  <  Li  Margarideto>  (1847);  <  Le  Cam- 
pano  Mountado>  (1857);  <  Lis  Oubreto>  (1859); 
.  <  l.iCnnti-  IVoven^nueli  Cascareleto  '  (1884);  and 
others. 

Roumieux,  Louis  (rom  ye').  A  French  (Pro- 
ven9al)  poet;  born  at  Nimes  in  1829.  Among 
his  productions  may  be  named  :  <  Li  Bourga- 
diero>  (1852),  a  collection  of  satires  in  the 
Nimois  dialect ;  <  Li  Griseto  >  (1853) ;  and  <  Quan 
vou  Prendre  dos  L&bre  a  la  Fes  n'en  Pren 
Ges*  (1863),  a  comedy. 

Rousseau,  Jean  Baptiste  (ro-so').  A  French 
poet;  born  at  Paris,  April  1670 ;  died  at  Brus- 
sels, March  17,  1741.  He  wrote  a  great  number 
of  odes,  epistles,  plays,  allegories,  songs,  and 
epigrams ;  and  although  esteemed  by  his  con- 
temporaries "  the  prince  of  our  lyric  poets,>>  is 
now  looked  upon  as  a  mediocre  writer.  He 
brought  out  an  edition  of  his  'Works'  (1712); 
and  many  others  have  subsequently  appeared. 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques.  The  renowned 
French  writer;  born  in  Geneva,  June  28,  1712; 
died  at  Krmenonville  near  Paris,  July  2,  1778. 
He  published :  <  Memoir  on  the  Shape  of  the 
Earth  >  (1738);  <  Mme.  de  Warens>  (1739);  <  Dis- 
sertation on  Modern  Music'  (1743);  *  Does  the 
Cultivation  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences  Tend 
to  Promote  Morality?'  (1750);  <  The  Village 
Soolhsayer'  (1753I;  <Narcissus>  (1753);  <  Letter 
on  French  Music'  (1753);  <On  the  Origins  and 
Foundations  of  Inequality  among  Mankind' 
(1755);  'On  Political  Economy'  (1758);  <  To 
D'Alembert  on  the  Article  < Geneva'  in  the 
Encyclopedia'  (1758);  <  Letters  to  Voltaire,'  va- 
riously dated ;  <  A  Project  of  Perpetual  Peace ' 
(1761);  <The  Social  Contract'  (1762);  <Emile' 
(1762);  <To  the  Archbishop  of  Paris'  (1763); 
<The  Departure  of  Silvie'  (1763);  <  Letters 
from  the  Mountain'  (1764);  <  Theatre  Mimicry' 
(1764);  <  Dictionary  of  Music'  (1767);  <  Letters 
on  his  Exile'  (1770J.  Posthumously  appeared 
•Emile  and  Sophie'  (1780);  'Consolations  of 
my  Life'  (1781);  'Government  of  Poland' 
(1782);  'Confessions'  (1782-90). 

Rousseau,  Pierre.  A  French  dramatist; 
born  at  Toulouse,  Aug.  19,  1716  or  1725;  died 
at  Bouillon,  Nov.  10,  1785.  He  brought  rid- 
icule upon  himself  by  assuming  the  title  of 
"  Rousseau  of  Toulouse "  to  distinguish  him- 
self from  "Rousseau  of  Geneva."  In  collab- 
oration with  Favart,  he  published  <A  Coquette 
Without  Knowing  It'  (1744),  and  'Mistakes' 
(1744).  played   with   some   success.     He   also 


wrote  'The  False  Step'  (1755),  a  novel;  'His- 
tory of  the  Card-Sharpers'  (1758);  and  others. 

Rousseau,  Pierre  Joseph.  A  French  littera- 
teur ;  born  at  Paris  in  1797 ;  died  there  in  1849. 
He  wrote  a  number  of  vaudevilles  in  collab- 
oration with  others,  signed  for  the  most  part 
with  the  pseudonyms  "James  Rousseau"  and 
"  Maxime  James."  Among  them  are  :  '  The 
Lady  of  the  Lake'  (1825);  'The  Fairy  of  the 
Neighborhood'  (1826);  and  'Love  and  F'ear' 
(1827);  also  'Memoirs  of  my  Creditors'  (1828), 
and  other  miscellanies. 

Rousset,  Camille  Felix  Michel  (ro-sa').  A 
French  historian ;  born  at  Paris,  Feb.  15,  1821 ; 
died  at  Saint  Gobain  (Aisne),  Oct.  20,  1892. 
Among  his  published  works  are :  <  History  of 
Louvois'  (1861-63);  'The  Volunteers  of  1791- 
94 >  (1870);  'History  of  the  Crimean  War' 
(1877);  and  'Beginnings  of  a  Conquest:  Al- 
giers from  1830  to  1840'  (1887). 

Roux,  Amedee  (ro).  A  French  litterateur; 
born  at  Billom,  May  9,  1828.  Besides  a  number 
of  translations  and  the  editing  of  the  works  of 
Voiture  and  letters  of  Count  d'Avaux,  he  has 
published :  'A  Misanthrope  at  the  Court  of 
Louis  XIV.:  Montausier'  (i860);  'History  of 
Italian  Literature  under  the  Regime  of  Unifica- 
tion >  (1869-83);  and  '  Bird's-Eye  View  of  Three 
Literatures'  (1873). 

Rowbotham,  John  Frederick.  A  Scotch 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  1859.  He  resided 
in  Germany  several  years,  collecting  material 
for  his  elaborate  <  History  of  Music  '(1885);  after 
which  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  study  media?- 
val  poetry,  and  published  '  The  Death  of  Roland  : 
An  Epic  Poem'  (1887);'  A  Human  Epic'  (1902). 

Rowe,  Nicholas.  An  English  dramatist  and 
poet-laureate ;  born  at  Little  Barford,  Bedford- 
shire, June  30  (?),  1674;  died  Dec.  6,  1718.  He 
was  a  successful  courtier  and  politician,  but  is 
best  known  as  the  translator  of  Lucan's  '  Phar- 
salia'  (1718),  and  the  author  of  many  successful 
plays,  the  most  popular  of  which  were  the  tra- 
gedies :  'Tamerlane'  (1702);  'The  Fair  Peni- 
tent' (1703);  'Jane  Shore'  (1714);  and  'Lady 
Jane  Grey'  (1715). 

Rowson,  Susanna.  An  English-American 
actress,  playwright,  and  novelist ;  born  at  Ports- 
mouth, England,  in  1762  ;  died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  2,  1824.  She  appeared  on  the  American 
stage  for  about  a  year ;  after  which  she  settled 
in  Boston,  opening  a  school  and  turning  her 
attention  to  literary  pursuits.  She  is  famed  as 
the  author  of  '  Charlotte  Temple :  A  Tale  of 
Truth'  (1790),  which  had  an  immediate  and 
great  success,  and  has  long  been  a  popular 
classic  in  America ;  and  its  sequel, '  Lucy  Tem- 
ple ;  or.  The  Three  Orphans'  (1828).  Among 
her  many  other  novels  and  farces  may  be 
named:  'Victoria'  (1786),  the  characters  of 
which  were  drawn  from  life ;  and  '  The  In- 
quisitor, or  Invisible  Rambler'  (1788). 

Roy,  Just  Jean  ^tienne  (rwa).  A  French 
litterateur;  born  at  Marnay  (Haute-Sa6ne),  Oct 


ROY  — RUFFINI 


47  » 


13,  1794;  died  at  Pontleroy,  June  22,  1871.  He 
published,  under  his  own  name  and  the  pseu- 
donyms of  «  ^tienne  Gervais,»  « Just  Girard,» 
and  «  Theodore  Menard,'^  a  number  of  books, 
including  the  series  entitled  <  History  of  Fe- 
nelon>  (1838);  <  History  of  Louis  XI.>  (1842); 
<  Illustrations  of  the  History  of  Germany,  Eng- 
land, Egypt,  Spain,  France,  Italy,  Russia,  and 
Sweden  >  (1843-45);  <  History  of  Louis  XIV.> 
(1844) ;  <  France  of  the  Twelfth  Century  >  (1850) ; 
•Modern  Algiers >  (1855);  <The  Empire  of  Bra- 
zil >  (1858);  <  History  of  England  >  (1863);  and 
many  others,  the  greater  number  of  which  ran 
through  many  editions. 

Roy,  Pierre  Charles.  A  French  poet ;  bom 
at  Paris  in  1683 ;  died  Oct.  23,  1764.  His  repu- 
tation rests  largely  upon  his  two  plays,  <  Cal- 
lirho^>  (1712),  generally  conceded  to  be  his 
best  work,  and  <Semiramis>  (1718),  regarded 
by  some  as  even  superior.  His  ballet  <The 
Elements  >  (1725)  added  to  his  reputation. 
His  many  odes,  epilogues,  plays,  interludes, 
and  ballets,  were  collected  after  his  death  and 
published  as  'Various  Works >  (1727).  His 
epigrams  have  made  him  famous  in  his  own 
country;  his  last  one  involved  him  in  a  fatal 
quarrel. 

Royce,  Josiah.  An  American  educator  and 
author;  bom  at  Grass  Valley,  Cal.,  Nov.  20, 
1855.  He  became  professor  of  the  history  of 
philosophy  in  Harvard  in  1892,  and  has  pub- 
lished:  <A  Primer  of  Logical  Analysis  >  (1881); 
'The  Religious  Aspect  of  Philosophy >  (1885); 
•California '  (1886);  <  The  Feud  of  Oakfield  Creek> 
(18S7),  a  novel;  <  The  Spirit  of  Modern  Philoso- 
phy' (1892);  'Outlines  of  Psychology*  (1903); 
•The  Relation  of  the  Principles  of  Logic  to  the 
Foundations  of  Geometry  *  (1905). 

Royer,  Alpbonse  (rwa-a').  A  French  dram- 
atist and  litterateur;  born  at  Paris,  Sept.  10, 
1803;  died  there,  April  11,  1875.  After  spend- 
ing a  number  of  years  in  the  Orient,  he  turned 
to  the  production  of  dramatic  literature,  meet- 
ing with  marked  and  lasting  success.  Many 
of  his  plays  were  written  in  collaboration  with 
his  friend  Gustave  Vaez.  They  include  :  <  The 
Poor  Boys  >(i830j;<  Venice  the  Beautiful  >  (1834); 
and  < Adventures  of  Travel*  (1837).  He  also 
published  a  <  Universal  History  of  the  Theatre  * 
(1869-71),  and  many  literary  miscellanies. 

Riickert,  Heinrich  (riik'ert).  A  German 
historian,  son  of  Friedrich ;  born  at  Coburg, 
Feb.  14,  1825;  died  at  Breslau,  Sept.  Ii,  1875. 
His  works  include  the  monographs :  *  Life  of 
St.  Louis,  Landgrave  of  Thuringia*  (1850),  and 
<  Brother  Philip,  of  the  Order  of  the  Chartreux  > 
(1855);  also<Annals  of  German  History*  (1850); 
'History  of  the  Middle  Ages'  (1852);  and  'History 
of  German  Civilization  at  the  Period  of  Transition 
from  Pagan  to  Christian  Times'  (1853-54)  ;  and 
editions  of  <  King  Rother'  and  '  IIeiiand.> 

Riickert,  [Johann  MicliaelJ  Friedricli.  A 
distinguished  German  poet  and  Orientalist ; 
born  at  Schweinfurt,  Bavaria,  May  16,  1788; 
died  at  Neuses,  near  Coburg,  Jan.  31,  1866. 
He    published   his   'German    Poems*    (1814), 


containing  the  famous  'Panoplied  Sonnets,'  — 
directed  against  Napoleon,— under  the  pen- 
name  of  "Freimund  Raimar»  ;  that  is,  "the 
poet  of  the  free  mouth."  His  poetry  is  much 
admired  for  the  ingenuity  of  its  workmanship, 
its  strength  and  imaginative  grace,  and  is  ful\ 
of  inspiration  drawn  from  his  patriotism  and 
his  studies  of  the  legends  of  the  Orient ;  but  is 
philosophic  rather  than  spontaneous.  He  pub- 
lished many  translations  from  the  Arabic,  and 
wrote  many  original  poems  dealing  with  Ori- 
ental subjects ;  among  them  being  :  '  Oriental 
Roses'  (1822);  'Songs  and  Legends  of  the 
Orient'  (1837) ; '  Rostem  and  Suhrab :  A  Heroic 
Tale>  (1838);  and  'Brahman  Tales >  (1839). 
The  most  elaborate  of  all  his  works  is  'The 
Wisdom  of  the  Brahmans'  (1836-39). 

Rudagi,  Farid-Addin  Muhammad  (ro-da'je). 
A  Persian  poet  of  the  tenth  century;  born  in 
the  village  of  Rudag  (whence  he  derived  his 
name),  in  the  region  of  Bokhara  or  Samar- 
kand, toward  the  end  of  the  ninth  century; 
died  about  954.  Tradition  makes  him  a  sort 
of  blind  Homer,  but  regarding  his  blindness 
there  is  doubt.  His  literary  activity  was  great. 
Of  his  very  numerous  verses  only  a  very  few 
are  now  extant,  but  the  fragments  show  great 
literary  merit. 

Rudel,  Gauffre  or  Godefroy,  Prince  of 
Blaye  (rii-del').  A  French  troubadour  of  the 
twelfth  century,  who  attached  himself  to  the 
suite  of  Geoffrey,  Count  of  Bretagne,  son  of 
Henry  IT.  of  England.  He  went  to  Syria  in 
search  of  a  fair  countess  of  Tripoli,  rumors  of 
whose  beauty  had  reached  him;  and  was  so 
overcome  when  he  finally  saw  her  and  heard 
her  voice  that  he  fell  dead  at  her  feet.  She 
buried  him  with  great  pomp,  and  retired  to  a 
convent  to  mourn  him  all  her  days.  Petrarch 
makes  mention  of  Rudel;  and  several  bits  of 
verse  by  him  are  extant  in  the  MSS.  of  Pro- 
ven9al  literature,  now  in  the  great  libraries  of 
Paris,  Venice,  and  Rome.  One  of  them  has 
been  published  by  Raynouard,  as  the  'Gem 
of  the  Original  Poems  of  the  Troubadours.' 

Rueda,  Lope  de  (ro-a'da).  A  Spanish 
dramatist  of  the  sixteenth  century;  born  at 
Seville;  died  at  Cordova.  He  was  leader  of 
a  troupe  of  actors ;  and  in  the  elementary  state 
of  the  stage  in  his  day,  himself  undertook 
four  roles,  —  those  of  the  negress,  the  brig- 
and, the  fool,  and  the  Biscayan.  He  composed 
for  his  company  a  number  of  short  pieces. 
His  'Works'  (1567)  comprise  four  comedies, 
notably  'Deceptions'  and  'Eufemia';  seven 
"pasos"  in  prose;  two  colloquies;  and  <The 
Wages  of  Love.' 

Rufflnl,  Giovanni  Domenico  (ro-fe'ne).    An 

Italian  litterateur;  born  at  Genoa,  September 
1807;  died  at  Taggia,  Nov.  2,  1881.  Obliged 
to  flee  his  native  land  for  political  reasons,  he 
resided  in  France,  Switzerland,  and  England, 
and  later  returned  to  Italy.  He  published  in 
London  his  first  romance,  '  Lorenzo  Benoni,' 
a   sort   of    autobiography,  related    in    a   very 


472 


RUGE  — RUMOHR 


engaging  style.  He  also  published  <  Doctor 
Antonio*  (1858),  his  best-known  book;  <Les 
Paragreens*  (18601;  <Lavinia>;  <Vincenzo>; 
<  Carlino.>  Many  of  his  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  Frencii. 

Ruge,  Arnold  (ro'ge).  A  German  publicist ; 
born  at  Bergen,  Ls-land  of  Riigen,  Sept.  13, 
1S02  or  1803 ;  died  at  Brighton,  England,  Dec. 
31,  1880.  lie  embraced  with  ardor  the  doctrines 
of  Hegel,  and  attracted  considerable  attention 
by  his  philosophical  criticisms  in  the  Halle 
Year-Book.  He  joined  Karl  Marx  in  Paris, 
and  published  with  him  the  <  German-French 
Year-Books>  (1843-45).  After  the  suppression 
of  the  paper  which  he  started  in  Berlin,  called 
Reform,  he  went  to  London  and  formed,  in 
connection  with  Ledru-Kollin  and  Mazzini,  the 
European  Democratic  Committee.  Among  his 
works  are :  <  Two  Years  in  Paris  *  (1845);  <  Poetic 
Pictures*  (1847); 'Political  Pictures*  (1848)  <Our 
System '  ( 1850) ; < In  Former  Times*  ( iS'62-67 ) ;  and 
'Manifesto  to  thp  ''iennan  l*eople*  (i886);  also 
the  Dramas ;  <  Schill  and  His  x'eople.'  ami  <  The 
New  World.* 

Euiz,  Juan  (ro-eth')-  A  Spanish  poet  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  known  as  Archpriest  of  Hita ; 
born  at  Alcala  or  Guadalajara,  in  1300 ;  died 
about  135 1.  He  is  the  most  original  of  mediseval 
Spanish  poets,  and  has  left  a  poem  on  love 
and  women,  which,  while  purporting  to  treat  of 
morality  and  the  follies  of  earthly  love,  is  in 
reality  a  text-l>ook  for  the  man  who  wishes  to 
become  a  successful  lover.  He  quotes  from 
Ovid's  'Art  of  Love,*  gives  translations  from  the 
apologues  of  Latin  and  French  fabulists,  and 
relates  his  own  experience  as  well.  It  is  mingled 
rather  incongruously  with  censures  of  the  cap- 
ital sins,  and  with  philosophic  maxims  and 
verses  on  the  Passion,  ending  with  high  praise 
of  the  Virgin  Mary.  It  is  interspersed  with 
songs,  the  best  of  which  are  the  '  Song  of  Schol- 
ars* and  'Song  of  the  Blind.* 

Eulhiere,  Claude  Carloman  de  la  (riil-yar'). 
A  French  historian  and  poet;  born  at  Bendy 
near  Paris,  in  1735 ;  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  30,  1791. 
While  aide-de-camp  to  Richelieu,  he  composed 
his  '  Discourse  upon  Disputes,*  a  witty  poem 
which  Voltaire  inserted  in  his  <  Philosophic 
Dictionary.*  In  1771  he  was  named  political 
writer  to  the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  and 
visited  London  and  Poland  in  that  capacity. 
His  historical  works  are  noted  for  their  strict 
honesty  and  justice,  and  his  poetry  for  its  ease 
and  freedom  of  expression.  He  excels  in  short 
tales  and  epigrams.  His  historical  works  in- 
clude :  '  Explanations  of  the  Causes  of  the  Rev- 
ocation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes*  (1788);  'Anec- 
dotes of  the  Russian  Revolution  in  1762'  (1797); 
and  < History  of  the  Anarchy  of  Poland*  (4 
vols.,  1807;  4th  ed.  18&2),  his  finest  work.  His 
poetry  includes  'Rough  Play*  (1808),  and 
many  small  fragments. 

Rumford,    Count    (Benjamin    Thompson). 

An  American  scientist,  statesman,  and  philos- 
opher; born  at  Woburn,  Mass.,  March  26,  1753  ; 
died  in  Auteuil  near  Paris,  Aug.  21,  1814.    He 


was  one  of  the  many  conservatives  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Revolution  who  were  driven 
into  the  British  ranks  outright  by  the  patriotic 
harrying  of  impatient  neighbors.  After  serv- 
ing England  for  a  time,  he  entered  the  service 
of  the  Elector  of  Bavaria,  rose  to  the  position 
of  Minister  of  War,  and  was  finally  created 
a  count  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  He  took 
the  title  Rumford  from  the  village  of  that 
name  (now  Concord,  N.  H.),  where  he  had 
married.  He  spent  the  last  years  of  his  life  at 
Auteuil,  busily  engaged  in  scientific  researches, 
■ — particularly  on  the  nature  and  effects  of 
heat,  studies  with  which  his  name  is  generally 
associated.  As  an  administrator,  military  or 
civil,  he  showed  immense  practical  capacity  in 
improving  the  conditions  of  life  for  the  lower 
ranks.  His  works  include  :  '  Essays  :  Political, 
Economical,  and  Philosophical*  (1797-1806); 
and  studies  in  domestic  economy,  particularly 
of  cookery. 

RumI,  Maulana  Jalal-ad-din  (ro-me').  A 
Persian  Sufic  poet  and  philosophic  teacher ; 
born  at  Balkh  in  Khordsin,  Sept.  30,  1207; 
died  Sept.  17,  1273.  His  great  work  is  the 
'Masnawi*  or  '  Mathnawi,* — -a  collection  of 
precepts  and  tales,  interwoven  with  comments 
on  the  Koran  and  sayings  of  the  Prophet, 
comprising  between  thirty  and  forty  thousand 
rhymed  couplets ;  composed  in  honor  of  the 
Maulawi  sect  of  dervishes,  of  which  he  was 
the  founder.  A  versified  translation  of  the  first 
book  was  published  by  J.  W.  Redhouse  (1881). 
He  wrote  also  many  spiritual  and  mystic  odes, 
full  of  inspiration.  His  teachings  and  doctrines 
are  still  faithfully  adhered  to  b)'  this  order, 
and  studied  and  revered  by  the  whole  Eastern 
world  as  the  guide  to  eternal   bliss. 

Rumolir,  Karl  Friedricli  Ludwig  Felix  von 

(ro'mor).  A  German  historian,  antiquary,  and 
poet ;  born  on  his  family  estate  of  Reinhards- 
grimme,  near  Dresden,  in  1785 ;  died  at  Dres- 
den, July  25,  1843.  A  most  industrious  worker, 
he  wrote  books  on  almost  every  conceivable 
subject.  The  most  interesting  of  them  are : 
<  Explanations  of  Some  Assertions  regarding 
the  Wealth  of  Greece  in  Objects  of  Plastic 
Art*  (1811);  'Magazine  of  Art  and  History* 
(1S16);  'Italian  Researches*  (1826-31),  a  pro- 
found history  of  art  in  Italy,  and  consulted 
to  this  day  by  students  of  the  subject ;  '  The 
Spirit  of  Culinary  Art*  (1832);  'School  of 
Good  Breeding*  (1834),  where  he  lays  down 
rules  of  etiquette  for  all  classes  and  conditions 
of  men,  from  the  minister  to  the  postilion 
and  waiter ;  and  '  Researches  upon  Maso  di 
Finiguerra,  Inventor  of  the  Art  of  Printing 
upon  Wet  Paper,*  etc.  (1841). 

Rumolir,   Theodor  Wilhelm.    A    Danish 

novelist ;  born  at  Copenhagen,  Aug.  2,  1807. 
His  many  romances  deal  with  the  national 
heroes  of  Denmark,  and  include:  'Jacob  Dan- 
neford*  (1840);  'Niels  Juel*  (1877);  and  '  Peter 
Tordenskjold*  (1877).  His  collected  works 
appeared  as  '  Historical  Pictures  of  the  Father- 
land* (1863). 


RUNDELL  — RYAN 


473 


Rundell,  Elizabeth  (now  Mrs.  Andrew 
Charles).  An  English  painter,  musician,  poet, 
and  author;  born  at  Tavistock,  Devonshire, 
1826  or  1828.  All  her  writings,  whether  poems 
or  romances,  have  a  deep  religious  tone.  Her  first 
and  most  widely  read  book  is  <  The  Chronicles 
of  the  Schonberg-Cotta  Family  >  (1863),  pub- 
lished anonymously  ;  and  all  that  have  followed 
have  appeared  as  the  works  of  «The  Author- 
ess of  the  Chronicles  of  the  Schonberg-CottSi 
Family.»  They  include:  < Diary  of  Mrs.  Kitty 
Trevylyan>  (1864);  <The  Cripple  of  Antioch> 
(1864);  <  Winifred  Bertram >  (1865);  <The  Dray- 
tons  and  the  Davenants>  (1866);  < Against  the 
Stream >  (1873);  *Joan  the  Maid:  Deliverer  of 
England  and  France  >  (1879);  <  Three  Martyrs 
of  the  Nineteenth  Century*  (1885);  and  <By 
Thy  Glorious  Resurrection  and  Ascension* 
(1888). 

Runeberg,  Johan  Ludvig  (ro'ne-bero).  A 
Swedish  poet ;  born  in  Jakobsstad,  Finland,  Feb. 
5,  1804 ;  died  at  Borgi,  May  6,  1877.  Although 
his  whole  life  was  spent  in  his  native  country, 
he  wrote  in  Swedish.  The  most  celebrated  of 
his  writings  is  < Ensign  Stil's  Tales*  (1848-60), 
a  collection  of  ballads  on  the  war  between  Swe- 
den and  Russia,  and  taking  the  Swedish  side. 
Among  his  many  poems,  lyrics,  and  dramas, 
all  of  which  are  immensely  popular  in  both 
Sweden  and  Finland,  are  the  idyls  <Hanna> 
(1836),  and  < Christmas  Eve>  (1841);  <The  Elk- 
Hunter*  (1832),  and  <Nadeschda*  (1841),  two 
tales  in  verse ;  and  <  The  Kings  at  Salamis  > 
(1863),  a  tragedy  in  antique  form.  He  was 
happiest  in  the  lyrical  epic,  and  his  style  is 
characterized  by  a  delicate  and  harmonious 
grace. 

Rusden,  George  William.  An  English  his- 
torian (of  Australia);  born  in  Surrey  in  1819. 
He  removed  to  New  South  Wales  in  1834,  and 
made  elaborate  researches  on  the  history  and 
languages  of  the  Island  Continent.  He  has 
published  :  *  Moyarra  :  An  Australian  Legend  * 
(1851);  <  Discovery,  Survey,  and  Settlement  of 
Port  Philip*  (1872);  < Translations  and  Frag- 
ments* (1874);  'History  of  New  Zealand* 
(1883);  and  <  History  of  Australia*  (1883),  a 
most  careful  and  detailed  work. 

Ruskln,  John.  The  great  English  critic  and 
essayist;  bom  in  Edinburgh,  Feb.  8,  1819;  died 
at  Brantwood,  Jan.  20,  1900.  His  books  on  art 
comprise  :  < Modern  Painters*  (1843)  ;  <The  Seven 
Lamps  of  Architecture*  (1849);  <  The  Stones 
of  Venice*(  1 85 1-53) ;  <Pre-Raphaelitism)(  185 1); 

<  Giotto  and   his  Works   in    Padua*  (1853-60); 

<  Elements  of  Drawing )  ( 1857  ) ;  < Political  Econ- 
omy of  Art  *  (1857);  <The  Two  Paths)  (1859); 

<  Elements  of  Perspective  >(  1859);  <  Lectures 
on  Art*  (1870);  <Aratra  Pentelici  >  (1872); 
*  Relation  between  Michael  Angelo  and  Tin- 
toret*  (1872);  <The  Laws  of  Fesole  '  (1877- 
78);  (The  Art  of  England*  (1883;;  Ver- 
ona, and  Other  Lectures*  (1S93),  etc.  His 
many  miscellaneous  works  on  ethics,  social 
science,  political  economy,  mythology,  botany, 
etc.    published     under    fanciful    titles,    include 


among  others  :  <  Munera  Pulveris  *  (  1862-63 ); 

<  Sesame  and  Lilies  *  (1865),  one  of  his  most 
popular  books ;  <  The  Ethics  of  the  Dust  * 
(1866);  <The  Crown  of  Wild  Olive*  (1866); 
<The  Queen  of  the  Air*  (1869);  <The  Eagle's 
Nest*  (1872) ;  <  Love's  Meinie  *  ( 1873) ;  <  Proser- 
pina *  (1875-86);  < Deucalion*  (1875-83);  and 
<St.  Mark's  Rest*  (1874-84).  He  also  wrote  a 
popular  fairy  tale,  <  The  King  of  the  Golden 
River*  (1851);  <  Arrows  of  the  Chace*  (1880), 
letters  to  newspapers ;  <  Prteterita,*  autobio- 
graphical (1885-89);  <  Fors  Clavigera*  (1871-84), 
miscellaneous  counsels,  moral,  religious,  eco- 
nomic, literary,  etc. 

Russell,  Addison  Peale.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  essayist ;  born  in  Wilmington,  O.,  in 
1826.     He  has  published  :   <  Half-Tints*  (1867); 

<  Library  Notes*  (1875);  < Thomas  Corwin:  A 
Sketch*  (1881);  < Characteristics*  (1884);  <A 
Club  of  One*  (1887);  <  In  a  Club  Corner*;  and 

<  Sub  Coelum.* 

Russell,  Dora.  An  English  novelist;  born 
in  18 — .  Her  romances  include :  <  The  Miner's 
Oath*  (1872);  < Footprints  in  the  Snow*  (1877); 
'Annabel's  Rival*  (1881);  <The  Broken  Seal* 
(1886);  <The  Track  of  the  Storm*  (1888);  and 
many  others. 

Russell,  Irwin.  An  American  verse-writer; 
born  at  Port  Gibson,  Miss.,  June  3,  1853;  died 
at  New  Orleans,  La.,  Dec.  23,  1879.  He  was 
among  the  first  to  put  the  negro  character  to 
literary  account.  His  dialect  and  other  verse 
was  collected  after  his  death  and  published  as 

<  Poems*  (1888). 

Russell,  W.  Clark.  An  English-American 
novelist;  born  (of  English  parentage)  in  New 
York  city,  Feb.  24, 1844.  He  spent  much  of  his 
early  life  at  sea,  and  afterwards  settled  at  Rams- 
gate,  England.  He  has  published  a  great  num- 
ber of  sea  stories  and  novels,  among  which 
are:  <  The  Wreck  of  the  Grosvenor*  (1878); 
<A  Sailor's  Sweetheart*  (1880);  <  My  Watch 
Below*  (1883);  <A  Sea  Queen*  (1S83);  < Jack's 
Courtship*  (1884);  <A  Strange  Voyage*  (1885); 
<The  Frozen  Pirate*  (1887);  <The  Death  Ship* 
(1888);  < Marooned*  (1889);  'The  Romance  of 
Jenny  Harlowe*  (i8Sq);  and  <The  Good  Ship  Mo- 
hock >  (1895) ;  '  Abandoned  * ;  *  Wrong  Side  Out  > 
(IQ04I. 

Russell,  William  Howard,  Sir.  An  Eng- 
lish journalist;  bom  at  Lilyvale  near  Dubim, 
March  28,  1821.  He  was  special  correspondent 
of  the  London  Times  in  the  Crimea  (1854-55); 
in  India  during  the  Sepoy  Mutiny  (1857-59); 
in  the  United  States  during  the  Civil  War, 
and  known  as  « Bull  Run  Russell  *> ;  and  its 
war  correspondent  in  the  Franco-German  War 
of  1870.  He  published:  <  Extraordinary  Men* 
.(1853);  <The  Crimean  War*  (1855-56);  <My 
Diary  in  India  * ;  <  My  Diary  during  the  Last 
Great  War>  (1873);  *The  Prince  of  Wales's 
Tour*  {1877);  <Hesperothen*  (1882);  and 
others.  He  was  knighted  in  1895,  in  recog- 
nition of  his  serviies  t<)  journalism.     Died  1907. 

Ryan,  Abram  Joseph.  An  American  priest 
and  verse-writer;  born  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  Aug. 


474 


RYAN  — SACCHETTI 


15,  1839 ;  died  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  April  22, 1886. 
It  was  while  chaplain  in  the  Confederate  army 
that  he  wrote  his  well-known  poem  <  The  Con- 
quered Banner,'  composed  shortly  after  Lee's 
surrender.  Later  he  went  North  for  the  pur- 
poses of  lecturing  and  publishing  his  works, 
which  have  appeared  as  <  The  Conquered  Ban- 
ner, and  Other  Poems  >  (1880) ;  <  Poems,  Patri- 
otic, Religious,  and  Miscellaneous*  (1880);  and 
<A  Crown  for  Our  Queen.>  Other  poems  of 
his  which  are  popular  are :  <  The  Lost  Cause,* 
•The  Sword  of  Lee,>  <The  Flag  of  Erin,>  and 
the  epic  <  Their  Story  Runneth  Thus.>  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  engaged  upon  a  <Life 
of  Christ.) 

Ryan,  William  Thomas  Carroll.  A  Cana- 
dian author;  born  in  Toronto,  Ont,  Feb.  3, 
1839.  Upon  leaving  the  army,  where  he  served 
during  the  Crimean  War,  he  devoted  himself 
to  journalism  and  literature.  He  has  edited 
and  published  a  number  of  Canadian  news- 
papers, has  contributed  articles  and  poems  to 
magazines,  and  has  lectured  on  the  Liberal 
side.  His  published  works,  which  he  signs 
«  Carroll  Ryan,'>  are  :  <  Oscar,  and  Other  Poems  > 
(1857);  <  Songs  of  a  Wanderer  >  (1867);  <The 
Canadian  Northwest  and  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway)  (1875);  and  'Picture  Poems >  (1884). 

Rydberg,  Abraham  Viktor  (rid'berc).  A 
Swedish  man  of   letters ;    bom   at  Jonkoping, 


Dec.  18,  1829;  died  at  Stockholm,  Sept.  21,1895. 
He  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  litterateurs  of 
Sweden,  and  the  translator  seems  to  use  his  books 
more  than  those  of  any  other  modern  Swedish 
writer.  He  produced  several  translations,  among 
them  Goethe's  <  Faust  >;  a  novel,  <The  Last  of  the 
Athenians  >  (1859),  a  picture  of  the  last  conflict 
between  Paganism  and  Christianity  —  trans- 
lated into  English,  German,  and  Danish ;  many 
poems;  a  number  of  sesthetic  and  historical 
studies ;  and  a  series  of  works  on  the  philoso- 
phy of  religion,  including  <The  Doctrines  of 
Christ  according  to  the  Bible  >  (1862),  <  Magic 
of  the  Middle  Ages>  (1864),  <  Romish  Legends 
of  the  Apostles  Peter  and  PauP  {1871),  and 
<  The  Primitive  Patriarchs'  Genealogies  in  Gen- 
esis >  (1873).  His  <  Teutonic  Mythology  >  (1886) 
is  a  brilliant  piece  of  work,  but  useless  from  a 
scientific  standpoint. 

Rymer  or  Rhymer,  Thomas  the  (Thomas 
Lermont  of  Erceldoune).  A  Scotch  poet  and 
prophet  of  the  thirteenth  century,  who  occupies 
an  important  place  in  the  mythical  and  legend- 
ary literature  of  Scotland.  His  name  is  asso- 
ciated with  many  fragments  of  rhymed  or 
alliterative  verse,  many  of  which  have  been 
collected  and  published  as  <The  Prophecies' 
(1691);  and  <  Sir  Tristem  :  A  Metrical  Romance 
Edited  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  from  the  Auchin- 
leck  MSS.>  (1804). 


Saar,  Ferdinand  von  (sar).  An  Austrian 
poet;  born  at  Vienna,  Sept.  30,  1833.  Among 
his  works  are  the  tragedies  <  Hildebrand  > 
(1865)  and  <  The  Death  of  Henry  >  (1867)— these 
being  united  under  the  title  <The  Emperor 
Henry  IV.>  (1872);  <  Tales  from  Austria > 
(1877);  <Vienna  Elegies>;  <Poems>  (1882); 
< Three  New  Novels'  (1883);  <The  Two  De 
Witts>;  <Thassilo>  (1886);  < The  Castle  of  Kost- 
enitz>  (1893).  He  excels  as  a  lyric  poet  and  a 
story-writer.  His  lyrics  are  in  a  tone  of  melan- 
choly, but  the  feeling  is  genuine  and  the  ex- 
pression unaffected. 

Saavedra,  Angel  de,  Duque  de  Rivas  (sa- 
va'dra).  A  Spanish  statesman  and  poet;  born 
in  Cordova,  March  10,  1791;  died  in  Madrid, 
June  22,  1865.  He  was  the  author  of  <  Poetical 
Essays'  (2  vols.,  1813);  <Florinda>  (1824-25), 
an  epic  on  the  Moorish  conquest  of  Spain ; 
•The  Moorish  Foundling'  (1834),  a  national 
epic;  many  dramas;  a  life  of  Masaniello  (i860); 
and  a  history  of  the  Neapolitan  revolution  (2 
vols.,  1848;  new  ed.  1881). 

Saavedra  Guzman,  Antonio  (sa-va'dra  goth'- 
man).  A  Mexican  poet;  born  about  1550 ;  died 
in  Spain  about  1620.  He  gave  seven  years' 
special  study  to  the  poetical  and  historical 
literature  of  his  own  country ;  utilizing  the  facts 
in  his  historical  poem  <The  Indian  Pilgrim' 


(159S),  in  20  cantos,  describing  the  glories  of 
the  Aztec  court  and  the  conquest  of  Mexico. 
Prescott  has  given  him  the  name  of  ••  the  poet- 
chronicler." 

Saavedra  y  Faxardo,  Diego  de  (sa-va'dra  e 
fa-har'do).  A  Spanish  m_oralist;  born  at  Al- 
gezarez  in  Murcia,  1584;  died  at  Madrid,  Aug. 
24,  1648.  His  most  notable  work  is  <The  Type 
of  a  Christian  Prince'  (1640),  written  for  the 
instruction  of  the  son  of  Philip  IV.,  who  died 
before  attaining  his  majority.  He  wrote  also 
the  poem  <The  Republic  of  Letters'  (1670);  a 
dialogue  between  Mercury  and  Lucian  on  the 
follies  of  European  statesmen  (first  printed 
1787) ;  and  <  The  Gothic,  Castilian,  and  Aus- 
trian Crown'  (reprinted  1887). 

Sabin,  Joseph.  An  American  publisher  and 
bibliophile ;  born  in  Bramston,  England,  1821 ; 
died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1881.  His  store  on 
Nassau  Street,  New  York,  was  noted  for  rare 
books.  He  was  famous  for  his  knowledge  of 
books,  and  his  reprints  of  old  and  curious 
works.  He  edited  the  American  Bibliographist ; 
and  published  a  <  Dictionary  of  Books  relating 
to  America*  and  a  < Bibliography  of  Biblio- 
graphies.' 

Sacchetti,  Franco  (sa-ket'e).  An  Italian 
poet ;  bom  at  Florence  about  1330 ;  died  about 


SAGHER-MASOCH  —SAINT-AM  ANT 


475 


1400.  His  most  important  work  is  the  <  Three 
Hundred  Stories  >  — of  which  only  223  remain, 
and  some  of  these  are  mutilated  :  they  give  a 
faithful  picture  of  life  in  those  days,  with  many 
satiric  allusions.  Among  his  poems  the  best 
are  the  ballads  and  the  madrigals. 

Sacher-Masocli  (sach'er-mas'5ch),  Leopold 
Ritter  von.  An  Austrian  novelist;  born  at 
Lemburg,  Jan.  27,  1835;  died  at  Lindlieim  in 
Hesse,  May  6,  1894.  His  very  numerous 
stories  show  great  powers  of  realistic  descrip- 
tion; among  them  are:  <Love>  (1870);  < False 
Hermelin,>  stories  of  theatrical  life  ( 1873 ) ; 
<Love  Stories  from  Divers  Centuries'  (1874); 
<The  Ideals  of  our  Time  >  (1876);  <  Property' 
(1877);  <The  New  Job>  (1878);  <The  Serpent 
in   Paradise'  (1890);  <The   Solitaries'    (1891); 

<  Merry  Tales  from  the  East'  (1893);  <  The 
Filled  and  the  Hungry'  ( 1894).  His  wife,  Au- 
rora von  Riimelin,  born  at  Gratz,  1846,  wrote : 
< Romance  of  a  Virtuous  Woman' (1873);  <The 
True  Hermelin'  (1879);  <  Ladies  in  Furs'  (1881). 

Sachs,  Hans  (sachs).  The  German  meister- 
singer;bornatNurembreg,Nov.  5, 1494;  died  Jan. 
l9or20,  1576.  A  complete  collection  of  his  works 
was  published  at  Nuremberg  (1558-79).  See 
<Hans  Sachs'  (1765);  I.  L.  Hoffman,  <  Hans 
Sachs' (1847);  Kawerau,  <  Hans  Sachs  und  die 
Reformation'  (1889);  and  E.  Gotze,  <Hans 
Sachs'  (1891). 

Sachs,  Julius  von.  A  celebrated  German 
botanist;  born  in  Breslau,  Oct.  2,  1832;  died 
at  Wiirzburg,  May  29,  1897.  He  paid  special 
attention  to  the  effects  of  light  and  heat  upon 
plants.  His  great  work  <  History  of  Botany> 
(1875)  covers  the  period  1500-1860.  He  also 
published  <  Lectures  on  Plant  Physiology  > 
(1882),  and  a  series  of  <  Treatises  >  (1892)  on 
the  same  subject  ;  also  a  <  Manual  of  Botany  > 
( English  eds.  1875  and   1892). 

Saco,  Jose  Antonio  fsa'ko).  A  Cuban  his- 
torical writer  and  publicist ;  born  at  Bayamo, 
1797 ;  died  at  Madrid,  1879.  He  wrote :  <  A 
Parallel  between  Cuba  and  Certain  English 
Colonies'  (1838);  < Suppression  of  the  Slave 
Trade  in  Cuba'  (1845);  < Ideas  on  the  Incorpo- 
ration of  Cuba  into  the  United  States'  (1848); 

<  The  Political  Situation  in  Cuba  and  Its  Rem- 
edy' (1851);  <  History  of  Slavery  from  the  Most 
Remote  Timet '  (several  volumes  published  in 
1876  and  years  following;  but  the  work  was 
not  completed). 

Sacy,  Antoine  Isaac,  Baron  Silvestre  de,  a 
French  Orientalist ;  born  at  Paris,  Sept.  21,  1758  ; 
died  Fel).  21,  1838.  In  1792  he  became  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions,  and  in  1808,  pro- 
fessor'of  the  Persian  Language  at  the  College  de 
France.  His  writings  include  'Arabian  Gram- 
mar'   (1810);  'Arabian   Chrestomathy  '  (1806); 

<  Arabian  Grammatical  Anthology'  (1829) ;  <  Me- 
moirs of  various  Persian  Antiquities'  (1793);  a 
Translation  of  Abdul-Latif's  <  Relation  of  Egypt  > 
(1810);  an  edition  of  the  Arabian  Work 
'Calila  and  Dimna '  (1816);  'Memoirs  and 
Translation  of  Oriental  History  and  Litera- 
ture' (1818)  ;  an  edition  of  <  Pendnameh  '  (1819) 
and  'Makamen'  (1822);  and  his  last  and  most 
important  work  <  The  Exposition  of  the  Re- 
ligion of  the  Druses  '  (1828). 


Sa'di  (sa'de).  One  of  the  celebrated  Persian 
poets;  born  at  Shiraz,  1184;  died_  1291  (?). 
Besides  his  <  Divan  >  he  wrote  <  Bustan '  or  The 
Fruit  Garden  (1257),  and  'Gulistan'  or  The 
Rose  Garden  (1258),  his  two  masterpieces. 
The  <  Bustan '  is  a  didactic  poem  in  ten  cantos 
of  double  rhymed  verse,  treating  of  the  highest 
questions  of  philosophy  and  religion  :  it  abounds 
in  sound  ethical  maxims  and  noble  passages 
of  philosophical  speculation.  The  'Gulistan' 
is  in  prose,  with  verses  interspersed. 

Sadlier,  Anna  Teresa.  An  American  writer 
and  translator ;  born  in  Montreal,  Canada,  1856. 
She  has  written  much  for  the  Roman  Catholic 
press,  has  translated  poems  and  tales  from  the 
French  and  Italian,  and  ptfblished  :  <  Ethel  Ham- 
ilton, and  Other  Tales'  (1877);  <The  King's 
Page'  (1877);  'Seven  Years  and  Mair'  (1878); 
'Women  of  Catholicity'  (1885);  'The  Silelit 
Woman  of  Alood'  (1887);  and  a  compilation, 
<Gems  of  Catholic  Thought'  (1882). 

Ssemund  the  Learned  (sa'mond).  An  Ice- 
landic scholar  of  the  12th  century.  He  trav- 
eled widely  in  pursuit  of  learning,  visiting  Paris 
and  Rome,  and  afterward  was  a  priest  at  Oddi. 
He  was  unknown  to  scholars  till  about  1643, 
when  the  then  newly  discovered  Elder  Edda 
was  ascribed  to  him  by  Brynjulf  Sveinsson, 
though  the  poems  of  that  collection  date  in  all 
probability  back  to  the  8th  or  to  the  9th  cen- 
tury. Sremund  had  in  his  day  a  great  reputa- 
tion for  learning,  and  was  regarded,  like  Friar 
Bacon,  as  a  magician.  He  wrote  a  'Book 
of  the  Kings'  from  Harold  Fauhair  to  Mag- 
nus theGood.     lie  died  in  I133. 

Sagard,  Theodat  Gabriel  (sa-giir').  A  French 
missionary  to  the  Hurons  in  the  17th  century. 
He  wrote :  '  Travels  to  the  Huron  Country, 
situate  in  America,  toward  the  J'reshwater 
Sea  and  the  Uttermost  Limits  of  New  France, 
called  Canada ;  wherein  is  treated  of  all  matters 
touching  the  country,  the  manners  and  char- 
acter of  the  savages,  their  government  and  their 
ways,  as  well  in  their  own  country  as  when 
roaming ;  of  their  faith  and  belief ;  with  a  dic- 
tionary of  the  Huron  language'  (1632);  also  a 
'  History  of  Canada  and  the  journey  made 
by  the  Friars;  Minor  Recollets  thither  for  the 
conversion  of  the  unbelievers'  (1836).  A  new 
edition  of  both  works  was  published  at  Paris 
in  4  vols.,  1866. 

Saint-Aldegonde  (saii-tal-d6-goAd).  See 
Marnix. 

Saint- Amand,  Imbert  de  (saiit-a-man').  See 
Imbert. 

Salnt-Amant,  Marc  Antoine  Gerard,  Sieur 

de  (sant-a-man').  A  noted  French  writer  of 
bacchanalian  verses;  born  at  Rouen,  1594;  died 
at  Paris,  1660.  He  wrote  '  Moses  Saved'  (1653), 
an  epic  of  the  school  of  Tasso ;  and  a  number 
of  short  miscellaneous  poems,  among  which 
those  on  bacchanalian  scenes  are  the  best, — ■ 
'  The  Revel '  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  of 
convivial  poems. 


476 


SAINTE-BEU  VE  -  SAINT-LAMBERT 


Sainte-Beuve,  Cbarles  Augustin  (sant-bev'). 
A  great  French  literar)-  critic;  born  at  Bou- 
logne-sur-Mer,  Dec.  23,  1804;  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  13,  1869.  His  first  work,  <  Picture  of  French 
Poetry  in  the  l6th  Century  >  (1828),  made  him 
famous.  Then  followed,  anon3'mously,  a  volume 
of  <  Poems'  and  two  other  volumes  of  verse, 
'Consolations'  (1829)  and  'Meditations  in 
August'  (1837):  in  these  are  seen  the  influence 
of  Goethe's  <\Verther>  and  Chateaubriand's 
:Ren<;.'  His  work  in  the  field  of  the  history 
of  literature  was  resumed  in  1837;  and  in  1840 
began  to  appear  his  great  work,  'History  of 
Port-Royal  >  (6  vols.,  1840-48;  4th  ed.  7  vols. 
1878).  His  celebrated  'Monday  Talks'  on 
books  and  authors  were  commenced  in  1849,  and 
were  continued  with  brief  intermissions  till  his 
death  :  they  were  reprinted  in  two  series,  '  Mon- 
days'  (15  vols.,  1862)  and  'New  Mondays' 
(13  vols.).  He  wrote  also:  'Literary  Critiques 
and  Portraits'  (5  vols.,  1832-39);  'Literary 
Portraits'  (2  vols.,  1844;  3  vols.,  1864);  'Con- 
temporary Portraits'  (2  vols.,  1846;  5  vols.,  1871). 
His  autobiography,  <  Recollections  and  Indis- 
cretions,' was  published  in  1872,  and  4  volumes 
of  his  'Correspondence'  in  1877-80. 

Saint-Evremond,  Charles  Marguetel  de 
Saint-Denis,  Seigneur  de  (  sant-evr-moh').  A 
FrcTich  satirist  and  literary  critic ;  bom  at  St. 
Denis  near  Coutances,  in  Normandy,  April  I, 
1610;  died  at  London,  Sept.  29,  1703.  His 
chief  fame  is  due  to  his  ability  as  a  literary  critic  ; 
and  his  judgments  were  accepted  as  decisive  on 
both  sides  of  the  Channel.  His  best  works  in 
this  department  are  the  satirical  sketches  '  Com- 
edy of  the  Academicians  '  (1650)  and  his  'Judg- 
ment on  Seneca,  Plutarch  and  Petronius' ;  '  Re- 
flections on  Ancient  and  Modern  Drama' ;  '  Dis- 
course on  French  Historian.s.' 

Saint  Francis  de  Sales  (sal  or  sales).  A 
French  ecclesiastic  and  devotional  writer ;  born 
1567 ;  died  1622.  He  founded  the  Order  of  the 
Visitation.  lie  wrote:  'Introduction  to  the 
Devout  Life ' ;  <  A  Treatise  on  the  Love  of 
God ' ;  etc. 

Salnt-Gelais,  Melin  or  Merlin  de  (san-zhe- 
la').  A  French  lyric  poet;  born  at  Angou- 
leme,  Nov.  3,  1487;  died  at  Paris,  1558.  He 
affected  the  Italian  forms  of  poetry,  —  the  terza 
rima  and  sonnet,  —  and  was  the  first  French 
poet  to  write  madrigals. 

Saint-Hilaire,  Bartlielemy.  See  Bartlie- 
lemy-Saint-Hilaire. 

Saint-Hilaire,  Marco  de,  pseudonym  of 
Emile  Marc  Hilaire  (saht-e-lar'j.  A  French 
miscellaneous  writer ;  born  about  1796 ;  died 
Nov.  5,  1887.  A  literary  trifler  of  small  suc- 
cess, he  later  adopted  the  line  of  glorifying 
Napoleon  as  the  hero  of  democracy,  and  con- 
tributed in  no  small  degree  to  foster  "Napole- 
onic ideas"  and  to  prepare  the  way  for  the 
second  empire.  Among  his  works  of  this  kind 
are :  '  Recollections  of  the  Private  Life  of  Na- 
poleon >  f  1838 ) ;  '  The  Emperor's  Aides-de- 
Camp'  (1841);  'Popular  History  of  Napoleon' 
(1842);  < History  of  the  Russian  Campaign' 
U846-48). 


Saintlne,  originally  Joseph  Xavler  Boniface 

(sant-en').  A  French  litterateur  and  dramatist; 
born  in  Paris,  July  10,  1798 ;  died  there,  Jan. 
21,  1865.  He  wrote  about  200  plays.  His  story 
'  Picciola '  ran  through  forty  editions. 

St.  Jolin,  Bayle.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer,  son  of  James  A. ;  bom  at  London,  Aug. 
19,  1822;  died  Aug.  I,  1859.  Among  his  works 
are:  'Eccentric  Love:  A  Novel '  (1845);  'Ad- 
ventures in  the  Libyan  Desert'  (1849);  'Views 
of  the  Oasis  of  Siwah'  (1850);  'Purple  Tints 
of  Paris'  (1854);  'Travels  of  an  Arab  Mer- 
chant in  Soudan'  (1854);  'The  Sub- Alpine 
Kingdom'  (1856);  <  Martineto :  A  Story  of 
Adventure'  (1856);  'Legends  of  the  Christian 
East'  (1856). 

St.  John,  James  Augustus.  An  English  Ori- 
entalist and  miscellaneous  author ;  born  in 
Caermarthenshire,  Wales,  Sept.  24,  1801 ;  died 
Sept.  22,  1875.  He  was  an  extensive  traveler. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are :  '  Egypt  and 
Mohammed  Ali'  (1834);  'Description  of  Egypt 
and  Nubia'  (1844);  <Isis:  An  Egyptian  Pil- 
grimage' (1853);  'The  Nemesis  of  Power' 
(1854);  a  treatise  on  'The  Education  of  the 
People'  (1858). 

St.  John,  Percy  Bollngbroke.  An  English 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  WTiter,  son  of  James 
A.;  born  at  London,  March  4,  1821;  died 
March,  1889.  He  published  among  others:  <  The 
Young  Naturalist's  Book  of  Birds'  (1844); 
'Three  Days  of  the  French  Revolution'  (1848); 
<  An  Arctic  Crusoe '  ( 1854 ) ;  '  Quadroona  ' 
(1861);  'The  Creole  Bride'  (1864);  'The  Snow 
Ship'  (1865);  'The  North  Pole'  (1875);  and 
'A  Daughter  of  the  Sea'  (1884). 

St.  John,  Spenser,  Sir.  An  English  diplo- 
matist, and  writer  of  books  embodying  the 
knowledge  so  gained ;  son  of  James  A.;  born 
in  London,  Dec.  22,  1825.  He  was  private 
secretary  to  Rajah  Brooke  (1848),  consul- 
general  to  Siam  (1850),  Borneo  (1855),  etc.; 
and  published  '  Life  in  the  Forests  of  the  Far 
East'  (explorations  of  Borneo,  Sarawak,  Suluk 
Islands,  etc.:  2  vols.,  1862),  and  'Life  of  Sir 
James  Brooke'  (2  vols.,  1879).  Later  he  was 
consul-general  to  Hayti  (1861-62),  and  many 
years  in  the  West  Indies  in  different  positions ; 
and  wrote  'Hayti;  or.  The  Black  Republic' 
(1884),  an  awful  picture  of  the  retrogression  of 
the  negro  State  toward  savagery.  He  was  also 
minister  to  Peru  in  1874  and  1881,  and  to  Mex- 
ico in  1884. 

St.  John-Brennon,  Edward.  An  Irish  poet ; 
bom  at  Dublin,  Feb.  21,  1847.  He  wrote : 
'Bianca,  the  Flower  Girl  of  Bologna'  (1866); 
'Ambrosia  Amoris'  (1869);  'Two  Gallian  La- 
ments ' ;  <  The  Witch  of  Nemi ' ;  <  The  Tribune 
Reflects.' 

Saint-Lambert,  Jean  Frangois,  Marquis  de 
(saii-lam-bar').  A  French  philosopher  and 
poet ;  born  at  Nancy,  Dec.  26,  1716 ;  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  9,  1803.  He  won  fame  by  his  poem 
'The  Seasons'  (1769),  for  which  the  encyclo- 
pedists and  Voltaire  prophesied   immortality;' 


SAINT-MARC  —  SAINT-VICTOR 


477 


but  it  has  little  merit  either  in  style  or  in  sub- 
stance. Far  better  are  his  <  Fugitive  Poems  > 
(1759);  ^^'^  his  'Stories,*  republished  1883. 
His  <  Universal  Catechism,*  despite  its  materi- 
alistic principles,  was  approved  by  the  Institute 
in  1810,  as  a  text-book  on  ethics. 

Saint-Marc- Girardin,  Frangois  Auguste 
(sah-mark'  zhe-rar-dah')-  A  French  literary 
critic ;  born  at  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1801 ;  died  April 
II,  1873.  With  Philarete  Chasles  he  wrote 
'  View  of  French  Literature  in  the  i6th  Cen- 
tury' (1828),  which  won  the  first  prize  of  the 
Academy.  He  wrote  also  :  <  Political  and  Lit- 
erary Notes  on  Germany*  (1835);  < Intermediate 
Education    in    Germany*    (2    vols.,    1835-38); 

<  Essay  on  Literature  and  Morals  *  (2  vols., 
1845);  < Course  of  Dramatic  Literature;  or, 
The  Use  of  the  Passions  in  the  Drama*  (1843; 
iith  ed.  5  vols.,  1875-77);  < Recollections  and 
Political  Reflections  of  a  Journalist*  (1859 1; 
<Lafontaine  and  the  Fabulists*  (2  vols.,  1867); 
<J.  J.  Rousseau,  his  Life  and  Works*  (2  vols., 
1875). 

Saint-Pierre,  Bernardin  de  (san-piar').  The 
celebrated  author  of  <  Paul  and  Virginia  * ; 
born  in  Havre,  Jan.  19,  1737 ;  died  at  Eragny- 
sur-Oise,  Jan.  21,  1814.  His  works  include  :  <  Voy- 
age to  the  Isle  of  France*  (1773);  < Studies  of 
Nature*  (1784);  <Vows  of  a  Solitary*  (1789); 
<The  Indian  Cottage*  (1790);  <  Harmonies  of 
Nature  *  (179-) ;  <  On  Nature  and  Morality  *  (1798); 

<  Voyage  to  Silesia*  (1807);  <The  Death  of  Soc- 
rates* (1808);  <  Essay  on  Newspapers*  (1808); 

<  Essay  on  J.  J.  Rousseau*  (1809?);  <  Stories  of 
Travel*  (1809-12);  etc. 

Saint-Pierre,  Charles  Irenee  Castel,  Abb^ 

de.  A  French  philanthropist ;  born  at  St.  Pierre 
(Normandy),  Feb.  18,  1658;  died  April  29,  1743. 
Among  his  writings  are :  <  Project  of  Universal 
Peace*  (3  vols.,  1713);  < Polysynody,*  a  severe 
stricture  on  Louis  XIV.'s  government,  and  a 
plan  for  the  administration  of  the  affairs  of  the 
kingdom  by  a  system  of  councils  for  each  de- 
partment of  the  government;  and  a  number 
of  projects  for  the  betterment  of  society  in 
every  way. 

Saint-Real,  Cesar  Ricbard,  Abbe  de  (san- 
ra-al').  A  PVeach  historian,  called  <<  the  French 
Sallust**;  born  at  Chamb^ry,  1639;  died  there, 
1692.  He  was  ofhcial  historian  of  Savoy,  and 
wrote  a  <  History  of  the  Spanish  Conspiracy  of 
1618  against  the  Republic  of  Venice*  (1674), 
his  principal  work.  His  historical  novel,  <  Don 
Carlos,*  is  the  chief  source  of  Schiller's  drama 
of  that  name.  His  works  have  been  often  re- 
printed (8  vols.,  1757). 

Saintsbury,  George  Edward  Bateman.    An 

eminent  English  critic  and  literary  historian ; 
born  at  Southampton,  Oct.  23,  1845.  He  has 
been  a  master  in  Elizabeth  College,  Guernsey, 
head-master  of  the  Elgin  Educational  Institute 
(1874-76),  and  a  constant  contributor  to  British 
reviews.  He  is  noted  for  his  profound  learn- 
ing, sound  judgment,  and  lucid  style.  Among 
his  numerous  works  are :  <A  Primer  of  French 
Literature*   (1880),  in  universal  use;  'Life  of 


Dryden*  (1881) ;  <  Short  History  of  French 
Literature*  (1882);  <Life  of  Marlborough* 
(1885);  'History  of  Elizabethan  Literature' 
(1887);  'Essays  on  French  Novelists*  (1891); 
'The  Earl  of  Derby*  (1892);  'Corrected  Im- 
pressions* (1895),  essays  on  Victorian  writers; 

<  History  of  19th-century  Literature,  1780-1895  * 
(1896).  He  has  also  edited  the  <  Pocket  Library 
of  English  Literature*  (6  vols.,);  'The  EarJitr 
Renaissance.* 

Saint-Simon,  Claude  Henri,  Count  de  fsan 
se-moh')-  A.  French  socialist  reformer;  born 
at  Paris,  Oct.  17,  1760 ;  died  May  19,  1825.  His 
first  work,  <  Letters  of  an  Inhabitant  of  Geneva 
to  his  Contemporaries*  (1802),  proposed  a  sci- 
entific reconstruction  of  society ;  to  the  same 
end  he  wrote :  '  Reorganization  of  European 
Society*  (1814);  'The  Organizer*  (1820);  'The 
Industrial  System*  (3  vols.,  1821-23);  'Literary, 
Philosophical,  and  Industrial  Opinions'  (1825); 

<  Industrial  Catechism  >  (1825);  '  The  New  Chris- 
tianity *  ; '  Literary,  Philosophical  and  Industrial 
Opinions.* 

Saint-Simon,  Louis  de  Rouvroy,  Due  de. 
A  celebrated  French  annalist ;  born  Jan.  16, 
1675  ;  died  March  2,  1755.  His  <  Memoirs  >  are 
among  the  principal  sources  of  the  personal 
history  of  France  during  his  lifetime.  The 
'  Memoirs*  were  first  published  in  20  vols.  (1756- 
58),  and  afterward  in  "  complete  and  authen- 
tic** form  in  21  vols.  (1829-30);  to  them  suc- 
ceeded '  Unpublished  Writings  *  (8  vols.,  1886- 
92)  and  '  Unpublished  Papers,  Letters,  and  Dis- 
patches on  the  Embassy  to  Spain'  (1880). 

Saint  Victor,  Adam  de  (san  vek-tor').  A 
French  poet  who  flourished  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, and  is  especially  revered  for  his  beautiful 
and  elevated  Latin  hymns. 

Saint- Victor,  Jacques  Benjamin  Maximil- 
ien.  Count  de.  A  West-Indian  author;  born 
in  Fort  Dauphin,  San  Domingo,  Jan.  14,  1770 ; 
died  in  Paris,  Aug.  8,  1858.  He  was  connected 
with  the  Journal  des  Ddbats  under  Napoleon, 
and  established  several  Roman  Catholic  and 
Royalist  magazines.  His  writings  include : 
'  Paris  from  the  Time  of  the  Gauls  to  our 
Own  Day'  (3  vols.,  1808-12);  'Poetic  Works' 
(1822);  'Letters  on  the  United  States,  Written 
in  1832-33'  (2  vols.,  1835);  and  'Journal  of 
Travel'  (2  vols.,  1836). 

Saint- Victor,  Paul  Binsse,   Count  de.     A 

French  literary  and  art  critic  and  journalist; 
born  at  Paris,  July  11,  1825;  died  there,  July 
9,  1881.  He  rose  to  distinction  first  through 
his  weekly  critiques  of  the  stage  and  of  the 
annual  exhibitions  of  fine  art.  His  two  prin- 
cipal works  are:  'Men  and  Gods'  (1867;  4th 
ed.  1872),  a  volume  of  historico-sesthetic  stud- 
ies, among  which  the  essay  on  'The  Venus  of 
Milo'  merits  special  mention;  and  'The  Two 
Masques:  A  Tragedy-Comedy'  (3  vols.,  1880- 
83),  an  uncompleted  work  on  the  ancient  and 
the  modern  stage.  He  wrote  also :  '  The 
Women  of  Goethe'  (1869);  'Victor  Hugo' 
(1885);  'Ancients  and  Moderns'  (1886);  'The 
Theatre  of  To-day :  E.  Augier  and  A.  Dumas 
fils*  (1889). 


478 

Sala,  George  Augusttis  Henry.  A  famous 
English  newspaper  correspondent;  bom  in 
London,  Nov.  24,  1828  ;  died  at  Brighton,  Dec. 
8,  1895.  During  the  American  Civil  War  he 
was  correspondent  (1863-64)  of  the  London 
Telegraph,  for  the  same  paper  in  Algiers  in 
1864  and  again  in  1875,  at  the  Paris  Exposition 
in  1867,  and  during  the  Franco-German  War, 
1870-71.  He  published  the  novels  <Quite 
Alone>  and  <Captain  Dangerous);  <America  Re- 
visited) (18S2);  <Ix)ndon  up  to  Date)  (1894); 
and  his  own  <Life  and  Adventures)  (1895).  His 
celebrated  <Cook  Book,)  which  sold  enormously 
in  London,  shows  his  versatility  and  knowledge 
of  human  «intemal  affairs. » 

Sale,  George.  An  English  lawyer,  and  stu- 
dent of  Arabic  and  Mohammedan  history ; 
bom  probably  in  Kent,  about  1697;  died  in 
London,  Nov.  13,  1736.  He  is  most  celebrated 
as  the  translator  of  the  Koran,  his  version  of 
which  is  still  a  standard ;  his  introduction  is 
particularly  comprehensive,  and  appreciative  of 
the  Mohammedan  religion.  He  contributed  the 
Oriental  biographies  to  the  translation  of  Bayle's 

<  General  Dictionary,)  which  was  published  in 
London  in  10  vols,  in  1734;  and  was  one  of 
the  learned  men  selected  to  make  the  English 

<  Universal  History,)  but  his  part  in  the  work 
was  not  published  until  1739,  after  his  death. 

Sal  lust  (Gaius  Sallustius  Crispus).  A 
Roman  historian  ;  born  in  87  B.  C;  died  at 
Rome,  about  34  B.  C.  His  known  remaining 
works  are  :  <  The  Conspiracy  of  Catiline  >  and 
*The  History  of  the  War  against  Jugurtha.) 
A  lost  history  of  his  covered  only  the  period 
from  B.  C.  78  to  67. 

Salm-Dyck,  Constance  Marie  de  Theis, 
Princess  of  (sam-dek').  A  French  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Nantes,  Nov.  17, 
1767  ;  died  at  Paris,  April  13,  1845.  She  wrote 
a  series  of  poetical  *  Epistles,)  one  <  To  Wo- 
men,) another  <On  the  Blindness  of  this  Age.) 
She  also  wrote  :  <  My  Threescore  Years  >  (1833); 
*The  Twenty-Four  Hours  of  a  Sensible  Wo- 
man ) ;  <  Cantata  on  the  Marriage  of  Napoleon.) 

Salomon  ben  Judah.    See  Avicebron. 

Saltus,  Edgar  Everston.  An  American  nov- 
elist ;  born  in  New  York,  June  8,  1858.  He  was 
educated  in  Europe,  and  graduated  at  the  Co- 
lumbia Law  School.  He  is  represented  in  fic- 
tion and  miscellany  by  < Balzac)  (1884);  <The 
Philosophy  of  Disenchantment)  (1885);  <  The 
Anatomy  of  Negation)  (1886);  <After-Dinner 
Stories)  (t886),  a  translation  from  Balzac  ;  <  Mr. 
Incoul's  Misadventure)  (1887);  <The  Truth 
about  Tristrem  Varick)  (1888);  <Eden)  (1888); 
<A  Transaction  in  Hearts)  (1888);  <The  Pace 
that  Kills)  (1889);  <A  Transient  Guest)  (1889); 

<  Love  and  Lore)  (1890);  <Mary  Magdalen) 
(1891);  <  Imperial  Purple  >  (1892);  <  Madam  Sap- 
phira)  (1893);  <  Enthralled)  (1894);  <When 
Dreams  Come  True  >  ;  <  The  Pomps  of   Satan ) ; 

<  The  Lords  of  the  Ghostland.) 

Saltus,  Francis  Saltus.  An  American  poet, 
brother  of  Edgar ;  born  1S49  ;  died  1889.  He  is 
of  the  modern  school  of  poets.     He  published 


SALA— SAND 


a  book  of  poems,  <  Honey  and  Gall,)  in  1873  5 
and  another  collection,  bearing  the  title  <The 
Bayadere  and  Other  Sonnets,)  appeared  in  1894. 

Saltykov,  Michail  YevgriifovicU  (sal'te- 
kof ) ;  pseudonym,  «  N.  Shtshedrin.))  A  noted 
Russian  satirist ;  born  Jan.  27,  1826 ;  died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  May  12,  1889.  The  first  work  to 
give  him  celebrity  throughout  Russia  was 
< Sketches  from  the  Provinces)  (1856):  it  was 
followed  by  < Satires  in  Prose)  and  < Innocent 
Stories)  (1863);  < Signs  of  the  Times)  (1869); 
<Male  and  Female  Pompadours)  (1876);  < Across 
the  Frontier);  <An  Idyll  of  To-day)  (1884-86); 
< Life's  Pettinesses)  (1887).  The  Russian  press 
laws  compel  the  author  to  use  an  allegorical 
style,  which  makes  his  meaning  unintelligible 
to  foreigners. 

Sanborn,  Katharine  Abbott.  An  American 
miscellaneous  writer  and  lecturer;  born  in  Han- 
over, N.  H.,  1839.  She  was  professor  of  English 
literature  in  Smith  College  for  several  years, 
and  resigned  in  1886.  Her  publications  under 
the  name  of  «  Kate  Sanborn ))  include  :  <  Home 
Pictures  of  English  Poets ) ;  the  <  Round  Table 
Series  of  Literature  Lessons ) ;  <  The  Vanity 
and  Insanity  of  Genius ) ;  <A  Year  of  Sunshine ) ; 
<  Adopting  an  Abandoned  Farm ) ;  <  Abandoning 
an  Adopted  Farm  >  ;  <  Old  Time  Wall  Papers.) 

Sand,  George  (Baronne  Dudevant:  bora 
Amantine  Lucile  Aurore  Dupin).  The  cel- 
ebrated French  novelist ;  born  in  Paris,  July 
2,  1804;  died  at  Nohant,  June  7,  1876.  Her 
works  include  :  < A  Tourist's  Letters )  ( 1830-36) ; 
< Indiana)  (1831?);  < Valentine)  (1832);  <Llie) 
(1833);  <Aldo  the  Poet)  (1833);  <The  Private 
Secretary)  (1834);  <Andrd)  (1834);  < Leone 
Leoni>  (1834);  < Jacques)  (1834);  <Mauprat) 
(1836);  <  Simon)  (1836);  <The  Masters  of  Mo- 
saic) (1837);  <The  Last  Aldini)  (1837);  <  Us- 
coque>  (1838);  <A  Winter  at  Majorca)  (1838); 
<Spiridion)  (1838);  <  Gabriel )  (1839);  <The 
Seven  Strings  of  the  Lyre)  (1840);  <The  Missis- 
sippians)  (1840);  <  Pauline)  (1840);  <  Horace* 
(1841);  'The  Companion  of  a  French  Tour^ 
(1841);  <Consuelo)  (1842);  'The  Countess  ot 
Rudolstadt)  (1843);  'Jeanne)  (1844);  <Isidora> 
(1845);  'Teverino)  (1845);  'The  Miller  of 
Angibault)  (1845);  'The  Devil's  PooP  (1846); 
'  M.  Antoine's  Sin)  (1847);  'Lucrezia  Floriani* 
(1847);  'Fran9ois  le  Champi)  (1847);  'The  Lit- 
tle Fadette)  (1849);  'The  Castle  of  Solitude) 
(1849);  'The  Master  Ringers)  (1853);  'Story  of 
My  Life)  (1854);  'Mont  Reveche)  (1855);  ^The 
Devil  in  the  Fields)  (1856);  'She  and  He* 
(1858);  'The  Green  Ladies)  (1859);  'Laura* 
(1859);  'The  Snow  Man)  (1859);  'Jean  de  la 
Roche)  (i860);  'Flavia)  (i860);  'Valvedra* 
(1861);  <  Tamaris )  (1861);  'Antonia )  (1861);  '  The 
Germandre  Family)  (1861);  'The  Fine  Gentle- 
men of  Bois-Dor^)  (1862);  <  Mile,  de  la  Quin- 
tinie)  (1864);  <A  Young  Girl's  Confession* 
(1865);  'Monsieur  Sylvestre)  (1866); 'The  Last 
Love)  (1867);  'Cadio)  (1868);  'Mile.  Merquem* 
(1868);  'A  Rolling  Stone)  (1869);  'Daniella* 
(1869);  'The  Little  Daughter*  (1869);  'Narcis- 
sus) (1870);  'Village  Walks)  (1870);  'Loves  of 


SJANDBACK  — SARDOU 


479 


the  Golden  Age>  (1870);  <Cesarine  Dietrecht» 
(1871);  <  Journal  of  a  Tourist  during  the  War> 
(1871);  <Mlle.  de  C<<rignan>  (1871);  etc.  Her 
dramatic    works    include:    <Cosima>    (1840); 

<  The  King  Waits  >  (1848);  <  Fran9ois  le  Champi  > 
(1849);  <  Claudia  >  (1851);  <Victorine's  Marriage  > 
(1851);  <The  Demon  of  the  Hearth  >  (1852); 
<Moli&re>(i8S3);  <The  Crusher >  (1853);  <  Mau- 
prat>  (1853);  <Flaminio>  (1854);  < Master  Fa- 
villa>  (1855);  <Lucia>  (1855?);  <As  You  Like 
It  >  (1856);  <Fran9oise>  (1856);  <The  Fine  Gen- 
tlemen of  Bois-Dord>  (1862);  <The  Pavement  > 
(1862);  <The  Marquis  of  Villemer>  (1863-64); 
<Drac>  (1864);  <The  Village  Don  Juan> 
(1866);  <Cadio>  (1868);  etc.  Many  of  these 
were  founded  on  her  novels. 

Sandback,  Mrs.  Henry  Roscoe.  An  English 
poet,  granddaughter  of  William  Roscoe  the 
historian.  Her  works  are  :  <  Amidei :  A  Tra- 
gedy); <  Poems>  (1840);  <  Giuliano  de'  Medici,>  a 
drama  (1842);  <Aurora  and  Other  Poems  >  (1850). 

Sandeau,  Leonard  Sylvain  Jules  (saii-do'). 
A  celebrated  French  novelist  and  man  of  let- 
■»ers;  born  in  Aubusson,  Feb.  19,  181 1;  died  in 
Paris,  April  24,  1883.  He  wrote:  < Madame 
de    Sommerville>    {1834);   <Marianna>    (1840); 

<  Doctor  Herbeau>  (1841);  <Fernand>  (1844); 
•Catherine)  (1846);  <  Valcreuse>  (1846);  <Mlle. 
de  laSeiglifere>  (1848);  < Madeleine'  (1848);  <A 
Legacy*  (1849);  <  Bags  and  Parchments'  (1851); 
'The  House  of  Penarvan>  ( 1858);  <A  Beginning 
in  the  Magistracy*  (1862);  <J.  de  Thommeray> 
il873);  etc. 

Sanford,  Edward.  An  American  poet  and 
(ournalist ;  born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  July  8,  1805 ; 
died  in  Gowanda,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  28,  1876.  In- 
cluded in  his  best-known  works  are  a  poetical 
address  to  Black  Hawk,  and  <  The  Loves  of 
the  Shell-Fishes.'  Many  of  his  verses,  which 
are  graceful  and  humorous,  have  been  published 
in  various  collections. 

Sanluentes,  Salvador  ( san-fwen'tas ).  A 
Chilian  poet;  born  in  Santiago,  Feb.  2,  1817; 
died  there,  July  17,  i860.  Among  his  works 
are:  < Caupolican,'  a  drama  in  verse  (1835); 
t  £1  Canipanario '  (1838);  <Teudo;  or,  Memo- 
ries of  a  Solitary'  (1858);  and  < Chile,  from  the 
Battle  of  Chacabuco  to  that  of  Maipo  >  (1850). 

Sangster,  Charles.  A  Canadian  poet  and 
edit' 1:  born  la  Kingston,  Ont,  July  16,  1822. 
lltr  was  editor  of  the  Amherstburg  Courier 
( I  <4()),  and  published  <The  St.  Lawrence  and 
Uie  Saguenay,  and  Other  Poems'   (1856),  and 

<  Hesperus:  Poems  and  Lyrics'  (i860). 

Sangster,  Margaret  Elizabeth  (Munson). 
An  American  poet  and  prose-writer ;  born  in 
New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  22,  1838.  She  was 
editorially  connected  with  Hearth  and  Home 
(1871-73)  and  The  Christian  at  Work  (1873- 
ig);  since  1889  has  been  editor  of  Harper's 
Bazar.  Her  most  noted  poems  are :  <  Our 
Own ' ;  <  The  Sin  of  Omission ' ;  and  <  Are  the 
Children  at  Home  ? '  Among  her  books  for 
girls  are:    <May    Stanhope   and  her    Friend'; 

<  Maidie's  Problem  > ;  <  The  Joyful  Life.' 


Santayana,  George.  A  Spanish-American 
poet  and  educator;  born  in  Spain,  1863.  He 
is  professor  of  philosophy  at  Harvard,  and 
has  published:  <  Sonnets  and  Other  Poems,' 
and  <The  Sense  of  Beauty:  An  Outline  of 
^Esthetic  Theory '  ;  <  The  Life  of  Reason.' 

Santillana,  Ifiigo  Lopez  de  Mendoza,  Mar- 
ques de  (san"tel-ya'na).  A  Spanish  poet ;  born 
at  Carrion  de  los  Condes,  Aug.  19,  1398;  died 
at  Guadalajara,  March  25,  1458.  He  was  made 
marquis  for  his  services  in  the  Moorish  wars. 
He  had  much  to  do  with  the  reform  of  Cas- 
tilian  poetry  by  subjecting  it  to  the  laws  of 
the  Italian  classic  school,  and  of  the  later 
Catalan-Proven9al  school  of  the  court  poets. 
In  the  Italian-classic  style  are  his  < Proverbs' 
or  <  Hundred  Adages,'  a  collection  of  100  prov- 
erbs in  8-verse  strophes;  and  the  <  Dialogue 
of  Bias  against  Fortune.'  His  allegorical  poem 
in  dialogue  form,  the  <Comediette  of  Ponza,' 
after  the  manner  of  Dante,  had  an  influence 
on  the  development  of  the  Spanish  drama. 
Besides  poems,  he  vsTote  for  the  Constable  of 
Portugal,  Dom  Pedro,  a  memoir  which  is  of  great 
value  for  the  history  of  ancient  Spanish  poetry. 

Saphir,  Moritz  (safer).  An  Austrian  hu- 
morist;  born  at  Lovas-Ber^ny  in  Hungary, 
Feb.  8,  1795;  died  near  Vienna,  Sept.  5,  1858. 
Among  his  numerous  writings  are  :  <  Album  for 
Play  and  Earnest,  Fun  and  Humor'  (2  vols., 
1846;  5th  ed.  1875);  <  Dictionary  of  Wit  and 
Humor'  (2  ed.,  5  vols.,  i860). 

Sappho  (saf'o).  A  renowned  Greek  poet; 
born  in  the  island  of  Lesbos  about  612  B.  C. 
Of  her  life  little  is  known.  Besides  some 
small  fragments  of  her  poems,  we  have  in  com- 
plete form  a  <  Hymn  to  Aphrodite '  and  an 
<Ode  to  a  Beautiful  Girl.'  In  antiquity,  as 
Homer  was  ever  «The  Poet"  par  excellence, 
so  Sappho  was  «The  Poetess." 

Sarcey,    Franclsque    (sar-sa').     A    French 
author  and  critic;  born  at  Dourdan  (Seine-et- 
Oise),  Oct.  8, 1827  :  died  at  Paris,  May  16,  1899. 
As  a  dramatic  critic  he  was  highly  esteemed  for 
his  independence  of  judgment,  and  his  wide  ac- 
quaintance with  dramatic  literature  and  the  his- 
tory of  the  stage.    He  published  :  < History  of  the 
Siege  of  Paris,'  which  .n  its  first  year  reached 
the  30th  edition ;   <  The  Word  and  the  Thing,' 
philosophical    conversations    (1862);   <Etienne 
Moret,'  a   semi-autobiographical   story    (1875); 
'Recollections  of  Youth  >  (1884)  ;<  Recollections 
of  Mature  Age' ;  <  Forty  Years  of  the  Theatre  > 
(1900). 

Sardou,  Victorlen  (sar-do').  A  celebrated 
French  dramatist ;  born  in  Paris,  Sept.  7,  1831. 
He  began  play-writing  in  early  life,  although 
intended  originally  for  the  medical  profession. 
Among  his  plays  are :  <  The  Students'  Inn  > 
(1854);  <  Monsieur  Garat'  (1857  ?);  <  Saint  Ger- 
vais'  (l86c);  < Blockheads'  (1861);  <Piccolino> 
(1861?);  <Our  Intimates'  (186-);  <The  Butter- 
flv'  (1862);  <The  Black  Devils'  (1863);  <Don 
Quixote'  (1864);  <The  Benotton  Family'  (1865); 
<The  New  House'  (1866);  <Seraphine>  (1868); 
<Femande'  (1870);  <Rabagas'  (1872);  <  Uncle 


48o 


SARGENT  — SAVAGE 


Sam>  (1873);  <Ferr^ol>  (1875);  <Dora>  (1877); 
'Daniel   Rochat>  (1880);    <Divor9ons>  (1881); 

<  Odette  >  (1882);  <  Fedora  >  (1883);  <  Theodora  > 
(1884);  < Crocodile)  (1886);  <  La  Tosca>  (1887); 
<Thermidor>  (1891);  »Gisinonda>  (1894);  <  Ma- 
dame Sans-Gene  > ;  etc.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Academy  in  1877  and  died  Nov.  8,  1908. 

Sargent,  Charles  Sprague.  An  American 
botanist  and  arboriculturist ;  born  in  Boston, 
1841.  He  has  been  director  of  the  botanic 
garden  and  arboretum,  and  professor  of  arbori- 
culture, at  Harvard.  He  has  written  many 
authoritative  reports  and  books,  among  them: 

<  Report   on   the    Forests    of    North   America  > ; 

<  The  Woods  of  the  United  States  > ;  <  Notes  on 
the  Forest  Flora  of  Japan  >  ;  <  The  Silva  of  North 
.\inerica  >  ;  complete  and  authoritative  work  on 
tiie  trees  of  North  America  ;  *  Report  on  the 
Forests  of  North  America'  ;  and  <  Manual  of 
the  Trees  of  North  America.' 

Sargent,  Epes.  An  American  journalist, 
dramatist,  verse  and  prose  writer ;  born  in 
Gloucester,  Mass.,  Sept.  27,  1813  ;  died  in  Boston, 
Hec.  31,  1880.  His  works  include:  < Change 
Makes  Change,'  a  comedy;  <The  Priestess,*  a 
tragedy;  < Wealth  and  Worth*  (1840),  a  novel; 
*  Peculiar :  A  Tale  of  the  Great  Transition  > 
(1863);  <Life  of  Henry  Clay.>  <  Songs  of  the 
Sea>  and  <A  Life  on  the  Ocean  Wave'  are  the 
most  popular  of  his  verses.  His  <  Cyclopaedia 
of  English  and  American  Poetry  >  was  published 
in  1883. 

Sargent,  Nathan.  [«  Oliver  01dschool.»]  An 
American  journalist  and  publicist ;  born  in 
Poultney,  Vt.,  May  5,  1794;  died  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  Feb.  2,  1875.  He  held  many  public 
positions,  was  connected  with  and  established 
several  newspapers,  and  under  his  pen-name 
wrote  a  series  of  famous  letters  from  Wash- 
ington to  the  United  States  Gazette.  He  pub- 
lished a  <  Life  of  Henry  Clay'  (1844),  and  <  Pub- 
lic Men  and  Events'  (2  vols.,  1875). 

Sargent,  Winthrop.  An  American  lawyer 
and  historical  writer;  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Sept.  23,  1825;  died  in  Paris,  May  18,  1870. 
He  lived  in  New  York  city,  and  wrote  largely 
for  the  press  on  historical  subjects.  His  <  His- 
tory of  an  Expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne 
in  1755  under  Gen.  Braddock'  (1855)  has  been 
highly  esteemed.  He  wrote  <The  Loyalist 
Poetry  of  the  Revolution'  (1857)  and  the  <  Life 
and  Career  of  Major  John  Andre'  (1861). 

Sarmiento,  Domingo  Faustino  (sarm- 
yen't5j.  President  of  the  Argentine  Republic, 
and  educational  writer ;  born  in  San  Juan,  A.  R., 
Feb.  15,1811 ;  died  in  Asuncion,  Paraguay,  Sept. 
II,  1888.  During  1845-47  he  visited  Europe 
and  the  United  States  to  study  the  system  of 
primary  schools.  During  his  travels  he  made 
the  acquaintance  of  Cobden,  Guizot,  Hum- 
boldt, and  Horace  Mann;  under  the  influence 
of  the  latter  he  wrote  <  Popular  Education,* 
published  (1848)  by  the  Chilian  government. 
Other  important  works  of  his  are :  <  Life  of 
Lincoln*  (1866),  and  <The  Schools  the  Found- 
atioz?.  of  Well-Being  in  the  United  States  >  (1868). 


Sartoris,  Mrs.  Adelaide.  An  English  opera 
singer  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  1814; 
died  1879.  She  wrote :  <A  W^eek  in  a  French 
Country  House'  (1867);  'Medusa,  and  Other 
Tales'  (1868);  <Past  Hours'  (2  vols.,  1880),  a 
collection  of  the  author's  fugitive  pieces;  and 
an  unfinished  work,  <  Judith.' 

Saulcy,  Louis  Felicien  Joseph  Caignart  de 

(so-se').  A  French  numismatist  and  antiqua- 
rian ;  born  in  Lille,  March  19,  1807 ;  died  in 
Paris,  Nov.  3,  1880.  He  first  obtained  special 
attention  as  a  numismatist  by  his  <  Essa}'  on 
the  Classification  of  Byzantine  Coinage*  (1836). 
Among  his  works  are :  <  Tour  in  the  Holy 
Land  >  (1865) ;  <  Last  Days  of  Jerusalem  *  (1866); 

<  Story  of  Herod '  (1867) ;  and  <  Seven  Centuries 
of  Jewish  History'  (1874). 

Saunders,  Frederick.  An  American  scholar 
and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  London, 
Aug.  13,  1807.  He  was  librarian  of  the  Astor 
Librar)',  New  York,  1859-96.  He  wrote :  *  Me- 
moirs of  the  Great  Metropolis  '  (London,  1852) ; 
<New  York  in  a  Nut-Shell'  (1853);  <  Salad  for 
the  Solitary,  by  an  Epicure'  (1S53);  < Salad  for 
the  Social'  (1856);  <  Pearls  (A  Thought,  Reli- 
gious and  Philosophical,  Gathered  from  Old 
Authors*  (1858);  < Mosaics*  (1859);  < Festival 
of  Song*  (1866);  'About  Women,  Love,  and 
Marriage*  (1868);  'Evenings  with  the  Sacred 
Poets*  (1869;  enlarged  1885);  'Pastime  Papers' 
( 1885 ) ;  'Story  of  Some  Famous  Books'  ( 18S7 ). 
He  died  at  Brooklyn,  Dec.  12,  1902. 

Sauniere,  Paul  (son-yar').  A  French  story- 
writer;  born  at  Paris,  1827.  He  wrote:  'Ihe 
Fatal  Prediction  * ;  '  The  Bluebeard  Nobleman  * ; 
'Father  Grabpenny*;  'King  Misery*  (1868); 
'Miss  Aglae'  (1874);  *  The  True  Adventures 
of  Jean  Barchalou'  (1876);  'A  Son-in-Law  at 
Any  Cost*  (1879);  'The  Nephew  from  Amer- 
ica* (1881);  'The  Little  Marquise*  (1883); 
'Mother  Michel*  (1886);  'A  Daughter  of  the 
Pharaohs*  (1888);  'Quicksilver*  (1889);  'The 
Recluse  of  Montfleury*  (1889). 

Saussure,  Henri  de  (so-siir').  A  Swiss 
naturalist ;  born  at  Geneva,  1829.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  scientific  expedition  to  Mexico, 
and  wrote  several  memoirs  on  the  insects  of 
that  country.  He  wrote  also :  '  Memoir  to 
Serve  for  the  Natural  History  of  Mexico,  the 
Antilles,  and  the  United  States*  (1872);  'The 
Genevan  Explorers  of  the  Alps*  (1879J. 

Sauvage,  Thomas  Marie  Francois  (so- 
vazh').  A  French  dramatist;  born  at  Paris, 
1794;  died  there,  1877.    Among  his  plays  are: 

<  The  Portfolio ;  or,  the  Impromptu  Lord  > 
(1820);  'Margaret  of  Anjou*  (1826);  'The 
Drunkard*  (1830);  'A  Provincial  Conspiracy* 
(1832);  'The  Sea  Wolf*  (1840);  'The  Amazon* 
(1846);  'The  Carnival  of  Venice*  (i860);  'My 
Lord's  Coat*  (1862). 

Savage,  John.  An  iVmerican  journalist  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland, 
Dec.  13,  1828 ;  died  in  1888.  He  came  to  New 
York  in  1848,  and  subsequently  in  Washington 
became  proprietor  of  The  States,  the  organ  of 


SAVAGE  — SAYCE 


481 


Stephen  A.  iDouglas.  Included  in  his  popular 
war-songs  are  <The  Starry  Flag>  and  <The 
Muster  of  the  North.*  Among  his  other  works 
are:  <Our  Living  Representative  Men>  (i860); 
<  Poems  :  Lyrical,  Dramatic,  and  Romantic  > 
(1870);  <  Picturesque  Ireland>  (1878-83);  and 
'Waiting  for  a  \Vife,>  a  comedy  (1859). 

Savage,  Minot  Judson.  A  noted  Unitarian 
clergyman ;  born  in  Norridgewock,  Me.,  June 
10, 1841.  He  graduated  at  the  Theological  Sem- 
inary at  Bangor,  1864;  went  to  California  as  a 
Congregational  home  missionary,  and  preached 
at  San  Mateo  and  at  Grass  Valley.  He  re- 
moved to  Framingham,  Mass.;  thence  was 
called  to  Indianapolis,  and  afterwards  to  Han- 
nibal, Mo.  He  accepted  a  call  to  the  Third 
Unitarian  Church  in  Chicago  in  1873,  and  after 
a  year  there  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Church 
of  the  Unity,  Boston,  where  he  remained  for 
twenty-two  years.  He  is  now  in  the  Church  of 
the  Messiah,  New  York,  in  association  with 
Dr.  Robert  Collyer.  In  his  very  active  career 
he  has  published  over  thirty  books  on  religious, 
social,  and  moral  questions,  among  which  may 
be  mentioned:  <The  Religion  of  Evolution* 
\1876);  < Social  Problems*  (1886);  <My  Creed* 
(1887);  < Jesus  and  Modern  Life*  (1893);  <A 
Man*  (1895);  < Religion  for  To-day*  (1897).  He 
has  also  published  <  "Hluffton :  A  Story  of  To-day  > 
(1878)  ;  <  Poems,*  and  <  Life's  Dark  Problems.* 

Savage,  Richard  Henry.  An  American  nov- 
elist ;  born  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  June  10,  1846.  He 
wrote  many  notable  works  of  fiction,  among 
them:  <  My  Official  Wife*;  <A  Daughter  of 
Judas  * ;  <  The  Anarchist  * ;  <  In  the  Old  Chateau  ' ; 

<  The  Masked  Venus* ;  <  Miss  Devereaux  of  tlie 
Mariquita* ;  and  <  After  Many  Years,  and  Other 
Poems.'     Died  in  N.  Y.  city,  Oct.  11,  1903. 

Savage-Armstrong,   George   Francis.     An 

Irish  poet;  born  at  Dublin,  1845.  Among  his 
poetical  works  are  :  *  Poems,  Lyrical  and  Dra- 
matic* (1879);  <Ugone:  A  Tragedy*  (1870); 
<The   Tragedy  of  Israel,*  a  trilogy    (1872-76); 

<  Stories  of  Wicklow  *  ( 1886);  <  One  in  the  Infinite  » 
(1891);  <  Queen  Empress  and  Empire  *  (1897). 

Savary,  Nicolas  (sa-var-e'j.  A  French 
traveler  and  Orientalist ;  born  at  Vitre,  Brittany, 
France,  in  1750 ;  died  Feb.  4, 1788.  He  published  : 
'  Letters  on  Egypt*  (3  vols.,  1781-85);  the  Koran 
in  French,  with  a  <  Life  of  Mohammed*  (2 
vols.,  1783J. 

Savigny,  Friedrich  Karl  von  (sa-ven-ye')- 
A  distinguished  jurist  and  historian  of  juris- 
prudence ;  born  in  Frankfort  on  the  Main,  Feb. 
21,  1779 ;  died  in  Berlin,  Oct.  25, 1861.  He  stood 
long  at  the  head  of  what  is  termed  the  his- 
torical school  of  jurisprudence.  His  principal 
works  were  :  <  The  Legal  Right  of  Property  * 
(1803);  <Tli€  Present  System  of  Roman  Juris- 
prudence* (1840-49);  <  Contract  Law*;  <  History 
of  the  System  of  Roman  Law  in  the  Middle 
Ages* ;  etc. 

Savioll,   Luigi    V.    (sav-yo'le).      An    Italian 
poet  and  historian ;  born  1729 ;  died  1804.     He 
published   in  his   youth   a   volume   of   poems, 
3J 


<Amours*;  translated  the  works  of  Tacitus; 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  engaged  on 
the  composition  of  a  historical  work,  <The 
Annals  of  Bologna.* 

Savonarola,  Girolamo  (sa-von-a-ro'la).  One 
of  the  great  figures  of  Italian  history;  born  at 
Ferrara,  Sept.  21,  1452;  hanged  and  his  body 
burned  May  23, 1498,  a  victim  of  the  struggles  of 
parties  and  factions  during  the  pontificate  of 
Alexander  VI.  (Borgia).  The  following  are  the 
titles  of  some  of  his  works :  <  The  Triumph  of 
the  Cross*;  <  Meditations  on  the  Thirty-First 
Psalm  * ;  <  Sermons  * ;  <  Poems,*  the  latter  being 
few  in  number;  <  Essays*;  etc. 

Sawyer,  Leicester  Ambrose.  An  American 
clergyman,  Biblical  scholar,  and  author  ;  bom  in 
Pinckney,  N.  Y.,  July  28,  1807  ;  died  at  Whites- 
boro,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1898.  He  was  pastor  of 
churches  (1842-59),  and  published:  <Elements 
of  Biblical  Interpretation*  (1836);  <Mental  Phi- 
losophy* ( 1839);  <Moral  Philosophy*(i845);  <Or- 
ganic  Christianity)  (1854);  'Reconstruction  of 
Bible  Theories* ( 1862) ;  and  <Final  Theology;  or, 
Introduction  to  the  New  Testament*  (Vol.  i., 
1879).  He  published  a  translation  of  the  New 
Testament,  without  the  division  into  verses. 

Saxe,  John  Godfrey.  An  American  humor- 
ous poet,  very  popular  in  his  day;  born  in 
Highgate,  Vt.,  June  2,  1816;  died  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  March  31,  1887.  In  1872  he  became  edi- 
torially connected  with  the  Albany  Evening 
Journal,  and  subsequently  contributed  to  Har- 
per's Magazine  and  the  Atlantic  Monthly.  His 
most  popular  verses  include  <  Rhyme  of  the 
Rail*  and  <  The  Proud  Miss  McBride*;  and 
his  published  works  <  The  Flying  Dutchman; 
or.  The  Wrath  of  Herr  von  Stoppelnose*  (1862), 
and  < Leisure-Day  Rhymes*  (1875). 

Saxo  Grammaticus.  A  Danish  historian ; 
date  of  birth  not  known  ;  died  about  1208.     His 

<  Gesta  Danorum*  or  <  Historia  Danica*  con- 
sists of  16  books,  and  extends  to  the  year  1185. 
Much  valuable  historical  material  is  to  be 
found  in  the  last  six  books.  His  surname  was 
given  him  on  account  of  the  correctness  and 
elegance  of  his  Latin,  which  excited  the  ad- 
miration of  Erasmus. 

Say,  Jean  Baptiste  (sa).  A  noted  French 
economist ;  born  1767 ;  died  1832.  He  popular- 
ized the  theories  of  Adam  Smith  in  France. 
His  best-known  work  is  <  Treatise  on  Political 
Economy*   (1803);   but  widely  read   also  were 

<  Catechism     of     Political     Economy*     (1815), 

<  Complete  Course  in  Practical  Political  Econ- 
omy* (1829),  and  <  Views  of  Men  and  Society* 
(1817).  His  << theory  of  markets**  attracted 
great  attention. 

Sayce,  Archibald  Henry.  An  eminent  Eng- 
lish Orientalist  and  philologist;  born  Sept.  25, 
1846.  His  works  extend  over  various  fields, 
and  are  of  great  importance  for  comparative 
philology  and  history.  They  include :  <  As- 
syrian Grammar  for  Comparative  Purposes  * 
(1872);  <  Elementary  Assyrian  Grammar*  (1875); 

<  Lectures  on  the  Assyrian  Language*  (1877); 


482 


SCALIGER  — SCHANDORPH 


'Babylonian  Literature'  (1877);  <  Fresh  Light 
from  the  Monuments*  (1884);  < Ancient  Em- 
pires of  the  East>  (1884);  < Assyria:  Its  Princes, 
Priests,  and  People*  (1885);  < Introduction  to 
the  Books  of  Ezra,  Nehemiah,  and  Esther* 
(1885);  <IIibbert  Lectures  on  the  Origin  and 
Growth  of  Religion,  as  Illustrated  by  the  Re- 
ligion of  the  Ancient  Babylonians*  (1887); 
'The  Hittites*  (1888);  <  Records  of  the  Past* 
(new  series,  18S9-92);  <Life  and  Times  of 
Isaiah*  (1889);  <The  Races  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament' (1891);  <  Social  Life  among  the  As- 
syrians and  Babylonians*  (1891);  <A  Primer 
of  Assyriology*  (1894);  < The  Higher  Criticism 
and  the  Verdict  of  the  Monuments*  (1894); 
<  The  Egypt  of  the  Hebrews,  and  Herodotus  > 
(1895).  Special  mention  should  be  made  of 
his*  Principles  of  Comparative  Philology*;'  Intro- 
duction to  the  Science  of  Language,*  and  •  Relig- 
ions of  Ancient  Egypt  and  Babylonia  '  (1902). 

Scaliger,  Joseph  Justus  (skal'-i-j  er).  A 
French  critic  and  classical  scholar  of  great 
celebrity,  son  of  J.  C;  born  in  Agen,  1540  ;  died 
at  Leyden,  1609.  He  became  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  of  his  age,  with  a  prodigious  knowl- 
edge of  classical  antiquities  and  literature.  He 
was  involved  in  controversy  on  account  of  his 
conversion  to  Protestantism.  Besides  notes, 
criticisms,  and  essays,  on  Catullus,  Propertius, 
Virgil,  Moschus,  and  other  authors,  he  wrote : 
'The  Emendation  of  Time*  (1583),  a  work  on 
chronology  and  the  calendar;  'The  Treasure 
of  Time*  (1606),  in  which  he  rearranged  the 
whole  chronology  of  classical  antiquity;  etc. 

Scaliger,  Julius  Csesar,  originally  della 
Scala.  A  celebrated  classical  scholar,  Italian 
by  birth,  French  by  adoption ;  born  at  the  castle 
of  La  Rocca  in  1484;  died  at  Agen,  1558.  Ac- 
cording to  some  scholars,  "no  one  of  the  an- 
cients could  be  placed  above  him,  and  the  age 
in  which  he  lived  could  not  show  his  equal** 
in  learning  and  talent.  He  published  an  'Ora- 
tion against  Erasmus*  {1531),  in  reply  to  that 
scholar's  ' Ciceronianus * ;  'Poems*  (1533-74), 
in  Latin  and  filling  several  volumes ;  <  Comic 
Metres';  and  a  variety  of  dissertations  and 
essays  on  classical  subjects. 

Scarron,  Paul  (skar-ron').  A  French  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist;  born  at  Paris  about 
1610;  died  there,  Oct.  14,  1660.  At  the  age  of 
30,  in  consequence  of  a  rheumatic  attack,  in 
which  he  was  treated  by  a  quack  doctor,  he 
became  an  invalid  for  life, —  deformed  and  con- 
torted, and  suffering  continual  pain.  His  best 
work  is  the  'Comic  Romance*  (2  vols.,  1651- 
57,  but  never  completed),  the  story  of  a  band 
of  strolling  actors :  it  paints  manners  and 
characters  with  great  vividness.  In  this  novel 
Scarron  draws  on  Spanish  sources,  as  he  does 
also  in  the  comedies  '  The  Ridiculous  Heir  * ; 
'Jodelet*;  'Don  Japhet  of  Armenia*;  'The 
Scholar  of  Salamanca.*  His  travesty  of  the 
.(Eneid  (1648-53)  was  in  its  day  regarded  as  a 
masterpiece  of  genuine  burlesque  humor ;  but 
it  is  now  rated  as  unworthy  of  the  author's 
great   talent.      He   married   in    1652    Fran9oise 


d'Aubignd,  who  afterward,  as  Mme.  de  Mainte- 
non,  became  the  wife  of  Louis  XIV. 
Schack,    Adolph    Friedricli,    Count  von 

(shiik).  A  distinguished  German  Oriental 
scholar  and  historian  of  literatuie;  born  in 
Schwerin,  Aug.  2,  1815;  died  in  Rome,  April 
14,  1894.  His  works  embrace  many  subjects; 
but  his  especial  distinction  is  as  a  student  and 
critic  of  Arabic,  Persian,  and  Sanskrit  literature. 
He  published  :  '  History  of  Dramatic  Art  and 
literature  in  Spain*  (1845-46);  'Poetry  and  Art 
of  the  Arabs  in  Spain  and  Sicily*  (1865);  'His- 
tory of  the  Normans  in  Sicily*  (1889);  etc.  His 
translations  of  Oriental  classics  are  celebrated, 
and  include  '  Hero  Songs  [or  epics]  of  Firdusi ' 
(1851),  for  which  he  was  decorated  by  the  Shah; 
'Firdusi*  (1853),  additional  translations;  '  Stro- 
phes of  Omar  Khayydm*  (1878);  'Voices  from 
the  Ganges,*  a  series  of  Hindu  poems ;  '  Mej- 
nun  and  Leila,*  the  famous  story  by  Jami ;  etc. 
He  also  wrote  original  poetry,  but  not  until 
he  had  attained  his  sixtieth  year;  among  his 
verse  being  'Lotus  Leaves*  (1882),  'Memnon* 
(1885),  'Epistles  and  Elegies*  (1894),  etc.  He 
is  the  author  of  an  interesting  work  on  'Maz- 
zini  and  Unified  Italy.' 

Scliafarik  or  Safarik,  Pavel  Josef  (shiiTa- 
rik).  A  celebrated  Czech  philologist,  historian, 
and  philosopher;  born  at  Kobelarova,  in  the 
county  of  Gomor  in  Hungary,  May  13,  1795: 
died  at  Prague,  June  26,  1861.  He  began  ai 
an  early  age  to  collect  Slavic  folk-songs  (pub 
lished  1823-27).  He  translated  into  his  native 
tongue  the,'  Clouds'  of  Aristophanes,  and  Schil- 
ler's '  Mary  Stuart*  (1815).  His  principal  work 
is  'Slavic  Antiquities*  (1837).  His  'Ground 
Principles  of  Old-Czechish  Grammar*  (1845) 
marked  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  the  Czech 
language.  He  wrote  also :  '  Flistory  of  the 
Slavic  Language  and  Literature*  (1826);  'The 
Most  Ancient  Monuments  of  the  Bohemian 
Language'  (1840). 

Schaflf,  Philip  (shaf).  A  distinguished  Amer- 
ican Presbyterian  theologian ;  born  at  Coire, 
Switzerland,  Jan.  I,  1819  ;  died  in  New  York, 
Dec.  20,  1893.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1844,  and  until  1863  held  the  professorship  of 
church  history  at  Mercersburg,  Pa.  In  1873  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  sacred  literature 
in  Union  Seminary,  New  York.  He  pub- 
lished :  'Principles  of  Protestantism' ;  <  His- 
tory of  the  Christian  Church '  ;  <  Creeds  of 
Christendom  '  ;  '  Theological  Propaedeutics  > ; 
'Christ  and  Christianity';  'Critical  Edition  of 
the  Heidelberg  Catechism ' ;  '  Bible  Revision  * ; 
'  Through  Bible  Lands  * ; '  Progress  of  Religious 
Freedom  * ;  '  Church  and  State  in  the  United 
States  * ;  '  The  Person  of  Christ  * ;  '  Literature 
and  Poetry' ;  <  A  Companion  to  the  Greek  Testa- 
ment and  the  English  Version';  etc.  He  edited 
the  Schaff-Herzog  <  Encyclopedia  of  Religious 
Knowledge  ';  'Lange's  Commentary'  ;  etc. 

Schandorph,  Sophus  (shan''dorf).  A  Danish 
poet  and  story-writer ;  bom  at  Ringsted,  May 
8,  1837  ;  died  at  Fredericksberg,  January  i, 
1901,      His  earl)  poems  were    an    echo  of  the 


SCHEFER—  SCHILLER 


483 


old  Romance  poel.y;  and  his  dramatic  poem 
'Out  in  the  Forest*  (1868)  has  a  like  inspi- 
ration. But  his  native  talent  was  awakened  in 
1872,  chiefly  by  the  lectures  of  Georg  Brandes, 
and  thenceforth  he  was  a  pronounced  realist. 
The  first  fruits  of  the  change  to  realism  are 
seen  in  <From  the  Provinces*  (1876),  a  collec- 
tion of  short  tales,  which  were  followed  by 
'Youthful  Days>  (1879);  'Little  Folk*  (1880); 
<  Story  of  Thomas  Fris  >  ( 1881 ) ;  <  Reminiscences  > 
(1889);  'William  Yang's  Student  Years >  (1894). 

Scbefer,  Leopold  (sha'fer).  A  German  poet 
and  story- writer ;  born  at  Muskau,  Silesia, 
July  30,  1784;  died  there,  Feb.  16,  1862.  From 
1816  to  1820  he  traveled  in  Austria,  Italy, 
Greece,  the  Ionian  Islands,  Turkey,  and  Asia 
Minor,  and  then  began  to  publish  his  long  series 
of  stories.  Among  them  are :  <  The  Countess 
Ufeld>  (1834); '  Many  Men,  Many  Minds  >  (1840), 
a  story  of  witchcraft ;  '  Divine  Comedy  at  Rome  > 
(2d  ed.  1842);  'The  Sibyl  of  Mantua >  (1852), 
a  pointed  satire  on  the  modern  conventicle. 
His  chief  poetical  works  are:  'Vigils*  (1842); 
'The  Layman's  Breviary*  (1834;  l8th  ed.  1884); 
'The  Secular  Priest*  (1846);  in  these  the  tone  is 
moral  and  religious,  leaning  toward  pantheism  ; 
'Hafiz  in  Hellas,  by  a  Hadji*  (1853). 

Scheffel,  Joseph  Viktor  von  (shef'ei).  A 
prominent  German  poet  and  novelist ;  born  at 
Karlsruhe,  Feb.  16,  1826;  died  April  9,  1886. 
In  1854  he  published  his  famous  epic  poem, 
'  The  Trumpeter  of  Sackingen.*  The  historical 
novel  '  Ekkehard  *  came  out  in  1855.  <  Gaude- 
amus*  (1868)  is  a  collection  of  lyrics,  many  of 
which  became  favorite  student  songs.  '  Mount- 
ain Psalms*  (1870)  is  a  collection  of  poems. 

Schelling,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Joseph  von 

(shel'ling).  A  celebrated  German  thinker,  one 
of  the  four  chief  metaphysical  philosophers  of 
Germany ;  born  at  Leonberg,  Wiirtemberg,  Jan. 
27,  1775 ;  died  at  the  Ragaz  baths,  Switzerland, 
Aug.  20,  1854.  His  system  was  at  first  one  of 
idealistic  pantheism,  akin  to  those  of  Fichte 
and  Hegel ;  later  his  views  were  interpreted  as 
furnishing  a  philosophic  basis  for  Christianity. 
He  had  high  poetic  gifts.  His  works  include : 
'On  the  Possibility  of  a  Form  of  Philosophy* 
(1794);  'On  the  Ego  as  the  Principle  of  Phi- 
losophy' (1795);  'Ideas  for  a  Philosophy  of 
Nature*  (1797);  'On  the  Soul  of  the  World* 
(1798);  'First  Sketch  of  a  System  of  the  Phi- 
losophy of  Nature*  (1799);  'System  of  Tran- 
scendental Idealism*  (1800);  'Bruno;  or.  The 
Divine  and  Natural  Principle  of  Things*  (1802); 
'Philosophy  and  Religion*  (1804);  'On  the 
Relation  of  Art  to  Nature*  (1807);  'Philosophic 
Researches  on  the  Essence  of  Human  Liberty* 
(1809).  Four  posthumous  volumes  are  of  great 
importance :  '  Introduction  to  the  Philosophy 
of  Mythology*  (1856);  'Philosophy  of  Mythol- 
ogy* (1857); 'Philosophy  of  Revelation,*  in  two 
divisions,  each  separately  published  in    1858. 

Schenkendorf,  Max  von  (shenk'en-dorf).  A 
German  poet;  bom  at  Tilsit,  Dec.  11,  1783;  died 
Dec.  II,  1817.  He  was  educated  as  a  lawyer  at 
the  University  of  Konigsberg ;  he  practiced  his 


profession  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  in 
1813,  when  he  joined  the  Prussian  army,  and 
with  his  stirring  war-songs  inspired  his  comrades. 
His  'Gedichte*  (1815J  is  a  collection  of  these 
songs. 

Scherenberg,  Ernst  (sha'ren-berc).  A  Ger- 
man poet;  born  at  Swinemiinde,  July  21,  1839. 
His  first  volume  was  a  collection  of  poems, 
'From  the  Heart's  Depths*  (i860),  which  was 
followed  by  the  cycle  'Banished*  ( i86i  ), 
'Storms  in  Springtide*  (1865),  etc.  He  wrote 
also  the  character  sketches  '  Prince  Bismarck ' 
(1885),  and  'Emperor  William*  (1888);  and 
the  dramatic  poem  'Gennania*  (1886).  He 
published  in  1874  an  anthology, '  Against  Rome  ; 
Voices  of  German  Poets.* 

Scherer,  Edmond  (sha-rar').  A  French  es- 
sayist and  critic  of  celebrity ;  born  in  Paris, 
April  8,  1815 ;  died  at  Versailles,  March  16, 
1889.  He  first  attracted  general  attention  in 
i860  with  a  volume  entitled  '  Miscellanies  of 
Religious  Criticism,*  containing  studies  of  Jo- 
seph de  Maistre,  Lamennais,  Le  P.  Gratry, 
Veuillot,  Taine,  Proudhon,  Renan,  and  others. 
He  has  also  written :  '  Criticism  and  Belief  * 
(1850);  'Letters  to  my  Pastor*  (1853);  'Mis- 
cellanies of  Religious  Criticism*  (i860);  'Mis- 
cellanies of  Religious  History*  (1864);  etc. 

Scherer,  Wilhelm  (sha'rer).  An  Austrian 
philologist ;  born  at  Schonbrunn,  Austria,  April 
26,  1841 ;  died  Aug.  6,  1866.  Among  his  works 
are:  'German  Studies*  (1870);  'History  01 
Poetry  in  the  Eleventh  and  Twelfth  Centuries* 
(1875);  'From  Goethe's  Youth*  (1879).  His 
famous  'History  of  German  Literature*  (1883) 
has  been  translated  into  English. 

Scherr,  Johannes  (shar).  A  German  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Hohenrechberg,  Wiirtember^', 
Oct.  3,  1817;  died  Nov.  21,  1886.  He  studied 
philosophy  and  history  at  Tiibingen ;  became 
a  prolific  writer,  and  v/?,s  an  accepted  critic  in 
German  literature.  Among  his  principal  works 
are:  'History  of  German  Literature*  (2d  ed. 
1854);  'History  of  English  Literature*  (1854; 
3d  ed.  1883);  '  Bliicher,  his  Life  and  Times*  (3 
vols.,  1862-63;  4th  ed.  1887);  <  Germaria  >  (1885). 

Schiller,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich  von 

(shil'ler).  A  great  German  poet  and  dramatist; 
born  in  Marbach  on  the  Neckar,  Nov.  10,  I7S9; 
died  at  Weimar,  May  9,  1805.  His  works  in- 
clude:  'The  Robbers*  (1780-81);  'Inquiry  into 
the  Connection  between  the  Animal  and  Spir- 
itual Nature  of  Man*  (1780-81);  'Fiesco*  (1783); 
'Love  and  Intrigue*  (1784);  'Don  Carlos' 
(1785);  'History  of  the  Revolt  of  the  Nether- 
lands from  Spanish  Rule*  (1788);  'The  Ghost 
Seer*  (1789);  'History  of  the  Thirty  Years' 
War*  (1792);  'Xenien*  (1796),  with  Goethe; 
'  Votive  Tablets  *  ( 1796) ;  '  Wallenstein's  Camp  * 
(1798);  'The  Piccolomini*  (1709);  'Wallen- 
stein's Death*  (1799);  'Maria  Stuart*  (i8cd); 
'The  Maid  of  Orleans*  (1801);  'The  Bride  of 
Messina*  (1803);  'William  Tell*  (1804);  'De- 
metrius,* a  fragment ;  and  various  short  poems, 
tales,  and  essays. 


484 


SCHLEGEL  — SCHNEIDER 


Bchlegel,  August  Wilhelm  von  (slila'gel). 
A  celebrated  German  Orientalist,  critic,  and 
poet,  son  of  J.  A.;  born  at  Hanover,  Sept.  8, 
1707;  died  l^Iay  12,  1845,  at  Bonn,  where  he 
was  professor  of  literature  in  the  university. 
His  most  notable  works  in  literary  and  art 
criticism  are :  <  Lectures  on  Dramatic  Art  and 
Literature'  (3  vols.,  1809-II),  translated  into 
nearly  all  the  languages  of  Western  Europe ; 
<On  the  Theory  and  History  of  the  Plastic 
Arts>  (1827).  in  the  field  of  Orientalism  he 
wrote  <  Reflections  on  the  Study  of  the  Asiatic 
Languages'  (1832),  and  prepared  eilitions  of  sev- 
eral Inilian  classics.  He  translated  many  of  the 
plays  of  Shakespeare,  and  made  the  English 
dramatist  a  German  classic ;  his  translations  of 
Dante,  Calderon,  Camoens,  and  other  foreign 
masters  of  literature  are  admirable  ;  his  origi- 
nal poems  show  consummate  art  and  grace  of 
form.  He  is  at  his  best  in  his  sonnets,  and  in 
the  elegy  <Rome>  (1812). 

Schlegel,  Frledrich  von.  A  distinguished 
German  critic  and  philologist,  son  of  J.  A.; 
born  at  Hanover,  March  10,  1772;  died  at  Dres- 
den, Jan.  12,  1829.  He  first  devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  Greek  antiquity,  and  in  1794  pub- 
lished his  great  essay  <  On  the  Schools  of  Gre- 
cian Poetry';  following  it  with  many  others 
of  a  like  tenor,  as  <  The  Greeks  and  Romans  > 
(1797),  and  <  History  of  Greek  and  Roman 
Poetry*  (1798).  In  his  <  Fragments*  (1798-1800) 
he  essayed  to  establish  the  theory  of  a  new 
romanticism ;  in  the  mean  time  writing  the 
uulinished  romance  <  Lucinda,*  and  a  volume 
of  <  Poems.*  To  this  period  also  belongs  his 
tragedy  <Alarcos,*  in  which  he  unsuccessfully 
sought  to  combine  romantic  and  classic  ele- 
ments. His  work  <  Language  and  Wisdom  of 
the  Indians*  (1808)  was  a  valualile  contribution 
to  the  science  of  language.  Among  his  other 
writings  are  lectures  on  <  Modern  History* 
(1811);  <  History  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Lit- 
erature* 11815);  <  Philosophy  of  Life.* 

Schlegel,  Joliann  Adolf.  A  German  poet; 
liorn  at  Meissen,  Sept.  iS,  1721  ;  died  at  Han- 
over, Sept.  16,  1793.  Of  his  poetr>-  only  a  lew 
religious  poems  remain.  He  translated  and 
published,  with  additions  of  his  own,  Batteux's 
<  Restriction  of  the  Fine  Arts  to  a  Single  Prin- 
ciple* (1759). 

Schlegel,  Johann  Ellas.  A  German  poet; 
born  at  Meissen,  Jan.  17,  1719;  died  at  Sorbe 
in  Denmark,  Aug.  13,  1749.  lie  wrote  several 
tragedies,  among  them  <  Hermann*  (the  ancient 
Teutonic  hero  Arminius)  and  *  Canute*;  ami 
two  spirited  comedies,  <  The  Triumph  of  Gmod 
Women  *  and  ♦  Mute  Beauty.* 

Schleiermacher,    Frledrich    Ernst    Daniel 

(shli'er-m;i(.'h"er).  A  noted  German  theolo- 
gian and  phiK)soi)her ;  born  at  lireslau,  Nov.  21, 
1768;  diet!  at  Berlin,  Feb.  12,  1834.  His  prin- 
ciples of  theological  criticism  are  laid  down 
in  <  Christian  Belief  according  to  the  Funda- 
mental Doctrines  of  the  Evangelical  Church* 
(2  vols.,  1821-22);  a  sequel  to  this  is  <  Christian 
Morals*  (1843);  to  show  the  consistency  of  his 


principles  with  the  teachings  of  Christ,  he 
wrote  an  'Introduction  to  the  New  Testament* 
and  a  *  Life  of  Jesus*  (1850).  Among  his  writ- 
ings on  philosophy  are:  'Dialectics*  (1830); 
<A  System  of  Ethics*  (1835);  'Psychology* 
(1835);  '/Esthetics*  (1S42). 

Schllemann,  Heinrich  (shle'miin).  A  Ger- 
man arcluvologist ;  born  at  Neubuckow  in  Meck- 
lenburg-Schwerin,  Jan.  6,  1822  ;  died  at  Naples, 
Dec.  26,  1890.  His  celebratetl  archaeological 
explorations  and  excavations  at  the  sites  of 
Troy,  Mycena?,  Orchomenos,  Tiryns,  and  other 
ancient  Hellenic  cities,  are  recorded  in  <  M3- 
ceuK*  (1877);  'Ilios*  (1S80);  'Orchomenos* 
(1881);  'Troja*  (1S83);  'Tiryns*  (1886);  'Re- 
port on  the  Excavations  at  Troy*  (1890); 
'Autobiography*  (1891). 

Schlosser,  Frledrich  Christoph  (shlos'er). 
A  German  historian  ;  born  at  Jever,  Nov.  17, 
1776;  died  at  Heidelberg,  Sept.  23,  1861.  He 
wrote:  'History  of  the  Iconoclast  Emperors 
of  the  East*  (1812);  'History  of  the  World  in 
Connected  Narrative*  (9  vols.,  1815-24);  'Gen- 
eral Historic  View  of  the  Ancient  World  and 
its  Civilization*  (9  vols.,  1826-34);  <A  Judg- 
ment of  Napoleon  and  his  Latest  Traducers 
and  Panegyrists*  (3  vols.,  1832-35). 

Schmid,  Ferdinand  von.    See  Dranmor. 

Schmidt,  Heinrich  Julian  (shmit).  A 
Prussian  journalist  and  author;  born  at  Marien- 
werder,  Prussia,  March  7,  1818;  died  in  Berlin, 
March  27,  1886.  He  is  the  author  of  <  History 
of  Romanticism  in  the  Time  of  the  Reforma- 
tion and  Revolution'  (2  vols.,  1850);  'History 
of  German  Literature  since  Lessing's  Death* 
(185S);  'History  of  Intellectual  Life  in  Ger- 
many from  Leibnitz  till  Lessing's  Death*  (1870); 
and  <  History  of  Geniian  Literature  from  Leib- 
nitz to  Our  Thne  *  (1886). 

Schmidt,  Maximilian.  A  German  storj'- 
writer ;  born  at  Eschlkam  in  Bavaria,  Feb.  25, 
1832.  He  is  the  author  of  a  ser'es  of  tales  of 
Bavarian  life,  as:  'Popular  Stiries  from  the 
Bavarian  Forest*  (4 vols.,  1863-68);  'The  Tenth 
Cc)mmandment*  (1879);  'The  Guardian  Spirit 
of  Oberammergau *  (1S81);  'The  Good  God's 
Mantle*;  'The  Golden  Saturday*  (1883);  'The 
Emmet  Witch*  (1887);  'On  the  Golden  Stair' 
(1803). 

Schneckenburger,  Max  (shnek'en-bor"ger). 
A  German  verse-wiitcr,  author  of  'The  Watch 
on  the  Rhine*;  born  at  Thalheim,  Feb.  17, 
1819;  died  at  Burgdorf  near  Bern,  May  3,  1849. 
In  the  Franco-Prussian  war  'The  Watch  on  the 
Rhine*  attained  the  rank  of  a  national  song 
and  melody ;  and  when  the  war  was  over,  an 
annual  pension  of  3,000  marks  ($750)  was  set- 
tleil  on  his  surviving  family,  and  also  on  the 
composer  of  the  melody,  Karl  Wilhelm. 

Schneider,  Louis  (shni'der),  A  German  actor 
and  author;  born  at  Berlin,  April  29,  1S05 ;  died 
at  Potsdam,  Dec.  16,  1878.  For  almost  30  years 
he  was  one  of  the  foremost  actors  of  comedy 
on  the  German  stage.    Besides  a  number  of 


SCHOMBURGK  —  SCHULZE  -  DELITZSCH 


485 


novels  and  tales  of  life  on  the  stage,  he  wrote 
many  successful  farces;  among  them  <The 
Student  on  his  Travels,>  <The  Offer  of  Mar- 
riage in  Helgoland,)  <The  Orchestra  Leader 
of  Venice.)  He  wrote  also  <  King  William : 
an  Account  of  his  Military  Life>  (1869);  and 
two  other  works,  entitled  <  Emperor  William, 
1867-71  >  (1875),  and  <  From  the  Life  of  Em- 
peror William,  1849-73 >  (t,  vols.,  1888).  He 
accompanied  William  during  the  campaign  in 
France. 

Schomburgk,  Sir  Robert  Hermann  (sliom^- 
berk  ^rshom'bork).  An  English  geographical 
explorer,  whose  name  has  been  made  familiar 
through  the  recent  Venezuela  boundary  contro- 
versy ;  born  at  Freiburg  on  tlie  Unstrut,  June  5, 
1804;  died  at  Schoneberg  near  Berlin,  March 
II,  1865.  lie  was  commissioned  by  the  British 
government  to  explore  British  Guiana  in  1835, 
and  after  four  years  spent  in  that  labor  re- 
turned to  England;  he  revisited  the  country  in 
1840,  and  remained  there  till  1845.  His  writings 
are:  < Description  of  British  Guiana>  (1840); 
< Twelve  Views  of  the  Interior  of  Guiana* 
(1841).  His  brother  Richard  (1811-91)  accom- 
panied him  on  liis  second  voyage,  and  wrote 
•Travels  in  (Jruiana  and  on  the  Oriin^co*  (1841). 

Scboolcraft,  Henry  Rowe.  An  American 
ethnologist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  noted  as  an 
Indian  authority ;  bf)rn  in  Albany  County,  N.  Y., 
March  28,  1793;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
Dec.  10,  1864.  Tiiirty  years  of  Ills  life  he  spent 
among  the  Indians,  and  througli  him  many 
laws  were  enacted  for  their  protection.  Among 
his  numerous  publications  are  :  'Travels  in  the 
Central  Borticms  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  * 
(1825);  <  Indian  Melodies,*  a  poem  (1830);  <  The 
Man  of  Bronze*  (1834);  <Algic  Researches,*  a 
book  of  Indian  allegories  and  legends  (1839); 
and  <The  Indian  and  his  Wigwam*  (1848). 

Schopenliauer,  Arthur  (.shr)'pen-hou"er).  A 
celebrated  German  philosopher;  born  at  Dant- 
zic,  Feb.  22,  1788;  died  at  Frankfort  on  the 
Main,  September  i860.  The  first  great  work  in 
his  system  of  jiiiilosophical  doctrine,  <  The 
World  as  Will  and  Representation*  (1819;  8th 
ed.  1891),  was  in  great  part  written  while  he 
was  still  a  student  at  Jena.  His  other  princi- 
pal writings  are :  <  The  Fourfold  Root  of  the 
Principle  of  the  Sufficient  Cause*  (1813;  5th 
ed.  1891);  <On  Vision  and  Colors*  (1816;  3d 
ed.  1870);  <The  Two  Fundamental  Problems  of 
Ethics'  (1841  ;  4th  ed.  1894);  *  I'arerga  and  Para- 
lipomena*  (1851;  7th  ed.  1891),  a  collection  of 
his   minor   writings;    and    (postlmmously)    his 

<  MS.  Remains*  and  his  < Correspondence  with 
Johann  August  Becker*  (1883). 

Schouler,  James  (.sko'ler).  An  American 
historian;  born  at  Arlington,  Mass.,  March  20, 
1839.  He  graduated  at  Harvard;  practiced 
law,  and  served  in  the  army  during  the  Civil 
War.     He    is    author    of   legal    text-books   on 

<  Domestic  Relations  > ;  <  Personal  Property  * ; 
♦Bailments*;  < Wills';  'Executors  and  Admin- 
istrators.* His  best-known  works  are  'His- 
tory of  the  United  States  under  tjie  Constitution  ' 


(5  vols.,  1880-91),  and  'Constitutional  Studies* 
(1896);  'Eighty  Years  of  Union*  (1904)- 

ScLreiner,  Olive  (shri'ner).  A  South-African 
novelist;  born  in  Basutoland,  1863.  She  is  the 
daughter  of  a  Lutheran  minister,  and  was  married 
in  1894,  to  Rev.  S.  C.  Cronwright,  an  Eng- 
lishman of  tiie  colony.  She  published  her  first 
and  most  noted  l)ook,  'The  Story  of  an  African 
Farm,'  under  the  pseudonym  "  Ralph  Iron'*  atthe 
age  of  twenty  ;  <  I  )reams  >  ( 1890);  'Uream  Life  and 
Real  Life'  (1893)  ;  and  '  Trooper  Peter  Halkct' 
(iS()7);  <  An  r'-nglish  .South  African's  Views.' 

Scliubart,  Christian  Friedrich  Daniel 
(sho'bart).  A  German  poet;  bom  at  Ober- 
sontiieim,  March  24,  1739;  died  at  Stuttgart, 
Oct.  10,  1791.  Among  his  lyrics  are  :  '  Witch- 
eries'  (1766);  'Death  Songs*  (1767);  ^The 
Tomb  of  tiic  Princes ' ;  <  Ode  on  Frederick  the 
Great.* 

Schubert,  Gotthilf  Heinrlch  von  (sho'licrt). 
A  German  pliilo.sopher ;  born  at  llolienstcin. 
Saxony,  April  26,  1780;  died  at  Municli,  July 
I,  i860.  Among  his  works  are:  'Inklings  of 
a  General  History  of  Life*  (1806);  'Views  of 
tile  Night  Side  of  Natural  Science*  (1808); 
'Symbolism  of  Dreams'  (1814);  'The  Primor- 
dial World  and  tiic  Fixed  Stars'  (1822);  'Hi.s- 
tory  of  the  Soul'  (1830);  'Old  and  New  con- 
cerning the  Inner  Life  of  the  Soul*  (5  vol.s., 
1817-44);  'Ailings  and  Perturbations  of  the 
Human  Soul'  (1845). 

Schiicking,  Christoph  Bernhard  Levin 
(shiik'ing).  A  German  novelist;  born  at  Clem- 
enswerth,  Sept.  6,  1814 ;  died  at  Pyrmont,  Aug. 
31,  1883.  Among  his  numerous  works  are:  'A 
Castle  by  the  Sea'  (1843);  a  volume  of  'Po- 
ems* (1846);  <A  Son  of  the  People*  (1849); 
'The  Peasants'  Prince*  (1851);  'Luther  at 
Rcnne*  (1870);  'Saints  and  Knights*  (1873); 
'Life  Recollections*  (1886). 

Schiicking,  Luise.  A  German  novelist  and 
dramatist,  wife  of  Levin;  born  (Von  Gall) 
1815;  died  1855.  She  wrote  the  comedy  'A 
Bad  Con.science*  (1842);  'Stories  for  Ladies' 
(1845);  'Against  the  Current*  (1851);  'The  New 
Crusader  Knight*  (1853). 

Schulz,  Eduard.    See  Ferrand. 

Schulz,  Johann  Abraham  Peter  (sholts). 
A  German  musical  composer  and  song-writer  > 
born  at  Liinebuig,  March  30,  1747;  died  at 
Schwedt,  June  10,  1800.  Among  the  most  pop- 
ular of  his  songs  are:  'On  the  Rhine,  On  the 
Rhine*;  '  Lo,  the  Heavens,  How  Clear*;  'Last 
Hour  of  the  Year.'  His  oratorios  and  choruses, 
his  songs  from  Racine's 'Athalie,*  and  his  operas 
'Minona*  and  'Aline,*  rank  among  the  best 
productions  of  his  time. 

Schulze,  Ernst  (sholts'e).  A  German  poet; 
born  at  Celle,  March  22,  1789 ;  died  there,  June 
29,  1817.  He  wrote  an  epic  romance,  'Cecilia* 
(1818);  'The  Magic  Rose*  (1818),  a  romantic 
narrative  poem,  his  best  work;  'Miscellaneous 
I'ocnis*  (1820). 

Schulze-Delitzsch,  Hermann  ( sholts' 6- 
d.il'icli).      A  Cierman  social  economist;  born 


486 


SCHUMANN  —  SCOTT 


at  Delitzsch,  Aug.  29,  1808;  died  at  Potsdam, 
April  29,  1883.  He  wrote:  < Chapters  of  a 
German  Working^nan's  Catechism  >  (1863),  an 
anti-socialist  tract;  <  The  Laboring  Classes 
and  Associationism  in  Germany  >  (2d  ed.  1863); 

<  Monev-Advance  and  Credit  Associations  as 
People's  Banks >  (5th  ed.  1876). 

Schwinanji.  Eobert  (shb'man).  A  noted 
German  songwright,  composer,  and  musical 
critic;  born  at  Zwickau,  Saxony,  July  8,  1810; 
died  At  Endenich  near  Bonn,  July  29,  1856.  He 
was  "Educated  at  Heidelberg;  in  1843  became 
professor  of  composition  in  the  conser^-atory 
of  Leipsic;  and  in  1850  musical  director  at 
Di'sseldorf.  While  engaged  in  that  place  he 
became  insane.  His  works  include  almost 
every  art  form  except  oratorio.  He  wrote  four 
symphon'es,  several  cantatas,  an  opera,  a  mass, 
sonatas,  concertos,  quartets  for  strings  and  also 
for  voices,  pieces  for  the  piano,  the  organ,  and 
a  number  of  songs.  His  <  Collected  Writings 
on  Music  and  Musicians*  appeared  in  1854. 

ScliiArman,  Jacob  Gould.  President  of  Cor- 
nell University;  bom  in  Freetown,  Prince  Ed- 
ward's Island,  May  22,  1854.  He  won  the  Gil- 
chist  Dominion  scholarship,  1875 ;  graduated 
at  London  University,  1S77 ;  was  professor  of 
philc-sophy  in  Acadia  College,  1S80-82 ;  in 
Dalliousie  College,  Halifax,  18S2-86.  He  be- 
came professor  of  philosophy  at  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, and  has  been  president  since  1892.  He 
has  published:  <  Kantian  Ethics>  (1881),  <  The 
Ethical    Import    of    Darwinism'    (18S7),    and 

<  Agnosticism  and  Religion  >;  and  contributed 
to  many  reviews,  essays  on  important  subjects. 

Schurz,  Carl  (shorts).  A  German-American 
journalist  and  statesman  of  eminence  ;  born  near 
Cologne,  Prussia,  March  2, 1829.  His  most  famous 
speeches  published  1865  contain:  <  The  Irrepres- 
sible Conflict)  (1858);  (The  Doom  of  Slavery) 
(i860);  <  The  Abolition  of  Slavery  as  a  War  Meas- 
ure' (1862);  and  <  Eulogy  on  Charles  Sumner  > 
(1874).  He  wrote  a  <  Life  of  Henry  Clay  >  (1887); 
and  an  essay,  <  Abraham  Lincoln.'  His 'Auto- 
biography' (published  1908)  is  very  interesting. 
L)ied  May  14.  1906. 

Schuyler,  Eugene.  An  American  writer  of 
note ;  born  in  Ithaca,  X.  Y.,  Feb.  26,  1840 ;  died 
in  Cairo,  Egypt,  July  iS,  1890.  He  was  United 
States  secretary  of  legation  at  St.  Petersburg 
(1870-76);  secretarj'  of  legation  and  consul- 
general  at  Constantinople  (1876-78);  and  min- 
ister to  Greece  (1882-84).     His  works  include: 

<  Turkestan :  Notes  of  a  Journey  in  Russian 
Turkestan,  Khokand,  Bokhara,  and  Kuldja' 
(1876);  < Peter  the  Great,  Emperor  of  Russia' 
(2  vols.,  1884);  and  ^American  Diplomacy  and 
the  Furtherance  of  Commerce'  (1886). 

Schwab,  Gustav  (shvab).  A  German  poet 
and  philosophical  writer ;  bom  in  Stuttgart,  June 
19,  1792;  died  Nov.  4,  1850.  His  poems  exhibit 
purity  and  feeling.  Many  of  his  ballads  be- 
came ver)-  popular.  His  < Poems'  appeared  in 
2  vols.,  1828^29 ;  a  second  revised  edition,  <  New 
Collection,'  in  1838.  The  best  of  his  prose 
works  is  the    Life  of  Schiller'  (1840). 


Schwartz,  Marie  Sophie  (shvartz).  A  Swed- 
ish novelist ;  bom  at  Boras,  July  4,  1819 ;  died 
at  Stockholm,  May  7,  1894.  Her  stories  deal 
for  the  most  part  with  the  problems  of  labor; 
among  them  are:  'Labor  Ennobles'  (1859); 
<The  Nobleman's  Daughter'  (i860);  < Birth  and 
Breeding'  (1861);  'Changing  Fortunes'  (1871); 
<A  Child  of  the  Time'  (1873). 

Schwatka,  Frederick  (shwat'ka).  An  Amen 
ican  geographical  explorer;  bom  at  Galena, 
III,  Sept.  29,  1849;  died  at  Portland,  Or.,  Nov. 
2,  1892.  He  graduated  from  West  Point  in 
187 1 ;  commanded  an  expedition  in  search  of 
relics  of  Sir  John  Franklin's  party,  1878-80 ; 
made  two  tours  of  exploration  in  Alaska  (1883 
and  1886).  Among  his  writings  are:  'Along 
Alaska's  Great  River'  (1885);  'Nimrod  in  the 
North'  (1885);  'The  Children  of  the  Cold' 
(1886). 

Schwegler,  Albert  (shveg'ler).  A  German 
philosopher  and  theologian ;  bom  at  Michel- 
bach,  WUrtemberg,  Feb.  10,  1819 ;  died  at 
Tubingen,  Jan.  5,  1857.  His  best-known  work 
is  his  'History  of  Philosophy'  (1848;  nth  ed. 
18S2).  It  has  been  translated  into  most  Euro- 
pean languages ;  into  English  by  J.  H.  Seelye 
in  America  (1856),  and  by  J.  H.  Stirling  in  Eng- 
land (1867).  His  'History  of  Greek  Philoso- 
phy' was  published  in  1859. 

Schweinfurth,  Georg  August  (shvln'fort). 
A  Russian  explorer;  born  at  Riga,  "^ec.  29, 
1836.  He  studied  at  Heidelberg,  jNIunich,  and 
Berlin.  He  investigated  the  flora  and  fauna 
of  the  valley  of  the  Nile  (1864-66),  and  is  the 
author  of  'Nile  Vegetation'  (1862);  'Contri- 
bution to  the  Flora  of  Ethiopia '  (1867) ;  '  Re- 
liquiae Kotschyaras'  (1868);  'In  the  Heart  of 
Africa'  (2  vols.,  1874). 

Scollard,  Clinton.  An  American  poet ;  bom 
in  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  18,  1861.  In  1888  he 
was  made  assistant  professor  of  rhetoric  at 
Hamilton  College,  and  later  professor  of  Eng- 
lish literature.  Among  his  publications  are : 
'Pictures  in  Song'  (1884);  'With  Reed  and 
Lyre'  (1886);  'Old  and  New  World  Lyrics' 
(1888);  'Giovio  and  Gilulia'  (1891);  'Songs  of 
Sunrise  Lands'  (1892);  'The  Lutes  of  Mom'; 
'  The  Cloistering  of  Ursula  ' ;  '  Easter  Song.' 

Scott,  Alexander.  A  Scotch  poet;  bom 
about  1525 ;  died  about  1584 ;  "  the  Anacreon 
of  old  Scotch  poetr}-."  Of  his  writings  thirty- 
six  short  poems  remain ;  the  most  important  of 
these  are  'A  New  Yeir  Gift  to  Quene  Mary' 
and  '  The  Justing  at  the  Drum.' 

Scott,  Andrew.  A  Scottish  poet;  bom  in 
Bowden,  Roxburghshire,  1757 ;  died  there,  May 
22,  1839.  He  served  in  the  British  army  in 
this  countrj'  during  the  Revolution,  and  was 
with  Comwallis  at  the  surrender  of  Yorktown. 
While  he  was  encamped  on  Staten  Island  he 
wrote  his  noted  verses  <  Betsey  Roscoe '  and 
'  The  Oak-Tree.'  After  the  war  he  returned 
to  his  native  land,  and  published  <  Poems, 
Chiefly  in  the  Scottish  Dialect'  (l8ll),  and 
< Poems  on  Various  Subjects'  {i826). 


SCOTT  — SCRIBE 


487 


Scott,  Clement  William.  An  English  dram- 
atist and  critic;  born  at  London,  1841.  He 
wrote:  <Lays  of  a  Londoner >  (1882);  <Lays 
and   Legends  >  (1888);  the  dramas  <The   Cape 

]Mail,>  <()dette,>  and  <  Sister  Mary.>     Died  1904. 

Scott,  Duncan  Campbell.  A  Canadian  poet ; 
born  at  Ottawa,  Ont.,  1862.  He  is  author  of 
<The  Magic  House'  (1893). 

Scott,  Frederick  George.  A  Canadian  verse- 
writer  ;  born  1861.  He  wrote :  <  The  Soul's 
Quest>  (1888);  <My  Lattice,  and  Other  Poems > 
(1894)- 

Scott,  Lydia,  Lady.  An  English  miscella- 
neous writer.  Besides  stories,  as  <  Flirtation,* 
<  Marriage  in  High  Life,>  and  <  The  Henpecked 
Husband'  (1848),  she  wrote:  <  Exposition  of 
the  Types  and  Antitypes  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament'  (1856);  incentives  to  Bible  Study' 
(i860);  <The  Dream  of  a  Life'  (1862). 

Scott,  Michael.  A  Scottish  philosopher  of 
the  13th  century.  Of  his  life  little  is  known. 
His  nationality  even  is  in  doubt :  the  Italians 
and  the  Spaniards  claimed  him  as  their  coun- 
tryman as  well  as  the  Scots.  His  great  learn- 
ing won  for  him  the  reputation  of  being  a 
magician.  His  acquaintance  with  Arabic  en- 
abled him  to  translate  into  Latin  the  works  of 
Avicenna  and  Averroes,  and  the  Arabic  ver- 
sions of  Aristotle  with  the  commentaries  of 
Averroes.  His  own  writings  treat  of  astrology, 
alchemy,  and  the  occult  sciences  in  general ; 
among  them  are  treatises  <On  the  Sun  and 
Moon,'  <0n  Palmistry,'  <On  Physiognomy  and 
Human  Procreation.' 

Scott,  Patrick.  A  British  poet,  author  of 
'Oriental  Musings,  and  Other  Poems'  (1840); 
<Love  in  the  Moon,'  a  poem  (1852);  <  Thomas 
i  Becket,  and  Other  Poems'  (1853);  < Foot- 
paths between  Two  Worlds,  and  Other  Poems ' 
(1859). 

Scott,  Sir  Walter.  The  celebrated  Scotch 
novelist  and  poet ;  born  in  Edinburgh,  Aug. 
15,  1771 ;  died  at  Abbotsford,  Sept.  21,  1832. 
He  wrote  :  <Disputatio  Juridica'  (1792),  a  legal 
thesis;  <The  Chase'  (1796),  comprising  trans- 
lations from  the  German ;  <  Goetz  of  Berlich- 
ingen'  (1799),  ^  translation  from  Goethe; 
<Apology  for  Tales  of  Terror'  (1799);  <  The 
Eve  of  St.  John:  A  Border  Ballad'  (1800); 
'Ballads'  (1801);  'Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish 
Border'  (1802-3);  *Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel' 
(1805);  'Ballads  and  Lyrical  Pieces'  (1806), 
reprints  of  various  poems;  'Marmion'  (1808); 
'Life  of  Dryden'  (no  date);  'The  Lady  of 
the  Lake'  (1810);  'Vision  of  Don  Roderick' 
(1811);  'Rokeby'  (1813);  'The  Bridal  of  Trier- 
main'  (1813);  'Abstract  of  Eyrbiggia  Saga' 
(1814);  'Waverley'  (1814);  'Life  of  Swift' 
(1814),  prefixed  to  Works;  'The  Lord  of  the 
Isles'  (1815);  'Guy  Mannering'  (1815);  'The 
Field  of  Waterloo'  (1815);  'Paul's  Letters  to 
his  Kinsfolk'  (1815);  'The  Antiquary'  (1816); 
'Tales of  my  Landlord,  Collected  and  Arranged 
by  Jedediah  Cleishbotham  :  The  Black  Dwarf, 
Old  Mortality'  (1817,  really  1816);  'Harold  the 


Dauntless'  (1817);  'The  Search  after  Happi- 
ness' (1817);  'Rob  Roy'  (1818);  'Tales  of 
my  Landlord,  2d  series:  Heart  of  Midlothian' 
(1818);  'Tales  of  my  Landlord,  3d  series: 
The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  A  Legend  of 
Montrose'  (1819);  'Description  of  the  Regalia 
of  Scotland'  (1819);  'Ivanhoe'  (1820);  'The 
Monastery'  (1820J;  'The  Abbot'  (1820);  'Ken- 
ilworth'  (1821);  'Account  of  George  III.'s 
Coronation'  (1821);  'The  Pirate'  (1822J;  '  Hal- 
idon  Hill'  (1822);  'The  Fortunes  of  Nigel' 
(1822);  'Peverilof  the  Peak'  (1822);  'Quentin 
Durward'  (1823);  'St.  Ronan's  Well'  (1824); 
'  Redgauntlet '  (1824);  'Tales  of  the  Crusa- 
ders: The  Betrothed,  The  Talisman'  (1825); 
'Thoughts  on  the  Proposed  Change  of  Cur- 
rency' (1826J;  'Woodstock'  (1826);  'Life  of 
Napoleon  Buonaparte,  Emperor  of  the  French, 
with  a  Preliminary  View  of  the  French  Rev- 
olution' (1827);  'Chronicles  of  the  Canon- 
gate  :  The  Two  Drovers,  The  Highland  Widow, 
The  Surgeon's  Daughter'  (1827);  'Tales  of 
a  Grandfather'  (ist  series,  1828;  2d  series, 
1829;  3d  series,  Scotland,  1830 ;  4th  series, 
France,  1830);  'Chronicles  of  the  Canongate, 
2d  series :  St.  Valentine's  Day ;  or.  The  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth'  (1828 J;  'My  Aunt  Margaret's 
Mirror,'  'The  Tapestried  Chamber,'  and  'The 
Laird's  Jock,'  in  the  Keepsake  (1828);  'Reli- 
gious Discourses,  by  a  Layman'  (1828);  'Anne 
of  Geierstein'  (1829);  'History  of  Scotland' 
(1830);  'Demonology  and  Witchcraft'  (1830); 
'House  of  Aspen,'  in  the  Keepsake  (1830); 
<  Doom  of  Devorgoil :  Auchindrane,  or  the  Ayr- 
shire Tragedy'  (1830);  'Essays  on  Ballad 
Poetry'  (1830);  'Tales  of  my  Landlord,  4th 
series :  Count  Robert  of  Paris,  Castle  Danger- 
ous' (1832);  and  many  articles  for  the  Edin- 
burgh and  Quarterly  reviews,  historical  essays, 
etc. 

Scott,  William  Bell.  A  Scottish  poet ;  bom 
near  Edinburgh,  Sept.  12,  181 1 ;  died  Nov.  22, 
1890.  He  was  a  distinguished  painter  and  ar- 
chaeologist. He  published  :  <  Hades,  and  Other 
Poems'  (1839);  'The  Year  of  the  World:  A 
Philosophical  Poem'  (1846);  a  'Memoir'  of  his 
brother  David  (1850);  antiquarian  'Gleanings 
in  the  North  of  England'  (1849-51);  'Chorea 
Sancti  Viti '  (1851);  'Poems'  (1854);  another 
volume  of  'Poems'  (1875). 

Scotu3  Erigena,  Joannes  (sko'tus  e-rij'en-a). 
A  renowned  mediaeval  philosopher  of  the  9th 
century.  He  was  an  Irishman,  as  indicated  by 
the  surnames  Scotus  (which  in  that  age  meant 
Irish)  and  Erigena  (of  Irish  extraction).  His 
life  seems  to  have  been  passed  mostly  in 
France.  He  was  a  Platonist  rather  than  an 
Aristotelian.  His  greatest  work  is  'Of  the 
Division  of  Nature,'  in  which  he  holds  for 
the  identity  of  philosophy  and  religion,  and 
repels  the  claim  of  authority  in  matters  of  re- 
ligious belief. 

Scribe,  Augustin  Eugene  (skreb).  A  French 
dramatist ;  born  in  Paris,  Dec.  24,  1791 ;  died  Feb. 
20,  1861.  For  nearly  forty  years  he  was  the 
most  conspicuous  playwright  living.    His  works 


488 


SCUDDER  — SEELY 


are  seldom  placed  upon  the  stage  now.  His 
collected  <a£uvres>  (76  vols.,  issued  1874-85) 
contain  all  his  works,  which  include  novels  as 
well  as  plays. 

Scudder,  Horace  Elisha.  An  American  man 
of  letters  and  historian  ;  born  in  Boston,  Oct.  16, 
1S3S  ;  died  at  Cambridge,  Jan.  Ii,  1902.  He  was 
lor  some  years  editor  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly. 
He  published:  <  Seven  Little  People  and  their 
Friends  > ;  <  Dream  Children  >;  <  Stories  from  my 
Attic  >;  <  The  Dwellers  in  Five  Sisters'  Court  > ; 

<  Boston  Town  >  ;  <  A  History  of  the  United 
States  > ;  <  The  Book  of  Fables  > ;  < The  Book  of 
Folk    Stories  >  ;  <  Fables    and    Folk    Stories  >  ; 

<  George  Washington  :  An  Historical  Biogra- 
phy '  ;^<  Men  and  Letters  >  ;  <  Childhood  in  Lit- 
erature    and    Art  > ;     <  The    Bodley    Books  > ; 

<  James  Russell  Lowell :  A  Biography  > 
(1 901);  etc. 

Scud6ry,  Georges  de  Iskii-der-e')-  A  French 
poet,  brother  of  Madeleine ;  born  at  Havre, 
1601 ;  died  at  Paris,  May  14,  1667.  He  wrote 
many  dramas,  all  now  forgotten  with  the  pos- 
sible exception  of  <  Tyrannic  Love.>  His  epic 
of  'Alaric'  (1654)  was  severely  scored  by  Boi- 
leau  for  its  bombastic  style. 

Scudery,  Madeleine.  A  French  novelist; 
burn  at  Havre,  1607 ;  died  at  Paris,  June  2,  1701. 
I  ler  stories  were  greatly  admired  in  their  day ; 
l)Ut  they  are  now  found  monotonous  and  bom- 
bastic. This  <<  new  Sappho's  *>  most  celebrated 
work  is  <  Artamenes ;  or.  The  Great  Cyrus  > 
(10  vols.,  1649-58),  in  which  the  author's  con- 
temporaries figure  under  ancient  names.  She 
also  wrote  <  Ibrahim  >  and  <  Cldlie,>  romances. 
Besides  novels  she  wrote  <  Conversations  > ; 
*  Fables*;  <  Light  Verses.* 

Sealsfield,  Charles,  alias  of  Karl  Anton 
Postl.  An  Austrian  novelist  and  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  at  Poppitz  in  Moravia,  March  3, 
1793 ;  died  near  Soleure,  May  26,  1864.  He 
lived  in  the  United  States  under  the  name  of 
Charles  Sealsfield,  1822-26,  and  again  1827-30. 
1  le  wrote  :  <  Sketches  of  Transatlantic  Travel  > 
(1834);  <Life  Pictures  from  Both  Hemispheres  > 
(1835).  Among  his  novels  are:  <Tokeah;  or. 
The  White  Rose'  (1828);  <Virey  and  the  Aris- 
tocrats >  (1834);  <  German-American  Elective 
Affinities)  (1839). 

Seawell,  Molly  Elliot.  An  An.erican  nov- 
elist and  essayist;  born  in  Virginia,  i860. 
She  has  published  :  <  The  Sprightly  Romance 
of  Marsac>;  <Hale  Weston*;  < Twelve  Naval 
Captains*  (1897);  and  others. 

Secundus,  Johannes  (sa-kon'dos).  A  Dutch 
poet;  born  at  The  Hague,  November  1511  ;  died 
Rt  Utrecht,  probably  1536.  His  best-known 
'\'ork  is  <  Kisses*  (1539),  consisting  of  amatory 
poems.  His  < Poetical  Works*  were  published 
by  his  brother  in  1541. 

Secundus,  Publius  Pomponius.     A  Roman 

poet,  who  lived  in  tin-  fir.st  century  of  our  era. 
Tacitus  speaks  of  lijs  tragedies  in  the  highest 
terms,  as  does  also  yuintilian.    The  elder  Pliny 


wrote    his   <  Life  *   in   two   books.     Only  frag- 
ments of  Secundus's  works  remain. 

Sedaine,  Michel  Jean  (sed-an').  A  French 
playwriglit;  born  at  Paris,  July  4,  1719;  died 
there.  May  17,  1797.  He  is  regarded  as  the 
originator  of  comic  opera.  Among  his  works 
are  the  comic  operas :  <  Playing  the  Deuce  * ; 
<The  King  and  the  Farmer*;  <  Richard  Cceur 
de  Lion  * ;  <Aline,  Queen  of  Golconda.*  His 
comedies  <  The  Philosopher  without  Knowing 
It>  (1765)  and  <The  Unexpected  Wager*  (1768) 
won  for  him  membership  of  the  Academy; 
they  have  still  a  place  in  the  repertoire  of 
French  theatres. 

Sedgwick,  Catbarine  Maria.  An  Ameri- 
can novelist ;  born  at  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  Dec. 
28,  1789;  died  near  Roxbury,  Mass.,  July  3I, 
1867.  She  wrote :  <A  New  England  Tale  * 
(1822);  (Redwood*  (1824);  <The  Traveler* 
(1825);  <  Hope  Leslie;  or,  Early  Times  in  Mas- 
sachusetts* (1827);  <  The  Linwoods;  or,  Sixty 
Years  Since  in  America*  (1835);  <The  Poor 
Rich  Man  and  the  Rich  Poor  Man*  (1836); 
<  Letters  from  Abroad*  (1841);  <  Historical 
Sketches  of  the  Old  Painters*  (1841);  <  Morals 
of  Manners*  (1846);  < Married  or  Sin|le>  (1857). 

Sedley,  Charles,  Sir.  An  English  dramatist ; 
l)orn  at  Aylesford  in  I\ent,  1639;  died  Aug. 
20,  1701.  He  is  autlior  of  the  favorite  song 
*  Phyllis.*  He  wrote  four  comedies,  among 
them  <The  Mulberry  Garden*  (1668)  and  two 
tragedies. 

Sedley,  Henry.  An  American  author;  born 
in  Boston,  April  4,  1835  ;  died  in  New  York 
city,  Jan.  25,  1899.  He  was  a  journalist,  at 
one  time  one  of  the  editors  of  the  New  York 
Evening  Post,  Times  and  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser ;  founder  and  for  a  time  editor  of  the 
Round  Table.  He  published  :  <  Dangerfield's 
Rest:  A  Romance*  (1864),  and  <  Marion 
Rooke ;  or,  the  Quest  for  Fortune  >  (1865). 

Seeley,  Jolin  Robert,  Sir.  An  English  his- 
torical scholar  ;  bom  in  London,  Sept.  lo,  1834; 
died  at  Cambridge  (where  he  was  professor  of 
Modern  History),  Jan.  13,  1895.  He  came  into 
notice  through  the  book  <  Ecce  Homo  *  (a 
life  of  Christ),  in  1865,  which  made  a  great 
sensation  and  was  reviewed  by  Mr.  Gladstone ; 
he  published  < Natural  Religion*  in  1882;  and 
in  <  Lectures  and  Essays*  (1870)  he  wrote  on 
art,  ethics,  and  education.  But  his  really  im- 
portant work  was  historical :  <  Roman  Imperi- 
alism,* in  the  last-mentioned  volume ;  his  mas- 
terpiece, <  Life  and  Times  of  Stein  *  (3  vols.^ 
1878),  a  history  of  the  regeneration  of  Prussia 
in  the  Napoleonic  period ;  <  The  Expansion  of 
England*  (1883:  a  series  of  lectures),  and 
cognate  works;  and  <A  Short  History  of  Na- 
poleon the  First*  (1886:  reprinted  from  the 
'Encyclopaedia  Britannica*). 

Seely,  [Edward]  Howard.  An  American 
writer  of  fiction ;  born  in  1856 ;  died  in  1894. 
I  le  published  many  volumes,  among  them  :  'A 
Lone  Star,  Bo-Peep,  and  Other  Stories  * ;  <  Texan 
Ranch  Life*;  'A  Nymph  of  the  West*;  ^The 


SEELYE  — SERRES 


Jonah  of   Lucky   Valley,  and   Other   Stories'; 

<  A  Border  Leander.' 

Seelye,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  (Eggleston).  An 
American  author,  daughter  of  Edward  Eggles- 
ton ;  born  in  Minnesota,  1858.    She  has  written  : 

<  The    Story    of     Columbus  > ;     <  Montezuma  > ; 

<  Brant  and  Red  Jacket  > ;  <  Pocahontas  > ;  <  Te- 
£umseh>;  and  <The  Story  of  Washington.' 

Seelye,  Julius  Hawtry.  An  American  edu- 
cator; bom  in  Bethel,  Conn.,  Sept.  14,  1824; 
died  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  May  12,  1895.  He 
was  president  of  Amherst  College  (1876-90), 
and  inaugurated  the  «  Amherst  system  »  of  self- 
govefnment,  which  was  productive  of  good  re- 
sults. His  publications  include  :  <  The  Way, 
the  Truth,  and  the  l.ife  '  (1873),  translated  into 
Hindustani,  Japanese,  and  German  ;  <  Chris- 
tian Missions")  (1875)  ;  and  his  revised  edition 
of  Hickok's  <  Moral  Science  >  (1880). 

Seemann,  Berthold.  A  German  traveler,  nat- 
iralist,  and  author;  born  in  Hanover,  Feb.  28, 
J825;  died  in  Nicaragua,  Oct.  10,  1871.  He  was 
naturalist  to  three  exploring  expeditions  (1846- 
51),  and  wrote:  'Voyage  of  the  Herald,'  and 

<  Three  Cruises  to  Arctic  Regions  in  Search  of 
Sir  John  Franklin'  (1852);  <  Popular  History  of 
Palms'  (1855);  'Account  of  Mission  to  Fiji 
Islands'  (1862);  'Popular  Nomenclature  of  the 
American  Flora ' ;  and  <  Dottings  on  the  Road- 
side in  Panama,  Nicaragua,  and  Mosquito.' 

SeemuUer,  Mrs.  Annie  Moncure  (Crane). 

An  American  novelist ;  born  in  Maryland,  1838 ; 
died  in  1872.  Her  works  were  at  one  time  very 
popular,  and  include  the  novels  <  Emily  Ches- 
ter'; 'Reginald  Archer';  'Opportunity.' 

Segur,  Louis  Philippe,  Comte  de  (sa-giir'j. 
A  French  historian ;  bom  in  Paris,  Dec.  10, 
1753;  died  there,  Aug.  27,  1830.  He  received 
a  military  education ;  served  in  America  under 
Rochambeau ;  later  he  was  appointed  ambas- 
sador to  Russia.  During  the  Reign  of  Terror 
he  left  public  life  and  devoted  himself  to  liter- 
ary labor.  Among  his  works  are  :  '  Theatre  de 
I'Hermitage'  (1798);  'Tales,  Fables,  Songs, 
and  Verses'  (1801);  'Memoirs,  or  Souvenirs 
and  Anecdotes'  (1825). 

Segur,  Philippe  Paul,  Comte  de.  A  French 
writer  of  history,  son  of  L.  P.;  bom  at  Paris, 
Nov.  4,  1780 ;  died  Feb.  25,  1873.  He  wrote: 
'  History  of  Napoleon  and  the  Grand  Army 
in  1812'  (2  vols.,  1824);  'History  of  Russia 
and  Peter  the  Great'  (2  vols.,  1829);  'History 
and  Memoirs,  1789-1848'  (8  vols.,  1873). 

Sejour,  Victor  (se-zhor').  A  French  dram- 
atist ;  born  at  Paris,  1816 ;  died  Sept.  21,  1874. 
He  was  a  mulatto.  His  plays  are  in  the  high 
romantic  vein,  and  call  for  gorgeous  scenery; 
among  them  are  :  '  The  Fall  of  Sejanus'  (1849); 
•Richard  HI.'  (1852);  'The  Devil's  Money'; 
^The  Son  of  Night'  (1856);  'Mysteries  of  the 
Temple';  'The  Madonna  of  the  Roses'  (1869). 

Selden,  John.  A  celebrated  English  jurist; 
Irorn  at  Salvington  in  Surrey,  1584 ;  died  at 
|*.widon,  Nov.  30,  1654.     He  wrote  many  very 


learned  treatises  on  law  —  municipal,  interna- 
tional, natural,  etc.  — and  on  the  legislation  of 
the  ancient  Hebrews;  but  he  is  best  remem- 
bered for  his  'Table  Talk,'  recorded  by  his 
secretary,  Richard  Milward :  of  it  Coleridge  de- 
clares that  it  contains  "  more  weighty  bullion 
sense  "  than  he  could  find  in  the  same  number 
of  pages  of  any  uninspired  writer. 

Selous,  Frederick  Courteney.  A  well-known 
English  explorer  and  sportsman ;  born  in 
London,  Dec.  31,  185 1.  He  made  a  name 
as  a  gold-prospector,  explorer,  and  elephant- 
hunter  in  South  Africa,  where  he  has  spent 
many  [years ;  and  during  the  Matabele  cam- 
paign, fought  with  great  gallantry  on  the  side 
of  the  colonists.  His  publications,  <A  Hunt- 
er's Wanderings  in  Africa'  (1881),  and  'Travel 
and  Adventure  in  Southeast  Africa'  (1893), 
have  been  widely  read. 

S^nancour,  ^tienue  Pivert  de  (sen-an-kor'). 
A  French  writer  of  the  school  of  Rousseau; 
born  at  Paris,  1770;  died  at  St.  Cloud,  1846. 
Under  the  direct  influence  of  Rousseau  he 
wrote :  '  Reveries  on  the  Primitive  State  of 
Man'  (1799);  his  most  notable  work,  '  Ober- 
mann'  (2  vols.,  1804),  is  in  the  same  vein;  then 
followed  'Love  according  to  Primordial  Laws, 
and  according  to  the  Conventions  of  Society' 
(2  vols.,  1805);  'Free  Meditations  of  an  Un- 
known Solitary  on  Detachment  from  the  World ' 
(1819);  'Sum  of  the  Traditions  of  Morality  and 
Religion'  (2  vols.,  1827),  which  brought  on 
him  legal  prosecution  for  impiety;  'Isabella,' 
a  novel  (1833). 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annseus  (sen'e-ka).  A 
celebrated  Roman  philosopher;  born  at  Cor- 
duba,  in  Spain,  about  the  year  4  B.  C. ;  died 
65  A.  D.  He  was  Nero's  preceptor,  and  his 
confidant  and  adviser  in  the  beginning  of  his 
reign.  Many  of  his  writings  have  come  down 
to  us,  among  them  124  'Epistles  to  Lucilius,' 
containing  admirable  counsels  and  exhorta- 
tions to  the  practice  of  virtue  :  '  On  Providence ' ; 
'Anger ' ; '  Of  Benefits ' ; '  Natural-History  Ques- 
tions ' ;  several  tragedies,  among  them  '  Thyes- 
tes,'  <  Phaedra,'  and  '  Medea.' 

Senior,  William.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer;  author  of  'Notable  Shipwrecks'  (1873); 
'  Waterside  Sketches :  A  Book  for  Wanderers 
and  Anglers'  (1875);  'By  Stream  and  Sea' 
(1877);  'Travel  and  Trout  in  the  Antipodes' 
(1879);  <  A  Mixed  Bag  '  (1895). 

Serao,  Matilde  (ser-a'o).  An  Italian  novel- 
ist ;  born  at  Patras  in  Greece,  March  7,  1856. 
Her  best  stories  are  those  descriptive  of  Nea- 
politan life  :  as  'Faint  Heart'  (1881);  'Fantasy' 
(1883);  'Neapolitan  Legends'  (1886);  'Opal'; 
<  Little  Minds  > ;  'Fool's  Paradise  > ;  'Ballet-Girl. » 

Serres,  Olivia  (Wilmot).  An  English  story- 
writer;  born  1772;  died  1834.  She  claimed  to 
be  a  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
brother  of  George  HI.,  but  failed  to  make  the 
claim  good  before  a  Parliamentary  committee. 
She  wrote  :  <  St.  Julian,'  a  novel  (1805) ; '  Flights 
of  Fancy,'  poems  (1806)  ;  <  Olivia's  Advice  to  her 


490 


SERVETUS  —  SEWRIN 


Daughters  > ;  <  The  True  Messiah  ;  or,  St,  Ath- 
anasius's  Creed  Explained  (1814). 

Servetus.  Micnael  (Miguel  Serveto  y 
Reves)  (ser-ve'tiis).  A  Spanish  physician  and 
theological  writer ;  born  at  Tudela  in  Navarre, 
151 1 ;  died  at  the  stake  in  Geneva,  Oct.  27, 
1553.  He  accompanied  Charles  V.  to  Ger- 
many, as  physician  to  the  emperor's  confessor 
Quintana.  His  work  <0n  the  Errors  about 
the  Trinity  >  was  published  at  Hagenau,  1531, 
and  it  was  soon  afterward  ordered  to  be  burnt 
by  the  authorities  at  Basel :  the  reformer  Bucer 
denounced  the  writer  as  deserving  of  the  ex- 
tremest  punishment.  Servetus  defended  his 
views  in  another  work,  <  Dialogues  on  the  Trin- 
ity) (1532),  and  then  went  to  France.  At 
Lyons  he  published  <  The  Restoration  of  Christ- 
ianism>  (1553),  and  to  escape  punishment  fled 
to  Geneva.  There,  at  the  instance  of  Calvin, 
he  was  arrested  on  the  charge  of  denying  God 
and  Christ,  and  burned  as  a  heretic. 

Settle,  Elkanah.  An  English  playwright 
and  poet;  born  at  Dunstable,  1648;  died  at 
London,  1723.  His  chief  plays  are:  <The  Em- 
press of  Morocco  >  (1673);  <Love  and  Revenge  > 
(1675);  <  Pastor  Fido,  or  the  Faithful  Shepherd > 
(1677),  after  Guarini;  <The  Female  Prelate; 
or.  The  Life  and  Death  of  Pope  Joan>  (1680); 

<  Distressed    Innocence ;   or,  The    Princess   of 
Persia)  (1682). 

Sevlgne,  Marie  de  Rabutin-Chantal,  Mar- 
quise de  (sav-en-ya').  A  celebrated  French 
letter-writer;  born  at  Paris,  February  1626;  died 
at  the  Castle  of  Grignan,  in  Dauphiny,  April 
18,  1696.  Her  <  Letters,)  mainly  to  her  daugh- 
ter, are  regarded  as  models  of  the  familiar 
epistolary  style.  The  best  edition  is  that  in  10 
vols.,  1818-19. 

Sewall,  Frank.  An  American  writer  and 
Swedenborgian  minister;  born  in  Maine,  1837. 
He  has  written  many  denominational  and  re- 
ligious works ;  among  them  *■  Moody  Mike  ;  or. 
The  Power  of  Love  > ;  <  The  Hem  of  his  Gar- 
ment); <The  Pillow  of  Stones  >;  <The  New 
Ethics ) ;  <  The  New  Metaphysics ) ;  <Angelo 
and  Ariel.'  He  has  been  remarkably  success- 
ful in  the  translation  of  Italian  and  French 
poetry,  and  has  published  a  translation  of  the 
poems  of  Carducci,  and  works  on  him,  notably 
<Giosue  Carducci  and  the  Hellenic  Reaction 
in  Italy >;  < Carducci  and  the  Classic  Realism) 
(1892).     His  translation   of  Carducci's   sonnet 

<  The  Ox )  has  been  noticed  throughout  Europe. 

Bewail,  Harriet  (Wlnslow).  An  American 
verse-writer ;  born  at  Portland,  Me.,  June  30, 
iSig;  died  at  Wellesley,  Mass.,  February  1889. 
She  wrote  the  poem  <  Why  Thus  Longing  ? ) 
Her  other  poetical  compositions  were  pub- 
lished in  a  volume  of  <  Poems,  with  a  Memoir) 
(1889). 

Sewall,  Jonatban  Mitchell.  An  American 
poet ;  born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  1748 ;  died  at 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  March  29,  1808.  During 
the  Revolutionary  war  he  wrote  a  ballad,  <  War 
and  Washington,)  which  was  very  popular;  in 


his  epilogue  (1780)  to  Addison's  <Cato>  occur 
the  lines  «No  pent-up  Utica  contracts  your 
powers  )) ;  his  <  Miscellaneous  Poems '  were  col- 
lected and  published  in  1801. 

Sewall,  Samuel.  An  American  jurist;  bom 
in  Bishopstoke,  England,  March  28,  1652 ;  died 
in  Boston,  Jan.  i,  1730.  He  came  to  America 
very  young,  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1675,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  council ;  and  as  judge 
of  the  probate  court  (1692)  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  trials  during  the  Salem  Witchcraft 
excitement.  He  is  chiefly  remarkable  in  literary 
annals  for  his  < Diary)  and  < Letters,)  which 
have  been  published  by  the  Massachusetts  His- 
torical Society  (1878-82).  He  wrote  a  tract  on 
the  rights  of  slaves,  <  The  Selling  of  Joseph) 
(1711);  and  published:  <The  Accomplishment 
of  Prophecies)  (1713);  *A  Memorial  Relating 
to  the  Kennebec  Indians)  (1721);  and  <A  De- 
scription of  the  New  Heaven  >  (1727). 

Sewall,  Stephen.  An  American  Hebrew 
scholar ;  born  in  York,  Me.,  April  4,  1734 ;  died 
in  Boston,  July  23,  1804.  He  became  librarian 
and  instructor  at  Harvard  College  (1762),  and 
professor  of  Hebrew  (1764-85).  He  published 
a  <  Hebrew  Grammar)  (1763);  A  Funeral  Ora- 
tion in  Latin  on  Edward  Holyoke  (1769); 
<  The  Scripture  Account  of  the  Shechinah ' 
(1794);  and  left  a  manuscript  <  Chaldee  and 
English  Dictionary,)  now  preserved  in  Harvard 
College  Library. 

Seward,  Anna.  A  English  poet;  born  at 
Eyam,  Derbyshire,  1747 ;  died  at  Lichfield, 
March  25,  1809.  Her  celebrity  as  a  poet  was 
obtained  chiefly  from  her  elegies  upon  her 
friend  Major  Andr^  (1781),  and  upon  Captain 
Cook.  She  published :  <  Louisa,)  a  poetical 
novel  (1782),  and  <  Soimets )  (1789).  Sir  Walter 
Scott  published  her  <  Poetical  Works  and  Cor- 
respondence) (3  vols.,  1810).  She  was  called 
"The  Swan  of  Lichfield.)^ 

Seward,  William  Henry.  An  American 
statesman ;  bom  in  Florida,  N.  Y.,  May  16, 
1801 ;  died  in  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  1872.  In  1838  he 
was  elected  the  first  Whig  governor  of  New 
York ;  in  1849  United  States  Senator,  re-elected 
1855.  He  was  Secretary  of  State  (1861-69)  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  and  through  Johnson's  term. 
He  published  many  of  his  speeches  and  ad- 
dresses ;  a  volume  on  the  <  Life  and  Services 
of  John  Quincy  Adams  >  (1849);  and,  with  his 
adopted  daughter  Olive  Risley  Seward,  <  Trav- 
els Around  the  World  >  (1873).  His  <  Works,) 
edited  by  Geo.  E.  Baker,  appeared  in  3  vols., 
1853;  5  vols.,  1884. 

Sewrin,  Charles  A.  (sa-e-ran')-  A  French 
dramatist  and  story-writer;  born  at  Metz,  1771 ; 
died  at  Paris,  1853.  He  wrote  among  oth- 
ers: —  Comic   operas:   <The   Village    School'; 

<  The  Opera  in  a  Village  > ;  <  Of  Old  and  Now- 
a-days  > ;  <  The  Blacksmith  of  Bassora  ' ;  <  The 
Young  Mother-in-Law.)  Comedies  :  <  My  Un- 
cle Antony  > ;  <  The  Country  Cits ) ;  <  Gulliver ' ; 

<  The  Swiss  Milkmaid.)  Novels  :  <  The  Story 
of  a  Dog>  (1801);  < Story  of  a  Cat)  (1802);  <A 


SEXTUS  — SHALER 


491 


Family  of  Liars  >  (1802);  <The  Friends  of  Henri 
IV.)  (1805). 

Sextus  Empiricus.  A  Greek  philosopher, 
who  flourished  near  the  end  of  the  second  cen- 
tury ;  a  physician  of  the  <<  empirical  >)  school, 
whence  his  surname.  In  his  <  Outlines  of  Pyr- 
rhonism )  he  revived  the  skepticism  of  Pyrrho ; 
and  he  wrote  a  work  on  skepticism,  under  the 
title  <Adversus  Mathematicos.* 

Seymour,  Mary  Harrison.  An  American 
juvenile-story  writer;  born  in  Oxford,  Conn., 
Sept.  7,  1835.  She  has  published :  <  Mollie's 
Christmas  Stocking)  (1865);  < Sunshine  and 
Starlight)  (1868);  <  Posy  Vinton's  Picnic)  (1869); 

<  Ned,  Nellie,  and  Amy)  (1870);  <  Recompense) 
(1877);  < Every  Day)  (1877);  and  < Through  the 
Darkness)  (1884). 

Bhadwell,  Thomas.  An  English  dramatist; 
born  at  Stanton  Hall,  Norfolk,  about  1642;  died 
Nov.  19,  1692.  His  comedy  <The  Sullen  Lov- 
ers,) produced  in  1668,  brought  him  reputation. 
Among  many  other  plays,  he  was  the  author 
of  <  The  Virtuoso )  ( 1676) ;  <  Lancashire  Witches  > 
(1682);  <The  Squire  of  Alsatia )  (1688);  and 
< Volunteers;  or.  The  Stock-jobbers)  (1693). 
He  became  poet-laureate  and  historiographer 
royal  in  1688,  succeeding  Dryden  in  both  posi- 
tions.    (<  Works,)  4  vols.,  1720.) 

Shaftesbury,  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper,  first 
Earl  of.  An  English  statesman ;  born  in  Wim- 
borne,  St.  Giles,  Dorsetshire,  July  22,  1621  ;  died 
in  Amsterdam,  Jan.  22,  1683.  He  was  a  con- 
spicuous figure  in  the  history  of  his  times ;  was 
the  Achitophel  of  Dryden's  satire.  Macaulay 
gives  a  brilliant  sketch  of  him  in  the  essay  on 
Sir  William  Temple.  Ashley  and  Cooper  riv- 
ers, in  South  Carolina,  received  their  names 
from  him.  His  <  Characteristics  of  Men,  Man- 
ners, Opinions,  and  Times)  is  a  collection  of 
his  various  writings. 

Shairp,  John  Campbell.  [«Principal 
Shairp.))]  A  Scotch  poet,  critic,  and  essayist ; 
born  at  Houstoun,  in  West  Lothian,  July  30, 
1819;  died  at  Ormsary,  in  Argyll,  Sept.  18,  1885. 
He  became  principal  of  the  United  College, 
St.  Andrews.  Among  his  works  are :  *  Kil- 
mahoe,  a  Highland  Pastoral,  and  Other  Poems) 
(1864);  <  Studies  in  Poetry  and  Philosophy) 
(1868);  < Culture  and  Religion)  (1870);  <  Poetic 
Interpretation  of  Nature)  (1877);  < Aspects  of 
Poetry)  (1881);  and,  published  posthumously, 
•Sketches  in  History  and  Poetry)  (1887);  <Glen 
Desseray  and  Other  Poems)  (1888). 

Shakespeare,  William.  The  poet  was  born 
at  Stratford-on-Avon,  April  22  or  23,  1564; 
died  there,  April  23,  1616.  His  plays,  in  the 
order  of  their  production,  are  given  as  follows  : 

<  Love's  Labour's  Lost)  (written  1591  (?);  revised 
1597;  published  1598);  <  Two  Gentlemen  of 
Verona)  (written  1591  (?);  published  posthu- 
mously 1623);  <  Comedy  of  Errors)  (written 
159- ;  published  posthumously  1623);  <  Romeo 
and  Juliet)  (written  159- ;  pirated  1597;  pub- 
lished with  author's  sanction  1599);  <  Henry 
VL*  (Part  i.  written  and  acted  1592,  Parts  ii. 


and  iii.  following  quickly;  Part  ii.  published 
1594;  Part  iii.  published  1595);  <King  Richard 
III.)  (written  1593  (?);  published  1597);  <  Titus 
Andronicus)  (written  in  collaboration  1593  or 
1594;  acted  1594  (?);  published  1600?);  <A 
Merchant  of  Venice )  (written  and  acted  1594  (?); 
published  1600);  <  King  John)  (written  1594; 
acted  I59-);<A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,)  writ- 
ten and  acted  1594-95;  published  1600;  <King 
Richard  II.)  (produced  1595);  <Airs  Well  that 
Ends  Well)  (written  1595  (?);  acted  159-);  <The 
Taming  of  the  Shrew)  (written  1596  (?);  acted 
159- ;  published  posthumously  1623);  <  Henry 
IV.)  (written  or  adapted  1597 ;  published,  Part  i. 
1598,  Part  ii.  1690 ;  revised  and  republished 
1600);  <The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor)  (written 
159- ;  acted  159- ;  published  1602);  <  Henry  V.) 
(written  1598;  acted  1599;  published,  text  im- 
perfect, 1600);  <  Much  Ado  about  Nothing) 
(written  1599  (?);  acted  1599;  published  1600); 
<As  You  Like  It)  (produced  1599);  < Twelfth 
Night)  (written  1599;  acted  1601  or  1602);  < Julius 
Caesar)  (written  1601  ;  acted  1601);  <  Hamlet) 
(written  1602;  acted  1602  (?);  published  by  an- 
other surreptitiously  1602  or  1603 ;  authorized  ed. 
1604);  <Troilus  and  Cressida)  (written  1603  (?); 
acted  1603;  published  1608  or  1609);  < Othello) 
(written  1604  (?);  acted  1604;  published  posthu- 
mously 1622) ;  <  Measure  for  Measure )  (written 
1604  (?);  acted  1604;  published  posthumously); 
'Macbeth)  (written  1605-6;  acted  1606  (?);  re- 
vived    161 1;    published     posthumously    1623); 

<  King  Lear)  (written  1606;  acted  1606;  pub- 
lished 1608);  <Timon  of  Athens)  (written  in  col- 
laboration 1607;  acted  160-);  <  Pericles)  (written 
in  collaboration  1607;  published  1608  or  1609); 
< Antony  and  Cleopatra)  (written  1607-8;  pub- 
lished posthumously  1623);  <Coriolanus)  (writ- 
ten 1608  (?);  published  posthumously  1623); 
•Cynfbeline)  (written  16 — ;  acted  1610J;  < A  Win- 
ter's Tale)  (written  16 — ;  acted  161 1);  <The 
Tempest)  (written  before  the  winter  of  1612-13); 

<  The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen )  (written  in  col- 
laboration (?);   published   posthumously  1634); 

<  Henry  VIII.)  (portions  by  Shakespeare  writ- 
ten 1613  (?);  acted  1613;  published  posthu- 
mously 1623).  His  poems  are:  < Venus  and 
Adonis)  (1593);  < The  Rape  of  Lucrece)  (1594); 

<  Sonnets)  (written  1591-94;  published  1609); 
<A  Lover's  Complaint  (written  1594-98  (?); 
published  1609);  <The  Passionate  Pilgrim) 
(ist  ed.  (?)  1594).  The  first  collected  edition  of 
the  plays,  under  the  title  <  Mr.  William  Shakes- 
peare's comedies,  histories,  and  tragedies.  Pub- 
lished according  to  the  true  original  copies,) 
appeared  in  1623,  and  is  referred  to  as  «the 
folio  of  1623.))  One  existing  copy  has  two 
canceled  leaves  from  <  As  You  Like  It.) 

Shaler,  Nathaniel  Southgate.  An  Ameri- 
can geologist ;  born  near  Newport,  Ky.,  Feb. 
20, 1841.  He  was  professor  of  geology  at  Harvard, 
and  a  versatile  and  interesting  writer  in  many 
important  fields.      Among   his  works   are    the 

<  Kentucky  Geological  Reports  and  Memoirs  > 
(7  vols.,  1876-82);  <  On  the  Nature  of  Intellectual 
Property  and  its  Importance  to  the  State )  (1878); 
'Aspects  of  the  Earth)  (1889);  <Tbe  Story  of 


49« 


SHANKS— SHELLEY 


our  Continent*  (1892);  <  Nature  and  Man  in 
North  America  >  {1892);  <The  Interpretation  of 
Nature >  (1893);  <Sea  and  Land>  (1894);  'The 
United  States  of  America  >  (2  vols.,  1894);  and 
reports  of  United  States  Geological  Survey  on 
Marine  Marshes,  Fresh-Water  Swamps,  Soils, 
Harbors,  etc.     Died  Apr.  10,  1906. 

Sbanlcs,  William  Franklin-Gore.  An  Amer- 
ican journalist  and  author ;  born  in  Shelbyville, 
Ky.,  April  20,  1S37.  He  was  war  correspondent 
for  the  New  York  Herald  (1861-65),  subsequently 
joined  the  New  York  Tribune,  and  was  impris- 
oned for  refusing  to  divulge  the  name  of  a 
writer  of  an  article  in  the  paper.  Besides  his 
contributions  to  periodicals  he  has  published : 

<  Recollections  of  Distinguished  Generals  > 
(1865);   <  Bench  and  Bar>  (iS68j;    and  a  play, 

<  A  Noble  Treason  >  (1876).     He  died  1905. 

Sharp,  William.  A  British  critic  and  man 
of  letters ;  born  1856.  He  has  traveled  exten- 
sively, and  contributed  to  leading  publications 
throughout  the  world.  His  works  include  <  Hu- 
manity and  Man,>  a  poem;  <The  Conqueror's 
Dream,  and  Other  Poems  >;  <  Dante  Gabriel 
Rossetti,'  a  biography;  < Shakespeare's  Songs, 
Poems,  and  Sonnets  >;  <  Sonnets  of  this  Cen- 
tury ' ;  <  Shelley,'  a  biography ;  <  Romantic  Bal- 
lads >;  etc.    Died,  1905. 

Shaw,  Albert.  An  American  editor  and  writer 
on  nninicipal  government  ;  horn  at  Shandon, 
O.,  July  23,  1857.  Since  1891  he  has  been 
the  editor  of  the  Review  of  Reviews  in  Amer- 
ica. Included  in  his  publications  are  :  <  Icaria : 
a  Chapter  in  the  History  of  Communism  >  (1884); 
♦Co-operation  in  a  Western  City>  (1886 1;  and 
<The  National  Revenue >  (1888).  < Municipal 
Government  in  Great  Britain  > ;  <  Municipal  Gov- 
ernment in  Continental  Europe  *  ;  *  Political 
Problems  of  American  Development.' 

Shaw,  George  Bernard,  an  English  author, 
born  1856.  Besides  numerous  novels  with 
strongly  socialistic  tendencies  like  <  An  Unsocial 
Socialist  > ;    <  The   Quintessence   of  Ibsenism  * ; 

<  Fabianism  and  the  Fiscal  Question,*  he 
wrote  *  Three  Plays  for  Puritans  > ;  <  Man  and 
Super-man  >;  and  (1909)  <  Press-Cuttings,>  which 
was  suppressed  by  the  censor.  All  of  his  works 
are  filled  with  epigrams  and  satirical  hits  at  all 
phases  of  society.  

Shaw,  Henry  Wheeler.  [«  Josh  Billings."] 
An  American  humorist :  (1818-1885).  His  publi- 
cations include:  'Josh  Billings  on  Ice'  (1875)  ; 
'Josh    Billings's  Complete   Works  '  (1877);  and 

<  Josh  Billings's  Spice  Box  >  ( 1881). 

Shea,  John  Dawson  Gilmary.  An  Ameri- 
can author  and  historical  writer  (1824-1892).  He 
edited  the  Historical  Magazine  (1859-65)  ;  also 
Frank  Leslie's  Chimney  Corner.    He  published: 

<  Discovery  and  Exploration  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  >  (1853)  ;  <  History  of  Catholic  Missions 
among  the  Indians)  (1854);  <  Account  of  the 
New  Netherlands  in  1643-44)  (1862);  < The 
Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States)  (1856)  ; 
and  <  Life  of  Pius  IX.  )  (1875). 

Shedd,  Mrs.  Jnlia  Ann  (Clark).  An  Amer- 
ican    writer    on    art ;    born   in  Newport    Me., 


Aug.  8,  1834.  Besides  contributions  to  art  peri- 
odicals she  published:  'Famous  Painters  and 
Paintings)  (1874);  <The  Ghiberti  Gates>  (1876); 
<Famous  Sculptors  and  Sculpture)  (1881);  and 
'Raphael,  his  Madonnas  and  Holy  Families.) 
Died  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  April  7,  1897. 

Shedd,  William  Greenough  Thayer.  An  emi- 
nent educator,  author,  and  Pres'oyterian  clerg)-- 
man;  born  in  Acton, Mass.,  June  21,  1820  ;  died 
November  6,  1894.  He  was  professor  in  the 
University  of  Vermont  (1845-52);  in  Auburn 
Theological  Seminary  (1852-54);  in  Andover 
Theological  Seminary  (1854-62);  and  professor 
of  Biblical  literature  in  Union  Seminary  from 
1863.  He  has  published  numerous  historical 
and  polemic  works.  Among  them  are  :  <  Lect- 
ures on  the  Philosophy  of  History)  (1856); 
'History  of  Christian  Doctrine)  (2  vols.,  1863); 
'Sermons  to  the  Natural  Man)  (1871);  < Doc- 
trine of  Endless  Punishment)  (1885);  and 
'Dogmatic  Theology)   (3  vols.,  1888-94). 

Shelley,  Mary  (Godwin).  An  English 
writer  of  works  of  psychological  and  historical 
fiction,  second  wife  of  the  poet  Shelley ;  born 
at  London,  Aug.  30,  1797;  died  there,  Feb.  i, 
1851.  Her  first  storj-,  'Frankenstein'  (1818), 
won  for  her  a  place  among  the  imaginative 
writers  of  England  ;  it  was  followed  by  <  Val- 
perga,)  a  historical  romance  (1823);  'The  Last 
Man  '  (1826);  <  Lodore)  (1835);  'Falkner)  (1837). 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe.  The  celebrated  Eng- 
lish poet;  born  at  Warnham,  near  Horsham, 
Sussex,  Aug.  4,  1792;  drowned  off  the  coast  of 
Italy,  July  8, 1822.  He  wrote  :  <  Zastrozzi )  (1810), 
a  romance ; '  St.  Irvyne'  (181 1),  a  romance ; '  The 
Necessity  of  Atheism'  (1811  ?),  a  treatise;  'A 
Poetical  Essay  on  the  Existing  State  of  Things ' 
(1811);  'An  Address  to  the  Irish  People'  (1812); 
'  Proposals  for  an  Association  of  those  Philan- 
thropists who.  Convinced  of  the  Inadequacy 
of  the  Moral  and  Political  State  of  Ireland  to 
Produce  Benefits  which  are,  nevertheless.  At- 
tainable, are  Willing  to  Unite  to  Accomplish 
its  Regeneration'  (1812); '  Queen  Mab  :  A  Phil- 
osophic Poem'  (1813);  'A  Vindication  of  Nat- 
ural Diet'  (1813);  'A  Refutation  of  Deism' 
(1814);  'Alastor,  or  the  Spirit  of  Solitude,  and 
Other  Poems'  (1816);  <A  Proposal  for  Putting 
Reform  to  the  Vote  throughout  the  Kingdom* 
(1817); 'A  Six-Weeks'  Tour'  (1817), in  collabora- 
tion with  Mary  Godwin;  <  Laon  and  Cynthia' 
( 1818),  subsequently  altered  and  reissued  as  <  The 
Revolt  of  Islam:  A  Poem'  (1818,  some  few 
copies  being  erroneously  dated  1817); '  Rosalind 
and  Helen :  A  Modern  Eclogue ;  with  Other 
Poems'  (1819); 'The  Cenci:  A  Tragedy' (1819); 
<  Prometheus  Unbound :  A  Lyrical  Drama ' 
(1820);  'CEdipus  TjTannus,  or  Swellfoot  the 
Tyrant:  A  Tragedy  in  Two  Acts;  Translated 
from  the  Original  Doric'  (1820);  'Epipsychid- 
ion :  Verses  addressed  to  the  Noble  and  Unfor- 
tunate Lady  Emilia  V '  (1821);  'Adonais: 

An  Elegy  on  the  Death  of  John  Keats'  (1821); 
'Hellas:  A  Lyrical  Drama)  (1822),— the  last 
of  .Shelley's  works  issued  during  his  lifetime. 
After  his  dearti  there  appeared :  '  Posthumous 


SHELTON-SHINN 


4$5 


Poems >  (1824);  <The  Maaque  of  Anarchy:  A 
Poem;  Now  First  Published >  (1832);  <The 
Shelley  Papers  >  (1833);  <  Essays,  Letters  from 
Abroad,  Translations,  and  Fragments  >  (1840); 
1  The  Damon  of  the  World :  the  First  Part 
as  Published  in  1816  with  <Alastor>;  the  Sec- 
ond Part  Deciphered  and  now  First  Printed  > 
(1876). 

Sbelton,  Frederick  William,  An  American 
clergyman,  and  humorous  and  satirical  writer; 
born  in  Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  1814;  died  at  Carthage 
Landing,  N.  Y.,  June  20,  1881.  His  publications 
include :  <  The  TroUopiad,  or  Traveling  Gen- 
tleman in  America,*  a  satirical  poem  (1837); 
<Salander  and  the  Dragon,*  a  romance  (1851); 
*  Up  the  River,>  a  series  of  rural  sketches  on 
the  Hudson  (1853);  < Peeps  from  a  Belfry;  or. 
Parish  Sketch-Book>  (1855);  <  Use  and  Abuse 
of  Reason*;  <The  Gold  Mania*;  etc. 

snenshin,  Afanasy  Afanasievicli.   See  Fet. 

Shenstone,  William.  An  English  poet ;  born 
at  the  Leasowes,  near  Halesowen,  Shropshire, 
November  1714;  died  there,  Feb.  11,  1763.  His 
best-remembered  poems  are :  <  The  Schoolmis- 
tress* (1742);  <The  Pastoral  Ballad*  (1743); 
and  <  Written  in  an  Inn  at  Henley.*  His 
< Works*  and  < Letters*  were  collected  in  three 
volumes  (1764-69);  and  his  'Essays  on  Men 
and  Manners*  were  republished  in  1868. 

Slieppard,  Elizabeth  Sara.  An  English  nov- 
elist ;  born  at  Blackheath,  1830;  died  at  Brixton, 
March  13,  1862.  She  wrote  the  noted  <  Charles 
Auchester*  (1853),  a  mystical  art  novel ;  <  Coun- 
terparts, or  the  Cross  of  Love  *  (1854);  <  My  First 
Season*  (1855);  <The  Double  Coronet*  (1856); 
'Rumor,*  a  musical  and  artistic  novel  (1858). 

Sheridan,  Philip  Henry.  A  famous  Amer- 
ican soldier;  born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  March  6, 
1831 ;  died  in  Nonquitt,  Mass.,  Aug.  5,  1888.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point,  July  i,  1853,  and 
rose  through  a  distinguished  career  of  army 
service  during  which  he  became  successively 
major-general,  lieutenant-general,  and  general. 
He  wrote  <  Personal  Memoirs,*  published  in  2 
vols.,  1888. 

Sheridan,  Richard  Brinsley.  An  eminent 
British  dramatist  and  parliamentary  orator ;  born 
at  Dublin,  Oct.  30,  1751 ;  died  at  London,  July 
7, 1816.  His  principal  dramatic  works  are  :  <  The 
Rivals,*  comedy  (1774);  <The  Duenna,*  comic 
opera  (1775);  <The  School  for  Scandal,*  comedy 
(1777);  <The  Critic,*  farce  (1779).  His  most 
memorable  speeches  are  the  <  Begum  Speech,* 
so-called,  made  in  the  trial  of  Warren  Hastings, 
and  the  <  Perfumery  Speech.* 

Sherman,  Frank  Dempster.  An  American 
poet;  born  at  Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  May  6,  i860. 
Educated  at  Columbia  College  and  Harvard 
University,  he  became  an  instructor  in  the  Co- 
lumbia School  of  Architecture.  He  has  pub- 
lished:  'Madrigals  and  Catches*;  < Lyrics  for 
a  Lute  * ;  and,  with  John  Kendrick  Bangs, 
<New  Waggings  of  Old  Tales*;  <  Little  Folk 
Lyrics* ;  'Lyrics  of  Jov.*     His  jioems  are  a  fre- 

q  :f:it  fe    V;\^  (A   {U:  i;i;i;_;:izill(.'.'-. 


Sherman,  John.  An  eminent  American  states- 
man ;  born  m  Lancaster,  Ohio.,  May  10,  1823  ; 
died  in  Washington,  Oct.  22,  1 900.  He  was 
first  elected  to  Congress  in  1854;  Senator,  1861- 
73;  and  1881-87;  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
1877-81  ;  and  Secretary  of  State  from  1 897.  He 
is  the  author  of  '  Selected  Speeches  and  Re- 
ports on  Finance  and  Taxation,  1859—1878* 
(New  York  1879)  ;  and  <  Recollections  of  Forty 
Years  in  the  House,  Senate,  and  Cabinet.* 

Sherman,  William  Tecumseh.    One  of  the 

most  distinguished  of  American  generals ;  born 
in  Lancaster,  O.,  Feb.  8,  1820;  died  in  New 
York  city,  Feb.  14,  1891.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1840 ;  resigned  from  the  army 
as  captain  in  1853;  was  commissioned  colonel, 
May  13,  1861,  and  after  a  long  career  of  active 
service,  retired  from  command  on  Feb.  8,  1884, 
as  general  of  the  army.  He  has  published  : 
'  Memoirs  of  Gen.  William  T.  Sherman  by  Him- 
self *  (2  vols.,  New  York,  1875  and  1885). 

Sherwood,  John  D.  An  American  writer; 
born  in  Fishkill,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  15,  1818.  He 
served  as  a  Federal  officer  through  the  Civil 
War.  Besides  contributing  to  periodicals,  he 
has  published  the  volumes  :  <  The  Case  of  Cuba  * 
(1869);  'Comic  History  of  the  United  States* 
(1870). 

Shevchenko,  Taras  Grigorievich  (shev- 
chen'kS).  A  Russian  poet ;  born  Feb.  25,  1814 ; 
died  in  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  26,  1861.  His 
'  Kobzar,*  a  volume  of  lyrics  in  the  Little  Rus- 
sian dialect,  appeared  in  1840  (new  cd.  i860), 
and  became  at  once  popular.  <  Haidamaki,* 
one  of  the  greatest  of  Russian  epics,  followed 
in  1841 ;  after  which  came  <  Hamalia,"  <  Maiax,* 
and  others. 

Siillaber,  'Benjamin  Penhallow.  ["Mrs. 
Partington.**]  An  American  journalist  and 
humorist ;  born  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  July  12, 
1814;  died  in  Chelsea,  Mass.,  Nov.  25,  1890. 
From  1840  to  1866  he  was  editor  of  various  jour- 
nals in  Boston.  His  <  Life  and  Sayings  of  Mrs. 
Partington*  (1854)  gained  for  him  world-wide 
popularity.  This  was  followed  by  'Knitting- 
Work*  (1857);  'Partington  Patchwork*  (1873); 
and  '  Wide  Swath,*  a  volume  of  collected  verse 
(1882). 

ShinQler,  Mrs.  Mary  Stanley  Bunce 
(Palmer)  (Dana).  An  American  poet  and 
author;  bom  in  Beaufort,  S.  C,  Feb.  15,  1810; 
died  in  1883.  Her  poems,  once  very  popular 
through  the  South,  include :  '  The  Southern 
Harp*  (1840);  'The  Northern  Harp*  (1841); 
'The  Parted  Family,  and  Other  Poems*  (1842); 
'The  Temperance  Lyre*  (1842).  She  has 
also  written  <  Charles  Morton ;  or.  The  Young 
Patriot*  (1843);  'Forecastle  Tom*  (1844);  and 
'Letters  on  the   Trinity*  (1845). 

Shinn,  Charles  Howard.  An  American  poet, 
journalist,  and  historical  writer;  born  in  Aus- 
tin, Tex.,  April  29,  1852.  He  was  engaged  in 
periodical  work  until  1885,  when  he  became 
connected  with  the  Overland  Monthly.  He 
is  the  author  of  '  Mining  Camps :  A  Study  in 


494 


SHINN  — SIMMS 


American   Pioneer   Government >    (1885),   and 
•The  Story  of  the  .Mine.> 

Shlim,  Millicent  Washburn.  An  Ameri- 
can editor ;  born  in  Washington  Township,  Cal., 
April  15,  1858.  In  1882  she  was  connected  with 
the  Overland  Monthly.  Her  writings  include 
poems,  sketches,  stories,  and  critiques,  for  vari- 
ous magazines. 

Shlpman,  Louis  Evan.  An  American 
writer ;  bom  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  2,  1869. 
He  has  published :  <  Urban  Dialogues ' ;  <  A 
Group  of  American  Caricatures*;  and  an  act- 
ing play  founded  on  the  story  of  <  Henry  Es- 
mond ;  >  <  On  Parole  * ;  <  The  Admiral.' 

Shorey,  Paul.  An  American  scholar ;  born 
1857.  He  is  now  professor  of  Greek  and  Latin 
literature  at  the  University  of  Chicago.  He 
published  <  The  Odes  and  Epodes  of  Horace ' ; 
<  The  Unity  of  Plato's  Thought. > 

Shorter,  Clement  King.  An  English  editor 
and  author.  Upon  the  death  of  John  Latey, 
he  was  appointed  editor  of  the  Illustrated  Lon- 
don News  by  Sir  William  Ingram,  proprietor 
of  that  paper.  He  also  has  charge  of  the 
Sketch,  Album,  and  English  Illustrated  Maga- 
zine, and  is  generally  regarded  as  one  of  the 
ablest  and  most  acute  editors  in  London.  His 
published  works  comprise :  <  Fifty  Years  of 
Victorian  Literature,  1837-87 >  (1888);  (Char- 
lotte Bronte  and  her  Circle >  (1896);  (Victo- 
rian Literature:  Sixty  Years  of  Books  and 
Bookmen'  (1897). 

Shorthouse,  John  Henry.  An  English  nov- 
elist; born  at  Binningham,  in  1834.  His  best- 
known  novel  is  (John  Inglesant>  (1881).  His 
other  works  include:  (The  Little  Schoolmas- 
ter, Mark>  (1883-84);  (Sir  PercivaP  (1886);  (A 
Teacher  ofthe  Violin)  (1888);  and  (Blanche,Ladj 
Falaise.>     Died  in  London,  Mar.  4,  1902. 

Sldgwick.  Henry.  A  distinguished  English 
philosopher  and  political  economist;  born  at 
Skipton,  Yorkshire,  May  31,  1838  ;  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Aug.  28,  1900.  He  was  professor  of 
moral  philosophy  at  Cambridge,  and  did  much 
for  the  promotion  of  higher  education  of  women, 
having  assisted  in  the  foundation  of  Newnham 
College.  His  works  include  :  (The  Methods  of 
Ethics)  (1874);  (The  Principles  of  Political 
Economy)  {1883),  one  of  the  most  important 
works  on  the  subject  ;<  Outlines  of  the  History 
of  Ethics)  (1886J;  etc. 

Sidney  or  Sydney,  Algernon.  An  English 
republican  patriot;  born  at  Penshurst,  Kent  (?), 
1622  (?);  died  at  London  on  the  scaffold,  Dec.  7! 
1683.  He  wrote  (Discourses  Concerning  Gov- 
ernment,) his  political  confession  of  faith  (1698). 
Sidney,  Philip,  sir.  An  English  courtier 
and  man  of  letters ;  bora  at  Penshurst  in  Kent 
Nov.  30,  1554;  died  at  Arnheim,  Oct.  17,  1586 
He  wrote  some  (Sonnets)  after  the  manner 
of  Catullus  and  Petrarch;  a  celebrated  essay, 
Apology  for  Poetry)  (1595);  a  pastoral  tale, 
'Arcadia)  1590);  and  a  versified  translation 
of  the  ( Psalms.) 


Sidonius  Appollinaris,  Caius  Sollius  (4,- 
482  A.  D).  A  conspicuous  man  of  affairs 
and  of  literary  effort  in  the  Roman  Em- 
pire of  the  fifth  century;  bishop  of  Clermont, 
in  Gaul.  Of  his  work  we  have  ( Pane- 
gyrics) of  several  emperors,  and  some  poems, 
not  valuable;  and  a  collection  of  letters  very 
valuable  as  a  picture  of  provincial  society  just 
as  the  barbarians  were  overwhelming  it. 

Sienkiewicz,  Henryk  {se"en-ke"a-vich).  A 
very  eminent  Polish  novelist;  born  at  Vola 
Okrzejska,  1846.  His  works  comprise  :  (No  Man 
Is  a  Prophet  in  his  Own  Country)  (1872); 
(Hania);  (Charcoal  Sketches';  (Village' 
Tales);  (Yanko  the  Mu.sician);  (With  Fire 
and  Sword)  (1884),  (The  Deluge)  (1886),  ( Pan 
Michael '  (188S),— a  grand  trilogy  of  historical 
novels :  (  Without  Dogma  )  (1890J;  (  Quo  Vadis  > 
(1895),  a  historical  novel  of  the  time  of  Nero; 
(The  Crusaders) ;  (  Hanna) ;  (Comedy  of  Errors.) 

Sigerson,  Dora.  An  Irish  verse-writer;  bom 
at  Dublin;  wrote  a  volume  of  (Verses)  (1893). 

Sigourney,  Lydia  (Huntley).  An  Ameri- 
can writer  of  prose  and  verse;  bora  in  Nor- 
wich, Conn.,  Sept.  i,  1791 ;  died  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  June  10,  1865.  In  her  ( Letters  of  Life,> 
published  (1866)  posthumously,  she  enumer- 
ates forty-six  distinct  works  wholly  or  partially 
from  her  pen,  besides  over  2,000  articles  in 
prose  and  verse,  contributed  by  her  to  nearly 
300  periodicals.  Among  her  other  publica- 
tions are:  (Pleasant  Memories  of  Pleasant 
Lands,)  a  record  of  her  visit  in  Europe  made 
in  1840  (1842);  (Scenes  in  my  Native  Land) 
(1844);  (Water  Drops:  A  Plea  for  Temper- 
ance) (1847);  (Gleanings,)  poems  (i860);  and 
(The   Man  of  Uz,  and  Other  Poems)  (1862). 

Sites,  Mrs.  W.  W.    See  Logan. 

Silius  Italicus  (sil'i-us  it-al'i-kus).  A  Ro- 
man poet ;  born  in  25  A.  D. ;  died  in  loi. 
His  epic  poem  ( Punica,)  in  17  books,  is 
still  extant;  its  theme  is  the  second  Punic 
war,  as  its  story  is  told  by  Livy  and  Polybius, 
and  the  author  imitates  the  style  of  Virgil[ 
but  he  lacks  the  true  poetic  inspiration.  To' 
him  is  attributed  (Homer  in  Latin,)  a  Latin 
translation  of  a  part  of  the  Iliad. 

Sill,  Edward  Rowland.  An  American  poet ; 
born  in  Windsor,  Conn.,  April  29,  1841 ;  died  in 
Cleveland,  O.,  Feb.  27,  1887.  In  1874  he  became 
professor  of  English  literature  in  the  University 
of  California,  where  he  remained  until  1882, 
subsequently  removing  to  Cleveland.  His  po- 
etical works  are  included  in  (The  Hermitage, 
and  Other  Poems)  (1867);  ( The  Venus  of  Milo, 
and  Other  Poems)  (1883);  and  ( Poems,)  posthu- 
mously issued  (1888). 

Simcox.  Edith.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer ;  author  of  ( Natural  Law :  An  Essay  in 
Ethics)  (1877);  (Episodes  in  the  Lives  of  Men, 
Women,  and  Lovers,)  stories  (1882). 

Simnis,  William  Gilmore.  An  American 
novelist  and  poei;  bom  in  Charleston,  S.  C, 
April   17,  1806;  died  there,  June  li,  1870.    Hii 


SIMON  — SKETCHLEY 


publications  include:  <Atalantis:  A  Tale  of 
the  Sea>  (1S32),  the  longest  and  most  noted  of 
his  poems;  <The  Yemassee>  (1835;  revised  ed. 
1853);  <CastIe  DismaP  (1845);  <  The  Wigwam 
and  the  Cabin;  or,  Tales  of  the  South*  (1845- 
46);  <The  Maroon,  and  Other  Tales>  (1855); 
and  <War  Poetry  of  the  South  >  (1867). 

Simon,  Jules  Fran5ois  Suisse  (se-mon'). 
A  notable  French  statesman  and  writer  on  piiil- 
osophical  and  political  subjects ;  born  at  Lo- 
rient,  Dec.  31,  1814;  died  at  Paris,  June  8,  1896. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  Academy,  1875, 
and  the  same  year  was  appointed  senator  for 
life.  Among  his  works  are :  <  Studies  on  the 
Theodicy  of  Plato  and  Aristotle  >  (184G);  <  His- 
tory of  the  School  of  Alexandria'  (2  vols., 
1844);  <Duty>  (1854;  15th  ed.  1892),-  <  Natural 
Religion)  (1856);  <The  Workingwoman>  (1861 ; 
9th  ed.  1891);  <Labor>  (1866;  4th  ed.  1877),  a 
work  which  arrested  public  attention ;  *  Free 
Trade*  (1870);  <  Reform  of  Secordary  Educa- 
tion* (1874);  *  The  Twentieth-Ce.otury  Woman  * 
(1891);  <  Four  Portraits* :  Lamartine,  Lavigerie, 
Renan,  and  Emperor  William  II.  (1896). 

Slmonds,  William.  [  «  Walter  Aimwell.  **  ] 
An  American  juvenile  writer;  born  in  Massa- 
£husetts,  1822 ;  died  1859.  Among  his  best- 
known  works  are  :  <  The  Aimwell  Stories  * ; 
'■The  Boys'  Own  Guide*;  and  <The  Boys' 
Book  of  Morals  and  Manners.* 

Simonides  (se-mon'id-ez).  A  celebrated 
Greek  lyric  poet ;  born  in  the  island  of  Ceos, 
about  556  B.  C.;  died  about  468.  He  was  at 
the  height  of  his  fame  at  th^,  time  of  the  Per- 
sian war,  and  celebrated  i,b,e  heroes  of  that 
struggle  and  their  feats.  Of  his  famous  <  Epi- 
grams,* a  good  many  have  come  down  to  us ; 
but  of  his  Elegies,  Dirges,  Epinikia,  Dithy- 
rambs, Hymns,  and  Paeans,  we  have  but  frag- 
ments. 

Simpson,  John  Palgrave.  An  English 
story-writer  and  dramatist ;  born  at  Norwich, 
1807  ;  died  at  London,  Aug.  19,  1887.  He  wrote : 
•Second  Love*  (1846);  <Gisela*  (1847);  <Let- 
ters  from  the  Danube*  (1847);  <  The  Lily  of 
Paris;  or,  The  King's  Nurse*  (1848);  <  Pictures 
from  Revolutionary  Paris*  (1848);  <  Life  of  Karl 
Maria  von  Weber.*  His  dramatic  compositions 
were  about  forty  in  number;  among  them  are 
<  The  World  and  the  Stage,*  and  <  Sibylla ;  or, 
Step  by  Step.* 

Sims,  George  Robert.  An  English  dram- 
atist and  journalist ;  born  in  London,  Sept.  2, 
1847.  He  is  the  author  of  <The  Lights  o'  Lon- 
don* (1882);  <The  Romany  Rye*  (1883).  Some 
of  his  contributions  to  the  press  are  :  *■  Dagonet 
Ballads*  (1879);  < Three  Brass  Balls*  (1880); 
<The  Theatre  of  Life*  (1881);  <  How  the  Poor 
Live*  (1883);  < Stories  in  Black  and  White* 
(i8Ssi;  '  Mary  Jane's  Memoir*;  < Scarlet  Sin.* 

Sinclair,    Catherine.     A    Scotch    novelL<;t; 
born  in  Edinburgh,  April  17,  1800;  died  there,' 
Aug.  6,  1864.     Among  her  writings  are  :  <  Char- 
lie Seymour* ;  <  Holiday  House  * ;  <  Modern  Ac- 
complishments,*  a  study  of    the  education  of 


49S 

grirls  (1836);  <  Shetland  and  the  Shetlanders> 
(1840);  < Modem  Flirtations*  (1841);  < Scotch 
Courtiers  and  the  Court*  (1842);  <Jane  Bou- 
verie ;    or.   Prosperity   and   Adversity*    (1846); 

<  Popish  Legends;  or,  Bible  Truths*  (1852); 
<Torchester  Abbe;"'  (1857);  < Anecdotes  of  the 
Caesars*  (1858);  <Sketc*-es  and  Short  Stories 
of  Scotland*  (1859). 

Sinclair,  Thomas.  A  British  poet  and  story- 
writer;  born  near  Thurso,  Scotland,  1843.  He 
wrote  :  <  Poems*  (1873);  <  The  Messenger,* verses 
(1875);  <  Love's  Trilogy,*  a  poem  (1876);  <The 
Goddess  Fortune,*  a  novel  (1884);  <  The  Sinclairs 
of  England*  ;<  Rulers  of  Orkney* ;  <  Essays.* 

Slnnett,  Alfred  Percy.  An  English  jour- 
nalist; born  in  London,  1840.  He  was  on  the 
staff  of  the  London  Globe  in  1859;  afterwards 
edited  the  Daily  Press  at  Hong  Kong.  In  1871 
he  was  editor  of  the  Pioneer,  at  Allahabad, 
Lidia.  Returning  to  England  in  1882,  he  pub- 
lished <  The  Occult  World*  and  <  Esoteric 
Buddhism  *  (1883),  which  immediately  connected 
his  name  with  the  Theosophical  movement, 
and  with  its  originator  Madame  Blavatsky. 

Sismondi,  Jean  Charles  Leonard  Simon  de 

(sis-mon'de).  A  celebrated  Swiss  historian; 
born  at  Geneva,  May  9,  1773;  died  there,  June 
25,  1842.  His  principal  works  are  :  <  History  of 
the  Italian  Republics  in  the  Middle  Ages*  (16 
vols.,  1807-18);  'History  of  the  New  Birth  of 
Liberty  in  Italy*  (2  vols.,  1832);  < History  of 
the  French*  (31  vols.,  1821-34);  *  History  of  the 
Fall  of  the   Roman   Empire*    (2  vols.,   1835); 

<  Julia  Severa;  or.  The  Year  492*  (3  vols.,  1822); 
< Literature  of  the  South  of  Europe*  (1813). 

Slseat,  Walter  William.  A  distinguished 
English  Anglo-Saxon  scholar,  philologist,  and 
lexicographer;  born  in  London,  Nov.  21,  1835. 
He  is  professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  at  Cambridge 
(from  1883);  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Eng- 
lish Dialect  Society ;  and  an  authority  on  early 
English  literature.  He  has  edited  <The  Vis- 
ion of  William  concerning  Piers  Ploughman* 
(1867-85);    Barbour's   <The    Bruce*    (1870-89); 

<  Specimens  of  English  Literature,  1298-1579* 
(187 1  and  1872);  numerous  poems,  metrical 
romances,  etc.;  and  has  compiled  <An  Etymo- 
logical Dictionary  of  the  English  Language* 
(4  vols.,  1879-81 ;  new  ed.  1884),  his  chief  work. 
One  of  his  recent  publications  is  an  edition  of 
Chaucer  (6  vols.,  1894);*  Notes  on  English 
]';t>'niology.* 

Skelton  John.  An  early  English  satirical 
poet;  born  about  1460 ;  died  in  1529.  He  was 
academical  laureate  at  Cambridge  and  Ox- 
ford, and  afterwards  was  appointed  by  Henry 
VH.  tutor  to  Prince  Henry,  afterward  Henry 
VIII.  He  wrote  many  poems  of  a  jocular  and 
satirical  nature,  among  which  are  <  Philip  Spar- 
row,* the  lament  of  a  maiden  over  the  loss 
of  her  pet  bird ;  and  <  Colin  Clout,*  a  satire  on 
the  clergy. 

Sketchley,  Arthur,  pseudonym  of  George 
Rose.  An  English  dramatist  and  writer  of  hu- 
morous sketches ;  born  at  London,  May  19, 1817; 
diad  there,  Nov.  1 1, 1882.    He  wrote  i  <  Pauline,* 


496 


SKINNER  — SMITH 


a  drama  (1851);  'The  Dark  Cloud,>  drama 
(1863);  <Ho\v  will  iVy  Get  out  of  It,>  com- 
edy (1864);  and  about  35  volumes  of  humor- 
ous pieces  selected  from  his  contributions  to 
the  comic  journals,  among  them  <  Mrs.  Brown's 
Visit  to  the  Paris  Exhibition)  (1867),  followed 
by  a  series  of  observations  of  the  same  imagi- 
nary personage:  <  In  the  Highlands'  (1869); 
<On  the  Grand  Tour>  (1870);  <On  the  New 
Liquor  Law>  (1872);  <On  the  Alabama  Claims' 
(1872);  <On  Home  Rule'  (1881);  etc. 

Skinner,  John.  A  Scotch  song- writer;  bom 
at  Balfour,  in  Aberdeenshire,  Oct.  3,  1721 ;  died 
June  16,  1807.  His  songs  were  very  popular: 
among  them  were  <  Tullochgorum, '  reckoned 
by  Burns  "the  best  Scotch  song  Scotland  ever 
saw "  ;  <  Ewie  wi'  the  Crookit  Horn ' ;  <  John 
o'  Badenyon';  <  The  Old  Man's  Song.'  He 
wrote  an  <  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Scotland ' 
(2  vols.,  1788). 

Skipsey,  Joseph.  An  English  verse-writer; 
author  of  <  Poems,  Songs,  and  Ballads'  (1862); 
'Miscellaneous  Lyrics'  (1878).  A  complete 
edition  of  his  works,  entitled  <  Carols  from  the 
Coal  Fields,  and  Other  Songs  and  Ballads,' 
was  issued  in  1886. 

Sladen,  Douglas  Brooke  Wheelton.  An 
English  poet;  born  at  London,  1856.  He  is 
author  of  '  Frithjog  and  Ingebjorg,  and  Other 
Poems'  (1882);  'Australian  Lyrics'  (1883);  <A 
Summer  Christmas  :  A  Tale  of  Sport '  (1884);  'Ed- 
ward the  Black  Prince,'  an  epic  drama  (1886)  ; 
'  Australian  Ballads  and  Rhymes  '  (1888)  ;  'The 
Spanish  Armada  ' ; '  Queer  Things  about  Japan.' 

Sleldan  or  Sleidanus,  Johannes  (sli'dan). 
A  celebrated  German  historian ;  born  at  Schlei- 
den  near  Cologne ;  died  at  Strasburg,  Oct.  31, 
1556.  His  greatest  work  is  'Memoirs  of  the 
State  of  Religion  and  the  Civil  Government 
under  the  Emperor  Charles  V.'  (3  vols.,  1555), 
a  history  written  without  partisanship,  and  in 
graceful  literary  style ;  he  wrote  also  a  history 
of  'The  Four  Great  Empires,  Babylonian, 
Persian,  Greek,  and  Roman'  (1556). 

Sloane,  William  Milligan.  An  American 
historian;  born  in  Richmond,  O.,  Nov.  12,  1850; 
graduated  at  Columbia  in  1868 ;  studied  in  Ber- 
lin and  Leipsic  (1872-76),  and  during  part  of 
that  time  was  private  secretary  of  George  Ban- 
croft, then  minister  at  Berlin.  He  was  for  sev- 
eral years  a  professor  at  Princeton,  and  is  now 
professor  of  history  at  Columbia.  He  has  pub- 
lished :  '  The  French  War  and  the  Revolution ' ; 
'Life  of  James  McCosh';  in  1897  brought  out 
a  very  important '  Life  of  Napoleon,'  in  2  vols. 

Slosson,  Mrs.  Annie  (Trumbull).  An  Amer- 
ican story-writer,  sister  of  J.  Hammond  and 
Henry  Clay  Trumbull ;  born  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
184-.  She  has  devoted  much  time  to  the  study 
of  entomology,  and  writtenmany  excellent  short 
stories.  Iler  books  include:  'Seven  Dreamers,' 
a  collection  of  her  magazine  stories  ;<  The  Heresy 
of  Mehetable  Clark  ' ;  'Anna  Malann  >  ;  'The 
China  Hunter's  Club ' ;  <  White  Christopher.' 

Slowacki,  Julius  (slo-vats'ke).  A  celebrated* 
Polish   poet,  born  at  Kremenecz  in  Volhynia,   ' 


Aug.  23,  1809 ;  died  at  Paris,  April  3,  1849.  In 
his  earlier  poems  he  was  under  the  influence 
of  Byron ;  but  escapes  from  it  in  the  '  Ode  to 
Liberty,'  '  Hymn  to  the  Mother  of  God,'  and 
'Song  of  the  Lithuanian  Legion'  (1831).  The 
sentiment  of  Polish  nationality  finds  fullest 
expression  in  the  dramatic  poem  'Kordyan' 
(1834),  and  the  tragedy  'Mazeppa.'  Slowacki 
reaches  the  height  of  his  lyric  power  in  the 
poem  '  In  Switzerland.'  His  last  great  work, 
left  incomplete,  was  <  King  Spirit,'  which  he 
designed  to  be  a  "  Legend  of  the  Ages "  of 
Polish  history. 

Smalley,  George  Washburn.  An  American 
journalist ;  bom  in  Franklin,  Mass.,  June  2, 
1833.  During  the  American  Civil  War,  the 
war  between  Prussia  and  Russia,  and  the 
P"ranco-German  war,  he  distinguished  himself 
as  war  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Trib- 
une ;  and  as  representative  of  the  same  in 
London  (1867-95)  he  gained  an  eminent  rank 
in  journalism.  His  '  London  Letters  and  Some 
Others '  and  '  Studies  of  Men '  were  widely 
popular.  He  has  been  American  correspondent 
of  the  London  Times  since  1895. 

Smart,  Christopher.  An  English  poet,  and 
one  of  the  interesting  figures  of  literary  his- 
tory; born  at  Shipboume,  Kent,  April  11,  1722; 
died  May  21,  1771.  His  fame  rests  upon  a 
'Song  to  David'  (1763),  pronounced  by  Dante 
Gabriel  Rossetti  "the  only  great  accomplished 
poem  of  the  eighteenth  century."  It  is  said 
to  have  been  written  in  a  madhouse,  "  partly 
with  charcoal  on  the  walls,  or  indented  with  a 
key  on  the  panels  of  his  cell,"  the  poet  hav- 
ing been  deprived  of  his  liberty  on  account  of 
his  debts.  Noted  also  is  a  version  of  Horace, 
which  had  a  wide  sale.  Other  works  are  :  '  Po- 
ems'  (1752);  'Power  of  the  Supreme  Being' 
(1753);  'The  Hilliad:  An  Epic  Poem'  (1753); 
'Poems  on  Several  Occasions'  (1763);  'Trans- 
lation of  the  Psalms  of  David'  (1765);  and 
many  miscellaneous  essays,  poems,  and  trans- 
lations. 

Smart,  Mrs.  Helen  Hamilton  (Gardener). 
An  American  novelist ;  born  in  Virginia,  1858. 
She  has  published  many  works  of  fiction  deal- 
ing with  social  reforms.  Among  these  are: 
'  An  Unofficial  Patriot ' ;  <  Is  This  Your  Son, 
My  Lord? ' '  Facts  and  Fictions  of  Life ' ;  <  Pray 
You,  Sir,  Whose  Daughter? '  '  The  Fortunes  of 
Margaret  Weld.'  She  has  also  written  maga- 
zine  articles,  part  of  them  collected  as  <  Men, 
Women,  and  Gods.' 

Smiles,  Samuel.  A  British  miscellaneous 
writer;  bom  at  Haddington,  Scotland,  1812. 
Many  of  his  writings  had  a  very  wide  circu- 
lation. Among  them  are:  'Self-Help'  (i860); 
'Life  of  George  Stephenson'  (6th  ed.  1864); 
'Lives  of  Engineers'  (1862;  new  ed.  1874,  5 
vols.);  'The  Huguenots  in  England  and  Ire- 
land' (4th  ed.  1876);  'Thrift'  (1875);  'Men 
of  Invention  and  Industry.'     Died  Apr.  16,  1904. 

Smith,  Adam.  A  renowned  Scotch  political 
economist ;  born  at  Kirkcaldy,  June  5,  1723 ; 
died  at  Edinburgh,  July  17,  ijgo,    H«  wrote  a 


SMITH:   ALBERT  — GOLDWIN 


497 


< Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments >  (i759),  in  which 
he  finds  in  human  sympathy  the  cohesive  force 
of  social  life;  < Origin  of  Languages >  (about 
1760);  and  (in  1776)  his  great  work,  <  Inquiry 
into  the  Nature  and  Causes  of  the  Wealth  of 
Nations,'  unfairly  said  to  make  self-interest 
the  chief  motor  of  society :  it  only  makes  that 
passion  the  chief  motor  of  making  money. 

Smith,  Albert.  An  English  humorist ;  born 
at  Chertsey  in  Surrey,  May  24,  1816;  died  at 
Fulham  in  Middlesex,  May  23,  i860.  He  was 
a  leading  contributor  to  Punch.  He  wrote : 
<The  Adventures  of  Mr.  Ledbury  >;  <  Christo- 
pher Tadpole  >;  <  Pottleton's  Legacy  >;  a  series 
of  "natural  histories"  of  <  The  Gent,>  <The 
Ballet  Girl,>  <Tlie  Idler  upon  Town,>  <The 
Flirt  >;  and  <The  Medical  Student,>  a  small 
volume  of  amusing  skits. 

Smith,  Alexander.  A  Scottish  poet;  born 
in  Kilmarnock,  Dec.  31,  1830 ;  died  at  Wardie 
near  Edinburgh,  Jan.  5, 1867.  Among  his  works, 
<A  Life  Drama  >  (1853)  attracted  great  atten- 
tion. He  wrote:  < Sonnets  of  the  War,>  with 
Sydney  Dobell  (1855);  <City  Poems  >  (1857); 
<  Edwin  of  Deira>  (1861);  also  the  prose  works 
'  Dreamthorpe  >  (1863),  *A  Summer  in  Skye  > 
(1865),  'Alfred  Hagart's  Household >  (1866), 
and  <Miss  Oona  McQuarrie>  (1866). 

Smith,  Buckingham.  An  American  historian 
and  philologist;  born  in  Georgia,  Oct.  31,  1810; 
died  in  New  York,  Jan.  5,  1871.  He  was  sec- 
retary of  legation  at  Mexico  (1850-52),  and  at 
Madrid  (1855-58).  He  made  an  exhaustive 
study  of  Mexican  history  and  antiquities,  and 
published  many  monographs  and  historical  pa- 
pers. Among  them  are :  <  Narrative  of  Her- 
nando de  Soto>  (1854);  <  Documents  relating  to 
the  History  of  Florida >  (1857);  <A  Grammatical 
Sketch  of  the  Heve  Language  >  (1861);  <  Gram- 
mar of  the  Pina  Language'  (1862). 

Smith,  Charles  Henry.  [«Bill  Arp.»]  An 
American  humorist;  born  in  Lawrenceville, 
Ga.,  June  15,  1826.  His  literary  career  began 
(1861)  in  a  series  of  letters  under  the  pseu- 
donym above.  His  publications  include:  <Bill 
Arp's  Scrap-Book>  (1886);  <The  Farm  and  the 
Fireside ' ;  and  <  Georgia  as  a  Colony  and  State, 
17^3-1893.*     Died  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  Aug.  25,  1903. 

Smith,  Charlotte  (Turner).  An  English  nov- 
(Clist ;  born  1749  ;  died  1806.  She  wrote  :  <  Elegiac 
.■Sonnets  and  Other  Essays'  (1784);  <Emmeline; 
.or.  The  Orphan  of  the  Castle'  (1788);  <  Ethe 
linde;  or,  the  Recluse  of  the  Lake'  (1789); 
■'Celestina:  A  Novel'  (1791);  <  Desmond :  A 
Novel'  (1792);  <The  Old  Manor-House'  (1793); 
'<  The  Emigrants:  A  Poem'  (1793);  'Natural 
Jiistory  of  Birds'  (1807). 

Smith,  Edmund.  An  English  poet ;  born 
1672;  died  1710.  His  works  are:  <Poem  on  the 
Death  of  Mr.  John  Philips'  (1708);  'Phaedrus 
and  Hippolitus:  A  Tragedy'  (1719);  'Monody 
on  Dr.  Pocock'  (1750);  'Odes'  (1719). 

Smith,  Elizabeth  Oakes  (Prince).  An  Amer- 
ican writer  of  prose  and  verse,  noted  in  her 
time;  wife  of  Seba;  born  in  Cumberland,  Me., 

32 


Aug.  12,  1806  ;  died  at  Hollywood,  N.  C,  Nov. 
15.  1893.  Among  her  numerous  works  are : 
<Riches  Without  Wings'  (1838);  <The  News- 
boy>;  'The  Sinless  Child,  and  Other  Poems> 
(1841);  'Woman  and  her  Needs'  (1847);  and 
<Bald  Eagle,  the  Last  of  the  Rampaughs'  (1867). 
Her  children  changed  their  name  to  Oaksmith 
to  identify  themselves  with  her. 

Smith,  Francis  Hopkinson.  An  American 
artist  and  author  residing  in  New  York;  born 
in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  23, 1838.  His  well-known 
contributions  to  the  current  literature  of  the  day 
have  been  illustrated  by  his  own  hand.  Among 
his  works  are  :   '  Well-Worn  Roads  of  Spain '  ; 

<  Holland  and  Italy ' ;  '  Old  Lines  in  New  Black 
and  White';  <A  White  Umbrella  in  Mexico'; 
'A  Book  of  the  Tile  Club ' ;  <A  Day  at  Laguerre  > ; 

<  Colonel  Carter  of  Cartersville,'  a  novel ;  'Amer- 
ican Illustrators';  'A  Gentleman  Vagabond 
and  Some  Others';  'Tom  Grogan,'  a  novel; 
'Espero  Gorgoni,  Gondolier' ;  'The  Veiled  Lady.' 

Smith,  George.  A  celebrated  English  As- 
syriologist;  born  in  London,  March  26,  1840; 
died  at  Aleppo,  Aug.  19,  1876.  The  importance 
of  his  contributions  to  our  knowledge  of  Assyr- 
ian history  and  inscriptions  is  everywhere  ac- 
knowledged. Part  of  his  published  works  are : 
'The  Chaldean  Account  of  Genesis';  'As- 
syria from  the  Earliest  Times  till  the  Fall  of 
Nineveh'  (1875);  'Assyrian  Discoveries'  (1875), 
an  account  of  his  own  travels  and  researches; 
'The  Assyrian  Epon)'m  Canon'  (1876);  'His- 
tory of  Babylonia,'  edited  by  A.  H.  Sayce  (1877); 
'  History  of  Sennacherib,'  edited  by  A.  H.  Sayce 
(1878). 

Smith,  Geo-^e  Barnett.  An  English  jour- 
nalist, litterateur,  and  biographer ;  born  at  Oven- 
den,  near  Halifax,  Yorkshire,  May  17,  1841. 
He  was  for  a  time  on  the  staff  of  the  London 
Globe  and  Echo  ;  and  subsequently  contributed 
literary,  critical,  and  biographical  articles  to 
British  reviews.  His  chief  publications  are: 
'Poets  and  Novelists'  (1875);  'Lives'  of  Shel- 
ley, Gladstone,  Peel,  Bright,  Victor  Hugo,  and 
Queen  Victoria;  'Prime  Ministers  of  Queen 
Victoria'  (1886);  and  the  standard  'History  of 
the  English  Parliament'  (2  vols.,  1892). 

Smith,  Gerrit.  An  American  reformer,  anti- 
slavery  advocate,  and  philanthropist;  born  in 
Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  1797 ;  died  in  New  York,  Dec. 
28,  1874.  He  was  active  in  the  cause  of  tem- 
perance, an  uncompromising  enemy  of  slavery, 
made  large  donations  in  aid  of  the  poor,  and 
gave  land  in  New  York  State  to  many  escaped 
slaves.  He  wrote  numerous  tracts  and  papers; 
and  published:  'Speeches  in  Congress'  (1855); 
'Sermons  and  Speeches'  (1861);  'The  Religion 
of  Reason'  (1864);  'The  Theologies'  (1866); 
'Nature  the  Basis  of  a  Free  Theology'  (1867); 
and  'Correspondence  vnth  Albert  Barnes' 
(1868). 

Smith,  Goldwin.  An  eminent  English  lib- 
eral, essayist,  and  educator,  now  residing  in 
Canada;  born  in  Reading,  Aug.  13,  1823.  In 
1868   he   was  professor  of   English    history   at 


498 


SMITH:  HANNAH  — WILLIAM 


Cornell  Universitv.  In  1871  he  removed  to 
Toronto.  His  works  include  (The  Relations 
between  America  and  England> ;  <  The  Political 
Destiny  of  Canada  > ;  <  Irish  Historj'  and  the 
Irish  Question  >  ;  <  Labor  and  Capital. > 

Smith.  Hannali.  [« Hesba  Stretton.»]  An 
English  novelist;  born  at  Wellington,  Shrop- 
shire. She  has  written  many  novels  and  sto- 
ries, including:  < Jessica's  First  Prayer >  (1866); 
•The  Clives  of  Burcot>  (1867);  <  Paul's  Court- 
ship >  (1867);  < Hester  Morely's  Promise'  (1868); 
and  <Bede's  Charity  >  (1882). 

Smltli,  James  and  Horace.  Authors  of  the 
<  Rejected  Addresses,'  and  other  excellent  hu- 
morous compositions;  bom  in  London;  James 
born  1775,  died  1839;  Horace  born  1779,  died 
'^.  The  managers  of  the  new  Drury  Lane 
1'neatre,  completed  in  1812  to  replace  the 
burned  one,  offered  a  prize  for  the  most  suita- 
ble opening  address;  the  result  was  a  deluge 
of  such  ludicrous  rubbish  that  all  had  to  be 
rejected,  and  Byron  was  commissioned  to  write 
one.  The  brothers  Smith  conceived  the  idea 
of  burlesquing  the  style  of  leading  poets  and 
other  men  of  letters  and  public  notorieties, 
in  a  set  of  pieces  purporting  to  be  among  the 
real  addresses  sent  in  to  the  committee  but 
declined.  Hence  the  volume  of  <  Rejected  Ad- 
dresses,* which  by  1819  had  reached  its  six- 
teenth edition,  and  is  a  livingly  familiar  classic 
still.  Its  travesties  are  hardly  caricatures  so 
much  as  genuine  reproductions  of  the  spirit 
as  well  as  manner  of  their  subjects.  Horace 
subsequently  published  many  novels  and  poems, 
the  best-known  among  them  being  the  <Ode  to 
an  Egyptian  Mummy.>  James  was  afterwards 
a  well-known  diner-out,  entertainer,  and  con- 
tributor to  periodical  literature  of  his  day ;  his 
best-known  pieces  are  <  The  Taking  of  Sebas- 
topoP  and  (Surnames  Go  by  Contraries.' 

Smith,  (Captain)  John.  The  famous  Eng- 
lish adventurer  and  colonist ;  born  in  Wil- 
loughby,  Lincolnshire,  January  I579;  died  in 
London,  June  21,  1631.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  Virginia,  who  in  1607  settled  in 
Jamestown.  His  writings  are  :  <  A  Map  of  Vir- 
ginia,' etc.  (1612);  (The  Generall  Historic  of 
Virginia,'  etc.  (1624);  (Description  of  New 
England';  (An  Accidence,  or  Pathway  to 
Experience';  (A  Sea  Grammar';  (The  True 
Travels  of  Captain  John  Smith.' 

Smith,  Mary  Louise  (Riley).  An  American 
verse-writer;  bom  in  Brighton,  N.  Y.,  May  27, 
1842.  She  is  author  of  (A  Gift  of  Gentians, 
and  Other  Verses'  (1882);  (The  Inn  of  Rest' 
fi888);  and  several  booklets,  in  which  are 
included  her  notably  popular  poems  (Tired 
Mothers,'  ( If,'  (  His   Name,'   and  (  Sometime.' 

Smith,  Matthew  Hale.  A  Unitarian  minister, 
joumalist,  and  author;  born  in  Portland,  Me., 
in  1810 ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1879.  As  a 
newspaper  correspondent  under  the  name  (( Bur- 
leigh," he  attained  reputation  for  vivacity  and 
piquancy.  He  also  made  successful  lecture 
tours.     His    writings    include :    ( Universalism 


Exposed'  (1842);  (Universalism  Not  of  God" 
(1847);  (Sabbath  Evenings'  (1849);  (Mount 
Calvary'  (1S66);  and  (Sunshine  and  Shadow 
in  New  York'  (1868-69). 

Smith,  Richard  Penn.  An  American  drama- 
tist and  novelist;  bom  in  Philadelphia,  March 
13,  1799;  died  at  Falls  of  Schuylkill,  Pa.,  Aug. 
12,  1854.  Among  his  most  distinguished  plays 
are :  ( Caius  Marius,'  a  tragedy,  presented  by 
Edwin  Forrest  in  1831 ;  ( The  Disowned ' ;  and 
(The  Venetians.'  His  other  works  include: 
(The  Forsaken,'  a  novel  (2  vols.,  1831);  (Life 
of  David  Crockett'  (1836);  and  (Life  of  Martin 
Van  Buren'  (1836).  His  (Complete  Works, 
Embodied  in  his  Life  and  Correspondence ' 
was  published  by  his  son,  Horace  Wemyss 
Smith  (4  vols.,  1888). 

Smith,  Samuel  Francis.  An  American  cler- 
gyman and  religious  verse-writer;  born  in  Bos- 
ton, Oct.  21,  1808;  died  there  Dec.  23,  1895.  He 
was  the  author  of  numerous  hymns,  including 
•America,' which  was  written  in  1832  ;  and  pub- 
lished for  young  readers  and  others  :  (Knights 
and  Sea  Kings';  (Mythology  and  Early  Greek 
History';  and  (Poor  Boys  who  Became  Great. )      I 

Smith,  Seba.  [«Major  Jack  Downing."]  An 
American  joumalist  and  political  satirist ;  born 
in  Buckfield,  Me.,  Sept.  14,  1792;  died  in  Patch- 
ogue,  L.  I.,  July  29,  1868.  His  publications  in- 
clude :  ( The  Life  and  Writings  of  Major  Jack 
Downing,'  a  series  of  humorous  and  satirical  let- 
ters written  during  the  administration  of  Presi- 
dent Jackson  (1833);  (Powhatan,'  a  poetic  ro- 
mance (1841);  (New  Elements  in  Geometry' 
(1850);  and  (Way  Down  East'  (1855). 

Smith,  Sydney.  A  celebrated  English  wit, 
clergyman,  and  essayist ;  born  at  Woodford, 
Essex,  June  3,  1771 ;  died  in  London,  Feb.  22, 
1845.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Edin- 
burgh Review.  His  writings  comprise  articles 
contributed  to  the  Edinburgh  Review  and  re- 
published in  book  form  in  1839;  *  Peter  Plym- 
ley's  Letters'  (1807-8),  in  favor  of  Catholic 
emancipation ;  ( Three  Letters  to  Archdeacon 
Singleton  on  the  Ecclesiastical  Commission' 
(1837-39);  (Letters';  (Papers';  etc. 

Smith,  Walter  Chalmers.  A  Scotch  poet 
and  story-vn-iter ;  bom  1824.  Among  his  writ- 
ings are:  (Olrig  Grange:  A  Poem'  (1872); 
(Hilda  among  the  Broken  Gods'  (1878);  (Ra- 
ban,  or  Life  Splinters'  (1880);  (North-Country 
Folk  Poems'  (1883);  ( Kildrostan,'  a  dramatic  ' 
poem  >  (1884);  <  A  Heretic  >  (1890).  I 

Smith,  William.  An  English  poet  and  nov- 
elist. He  wrote  :  ( Guidone  :  A  Dramatic  Poem  > 
(2d  ed.  1836);  (Athelwold,'  a  tragedy  (1842); 
(  Discourse  on  the  Ethics  of  the  School  of  Paley ' 
(1839);  (Thorndale;  or,  The  Conflict  of  Opin- 
ions' (1857);  (Gravenhurst;  or.  Thoughts  on  J 
Good  and  Evil'  (1862).  * 

Smith,  William.  A  distinguished  English 
classical  scholar  and  compiler  of  classical  dic- 
tionaries ;  bom  at  Enfield,  1813;  died  in  London, 
Oct.  7,  1893.  He  was  of  great  learning,  and  his 
works  were  very  influential  in  the  guidance  and 


SMITH  — SOMERVILLE 


499 


extension  of  scholarship.  They  include  :  <  Dic- 
tionary of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities'  (1840- 
42);  <  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography 
and  Mythology'  (1843-49);  <  Dictionary  of  Greek 
and  Roman  Geography'  (1853-57);  *  Dictionary 
of  the  Bible'  (1860-63):  <  Dictionary  of  Christian 
Antiquities'  (1875-80);  < Dictionary  of  Christian 
Biography,  Literature,  Sects,  and  Doctrines,  dur- 
ing the  First  Eight  Centuries'  (1877-87),  with 
Dr.  Wace.  He  also  published  Greek  and  Latin 
text-books,  dictionaries,  and  manuals,  besides 
editing  editions  of  Gibbon,  Hume,  Hallam,  and 
other  historians. 

Smitli,  William  Robertson.  A  Scotch  theo- 
logian and  Orientalist ;  born  at  Keig,  Aber- 
deenshire, Nov.  8,  1846;  died  at  Cambridge, 
March  31,  1894.  Upon  concluding  his  theo- 
logical studies  at  Edinburgh,  Gottingen,  and 
Bonn,  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Hebrew 
and  Old  Testament  exegesis  in  the  Free  Church 
College,  Aberdeen,  and  almost  immediately  be- 
gan to  arouse  opposition  by  the  advanced  tone 
of  his  lectures,  essays,  and  addresses.  A  crisis 
in  his  career  came  upon  the  appearance  of  his 
Biblical  contributions  to  the  ninth  edition  of 
the  <  Encyclopsedia  Britannica,'  when  he  was 
tried  for  heresy,  but  finally  acquitted  in  1880. 
His  article  on  <  Hebrew  Language  and  Liter- 
ature' in  the  < Britannica'  led  to  his  removal 
from  the  Free  Church  College  professorship. 
The  views  which  occasioned  the  controversy 
are  set  forth  in  <The  Old  Testament  in  the 
Jewish  Church  '  (1881),  «The  Prophets  of  Israel' 
(1882),  and  many  important  pamphlets.  Mean- 
while he  had  been  very  active  in  Oriental  stud- 
ies, and  in  1883  became  professor  of  Arabic  at 
Cambridge.  To  this  period  belong  <  Kinship 
and  Marriage  in  Early  Arabia'  (1885),  and 
'  Religion  of  the  Semites  :  Fundamental  Insti- 
tutions'  (1889).  He  was  for  a  time  sole  editor 
of  the  <  Encyclopaedia  Britannica.' 

Smollett,  Tobias  George.  A  celebrated  Brit- 
ish novelist;  born  at  Dalquhum,  Dumbarton- 
shire, Scotland,  March  1721 ;  died  at  Monte 
Nero,  near  Leghorn,  Italy,  Oct.  17,  1771.  His 
works  include:  <Advice'  (1746?),  a  satire; 
<  Reproof  (1746?),  a  satire;  <The  Adventures 
of  Roderick  Random'  (1748);  <  The  Regicide' 
(1749),  a  tragedy;  <The  Adventures  of  Pere- 
grine Pickle'  (1751);  <The  Adventures  of  Fer- 
dinand, Count  Fathom'  (1753);  <Don  Quixote' 
(1755).  a  translation  from  the  Spanish  of  Cer- 
vantes ;  <  Compendium  of  Voyages  and  Travels ' 
(1757);  'History  of  England  from  the  Land- 
ing of  Caesar  to  the  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle ' 
(1757);  <The  Reprisals'  (1757),  a  farce;  <The 
Adventures  of  Sir  Lancelot  Greaves'  (1760-61); 
a  translation  of  <  Gil  Bias'  (i76i);<The  Present 
State  of  all  Nations :  containing  a  Geographi- 
cal, Natural,  Commercial,  and  Political  His- 
tory of  all  the  Countries  of  the  Known  World  > 
{1763);  'Travels'  (1766);  <The  Adventures  of 
an  Atom'  (1769),  a  political  satire;  and  <The 
Expedition  ot  Humphrey  Clinker'  (1771). 

Smyth,  Charles  Piazzi.  A  Scotch  astronomer; 
bom  at  Naples,  Jan.   3,  1819 ;  died  at  Ripon, 


Feb,  21,  1900.  His  studies  of  the  great  Egyp- 
tian pyramid  led  him  to  the  conclusion  that  it 
was  raised  under  direct  inspiration  of  God,  and 
that  therein  were  deposited  revelations  of  the 
great  truths  of  physical  Nature.  He  wrote  'Our 
Inheritance  in  the  Great  Pyramid'  (3d  ed.  if" 


Smyth,  [Samuel]  Newman  [Phillips].     An 

American  clergyman  and  religious  writer ;  born 
in  Brunswick,  Me.,  June  25,  1843.  His  publica- 
tions include:  'Old  Faiths  in  New  Light'; 
'  The  Orthodox  Theology  of  To-day ' ;  '  The 
Morality  of  the  Old  Testament ' ;  <  Personal 
Creeds';  'Christian  Ethics';  'The  Religious 
Feeling ' ;  and  <  The  Reality  of  Faith.' 

Snider,  Denton  Jaques.  Born  in  Mt.  Gilead, 
O.,  Jan.  9,  1841.  His  studies  of  the  great  poets. 
Homer,  Shakespeare,  Dante,  Goethe,  and  his 
writings  on  kindred  topics,  are  very  numerous, 
comprising  some  eighteen  volumes.  His  book 
<A  Walk  in  Hellas '  is  a  remarkable  study  of 
Greece  as  it  is  to-day,  illuminated  by  what  it 
was  in  its  prime. 

Snieders,  Jan  Renier  (sne'ders).  A  Dutch 
novelist;  born  at  Bladel  in  North  Brabant, 
Nov.  22,  1812 ;  died  at  Turnhout,  April  9,  1888. 
His  stories  are  mostly  tales  of  village  life. 
Among  them  are  '  Amanda ' ;  '  Doctor  Mar- 
cus ' ;  '  Narda.' 

Snollsky,  Carl  Johan  Gustaf,  Count  (snou'- 
ske).  A  Swedish  poet ;  born  in  Stockholm, 
Sept.  8,  1841.  His  'Sonnets'  (1871),  and  his 
translation  of  Goethe's  ballads  (1876),  are 
among  the  best  in  Swedish  literature.  His  later 
poems,  'New  Stanzas'  (1881),  show  sympathy 
for  the  unfortunate  and  oppressed. 

Snorri  or  Snorre  Sturluson  (snor'e  ster'- 
la-son).  An  Icelandic  historian  and  states- 
man; born  1 179;  slain  1241.  He  composed  the 
Prose  or  Younger  Edda ;  and  wrote  the  '  Heims- 
kringla,'  a  series  of  biographies  of  Norwegian 
kings,  and  the  poem  '  Hattatal.' 

Socrates  (sok'ra-tes).  The  renowned  Athen- 
ian philosopher  ;  born  in  Athens  in  470  B.  C. ; 
died  399  B.C.  He  left  no  writings,  and  his 
philosophical  method  and  his  teaching  are  to 
be  learned  from  the  works  of  his  disciples  and 
contemporaries,  especially  Plato  and  Xenophon. 
In  the  '  Dialogues '  of  Plato,  or  rather  in  the 
earlier  dialogues,  Socrates  is  believed  to  figure 
in  word  and  in  action  as  he  lived,  a  sincere 
searcher  for  truth  in  all  things. 

Solomon  ben  Jehuda  ibn  Gabirol.  See 
Avicebron. 

Solon  (so'lon).  The  Athenian  legislator; 
lived  about  638-559  B;  C.  The  constitution 
which  he  gave  to  Athens  is  very  clearly  ex- 
plained in  Grote's  '  History  of  Greece.'  Solon 
himself  defined  its  character  and  aims  in  six 
hexameters  which  have  come  down  to  our 
time. 

Somerville,  Mary  tFairfex).  A  Scottish  as- 
tronomer and  scientist ;  born  at  Jedburgh,  Dec. 
26,  1780 ;  died  in  Naples,  Nov.  29,  1872.  She 
was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 


500 


SOPHOCLES  -  SOUTH  WORTH 


Society.  She  published:  < Mechanism  of  the 
Heavens  >  (1830),  a  translation  of  Laplace's 
<M^canique  Cdleste,>  made  at  the  request  of 
Lord  Brougham ;  <  Connection  of  the  Physical 
Sciences>  (1834);  < Physical  Geography >  (1849); 
•Microscopical  and  Molecular  Science >  (1869). 

Sopnoclea  (sof'o-klez).  The  great  Greek 
tragic  poet  was  born  at  Colonus,  near  Athens, 
about  495  B.  C;  died  about  405.  His  seven 
extant  tragedies  are  conjectured  to  have  been 
given  to  the  public  in  the  follow^ing  order: 
< Antigone  >  (440  B.  C.) ;  <  Electra  > ;  <  Trachiniae  > ; 
•CEdipus  Tyrannus';  <Ajax>;  <  Philoctetes  > ; 
and  <  CEdipus  at  Colonus.> 

Sophocles,  Evangelinus  Apostolides.  A 
Grecian  scholar  and  educational  writer;  born 
in  Tsangaranda,  Thessaly,  Greece,  March  8, 
1807 ;  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  17,  1883. 
Coming  to  America  in  1829,  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  ancient,  modern,  and  Byzantine  Greek 
in  Harvard  University  in  i860.  Among  his 
publications  are:  < Romaic  Grammar*  (1842; 
2d  ed.  Boston,  1857;  London,  1866);  <  Glossary 
of  Later  and  Byzantine  Greek'  (i860,  forming 
Vol.  vii.,  new  series  of  <  Memoirs  of  the  Amer- 
ican Academy*);  and  <  Greek  Lexicon  of  the 
Roman  and  Byzantine  Periods,*  his  most  im- 
portant work  (1870). 

Sophron  (so'fron).  A  Greek  mimetic  poet  of 
the  fifth  century  B.C.,  native  of  Syracuse.  His 
mimes  were  dialogues  in  Doric  Greek,  half  in 
play,  half  in  earnest,  in  which  the  character- 
istics of  the  lower  orders  were  faithfully  ren- 
dered. Only  inconsiderable  fragments  of  these 
compositions  have  come  down  to  us. 

Sordello  (sor-del'lo).  An  Italian  poet;  born 
at  Goito,  near  Mantua,  about  1180;  died  about 
1255.  He  composed  poems  in  the  language  of 
Provence,  of  which  34  remain.  One  of  the 
most  celebrated  passages  in  Dante  is  on  the 
subject  of  this  poet,  and  Browning's  <  Sordello ' 
(1840)  is  founded  upon  the  story  of  his  life. 

Sotbeby,  William.  An  English  poet;  born 
in  London,  1757 ;  died  Dec.  30,  1833.  He  is 
only  remembered  now  as  a  translator  of  Homer 
and  Virgil,  and  a  favorite  among  the  <<  blue- 
stockings '*  of  Byron's  time,  but  he  wrote  among 
many  other  things :  <  The  Battle  of  the  Nile  * 
(1799)  and  <Saul>  (1807),  poems,  and  <  Italy 
and  Other  Poems*  (1828);  < The  Siege  of  Cuzco* 
(1800);  < Julian  and  Agnes*  (1801),  < Orestes* 
(1802),  <Ivan*  (1816),  tragedies. 

Soulle,  Melchior  Frederic  (sol-yff')-  A 
French  novelist  and  poet;  born  at  Foix  (Ari- 
hge),  Dec.  24,  1800 ;  died  at  Bi&vre  near  Paris, 
Sept.  23,  1847.  He  commenced  his  literary  ca- 
reer by  publishing  a  volume  of  poems,  <  French 
Loves*  (1824),  followed  by  <  Romeo  and  Juliet* 
(1828).  <  Christine  at  Fontainebleau  *  and  <Clo- 
thilde*  (1832)  were  popular  dramas.  Some  of 
his  novels  also  achieved  public  favor,  such  as 
<The  Count  of  Toulouse*  (1835);  <A  Summer 
at  Meudon*  (1836). 

Soumet,  Alexandre  (soma').  A  French 
iramatist ;  bom  at  Castelnaudary,  Feb.  8,  1788 ; 


died  at  Compiegne,  March  30,  1845.  He  won 
fame  with  his  first  elegy,  <  The  Poor  Girl  * 
(1814).  His  principal  tragedies  are:  <Clytem- 
nestra*  and  <Saul*  (1822);  <Joan  of  Arc'  (1825); 
'Elizabeth  of  France*  (1828). 

South,  Robert.  An  English  preacher  and 
controversial  writer;  born  at  Hackney,  Sept.  4, 
1634;  died  in  London,  July  8,  17 16.  His 
sermons  are  very  noted.  The  published  edi- 
tions of  them  are  numerous  (1692,  6  vols.; 
4th  ed.  1715;  new  ed.,  enlarged,  1744,  11  vols., 
edited  by  W.  G.  T.  Shedd ;  1867,  5  vols.). 

Soutberne,  Thomas.  An  English  playwright ; 
born  in  Dublin,  1660 ;  died  1746.  His  more 
notable  plays  are :  <  The  Persian  Prince ;  or, 
The  Loyal  Brother  * ;  <  The  Fatal  Marriage  ' 
(1694);  < Sir  Anthony  Love;  or.  The  Rambling 
Lady.* 

Southesk,  Sir  James  Carnegie,  Earl  of.    A 

Scotch  poet ;  born  1827.  He  wrote :  <  Her- 
minius,  a  Romance*  (1862);  < Jonas  Fisher:  A 
Poem  in  Brown  and  White*  (1876);  <  Meda 
Maiden*  (1877);  <The  Burial  of  Isis,  with  Other 
Poems*  (1884);  <  Suomiria,  a  Fantasy*  (1897). 

Southey,  Caroline  Ann  (Bowles)  (south'y 
or  suTH'y).  An  English  poet,  wife  of  Robert 
Southey ;  born  at  Lymington,  Hampshire,  Dec. 
6,  1786;  died  there,  July  20,  1854.  A  collection 
of  her  poems  published  in  1820  brought  her  to 
the  notice  of  the  world  of  letters.  <The  Pau- 
per's Death-Bed*  is  well  known.  She  is  the 
author  of  <  Ellen  Fitz- Arthur,*  a  poem  (1820); 
'The  Widow's  Tale,  and  Other  Poems*  (1822); 
<The  Birthday*  (1836);  'Tales  of  the  Facto- 
ries,* in  verse  (1847). 

Southey,  Robert.  A  celebrated  English  poet 
and  prose-writer ;  born  in  Bristol,  Aug.  12,  1774 ; 
died  March  21,  1843.  His  principal  poems  are  : 
'Joan  of  Arc*  (1795);  'The  Curse  of  Kehama,* 
based  upon  Hindu  mythology  (1810);  'A  Vision 
of  Judgment,*  an  apotheosis  of  George  HI. 
(1821).  Among  his  prose  works  are  :  <  History 
of  Brazil*  (1810-19);  'Life  of  Nelson*  (1813); 
'Life  of  John  Wesley*  (1820);  'Book  of  the 
Church*  (1824);  'Life  of  John  Bunyan*  (1830); 
and  'The  Doctor*  (1834-37).  He  was  made 
poet-laureate  in  1813. 

Southwell,  Robert.  An  English  poet  and 
Jesuit  martyr;  bom  about  1562;  executed  at 
Tyburn,  Feb.  21,  1595.  He  wrote:  'Consolation 
for  Catholics*  (1586?),  a  prose  work;  but  his 
literary  fame  rests  upon  his  poems,  the  longest 
of  which  is  'St.  Peter's  Complaint,*  while  the 
best  is  generally  considered  to  be  <  The  Burn- 
ing Babe.* 

Southworth,  Emma  Dorothy  Eliza  (Ne- 
vitte).  One  of  the  most  prolific  of  Ameri- 
can novelists  ;  born  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Dec. 
26,  1818  ;  died  there  June  30,  1899.  Among 
her  sixty-odd  stories  are  :  'Retribution*;  'Un- 
known'; <The  Family  Doom';  'The  Mother's 
Secret';  and  <An  Exile's  Bride.'  Many  of  them 
have  been  translated  into  French,  German  and 
Spanish,  and  republished  in  London,  Paris* 
Leipsic,  Madrid  and  Montreal 


-K 


SOUVESTRE— SPENCER 


501 


Souvestre.  J^mile  (so-vestr').  A  French 
dramatist  and  novelist;  born  1806;  died  1854. 
He  is  celebrated  as  the  author  of  <An  Attic 
Philosopher'  (1850).  His  other  works  include: 
•The  Last  Bretons >  (1836);  < Travels  in  Finis- 
terre  > ;    <  The    Confessions    of    a    Workman  > ; 

<  Pierre  and  Jean  > ;  <  The  Greased  Pole  > ;  <  Man 
and  Money';  etc.  His  plays  include  <  Henri 
Hamelin'  and  <  Uncle  Baptiste.' 

Spalding,  John  Lancaster.  An  American 
prelate  of  the  Catholic  Church,  bishop  of  Peo- 
ria, 111. ;  born  in  Lebanon,  Ky.,  June  2,  1840. 
He  has  done  much  to  establish  educational 
institutions  in  this  country,  and  is  widely  known 
as  an  author  and  poet.  Besides  <  Essays  and 
Reviews'  (1876),  he  has  published  a  <  Life  of 
Archbishop  Spalding'  (1872);  (Religious  Mis- 
sion of  the  Irish  People'  (1880);  < Lectures  and 
Discourses  '  (1882);  <  America,  and  Other  Poems'; 

<  The  Poet's  Praise  ' ;  <  Education  and  the  Higher 
I  .ife  >  ;  <  Songs,  Chiefly  from  the  German  '  ;  (So- 
cialism and  Labor' ;  and  <  Religion  and  Art.' 

>V_  Spalding,  Martin  John.  A  Catholic  prelate, 
archbishop  of  Baltimore ;  born  near  Lebanon, 
Ky.,  May  23,  1810;  died  in  Baltimore,  Feb.  7, 
1872.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  controversial- 
ist and  polemical  writer,  and  published  many 
works  ;  among  them  :  <  D'Aubigne's  History  of 
the  Reformation  Reviewed'  (1844);  <  Lectures 
on  the  General  Evidences  of  Christianity' 
(1847  and  1866);  (Miscellanies  and  Reviews' 
(i8S5)£and  (History  of  the  Protestant  Refor- 
mation in  Germany,'  etc.  (2  vols.,  i860).  He 
also    edited''^  The    General    History    of    the 

V  Catholic  Chiirch,'  by  Abbd  Darras  (4  vols., 
i860). 

Sparhawk,  Frances  Campbell.  An  Amer- 
ican novelist  and  story  writer;  born  at  Amesburg, 
Mass.,  July  28,  1847.  She  wrote  a  large  num- 
ber of  serial  stories  for  the  Christian  Union 
and  other  papers,  of  which  the  most  important 
is  (  Elizabeth :  A  Romance  of  Colonial  Days.' 
She  is  also  the  author  of  (  A  Lazy  Man's  Work ' 
(1881);  (Little  Polly  Blatchley'  (1887);  (Miss 
West's  Class  in  Geography'  (1S87);  (Qnoqua,' 
an  Indian  story ;  and  ( Senator  Intrigue  and 
Inspector  Nosely'  ;  (  Life  of  Lincoln  for  Boys.' 

Sparks,  Jared.  An  American  historian  ;  born 
in  Willington,  Conn.,  May  10,  1789;  died  in 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  14,  1S66.  From  1849 
to  1853  he  was  president  of  Harvard  College. 
He  is  best  known  as  the  editor  of  the  library 
of  American  Biography  (10  vols.,  1834-38),  con- 
taining twenty-six  (Lives'  to  which  a  second 
series  of  thirty-four  was  added  later  (15  vols., 
1844-47) ;  and  as  the  author  of  several  of 
the  biographies, —  namely,  Ethan  Allen,  Bene- 
dict Arnold,  Father  Marquette,  La  Salle,  Count 
Pulaski,  Jean  Ribault,  Charles  Lee,  and  John 
Ledyard. 

Sparks,  William  Henry.  An  American  verse 
and  prose  writer ;  born  on  St.  Simon's  Island, 
Ga.,  Jan.  16,  iSoo;  died  in  Marietta,  Ga.,  Jan. 
13,  1882.  He  published:  (The  Memories  of 
Fifty    Years'    (1870;    4th    ed.    1882);    (Father 


Anselmo's  Ward ' ;  <  Chikcah ' ;  and  <  The  Wo- 
man with  the  Iron-Gray  Hair.'  He  was  also 
the  author  of  the  popular  verses  ( Somebody's 
Darling'  and  (The  Old  Church  Bell.' 

Spaulding,  Solomon.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  writer;  born  in  Ashford,  Conn.,  in 
1761;  died  in  Amity,  Pa.,  Oct.  20,  1816.  He 
was  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  a  Congregational 
minister,  and  afterwards  a  manufacturer  of  iron. 
While  living  at  Conneaut,  Pa.  (1811-12),  he 
wrote  a  romance,  ( The  Manuscript  Found,'  pub- 
lished in  1812,  purporting  to  have  been  dis- 
covered in  an  ancient  mound.  This  work  was 
said  to  have  furnished  the  basis  for  the  <  Book 
of  Mormon ' ;  in  denial  of  which  the  original 
manuscript  of  Spaulding's  romance  was  repub- 
lished by  the  Mormons  in  1885. 

.Spears,  John  Randolph.  A  New  York  jour- 
nalist and  story-writer  ;  born  in  Ohio  in  1S50.  He 
has  published  :  ( The  Gold  Diggings  of  Cape 
Horn  > ;  (  The  Port  of  Missing  Ships,  and  Other 
Stories';  (A  Short  History  of  the  American  Navy.' 

Spedding,  James.  An  English  critic  and  lit- 
erary historian;  born  near  Bassenthwaite,  in 
Cumberland,  1808;  died  in  London,  March  9, 
1881.  The  labors  of  his  whole  life  were  con- 
cerned with  the  works  of  Lord  Bacon ;  and  his 
first  work,  ( Evenings  with  a  Reviewer'  (2  vols., 
privately  printed  in  184S,  published  1881),  was 
an  elaborate  review  of  Macaulay's  essay  on 
the  great  philosopher.  He  published  (The 
Works  of  Francis  Bacon'  (7  vols.,  1857-59); 
(Life  and  Letters  of  Francis  Bacon'  (7  vols., 
.1870-76);  (Life  and  Times  of  Francis  Bacon' 
(2  vols.,  1878);  and  a  volume  of  miscellaneous 
(Reviews  and  Discussions'  (1869). 

Speed,  John  Gilmer.  An  American  jour- 
nalist; bom  in  Kentucky,  1853.  He  has  been 
managing  editor  of  the  New  York  World,  has 
contributed  to  leading  periodicals,  and  has  pub- 
lished a  ( Life  of  Keats.' 

Speke,  John  Banning.  An  English  ex- 
plorer ;  born  at  Jordans,  Somersetshire,  May  4, 
1827;  died  near  Bath,  of  an  accidental  gun- 
shot wound,  Sept.  18,  1864.  He  entered  the 
army,  and  sei-ved  in  India  and  in  the  Crimean 
war;  was  with  Capt.  Richard  F.  Burton  in  an 
expedition  which  discovered  the  great  lakes 
of  Central  Africa;  and  was  at  the  head  of 
another  expedition  which  discovered  the  con- 
nection of  the  Nile  with  those  lakes.  He  pub- 
lished :  (A  Journal  of  the  Discovery  of  the 
Source  of  the  Nile'  {1863);  and  (What  Led  to 
the  Discovery  of  the  Source  of  the  Nile'  (1864). 

Spencer,  Herbert.  A  celebrated  English 
philosopher ;  born  at  Derby,  April  27,  1820. 
He  has  published:  (The  Proper  Sphere  of 
Government'  (1842);  (Social  Statics;  or,  The 
Conditions  Essential  to  Human  Happiness' 
(1851),  later  suppressed  by  the  author;  (Pro- 
spectus of  a  System  of  Synthetic  Philosophy' 
(i860);  (Education' (1861);  (Essays' (1858-63); 
(First  Principles'  (1862);  (Principles  of  Bi- 
ology' (1864);  (Classification  of  the  Sciences' 
(1864);  (Principles  of  Psychology'  (1872);  (The 


502 


SPENCER  —  SPRAGUE 


Study  of  Sociology'  (1873);  < Principles  of 
Sociology'  (1876);  < Ceremonial  Institutions' 
(1879);  <Data  of  Ethics'  (1879);  'Political  In- 
stitutions' (1882);  <The  Man  versus  the  State' 
(1884);  < Ecclesiastical  Institutions'  (1885);  < Es- 
says' (1891),  being  a  former  work  revised; 
< Social  Statics'  (1892),  being  a  former  work 
revised;  <  Principles  of  Ethics'  (1893).  In  1896 
appeared  the  final  volume  of  <  Principles  of 
Sociology,'  completing  the  'System  of  Syn- 
thetic Philosophy.'     Died  Dec.  8,  1903. 

Spencer,  Jesse  Ames.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  author;  born  at  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y., 
June  17,  1816  ;  died  in  New  York  city,  Sept.  2, 
"1898.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  Greek  in 
the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1869,  and 
was  the  author  of  a  volume  of  religious  'Dis- 
courses' (1843):  'History  of  the  English  Ref- 
ormation' (1846);  'History  of  the  United  States>. 
(4  vols.,  1856-69);  'Greek  Praxis'  (1870),  and 
a'Courseof  English  Reading'  (1873);  'Memora- 
bilia of  Sixty-five  Years'  (1820-86);  etc. 

Spencer,  William  (Loring).  An  American 
author,  second  wife  of  Gen.  Geo.  E.  Spencer; 
born  in  St.  Augustine,  P"la.  She  has  written : 
'Salt  Lake  Fruit'  (1883);  'Story  of  Mary' 
(1884),  republished  as  'Dennis  Day'  (1887); 
<A  Plucky  One'  (1887);  and  'Calamity  Jane' 
(1887).  Because  of  her  masculine  name  she 
has  been  called  "The  Major." 

Spencer,  William  Robert.  An  English 
poet ;  born  1769;  died  1834.  Among  his  writ- 
ings are:  'Urania;  or,  the  Illuming,'  a  comedy 
(1802);  'The  Year  of  Sorrow'  (1804);  a  poet- 
ical necrology;  a  posthumous  collection  of 
'Poems'  (1835).  He  translated  BUrger's  '  Le- 
nore '  in  1796.  Some  of  his  songs  are  still 
popular  favorites,  as  <  Beth  Gelert ;  or.  The 
Grave  of  the  Greyhound ' ; '  Wife,  Children,  and 
Friends';  'When  Midnight  o'er  the  Moonless 
Skies ' ;  '  Too  Late  I  Stayed  :  Forgive  the 
Crim.e ' ;  '  The  Emigrant's  Grave.' 

Spender,  Emily.  An  English  story-writer; 
born  at  Bath,  1841.  She  wrote  :  'A  Son  and 
Heir'  (1864);  'Kingsford'  (1S66);  'Restored' 
{1871);  'A  True  Marriage'  (1878);  'Until  the 
Day  Breaks'  (1886). 

Spenser,  Edmund.  A  celebrated  English 
poet,  bom  in  London  about  1552 ;  died  at 
London,  Jan.  16,  1598-9.  His  works,  in  their 
order  of  publication,  are  :  '  The  Shepherd's  Cal- 
endar' (1579);  'The  Faery  Queen'  (1590),  first 
three  books;  'Daphnaida' (1591);  'Complaints' 
(1591),  a  collection  of  poems;  'Colin  Clout's 
Come  Home  Again'  (1595);  'Amoretti'  (1595), 
containing  sonnets  and  '  Epithalamion ' ;  '  Faery 
Queen'  (1596),  second  three  books;  'Four 
Hymns'  (1596);  '  Prothalamion '  (1596);  'As- 
trophel'  (1596).  Posthumously  appeared  'View 
of  the  State  of  Ireland'  (1633). 

Splemagen,  Friedrich  (spel'ha-gen).  A 
prolific  German  novelist;  bom  in  Magde- 
burg, Feb.  24,  1820.  He  has  published:  'Klara 
Vere'  (1857);  'On  tlie  Dunes'  (1858);  'Enig- 
matical  Natures'    (i860);   'Through  Night  to 


Light'  (1861);  'The  Von  Hohensteins'  (1863); 
'Little  Rose  of  the  Court'  (1864);  'In  Rank 
and  File'  (1866);  'The  Village  Coquette' (1868); 

<  Hammer  and  Anvil'  (1868  j;<  German  Pioneers ' 
(1870);  'Ever  Onward'  (1872);  'What  the 
Swallow  Sang'  (1872);  'Ultimo'  (1873);  'The 
Freshet'  (1876); 'Flatland'  (1878);  <Quisisana> 
( 1879-80) ;  <  Angela '  ( 1881 ) ; '  Uhlenhans  >  ( 1884) ; 
'At  the  Health  Springs'  (1885);  'What  Will 
That  Lead  To?'  (1886);  'Noblesse  Oblige' 
(1888);  <A  New  Pharaoh'  (1889);  'Sunday's 
Child'  (1893);  'Susi'  (1895);  and  many  dra- 
matic works  and  much  miscellany. 

Spindler,  Karl  (spin'dler).  A  German  nov- 
elist; born  at  Breslau,  Silesia,  Oct.  16,  1796; 
died  at  Freiersbach,  Baden,  July  12,  1855.  The 
best  of  his  works  are :  '  The  Bastard  >  (3  vols., 
1826);  'The  Jew'  (4  vols.,  1827);  'The  Jesuit' 
(3  vols.,  1829);  and  'The  Pensioner'  (1831). 
The  latter  story  is  an  excellent  specimen  of 
the  early  historical  novel  in  Germany.  It  delin- 
eates the  French  Revolution  and  Napoleon's 
subsequent  career. 

Spinoza,  Benedict  (spi-no'za).  A  celebrated 
philosopher ;  born  at  Amsterdam,  of  Portuguese- 
Jewish  parents,  Nov.  23,  1632 ;  died  at  The 
Hague,  Feb.  21, 1677.  He  is  author  of  a  '  Tract- 
ate on  God  and  Man  and  Man's  Felicity'  (1655); 
'  Theologico-Political  Tractate  '  (1670);  'Ethics 
Demonstrated  Geometrically.'  The  latter  is  his 
greatest  work ;  it  was  not  published  till  after 
his  death. 

Spoflford,  Ainsworth  Rand.  An  American 
bibliographer  and  librarian ;  born  in  Gilman- 
ton,  N.  H.,  Sept.  12,  1825.  He  was  a  journalist 
to  1861,  when  appointed  chief  assistant  libra- 
rian of  the  Congressional  Library,  and  librarian 
1864  to  1897,  when  he  became  again  "chief 
assistant."  He  is  famed  for  a  comprehensive 
and  accurate  knowledge  of  books  and  their 
contents,  and  besides  many  essays  and  articles 
on  historical,  literary,  and  scientific  subjects  for 
the  current  journals,  has  published  :  '  The  Amer- 
ican Almanac,'  etc.  (annually  since  1878);  and 
has  with  others  edited :  <  Library  of  Choice 
Literature'    (10    vols.,    Philadelphia,   1881-88); 

<  Library  of  Wit  and  Humor '  (5  vols.,  1884) ; 
and  'A  Practical  Manual  of  Parliamentary 
Rules'  (1884).     He  died  Aug.  11,  1908. 

Spofford,  Harriet  Elizabeth  (Prescott).   An 

American  novelist  and  poet;  born  in  Calais, 
Me.,  April  3,  1835.  Her  literary  success  was 
assured  with  the  publication  of  the  story  en- 
titled '  In  a  Cellar,'  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly 
(1859).  Among  her  seventeen  books  are:  'Sir 
Rohan's  Ghost'  (1859);  '  The  Amber  Gods,  and 
Other  Stories'  (1863);  'Azarian:  An  Episode'' 
(i863);'New  England  Legends'(i87i); 'The  Thief 
in  the  Night '  (1872); '  The  Marquis  of  Carabas  ' 
(1882);  <  Poems  '  (1882) ;  <  Ballads  about  Authors  > 
(1888);  <  A  Master  Spirit ' ;  <  In  Titian's  Garden'; 

<  Priscilla's  Love  Story ' ;  '  Old  Washington.' 

Sprague,  Charles.  An  American  poet ;  born 
in  Boston,  Oct.  26,  1791 ;  died  there,  Jan.  22, 
1875.      He  was   the    author  of   'The   Winged 


SPRAGUE  —  STANLEY 


503 


Worshipers';  < Curiosity ' ;  and  <The  Family- 
Meeting.*  A  collection  of  his  works  entitled 
<  Poetical  and  Prose  Writings '  was  published 
in  1841. 

Sprague,  Cbarles  Ezra.  An  American  writer 
and  editor ;  born  in  Nassau,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  9,  1842. 
He  was  an  officer  through  the  Civil  War,  and 
since,  the  secretary  and  president  of  a  New 
York  bank.  He  is  the  editor  of  Volaspodel,  the 
organ  of  the  international  language  called  Vola- 
piik,  and  has  written :  <  Logical  Symbolism  > 
(1882),  and  <  The  Handbook  of  Volapiik)  (1888). 
Also  a  well-known  poem,  <The  Story  of  the 
Flag  >  (1886);  <  The  Philosophy  of  Accounts.' 

Sprague,  Mary  Aplin.  An  American  nov- 
elist; born  in  Ohio,  1849.  She  has  published 
the  story  <An  Earnest  Trifler.> 

Springer,  Mrs.  Rebecca  (Ruter).  An  Amer- 
ican verse  and  story  writer ;  born  in  Indian- 
apolis, Ind.,  Nov.  8,  1832.  Besides  a  volume 
of  poems,  <  Songs  of  the  Sea,'  she  has  written 
the  novels  <Beechwood>  {1873)  and  <Self> 
(1881). 

Spurgeon,  Charles  Haddon.  An  English 
Baptist  preacher  and  author;  born  at  Kelve- 
don,  Essex,  June  19,  1834;  died  at  Mentone, 
France,  Jan.  31,  1892.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
successful  preachers  of  modern  times.  From 
his  sermons,  thirty-seven  volumes  have  been 
compiled.  He  published  besides  :  <  The  Saint 
and  his  Saviour >  (1857);  a  < Commentary  on 
the  Psalms'  (7  vols.,  1865-80);  <John  Plough- 
man's Talk>  (1868);  <  Readings  for  the  Closet  > 
(1869);  <Storm  Signals'  (1886);  (Messages  to 
the  Multitude'  (1892). 

Squier,  Ephraim  George.  An  American 
archaeologist  and  author;  born  in  Bethlehem, 
Pa.,  June  17,  1821 ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
April  17,  1888.  While  a  journalist  at  Chilli- 
cothe,  O.,  he  prepared  an  account  of  discover- 
ies in  ancient  mounds  (he  being  the  principal 
authority  on  the  subject)  for  the  <  Smithsonian 
Contributions  to  Knowledge'  (1848).  He  was 
charge  d'affaires  to  the  Central  American 
States  (1849),  consul-general  to  Peru  (1863), 
and  to  Honduras  (1868).  Besides  many  reports 
and  contributions  to  periodicals  and  scientific 
journals,  he  published  :  <Aboriginal  Monuments 
of  the  State  of  New  York'  (1851);  <  Serpent 
Symbols'  (1852);  <Nicaragua'  (1852);  <  Notes 
on  Central  America'  (1854);  < States  of  Central 
America'  (1857);  < Tropical  Fibres'  (1861); 
♦Peru:  Incidents  and  Explorations'  (1877). 

Stabili,  Francesco.    See  Cecco  d'Ascoli. 

Stael-Holstein,  Anne  Louise  Germalne 
(Neclier),  Baroness  de  {sta'el-hol'stln  or 
sta'el-ol-stan').  A  celebrated  French  writer; 
born  in  Paris,  April  22,  1766;  died  there,  July 
14,  1817.  She  was  the  only  child  of  Necker  the 
financier,  and  of  Suzanne  Curchod  whose  name 
is  connected  with  that  of  the  historian  Gibbon. 
She  married,  Jan.  14,  1786,  the  Baron  de  Stael- 
Holstein,  Swedish  ambassador  at  Paris.  Her 
works  include :  <  Letters  on  the  Character  and 


Writings  of  J.  J.  Rousseau'  (1788);  <Delphine' 
(1802),  a  novel;  < Corinne '  (1807);  <0n  Ger- 
many' (1810),  her  best-known  work;  <  Liter- 
ature in  Relation  to  Social  Institutions';  < In- 
fluence of  the  Passions  on  the  Welfare  of 
Individuals  and  Nations ' ;  <  The  French  Revo- 
lution,' a  posthumous  work ;  etc. 

StaM,  P.  J.  (stal).  The  pseudonym  of  P.  J. 
Hetzel,  a  French  publisher  and  author;  born 
in  Chartres,  Jan.  15,  1814;  died  at  Monte  Carlo, 
March  17,  1886.  Of  Alsatian  origin,  he  studied 
law  in  Germany  when  a  youth,  basing  upon 
his  experiences  during  this  period  his  first  lit- 
erary   successes:    <The    Life    of    a   Student'; 

<  The  Story  of  a  Snuffier ' ;  and  others.  Among 
his  popular  works,  most  of  which  were  pub- 
lished by  himself,  may  be  mentioned:  ^The 
Voyages  and  Discoveries  of  Mile.  Lili,  and  of 
her   Cousin   Lucien ' ;    <  The    Devil   at   Paris ' ; 

<  The  Wit  of  Woman  and  the  Woman  of  Wit.' 

Stanhope,  Lady  Hester  Lucy,  niece  of  Will- 
iam Pitt  the  younger;  born  at  Chevening, 
Kent,  England,  March  12,  1776;  died  at  Mar 
Elias,  Syria,  June  23,  1839.  She  was  confiden- 
tial secretary  to  Pitt  for  ten  years  prior  to  his 
death.  In  1810  she  visited  Syria,  Jerusalem, 
Damascus,  Baalbec,  and  Palmyra.  In  1814  she 
established  herself  in  the  deserted  convent  of 
Mar  Elias,  near  Sidon,  on  a  crag  of  Lebanon, 
became  a  benefactress  to  the  poor,  and  stud- 
ied astrology.  Her  <  Memoirs'  (3  vols.,  1845) 
and  <  Seven  Years'  Travels '  (3  vols.,  1846)  were 
published  by  her  physician. 

Stanhope,  Philip  Dormer.  See  Chester- 
field. 

Stanhope,  Philip  Henry.  Fifth  Earl  Stan- 
hope, better  known  as  Lord  Mahon.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman  and  author ;  born  at  Walmer, 
Kent,  Jan.  30,  1805 ;  died  at  Bournemouth, 
Hampshire,   Dec.   24,    1875.     He   is  author  of 

<  History  of  the  War  of  Succession  in  Spain  > 
(1832);  <  History  of  England  from  the  Peace 
of  Utrecht  to  the  Peace  of  Versailles,  1713-83' 
(7  vols.,  1836-53);  <The  Life  of  Louis,  Prince 
of  Conde'  (1845);  <A  History  of  England, 
Comprising  the  Reign  of  Anne  until  the  Peace 
of  Utrecht'  (1870). 

Stanley,  Arthur  Penrhyn.  An  English 
clergyman  and  author,  best  known  as  <<  Dean 
Stanley";  born  at  Alderley,  Cheshire,  Dec.  13, 
1815;  died  in  Westminster,  July  18,  1881  His 
principal  works  are :  <  The  Life  and  Cor- 
respondence of  Thomas  Arnold'  (1844);  < His- 
torical Memorials  of  Canterbury  Cathedral' 
(1855);  <  Lectures  on  the  History  of  the  Jewish 
Church'  (Vol.  i.,  1862;  Vol.  ii.,  1865;  Vol.  iii.. 
1876);  < Christian  Institutions'  (1878). 

Stanley,  Henry  Morton.  A  celebrated  ex- 
plorer and  author ;  born  in  Denbigh,  Wales,  in 
1841.  Died  at  London,  May  10, 1904.  Originally 
named  John  Rowlands,  he  was  adopted  at  15 
by  a  New  Orleans  merchant,  whose  name  he 
took.  He  served  in  both  the  Confederate  and 
Union  armies  in  the  Civil  War;  was  a  news- 
paper correspondent  in  Turkey  and  Abyssini* 


504 


STANNARD  —  STEEL 


in  1868;  and  started  on  the  search  for  Dr. 
Livingstone  in  October  1869,  returning  in  July 
1872.  He  made  an  exploration  of  Equatorial 
Africa  1874-7S ;  founded  the  Congo  Free  State 
1879-S4;  and  headed  a  successful  expedition 
for  the  relief  of  Emin  Pasha  in  1887-90.  He 
has  been  a  Member  of  Parliament  since  1896. 
His  works  include:  <Coomassie  and  Magdala> 
(1869);  <How  I  Found  Livingstone>  (18/2); 
'Through  the  Dark  Continent>  (1878);  <  The 
Congo  and  the  Founding  of  its  Free  State* 
(1885);  and  <In  Darkest  Africa,>  the  title  best 
known  to  general  readers  in  America. 

Stannard,  Mrs.  (Henrietta  Eliza  Vaugnan 
Palmer).  An  English  novelist,  writing  under 
tiie  pseudonyms  "John  Strange  Winter »  and 
M  Violet  Whyte  » ;  born  at  York,  Jan.  13,  1856. 
She  has  written  among  others :  <  Cavalry  Life  * 
(1881);  <  Regimental  Legends  >  (1883)  -.'Bootle's 
Baby  >  (1885),  very  popular  ;  <  Houp-la>  (1S85J  ; 

<  A  Siege  Baby  >  1 1SS7  ) ;  <  Heart  and  Sword.* 

Stanton,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  (Cady).  An  Amer- 
ican reformer  and  advocate  of  woman's  rights ; 
born  in  Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  12,  1815.  She 
called  the  first  convention  in  behalf  of  woman 
suffrage,  July  18,  1848.  Besides  numerous  ad- 
dresses and  pamphlets,  she  wrote — jointly  with 
Susan  B.  Anthony  and  F.  Gage  — a  <  History  of 
Woman's  Suffrage*  (4  vols.,  1880-86);  and  ed- 
ited, with  others.  The  Revolution  (established 
1868).     Died  in  New  York  city,  Oct.  26,  1902. 

Stanton,  Henry  Brewster.  An  American 
journalist,  reformer,  and  abolitionist ;  born  in 
Griswold,  Conn.,  June  29,  1805;  died  in  New 
York,  Jan.  14, 1887.  He  married  Elizabeth  Cady 
in  1840.  He  was  active  in  the  anti-slavery 
movements  (1837-41),  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
and  gained  reputation  in  patent  law  (1847); 
assisted  in  organizing  the  Republican  party 
(1858-60);  and  from  1868  was  an  editor  of  the 
New  York  Sun.  He  contributed  to  the  Liber- 
ator, wrote  much  for  periodicals,  and  published  : 
'  Sketches  of  Reform  and  Reformers  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  >  (1849);  and  <  Random  Rec- 
ollections* (1886). 

Stanton,  Theodore.  An  American  journal- 
ist, son  of  H.  B.  and  Elizabeth  Cady ;  born  in 
Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  10,  185 1.  He  was  a 
correspondent  for  the  Tribune  at  Berlin  from 
1880,  and  is  now  engaged  as  a  journalist  in 
Paris.  He  translated  Goff's  <Life  of  Thiers* 
(1879),  and  wrote  'The  Woman  Question  in 
Europe  '  (1884);  <  Life  of  Rosa  Bonheur.* 

Statham,  Francis  Reginald.  An  English 
poet    and    miscellaneous    writer.      He    wrote : 

<  Alice  Rushton  and  Other  Poems*  (1868);  <  Gla- 
phyra  and  Other  Poems*  (1870);  <  Eucharis : 
A  Poem*  (1871);  <The  Second  Growth  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century*  (1872);  <  The  Zulu  Inquiry* 
(1880);  'Blacks,  Boers,  and  British:  A  Three- 
Cornered  Problem  *  (1881);  <Free  Thought  and 
True  Thought*  (1884). 

Statins.  Publius  Papinius  (sta'shi-us).  A 
Roman  poet;  born  at  Naples  about  45  A.D.; 
died  there  about  96  A.D.    His  chief  work  is 


<  The  Thebaid,*  an  epic  poem  in  twelve  books, 
dealing  with  the  struggle  between  the  brothers 
Eteocles  and  Polynices  of  Thebes.    Of  his  epic 

<  Achilleis  *  only  fragments  remain.  His  <  Silvas,* 
a  series  of  occasional  stanzas,  are  32  in  num- 
ber, extending  to  nearly  4,000  lines,  and  are 
deemed  his  most  pleasing  work. 

Stchedrin  (tched'ren),  pseudon\in  of  Mi- 
khail Evgrafovich  Saltj-kov.  A  Russian  satir- 
ical writer ;  born  in  the  government  of  Tver, 
Jan.  15,  1826;  died  in  St.  Petersburg,  May  10, 
1889.  He  is  classed  among  the  best  satirical 
writers  of  his  country.  Among  his  best-known 
works  are  :  <  Satires  in  Prose  *  and  <  Innocent 
Tales,*  both  published  in  1863;  <  Diary  of  a 
Provincial  * ;  '  The  People  of  Tashkend  * ;  etc. 
Some  of  his  works  have  been  translated  into 
English,  French,  and  German, 

Stead,  William  Thomas.  An  English  jour- 
nalist ;  born  at  Embleton,  Northumberland,  July 
5,  1849.  He  is  widely  known  as  editor  of  the 
Pall  Mall  Gazette  and  the  Review  of  Reviews, 
which  last  he  founded  in  January  1890.  He 
published  <The  Maiden  Tribute  of  Modern 
Bab)don*  (1885).  In  1893  he  established  Bor- 
derland, a  periodical  devoted  to   Spiritualism. 

<  If  Christ  Came  to  Chicago  *  is  another  of  his 
publications. 

Stearns,  Frank  Preston.  An  American  lit- 
terateur and  art  critic,  nephew  of  Lydia  Maria 
Child;  born  in  ^Massachusetts,  1846,  and  living 
in  Boston.  He  has  written :  <  The  Real  and 
Ideal  in  Literature  * ;  <  Life  of  Tintoretto  * ;  <  The 
Midsummer  of  Italian  Art*;  < Sketches  from 
Concord  to  Appledore  * ;  <  Modern  English 
Prose  * ;  and  <  Summer  Travel  in  Europe.* 

Stebbins,   Mrs.    Mary    Elizabeth   (Moore) 

(Hewett).  An  American  poet;  born  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, 1818.  She  has  published  :  <  Memo- 
rial of  F.  S.  Osgood  * ;  <  Songs  of  Our  Lord  > ; 

<  Heroines  of  History*;  and  <  Poems  Sacred, 
Passionate,  and  Legendary.* 

Stedman,  Edmund  Clarence.  A  distin- 
guished American  man  of  letters ;  born  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Oct.  8,  1833.  Aside  from  his 
original  works,  his  services  to  literature,  both 
foreign  and  American,  have  been  very  great. 
His  <  Library  of  American  Literature,*  eleven 
volumes,  edited  with  Miss  Hutchinson,  was 
published  in  1890-92 ;  <  Victorian  Anthology  *  in 
1895 ;  <  Victorian  Poets,*  1875  ;  <  Poets  of  Amer- 
ica,* 1886 ;  *  Nature  and  Elements  of  Poetry,* 
1892 ;  the  Complete  Edition  of  Poe,  edited 
with  Professor  Woodberry,  1895.  His  poems 
and  other  works  are  very  numerous,  and  have 
been  published  in  a  volume  called  <A  House- 
hold Edition,*  1884 ;  and  in  <  Poems  Now  First 
Collected,*  1897.     He  died  Jan.  18, 1908. 

Steel,  Flora  Annie,  Mrs.  An  English  nov- 
elist ;  born  (Webster)  at  Harrow-on-the-Hill, 
Middlesex,  April  2,  1847.  At  21  she  married 
an  Indian  civilian  and  went  to  Bengal,  where 
she  became  prominent  in  educational  affairs, 
and    was     appointed     inspectress    of     female 


STEELE  — STERN 


50s 


^hools.  On  the  expiration  of  her  husband's 
term  of  service,  she  returned  with  him  to 
England  and  devoted  herself  to  literary  work. 
Her  published  works  include  :  *■  From  the  Five 
Rivers  >  (1893);  <  Miss  Stuart's  Legacy  >  (1893); 
<The  Potter's  Thumb'  (1894);  ^  On  the  Face 
of  the  Waters*  (1897),  "  stirring  tale  of  the 
Indian  Mutiny' ;  ♦  The  Hosts  of  the  Lord>(i90o). 
Steele,  Sir  Richard.  A  British  author  and 
dramatist;  born  in  Dublin,  March  1672;  died 
at  Carmathen,  Wales,  Sept.  I,  1729.  He  pub- 
lished in  1701,  <  The  Christian  Hero';  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  same  year  he  brought  out 
his  first  comedy,  <  The  Funeral,'  which  was 
followed  by  <The  Lying  Lover'  (1703),  and 
<The  Tender  Husband'  (1705).  His  fame  rests 
upon  his  connection  with  the  Tatler  and  the 
Spectator.  The  Tatler  (1709-11)  contained  271 
numbers :  188  were  by  Steele,  42  by  Addison, 
and  36  by  both  conjointly.  Of  555  numbers  of 
the  Spectator,  236  were  by  Steele  and  274  by 
Addison. 

Steele,  Thomas  Sedgwick.  An  American 
artist  and  writer  on  out-of-door  sports  and 
travel ;  born  in  Connecticut  in  1845.  He  has  pub- 
lished :  <  Canoe  and  Camera :  A  Tour  through 
the  Maine  Forests  > ;  <  Paddle  and  Portage  from 
Moosehead  Lake  to  the  Aroostook  River';  <A 
Vo}age  to  Vikingland.'    Died  in  1903. 

Steendam,  Jacob.  The  first  poet  of  New 
York ;  born  in  Holland,  1616.  The  date  and 
place  of  his  death  are  not  known.  He  lived 
in  New  Netherlands,  1632-62 ;  and  wrote  a 
small  volume  of  verse,  <  Jacob  Steendam  noch 
vaster,'  which  was  reprinted  with  memoir  of  the 
author  (The  Hague,  1861).  The  poems  are  de- 
scriptive of  life  in  the  colony,  and  are  entitled : 
<Der  Distelvink'  (The  Thistle  Finch);  <Klacht 
van  Nieuw  Amsterdam'  (The  Complaint  of 
New  Amsterdam);  < Tlofran  Nieuw  Nederland' 
(The  Praise  of  New  Netherlands);  and  <Prichel 
Vaarsen'  (Spurring  Verses). 

Stendhal.    See  Beyle. 

Stephen,  Leslie.  A  distinguished  English 
critic  and  man  of  letters;  born  in  London,  Nov. 
28,  1832.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and 
subsequently  edited  leading  London  periodicals. 
His  greatest  undertaking  was  the  <  Dictionary 
of  National  Biography,'  in  about  60  volumes, 
of  which  he  edited  the  first  26.  The  work  is 
still  in  course  of  publication.  He  has  pub- 
lished :  <  Flours  in  a  Library '  (1871-79);  <  Essays 
on  Free  Thinking  and  Plain  Speaking'  (1873); 
'  History  of  English  Thought  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century'  (1876);  <  Science  of  Ethics'  (1882); 
<  Life  of  Henry  Fawcett'  (1885);  <An  Agnostic's 
Apology'  (1893);  <Life  of  Sir  James  Fitzjames 
Stephen'  (1896);  < Social  Rights  and  Duties' 
(1896);  etc.     Died  at  London,  Feb.  22,  1904. 

Stephens,  Alexander  Hamilton.  An  Ameri- 
can statesman,  vice-president  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy ;  born  at  Crawfordsville,  Ga.,  Feb. 
II,  1812;  died  March  4,  1883.  He  wrote  a 
'Constitutional  View  of  the  War  between  the 
States'  (1867-70). 


Stephens,    Ann    SopJiia    (Winterbotham). 

An  American  novelist ;  born  in  Derby,  Conn., 
1813;  died  in  Newport,  R.  L,  Aug.  20,  1886. 
After  1837  she  resided  in  New  York,  and  was 
at  different  times  engaged  in  editorial  work. 
Most  noted  of  her  poems  is  <  The  Polish  Boy,' 
and  of  her  novels  < Fashion  and  Famine'  (1854). 
Among  her  other  publications  are :  <  The  Old 
Homestead'  (1855;  2  vols.,  i860);  < Sibyl  Chase' 
(1862);  and  <Ahmo's  Plot'  (1863). 

Stephens,  Charles  Asbury.  An  American 
story-writer ;  born  in  Maine,  1847.  He  has  pub- 
lished :    < Camping   Out';    <Off  the    Geysers'; 

<  Left  on  Labrador ' ;  <  Fox-Hunting ' ;  <  On  the 
Amazon ' ;  <  The  Young  Moose-Hunters ' ;  <  The 
Knock-About  Club  in  the  Woods,'  and  the 
same  < Alongshore'  and  <In  the  Tropics.' 

Stephens,  James  Brunton.  An  Australian 
poet  and  story -writer ;  born  at  Borrowstounness 
in  Linlithgowshire,  Scotland.     He  is  author  of 

<  Convict  Once:  A  Poem'  (1871);  <The  Black 
Gin,  and  Other  Poems'  (1874);  <A  Hundred 
Pounds:  A  Novelette'  (1876);  < Miscellaneous 
Poems'  (1880). 

Stephens,  John  Lloyd.  An  American  trav- 
eler, the  first  modern  explorer  in  Yucatan ;  born 
in  Shrewsbury,  N.  J.,  Nov.  28, 1805 ;  died  in  New 
York  city,  Oct.  10,  1852.  He  wrote  a  series  of 
letters  on  travel  in  the  East,  entitled  <  Incidents 
of  Travel  in  Egypt,  Arabia  Petraea,  and  th& 
Holy  Land'  (2  vols.,  1837);  followed  by  <  Inci- 
dents of  Travel  in  Greece,  Russia,  Turkey,  and 
Poland'  (1838);  < Incidents  of  Travel  in  Cen- 
tral America,  Chiapas,  and  Yucatan'  (1841); 
and  supplemental  volumes  of  explorations  and 

<  Travel  in  Yucatan'  (2  vols.,  1843). 

Stepniak,    Sergius   Michael    Dragomanov 

(S.  Karchevsky)  (step'nyak).  A  noted  Rus- 
sian nihilist;  born  at  Gadjatch,  government  of 
Poltava,  1841  ;  died  at  Chiswick,  Dec.  23,  1895. 
Having  been  exiled  in  1876,  on  account  of  liis 
criticisms  on  (the  system  followed  by  Count  Tol- 
stoy), one  of  the  Ministers  of  Justice,  he  settled 
in  Geneva,  18S7  ;  went  from  there  to  London 
in  1885.  Among  his  v/orks  are  <The  Turks 
Within  and  Without'  (1876);  <Underground 
Russia'  (1881 );  <Tyrannicide  in  Russia'  (1881 ); 
<The  Career  of  a  Nihilist,)  a  novel  (1889). 

Sterling,  John.  A  Scottish  editor,  essayist, 
and  poet ;  born  at  Kames  Castle,  Isle  of  Bute, 
July  20,  1806;  died  at  Ventnor,  Isle  of  Wight, 
Sept.  18,  1844.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow 
and  Cambridge.  Among  his  works  are :  <  Ar- 
thur Coningsby,'  a  novel  (1833);  <  Minor  Poems' 
(1839);  <The  Election,'  a  poem  (1841);  <  Straf- 
ford,' a  drama  (1843);  and  <  The  Onyx  Ring' 
(1856).  Thomas  Carlyle  wrote  <The  Life  of 
John  Sterling'  (1851). 

Stern,  Daniel,  pseudonym  of  Marie  Cath- 
erine Sophie  de  Flavigny,  Comtesse  d'Agoult 
(da-go').  A  famous  French  writer;  born  at 
Frankfort  on  the  Main,  Dec.  31,  1805;  died  at 
Paris,  March  5,  1876.  One  of  her  three  daugh- 
ters, that  by  Franz  Liszt,  married  Von  BUlow, 
and  subsequently  Richard  Wagner.     Her  works 


5o6 


STERNDALE  —  STEWART 


include:  'Moral  and  Political  Essays >  (1849); 
'History  of  the  Revolution  of  1848)  (1851); 
and  <Ndida,>  an  autobio^aphical  romance 
wiiich   attracted   much   attention. 

Sterndale,  Robert  Armitage.  An  English 
naturalist  and  story-writer.  He  is  the  author 
of  <Seonee;  or,  Camp-Life  on  the  Satpura 
Range  >  (1877);  <  The  Afghan  Knife  >  (1879); 
<A  Natural  History  of  the  Mammalia  of  India,> 
etc.  (1884);  <  Denizens  of  the  Jungles.> 

Sterne,  Laurence.  A  celebrated  English 
novelist;  born  at  Clonmel,  Ireland,  Nov.  24, 
1713;  died  in  London,  March  18,  1768.  Of 
'Tristram  Shandy,>  Vols.  i.  and  ii.  were  pub- 
lished in  1760 ;  iii.  and  iv.  in  December  1760; 
T.  and  vi.  in  1762 ;  vii.  and  viii.  in  1765 ;  ix.  in 
1767.  'A  Sentimental  Journey  through  France 
and  Italy  >  was  published  in  1768;  <The  Ser- 
mons of  Mr.  Yorick>  in  1760,  as  a  companion 
to  <  Tristram  Shandy.>  Posthumously  appeared 
<  Letters  to  his  Most  Intimate  Friends>  (1775). 

Stesicliorus  (ste-sik'o-rus).  A  Greek  lyric 
poet;  born  at  Himera,  Sicily,  about  630  B.C.; 
died  in  Catania,  about  556  B.  C.  Only  frag- 
ments of  his  works  remain;  but  he  appears  to 
have  dealt  with  epic  subjects,  among  them  the 
sieges  of  Troy  and  Thebes,  in  lyrical  measures. 
He  is  looked  upon  as  the  greatest  of  the  Dorian 
lyrists,  and  is  often  styled  « the  lyric  Homer. >) 
The  ancients  fabled  that  he  was  stricken  blind 
for  slandering  Helen,  but  upon  retracting  his 
calumnies  regained  his  sight. 

Stetson,  Charlotte  Perkins  now  Mrs.  G.  H.  Gil- 
man.  An  American  poet;  bornin  Hartford, Conn., 
in  i860.  She  has  published  a  volume  of  poems, 'In 
This  our  World*  (1893);  '  Human  Work  >  (1904). 

Stevens,  Abel.  An  American  author,  editor, 
and  Methodist  clergyman ;  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, Jan.  19,1815  ;  died  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  Sept. 
I3»  1897.  He  was  editor  of  the  Methodist  1865- 
74  ;  subsequently  traveled  extensively,  and  set- 
tled in  Geneva,  Switzerland.  He  wrote  many 
denominational  books,  among  them:  'Essay  on 
Church  Polity)  (1847);  'Memorials  of  the  Intro- 
duction of  Methodism  into  the  Eastern  States> 
(1847-52);  'History  of  the  Religious  Movement 
of  the  Eighteenth  Century  called  Methodism>  (3 
vols.,  1858-61);  'History  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  in  the  United  States>  (4  vols., 
1864—67 ),  a  standard  authority  on  this  subject. 
He  wrote  also  a  German  translation  (1867); 
'The  Centenary  of  American  Methodism'  (1865); 
'The  Women  of  Methodism,)  etc.  (1866);  'Ma- 
dame de  StaeP  (2  vols.,  1881);  'Character 
Sketches)  ( 1882 ) ;  'Chrisdan  Work);  'Tales  from 
the  Parsonage);  etc. 

Stevens,  Henry.  An  American  bibliogra- 
pher; born  in  Barnet,  Vt,  Aug.  24,  1819;  died 
in  South  Hampstead,  England,  Feb.  28,  1886. 
He  was  a  prominent  collector  and  authority 
on  'Americana,)  and  the  agent  for  many 
American  libraries.  He  published  :  '  Catalogue 
Raisonn^  of  English  Bibles)  (1854);  'Histor- 
ical Collections ) ;  <  Historical  and  Geographical 
Notes ) ; '  Bibliotheca  Americana  >  ( 1861 ) ; '  Bibles 


in  the  Caxton  Exhibition*  (1878);  'Indexes  to 
State  Papers  in  London  Relating  to  Virginia, 
Maryland,  Rhode  Island,  and  New  Jersey); 
edited  'The  Dawn  of  British  Trade  to  the 
East  Indies)  (1886);  etc. 

Stevens.  Jobn  Austin.  An  American  histor- 
ical author ;  born  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  21, 1827. 
He  was  secretary  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
librarian  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society, 
and  has  made  a  special  study  of  American  his- 
tory. He  founded  and  for  many  years  conducted 
the  Magazine  of  American  History.  His  works 
include  : '  The  Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande )  (1864); 
'  Colonial  Records  of  the  New  York  Chamber 
of  Commerce)  (1867);  'The  Expedition  of  La- 
fayette against  Arnold )  (1878);  'Life  of  Albert 
Gallatin)  (1883);  and  others. 

Stevenson,  Edward  Irenseus.    An  American 

journalist  and  litterateur  of  New  York  city; 
born  in  New  Jersey,  1858.  He  is  in  editorial 
connection  with  the  New  York  Independent 
since  1881,  and  also  with  Harper's  Weekly  and 
several  musical  journals.  He  has  published : 
'White  Cockades);  'Janus,)  reprinted  as  'A 
Matter  of  Temperament,)  a  musical  novel ; '  Left 
to  Themselves,)  reprinted  as  <  Philip  and  Ger- 
ald ) ; '  Mrs.  Dee's  Encore ) ;  'A  Square  of  Sevens.) 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis  Balfour.  A  dis- 
tinguished Scotch  novelist,  poet,  and  essayist ; 
born  in  Edinburgh,  Nov.  13,  1850 ;  died  at  Apia, 
Samoa,  Dec.  4,  1894.  He  published :  'An  In- 
land Voyage)  (1878);  'Edinburgh:  Picturesque 
Notes)  (1878);  'Travels  with  a  Donkey  in  the 
Cdvennes)  (1879);  'Virginibus  Puerisque,  and 
Other  Papers)  (1881);  'Familiar  Studies  of  Men 
and  Books)  (1882);  'New  Arabian  Nights) 
(1882);  'Treasure  Island)  (1883);  'The  Silver- 
ado Squatters)  (1883);  'The  Dynamiter:  More 
New  Arabian  Nights)  (1885),  with  Mrs.  Ste- 
venson; <A  Child's  Garden  of  Verse)  (1885); 
'Prince  Otto)  (1885);  'The  Strange  Case  of 
Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde)  (1886);  'Kidnapped* 
(1886);  'Underwoods*  (1887);  'The  Merry  Men 
and  Other  Tales)  (1887);  'Memoirs  and  Por- 
traits) (1887);  'The  Black  Arrow)  (1888);  'The 
Master  of  Ballantrae)  (1889);  'Ballads)  (1891); 
'The  Wrecker)  (1891-92);  'A  Foot-Note  to  His- 
tory: Eight  Years  of  Trouble  in  Samoa)  (1892); 
'David  Balfour)  (1893);  ' Island  Nights' Enter- 
tainments) (1893);  'The  Ebb  Tide)  (1894); 
'Weir  of  Hermiston)  and  'St.  Ives)  (1895-96), 
the  last  two  left  not  quite  complete. 

Stewart,  Balfour,  A  Scotch  physicist,  one 
of  the  founders  of  spectrum  analysis ;  born 
in  Edinburgh,  Nov.  i,  1828;  died  near  Drogh- 
eda,  Ireland,  Dec.  19,  1887.  He  established 
his  scientific  reputation  with  a  work  on  <  Radi- 
ant Heat)  (1858),  in  which  he  formulated  his 
discovery  of  the  equality  of  the  emissive  and 
absorptive  powers  of  bodies.  Other  works  in- 
clude:  'Treatise  on  Heat)  (1866;  5th  ed.  1888); 
'Elements  of  Physics)  (1870;  4th  ed.  1891); 
'Conservation  of  Energy)  (1873;  7th  ed.  1887). 
With  Professor  Tait  he  published  '  The  Unseen 
Universe ;  or,  Physical  Speculations  on  a  Future 
State*  (1875;  17th  ed,  1890). 


STEWART  — STODDARD 


507 


Stevart,  Dugald.  A  distinguished  Scotch 
philosopher;  born  in  Edinburgh,  Nov.  22,  1753: 
died  June  II,  1828.  His  philosophy  was  "a 
following-up  of  the  reaction  commenced  by 
Reid  against  the  skeptical  results  that  Berke- 
ley and  Hume  drew  from  the  principles  of 
Locke.>  He  published  :  <  Elements  of  the  Phi- 
losophy of  the  Human  Mind>  (Vol.  i.,  1792; 
Vol.  ii.,  1814;  Vol.  iii.,  1827);  <  Outlines  of  Moral 
Philosophy*  (1793);  <  Philosophical  Essays* 
(1810);  <  Dissertation  on  the  History  of  Ethical 
Philosophy*  (1815-21);  <  Philosophy  of  the  Act- 
ive and  Moral  Powers*  (1828). 

Stifter,  Adalbert  (stif'ter).  An  Austrian 
poet  and  story-writer;  born  at  Oberplan,  in 
the  German  Bohmerwald,  Oct.  23,  1806;  died 
at  Linz,  Jan.  28,  1868.  His  first  volume  of 
idyls  and  tales,  'Studies*  (1844),  was  received 
with  extraordinary  public  favor;  it  was  suc- 
ceeded by  five  other  volumes  under  the  same 
title.  Of  his  stories  the  more  noteworthy  are 
<The  Successor)  (1857)  and  (Witiko,*  (1864). 

Still,  Jolin.  An  English  writer  of  comedy; 
born  at  Grantham  in  Lincolnshire,  about  1543 » 
died  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  Feb.  26,  1 607-8. 
He  is  reputed  to  be  the  author  of  «A  ryght 
pithy,  pleasant,  and  merrie  comedy,  rntytuled 
Gammer  Gurton's  Needle'*  (i575):  it  is  believed 
to  be  the  third  English  comedy.  In  the  first 
act  occurs  the  familiar  old  ballad  <<  I  cannot 
eat  but  little  meat,'*  with  chorus,  «  Backe  and 
side  go  bare,  go  bare,'*  supposed  to  be  the  first 
drinking-song  in  the  language. 

Still,  William.  An  American  philanthropist 
and  anti-slavery  advocate,  of  African  descent; 
born  in  Shamony,  in  182 1 ;  died  1902.  He  was 
chairman  and  secretary  of  the  Philadelphia 
branch  of  the  famous  "  underground  railroad  ** 
of  1851-61,  and  wrote  out  the  narratives  of 
escaping  slaves,  which  constitute  the  only 
full  account  of  this  organization.  His  works 
include:  <  The  Underground  Railroad'  (1878); 
<  Voting  and  Laboring  * ;  and  <  Struggle  for  the 
Rights  of  the  Colored  People  of  Philadelphia.* 

Stillfi,  Cliarles  Janeway.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  writer  ;  bom  in  Philadelphia,  Sept.  23, 
l8l9;diedat  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  Aug.  11,  1899. 
He  was  long  provost  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. He  wrote:  < Historical  Development 
of  American  Civilization*;  <Studies  in  Mediaeval 
Civilization';  <Beaumarchais  and  the  Lost  Mil- 
lion'; <History  of  the  United  States  Sanitary 
Commission';  <How  a  Free  People  Conduct  a 
Long  War';  'Northern  Interest  and  Southern 
Independence';  <John  Dickinson';  'Anthony 
Wayne*;  etc. 

Stillman,  ■William  James.  An  American 
essayist;  bom  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  June  i, 
1828  ;  died  at  Trinity  Green,  Surrey,  Eng.,  July 
6,  1901.  He  was  for  many  years  a  correspond- 
ent of  the  London  Times  and  the  New  York 
Evening  Post,  and  was  especially  conversant 
with  the  affairs  of  Greece  ;  he  was  consul-general 
to  Crete,  1865-69.  He  wrote  :  'The  Acropolis 
of  Athens*   (1870);  'The  Cretan  Insurrection* 


(1874);  'Herzegovina  and  the  Late  Uprising' 
(1877);  'On  the  Track  of  Ulysses*  (1887). 

Stimson,  Frederic  Jesup.  [«J.  S.  of  Dale.'*] 
An  American  novelist  and  lawyer;  born  in 
Dedham,  Mass.,  July  20,  1855.  His  works  of 
fiction  have  been  widely  read,  and  his  legal 
text-books  are  authoritative.  He  has  pub- 
lished: 'Labor  in  its  Relations  to  Law*;  and 
'  Handbook  of  the  Labor  Laws  of  the  United 
States.'  His  celebrity  as  a  novelist  is  due  to 
his  '  The  Crime  of  Henry  Vane  * ;  <  The  King's 
Men ' ;  <  The  Residuary  Legatee  ' ;  <  The  Senti- 
mental Calendar  > ;  <  In  the  Three  Zones  ' ;  <  First 
Harvests';  'Pirate  Gold';  'King  Noanett ' ; 
'  Guerndale ' ; '  The  Law  of  the  Constitutions.' 

Stinde,  Julius  (stind'e).  A  German  novel- 
ist and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Kirch- 
Niichel  in  Holstein,  Aug.  28,  1841.  Among 
his  writings  are  :  '  Talks  on  Natural  Science  * 
(1873);  several  comedies  in  Plattdeutsch,  as 
'Aunt  Lotta ' ;  '  The  Karstens  Family ' ;  two 
Christmas  stories, 'Princess  Thousandf air*  and 
'  Prince  Naughty  * ;  '  Berlin  Art  Criticism,  with 
Marginal  Notes  by  Quidam*  (1883);  and  an 
amusing  series  of  stories  of  'The  Buchholz 
Family.' 

Stirling-Maxwell,  William,  Sir  (ster'ling- 
maks'wel).  A  Scottish  biographer  and  art 
critic;  born  near  Glasgow,  1818;  died  at  Ven- 
ice, Jan.  15,  1878.  He  was  Member  of  Par- 
liament, 1852-78;  rector  of  the  University  of 
St.  Andrews,  1863;  of  that  of  Glasgow,  1872; 
chancellor  of  the  latter,  1875.  He  wrote  the 
valuable  works :  '  Annals  of  the  Artists  of 
Spain*  (3  vols.,  1848);  'Cloister  Life  of  Charles 
V.'  (1852);  'Velasquez  and  his  Works'  (1855); 
and  others. 

Stockton,  Frank  Richard.  An  American 
journalist  and  novelist  ;  bora  in  Philadelphia, 
April  5,  1834;  died  in  Washington,  April  20, 
Ig02.  Among  his  works  are:  'Rudder  Grange'; 
'The  Lady,  or  the  Tiger?';  'The  Casting  Away 
of  Mrs.  Leeks  and  Mrs.  Aleshine';  'The  Du- 
santes';  'The  Bee-Man  of  Orn,  and  Other  Fan- 
ciful Tales';  'Tales  Out  of  School';  'The  Hun- 
dredth Man';  'The  Late  Mrs.  Null';  'Adven- 
tures of  Captain  Horn';  'The  Great  Stone  of 
Sardis';  etc. 

Stoddard,  Charles  Warren.  An  American 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  Aug.  7,  1843.  He  is  a  lecturer  on 
English  literature  in  the  Catholic  University  of 
America,  Washington,  D.  C,  and  is  the  author 
of  <  Poems  * ;  '  South-Sea  Idyls  * ;  '  Mashallah  * ; 
'  The  Lepers  of  Molokai  * ;  '  Summer  Cruising 
in  the  South  Seas ' ;  <  The  Dream  Lady.* 

Stoddard,  Elizabeth  Drew  (Bar stow).  An 
American  novelist  and  poet;  bom  in  Matta- 
poisett,  Mass.,  May  6,  1823.  She  was  the  wife  of 
R.  H.,  and  the  author  of  three  distinguished 
novels;  'The  Morgesons'  (1862),  'Two  Men' 
(1865),  'Temple  House,*  illustrative  of  English 
character  and  scenery  (1867);  and 'Lolly  Dink's 
Doings.'  She  died  in  New  York  city,  August 
I,  1902. 


5o8 

Stoddard,  Elchard  Henry.  An  American 
lyric  poet  of  distinction;  born  at  Hingham, 
Mass.,  July  2,  1825.  His  poems  have  been  pub- 
lished under  the  titles:  < Songs  of  Summer > 
(1856);  <  Abraham  Lincoln:  A  Horatian  Ode  > 
(1865);  collectively,  under  <  Poems  >  (1880),  and 
•The  Lion's  Cub  >  (1890).  He  made  his  home 
in  New  York.  For  many  }'ears  he  edited  the 
New  York  Mail  and  Express,  also  at  times  the 
New  York  World.     Died,  N.  Y.,  May  12, 1903. 

Stoddard,  William  Osborn.  An  American 
journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in 
Homer,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  24,  1835.  He  has  been  con- 
nected editorially  with  various  journals,  and  was 
private  secretary  of  President  Lincoln,  1861-64. 
His  publications  include:  < Verses  of  Many 
Days>  (1S75);  <Dab  Kinzer>  (1881);  <The  Vol- 
cano under  the  City'  (1S87);  and  <  Lives  of  the 
Presidents  >  (1886-90).  He  has  also  written  many 
books  popular  among  boys. 

Stokes,  Henry  Sewell.  An  English  verse- 
writer  ;  born  at  Gibraltar,  1808.  He  wrote  :  <  Lay 
of  the  Desert:  A  Poem>  (1830);  <  Song  of  Al- 
bion,* etc.;  <  Vale  of  Lanberne,*  etc.  (new  ed. 
1852);  < Echoes  of  the  \Var,>  etc.  (1855);  < Scat- 
tered Leaves*  (1862);  < Rhymes  from  Cornwall* 
(1871);  <  Memories:  A  Life's  Epilogue*  (1872); 
< Poems  of  Later  Years*  (1873);  <  Restormel : 
A  Legend  of  Piers  Gaveston,  the  Patriot  Priest ; 
and  Other  Verses*  (1874);  <Lantrydock:  An 
Elegy'  (1883);  <Voyage  of  Arundel,  and  Other 
Rhymes  from  Cornwall.'   He  died  April  5,  1895. 

Stolberg,  Christian,  Graf  von  (stol'berG). 
A  German  poet;  born  at  Hamburg,  Oct.  15, 
1748;  died  at  Windebye  in  Holstein,  Jan.  18, 
1S21.  Most  of  his  poems  were  published  with 
those  of  his  brother  Friedrich  Leopold  in 
1779.  He  wrote  two  <<  choral  plays,**  <  Baltlia- 
sar*  and  <Otanes>  (1787);  <  Poems  of  Father- 
land* (1815);  <  Poems  from  the  Greek*  (1782); 
and  a  translation  of  Sophocles  (2  vols.,  1787). 

Stolberg,  Friedricb  Leopold,  Graf  von.    A 

German  poet  and  general  writer,  brother  of 
Christian  ;  born  at  Bramstedt  in  Holstein,  Nov. 
7,  1750 ;  died  at  Sondermiihlen  near  Osna- 
briick,  Dec.  5,  1819.  Some  of  his  poems  were 
published  with  those  of  his  brother ;  separately 
he  issued  < Iambics*  (1784),  satires  on  the  man- 
ners of  the  time.  He  translated  the  Iliad  and 
some  of  Plato's  <  Dialogues,*  four  of  ^schy- 
lus's  dramas,  and  <Ossian.*  In  prose  he  wrote  : 
<The  Island*  (1788).  a  romance;  < Travels*  in 
Germany,  Switzerland,  etc.  (1794);  <  Life  of 
Alfred  the  Great*  (1815);  < History  of  the  Reli- 
gion of  Jesus  Christ*  (15  vols.,  1806-18). 

Stone,  John  Augustus.  An  American  actor 
and  dramatist ;  born  in  Concord,  Mass.,  in  1801 ; 
died  in  Philadelphia,  June  i,  1834.  He  appeared 
on  the  stage  in  Boston,  New  York,  and  Phila- 
delphia, and  wrote  many  plays;  among  them 
<  Metamora,*  <  The  Ancient  Briton,*  and  <  Faunt- 
leroy*  for  Edwin  Forrest.  He  also  published 
<The  Demoniac,*  <Tancred,*  and  <  La  Roque.* 

Stone,  Lucy  (Blackwell).  An  American 
reformer  and  prominent  advocate  of  women's 


STODDARD  —  STORY 


rights ;  born  in  West  Brookfield,  Mass.,  Aug. 
13,  1818 ;  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  18,  1893. 
She  graduated  at  Oberlin  College,  1847.  In 
1S55  she  married  Dr.  Henry  B.  Blackwell,  re- 
taining her  own  name.  She  published  a  protest, 
<  Taxation  without  Representation.'  In  1869  she 
helped  organize  the  American  Woman's  Suf- 
frage Association ;  became  connected  with  the 
Woman's  Journal  in  1872,  and  was  editor  after 
1888.  Her  lectures  on  woman  suffrage  made  j 
her  known  throughout  the  country.  Jj 

Storm,  Theodor  (Woldsen)  (storm).  A  nota- 
ble German  poet  and  novelist;  born  in  Hu- 
sum,  Schleswig,  Sept.  14,  1817;  died  at  Hade- 
marschen,  July  4,  1888.  He  first  attracted 
attention  in  literature  with  <  The  Song-Book 
of  Three  Friends*  (1843),  the  work  of  Tycho 
and  Theodor  Mommsen  and  himself.  Later, 
he  became  universally  known  as  the  author 
of  <Immensee*  (43d  ed.  1896),  a  short  tale,  and 
a  volume  of  < Poems*  (nth  ed.  1897).  Among 
his  other  works  are:  <Aquis  Submersus*  (1877); 
<The  Senator's  Sons*  (1881);  < Knight  of  the 
White  Horse  >  (1888)  ;  <  Renate  * ;  <  Eekenhof.* 

Storrs,  Richard  Salter.  An  American  Con- 
gregational minister,  and  writer  on  ecclesiasti- 
cal history  and  theology ;  born  at  Braintree, 
Mass.,  Aug.  21,  1 82 1  ;  died  at  Brooklyn,  June 
5,  1900.  He  is  author  of  <The  Graham  Lec- 
tures on  the  W^isdom,  Power,  and  Goodness  of 
God*  (1856);  ^Conditions  of  Success  in  Preach- 
ing without  Notes'  ( 1875  );  <The  Divine  Origin 
of  Christianity*  (1884);  <I3crnard  of  Clairvaux* 
(1892);  and  'Forty  Years  of  Pastoral  Life.* 

Story,  Joseph.  A  great  American  jurist; 
born  in  Marblehead,  Mass.,  Sept.  18,  1779 ; 
died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Sept.  10,  1845.  In 
181 1  he  accepted  the  appointment  of  associate 
justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  and 
held  the  office  until  his  death.  His  works 
include :  <  Commentaries  on  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States*  (1833);  <  Commentaries 
on  the  Conflict  of  Laws,*  considered  his  ablest 
effort  (1834);  and  <  Miscellaneous  Writings* 
(1835).  In  1851  his  <Life  and  Letters*  was 
edited  by  his  son,  W.  W.  Story. 

Story,  William  Wetmore.  An  American 
sculptor,  poet,  and  essayist,  son  of  Joseph; 
born  in  Salem,  Mass.,  Feb.  12,  1819;  died  at 
Vallombrosa,  near  Florence,  Italy,  Oct.  8,  1895. 
He  published :  <  Report  of  Cases  Argued  and 
Determined  in  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United 
States  for  the  First  Circuit*  (1842-47);  <Ad- 
dress  Delivered  before  the  Harvard  Medical 
Association*  (1842);  <  Nature  and  Art :  A  Poem  * 
(1844);  <  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Contracts  not 
under  Seal*  (1844);  < Treatise  on  the  Law  of 
Sales  of  Personal  Property*  (1847);  < Poems* 
(1847);  <  Life  and  Letters  of  Joseph  Story* 
(1851);  <  Poems*  (1856);  <The  American  Ques- 
tion* (1862);  <Roba  di  Roma*  (1862);  <  Propor. 
tions  of  the  Human  Figure*  (1866);  < Graffiti 
d'ltalia*  (1868);  <A  Roman  Lawyer  in  Jeru- 
salem* (1870);  <Nero:  An  Flistorical  Play* 
(1875);  <Stephania:  ATragedy*  (1875);  < Castle 
St.  Angelo   and   the   Evil   Eye*   (1877);   <Ode 


-4- 


STOWE  —STRANG 


509 


on  the  Anniversary  of  the  Fifth  Half-Century 
of  the  Landing  of  John  Endicott  at  Salem, 
Mass.>  (1878 J;  <  Vallombrosa >  (1881);  <  He  and 
She>  (1883J;  <  Poems  >  (1885-86);  <Fiammetta> 
(1886);  <  Conversations  in  a  Studio  >  (1890J; 
•Excursions  in  Art  and  Letters'  (189IJ;  <A 
Poet's  Portfolio >  (1894). 

Stowe,  Calvin  Ellis.  A  Congregational 
clerg>Tnan  and  educator  ;  bom  in  Natick,  Mass., 
April  6,  1802 ;  died  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  Aug.  22, 
1886.  He  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College  in 
1824,  at  Andover  Seminarj'  in  1828;  and  edited 
the  Boston  Recorder,  1829-30.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Dartmouth  College,  1830-32, 
and  of  sacred  literature  in  Lane  Theological 
Seminary,  Cincinnati,  O.,  1833-35.  He  married 
Harriet  Elizabeth  Beecher,  January  1836,  and 
went  to  Europe  to  examine  the  public-school 
systems.  He  was  professor  at  Bowdoin,  1850; 
ind  at  Andover,  1S52-64.  His  works  include 
a  translation  of  Jahn's  <  Hebrew  Common- 
wealth* (1829J;  'Lectures  on  the  Poetry  of 
the  Hebrews*  (1829J;  < Report  on  Elementary 
Education  in  Europe  > ;  <  Introduction  to  the 
Criticism  and  Interpretation  of  the  Bible* 
(1835);  and  'Origin  and  History  of  the  Books 
of  the  Bible*  (1867).  Also  addresses  and  pam- 
phlets. 

Stowe,  Harriet  Elizabeth  (Beecher).  An 
American  novelist ;  bom  at  Litchfield,  Conn. , 
June  14,  181 1 ;  died 'at  Hartford,  Conn.,  July  i, 
1896.  She  published :  <  The  Mayflower ;  or, 
Sketches  of  Scenes  and  Characters  among 
the  Descendants  of  the  Pilgrims*  (1843);  < Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin;  or.  Life  among  the  Lowly* 
(1852);  <The  Two  Altars*  (1852);  <  Key  to  Un- 
ule  Tom's  Cabin*  (1853);  < Uncle  Tom's  Eman- 
cipation* (1853);  'Sunny  Memories  of  Foreign 
Lands*  (1854);  <The  Mayflower,  and  Miscel- 
laneous Writings*  (1855);  <The  Colored  Patri- 
ots of  the  American  Revolution*  (1855);  'First 
Geography  for  Children*  (1855);  <Dred:  A 
Tale  of  the  Great  Dismal  Swamp*  (1856); 
'Earthly  Care  a  Heavenly  Discipline*  (1856), 
lo.merly  published  with  '  Uncle  Tom's  Eman- 
cipation * ;  '  Our  Charley  and  What  to  Do  with 
Him*  (1858);  'The  INIinister's  Wooing*  (1859); 
(The  Pearl  of  Orr's  Island*  (1862);  'Agnes  of 
Sorrento*  (1862^;  'Reply  to  the  Address  of 
Thousands  of  Women  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  to  their  Sisters  of  the  United  States* 
(1S63;;  'The  Ravages  of  a  Carpet*  (1864); 
'House  and  Home  Papers*  (1864);  'Stories 
about  our  Boys*  (1865);  'Little  Foxes*  (1866); 
<  Religious  Poems*  (1867);  'Queer Little  People* 
(1867);  'Daisy's  First  Winter,  and  Other  Sto- 
ries* (1867);  'The  Chimney  Corner*  (1868); 
'Men  of  our  Times*  (1868);  'Oldtown  Folks* 
(1869); '  The  American  Woman's  Home '  (1869), 
with  Catherine  E.  Beecher;  'Lady  BjTon  Vin- 
dicated* (1870);  'Little  Pussy  Willow*  (1870); 
'Pink  and  White  Tjranny*  (1871);  'Sam  Law- 
son's  Fireside  Stories*  (1871);  'My  Wife  and  I* 
(1871);  'Six  of  One,  by  Half  a  Dozen  of  the 
Other*  (1872);  'Lives  and  Deeds  of  our  Self- 
Made  Men*  (1872);  'Palmetto  Leaves*  (1873); 


'Woman  in  Sacred  History*  (1873);  'Betty's 
Bright  Idea,  and  Other  Tales*  (1875);  'W^e 
and  our  Neighbors*  (1875);  'Deacon  Pitkin's 
Fami,  and  Christ's  Christmas  Presents*  (1875); 
'Footsteps  of  the  Master*  (1876);  'Captain 
Kidd's  Money,  and  Other  Stories  *  (1876);  'The 
Ghost  in  the  Mill,  and  Other  Stories*  (1876); 
'Poganuc  People*  (1878);  'A  Dog's  Mission* 
(1881);  etc. 

Strabo  (stra'bo).  A  Greek  geographer;  bom 
63  B.C.  (?);  died  22  A.D.  (?).  His  'Geograph- 
ica,*  in  17  books,  contains  first,  criticisms  of 
former  geographers,  and  a  treatise  on  physical 
geography ;  then  accounts  of  Spain,  Gaul,  Brit- 
ain, and  Ireland,  Italy,  north  and  east  Europe 
as  far  as  the  Danube,  Greece,  Asia,  and  Africa. 
Of  his  historical  work,  in  47  books,  only  frag- 
ments remain. 

Strabo,  Walafrid.  A  mediaeval  poet;  born 
in  Suabia  about  809;  died  Aug.  18,  849.  He 
wrote  a  running  exegetical  commentary  on  the 
Scripture,  '  The  Orderly  Gloss  *  (<  Glossa  Ordi- 
naria*),  which  for  long  was  a  work  of  high 
authority  in  the  schools ;  a  history  of  the  devel- 
opment and  growth  of  ecclesiastical  institutions 
and  ordinances  —  <  Of  the  Beginnings  and 
Growths  of  Things  Ecclesiastical  * ;  '  Life  of  St. 
Gall  * ;  '  Life  of  St.  Othmar* ;  the  poem  '  Vision 
of  Saint  Wettin,*  in  which  is  an  episode  of  the 
poet's  journey  to  Hell,  Purgatory,  and  Heaven  ; 
another  poem,  '  The  Little  Garden,*  treating  of 
the  plants  in  the  garden  of  the  poet's  monas- 
tery. 

Stracliey,  William.  An  English  voyager. 
He  is  said  to  have  sailed  with  Sir  Thomas 
Gates  in  1609,  on  the  vessel  Sea  Venture ;  was 
shipwrecked  on  the  Bermudas,  but  escaped  to 
Virginia  (1610)  on  a  boat  that  had  been  con- 
structed from  the  wreck,  and  became  secretary 
of  the  colony  during  three  years.  He  wrote : 
'A  True  Repertor}'  of  the  Wracke  and  Re- 
demption of  Sir  Thomas  Gates,  upon  and  from 
the  Islands  of  the  Bermudas,*  which  was  pub- 
lished in  Purchas's  'Pilgrims*  (Vol.  iv.);  <  His- 
torie  of  Travaile  into  Virginia  Britannia,*  a 
quaint  and  valuable  w^ork  of  historical  reference 
(about  1618),  and  first  published  by  the  Hak- 
lu)!  Society  from  original  MS.  (No.  6,  1849). 

Strahan,  Lisbeth  Gooch  Seguin.  An  Eng- 
lish story-wTiter.  She  wrote  :  '  Children's  Pas- 
time :  Pictures  and  Stories*  (1874J;  'Walks  in 
Algiers*  (1878);  <A  Little  Nineteenth-Century 
Child,  and  Other  Stories*  (1878);  'Life  in  a 
French  Village*  (1879);  'The  Black  Forest: 
Its  People  and  Legends*  (1879);  <The  Country 
of  the  Passion-Play*  (1880);  'Rural  England* 
(18S4);  <A  Round  of  Sunday  Stories*  (1886); 
'The  Algerine  Slave:  A  Novel*  (1888). 

Strang,  John.  A  Scotch  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  born  at  Glasgow,  1795 ;  died  there,  Dec. 
8,  1863.  He  wrote:  '  Glasgow  and  its  Clubs,* 
containing  notes  of  local  history,  anecdotes,  etc.; 
'  Life  of  Theodore  Koerner,'  the  German  poet, 
with  translations  of  some  of  his  lyrics ;  <  Ger- 
many in    1831  * ;    and  '  Traveling  Notes  of  an 


5IO 


STRAUS— STUB 


Invalid  in  Search  of  Health.>  He  translated 
also  from  the  German,  <  Tales  of  Humor  and 
Romance.* 

Straus,  Oscar  Solomon.  A  German-Amer- 
ican merchant,  reformer,  and  writer;  born  in 
Otterberg,  Bavaria,  Dec.  23, 1850.  He  graduated 
at  Columbia  College,  New  York,  1871  ;  was  minis- 
ter to  Turkey  1887-1S98  and  1909;  Secretary  of 
Commerce  and  Labor  1906-09 ;  and  has  been  a 
leader  in  movements  for  the  reform  of  local  poli- 
tics, and  the  improvement  of  the  conditions  of  the 
poor.  He  has  published  :  <  Origin  of  the  Republi- 
can Form  of  Government  in  the  United  States  > 
(1886);  <Roger  Williams,  the  Pioneerof  Religious 
1  .iberty ' ;  and  <  U.  S.  Doctrine  of  Citizenship.* 

Strauss,  David  Friedricli.  A  German  writer 
and  critic  of  great  celebrity ;  born  at  Ludwigs- 
burg,  Wurtemberg,  Jan.  27,  1808;  died  there, 
Feb.  8,  1874.  His  book  <  The  Life  of  Jesus,* 
published  in  1834-35,  rnade  him  famous.  He 
passed  a  life  of  great  literary  productivity, 
and  was  engaged  all  his  life  in  critical  and 
theological  controversies. 

Street,  Alfred  Billings.  An  American  poet 
of  nature ;  born  in  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  Dec. 
18,  1811;  died  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  June  2,  1881. 
From  1848  until  his  death  he  was  State  libra- 
rian of  New  York  at  Albany.  He  published 
among  other  works:  'Fugitive  Poems*  (1846); 

<  Woods  and  Waters*  (i860);  <  Forest  Pictures 
in  the  Adirondacks,*  poems  (1865);  <Fronte- 
nac*;  'Drawings  and  Tintings.* 

Strickland,  Agnes.  An  English  historical 
writer;  born  in  London,  Aug.  19,  1796;  died 
at  Southwold,  July  13,  1874.  Her  first  work, 
aided  by  her  sister  Susannah,  was  a  volume 
of  <  Patriotic  Songs,*  followed  by  <  Worcester 
Field,*  a  historical  poem.  She  wrote  :  <  Queen 
Victoria  from  her  Birth  to  her  Bridal*  (1840); 

<  Historic  Scenes  and  Poetic  Fancies*  (1850); 
•  Lives  of  the  Bachelor  Kings  of  England  * 
(1861);  < Lives  of  the  Seven  Bishops*  (1866); 
< Lives  of  the  Tudor  Princesses*  (1868).  Her 
best  works  are  'Lives  of  the  Queens  of  Eng- 
land* (12  vols.,  1840-48),  and  'Lives  of  the 
Queens  of  Scotland*  (8  vols.,  1850-59). 

Strindberg,  August  (strend'berc).  A  Swed- 
ish novelist  and  dramatist;  born  in  Stock- 
holm, Jan.  22,  1849.  Jle  is  the  leading  apostle 
of  naturalism  in  Sweden.  Among  his  works 
are :  '  Miistar  Olof,*  a  drama ;  <  The  Red  Room,* 
a  social  satire  ;  <  The  Secret  of  the  Club  * ;  <  Mr. 
Bengt's  Wife*;  'Froken  Julie*  (1889);  <The 
Keys  to  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven*  (1892);  and 
the  novels  <  Utopias  in  Real  Life  *  (1885);  <  In  the 
Offing*  (1891);  and  the  'Eight  Kings,*  dramas. 

Strong,  Latham  Cornell.  An  American 
journalist  and  verse-writer ;  bom  in  Troy,  N.  Y., 
June  12,  1845 ;  died  in  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  Dec. 
17,  1879.  He  was  editorially  connected  with 
the  Troy  Whig,  and  contributed  verses  to  other 
journals  and  periodicals,  besides  a  series  of 
'Letters  from  Europe.*  His  published  volumes 
include:  'Castle   Windows*   (1876);   'Poke  o' 


Moonshine  *     ( 1878 ) ;    '  Midsummer    Dreams  > 
(1879);  and  'Pots  of  Gold.* 

Strong,  Nathan.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  author;  born  in  Cov- 
entry, Conn.,  Oct.  16,  1748;  died  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Dec.  25,  1816.  He  was  a  chaplain  in 
the  Revolutionary  army ;  projected  and  sus- 
tained the  Connecticut  Evangelical  Magazine 
(1800-15);  founded  and  conducted  the  Con- 
necticut Missionary  Society  (1798-1806);  and 
compiled  the  'Hartford  Collection  of  Hymns* 
(1799).  His  published  works  include  two  vol- 
umes of  'Sermons*  (1798-1800),  and  a  pam- 
phlet, '  The  Doctrine  of  Eternal  Misery  Con- 
sistent with  the  Infinite  Benevolence  of  God* 
(1796). 

Strother,  David  Hunter.  ["  Porte  Crayon.**] 
An  American  writer  and  illustrator;  born  in 
Martinsburg,  Va.,  Sept.  16, 1816 ;  died  in  Charles- 
ton, W.  Va.,  March  8,  1888.  He  was  a  colonel 
of  the  Union  army  in  the  Civil  War.  His 
series  of  sketches  contributed  to  Harper's  Mag- 
azine in  the  years  before  the  War  under  the 
pen-name  "  Porte  Crayon,**  illustrated  by  him- 
self, were  great  popular  favorites ;  they  were 
republished  in  book  form  under  the  titles  '  The 
Blackwater  Chronicle*  (1853),  and  'Virginia 
Illustrated*   (1857). 

Stryker,  Melanchthon  Woolsey.  An  Amer- 
ican Presbyterian  clergjTnan  and  educator; 
born  in  New  York,  1851.  He  has  been  pres- 
ident of  Hamilton  College  since  1892.  He  has 
published  : '  Miriam  and  Other  Verses  * ;  '  Ham- 
ilton, Lincoln,  and  Other  Addresses  * ;  '  The 
Letter  of  James  the  Just  * ;  and  many  hymns. 

Strype,  John.  An  English  ecclesiastical  his- 
torian ;  born  at  London,  Nov.  i,  1643 ;  died  at 
Hackney,  Dec.  Ii,  1737.  His  works  include  : 
'Annals  of  the  Reformation  in  England*  (4 
vols.,  1709-31);  'Lives*  of  Thomas  Cranmer, 
Sir  Thomas  Smith,  John  Aylmer,  Sir  John 
Cheke,  Edmund  Grindall,  Matthew  Parker, 
and  John  Whitgift ;  and  '  Ecclesiastical  Memo- 
rials* (3  vols.,  1721). 

Stuart,  Esm€.  An  English  story-writer: 
author  of  'Tlie  Good  Old  Days*  (1875);  'The 
Belfry  of  St.  Jude :  A  Story*  (1880);  'White- 
chapel:  A  Story*  (1881);  <  Isabeau's  Hero:  A 
Story  of  the  Revolt  of  the  Cevennes*  (1882); 
'  Jessie  Dearlove :  A  Story*  (1885);  'Muriel's 
Marriage*  (1886);  'The  Goldmakers*  (1887); 
'Daisy's  King*  (1888);  'Joan  Vellacot*  (1888). 

Stuart,  Mrs.  Ruth  (McEnery).  An  American 
writer  of  fiction  ;  born  in  1856.  Her  published 
writings  include :  <  A  Golden  Wedding,  and 
Other  Tales  * ;  '  Carlotta's  Intended,  and  Other 
Stories*;  'The  Story  of  Babette*;  'Solomon 
Crow's  Christmas  Pockets  '  ;  <  Pockets  and  Other 
Tales  * ; '  The  Second  Wooing  of  Salina  Sue.* 

Stub,  Ambrosius  (stob).  A  Danish  lyric 
poet ;  born  on  the  Island  of  Funen,  Maj'^  1705 ; 
died  at  Ribe,  about  1758.  His  poems  were 
all  (except  one)  published  after  his  death 
(1771)- 


STUBBS  —  SUMNER 


5" 


He  is  the  original  of  the  hero  of  C.  K.  F.  Mol- 
beck's  romantic  drama  <Ambrosius.> 

Stubbs,  "William.  An  English  historical 
writer ;  bom  at  Knaresborough,  June  21,  1825  ; 
died  in  London,  April  22,  1901.  He  became 
bishop  of  Oxford   in  1889.     His  great  work  is 

<  The  Constitutional  History  of  England  '  (3 
vols.,  1S74,  1S75,  and  1878). 

Sturgis,  jTilian  Eussell.  A  British  story- 
writer  ;  born  1848.  He  wrote  <  John-a-Dreams  > 
(l878);<An  Accomplished  Gentleman  >  (1S79); 

<  Little  Comedies'  (1882);  <  Dick's  Wanderings*; 

<  My  Friends  and  I,>  etc.     Died  April  13,  IQ04. 

Storm,  Julius  Karl  Eeinholdt  [« Julicfl 
Stem"]  (storm).  A  German  lyric  poet  ;  bom 
at  Kostritz  in  Reuss,  July  21,  }8i6  ;  died  there 
May  2,  1896.  He  wrote  :  <  Two  Roses  ;  or,  the 
Canticle  of  Love)  (1854);  'Devout  Songs  and 
Poems)  (1858);  <  Israelite  Songs)  (3d  ed. 
1881);  <  Poems  of  Battle  and  Victory  '   '  1870); 

<  -Mirror  of  the  Time  in  Fables  )  (1872) ;  <  To  the 
Lord  my  Song)  (1884);  <  Palm  and  Crown > 
( 1887);  <  In  Joy  and  in  Sorrow  )  (1896). 

Suckling,  Sir  John.  An  English  poet  ;  bom 
at  Whitton,  Middlesex,  in  1 608  ;  died  in  Paris 
about  1642.  A  complete  edition  of  his  works 
was  published  in  1874. 

Sudennann,  Hermann  (so'der-manj.  One 
of  the  most  distinguished  German  dramatists  and 
novelists  of  the  day;  born  at  Matziken,  East  Prus- 
sia, Sept.  30,  1857.  He  published:  <  In  the  Twi- 
light'(1885!;  <  Dame  Care  >  (1886);  <  Brothers  and 
Sisters  >  (1887);  <Honor  >  ( 1888);  *The  Cat  Bridge' 
(1889);  <The  Destruction  of  Sodom'  (iSqoj; 
<Home';  <Battle  of  the  ButterOies';  <  lolanthe's 
Wedding'  (i892);<Once  on  a  Time'  (i893);<John 
the  Baptist';  <  The  Joy  Living';  <St.  John's  Fire  '; 
'Margot';  <The  Last  Visit';  'The  Far-away  Prin- 
cess.' 

Sue,  Eugene  (siil.  A  famous  French  ro- 
mancer ;  bom  in  Paris,  Dec.  10,  1804 ;  died  at 
Annecy,  July  3,  1857.  He  published :  <  Ker- 
nock  the  Pirate'  (1830);  •  History  of  the  French 
Navy'  (1835-371;  'History  of  the  War  Navies 
of  all  Nations'  (1841J;  'The  Mysteries  of  Paris' 
(1843);  'The  Wandering  Jew'  (1845);  'Martin 
the  Foundling'  (1847  J;  'The  Seven  Deadly 
Sins'  (1847-49);  'The  Mysteries  of  the  People' 
(1849);  'The  Jouffroy  Family'  (1854);  'The 
Secrets  of  the  Confessional'  (1858);  etc. 

Suetonius  —  Caius  Suetonius  Tranquillus 
(swe-to'ne-us).  A  Latin  chronicler,  gramma- 
rian, and  critic,  who  flourished  in  the  early  part 
of  the  second  century  of  our  era.  He  is  cele- 
brated for  his  '  Lives  of  the  Caesars.'  His  other 
works  include  :  '  Illustrious  Grammarians ' ; 
'  Distinguished  Orators ' ;  and  '  Lives,'  only 
partly  preserved,  of  Terence,  Horace,  Lucan, 
Juvenal,  and  Pliny. 

Suidas  (swe'das).  The  reputed  author  of  an 
alphabetically  arranged  work  in  Greek,  giving 
an  account  of  persons  and  places  and  expla- 
nations of  words,  besides  much  miscellaneous 
information.  The  book  is  referred  to  as  a 
'Lexicon,'  and  bears  evidence  of  having  gone 
through  many  hands.    It  is  accompanied  by  a 


prefatory  statement  that  "the  present  book  is 
by  Suidas,  but  its  arrangement  is  the  work  of 
twelve  learned  men."  Nothing  is  known  of 
Suidas,  although  he  is  usually  placed  in  the 
tenth  or  eleventh  centurv-.  The  '  Lexicon '  is 
valued  for  its  extracts  from  ancient  writers 
whose  works  have  in  many  cases  perished. 

Sullivan,  James  William.  An  American 
writer  on  social  questions ;  born  at  Carlisle,  Pa., 
March  9,  1848.  He  is  author  of:  'Working- 
People's  Rights'  (1885);  'A  Concept  of  Politi- 
cal Justice'  (1890);  '  Direct  Legislation  through 
the  Initiative  and  Referendum'  (1892), —  this 
book  started  the  Referendum  movement  in  the 
United  States  ;  '  Tenement  Tales  of  New  York' 
(1894);  'So  the  World  Goes,'  a  series  of  short 
stories  (1898). 

Sullivan,  Thomas  Russell.  An  American 
novelist  and  dramatist ;  born  in  Boston,  Nov. 
21,  1849.  His  novels  include  'Tom  Sylvester,* 
'Roses  of  Shadow,'  'Day  and  Night  Stories'; 
and  his  plays,  'The  Catspaw'  (i88ij,  'Merely 
Players'  (i886j,  and  a  dramatization  of  Steven- 
son's <  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde '  (produced 
i886j.  He  was  joint  author  with  W.  W.  Cham- 
berlin  of '  Hearts  Are  Trumps,'  produced  1878, 
and  <  Midsummer  Madness,'  produced  1880. 

Sully,   Maximilien   de   Betliune,  Duke   of 

(sii-le'j;  born  at  Rosny  (Seine-et-Oise),  Dec. 
13,  1560 ;  died  at  Villebon,  Dec.  22,  1641.  He 
was  the  close  friend,  supporter,  and  finance 
minister  of  Henr\' of  Navarre.  His  'Memoirs' 
(1634),  followed  by  two  posthumous  volumes 
(1662),  are  very  celebrated. 

Sully-Prudhomme,  Rene  Frangois  Armand 

(sii-le'priid-um').  A  French  poet;  born  at 
Paris,  May  16,  1839.  He  has  written  :  '  Stanzas 
and  Poems'  (1865);  'The  Broken  Vase';  'The 
Stables  of  Augeas ' ;  '  The  Wildernesses ' ;  <  Im- 
pressions of  War'  (collected  1872);  'Revolt  of 
the  Flowers'  (1874);  'Reflections  on  the  Art 
of  Versification '  ( 1892  j .      He  died  Sept.  7,  1907 

Sulzer,  Johann  Georg  (sol'tser).  A  Swiss 
art  critic;  bom  at  Winterthur,  Oct.  6,  1720 ; 
died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  25,  1779.  His  principal 
work  is  '  Universal  Theory  of  the  Fine  Arts ' 
(2  vols.,  1771-74).  His  'Autobiography'  was 
published  1809. 

Sumarokov,  Aleksander  Petrovicli  (sd-mar'- 
o-kov).  A  Russian  playwright;  born  in  Mos- 
cow, Nov.  23,  1718;  died  Oct.  12,  1777.  His 
tragedy  'Khorev'  (1747)  first  attracted  atten- 
tion ;  it  was  followed  by  <  Sinav  and  Truvor ' 
and  '  Semira,'  which  added  to  his  fame.  He 
also  wrote  comedies,  odes,  sonnets,  madrigals, 
epigrams,  and  fables. 

Sumner,  Charles.  A  distinguished  Ameri- 
can statesman;  born  in  Boston,  Jan.  6,  1811; 
died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  March  11,  1874. 
His  collected  works,  including  speeches,  ora- 
tions, etc.,  have  been  published  in  a  15-vol. 
edition  (1870-83). 

Sumner,  William  Graham.  An  American 
educator  and  author ;  bom  in  Paterson,  N.  J., 


512 


SWEDENBORG—  SYLVA 


Oct.  30,  1840.  Since  1872  he  has  been  pro- 
fessor of  political  and  social  science  at  Yale. 
Among  his  works  are :  <  History  of  American 
Currency*  (1874J;  < Andrew  Jackson  as  a  Pub- 
lic Man>  (lSS2j;  <  Economic  Problems*  (1884); 
<  Protectionism,*  collected  essays  in  political 
and  social  science  (1885);  <The  Financier  and 
P'inances  of  the  American  Revolution*  (1891); 
and  '  Robert  Morris  >  (1892);  <  Folkways '  (1Q07). 
Swedenborg,  Emanuel.  The  great  Swedish 
religious  mystic,  philosopher,  and  author ;  born 
in  Stockholm,  Jan.  29,  1688 ;  died  there,  March 
29,  1772.  For  an  adequate  account  of  his  lit- 
erary works,  see  article  in  this  <  Library.* 

Sweet,  Alexander  Edwin.  An  American 
journalist;  born  in  St.  John,  N.  B.,  March  28, 
1841.  He  served  in  the  Confederate  army  in 
the  Civil  War;  was  editor  of  the  San  Antonio 
(Texas)  Herald,  and  of  Texas  Siftings  from 
1881.  He  has  published  <  Three  Dozen  Good 
Stories  from  Texas  Siftings';  and  with  J.  Amory 
Knox,  <On  a  Mexican  Mustang  through  Texas.' 
He  died  in  New  York  city.  May  20,  I901. 

Swetcbine,  Anne  Sophie  (svech-en).  A 
Russian  society  dame  and  letter-writer;  born 
at  Moscow,  1782;  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  10,  1857. 
At  St.  Petersburg  her  drawing-room  was  fre- 
quented by  scholars  and  men  of  science ;  after 
1815  she  resided  in  Paris.  She  was  the  friend 
and  correspondent  of  many  of  the  Catholic 
notables  of  France, —  Joseph  de  Maistre,  Lacor- 
daire,  De  Falloux,  etc.  Her  <  Life  and  Works  * 
was  published  in  2  vols.;  and  her  <  Letters*  in 
several  volumes. 

Swett,  Sophia  Miriam.  An  American  writer 
of  stories  and  juvenile  tales ;  born  in  Maine 
in  186-,  and  now  living  at  Arlington,  Mass. 
She  has  published  :  <  The  Lollipops'  Vacation  * ; 

<  Captain  Polly*;  <  Flying  Hill  Farm*;  <  The 
Mate  of  the  Mary  Ann*;  <  Cap'n  Thistletop*; 
and  <  The  Ponkarty  Branch  Road  ;  <  Sonny  Boy.* 

Swift,  Jonathan.  A  great  English  prose 
satirist ;  born  in  Dublin,  Nov.  30,  1667 ;  died 
there,  Oct.  19,  1745.  He  wrote:  <  Tale  of 
a  Tub*  (1704);  <  Battle  of  the  Books*  (1704); 

<  Meditation  upon  a  Broomstick*  (1704);  <  Ar- 
gument to  Prove  the  Inconvenience  of  Abol- 
ishing Christianity*  (1708);  <  Project  for  the 
Advancement  of  Religion*  (1708);  <  Senti- 
ments of  a  Church  of  England  Man*  (170S); 
^Conduct  of  the  Allies*  (1711)  ;  <  Advice  to 
the  October  Club*  (1712);  <  Remarks  on  the 
Barrier  Treaty*  (1712);  'Public  Spirit  of  the 
Whigs*  (1714);  <Drapier's  Letters*  (1724);  < Gul- 
liver's Travels*  (1726);  <A  Modest  Proposal* 
(1729),  for  utilizing  Irish  children  as  articles 
of  food ;  etc. 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles.  A  cele- 
brated English  poet ;  born  in  London,  April  5, 
1837.  He  has  published  :  <  The  Queen  Mother 
and  Rosamund*  (1861);  <Atalanta  in  Calydon* 
(1864);  <Chastelard*  (186-);  <  Poems  and  Bal- 
lads* (1866);  <A  Song  of  Italy*  (1867);  <Ode 
on  the  Proclamation  of  the  French  Republic' 
(1871);  <  Songs  before  Sunrise*  (1871);  <  Under 


the  Microscope'  (1872);  <Bothwell*  (1874); 
♦Erechtheus*  (1875);  <  Poems  and  Ballads* 
(1878),  second  series;  < Songs  of  the  Spring- 
tides * ;  <  Songs  of  Two  Nations  * ;  <  Studies  in 
Song  * ;  <  A  Century  of  Roundels  * ;  <  Marino 
Faliero  * ;  <  Lochrine  * ;  <  Tristram  of  Lyonesse  * ; 

<  The  Sisters  * ;  etc.     He  died  April  9,  1909. 

Swinton,  John.  An  American  journalist 
and  writer  on  social  and  labor  questions ;  born 
in  Salton,  Scotland,  Dec.  12,  1829  ;  died  in 
Brooklyn,  Dec.  15,  I901.  In  1857  he  came  to 
New  York,  and  later  became  chief  managing 
editor  of  the  New  York  Times,  and  afterwards 
of  the  Sun.  From  1883  to  18S7  he  published  a 
weekly  journal,  John  Swinton' s  Paper,  devoted 
to  labor  reform.  He  wrote  :  *  The  New  Issue  : 
the  Chinese-American  Question  > ;  <  A  Eulogy 
on  Henry  J.  Raymond  >  ;  <John  Swinton's 
Travels  > ;  <  Oration  on  John  Brown  > ;  etc. 

Swinton,  William.  An  American  journalist 
educator,  and  historical  writer,  brother  of  John; 
born  in  Salton,  Scotland,  April  23,  1833;  died  in 
New  York,  Oct.  25,  1892.  During  the  Civil  War 
he  was  war  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
Times  ;  and  after  1874  he  devoted  his  time  to 
educational  works.  His  writings  include:  <Ram- 
bles  among  Words ) ;  <  Twelve  Decisive  Bat- 
tles of  the  War  >  ;  <  Campaigns  of  the  Army 
of    the     Potomac*;     <W^ord     Analysis*;     and 

<  Studies  in  English  Literature.* 

Swisshelm,  Jane  Grey.  An  American  jour- 
nalist, reformer,  and  writer;  born  near  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  Sept.  6,  1815;  died  in  Swissvale,  Pa., 
July  22,  1S84.  She  was  among  the  earliest 
advocates  of  woman's  rights ;  an  ardent  oppo- 
nent of  slavery,  and  while  editing  the  St.  Cloud 
(Minn.)  Visitor,  had  her  otnce  and  press  de- 
stroyed by  a  mob  for  advocating  abolitionism. 
She  was  among  the  first  to  become  a  nurse  in 
the  Northern  r.rmy.  Besides  voluminous  contri- 
butions  to  current   periodicals,  she   published : 

<  Letters  to  Country  Girls*  (1853),  and  an  au- 
tobiograph)',  *  Half  of  a  Century*  (1881). 

Sybel,  Heinrich  von  (se'bel).  An  eminent 
German  historian  ;  bom  in  Diisseldorf,  Dec.  2, 
1817  ;  died  at  Marburg,  Aug.  I,  1895.  The  tone 
of  many  of  his  writings  involved  him  in  contro- 
versy. Fie  wrote:  <  History  of  the  First  Crusade  > 
(1841);  <  The  Development  of  German  Sover- 
eignty *  (1844);  <  History  of  the  Revolutionary 
Period  from  1789  to  1795*  (1853-58),  which  has 
passed  through  many  editions  and  was  later 
brouglit  down  to  the  year  1 800  ;  <  The  German 
Nation  and  the  Empire  *  ( 1862) ;  <  The  Founda- 
tion of  the  German  Empire  through  William  l.> 
(1889-94),  already  in  its  tifth  edition. 

Sylva,  Carmen  (kar'man  sil'va),  pseudonym 
of  Elizabeth,  Queen  of  Roumania.  A  German 
poet  and  story -writer ;  born  at  Castle  Monrepos 
near  Neuwied,  Dec.  29,  1843.  In  1869  she  was 
married  to  Charles,  then  Prince,  now  King,  of 
Roumania.  Among  her  works  (all  in  German) 
are :  < Roumanic   Poems'    (1881);  < Tempests*; 

<  Songs  from  the  Dimbovitza  Valley*  (1889;. 
Her   tragedy   <  Master   Manole*    (/S92)    had  a 


SYMMACHUS  —  TACITUS 


513 


brilliant  success  in  the  Burgh  Teatre,  Vienna, 
In  collaboration  with  Mite  Kremnitz,  she  has 
written  some  novels:  'Astra';  <  From  Two 
Worlds ' ;   etc.    The  gem  of   the  fine  tragedy 

<  Master  Manole  >  is  the  scene  in  which  are  por- 
trayed a  wife's  longings  for  motherhood. 

Symmaclius,  Quintus  Aurelius  (sim'a-kus). 
A  Roman  author  and  orator;  born  about  350 
A.  D.;  died  about  405  A.  D.    Ten  boolcs  of  his 

<  Letters  >  are  extant,  and  are  of  much  historical 
interest.  Fragments  of  his  speeches  were  dis- 
covered by  Cardinal  Mai,  and  published  in 
1815.  Symmachus  was  one  of  the  last  cham- 
pions of  paganism,  and  seems  to  have  been  a 
pure  and  noble  character. 

SymondB,  Jotin  Addlngton.  A  distinguished 
English  critic  and  historian  of  literaturg ;  bom 
at  Bristol,  Oct.  5,  1840;  died  at  Rome,  April 
19,  1893.  He  wrote  :  <  Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  Dante  >  (1872);  <  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets  > 
(1873);  <  Sketches  in  Italy  and  Greece'  (1874); 
<The  Renaissance  in  Italy  >  (7  vols.,  1875-86), 
his  greatest  work ;  <  Sketches  and  Studies  in 
Italy'  (1879);  'Shakespeare's  Predecessors' 
(1884);  several  volumes  of  verse  both  original 
and  translated;  'Lives'  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
Michelangelo,  Ben  Jonson,  Shelley,  etc. 

Symons,  Arthur.  A  British  literary  critic ; 
bom  in  Wales,  1865;  author  of  <  Days  and  Nights' 
(1889);  <  Silhouettes  '  (1892) ;  <  London  Nights.' 

Synesius  (si-ne'shus).  A  Greek  bishop, 
philosopher,  and  poet ;  born  in  Cyrene,  Africa, 
about  375;  died  about  415.  He  studied  phi- 
losophy in  Alexandria  under  Hypatia.  Among 
his  works  which  have  survived  are  several 
essays,  including  one  <On  Dreams';  and  a 
number  of  orations,  among  them  that  delivered 
before  the  Emperor  Arcadius,  <  On  Kingship.' 
His  hymns  have  often  been  translated  into 
modem  languages. 


Syrus,  PubllliUB.    See  Publillus  Syrus. 

Szalay,  Laszlo  (sal'i).  A  Hungarian  his- 
torian; born  at  Buda,  April  18,  1813;  died  at 
Salzburg,  July  17,  1864.  He  succeeded  Kossuth 
as  editor-in-chief  of  the  Pesti  Hirlap,  in  1844. 
Among  his  works  are  'History  of  Hungary' 
(6  vols.,  1850-63);  <  Michael  Eszterhizy'  (2  vols., 
1862-66);  and  'The  Book  of  Statesmen,' a  col- 
lection of  political  biographies. 

Sze-ma  or  Suma  Kwang  (sa'ma).  One  of 
the  most  eminent  statesmen  and  writers  of 
China,  and  as  a  historian  second  only  to  Sze-ma 
Ts'ien;  born  in  1009;  died  1086.  He  is  re- 
nowned as  the  author  of  'The  Comprehens- 
ive Mirror  of  History,'  in  294  books,  the  labor 
of  nineteen  years.  It  covers  a  period  from  the 
beginning  of  the  fourth  century  B.  C.  to  960 
A.D. 

Sze-ma  or  Sii-ma  Ts'ien.  Author  of  the  first 
general  history  of  China;  born  at  Lung-Mun, 
in  what  is  now  the  province  of  Ho-nan,  about 
163  B.C.  He  died  in  disgrace,  about  85  B.C. 
In  1 10  B.C.  he  succeeded  his  father,  Sze-ma 
T'an,  as  grand  recorder  and  astronomer,  and 
took  up  the  historical  work  begun  by  him.  It 
was  finished  in  91  B.  C,  and  was  named  '  Shih- 
ki,'  or  Historical  Records.  It  covers  from  2697 
to  104  B.  C.  He  is  also  noted  for  reforming  the 
calendar.  The  chronology  settled  on  by  him 
still  prevails  in  China. 

Szigligeti,  Eduard  (seg-le-get'e);  true  name 
Joseph  Szatmiry.  A  Hungarian  dramatist; 
bom  at  Nagy  Varad  [Grosswardein],  March  18, 
1814;  died  at  Pesth,  Jan.  19,  1878.  He  wrote 
about  100  plays  between  1834  and  1872.  Sev- 
eral of  his  comedies  and  tragedies  were  crowned 
by  the  Academy.  Among  his  best  dramas 
are  :  <  The  Deserter ' ;  <  A  Brace  of  Pistols ' ; 
'The  Jew';  'The  Foundling.'  He  wrote  also: 
'The  Drama  and  its  Different  Forms'  (1874); 
'Biographies  of  Hungarian  Actors'  (1878). 


Tabarl,  Abu  Djasar  Mohammed  Ibn  DJerir 

(ta-ba're).  A  celebrated  Mohammedan  theo- 
logian and  historian  ;  born  at  Amul  in  Taberis- 
tan,  839 ;  died  at  Bagdad,  921.  His  two  prin- 
cipal writings  are:  'Tefsir'  (exegesis),  by  far 
the  most  authoritative  exposition  of  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Koran ;  and  his  'Annals,'  in  which 
he  gives,  on  a  theological  basis,  the  history  of 
the  world  from  the  creation  to  the  year  914. 

Tabb,  John  Banister.  An  American  educator 
and  author  born  in  Virginia,  1845.  He  is  profes- 
sor of  English  literature  at  St.  Charles  College, 
Ellicott,  City,  Md.,  He  has  written  :  '  Poems  ' ; 
'  Lvrics ' ;  '  An  Octave  to  Mary  * ;  <  Quibbs  and 
Quiddits.' 

Tacitus,  Publius  Cornelius  (tas'it-us).  A 
great  Latin  historian;  born  about  54  A. D.  He 
was  an  intimate  friend  of  Pliny  the  Younger. 

33 


The  dialogue  <De  Oratoribus*  is  his  earliest 
work  ;  the  'Agricola,'  a  biography  of  his  father- 
in-law,  C.  Julius  Agricola,  is  interesting  to  Eng- 
lish speaking  readers  on  account  of  the  fact 
that  Agricola  spent  so  much  of  his  time  in  Brit- 
ain ;  the  '  Germania,'  or  <  On  the  Manners  of 
the  Germans,'  is  of  great  value  for  its  descrip- 
tion of  early  Germany.  Of  his  <  History  > 
only  the  first  four  and  a  half  books  are  e"tant, 
giving  the  history  of  the  years  69-96  x"  D.,  of 
the  <  Annals,'  beginning  at  the  death  o^  Au- 
gustus and  ending  at  the  death  of  Nero  (14-^8 
A.  D.),  only  the  first  four  books,  part  of  tie 
fifth,  the  sixth,  and  from  the  middle  of  the  elev- 
enth to  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth,  are  extant 
Many  editions  of  his  works  have  been  published. 
The  latest  English  translation  is  by  Church  and 
Brodribb  (London,  1876-77).  He  died  about  117. 


5M 

Taconnet,  Toussaint  Gaspard  (ta-ko-na'). 
\  French  dramatist  and  actor;  born  at  Pans, 
1730;  died  there,  I774-  Among  his  works  are: 
•The  Labyrinth  of  Love>  (I749);  'All  the 
World's  Friend >  (1762);  the  farce-tragedy  <  1  he 
Death  of  the  Fatted  Ox>  (1767);  <  Stanzas  on 
the  Death  of  Marie,  Queen  of  France*  (1768). 

Talllandler.  Alphonse  Honors  (ti-an-dya'). 
A  French  legist;  born  at  Paris,  1797;  died  there, 
1S67.  His  principal  works  are:  < Collection 
of  Ancient  French  Laws  from  the  Year  420 
to  the  Revolution  of  1789'  {23  vols.,  1821-30); 
<  Reflections  on  the  Penal  Laws  of  France 
and  England  >  (1824). 

Talllandler,  Ren^  Gaspard  Ernest,  usually 
styled  Saint-Ren^  Taillandier.  A  French  his- 
torian and  biographer;  born  at  Paris,  Dec.  16, 
1817;  died  there,  F"eb.  24,  1879.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  FVench  poetry  in  the  Sor- 
bonne,  1863.  Among  his  works  are :  <  Scotus 
FIrigena  and  the  Scholastic  Philosophy  >  (1843); 
« Studies  on  the  Revolution  in  Germany  >  (1853); 
<The  Countess  of  Albany>  (1862);  <  Maurice 
de  Saxe>  (1865);  <Ten  Years  of  the  History  of 
Germany >  (1875);  <King  Leopold  and  Queen 
\'iLtoria  >  (ICS7S);    <  Servia  in  the  19th  Century.> 

Taillepled,  Noel  (ti-pya').  A  French  his- 
torical writer;  born  in  Normandy,  1540;  died 
at  Angers,  1589.  His  principal  works  are : 
•.\bridgment  of  the  Philosophy  of  Aristotle  > 
(1583);  <  History  of  the  State  and  Common- 
wealth of  the  Druids  >  (1585);  <  Collection  of 
the  Antiquities  and  Curiosities  of  the  City  of 
Rouen'  (1587);  < Treatise  on  the  Apparition  of 
Ghosts'  (1602). 

Tailliar,  Eugene  Fran9ois  Joseph  (tl-ar'). 
A  French  juristic  writer ;  born  at  Douai,  1803 ; 
died  there,  July  8,  1878.  Among  his  writings 
are :  <  Essay  on  the  History  of  the  Institutions 
of  Northern  France  in  the  Celtic  Era>  (1852); 
*  Usages  and  Ancient  Customs  of  the  County 
of  Guysnes'  (1856);  <  Essay  on  the  History  of 
Institutions'  (1859). 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolphe  (tan).  A  cele- 
brated French  historian  and  critic ;  born  at 
Vouziers  (Ardennes),  April  21,  1828;  died  at 
Paris,  March  5,  1893.  He  published :  <  Essay 
on  La  Fontaine's  Fables'  (1853);  <  Essay  on 
Livy'  (1854);  < Journey  to  the  Pyrenees'  (1855); 
'  F'rench  Pliilosophers  in  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury' (1856);  'Essays  in  Criticism  and  His- 
tory' (1857);  < Notes  on  England'  (1861); 
< Contemporary  English  Writers'  (1863);  <  His- 
tory of  English  Literature'  (1864);  <  English 
Idealism'  (1864);  'English  Positivism'  (1864); 
*New  Essays  in  Criticism  and  History'  (1865); 
'Philosophy  of  Art'  (1865);  'Philosophy  of  Art 
in  Italy'  (1866);  'Tour  in  Italy,  Naples,  Rome, 
Florence,  and  Venice'  (186&);  'Notes  on  Paris' 
(iS67);'The  Ideal  in  Art'  (1867);  'Philosophy 
of  Art  in  the  Low  Countries'  (1868);  <Phi- 
lo.sophy  of  Art  in  Greece'  (1870);  'On  the 
Understanding'  (1870);  'Universal  Suffrage 
and  the  Method  of  Voting'  (1871);  <  Beginnings 
of   Contemporarv   Fr>vnce,'  a  series   of   works 


TACONNET —  TAL-'M  A 


comprising  'The  Old  Regime'  (1875),  'An- 
archy'  (1878),  'The  Revolutionary  Govern- 
ments' (1884),  'The  Modern  Regime'  (1890). 
The  last-named  was  left  not  quite  complete; 
the  sixth  volume  was  posthumously  published, 
after  revision  by  Sorel,  in  1894.  'Last  Essays 
in  Criticism  and  History'  (1894)  is  a  volume 
of  miscellany. 

Tait,  Archibald  Campbell.  An  English 
Churchman  and  theological  writer;  born  in 
Edinburgh,  Dec.  21,  1811;  died  in  London, 
Dec.  I,  1882.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow 
and  Oxford  Universities ;  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ing opponents  of  the  Tractarians  or  Puseyites ; 
took  orders  in  the  Church  of  England;  was 
head-master  of  Rugby  School,  dean  of  Car- 
lisle, bishop  of  London,  and  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  from  1868  to  his  death.  He  was 
author  of  <  The  Dangers  and  Safeguards  of 
Modern  Theology'  (1861),  and  'The  Word  of 
God  and  the  Ground  of  Faith*  (1863),  besides 
addresses  and  sermons.  His  life  was  published 
by  Davidson  and  Benham  (2  vols.,  1891). 

Talbot,  Charles  Remington.  An  American 
Episcopal  clergyman  and  juvenile-story  writer ; 
born  1851 ;  died  1891.  Ilis  works  include : 
'Honor  Bright';  'Miltiades  Peterkin  Paul'; 
'  Royal  Louise ' ;  '  Romulus  and  Remus  > ;  '  A 
Midshipman  at  Large';  'The  Impostor';  <A 
Romance  of  the  Revolution.' 

Talfourd,  Sir  Thomas  Noon.  An  English 
statesman  and  author;  born  at  Reading,  Berk- 
shire, May  26,  1795;  died  at  Stafford,  March 
13,  1854.  He  published  many  speeches  and 
essays,  some  of  which  have  been  collected 
under  the  title  '  Critical  and  Miscellaneous  Es- 
says'  (1842).  Among  his  other  works  are: 
'Poems  on  Various  Subjects'  (1811);  'An 
Attempt  to  Estimate  the  Poetical  Talent  of 
the  Present  Age'  (1815);  'History  of  Greek 
Literature';  'History  of  Greece'  and  'History 
of  the  Roman  Republic ' ;  '  Memoirs  and  Cor- 
respondence of  Charles  Lamb'  (1837);  'Final 
Memorials  of  Charles  Lamb'  (1848);  four  tra- 
gedies, the  first  two  of  which  had  a  stage  suc- 
cess,—'Ion'  (1835),  'The  Athenian  Captive' 
(1838),  'Glencoe'  (1840),  and  'The  Castilian' 
(1854);  'Recollections  of  a  First  Visit  to  the 
Alps'  (1842);  'Vacation  Rambles'  (1844);  and 
'Supplement  to  Vacation  Rambles'  (1846). 

Talleyrand-Perigord,  Charles  Maurice  de 
(tal-a-rah'-per-e-gor').  Prince  of  Benevento.  A 
celebrated  French  diplomat ;  bom  at  Paris, 
Feb.  13,  1754;  died  at  Valen9ay,  May  17, 
1838.  His  'Memoirs'  were  first  published  in 
1891-92  (5  vols.);  his  'Correspondence  with 
Louis  XVIIL,  during  the  Congress  of  Vienna,' 
was  published  in  1881 ;  his  '  Diplomatic  Corre- 
spondence' in  1889-91  (3  vols.);  and  'Unpub- 
lished Letters  of  Tallyrand  to  Napoleon,  1800- 
1809,'  in  1889. 

Talma,  Joseph  Francois  (tal-ma').  A  great 
French  actor  and  writer;  born  in  Paris,  Jan. 
15.  1763;  died  Oct.  19,  1826.  He  was  educated 
nt   Mazarin   College,  and   afterwards  went  to 


TALMAGE  —  TASSO 


5^5 


London  with  his  father,  a  dentist ;  studied  in 
the  hospitals  there,  and  on  returning  to  Paris 
was  apprenticed  to  a  dentist.  He  had  been  on 
the  stage,  however,  both  in  London  and  Paris, 
and  made  his  professional  ddbut  Nov.  21,  1787, 
at  the  Com^die  Fran9aise.  He  founded,  with 
a  few  others,  the  theatre  after^vards  known  as 
the  Theatre  de  la  R^publique.  He  won  his 
fame  as  a  tragedian,  but  made  many  improve- 
ments in  the  naturalness  of  stage  productions. 
He  wrote :  *■  Mdmoires  de  Le  Kain,  et  Reflex- 
ions sur  cet  Acteur  et  sur  I'Art  Th^atral  * 
(1825),  which  was  republished  in  1856  under  a 
slightly  different  title.  His  own  <Mdmoires> 
were  edited  by  Alexandre  Dumas  (1856). 

Talmage,  Thomas  De  "Witt.  An  American  Pres- 
byterian clergyman,  lecturer  and  educator;  born 
at  Bound  Brook,  N.  J.,  Jan.  7,  1832;  died  in 
Washington,  April  12,  1902.  He  became  pas- 
tor of  Brooklyn  Tabernacle,  1 869,  and  later  of 
Lincoln  Memorial  Church,  Washington,  D.  C. 
He  was  the  author  of  many  essays,  addresses, 
etc.,  upon  moral  and  religious  subjects,  besides 
volumes  of  sermons.  He  edited  the  Christian 
at  Work  (New  York,  1873-76);  the  Advance 
(Chicago,  1877-78).  He  wrote  :  <  The  Almond 
Tree  in  Blossom  >  ( 1870)  ;  <01d  Wells  Dug  Out) 
(1874);  <Every-Day  Religion)  (1875);  <  The 
Masque  Torn  Off  >  ( 1879 ) ;  <  The  Marriage  Ring) 
( 1886) ;  <  The  Pathway  of  Life  );  etc. 

Tangermann,  Wilhelm  (tang'er-man),  known 
under  the  pseudonym  <'  Victor  Granella.^  A 
German  theological  writer ;  born  at  Essen  on 
the  Ruhr,  July  6,  1815.  He  was  a  priest  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  but  on  the  fulmination 
of  the  Vatican  decree  of  infallibility,  he  seceded 
from  that  communion  and  became  pastor  of 
a  schismatical  church  in  Cologne.     He  wrote : 

<  Truth,  Beauty,  and  Love,>  a  series  of  philo- 
sophico-aesthetic  studies  (1867);  <  From  Two 
Worlds:  Truth  and  Fiction  >  (1871);  <  Philosophy 
and  Christianity'  (1876);  <New  Springtime, 
New  Life>  (1889);  'Flowers  and  Stars,*  poems 
(1896). 

Tannahill,  Robert.  A  Scottish  poet;  bom 
at  Paisley,  June  3,  1774 ;  drowned  himself  near 
there.  May  17,  1810.  He  was  a  weaver,  work- 
ing at  the  loom  all  his  life,  and  writing  occas- 
ionally for  periodicals.     In   1807  he  published 

<  The  Soldier's  Return,  with  Other  Poems  and 
Songs,  Chiefly  in  the  Scottish  Dialect,*  which 
rendered  him  famous.  Several  of  them  became 
popular  favorites,  and  have  remained  so.  A 
statue  of  the  poet  was  erected  in  Paisley  in 
1883. 

Tansillo,  Luigl  (tan-sil'lo).  An  Italian  poet; 
born  at  Venosa,  Italy,  in  1510;  died  at  Teano, 
Dec.  I,  1568.  His  early  poems  are:  <  The  Two 
Pilgrims,*  a  pastoral;  <The  Vintager*  (1532), 
and  some  amorous  rhymes  probably  addressed 
to  Maria  of  Aragon.  To  his  later  years  belong 
the  <Balia*;  the  <Podere*  (1560),  an  idyl  on 
the  charm  of  country  life ;  and  <  St.  Peter's 
Tears,*  a  religious  work  written  by  way  of 
"tonement  for  <The  Vintager.* 


Tappan,  William  Bingham.  An  American 
poet;  born  at  Beverly,  Mass.,  1794;  died  in 
1849.  He  becanxC  general  agent  of  the  Amer- 
ican Sunday-School  Union  in  1826.  He  was 
author  of  several  volumes  of  religious  poetry; 
also  of  <  New  England,  and  Other  Poems  * 
(1819);  <  Songs  of  Judah*  (1820);  <  Lyrics' 
(1822);  <  Poems*  (1834);  <  Memoir  of  Capt 
James  Wilson*  (1842);  <  Poetry  of  the  Heart' 
(1847);  <Late  and  Early  Poems*  (1849). 

Tappert,  Wilhelm  (tap'pert).  A  German 
writer  on  music ;  born  at  Ober-Thomaswaldau, 
in  Silesia,  Feb.  19,  1830.  He  wrote :  <  Music 
and  Musical  Education*  (1867);  'Musical  Stud- 
ies' (1868);  'The  Wagner  Lexicon'  (1877),  a 
collection  of  the  words  and  phrases  of  con- 
tempt, disgust,  etc.,  employed  by  the  critics  of 
Richard  Wagner;  'Poems'  (1878);  'Richard 
Wagner,  his  Life  and  Work'  (1883);  'Stray 
Melodies'  (2d  ed.  1890). 

Tarb^,  Prosper  (tar-ba').  A  French  archae- 
ologist ;  born  at  Paris,  1809.  He  has  written : 
<  Rheims,  its  Streets  and  Monuments'  (1844); 
'  The  Church  of  Notre-Dame  at  Rheims'  (1845); 
'  History  of  the  Language  and  the  Dialects  of 
Champagne '  (2  vols.,  1852). 

Tarbell,  Ida  M.  An  American  writer;  born 
1857.  She  is  the  author  of  <  Madam  Roland'; 
'Early  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  >  (1896); 'His- 
tory of  the  Standard  Oil  Co. '  (1904);  <  He  Knew 
Lincoln  *  (1907). 

Tardieu,  Jules  Romain  (tar-dye').  A  French 
story-writer ;  born  at  Rouen,  1805 ;  died  1868. 
Among  his  stories  and  sketches  are :  '  The  Art 
of  Being  Miserable*  (1856);  'The  Truce  of 
God :  Recollections  of  a  Sunday  in  Summer  * 
(1862);  '  Book  for  Children  who  Cannot  Read> 
(1863). 

Tarnovski,  Stanislav,  Count  (tar-nov'ske). 
A  Polish  historian  of  literature ;  born  at  Dzikov 
in  Galicia,  Nov.  7,  1837.  Among  his  numerous 
monographs  on  the  history  of  literature  are : 
'History  of  the  Pre-Christian  World*;  'The 
Polish  Novel  in  the  Beginning  of  the  19th 
Century*;  'Decline  of  Polish  Literature  in 
the  i8th  Century  * ;  '  Shakespeare  in  Poland ' ; 
'Studies  in  the  History  of  Polish  Literature' 
(1886-92), —  his  greatest  work,  and  a  Polish 
classic. 

Tasso,  Bernardo  (tas'so).  A  Venetian  poet; 
born  in  1493 ;  died  at  Ostiglia,  Sept.  4,  1569. 
In  1536  he  married  Porzia  de'  Rossi  of  Pistoja, 
and  in  1554  retired  to  Sorrento  in  order  to 
give  himself  entirely  to  literature.  There  he 
worked  on  his  epic,  'Amadis  of  Gaul' ;  besides 
this  he  wrote  '  Floridante,'  a  narrative  poem 
finished  by  his  son  Torquato ;  and  also  shorter 
poems  called  'Amours,'  'Fishing  Eclogues,' 
and  '  Odes.'  In  prose  are  the  '  Discourse  on 
Poetry,'  and  numerous  interesting  letters. 

Tasso,  Torquato.  An  Italian  poet,  son  of 
Bernardo  Tasso  ;  born  at  Sorrento,  Italy,  March 
II,  1544 ;  died  at  Rome,  April  25,  1595.  In  1562. 
he  published  a  romantic  epic,  <  Rinaldo,'  in  12 


5,6 

cantos;  and  in  1573  ^^  ^^rote  for  a  court  fes- 
tivity his  <Aminta,>  a  pastoral  drama.  In  1575 
his  'Jerusalem  Delivered >  was  completed.  In 
1579  he  was  confmed  in  a  lunatic  asylum,  where 
he  remained  seven  vears,  while  his  great  work 
was  read  all  over  Europe,  making  his  name 
one  of  the  first  of  the  age.  On  his  release,  he 
roved  restlesslv  from  place  to  place.  In  1594 
Pope  Clement  VIII.  invited  him  to  come  to 
Rome  to  be  crowned  on  the  Capitolme  Hill; 
but  he  died  before  the  ceremony  could  take 
place.  Besides  the  poems  mentioned,  he  wrote 
<  Torismondo,>  a  number  of  lyrical  poems, 
dialogues,  and  essays,  and  a  second  part  of 
•Jerusalem  Delivered*  called  < Jerusalem  Con- 
quered.>  (<  Complete  Works,*  33  vol?.,  Pisa, 
1821-32.)  English  translations  of  the  'Jerusa- 
lem Delivered  >  were  made  by  Edward  Fairfax 
(London,  1600),  and  by  J.  K.  James  (2  vols., 
1865). 

Tassonl,  Alessandro  (tas-so'ne).  An  Ital- 
ian poet  and  critic;  born  at  Modena,  Sept.  28, 
1565;  died  there,  April  25,  1635.  His  best- 
known  work  is  a  fine  mock-heroic  poem,  <  The 
Rape  of  the  Bucket*  (1615-22). 

Taubert,  Emil  (tou'bert).  A  German  poet; 
born  at  Berlin,  Jan.  23,  1844 ;  died  there,  April 
10,  1895.  ^^^  wrote  :  •  The  Paradise  of  Youth  : 
Poems  for  Young  and  Old'  (1869);  <The  Clash 
of  Arms*  (1870);  <Juventus:  New  Poems '(1875); 
'The  Goldsmith  of  Bagdad*;  <  The  Cicadas* 
(1880);  <The  Torso*  (1881):  also  some  stories, 
as  <The  Antiquary*  (1882);  <  Sphinx  Atropos* 
(1883);  <The  Magic  Lantern*  (1885);  <  Sam- 
son* (1886);  <\Vife  and  Bride*  (1889). 

Tauler,  Johannes  (tou'ler).  A  German  mys- 
tic and  writer;  bom  at  Strasburg  about  1300 ; 
died  there,  June  16,  1361.  He  entered  the  order 
of  the  Dominicans  about  1318;  studied  theology 
at  their  college  in  Cologne,  and  afterward  in 
Paris.  He  was  banished  with  them  from  Stras- 
burg, and  went  to  Basel  in  1339.  He  was 
reputed  the  greatest  preacher  of  his  time.  His 
sermons  were  collected  in  1498. 

Taunay,  Alfredo  D'Escragnolle  (to-na').  An 
author  and  statesman ;  born  of  French  parents 
in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  Feb.  22, 1843.  In  1865- 
68  he  was  attached  to  the  engineer  corps  of 
the  Brazilian  army  which  invaded  Paraguay, 
and  described  the  history  of  the  campaigns  in 
•Scenes  of  Travel*  (1868),  and  <The  Retreat 
from  Laguna*  (1871).  Besides  filling  many  im- 
portant political  positions,  he  has  written  es- 
says, poems,  comedies,  criticisms,  and  a  series 
of  novels  considered  the  best  ever  produced 
by  a  Brazilian  novelist ;  among  which  is  •  Inno- 
cencia,'  translated  into  French  and  English. 

Tautphoeus,  Baroness  von  (tout'fe-os).  An 
Irish  novelist ;  born  (Jemima  Montgomery)  at 
Seaview,  Oct.  23,  1807;  died  at  Munich,  Nov. 
12,  1893.  She  wrote  the  uopular  novels 
<  Quits*;  <  At  Odds;  <  The  Initials.) 

Tavemler,  Jean  Baptlste  (ta-vem-ya').  A 
celebrated  French  traveler ;  born  at  Paris,  1605 ; 
4ied    at    Copenhagen,   1689.     He    traveled    in 


TASSONI  —  TAYLOR 


every  country  of  Europe,  in  Persia,  Mongolia, 
India,  Sumatra,  Batavia,  etc.,  and  amassed  an 
enormous  fortune.  He  wrote  :  <  Travels  in  Tur- 
key, Persia,  and  India*  (1679). 

Taylor,  Bayard.  An  American  poet,  novel- 
ist, and  traveler ;  born  at  Kennett  Square,  Pa,, 
Jan.  II,  1825;  died  at  Berlin,  Germany,  Dec.  19, 
1878.  His  works  include  :  <  Ximena,  and  Other 
Poems*  (1844);  <  Views  Afoot*  (1846);  <  Rhymes 
of  Travel,  and  Other  Poems*  (1849);  <E1  Do- 
rado ;  or.  Adventures  in  the  Path  of  Empire  * 
(1850);  'The  American  Legend,'  poem  (1850); 

<  Handbook  of  Literature  *  (edited  with  George 
Ripley  :  1851);  <  Book  of  Romances,  Lyrics,  and 
Songs*    (1852);  <  Poems   and   Ballads*    (1854); 

<  A  Journey  tj)  Central  Africa*  (1854);  <A  Visit 
to  India,  China,  and  Japan  *  (1855);  <  The  Lands 
of  the  Saracen*  (1855);  <  Poems  of  the  Orient' 
(1855);  <  Poems  of   Home  and  Travel*  (1855); 

<  Northern  Travel :  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Lap- 
land* (1858);  < Travels  in  Greece  and  Russia* 
(1859);  <At  Home  and  Abroad*  (1859);  <At 
Home  and  Abroad*  (2d  series:  1862);  <The  Po- 
et's Journal*  (1863);  <  Hannah  Thurston,*  novel 
(1863);  <John  Godfrey's  Fortunes,*  novel  (1864); 
•Poems*  (1865);  <The  Story  of  Kennett,*  novel 
(1866);  <The  Picture  of  St.  John*  (1866);  •Col- 
orado* (1867);  <  Frithiof's  Saga  *  (edited:  1867); 
•By-Ways  of  Europe*  (1869);  < Joseph  and  his 
Friend,*  novel  (1870);  <  Ballad  of  Abraham 
Lincoln*  (1870);  translation  of  Goethe's  < Faust* 
(1870-71);  <The  Masque  of  the  Gods*  (1872); 
•Beauty  and  the  Beast*  (1872);  '-Illustrated 
Library  of  Travel,*  etc.  (edited:  1872-74); 
<Lars,*  poem  (1873);  <  School  History  of  Ger- 
many*   (1874);   < Egypt   and    Iceland*    (1874); 

<  The  Prophet :  A  Tragedy  *  ( 1874) ;  <  Home  Pas- 
torals, Ballads,  and  Lyrics*  (1875);  <The  Echo 
Club,  and  Other  Literary  Diversions*  (1S76); 
•Boys  of  Other  Countries*  (1876);  < National 
Ode*  (July  4,  1876);  Fitz-Greene  Halleck  Me- 
morial Address  (1877);  <  Prince  Deukalion* 
(1878).  Posthumously:  'Picturesque  Europe' 
(edited:  1878-80);  < Studies  in  German  Liter- 
ature* (1879);  'Critical  Essays  and  Literary 
Notes*    (1880);  'Dramatic  Works*   (1880). 

Taylor,  Benjamin  Franklin.  An  American 
poet,  author,  and  war  correspondent ;  born  at 
Lowville,  N.  Y.,  1819;  died  at  Cleveland,  O., 
1887.  He  wrote :  <  Pictures  of  Life  in  Camp 
and  Field*  (1871);  'The  World  on  Wheels* 
(1874);  'Song  of  Yesterday*  (1877);  'Between 
the  Gates*  (1878);  'Summer  Savory'  (1879); 
'Dulce  Domum'  (1884);  <Theophilus  Trent* 
(1887). 

Taylor,  Sir  Henry.  An  English  poet  of 
celebrity ;  born  at  Bishop-Middleham,  Durham, 
Oct.  18,  1800;  died  March  28,  1886.  In  1824 
he  became  editor  of  the  London  Magazine, 
and  obtained  a  position  in  the  Colonial  Office, 
which  he  retained  until  1872.  His  dramatic 
works  are:  'Isaac  Comnenus*  (1827);  'Philip 
van  Artevelde*  (1834),  his  best;  'Edwin  the 
Fair*  (1842);  'The  Virgin  Widow*  (1850);  and 
•St.  Clement's  Eve*  (1862).  He  published 
several  volumes  of  essays, — <The  Statesman' 


TAYLOR 


517 


(1836),  < Notes  from  Life>  (1847),  <  Notes  from 
Books'  (1849);  also  <The  Eve  of  the  Con- 
quest, and  Other  Poems'  (1847);  and  his  <  Au- 
tobiography' (1885).  In  1888  his  < Letters' 
appeared,  edited  by  Dowden. 

Taylor,  Isaac  (known  as  Taylor  of  Ongar). 
An  English  minister  and  author;  bom  in  Lon- 
don, in  1759;  died  at  Ongar,  Dec.  12,  1829. 
He  was  originally  an  engraver.  Besides  ser- 
mons, he  published  many  volumes,  chiefly  for 
the  young ;  among  which  are :  <  Advice  to  the 
Teens';   < Beginnings   of    British    Biography'; 

<  Beginnings  of  European  Biography';  <  Bi- 
ography of  a  Brown  Loaf ' ;  <  Book  of  Martyrs 
for  the  Young';  <Bunyan  Explained  to  a 
Child';  'Child's  Life  of  Christ';  <Mirabilia; 
or.  The  Wonders  of  Nature  and  Art ' ;  <  Scenes 
in  America,  in  Asia,  in  Europe,  in  Foreign 
Lands.' 

Taylor,  Isaac.  An  English  author,  son  of 
Isaac  Taylor  of  Ongar;  born  at  Lavenham, 
Suffolk,  Aug.  17,  1787 ;  died  at  Ongar,  June  28, 
1865.  Besides  contributing  to  the  Eclectic 
Review,  he  published  many  books,  including : 
'Elements  of  Thought'  (1823);  < History  of 
the  Transmission  of  Ancient  Books  to  Mod- 
em Times'  (1827);  <The  Process  of  Historical 
Proof  Exemplified  and  Explained'  (1828); 
'Natural  History  of  Enthusiasm'  (1829); 
'Physical  Theory  of  Another  Life'  (1836); 
'Loyola  and  Jesuitism  in  its  Rudiments'  (1849). 
In  1862  a  pension  of  ;[Cioo  was  bestowed  upon 
him  from  the  civil-service  fund  "  in  public  ac- 
knowledgment of  his  eminent  services  to  litera- 
ture, especially  in  the  departments  of  history 
and  philosophy,  during  more  than  forty  years." 

Taylor,  Isaac.  An  English  clergyman  and 
writer,  grandson  of  Isaac  Taylor  of  Ongar; 
born  at  Stanford  Rivers,  May  2,  1829;  died 
at  Settrington,  May  18,  1901.  Was  a  canon 
of  York.  He  wrote  :  <  Words  and  Places,' 
an  explanation  of  the  local  names  in  Great 
Britain  (1864,  3  eds.  since);  'The  Family  Pen: 
Memorials  Biographical  and  Literary  of  the 
Taylor  Family  of  Ongar'  (1867);  'The  Alpha- 
bet :  An  account  of  the  origin  and  Develop- 
ment of  letters )  (1883);  'The  Manx  Runes' 
(1886);  'The  origin  of  the  Aryans'  (1890), 
summing  up  the  evidence  against  the  Central- 
Asian  theory. 

Taylor,  Isidore  Justin  S^verin,  Baron 
(ti'ler  or  ta'ler).  A  French  dramatist  and 
writer  of  books  of  travel;  born  at  Brussels, 
1789;  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  8,  1879.  Among  his 
dramatic   compositions   are:  'The   Informer'; 

<  Ismail  and  Marie.'  He  wrote  also  :  <  Pict- 
uresque Tour  in  Spain,  Portugal,  and  the  Coast 
of  Africa'  (3  vols.,  1826-32);  'Syria,  Egypt, 
Palestine,  and  Judea'  (3  vols.,  1835-39);  'Pil- 
grimage to  Jerusalem'  (1841);  'The  Pyrenees' 
(1843);  and  24  vols,  of  'Picturesque  and  Ro- 
mantic Travels  in  Ancient  France'   (1820-63). 

Taylor,  Jeremy.  A  celebrated  English  theo- 
logical writer;  bom  August  1613,  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  died  at  Lisburn,  Ireland,  Aug.  13,  1667. 


During  the  civil  wars  he  was  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.,  who  had  the  degree  of  D.  D.  con- 
ferred on  him  for  his  treatise  '  Episcopacy  As- 
serted against  the  Acephali  and  Arians  New 
and  Old.*  In  1658  he  became  bishop  of  Down 
and  Connor  in  Ireland,  and  labored  earnestly 
for  the  establishment  of  the  Protestant  Church 
there.  Besides  his  sermons,  his  principal  works 
are :  '  Discourse  on  the  Liberty  of  Prophesy- 
ing' (1647);  'The  Great  Exemplar  of  Sanctity 
and  Holy  Life'  (1649);  'The  Rule  and  Exer- 
cise of  Holy  Living'  (1650J;  'The  Rule  and 
Exercise  of  Holy  Dying'  (1651);  '  Ductor  Du- 
bitantium,'  a  work  on  casuistry. 

Taylor,  Jobn.  An  English  poet;  bom  in 
Gloucestershire,  August  1580;  died  in  London, 
1654.  He  followed  the  occupation  of  water- 
man during  a  part  of  his  life,  and  hence  was 
termed  "  the  water-poet."  His  productions,  of 
which  about  140  are  known  to  collectors,  are 
interesting,  as  they  show  the  manners  and  cus- 
toms of  the  times.  They  are  remarkable  for  the 
eccentricity  of  their  titles,  as,  '  Taylor's  Re- 
venge ;  or.  The  Rimer,  William  Fennor,  Firkt, 
Ferrited,  and  Finely  Fetched  over  the  Coals' 
(1615);  'The  Pennyles  Pilgrimage;  or.  The 
Moneylesse  Perambulation  of  John  Taylor, 
alias  the  King's  Majestie's  Water-Poet,  from 
London  to  Edinborough  on  Foot'  (1618). 

Taylor,  Philip  Meadows.  An  English  soldier 
and  author ;  bom  in  Liverpool,  Sept.  25,  1808 ; 
died  in  Mentone,  France,  May  13,  1876.  He 
spent  a  great  part  of  his  life  in  India,  in  the 
army  and  other  government  service,  and  mar- 
ried an  Indian  princess.  He  was  the  author 
of:  'Confessions  of  a  Thug'  (1839,  new  ed. 
1858);  'Tippoo  Sultaun :  A  Tale  of  the  Mysore 
War'  (1840);  'Notices  of  Cromlechs,  Caims, 
and  Other  Ancient  Scytho-Druidical  Remains 
in  the  Principality  of  Sorapur'  (1853);  'Tara: 
A  Mahratta  Tale'  (1863);  'The  Student's  Man- 
ual of  the  History  of  India,  from  the  Earliest 
Period  to  the  Present'  (1870);  and  other  works. 

Taylor,  Thomas.  An  English  author  styled 
"the  Platonist";  bom  in  London,  May  15, 
1758 ;  died  there,  Nov.  i,  1835.  His  works  com- 
prise 63  vols.,  of  which  23  are  large  quartos. 
Among  them  are  treatises  on  arithmetic  and 
geometry ;  on  the  Eleusinian  and  Bacchic  mys- 
teries ;  an  essay  on  the  '  Rights  of  Brutes,'  in 
ridicule  of  Thomas  Paine's  '  Rights  of  Man ' ; 
a  '  History  of  the  Restoration  of  the  Platonic 
Theology';  and  a  volume  of  'Miscellanies  in 
Prose  and  Verse.'  His  main  labor  was  the 
translating  of  great  classical  Greek  and  Latin 
works.  His  translation  of  Plato  was  in  5  vols., 
and  was  printed  at  the  expense  of  the  Duke 
of  Norfolk.  Of  his  translation  of  Aristotle  only 
fifty  complete  copies  were  struck  off;  the  ex- 
pense being  defrayed  by  W.  Meredith,  a  retired 
tradesman. 

Taylor,  Tom.  A  British  dramatist;  born  at 
Sunderland,  Durham,  in  1817;  died  at  Wands- 
worth, July  12,  1880.  He  edited  Punch  in  1874- 
80;  was  art  critic  to  the   London  Times  and 


5^8 


TAYLOR  —  TENNANT 


Graphic,  and  wrote  more  than  loo  plays.  Among 
them  are  :  <  Still  Waters  Run  Deep>;  <  The 
Unequal  Match  >;  <  The  Overland  Route  >;  <The 
Contested  Election  >;  <Our  American  Cousin  >; 
<The  Ticket-of- Leave  Man.)  He  translated 
Villemarqud's  <  The  Ballads  and  Songs  of 
Brittanv>;  and  published  <  Life  and  Times  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  >  (1S65). 

Taylor,  William.  A  world-famous  missionary 
bishop  of  the  American  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  author;  born  in  Rockbridge  County, 
Va.,  May  18,  1821 ;  died  at  Palo  Alto,  Cal., 
May  18,  1902.  He  wrote:  <California  Life  Il- 
lustrated'; <  Seven  Years  Street  Preaching  in  San 
Krancisco>  (1856);  <  Model  Preacher »{ i860); 
<  Four  Years   Campaign  in  India  >  (1875). 

TcheraytchevskiV,  Nikolai  Gavrilovich  (cher- 
ne-chev'skc).  A  Russian  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  at  Saratov,  July  I,  1828;  died  there,  Oct. 
29,  1889.  Me  translated  into  Rus.sian  J.  S. 
Mill's  'Principles  of  Political  Economy,' mak- 
ing considerable  additions  to  the  first  volume. 
While  a  suspect  he  wrote  the  novel  <  What's  to 
be  Done  ?  '  ( 1 863 ) ,  which  won  for  him  deporta- 
tion to  Siberia.  It  has  been  translated  into 
English.  In  1 883  he  was  allowed  to  live  in 
Astrakhan,  and  was  pardoned  in  1889. 

Teellinck,  Evald  (ta'link).  A  notable  Dutch 
anti-papal  polemist ;  born  at  Zierickzee  about 
1570;  died  1629.  He  wrote  some  20  books, 
most  of  them  attacking  the  papal  system. 
Among  them  are :  <  The  Paw  of  the  Beast  > ; 
<The  Plain  Mark  of  Antichrist';  <Bileam;  or. 
The  Blind  Papist.' 

Tegii6r,  Esalas  (teng-nar').  A  Swedish  poet ; 
born  at  Kyrkerud,  Wermland,  Sweden,  Nov. 
13,  1782;  died  at  Wexio,  Nov.  2,  1846.  His 
most  celebrated  work  is  the  epic  <  Frithiof's 
Saga'  (1825),  a  collection  of  ballads  which  has 
been  translated  into  every  European  language. 
He  also  wrote  a  poem,  <Svea'  (1811),  which 
was  crowned  by  the  Swedish  Academy ;  <  Natt- 
vardsbarned  >  (translated  by  Longfellow,  under 
the  title  <The  Children  of  the  Lord's  Supper'); 
•Axel,'  a  poem  of  the  time  of  Charles  XII. 
(<  Collected  Works,'  Stockholm,  7  vols.,  1847- 
51;  additional  3  vols.,  1873-74). 

Teleki,  Joseph,  Count  (tel-ek'e).  A  Hun- 
garian statesman  and  historian ;  born  Oct.  24, 
1790 ;  died  at  Pesth,  Feb.  16, 1855.  His  principal 
work  is  <The  Period  of  the  Hunyads  in  Hun- 
gary (5  vols.,  with  3  supplementary  vols,  of 
documentary  matter,  1852-55). 

T6llez,  Gabriel,  Maestro  Fray  (tel'yath), 
("Tirso  de  Molina."]  A  Spanish  dramatist; 
born  in  Madrid,  some  time  between  1570  and 
1585;  died  in  Soria,  about  1648.  He  is  said  to 
have  written  about  300  plays,  but  only  59  are 
extant.  The  most  famous  is  <  El  Burlador  de 
Sevilla.'  He  wrote  several  autos  or  religious 
pieces ;  and  two  collections  of  stories  after  the 
fashion  of  the  <  Decameron,'— the  <Cigarrales 
de  Toledo'  (1621  or  1624),  and  <  Deleitar  Apro- 
vnchando'  (unfinished,  1625). 


Telmann,  Konrad  (tel'man).  A  German 
poet  and  story-writer ;  born  at  Stettin,  Nov.  26, 
1854;  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  23,  1897.  His  princi- 
pal works  are:  <  In  Solitude'  (1876);  <  Waves 
of  Ocean'  (1884);  <In  Pomerania '  (2  vols., 
1875),  a  collection  of  stories  ;  <  Dissonances  and 
Accords'  (1888),  stories;  <  Sicilian  Stories' 
(1889);  <  Athwart  Life'  (1890);  <  Dark  Depths' 
('895);  the  novels  <In  the  Flush  of  Morning' 
(1880),  <  Voe  Victis'  (1886),  <  On  the  Sirens'  Isle, 
Capri  >  (1889),  <  Of  the  Lineage  of  the  Icaridae' 
(1891),  <Vox  Populi'  (1897);  etc. 

Temme,  Jodocus  Donatus  Hubert  (tem'e). 
A  German  jurist  and  story-writer;  born  at 
Lette  in  Westphalia,  1798 ;  died  at  Ziirich, 
Nov.  14,  1881.  Among  his  stories  are  :  <  German 
Tales  of  Crime'  (in  two  series,  comprising  14 
vols.);  <  Darksome  Ways'  (3  vols.,  1862-63); 
<The  Black  Village'  (3  vols.,  1863);  <The  Na- 
tive Land'  (3  vols.,  1868). 

Tempeltey,  Eduard  (tem-pel'tl).  A  German 
poet;  bom  at  Berlin,  Oct.  13,  1832.  His  two 
dramas,  <  Clytemnestra  >  (1857),  and  <Here 
Guelph,  Here  Ghibellin!'  (1859)  were  received 
with  extraordinary  favor.  Among  his  other 
dramas  is  < Cromwell'  (1882),  which  was  also 
remarkably  successful.  He  wrote  also  a  chap- 
let  of  songs,  <Mariengarn'  (1866),  the  theme 
of  which  is  love  in  all  its  phases. 

Tencin,  Claudine-Alexandrine  Gu^rin  de 

(ten-sah').  A  French  writer;  born  at  Grenoble 
in  1681 ;  died  Dec.  4,  1749.  She  was  the  friend 
of  Fontenelle,  Marmontel,  Bolingbroke,  and 
other  noted  men,  and  the  mother  of  D'Alem- 
bert.  Among  her  writings  are :  <  The  Siege  of 
Calais';  <The  Misfortunes  of  Love';  <Anec- 
dotes  of  the  Court  and  Reign  of  Edward  II.' ; 
and  <  The  Count  of  Comminges,'  which  is  prob- 
ably her  best  book. 

Ten  Kate,  Jan  Jacob  Lodewtjk  (ten  ka'te). 
A  Dutch  poet  and  theologian ;  born  at  The 
Hague,  Dec.  23,  1819.  In  1836  his  first  volume 
of  poems,  entitled  <  Gedichten,'  appeared.  In 
1837,  with  a  friend,  he  published  a  translation 
of  the  <  Odes '  of  Anacreon,  the  first  of  a  long 
series  of  translations  that  have  distinguished 
him  among  modern  Dutch  poets.  Among  these 
may  be  mentioned  that  of  BjTon's  < Giaour'; 
Tasso's  <Gerusalemme  Liberata'  (1856);  Teg- 
n^r's  <  Frithiof's  Saga'  (1861);  Schiller's  <  Marie 
Stuart'  (1866);  La  Fontaine's  <  Fables';  Dan- 
te's <  Inferno'  (1876);  Milton's  <  Paradise  Lost' 
(1880).  Among  his  original  works  are  various 
collections  of  poems,  and  many  treatises  of  a 
religious  or  philosophical  character,  some  in 
prose;  <  Dead  and  Alive'  (1856);  < The  Crea- 
tion' (i860;  English  translation  by  Rev.  D.  Van 
de  Pelt,  1888);  <The  Planets'  (1869);  'Eunoe' 
(1874);  <  Palm  Leaves  and  Flowers  of  Poesy' 
(1884).     He  died  1889. 

Tennant,  ■William.  A  Scottish  Oriental 
scholar;  born  at  Anstruther,  F'ifeshire,  May 
15,  1784 ;  died  Oct.  14,  1848.  He  was 
professor  of  Oriental  languages  at  St.  An- 
drews  University  from   1834.      He  published  : 


TENNEM  ANN  —  TERTULLI  AN 


519 


*The  Anster  Concert  >  (1811),  and  'Anster 
Fair,>  both  poems  descriptive  of  rural  Scottish 
life ;  several  later  poems  and  dramas ;  a  <  Syr- 
iac  and  Chaldee  Grammar  >  (1840);  a  <Life  of 
Allan  Ramsay  >  (1808);  and  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  periodicals,  including  translations  from 
Oriental  poets. 

Tennemann,  WiHielm  Gottlieb  (ten'fe-man). 
A  German  philosopher ;  born  at  Brembach  near 
Erfurt,  1761 ;  died  1819.  His  most  important 
v?ork  is  a  <  History  of  Philosophy*  (11  vols., 
1798-1819);  he  wrote  also  :  <  Doctrines  and  Opin- 
ions of  the  Disciples  of  Socrates  on  the  Immor- 
tality of  the  Soul>  (1791);  'Plato's  System  of 
Philosophy  >  (4  vols.,  1792-94). 

Tenney,  Mrs.   Sarah  (Brownson).    An 

American  novelist ;  born  in  Massachusetts, 
1839;  died  in  New  Jersey,  1876.  She  was 
daughter  of  Orestes  A.  Brownson.  Her  books 
are:  < Marion  Elwood>  (1859);  <At  Anchor > 
(1865);  and  <Life  of  Demetrius  Gallitzin, 
Prince   and   Priest  >  (1873). 

Tennyson,  Alfred,  Baron  Tennyson,    The 

great  English  poet ;  born  at  Somersby,  Lincoln- 
shire, Aug.  6,  1809;  died  at  Aldworth,  Oct.  6, 
1892.  He  published,  with  his  brother  Charles, 
a  volume  entitled  <  Poems  of  Two  Brothers  > 
(1827).  In  1829  he  won  the  chancellor's  gold 
medal  for  the  prize  poem  <  Timbuctoo ' ;  in 
1830  appeared  his  first  book,  <  Poems,  Chiefly 
Lyrical  > ;  in  1832  the  first  volume  containing 
still  recognized  masterpieces;  in  1850/In  Me- 
moriam  * ;  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
poet-laureate  to  succeed  Wordsworth ;  in  1855 
he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  D.  C.  L. 
from  Oxford.  <  The  Princess  >  was  published  in 
1847 ;  <  Maud  and  Other  Poems  >  in  1855 ;  <  The 
Idylls  of  the  King>  in  1859;  <  Enoch  Arden> 
and  <  The  Holy  Grail  >  in  1869 ;  <  Queen  Mary  > 
in  1875;  <  Harold  >  in  1876;  <The  Cup>  in  1884; 
<Tiresias>  in  1885;  <  Locksley  Hall  Sixty  Years 
After,'  etc.,  in  1886;  <The  Foresters  >  and  the 
collection  <  Death  of  CEnone '  in  1892. 

Tennyson,  Charles.    See  Turner. 

Tennyson,  Frederick.  An  English  poet, 
brother  of  Alfred ;  born  at  Louth,  Lincolnshire, 
June  5,  1807  ;  died  in  London,  Feb.  26,  1898. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
and  in  1828  took  the  medal  for  a  Greek  poem. 
He  published  various  volumes  of  verse,  including 
<Days  and  Hours>  (1854);  <The  Isles  of  Greece> 
(1890);  <  Daphne,  and  Other  Poems)  (1891). 

Tennyson,  Hallam,  Lord.  An  English  bi- 
ographer, son  of  Alfred;  born  1852.  He  has 
written  <The  Life  of  Alfred,  Lord  Tennyson  > 
(2  vols.,  1897),  containing  a  complete  bibliogra- 
phy of  his  father's  works. 

Teramo,  Jacopo  Palladino  de  (ta-ra'mo). 
An  Italian  bishop  and  writer  ;  born  at  Teramo 
'n  the  Abruzzi,  1349;  died  in  Poland,  1417. 
He  is  noted  as  author  of  <  The  Trial  of  Belial,> 
a  vision  in  which  Belial  appeals  to  God  for 
justice  for  the  infringement  of  his  rights  by 
Jesus  Christ. 


Tercy,  Fanny  Messageot  (tar-se'),  wife  of 
Franfois ;  born  1781.  She  wrote  several  tales, 
among  them  <  Louise  de  Sdnancour>  (1817); 
<The  Hermit  of  Mt.  St.  Valentin  >  {1821);  <The 
Wife  of  Holofernes  *  (1829);  <  Chronicles  of 
Franche-Comtd  >  (1831). 

Tercy,  Fran90is.  A  French  poet;  born  at 
Lons-le-Saulnier  in  Jura,  about  1774 ;  died  at 
Le  Mans,  Oct.  i,  1841.  He  wrote :  <  Epithala- 
mium  of  Napoleon  and  Marie  Louise*  (1810J; 

<  Birth  of  the  King  of  Rome*  (1811);  < Death 
of  Louis  XVI.,*  an  idyl  in  the  ancient  style 
(1816);  < Death  and  Apotheosis  of  Marie  An- 
toinette* (1817);  <  Death  of  Louis  XVIIL*  (1818). 

Terence— Publius  Terentlus  Afer  (ter'- 
ens ).  A  Latin  writer  of  comedy;  born  at 
Carthage  about  190  B.  C. ;  died  about  159  B.  C. 
He  was  a  slave,  but  on  account  of  his  talent 
was  carefully  educated  and  was  manumitted ; 
after    the    performance    of    his    first    comedy, 

<  Andria,*  in  166  B.  C,  he  enjoyed  the  friend- 
ship of  such  men  as  the  younger  Scipio  and 
Lselius.    All  his  comedies  are  extant ;  they  are  : 

<  Andria,*    <  Hecyra,*    <Heauton-timorumenos,> 

<  Eunuchus,*  <  Phormio,*  and  <  Adelphi.*  There 
are  translations  into  English  by  Patrick  (1745), 
Colman  (1765),  and  Riley  (1853). 

Terhune,  Albert  Payson.  An  American 
journalist  and  author,  son  of  Mary  V.;  born 
1868.     He   wrote:    <  Syria   from   the    Saddle*; 

<  Columbia  Stories  * ;  <  The  Great  Cedarhurst 
Mystery  ;  <  Caleb  Conover,  Railroader.* 

Terhune,    Mrs.    Mary  Virginia    (Hawes). 

["  Marion  Harland.**]     An  American  novelist, 
editor,  and  writer  on  domestic  topics ;  born  in 
Virginia,  183 1.    She  has  contributed  largely  to 
magazines,  edited  departments  in  Wide  Awake 
St.  Nicholas,  etc.,  and  conducted  other  maga 
zines  as  chief  editor.    Among  her  novels  are 
<Alone*    (1854);   <The    Hidden   Path*   (1855) 
<Moss  Side*  (1857);  'Miriam*  (i860);  <Neme 
sis*  (i860);  < Husks*  (1863);  < Sunnybank'  (1S66); 
etc.     Her  works  on  housekeeping  include  :  <  Com' 
mon-Sense   in  the  Household*  (1871);  'Break 
fast.  Luncheon,  and  Tea*  (1875^;  'The  Dinner 
Year-Book  >  (1878); '  The  Housekeeper's  Week.* 

Terrasson,  Jean  (tar-as-on').  A  French 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Lyons,  1670 ; 
died  at  Paris,  1750.  He  wrote  '  Sethos,*  a 
sort  of  philosophical  novel,  which  contains 
some  curious  details  regarding  the  customs  of 
ancient  Egypt,  and  the  initiations  into  the  re- 
ligious mysteries  (3  vols.,  1731);  'Dissertation 
on  Homer's  Iliad*  (1715);  'Justification  of  the 
India  Company*  (1720). 

Tersteegen,  Gerhard.  A  German  lyric  poet ; 
born  at  Mors,  Nov.  25,  1697;  (I'ed  at  Miihlheim 
on  the  Ruhr,  April  3,  1769.  Among  his  works 
are:  'The  Spiritual  Garden*  (1729);  'Crumbs* 
(1773).  Among  his  religious  songs  and  hymns 
the  more  notable  are  '  Shout,  ye  Heavens,  for 
Joy  * ;  and  <  The  Day  is  Now  Ended.* 

Tertullian  (Qulntus  Septimius  Florens 
Tertullianus)    (ter-tul'yan).    A  Latin  Church 


520 

Father  and  ecclesiastical  writer;  born  at  Car- 
thage about  i6o  A.  D. ;  died  about  220  He 
wrote  many  works,  among  which  are  <Apolo- 
geticum>;  <0n  the  Pretexts  of  the  Heretics  >; 
'Against  Marcion,'  in  five  books;  and  works 
on  Patience,  on  Chastity,  on  Monogamy,  on 
Idolatry,  on  Theatres,  etc. 

Testl.  Fulvlo,  Count  (tes'te.)  An  Italian 
statesman  and  puet;  born  at  Ferrara,  1593; 
died  there,  1646.  He  was  one  of  the  most  nota- 
ble lyric  poets  of  Italy  in  his  time.  Besides 
songs  and  ballads,  he  wrote:  <Arsinda;  or, 
the  l.ine  of  the  Princes  d'Este,'  a  drama;  <  The 
Isle  of  Alcina,>  a  tragedy;  an  uncompleted 
epic,  <  Constantine  > ;  <  Italy,*  a  poem  in  43  stan- 
zas, in  which  he  portrays  the  situation  of  Italy 
under  the  Spanish  yoke. 

T^tard,  Jean  (te-ta').  A  French  philosoph- 
ical and  polemical  writer;  born  at  Longvic  in 
Burgundy,  1770 ;  died  at  Paris,  1841.  Among 
his  writings  are :  <  Moral  Essay  on  Man  in  his 
Relation  to  God>  (1818);  <  Against  Obscurant- 
ism and  Jesuitism*  (1826);  < Indelible  and  His- 
toric Character  of  Jesuitism  and  Doctrinism* 
(1832). 

Teuffel,  Blanche  'Willis  (Howard), Mrs,  Julius 
Von.  An  American  novelist ;  born  at  Bangor, 
Me.,  1847  ;  died  at  Munich,  Oct.  7,  1898;  lived 
last  at  Stuttgart.  H'^r  books  are  :  <One  Summer) 
( i875);<One  Year  Abroad''  (1877);  <Aunt  Sere- 
na* (1881);  <Guenn)  (1883);  <Aulnay  Tower* 
(1885);  <Tony  the  Maid*  (1887);  <Tlie  Open 
Door*  ( 1889 ) ;  <A  Battle  and  a  Boy*  ( 1892) ;  etc. 

Teuffel,  Wilhelm  ftoi'fel).  A  German  phi- 
lologist; born  at  Ludwigsburg,  Sept.  27,  1820; 
died  at  Tubingen,  where  he  was  professor  in  the 
university,  March  8,  1878.  His  greatest  work 
is  the  < History  of  Roman  Literature*  (1870). 
He  wrote  also  :  <  Exercises  in  Latin  Style  *  (1887); 
<  Studies  in  Greek  and  Roman,  and  also  in 
German  Literary  History*  (1871);  and  edited 
with  notes  several  Greek  and  Roman  classics. 

TeutBch,  Georg  Daniel  (toitsh).  A  Transyl- 
vanian  historical  writer;  born  at  Schassburg; 
died  at  Hermannstadt,  July  2,  1893.  He  was 
bishop  of  the  Saxons  of  Transylvania,  and 
wrote:  'History  of  the  Transylvanian  Saxons* 
(2d  ed.  1874);  <Compend  of  the  History  of 
Transylvania  * ;  <  Documents  for  the  History  of 
Transylvania*  (1857);  <The  Reformation  in  the 
Transylvanian  Saxonland*  (6th  ed.  1886);  'Doc- 
umentary History  of  the  Evangelical  Church 
in  Transylvania*  (2  vols.,  1862-63). 

Texier,  Charles  F6llx  Marie  (tex-ya'  or 
tez-ya').  A  French  archaeologist;  born  at  Ver- 
sailles, 1802;  died  1871.  He  wrote:  'Descrip- 
tion of  Asia  Minor:  Fine  Arts,  Historic  Monu- 
ments, Plans  of  Ancient  Cities,*  etc.  (1839); 
'Description  of  Armenia,  Persia,  Mesopotamia* 
(1842);  'The  Ancient  Ports  at  the  Mouth  of 
the  Tiber*  (1858);  'Byzantine  Architecture* 
(1865). 

Thaarup,  Thomas  (tar'op).  A  Danish  poet ; 
born  at  Copenhagen,  1749;  died  1821.     Some 


TESTI  — THALES 


of  his  dramatic  compositions,  among  them 
'  The  Birthday  >  and  '  Peter's  Wedding,*  are 
regarded  as  equal  to  the  best  in  Danish  liter- 
ature. His  'Song  of  Love  and  Fatherland* 
ranks  as  a  lyrical  classic. 

Thacher,  John  Boyd.  An  American  critical 
scholar  and  bibliographer ;  born  in  1847.  He  was 
chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Awards  at  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  Chicago,  in 
1893;  mayor  of  Albany  in  1897.  He  has  pub- 
lished: 'Charlecote:  A  Drama*;  'The  Conti- 
nent of  America,  its  Discovery  and  its  Baptism  * ; 
'  Little  Speeches  * ; '  Christopher  Columbus.* 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace.  A  cele- 
brated English  novelist ;  born  in  Calcutta,  India, 
July  18,  181 1;  died  Dec.  24,  1863.  His  works 
include:  'The  Paris  Sketch-Book*  (1840); 
'Comic  Tales  and  Sketches*  (1841),  which  con- 
tained '  Yellowplush  Papers,*  '  Major  Gahagan,* 
and  'The  Bedford  Row  Conspiracy*;  'The 
Great  Hoggarty  Diamond*  (1841 :  in  book  form 
1848);  'A  Shabby-Genteel  Story*  (1841);  'The 
Chronicle  of  the  Drum*  (1841);  'Barry  Lyn- 
don* (1842);  'Men's  Wives*  (1842);  'Irish 
Sketch-Book*  (1843);  'Notes  of  a  Journey  from 
Cornhill  to  Grand  Cairo*  (1846);  'Vanity  Fair* 
(Jan.  1847-July  1848);  'Our  Street*  (1847);  'The 
Book  of  Snobs*  (1848);  'Mrs.  Perkins's  Ball* 
(1848);  <Dr.  Birch  and  his  Young  Friends* 
(1848);  'The  History  of  Samuel  Titmarsh* 
(1848),  a  reissue  of  various  articles;  'The  His- 
tory of  Pendennis*  (Nov.  1848 -Oct.  1850); 
'  English  Humorists  of  the  Eighteenth  Century* 
(1851-52),  a  series  of  lectures;  'The  History 
of  Henry  Esmond*  (1852);  'The  Newcomes* 
(1853-55);  'The  Rose  and  the  Ring*  (1854); 
'The  Four  Georges*  (1855-56),  a  series  of 
lectures;  'The  Virginians*  (1857-59);  'Lovel 
the  Widower*  (1860-61);  'The  Adventures  of 
Philip*  (1861-62);  'Roundabout  Papers*  (1862), 
being  a  volume  of  previously  printed  pieces; 
'Denis  Duval*  (1867),  left  unfinished.  His 
drawings  and  caricatures  were  posthumously 
published  in  book  form  under  the  title  <  Thack- 
eray ana*  (1876). 

Thaer,  Wilhelm  Albrecht  (ta'er).  A  Ger- 
man agriculturist ;  born  at  Liidersdorf,  near 
Wriezen  on  the  Oder,  Aug.  6,  1828.  He  was 
appointed  professor  in  the  University  of  Gies- 
sen,  1871.  He  is  author  of  a 'System,  of  Agri- 
culture *  (1877); '  Ancient  Egyptian  Husbandry* 
(1881);  'Weeds  in  Rural  Economy*  (1881); 
'Researches  in  Tenant-Farming*  (1890). 

Thales  (tha'les).  The  earliest  of  the  Greek 
philosophers,  called  the  father  of  philosophy; 
born  at  Miletus,  640  B.  C;  died  about  550. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  Ionic  school,  one 
of  the  chief  sources  of  Grecian  philosophy. 
He  visited  Egypt  for  instruction  in  the  sciences 
professed  by  the  priesthood.  Besides  abstract 
philosophy,  he  studied  geometry  and  astronomy, 
and  tradition  credits  him  with  predicting  a  so- 
lar eclipse.  His  ancient  biographers  mention 
among  his  services  to  astronomy  a  calculation 
of  the  length  of  the  year,  and  of  the  interval 


THANET  —  THEOPHR  ASTUS 


52' 


between  solstices  and  equinoxes.    He  left  noth- 
ing in  writing. 

Thanet,  Octave,  pseudonym  of  Alice  French. 
An  American  novelist ;  born  in  Massachusetts, 
1850.  She  has  published:  <  Knitters  in  the 
Sun  > ;  <  Otto  the  Knight  >;  <  Stories  of  a  Western 
Towl  *  ;  <  An  Adventure  in  Photography  > ;  <  Ex- 
piation > ;  <  A  Slave  to  Duty  > ;  <  Man  of  the  Hour.> 

Thausing,  Moritz  (tou'sing).  An  Austrian 
art  critic ;  born  at  Leitmeritz  in  Bohemia, 
June  3,  1838;  died  there,  Aug.  14,  1884.  He 
became  professor  of  the  science  of  aesthetics 
in  the  University  of  Vienna,  1873.  He  wrote : 
<Diirer:  History  of  his  Life  and  his  Art> 
(1876);  <J.  J.  Callot's  Sketch-Book>  (1881); 
<Art  Letters  from  Vienna  >  (1884). 

Thaxter,  Mrs.  Celia  (Leighton).  An  Amer- 
ican poet;  bom  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  June 
29,  1836  ;  died  Aug.  26.  1894.  She  spent  her 
childhood  and  her  later  life  at  the  Isles  of  Shoals. 
Her  works  are;  <Poems>  (1872);  (Among  the 
Isles  of  Shoals  >  (1873);  <  Poems  >  (1874);  <  Drift- 
Weed)  (1879);  <  Poems  for  Children  >  (1884); 
'The  Cruise  of  the  Mystery,>  etc.  (1886);  <  Idyls 
and  Pastorals>  (1886);  <The  Yule  Log>  (1889); 
<An  Island  Garden  >  (1894);  <  Letters  >  (1895); 
<  Stories  and  Poems  for  Children  >  (1895). 

Thayer,  Alexander  Wheelock.  An  Ameri- 
can writer  on  music,  whose  life  v\'as  mostly  spent 
abroad;  born  at  South  Natick,  Mass.,  Oct.  22, 
1817;  died  at  Trieste,  July  19,  1897.  Contributed 
tothe'Dictionary  of  Music';  was  musical  critic  of 
the  New  York  Tribune  ;  was  consul  at  Trieste, 
1859-82.  He  published:  <Signor  Masoni,>  etc., 
(1862);  <The  Hebrews  and  the  Red  Sea)  (1883); 
three  volumes  of  'Life  of  Beethoven'  (1866-87 ). 

Thayer,  Mrs.  Emma  (Homan)  (Graves).   A 

writer  and  artist  of  Colorado ;  born  1842.  Si.e 
has  written  :  <  Wild  Flowers  of  Colorado  > ;  <Wi]d 
Flowers  of  the  Pacific  Coast  > ;  <  An  English 
American  * ;  <  A  Legend  of  Glenwood  Springs.* 

Thayer,  Joseph  Henry.  An  American  cler- 
gyman. Biblical  scholar,  and  translator ;  born 
in  Boston,  Nov.  7,  1828;  died  in  Cambridge, 
Nov.  26,  1901.  He  graduated  from  Harvard  in 
1850,  from  Andoverin  1857.  He  was  a  military 
chaplain,  1859-64  ;  secretary  of  the  American 
Board  of  Revision  for  the  New  Testament,  1877; 
and  professor  in  Harvard  Divinity  School  after 
1884.  He  wrote  :  'Grammar  of  the  Idiom  of  the 
New  Testament);  <Books  and  Their  Use);  trans- 
lations of  'Grammar  of  the  New  Testament 
Greek);  'Greek-English  Lexicon  of  the  New 
Testament);  and  published  a  volume  of  'Critical 
Essays.) 

Thayer,  William  Makepeace.  An  Ameri- 
can clergyman,  retired  from  the  Congregational 
church  and  devoted  to  literature.  He  was 
bom  at  Franklin,  Mass.,  Feb.  23,  1820.  His 
books  have  attained  great  popularity,  several 
being  reprinted  abroad  in  German,  French, 
Italian,  Greek,  Swedish,  etc.  Among  his  works 
are:  'The  Bobbin  Boy)  (1859);  'The  Pioneer 
Boy)  (1863);  a  Series  of  Biographies  (10  vols., 


1859-63);  'Youth's  History  of  the  Rebellion' 
(1863-65);  'White  House  Stories*  (1880-85); 
'Marvels  ofthe  New  West)  (1887);  'Life  of  Gar- 
field';  'Men  who  Win.'     Died  April  7,  1 898. 

Theiner,  Augustin  (ti'ner).  A  German  can- 
onist;  born  at  Breslau,  April  li,  1804;  died 
Aug.  10,  1874.  He  was  appointed  prefect  of 
the  Vatican  archives,  1855;  but  was  deprived 
of  that  office  during  the  Vatican  Council  on  the 
charge  of  giving  to  certain  oppositionist  bishops 
secret  documents  of  the  curia.  His  first  nota- 
ble work  was  a  tractate  in  opposition  to  the 
rule  of  clerical  celibacy,  'The  Introduction  of 
Obligatory  Celibacy'  (2  vols.,  1828;  new  ed. 
enlarged,  3  vols.,  1856-57).  His  other  principal 
works  are  : '  History  of  the  Return  of  the  Reign- 
ing Houses  of  Brunswick  and  Saxony  to  the 
Bosom  of  the  Catholic  Church)  (1843);  an  edi- 
tion of  Baronius's  '  Church  Annals,)  with  a  con- 
tinuation (3  vols.,  1856-57);  'Diplomatic  Code 
of  the  Temporal  Dominion  of  the  Holy  See' 
(1863);  'Temporal  Sovereignty  of  the  Holy 
See  Judged  by  the  General  Councils  of  Lyons 
and  Constance)  (1867). 

Theocritus  (the-ok're-tus).  The  greatest  of 
Greek  bucolic  poets;  commonly  reputed  to 
have  been  a  native  of  Syracuse,  but  Cos  also 
claims  him;  he  lived  in  the  first  half  of  the 
third  century  B.  C.  He  wrote  in  the  Doric 
dialect,  pastorals  and  idyls  of  lowly  life,  which 
have  ever  since  been  regarded  as  the  con- 
summate models  of  that  kind  of  poetry.  Vir- 
gil imitated  him  in  his  <  Bucolics.'  We  have 
31  of  his  idyls  and  pastorals,  and  a  number 
of  his  epigrams :  there  are  English  translations 
by  Calverley  (1869)  in  verse,  by  Andrew  Lang 
(i860)  in  prose,  and  by  others. 

Theodoret  (the-od'o-ret).  A  celebrated 
Greek  church  historian  and  theological  writer; 
born  at  Antioch  about  390;  died  about  460. 
He  became  bishop  of  Cyrrhus,  a  city  in  Syria, 
423,  and  there  passed  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  He  wrote  voluminous  commentaries  on 
the  Scriptural  books,  of  which  many  are  ex- 
tant; we  have  also  his  'Church  History)  in 
five  books,  covering  the  period  324-429,  and 
several  of  his  theological  tractates,  besides 
about  200  of  his  <  Letters.) 

Theognis  of  Megara  (the-og'nis).  A  Greek 
elegiac  poet  who  flourished  in  the  latter  half 
of  the  sixth  century  B.  C.  There  are  1389 
verses  preserved  under  his  name,  of  import- 
ance in  enabling  us  to  understand  the  state 
of  parties  and  the  problems  of  society  in  the 
Greece  of  that  time.  Translated  by  Frere 
(1842). 

Theophrastus  of  Eresus  in  Lesbos  (the-o- 
fras'tus).  A  Greek  philosopher;  became  the 
head  of  the  Peripatetic  school  after  the  death 
of  its  founder  Aristotle,  presiding  over  it  for 
35  years  (322-287  B.  C).  His  treatises  on 
'  Practical  Botany,)  in  nine  books,  and  <  The- 
oretical Botany,)  in  six  books,  are  still  extant; 
besides  fragments  of  works  on  mineralogy,  on 
the  senses,  and  on  metaphysics.    The  work  by 


522 


THEOPHYLAGTUS  -  THOLUCK 


which  he  is  best  known  is  his  treatise  called 

<  Characters.' 

Theophylactus,  surnamed  Simocatta  (the- 
6-fil-ak'tus).  A  Byzantine  historian;  born  at 
l.ocri  about  570  A.  D.;  died  about  640.  Three 
of  his  works  are  extant:  <  History  of  the  Em- 
peror Maurice';  'Problems  of  Physics';  <  Let- 
ters, Moral,  Rural,  and  Amorous,'  — of  these 
there  are  85,  in  which  are  imitated  the  letters 
of  Arista'nctus. 

Theopompus  of  Chios  (the"o-pom'pus).  A 
Greek  historian  and  rhetorician;  born  about 
^78  B.  C.  His  principal  historical  works  were 
•The  Hellenics,'  in  12  books,  and  <The  Phi- 
lippics,' in  58  books;  the  former  being  a  con- 
tinuation of  Thucydides,  and  the  latter  a  gen- 
eral history  of  his  own  times,  with  the  reign 
of  Philip  of  Macedon  as  central  point:  of  both 
only  fragments  remain. 

Tbeurlet,  Andr^  (ter-ya').  A  French  poet 
and  novelist ;  born  at  Marly-le-Roi,  Oct.  8,  1833. 
He   began   his   literary  work   with  the   verses 

<  In  Memoriam'  (1857).  Subsequent  poems 
are:  <The  Road  through  the  Woods'  (1867); 
<The  Peasants  of  L'Argonne,  1792'  (1871); 
<The  Blue  and  the  Black'  (1873);  <Our  Birds' 
(18S6).  His  novels  are  numerous,  comprising 
among  others:  <  Tales  of  Familiar  Life'  (1870); 
•Mile.  Guignon'  (1874);  *  Dangerous  Charm' 
(1891).  Among  his  dramatic  productions  are: 
< Jean-Marie'  (1871);  <The  House  of  the  Two 
Barbeaux'  (1885);  <Raymonde'  (1887).  As  an 
art  critic  he  has  also  written  <Juks  Bastien- 
Lepage,the  Man  and  the  Artist '(1885).  D.  igo?- 

Thibaudeau,  Antoine  Claire,  Count  (te-bo- 
do').  A  French  statesman  and  historian;  born 
at  Poitiers,  March  23,  1765;  died  March  8, 
1854.  Among  his  writings  are :  <  Memoirs  on 
the  Convention  and  the  Directory'  (1824);  <  Gen- 
eral History  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte'  (5  vols., 
1827-28);  <  Memoirs  on  the  Consulate  and  the 
Empire  '  (10  vols.,  1835);  <  History  of  the  States- 
General'  (2  vols.,  1843).  After  his  death  ap- 
peared <  My  Biography:  My  Memoirs  1765-92' 
(1875). 

Thibaut,  Anton  Friedrich  Justus  (te-bo'). 
A  distinguished  German  legist ;  born  at  Hameln, 
Jan.  4,  1772;  died  March  28,  1840,  at  Heidel- 
berg, where  he  was  professor  in  the  university. 
His  greatest  work  is  'System  of  the  Laws  in 
the  Pandects'  (1803);  some  of  his  other  writ- 
ings are:  'Juristic  Encyclopedy  and  Method- 
ology' (1797);  'Essays  on  Questions  of  Civil 
Law'  (1814). 

Thierry,  Am^d^e  (tyar-e').  A  French  his- 
torian, brother  of  J.  N.  A. ;  born  at  Blois,  Aug. 
2,  1797 ;  died  March  27,  1873.  Among  his  works 
are:  'History  of  the  Gauls  to  the  Roman 
Domination'  (3  vols.,  1828);  'History  of  Gaul 
under  the  Roman  Domination '  (3  vols.,  1840- 
47);  'Later  Times  of  the  Western  Empire' 
(i860);  'History  of  Attila  and  his  Successors' 
(1864);  'St.  Jerome  :  Christian  Society  at  Rome' 
(1867). 


Thierry,    Jacques   Nicolas    Augustin.     A 

French  historian  of  the  "picturesque"  school, 
a  member  of  the  Academy ;  born  at  Blois, 
May  10,  1795;  died  in  Paris,  May  22,  1856.  In 
1817  he  became  a  contributor  to  Le  Censeur 
Europden,  edited  by  Comte ;  afterward  to  the 
Courrier  Fran9ais,  in  which  he  published  his 
'Letters  on  the  History  of  France.'  In  1825 
appeared  his  '  History  of  the  Conquest  of  Eng- 
land by  the  Normans.'  He  also  wrote :  '  Ten 
Years  of  Historic  Studies'  (1834);  < Tales  of 
Merovingian  Times'  (1840);  'Formation  and 
Progress  of  the  Third  Estate'  (1853).  ('Com- 
plete Works,'  1856-60.) 

Thiers,  Jean  Baptiste  (tyar).  A  French 
theological  writer ;  born  at  Chartres,  1636 ;  died 
at  Vibraye  in  Maine,  1703.  His  treatises  on 
theological  and  ecclesiastical  subjects  are  very 
numerous ;  but  he  owes  whatever  celebrity 
he  has  to  his  <  History  of  Wigs,  wherein  is 
Shown  their  Origin,  their  Use,  their  Form,  the 
Abuse  and  Irregularity  of  Ecclesiastics'  Wigs' 
(1690). 

Thiers,  Louis  Adolphe.  A  French  states- 
man and  author  of  the  first  rank ;  born  at 
Marseilles,  April  16,  1797 ;  died  at  St.-Germain, 
Sept.  3,  1877.  In  1822  he  moved  to  Paris,  and 
became  contributor  to  the  Constitutionnel ;  in 
1823  he  began  to  publish  his  <  History  of  the 
French  Revolution,'  which  was  finished  in  1827, 
in  10  vols. ;  in  1830  he  founded  the  National, 
in  connection  with  Mignet  and  Armand  Car- 
rel ;  in  1832  he  became  Minister  of  the  Interior ; 
in  1836  he  was  made  prime  minister,  and  again 
in  1840;  in  1852  he  was  banished  by  Louis 
Napoleon,  but  returned  and  lived  in  retire- 
ment until  1863,  when  he  was  elected  member 
of  the  Representative  Assembly  by  Paris ;  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  National  As- 
sembly, Feb.  8,  187 1,  after  the  collapse  of  the 
monarchy;  and  on  Aug.  31  received  the  title 
of  "  President  of  the  Republic."  His  great 
literary  work  is  that  comprising  the  <  History 
of  the  French  Revolution'  (1823-27)  and  'His- 
tory of  the  Consulate  and  the  Empire'  (1845- 
62).  Among  his  other  works  are  :  <  History  of 
John  Law'  (1826;  English  translation,  1859); 
'On  Property'  (1848);  'Man  and  Matter' 
(1875). 

Thirlwall,  Connop.  An  eminent  English 
historian;  born  at  Stepney,  London,  Feb.  1 1, 
1797;  died  July  27,  1875,  at  Bath.  He  was 
Bishop  of  St.  David's  1840-74.  His  principal 
work  is  a  'History  of  Greece'  (8  vols.,  1835- 
40;  enlarged  1845-52).  He  made,  with  J.  C. 
Hare,  the  English  translation  of  Niebuhr's 
'History  of  Rome'  (2  vols.,  1828). 

Tholuck,  Friedrich  August  Gottreu  (to- 
16k').  A  German  theologian  and  author  of 
great  repute ;  born  at  Breslau,  March  30,  1799; 
died  at  Halle,  June  10,  1877.  His  works, 
most  of  which  have  been  often  reprinted  in 
Germany  and  translated  into  English,  were 
published  at  Gotha  in  an  edition  of  il  vols. 
(1863-72),    and    treat    of    Oriental    subjects: 


THOMAS  —  THOMPSON 


523 


<  Sufism ;  or,  Pantheistic  Theosophy  of  the  Per- 
sians* (1821);  'The  Epistle  to  the  Romans* 
(1824);  <The  Gospel  of  John*  (1827;  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Kauffman,  1836);  <The 
Sermon  on  the  Mount*  (1833;  translated  into 
English  by  R.  L.  Brown,  Edinburgh,  i860); 
< Early  History  of  Rationalism*  (4  vols.,  1853- 
62);  <  Church  Life  of  the  17th  Century  >  (1861-62). 

Thomas,  Augustus,  the  foremost  of  living 
American  playwrights ;  born  at  St.  Louis,  Jan.  8, 
1859.  He  is  the  author  of  the  dramas*  Alabama,* 
<Mizzoura*  and  <  Arizona.*     His  plays  include 

<  The  Burglar  *  ;  <  After-Thoughts  * ;  <  Oliver 
Goldsmith  > ;  <  On  the  Quiet  > ;  <  The  Capitol* ; 
<The  HoosierDoctor*  ;  <  The  Earl  of  Pavvtuket  * ; 

<  The  Other  Girl » ;  <  Jim  De  Lancey  * ;  <  The 
Witching  Hour*;  <  The  Harvest  Moon.* 

Thomas,  Cyrus.  An  American  archaeologist 
now  in  the  government  service  ;  born  1825.  Of 
special  interest  are  his  <  Study  of  the  Manuscript 
Troano*  (1882);  <  Notes  on  Certain  Maya  and 
Mexican  Manuscripts*  (1884);  <  Mound  Explora- 
tion *  (1888); 

Thomas,  Edith  Matilda.  An  American  poet ; 
born  in  Chatham,  O.,  Aug.  12,  1854 ;  resides  in 
New  York.  She  has  contributed  to  many  peri- 
odicals, and  published  in  book  form :  <A  New- 
Year's  Masque,*  etc.  (1885);  <The  Round  Year* 
(1886);  «  Lyrics  and  Sonnets*  (1887);  <  Children 
of  the  Seasons*  Series  (1888);  < Babes  of  the 
Year*  (1888);  < Babes  of  the  Nations*  (1889); 
'Heaven  and  Earth*  (1889);  <The  Inverted 
Torch*    (1890);  <  Fair   Shadow   Land*    (1893); 

<  In  Sunshine  Land*  (1895);  <  In  the  Young 
World  *  ( 1895)  ;<  Cassia  and  Other  Verse  *(  1905). 

Thomas,  Frederick  William.  An  American 
journalist  and  author  ;  born  in  Charleston,  S.  C, 
iSii ;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Sept.  30,  1866. 
He  was  professor  of  English  literature  in  the 
University  of  Alabama.  He  contributed  much 
in  prose  and  verse  to  periodicals,  and  pub- 
lished:  'The  Emigrant,*  poem  (1833);  'Clinton 
Bradshaw*  (1835),  'East  and  West*  (1836), 
'Howard  Pinckney*  (1840),  novels;  'The 
Beechen  Tree,  and  Other  Poems  *  ( 1844 ) ; 
'Sketches  of  Character,*  etc.  (1849);  and  'John 
Randolph  of  Roanoke,*  etc.  (1853). 

Thomas,  Isaiah.  An  American  editor,  pub- 
lisher, and  litterateur;  born  in  Boston,  Jan.  17, 
1719;  died  at  Worcester,  April  4,  1831.  He 
established  and  printed  the  Massachusetts  Spy, 
1770-1801 ;  imported  and  used  the  first  font  of 
music  type ;  established  the  Massachusetts 
Magazine  (1789-96);  printed  noted  editions  of 
the  Bible  and  Watts's  '  Psalms  and  Hymns  * ; 
founded  the  Antiquarian  Society,  Worcester, 
Mass.,  and  endowed  it  with  a  library  and  funds 
for  its  maintenance ;  and  was  the  author  and 
publisher  of  the  <  History  of  Printing.* 

Thomas,  John  R.  A  Welsh- American  song- 
writer and  musician  ;  born  in  Newport,  Wales, 
in  1830 ;  died  18 — .  He  came  to  America  at 
an  early  age,  taught  music,  and  sang  in  opera 
and  oratorio.    His  songs  were  highly  popular. 


Among  the  best-known  are :  '  Cottage  by  the 
Sea  * ;  '  Happy  Be  thy  Dreams  * ;  '  Some  One 
to  Love*;  ''Tis  but  a  Little  Faded  Flower*; 
'Beautiful  Isle  of  the  Sea*;  'The  Flag  of  the 
Free  * ; '  The  Mother's  Prayer* ;  and  <  No  Crown 
without  the  Cross.* 

Thomas,  Lewis  Foulke.  An  American  poet 
and  dramatist;  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  1815; 
died  in  Washington,  1868.  He  was  author  of 
'India  and  Other  Poems*  (St.  Louis,  1842), 
the  first  book  of  poetry  published  west  of  the 
Mississippi;  and  the  tragedies  'Osceola,*  suc- 
cessfully performed  in  Cincinnati  (1838),  and 
'Cortez*  (Washington,  1857). 

Thomas  a  Kempls.    See  Kempis. 

Thomas  Aquinas  or  Thomas  of  Aquin, 
Saint  (a-kwi'nas).  A  great  mediaeval  theolo- 
gian and  philosopher;  born  at  Aquino  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  about  1225 ;  died  at  Fossa 
Nuova,  in  the  diocese  of  Terracina,  March  7, 
1274.  His  writings  are  very  voluminous,  being 
comprised  in  28  vols,  quarto.  His  greatest  work 
is  the  'Sum  of  Theology.*  Among  his  other 
works  are  :  '  Sum  of  Catholic  Belief  against 
the  Heathen  * ;  '  Exposition  of  all  the  Epistles 
of  St.  Paul.* 

Thomas  of  Celano.  An  Italian  hymnist; 
born  at  Celano  in  the  Abruzzi ;  died  about 
1255.  He  was  one  of  the  firct  disciples  of  St. 
Francis.  He  is  probably  the  author  of  the 
'  Dies  Irse.*  He  is  also  believed  to  have  writ- 
ten the  biography  of  St.  Francis  found  in  the 
Bollandists'  'Acta  Sanctorum.* 

Thomasius,  Christian  (to-mas'yos).  A  Ger- 
man legist ;  bom  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  i,  1655 ; 
died  professor  of  jurisprudence  at  Halle,  Sept. 
23,  1728.  Among  his  writings  are :  '  Serious 
but  Lively  and  Sensible  Remarks  on  all  Sorts 
of  Juristic  Works*  (1720);  'Reasonable  and 
Chnstianlike  but  not  Pharisaical  Considera- 
tions on  all  Sorts  of  Philosophical  and  Juristic 
Works*  (3  vols.,  1723); '  History  of  Wisdom  and 
Folly.* 

Thomasius,  Gottfried.  A  German  theo- 
logical writer ;  bom  at  Egenhausen,  in  Fran- 
conia,  July  26,  1802  ;  died  professor  of  dogmatics 
at  Erlangen,  Jan.  24,  1875.  Among  his  writings 
are:  'Origen*  (1837);  ' Contributions  to  Christ- 
ology*  (1845);  'The  Person  and  the  Work  of 
Christ*  (1852);  'Resuscitation  of  Evangelical 
Life  in  the  Lutheran  Church  of  Bavaria*  (1867); 
'History  of  Christian  Dogma*  (1874). 

Thompson,  Benjamin.    See  Rumford. 

Thompson,  Charles  Miner.  An  American 
journalist,  writer  on  the  staff  of  the  Youth's 
Companion  ;  bom  1864.  He  has  written  :  '  The 
Nimble  Dollar*;   'Life  of  Ethan  Allen.* 

Thompson,  Francis.  An  English  poet ;  son 
of  a  Lancashire  physician.  He  was  educated 
at  Ushaw  College,  near  Durham,  and  stud- 
ied medicine  at  Owens  College,  Manchester. 
He  determined  to  take  up  literature,  however, 
and  came  to  London.  His  first  appearanje 
in  print  was  in  the  columns  of  Merry  England. 


5*4 


THOMPSON— THONI6SEN 


Collected  volumes  have  appeared  as  follows: 
«  Poems >  (1893);  < Sister-Songs >  (1S96);  < New- 
Poems'  (1897). 

Thompson.  [Jajnes]  Maurice.  An  American 
essa>-ut  and  novelist;  bom  in  Fairfield,  Ind., 
Sept  9,  1S44;  died  at  Crawfordsville,  Ind., 
Feb.  15,  1901.  He  was  a  Confederate  soldier 
in  the  Civil  War  ;  afterwards  State  Geologist  of 
Indiana,  1S85-S9.  He  wrote:  <  Hoosier  Mosaics) 
( 1S75)  ;  <The  Witcher>-  of  Archer>-)  (1S78)  ; 
<.-\  Tallahassee  Girl  >  {18S2);  <  His  Second 
Campaign'  (1S83);  <  Songs  of  Fair  Weather) 
(1SS3);  <At  Love's  Extremes)  (1SS5);  <  By- 
ways and  Bird  Notes'  (1SS5);  <  The  Boy's 
Boc.k  of  Sports)  (1S86);  <A  Banker  of  Bank- 
ersville)  (1SS6)  ;  <Svlvan  Secrets'  (1887);  <A 
Fortnight  of  Folly)  (188S1;  <  Poems )  (1892)  ; 
<  King  of  Honev'island)  (1892);  <  The  Ocala 
Boy)  (1S95);  <Aliceof  Old  Vincennes'  (1900). 

Thompson,  Mortimer  M.  [«  Q.  K.  Philan- 
der Doesticks,  P.  B.»]  An  American  humorous 
writer  and  lecturer ;  bom  in  1S30 ;  died  in  1875. 
He  contributed  at  first  to  the  daily  and  in 
later  years  regularly  to  the  weekly  newspapers, 
and  published  in  book  form  in  i8^5-=;7  :  <  Doe- 
sticks  :  What  He  Says';  < Plu-Ri'-Bus-Tah,'  a 
travesty  of  <  Hiawatha ' ;  <  The  Witches  of  New- 
York  ' ;  <  Nothing  to  Sav  > ;  <  The  Elephant 
Club.' 

Thomsen,  Villielm  Ludvig  Peder  (tom'sen). 
A  Danish  philologist;  bom  at  Copenhagen, 
Jan.  25,  1842.  His  principal  works  are :  <  The 
Magv-ar  Language'  (1866);  < Influence  of  the 
Germanic  Languages  on  the  Finno-Lappish ' 
f  1870J ;  <  Relations  between  Ancient  Russia  and 
Scandinavia'  (1879);  <  Relations  between  the 
Finnish  and  the  Baltic  Languages'  (1890). 

Thomson,  Charles.  An  American  patriot 
and  publicist ;  bom  in  Maghera,  County  Derrv-, 
Ireland,  Nov.  29,  1729 ;  died  in  Lower  Marion, 
Pa.,  Aug.  16,  1S24.  At  first  a  teacher  at  New 
London,  Pa.,  he  became  the  first  secretar>-  of 
the  Continental  Congress  (1774-79),  and  was 
said  in  compliment  to  be  the  "  soul  of  that  polit- 
ical body."  He  destroyed  his  notes  of  its  pro- 
ceedings for  fear  of  giving  pain  to  descendants 
of  some  of  the  members.  He  published :  <An 
Enquiry-  into  the  Causes  of  the  Alienation  of 
the  Delaware  and  Shawaneese  Indians,'  etc. 
(1759);  a  translation  of  the  Greek  iSeptuagint) 
Bible  ('4  vols.,  180S),  which  was  the  first  Eng- 
lish version  of  it ;  a  <  S>Tiopsis  of  the  Four 
Evangelists'  fi8i5)t  etc. 

Thomson,  Edward  William.  An  American 
writer,  editor,  and  civil  engineer;  bom  in  On- 
tario, 1849.  He  has  written :  <  Old  Man  Savarin, 
and  Other  Stories';  <  Walter  Gibbs,'  a  book 
for  boys;  also  the  metrical  portions  of  M.  S. 
Henry's  Version  of  <Aucassin  and  Nicolette.' 

Thomson,  James.  A  Scotch  poet;  bom  at 
Ednam,  Sept.  11,  1700 ;  died  Aug.  27,  1748.  He 
was  educated  at  Jedburgh  School  and  Edin- 
burgh University,  and  studied  for  the  ministry. 
In  1725  he  went  to  London  and  became  a  tutor. 
In   1733  he  held   a  position   in  the  Court  of 


Chancer?-,  and  on  losing  this  position  was  given 
a  pension.  In  1744  he  was  appointed  surveyor- 
general  of  the  Leeward  Islands.  His  most 
famous  poem  is  <  The  Seasons*  1 1726-1730),  and 
next  to  this  <  The  Castle  of  Indolence'  (1748,1. 
He  wrote  some  plays,  among  them  being 
<Sophonisba'  (1730)  and  <Tancred  and  Sigis- 
munda'  (1745.'- 

Thomson,  James.  A  Scotch  poet ;  bom  at 
Port  Glasgow,  Nov.  23,  1834 ;  died  June  3,  1S82. 
He  was  brought  up  in  an  orphan  asylum,  and 
became  an  army  tutor.  Most  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  journalism,  though  he  came  to  America 
at  one  time  to  investigate  a  silver  mine  ;  thence 
he  was  sent  to  Spain  as  the  New  York  World's 
special  correspondent.  He  suffered  much  from 
insomnia,  which  he  made  the  subject  of  a  most 
powerful  poem  by  that  name ;  and  died  a  victim 
to  the  drugs  he  used  to  relieve  it.  His  best- 
known  work  is  'The  City  of  Dreadful  Night' 
( 1870-74 j;  others  of  high  quality  are  'The 
Doom  of  a  City'  (18571,  and  <Our  Ladies  of 
Death'  (1861). 

Thomson,  Joseph.  A  Scotch  traveler;  bora 
at  Penpont  in  Dumfriesshire,  Feb.  14,  1 85  8; 
died  at  London,  Aug.  2,  1895.  He  wrote : 
<  To  the  Central  African  Lakes  and  Back ' 
(3d  ed.  1881);  'Through  Masai  Land'  (1885); 
'Liu,  an  African  Romance'  (1888;;  'Mungo 
Park  and  the  Niger'  (1890);  'Travels  in  the 
Atlas  and  Southern  Marocco'  (1890 1. 

Thomson,  Sir  William  — Lord  Kelvin.  A 
British  physicist,  mathematician,  engineer,  and 
inventor  of  the  highest  rank ;  bom  in  Belfast, 
Ireland,  June  1S24.  He  has  been  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Glas- 
gow since  he  was  22.  As  such  he  has  not 
only  done  enduring  work  of  his  own,  but  has 
guided  the  careers  of  several  other  great  sci- 
entists. His  scientific  papers  have  been  pub- 
lished under  the  titles  '  Reprints  of  Papers  on 
Electrostatics  and  Magnetism'  (1872 j;  'Mathe- 
matical and  Physical  Papers'  (1882-90);  'Pop- 
ular Lectures  and  Addresses ' ;  '  On  Heat ' ; 
'  On  Elasticit}-.'  In  1867,  in  collaboration  with 
Professor  Tait  of  Edinburgh,  he  issued  his  first 
volume  of  'A  Treatise  on  Natural  Philosophy' 
(2d  ed.  in  2  parts,  1S791.  From  1846  to  1853 
he  was  editor  of  the  Cambridge  and  Dublin 
Mathematical  Journal ;  and  also  connected  with 
the  Philosophical  Magazine.  He  has  been  pres- 
ident of  the  British  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science,  and  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  London.     He  died  Dec.  17,  1907. 

Thomson,  William  McClure.  An  American 
clergj-man  of  the  Presbvterian  Church ;  bom  in 
Ohio,  Dec.  3,  1806;  died  in  1S94.  In  1833  he 
went  as  missionarj-  to  S.vria  and  Palestine,  re- 
maining until  1S76.  His  chief  work,  '  The  Land 
and  the  Book'  (2  vols.,  1859-60 ;  3  vols.,  18S0- 
86),  is  an  accepted  authority  on  Palestine  and 
Sj-ria.  He  has  also  published :  <  The  Land  of 
Promise';  'Travels  in  Palestine'  (1865). 

Thonissen,  Jean  Joseph  ( ton'is-sen).  A 
Belgian  jurist  and  political  economist ;  bom  at 


THORBECKE  —  TICKELL 


525 


Hasselt,  Jan.  21,  1817;  died  Aug.  17,  1891,  at 
Louvain,  where  he  was  professor  of  jurispru- 
dence. Among  his  writings  are :  <  Socialism 
and  its  Promises'  (1850);  < Socialism  in  the 
Past>  (1851);  <  Belgium  in  the  Reign  of  Leo- 
pold I.>  (4  vols.,  1855);  <The  Pretended  Neces- 
sity of  the  Death  Penalty  >  (1864);  <The  Penal 
Laws  of  the  Athenian  Republic  >  (1876). 

Thorbecke,  Heinrich  (tor-bek'e).  A  Ger- 
man Orientalist;  born  at  Meiningen,  March  14, 
1837 ;  died  at  Mannheim,  Jan.  3,  1890.  He  was 
appointed  professor  in  the  University  of  Halle, 
1887.  His  studies  were  directed  mainly  to  the 
poetry  of  the  Bedawin  and  the  history  of  Ara- 
bic. He  is  author  of  <  Life  of  Antarah,  the 
Pre-Islamite  Poet>  (1868);  <A1  Asha's  Song  of 
Praise  to  Mohammed'  (1875);  <  M.  Sabbag's 
Grammar  of  Conversational  Arabic  in  Syria 
and  Egypt  >  (1886). 

Thorburn,  Grant.  [«Lawrie  Todd.»]  A 
Scottish-American  craftsman,  merchant,  and 
author.  He  was  born  at  Dalkeith,  1773;  emi- 
grated to  America,  1794 ;  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Jan.  21,  1863.  As  the  hero  of  Gait's 
novel,  <  Lawrie  Todd,'  he  was  a  well-known 
figure  in  New  York.  His  publications  in  book 
form  include  :  <  Forty  Years'  Residence  in  Amer- 
ica' (1834);  <Men  and  Manners  in  Great  Brit- 
ain' (1834);  'Fifty  Years'  Reminiscences  of 
New  York'  (1845);  'Hints  to  Merchants,'  etc. 
(1847);  < Notes  on  Virginia'  (1848);  <Life  and 
Writings  of  Grant  Thorburn'  (1852-53). 

Thoreau,  Henry  David.  A  distinguished 
American  writer ;  born  in  Concord,  Mass.,  July 
12,  1817;  died  there.  May  6,  1862.  His  works 
include :  <  A  Week  on  the  Concord  and  Mer- 
rimac  Rivers'  (1848);  <Walden;  or.  Life  in 
the  Woods'  (1854);  <  Echoes  of  Harper's  Ferry' 
(i860);  <  Excursions'  (1863);  <  The  Maine 
Woods'  (1864);  <Cape  Cod'  (1865);  <  Letters 
to  Various  Persons'  (1865);  <  A  Yankee  in  Can- 
ada' (1866);  < Early  Spring  in  Massachusetts' 
(1881);  <  Summer'  (1884);  'Winter'  (1888); 
< Autumn'  (1892);  < Works'  (10  vols.,  1894); 
<  Familiar  Letters'  (1894);  *  Poems  of  Nature' 
(1895).  The  posthumous  volumes  are  made  up 
mostly  from  his  daily  journal,  begun  in  1835, 
which  nxmibered  30  vols,  when  he  died. 

Tboresen,  Anna  Magdalena  (Kragh)  (to'- 
re-sen).  A  Danish  novelist;  born  at  Fredericia, 
June  3,  1819.  Among  the  best  of  her  works 
are:  <  Tales'  (1863);  <  Signa  Historise'  (Signs 
of  History:  1864);  <  Pictures  from  the  West 
Coast  of  Norway'  (1872);  <  Herluf  Nordal :  A 
Tale  from  the  Last  Century'  (1879);  'Short 
Tales'  ( 1891 ).  She  is  also  the  author  of  sev- 
eral dramas. 

Tliorild,  Thomas  (tor'ild).  A  Swedish  poet; 
bom  at  Kongelf  in  Bohuslan,  1759;  died  at 
Greifswald,  1808.  His  poetry  was  of  less  influ- 
ence on  the  thought  of  his  day  than  his  polem- 
ics. One  of  these,  <A  Critique  of  the  Critics, 
with  a  Project  of  a  Code  for  the  Kingdom  of 
Genius'  (1791),  had  much  to  do  with  the  de- 
velopment of  Swedish  poetry.    He  wrote  also 


'Maximum,  or  Archimetria'  (1799),  an  attempt 
at  a  system  of  philosophy. 

Thornbury,  George  Walter.  An  English 
author;  born  in  London  in  1828;  died  in  Lon- 
don,  June    II,    1876.      Among  his  works    are: 

<  Shakespeare's  England ;  or.  Sketches  of  our 
Social  History  during  the  Reign  of  Elizabeth' 
(2  vols.,  1856);  <  Songs  of  the  Cavaliers  and 
Roundheads'  (1857);  <  Life  in  Spain'  (1859); 
< Turkish  Life  and  Character'  (i860);  < British 
Artists  from  Hogarth  to  Turner'  (i860);  <Life 
of  J.  M.  W.  Turner,  R.  A.'  (1861);  <  Haunted 
London '  (1865) ;  <  Two  Centuries  of  Song '  (1866); 
<01d  and  New  London'  (1873-74). 

Thrale,  Mrs.    See  Piozzi. 

Thucydides  (thb-sid'e-des).  A  Greek  his- 
torian. The  year  of  his  birth  is  uncertain ;  not 
much  earlier  than  460  nor  later  than  454  B.  C. 
The  time  and  manner  of  his  death  are  like- 
wise uncertain.  It  is  probable  that  he  did  not 
long  survive  the  end  of  the  fifth  century. 
His  <  History,'  which  covers  21  years  of  the 
Peloponnesian  War,  has  come  down  to  us  in 
eight  books. 

Thunmann,  Johan  (ton'man).  A  Swedish 
historian  and  archaeologist ;  born  1746 ;  died  1778. 
He  wrote :  <  The  Borderland  of  History  and 
Poetry'  (1772);  <  Researches  on  the  History  of 
the  Nations  of  Eastern  Europe'  (1774);  <The 
Ancient  Poetical  Literature  of  the  North'  (1775); 

<  The  Discovery  of  America '  ( 1776) ;  <  Researches 
on  the  Ancient  History  of  Some  Northern  Na- 
tions' (1777). 

Thwaites,  Reuben  Gold.  An  American  an- 
tiquarian writer,  and  secretary  of  the  Wisconsin 
State  Historical  Society.  He  was  bom  in  Bos- 
ton, May  15,  1853.  His  books  comprise:  'His- 
toric Waterways  > ;  <  The  Story  of  Wisconsin ' ; 

<  Our  Cycling  Tour  in  England ' ;  <  The  Colonies, 
1492-1750' ;  <  Stories  of  cUc  badger  tjtate*  (1900^, 

<  Father  Marquette'  (1902);  <  Daniel  Boone' 
(1903);  <  Brief  History  of  Rocky  Mountain 
Exploration'  (1904);  <  France  in  America' 
(1905).  Editor  of  <  Lahontan's  New  Voyages  to 
North  America,'    (1907).     He  is  also  editor  of 

<  The  Jesuit  Relations,  and  Allied  Documents.' 

Thwing,  Cbarles  Burton.  An  American 
physicist,  born  March  2,  i860  ;  professor  of  Phys- 
ics at  Syracuse  University  from  1901-05.  He 
wrote  < Exercises  in  Physical  Measurement' 
(1896),  and<  Elementary  Physics'  (1900J. 

Thwing,  Charles  Franklin.  An  American 
author  and  educator  ;  born  Nov.  9,  1853.  He  is 
the  author  of  <  American  Colleges  '  (1878);  <  The 
College  Woman  '  (1894)  ;  <  The  Choice  of  a  Col- 
lege' (1901)  ;  <A  Liberal  Education  and  a 
Liberal  Faith'  (1903);  College  Training  and 
the  Business  Man';  <A  History  of  Higher 
Education  in  America'  (1906). 

Tickell,  Thomas.  An  English  poet,  Addi- 
son's   intimate    friend ;   born    at  Bridekirk    in 


526 


TICKNOR  —  TILTON 


Cumberland,  1686;  died  at  Bath,  April  23,  1740. 
His  principal  works  are:  <The  Prospect  of 
Peace,>  a  poem  ;  <  The  Royal  rrogress,>  verses 
celebrating  the  arrival  of  George  I.;  translation 
of  the  first  book  of  the  Iliad  (1715);  '^^^^ 
sington  Garden  >  (1722);  <  Elegy  on  Addison  ; 
and  the  popular  ballad  <  Colin  and  Lucy>; 
Ticknor,  Caroline.  An  American  novelist  and 
editor.  Born  in  Boston.  Author  of  <  A  Hypo- 
critical Romance,  and  other  stories  >  (1896); 
<i\liss  Belladonna'  (1897),  etc.  One  of  the 
as.sistant  editors  of  <  Masterpieces  of  the 
World's  Literature,)  <The  World's  Great  Ora- 
tioiis,>  etc. 

Tlclinor,  George.  A  distinguished  American 
scholar  and  historian ;  born  in  Boston,  Aug.  I, 
1791 ;  died  there,  Jan.  26,  1871.  He  graduated 
from  Dartmouth  College,  1807 ;  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  1813;  afterwards  spent  five  years  in 
foreign  study  and  travel.  He  was  professor  of 
modern  languages  at  Harvard,  1819-35 ;  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Boston  Public  Library, 
and  president  of  its  board  of  trustees  1864-66. 
He  published  his  chief  work,  <  A  History  of 
Spanish  Literature'  in  1849,  revised  editions 
1S54-63.  He  wrote  also  :  *  Essays  on  Spanish 
History,)  etc.;  and  <  Life  of  W.  H.  Prescott  > 
(1864). 

Tleck,  Johann  Ludwig  (tek).  A  celebrated 
German  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
in  Berlin,  May  31,  1773;  died  there,  April  28, 
1853.  His  works  include  :  <  Peter  Lebrecht :  A 
Story  without  Adventures*  (1795);  <  William 
LovelP  (1795-96);  <Abdallah>  (1796);  <  Ostrich 
Plumes*  (1795-98);  <The  Legend  of  Peter  Leb- 
recht* (1797);  <  Franz  Sternbald's  Wander- 
ings* (i798);<  Prince  Zerbino  *(i799);*  Romantic 
Fancies*  (1799-1800);  'Life  and  Death  of  St. 
Genevieve*  (1800?);  'Love  Songs  of  the  Sua- 
bian  Past*  (1803),  an  adaptation;  'Don  Qui- 
xote* (1804),  and  'Old  English  Dramatists* 
(1811),  translations;  <  Phantasus  *  (1812);  <  For- 
tunatus  * ;  <  The  Paintings  >  ( 1813  ?) ; '  The  Tour- 
ists* (1814);  'The  Old  Man  of  the  Mountain* 
(1815?)  'Society  in  the  Country*;  'The  Be- 
trothal* (1816);  'Musical  Joys  and  Sorrows*; 
'  The  Greek  Emperor  *  ( 1818) ; '  Dramatic  Pages  * 
(1825);  'Vittoria  Accorombono*  (1840),  not 
completed  ;  translations  from  Shakespeare ;  es- 
says ;  editions  of  noted  works ;  etc. 

Tiedemann,  Diedrich  (te'de-man).  A  Ger- 
man philosopher;  born  at  Bremerworde,  1748; 
died  1786,  at  Marburg,  where  he  was  professor 
of  philosophy  in  the  university.  He  wrote : 
<  Researches  on  the  Origin  of  Languages  *  ( 1772) ; 
'System  of  the  Stoic  Philosophy*  (1777);  'The 
First  Philosophers  of  Greece*  (1780);  'Origin  of 
the  Magic  Arts*  (1787);  'Spirit  of  Speculative 
Philosophy  from  Thales  to  Berkeley*  (6  vols., 
1790-97);  <Thea2tetus;  or.  Human  Knowledge* 
(1794). 

Tledge,  Cbrlstoph  August  (ted'dhfe).  A 
German  poet;  born  1752;  died  1841.  He 
enjoys  distinction  as  the  author  of  <  Urania,* 
and    'Mirror    for    Women.*     He    also    wrote: 


<  Wanderings  through  Life's  Market,*  and  <  Ele- 
gies.* His  admirers  are  many,  and  his  poetry 
has  been  compared  with  that  of  Cowper. 

Tiedge,  Cornelis  Petrus.  A  Dutch  historical 
writer ;  born  at  Leyden,  Dec.  16,  1830.  Among 
his  writings  are  :  '  The  Divine  Service  of  Zara- 
thustra*  (1864);  'Compendium  of  the  History 
of  Religion*  (2d  ed.  1887);  'Western  Asia  in 
the  Light  of  Recent  Discoveries*  (1893); 
< Babylonio- Assyrian  History*  (1887). 

Tiernan, Frances  C.  ["Christian  Reid.**]  An 
American  novelist ;  born  at  Salisbury,  N.  C. 
Her  many  works  include :  <  Valerie  Aylmer  * 
(1870);  'Mabel  Lee*  (1871);  'Morton  House* 
(1871);' Ebb  Tide*  (1872);  '  Nina's  Atonement* 
(1873);  <  Carmen's  Inheritance*  (1873);  'A 
Daughter  of  Bohemia*  (1873);  'A  Gentle  Belle* 
(1875);  'Hearts  and  Hands*  (1875);  <A  Ques- 
tion of  Honor*  (1875);  'The  Land  of  the  Sky* 
(1875);  'After  Many  Days*  (1877);  'Bonny 
Kate*  (1878);  'A  Summer  Idyl*  (1878);  'Hearts 
of  Steel*  (1882);  'Armine*  (1884);  '  Roslyn's 
Fortune*  (1885);  <Miss  Churchill*  (1887);  <A 
Child  of  Mary*  (1887);  and  'Philip's  Restitu- 
tion*  (1888). 

Tighe,  Mary  (ti).  An  Irish  poetess;  born 
in  Dublin  in  1772;  died  at  Woodstock,  County 
Kilkenny,  March  24,  1810.  She  published  in 
1805,  for  private  circulation,  her  poem  <  Psyche.* 
Her  works,  which  appeared  in  181 1,  passed 
through  several  editions.  She  was  the  sub- 
ject of  a  song  by  Moore,  and  a  poem  by  Mrs. 
Hemans. 

Tillemont,  Sebastian  le  Nain  de  (te-ye- 
i.ioh').  A  French  historian;  born  at  Paris, 
1637 ;  died  1698.  He  is  author  of  <  History  of 
the  Emperors  and  Other  Princes  who  Reigned 
in  the  First  Six  Centuries  of  the  Church*  (6 
vols.,  1690-1738);  and  'Materials  for  the  His- 
tory of  the  First  Six  Centuries*  (16  vols.,  1693- 
1712). 

Tillier,  Antoine  de  (te-ya').  A  Swiss  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Bern,  1792 ;  died  1854.  His 
works  are :  '  History  of  the  Middle  Ages  *  (4 
vols.,  1829);  'History  of  the  Helvetic  Republic, 
1798-1848*  (II  vols.J;  'History  of  the  Republic 
of  Bern*  (5  vols.). 

Tillieres,  Le  Veneur  de,  Count  (te-yar'). 
A  French  diplomat  of  the  first  half  of  the  17th 
century.  He  was  ambassador  to  the  English 
court  to  arrange  the  marriage  of  Prince  Charles 
(Charles  I.)  with  Henrietta  Maria.  His  'Me- 
moirs *  are  valuable  for  the  history  of  the  Eng- 
lish court :  they  were  first  published  in  1862. 

Tillotson,  John.  An  English  archbishop 
and  ecclesiastical  writer;  born  at  Sowerby, 
Yorkshire,  October  1630 ;  died  in  London,  Nov. 
22,  1694.  He  ranks  among  the  foremost  of  Eng- 
lish preachers,  published  in  his  lifetime  sev- 
eral volumes  of  sermons,  and  left  many  more 
in  manuscript.     ('Complete  Works,*  1820.) 

Tilton,  Theodore.  An  American  journalist, 
verse-writer,  editor,  and  lecturer ;  born  in  New 
York  city,  Oct.  2,  1835.    He  was  long  known  as 


TIMROD  —  TITTMANN 


52* 


editor  on  the  New  York  Independent  (1856-72). 
He  established  the  Golden  Age  (newspaper), 
but  retired  from  it  after  two  years.  In  1883 
he  went  abroad,  where  he  has  remained.  Be- 
sides numerous  essays  and  fugitive  pieces, 
he  has  published :  <  The  Sexton's  Tale,  and 
Other  Poems  >  (1867);  <  Sanctum  Sanctorum  ;  or, 
An  Editor's  Proof  Sheets*  (1869);  <  Tempest- 
Tossed,)  a  romance  (1873);  <  Thou  and  I  >  (1880); 
<  Suabian  Stories,*  (1882).     Died  1907. 

Tlmrod,  Henry.  An  American  Southern 
poet  and  journalist.  He  was  born  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  Dec.  8,  1829 ;  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
Oct.  6,  1867.  His  only  volume  of  < Poems*  was 
published  in  i860 ;  reprinted  and  edited  with 
memoir  by  Paul  H.  Hayne,  1873. 

Tincker,  Mary  Agnes.  An  American  nov- 
elist; born  in  Ellsworth,  Me.,  July  18,  1833. 
Since  1873  she  has  resided  in  Italy,  and  has 
published  many  novels.  Among  them  are : 
<The  House  of  Yorke  >  (1872);  <A  Winged 
Word*  (1873);  *  Grapes  and  Thorns*  (1874); 
<Six  Sunny  Months*  (1878):  and  the  remark- 
able romances  <  Signor  Monaldini's  Niece  > 
(1878);  <By  the  Tiber*  (1881);  <The  Jewel  in 
the  Lotus*  (1884);  and  < Aurora*  (1885). 

Tindal,  Matthew.  An  English  deist ;  born 
born  at  Beer  Ferris,  Devonshire,  in  1657 ;  died 
at  Oxford,  Aug.  16,  1733.  In  1706  he  published 
<The  Rights  of  the  Church  Asserted,*  and 
later  two  'Defenses*;  in  1710,  <The  New  High 
Church  Turned  Old  Presbyterian,*  which  was 
ordered  publicly  burned  by  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. In  1730  his  most  noted  work,  'Christ- 
ianity as  Old  as  the  Creation,*  was  published. 

Tirabosclil,  Girolamo  ( te-ra-bos'ke ).  An 
Italian  historian  of  literature  ;  born  at  Bergamo, 
Dec.  28,  1731 ;  died  at  Modena,  June  3,  1794. 
He  wrote  a  celebrated  <  History  of  Italian  Lit- 
erature* (14  vols.,  1772-82);  a  work  of  wonder- 
ful erudition,  accuracy,  and  completeness,  ex- 
tending from  the  first  beginnings  of  modem 
culture  in  Italy  down  to  the  i8th  century,  and 
dealing  with  every  branch  of  literature.  Among 
his  other  writings  are :  '  Historical  Memoirs  of 
Modena*  (4  vols.,  1793-94). 

Tirebuck,  William  Edwards.  An  English 
journalist,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
bom  in  Liverpool,  in  1854  ;  died  there,  Jan.  22, 
1900.  At  first  connected  with  the  Liverpool 
Mail  and  Yorkshire  Post,  he  later  devoted  him- 
self to  writing  novels ;  the  most  popular  are  : 

<  Saint    Margaret*     (18S8);    <  Dorrie  *    (1891); 

<  Sweetheart  Gwen  *  ( 1893) ;  <  Miss  Grace  of  All 
Souls*  (1895).  Hisother  writings  include 'Dante 
Gabriel  Rosetti  >  (1882),  and  'Great  Minds  in 
Art*  (1888).  He  belongs  to  the  "Liverpool 
Group  '*  of  English  Authors,  including  Hall 
Caine,  Wm.  Watson,  and  Richard  Le  Gallienne. 

Tiro  (ti'ro).  Cicero's  servant  and  amanuen- 
sis ;  he  lived  about  B.  C.  95- A.  D.  5.  He  was 
emancipated  by  Cicero,  and  even  treated  by 
him  as  a  friend  and  co-worker:  some  of  Cice- 
ro's letters  to  him  are  extant.     He  invented 


a  system  of  short-hand,  called  from  him  «  Nota; 
Tironianae.** 

Tirso  de  Molina.    See  Tellez. 

Tischendorf,  Lobegott  Friedrich  Konstan- 
tin  von  (tish'en-dorf).  A  celebrated  German 
Biblical  antiquarian;  born  at  Lengenfeld  in 
Voigtland,  Jan.  18,  1815;  died  Dec.  7,  1874,  at 
Leipsic,  where  he  was  professor  of  theology. 
In  search  of  ancient  MSS.  of  the  Bible,  he 
visited  the  East  repeatedly,  and  wrote  <  Travels 
in  the  East*  (1845);  'From  the  Holy  Land* 
( 1862).  He  edited  and  published  several  ancient 
texts  of  the  Scripture,  as  '  The  Codex  of  Ephrem 
Syras*  (1843);  *The  Unpublished  Palatine  Gos- 
pel* (1847);  'The  Amiatine  Codex*  (1850); 
'The  Codex  of  Claremont*  (1852);  'Sacred 
Palimpsest  Fragments*  (1854);  'The  Sinaitic 
Codex*  (1862);  'The  Vatican  New  Testament* 
(1867);  a  critical  edition  of  the  'Septuagint' 
(7th  ed.  1887);  'Apocryphal  Acts  of  the  Apos- 
tles* (1851);  'Apocryphal  Gospels*  (1853); 
'Apocryphal  Apocalypses*  (1866).  .He  at- 
tempted to  solve  the  question  '  When  were  our 
Gospels  Compiled?*  (1865,  4th  ed.  1866),  but 
the  work  found  little  favor  with  critics. 

Tissandier,  Gaston  (te-sah-dya').  A  French 
aeronaut  and  chemist ;  born  at  Paris,  Nov.  21, 
1843  ;  died  there,  August  30, 1899.  Besides  text- 
books of  chemistry  he  wrote  for  the  'Library 
ofWonders,*  <Water,)<CoaI,>  'Fossils,* 'Photog- 
raphy *;  in  collaboration  with  Glaisher,  Flamnia- 
rion,  and  Fonvielle,  he  wrote  'Aerial  Voyages.' 

Tissot,  Claude  Joseph  (te-so').  A  French 
philosopher;  born  at  Fourgs  (Doubs),  Nov.  26, 
1801 ;  died  at  Dijon,  Oct.  7,  1876.  He  translated 
most  of  Kant's  writings  into  French.  Among 
his  original  works  are  :  '  Of  the  Beautiful, 
Especially  in  Literature  *  ( 1830 ) ;  '  Short  His- 
tory of  Philosophy*  (1840);  'The  Mania  of 
Suicide  and  of  Revolt*  (1840);  'Parceling  of 
the  Land  and  Division  of  Property*  (1842); 
'Principles  of  Morality*  (1866);  'Catholicism 
and  Public  Instruction*  (1874);  'Insanity  Con- 
sidered Especially  in  its  Relations  to  Normal 
Psychology*  (1876). 

Tissot,  Pierre  Fran90i8.  A  French  histor- 
ical and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  at  Ver- 
sailles, 1768 ;  died  1854.  Among  his  works  are  : 
'Reminiscences  of  Prairial  ist  to  3d*  (1799), 
an  interesting  page  of  French  history ;  <  Virgil's 
Bucolics,*  in  French  verse  (1800);  'The  Three 
Irish  Conspirators;  or,  Emmet's  Shade  *  (1804); 
'The  Wars  of  the  Revolution  to  1815*  (1820); 
'Virgil  Compared  with  Ancient  and  Modern 
Poets*  (4  vols.,  1825-30);  'Complete  History 
of  the  French  Revolution*  (6  vols.,  1833-36). 

Titcomb,  Timothy.    See  Holland. 

Tittmann,  Eriedrich  Wllhelm  (tit'man). 
A  German  historian ;  born  at  Wittenberg,  1784 ; 
died  1864.  His  <  Study  on  the  Amphictyonic 
League  *  (1812)  was  crowned  by  the  Berlin  Acad- 
emy. His  principal  work  is  a  'History  of 
Henry  the  Illustrious  *  (2  vols.,  1845-46).  Among 
his  other  writings  are :  '  A  View  of  the  Civ- 
ilization of  our  Times*  (1835);  'On  Life  and 


52S 


TOBLER  —  TOMMASEO 


Matter>  (1855);  < Aphorisms  of  Philosophy* 
(1859);  <  Nationality  and  the  State>  (1861J. 

Tobler,  Adolf  Uo'bler).  A  Swiss  philologist 
of  Romance  languages;  born  at  Ilirzel,  Ziirich, 
May  24,  1835.  He  became  professor  in  the 
University  of  Berlin,  1867.  He  wrote  :  <  French 
X'ersificalion  in  Ancient  and  Modern  Times  > 
(1S80);  <  Miscellaneous  Contributions  to  French 
(Jrainmar'  (1S86). 

Tobler.  Titus.  A  Swiss  philologist  and  trav- 
eler, born  at  Stein,  Appenzell,  June  25,  1806; 
died  at  Munich,  Jan.  21,  1877.  He  wrote:  <A 
Pleasure  Trip  to  the  Land  of  the  Morning* 
(1839J;  <  Bethlehem  in  Palestine*  (1849);  <  Third 
Journey  to  Palestine*  (1859)  ;  <  Nazareth  in  Pal- 
estine* (186S). 

Tocqueville,  Alexis  Charles  Henri  Clerel 
de  ( tok-vel').  A  distinguished  French  publicist 
and  writer;  born  at  Vermeuil  (Seine-et-Oise), 
July  29,  1805;  died  at  Cannes,  April  16,  1859. 
He  visited  the  United  States  in  1831.  In  1835 
he  published  <  Democracy  in  America.*  In  1838 
he  was  made  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Moral  and  Political  Sciences,  and  in  1839  was 
elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies ;  became  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy  in  i84i_;  was 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  from  June  2  to  Oct. 
31,  1849.  He  published  <The  Old  Regime  and 
the  Revolution*  in  1856.  (< Works,*  9  vols., 
Paris,  1860-65.) 

Todd,  John.  An  American  Congregational 
clerg)  man ;  born  at  Rutland,  Vt.,  Oct.  9,  1800 ; 
died  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  where  he  had  long 
resided,  Aug.  24,  1873.  His  lesson-books  and 
other  works  for  Sunday  schools  were  used  all 
over  America  for  many  years.  Among  his 
other  publications  were :  <  Hints  to  Young 
Men  * ;  <  Summer  Gleanings* ;  etc.  He  invented 
the  '  Index  Rerum  *  for  the  use  of  students. 

Todd,  Lawrie.    See  Thorbum,  Grant. 

Toland,  John.  A  British  free-thinking  phi- 
losopher; born  at  Redcastle  near  Londonderry, 
Ireland,  Nov.  30,  1670;  died  near  London,  172I- 
22.  He  studied  theology  at  Glasgow,  Edinburgh, 
and  Leyden.  Among  many  argumentative 
theological  works  are :  <  Christianity  Not  Mys- 
terious* (1696);  <  Letters  to  Serena*  (1704), 
Serena  being  Sophia,  Queen  of  Prussia  —  in 
these  letters  he  repudiates  the  doctrines  of 
a  God  outside  this  universe,  and  of  personal 
immortality;  <Adeisidoemon*  (1709),  a  tractate 
on  belief  in  daemons;  <Nazarenus;  or,  Jewish, 
Gentile,  and  Mohametan  Christianity*  (1718); 
<  Pantheisticon*  (1720). 

Toldy,  Franz  (tol'de).  A  Hungarian  histo- 
rian of  literature ;  born  at  Buda-Pesth,  Aug. 
10,  1805;  died  there,  Dec.  10,  1875,  professor 
of  Hungarian  literature.  He  wrote:  <  Manual 
of  Hungarian  Poetry*  (1828);  <  History  of  the 
Hungarian  National  Literature*  (1851);  <  His- 
tor>-  of  Hungarian  Poetry*  (1857). 

ToUens.  Hendrik  Caroluszoon  (tol'lens).  A 
Dutch  poet;  born  at  Rotterdam,  Sept.  24, 1780 ; 
died  at  Ryswick,  Oct.  21,  1856.    Among  his  best 


works  are:  < Idylls  and  Love  Songs*  (T801-5); 
< Poems*  (1808-15);  'Account  of  the  Winter 
Spent  by  the  Dutch  at  Nova  Zembla*  (1816); 

<  Romances,     Ballads,    and     Legends*    (1818); 

<  New  Poems*  (,1821);  <  Various  Poems>  (1840); 
<Last  Poems*  (1848-53). 

Tolman,  Herbert  Gushing,  an  American  lin- 
guist, born  Nov.  4,  1865 ;  professor  of  Greek 
at  Vanderbilt  University  since  1894.  ^^  Pub- 
lished :    <  Tolman's  Persian  Incriptions*  (1892) ; 

<  Art  of  Translating  >  ( 1900 ) ;  <  Mycenaean  Tory  > 
(1904);  <  Via  Crucis  *  (1907);  <  Index  of  Rites  to 
the  Grihya  Sutras.*  He  is  editor  of  the  Vander- 
bilt Oriental  Series. 

Tolstoy,  Aleksii  Konstantinovich,  Count 
(tol'stoi).  A  Russian  author ;  born  in  St.  Peters- 
burg, Aug.  24,  1817;  died  near  there,  Sept.  28, 
1875.  He  wrote  a  number  of  ballads  and  lyric 
poems;  one  novel,  < Kniaz  (Prince)  Serbrianyi* 
(translated  by  Jeremiah  Curtin,  1893)  ">  a  short 
drama,  <  Don  Juan  * ;  and  a  trilogy,  <  The  Death 
of  Ivan  the  Terrible*  (1865),  <Tsar  Feodor 
Ivanovich*  (1868),  and  < Tsar  Boris*  (1870). 

Tolstoy,  Count  Lyof  (or  Lev,  English  Leo) 
Alekseevich.  The  great  Russian  novelist; 
born  on  the  family  estate  of  Yasnaya  Polyana 
in  the  government  of  Tula,  Russia,  Sept.  9, 
1828.  He  served  in  the  Crimean  War,  and 
afterward  traveled  extensively.  In  1861  he  took 
up  permanent  residence  on  his  country  estate. 
Among  his  earliest  works  are  :  <  Detsvo*  (Child- 
hood), <Otrchestvo*  (Boyhood),  and  <Iunost* 
(Youth);  also  < Cossacks,*  < Sevastopol,*  and  a 
number  of  military  sketches.  <  War  and  Peace  * 
was  published  in  1865-68 ;  <  Anna  Kardnina  * 
in  1875-78.  His  peculiar  doctrines  are  promul- 
gated in  <  My  Confession,*  <  In  What  my  Faith 
Consists,*  etc.;  many  of  them  are  forbidden  in 
Russia.  His  later  works  are:  <The  Kreutzer 
Sonata*  (1888);  <  Death  of  Ivan  Ilyitch*  (1884- 
86);    <  Master    and   Man*    (1895);   <  On  Art  > ; 

<  Resurrection.*  Nearly  all  have  been  translated 
into  English  and  most  other  modern  languages. 

Tomasini,  Jacopo  Filippo  (t5-ma-se'ne).  An 
Italian  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Padua, 
1597 ;  died  1654,  at  Citta  Nuova  in  Istria,  of 
which  see  he  was  bishop.  He  wrote  :  <  Lives 
of  Illustrious  Men,  with  Portraits*  (1630);  < Pe- 
trarch Come  to  Life  Again*  (1635),  a  work  of 
curious  interest;  <0n  Votive  Offerings*  (1629). 

Tomes,  Robert.  An  American  physician 
and  author ;  born  in  New  York  city,  March  27, 
1817 ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  28,  1882. 
Besides  many  contributions  to  journals  and 
periodicals,  he  published :  <  The  Bourbon  Prince ' 
(1853);  (Richard  the  Lion-Hearted*  (1853); 
< Oliver  Cromwell*  (1855);  'Panama  in  1855* 
(1855);  <The  Americans  in  Japan*  (1857);  <The 
Battles  of  America  by  Sea  and  Land  *  (3  vols., 
1861);  <The  Champagne  Country*  (1867);  and 
<The  War  with  the  South*  (3  vols.,  1864-67). 

Tommaseo,  Niccolb  (to-ma'se-o).  An  Italian 
miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Sevenico  in  Dal- 
matia,  Oct.  9,  1802;  died  at  Florence,  May  I, 
1874.  He  wrote  the  novel  <  The  Duke  of  Ath- 
ens* (1837);  'Commentary  on   Dante*  (1837), 


TOMPA-TOSTI 


529 


a  work  of  great  merit;  the  half  mystical,  half 
erotic  novel  <  Faith  and  Beauty  >  (1840);  <  Crit- 
ical Studies) (1843);  <  The  Death  Penalty  >  (1865). 
He  also  compiled  a  valuable  collection  of 
<  Popular  Songs :  Tuscan,  Corsican,  lUyrian, 
Greek  >  (4  vols.,  1844),  and  a  <  Dictionary  of 
Italian  Synonyms >  (7  vols.,  1856). 

Tompa,  Michael  (tdm'pa).  A  Hungarian 
poet;  born  at  Rimaszombat,  in  the  county  of 
Gomor,  Sept.  29,  1819 ;  died  July  30,  1868.  He 
wrote:  <Folk  Tales  and  Popular  Sayings > 
(1846);  several  allegorical  poems,  among  them 
<The  Stork  >  (1847),  expressing  the  popular 
sympathy  with  the  crming  revolution  ;  'Stories 
of  the  Flowers*  (1854);  <  Mathias  Szuhay.> 

Tomson,  Graham  R.  See  Watson,  Rosa- 
mund. 

Tonna,  Charlotte  Elizabeth  Browne. 
[« Charlotte  Elizabeth."]  An  English  religious 
writer;  born  in  Norwich,  Oct.  i,  1790  (or  1792); 
died  July  12,  1846.  In  her  childhood  she  lost 
her  sight,  and  regained  it.  She  wrote :  <  Ju- 
dah's  Lion>;  <  Judaea  Capta>;  <  Principalities 
and  Powers';  <  Personal  Recollections  >  (1841). 

Tooke,  John  Home.  An  English  political 
writer  and  grammarian ;  born  at  Westminster, 
June  25,  1736;  died  at  Wimbledon,  March  18, 
1812.  The  chief  of  his  early  works  was  a 
pamphlet  entitled  <The  Petition  of  an  Eng- 
lishman.>  He  studied  law;  took  orders  in  the 
Church  of  England;  was  a  friend  and  adher- 
ent of  Wilkes,  but  afterward  quarreled  with 
him,  and  was  denounced  in  the  famous  <  Junius 
Letters.'  He  was  sentenced  to  a  year's  im- 
prisonment for  libel,  and  while  in  prison  wrote 
<A  Letter  to  John  Dunning,  Esq.,>  in  which  he 
reviewed  the  legal  aspects  of  his  case.  His 
chief  work,  <  Epea  Pteroenta  [Winged  Words]; 
or,  The  Diversions  of  Purley,'  was  published 
in  1805.  He  was  an  active  member  of  the 
Society  of  Correspondence  formed  by  the  ad- 
mirers of  the  French  Revolution,  and  was 
committed  to  the  Tower,  but  acquitted. 

TopeUus,  Zacharie  (top-ePe-us).  A  Finnish 
poet  and  novelist;  born  at  KuddrSs,  E.  Bothnia, 
Jan.  14,  1818  ;  died  at  Helsingfors,  Finland, 
March  13,  1898.  He  was  editor  of  the  Hel- 
singfors Tidiiingar  1842-60.  His  earliest  pro- 
ductions appeared  in  his  journal;  some  of  them 
were  issued  later  in  book  form  under  the  title 
<  Ljungblommer  >  (Heather  Flowers:  1845-54). 
He  also  wrote  a  number  of  dramas,  *  Efter 
Femtio  Ar>  (Fifty  Years  Later:  1851);  <  Regina 
af  Emmertz>  (1854).  Many  of  his  juvenile 
stories  have  been  translated  into  English.  His 
best-known  work  is  <  Faltskarens  Berattelser* 
(The  Surgeon's  Stories:  6  vols.,  1872-74),  a 
collection  of  tales  dealing  with  the  history  of 
Sweden  and  Finland  during  the  17th  and  i8th 
centuries. 

Tbpfer,  Karl  (tep'fer).  A  German  writer  of 
comedies  ;  bom  at  Berlin,  Dec.  26,  1792 ;  died  at 
Hamburg,  Aug.  22,  1871.  Among  his  comedies 
are  :  <  The  Best  Tone  * ;  <  Courting  according  to 
Prescription';  <  Rosenmiiller  and   Finke.'     He 

34 


wrote  also  <  Narratives  and  Stories  >  (2  vols., 
1842-44). 

Topin,  Marius  (to-pan')-  A  French  histor- 
ical writer;  born  at  Aix,  Dec.  25,  1838.  He 
wrote:  'The  Cardinal  de  Retz,  his  Genius 
and  his  Writings'  (1864);  <  History  of  Aigues- 
Mortes'  (1865);  <  Europe  and  the  Bourbons  un- 
der Louis  XIV.'  (1867);  <The  Man  in  the  Iron 
Mask  >  (1869);  <  Contemporary  Novelists '  (1876). 

Toplady,  Augustus  Montague.  An  English 
clergyman  and  hymn-writer ;  born  at  Farnham, 
Surrey,  Nov.  4,  1740 ;  died  at  Leicester  Fields, 
London,  Aug.  14,  1778.  He  was  editor  of  the 
Gospel  Magazine,  and  author  of  many  hymns, 
chief  of  which  is  <  Rock  of  Ages.' 

Toppfer  (or  Tbpfifer),  Rudolphe  (top'far). 
A  Swiss  litterateur;  born  at  Geneva,  Feb.  17, 
1799 ;  died  June  8,  1846.  His  father  was  a 
painter,  and  he  wished  to  be  one  also,  but  an 
affection   of   the   eyes   prevented.    He  wrote : 

<  Zigzag  Tours '  (1843);  *  The  Heritage'  (1834); 

<  Rosa  and  Gertrude'  (1846);  < Travels  and 
Adventures  of  Dr.  Festus'  (1840);  etc. 

Torelli,  Achille  (to-rel'e).  An  Italian  writer 
of  comedy;  born  at  Naples,  May  5,  1844.  He 
wrote  at  16  his  first  comedy,  <  Who  Dieth  Lieth.' 
Of  his  others,  the  most  successful  were :  <  A 
Court  in  the  17th  Century';  <The  Mission  of 
Woman';  <  Husbands'  (1867);  <  Sad  Reality' 
(1871);  <Truth>  (1875);  <The  Color  of  the 
Times'  (1875). 

Torfeson,  Thormodur,  also  known  as  Tor- 
faeus  (tor'f^-son).  A  Danish  historian;  born 
on  the  isle  of  Engoe,  off  the  south  coast  of 
Iceland,  1640 ;  died  1719.  His  principal  works, 
all  written  in  Latin,  are  :  <  History  of  the  Faroe 
Islands'  (1695);  *  History  of  the  Orkneys' 
(1697);  <Line  of  the  Dynasties  and  Kings  of 
Denmark'  (1702);  <  History  of  Old  Vinland' 
(1705);  <An&ient  Greenland'  (1706);  <The  His- 
toric Trefoil'  (1707);  <  History  of  Norway' 
(4  vols.,  17 II),  his  greatest  work. 

Torrey,  Charles  Cutler,  an  American  orien- 
talist ;  born  Dec.  20,  1863 ;  since  1900  professor 
of  Semitic  Languages  at  Yale  University.  He 
wrote  <  The  Commercial-Theological  Terms  in 
the  Koran,'  and  translated  from  the  Arabic  <  The 
Mohammedan  Conquest  of  Egypt  and  North 
Africa.' 

Torrey,  Bradford.  An  American  nature 
essayist ;  born  in  Weymouth,  Mass.,  Oct.  9,  1843. 
He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  taught 
two  years,  then  entered  business  in  Boston.  In 
1886  he  became  assistant  editor  of  the  Youth's 
Companion.  He  is  a  close  student  of  birds, 
and  writes  largely  on  this  subject  for  the  mag- 
azines. His  essays  have  been  collected  into  the 
following  volumes  :  <Birdsin  the  Bush'  (1*885); 

<  The  Foot-Path  Way  ' ;  <  A  Rambler's  Lease' ;  <  A 
Florida  Sketch-Book  >  <  Spring  Notes  from  Ten- 
nessee ' ;  *  Nature's  Invitation  > ;  <  Friends  on  the 
Shelf.' 

Tosti,  Ludovico  (t5s'te).  A  distinguished 
Italian  church  historian  ;  born  about  1800 ; 
died  1866.  He  was  a  Benedictine  monk,  ancl 
wrote:   <  History  of  Monte  Cassino  ' ;  <  History 


520 


TOTTEN — TRAILL 


of  Boniface  VIII.,>  in  which  that  pope  is 
defended  against  the  accusations  of  Dante; 
•Abelard  and  his  Tinie>;  <The  Countess  Ma- 
tilda and  the  Roman  Pontiffs';  <The  Lombard 
League,*  a  spirited  account  of  the  struggle  of 
the  Italian  communes  with  the  German  em- 
perors ;  <  History  of  the  Council  of  Constance' ; 
'History  of  the  Greek  Schism';  < Prolegomena 
to  a  Universal  History  of  the  Church '  (2  vols.)- 

Totten,  Charles  Adelle  Lewis.  An  Ameri- 
can army  officer,  inventor,  lecturer,  and  writer 
on  military  subjects ;  born  at  New  London, 
Conn.,  Feb.  3, 1851.  He  has  written  ;  <  Strategos, 
the  American  War  Game'  (1880);  <  Important 
Question  in  Metrology'  (1883);  <Yale  Military 
Lectures ' ;  <  Nativity,  its  Facts  and  Fancies ' 
(1S87).  His  writings  are  now  devoted  to  ques- 
tions of  prophecy.    Died  April  12,  1908. 

Touchard-Lafosse,  G.  (to-char'la-fos').  A 
French  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born 
at  La  Chatre,  1780;  died  at  Paris,  1847.  Among 
his  very  numerous  writings  are :  <  Political 
Puppets'  (5  vols.,  1829);  'Chronicles  of  the 
Q£il-de-Bceuf '  (8  vols.,  1829-33),  a  collection  of 
scandalous  anecdotes ;  <  Jean  Angot :  A  Story  of 
the  i6th  Century'  (2  vols.,  1835);  'Chronicles 
of  the  Opera'  (2  vols.,  1854);  'Recollections  of 
Half  a  Century'  (6  vols). 

Tourgee,  Albion  Winegar.  An  American 
Jawyer,  author,  and  editor ;  born  at  Williams- 
field,  O.,  May  2,  1838.  He  served  in  the  North- 
ern army  (1861-65),  settled  in  the  South,  was 
a  judge,  and  afterwards  editor.  He  has  pub- 
lished :  <  The  North  Carolina  Form  Book ' 
(1874);  'The  North  Carolina  Code'  (1878); 
'Legal  Digest'  (1879);  'North  Carolina  Re- 
ports' (1879).  His  most  popular  novels  are: 
'Figs  and  Thistles'  (1879);  'A  Fool's  Errand, 
by  One  of  the  Fools'  (1879);  'Bricks  Without 
Straw'  (1880);  'Hot  Plowshares'  (1883);  'An 
Appeal  to  Cffisar'  (1884);  'Black  Ice'  (1887); 
and  <  liutton's  Inn'  (1887).     Died,  1905. 

Tourneur,  Cyril.  An  Elizabethan  dramatist, 
the  dates  of  whose  birth  and  death  are  uncer- 
tain. He  was  author  of  two  plays,  'The  Re- 
venger's Tragedy'  (1607),  and  'The  Atheist's 
Tragedy'  (1611);  and  of  a  poem  entitled 'The 
Transformed  Metamorphosis'  (1600). 

Towle,  George  Makepeace.  An  American 
journalist,  author,  and  litterateur.  He  was  born 
in  W'ashington,  D.  C,  Aug.  27,  1841 ;  died  in 
Brookline,  Mass.,  Aug.  10,  1893.  He  was  United 
States  consul  at  Nantes,  France,  1866-68;  and 
at  Bradford,  England,  1868-70.  His  works  in- 
clude :  'Glimpses  of  History'  (1865);  'Henry 
the  Fifth'  (1866);  'American  Society'  (1870); 
'The  Eastern  Question'  (1877);  '  Servia  and 
Roumania'  (1877);  <  Beaconsfield  >  (1878); 
•Young  Folks'  Heroes  of  History'  (1878-80); 
<  Modem  France'  (1879);  <  Men  of  Mark '  (1880); 
'England  and  Russia  in  Asia'  (1885);  'England 
in  Egypt'  (1885);  'Literature  of  the  English 
Language.' 

Towles,  Mrs.  Catharine  "Webb.  An  Amer- 
ican author ;  born  in  Charlemont,  Mass.,  Oct.  25, 


1823.  She  was  editor  of  several  Southern  mag. 
azines,  and  has  published :  '  Three  Golden 
Links'  (1857);  'Tales  for  the  Freemason's  Fire- 
side' (1859);  'Poor  Claire;  or.  Life  Among 
the  Queer'  (1883). 

Townsend,  Edward  Waterman.  An  Amer- 
ican journalist  and  writer  of  dialect  stories ;  born 
in  Ohio,  1855.  His  stories  and  sketches,  first 
printed  in  the  daily  journals,  are  collected  un- 
der the  titles :  '  Chimmie  Fadden,  Major  Max, 
and  Other  Stories ' ; '  Chimmie  Fadden  Explains, 
Major  Max  Expounds';  'A  Daughter  of  the 
Tenements';  'Near  a  Whole  City  Full.'  He 
also  wrote  :  <  A  Summer  in  New  York  ' ;  '  Reu- 
ben Larkmead  ' ;  <  Our  Constitution  ' ;  '  Beaver 
Creek  P'arm.' 

Townsend,  George  Alfred.  ["Gath."]  An 
American  journalist  and  war  correspondent; 
born  in  Georgetown,  Del.,  Jan.  30,  1841.  He 
became  a  journalist  in  i860.  He  was  special 
correspondent  for  the  New  York  Herald  and 
World  (1860-64),  afterwards  public  lecturer,  and 
war  correspondent  in  the  Austro-Prussian  War 
(1866).  His  publications  in  book  form  are: 
'Campaigns  of  a  Non-Combatant'  (1865);  'Life 
of  Garibaldi'  (1867);  'Life  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln' (1867);  'The  New  World  and  the  Old'; 
'Poems'  (1870);  'Washington  Outside  and 
Inside'  (1871);  'Bohem.ian  Days'  (1881);  'The 
Entailed  Hat'  (iSSj).  and  <  Katy  of  Catoctin  ;  or 
The  Chain-Breake-s>  (i8!^fa),  novels  ; 'Life  of  Levi 
P.  Morton  '  (18S8);  '  Coiumbus  in  Love  '  (1892). 

Townsend,  Mrs.  Mary  Ashley.  ["Xariffa."] 
An  American  poet  and  author ;  born  in  Lyons, 
N.  Y.,  about  1836;  died  June  14,  1901.  She 
contributed  sketches  to  the  N.  O.  Delta  that 
attracted  attention,  and  afterwards  published, 
'Xarifta's  I'oenis';  'The  Brother  Clerks'  (1859); 
'Poems'  (1870);  'The  Captain's  Story'  (1874); 
'Down  the  Bayou,'  etc.  (1884). 

Townsend,  Virginia  Frances.  An  Ameri- 
can author  and  novelist ;  born  in  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  in  1836.  She  has  edited  Arthur's  Home 
Magazine,  has  contributed  to  many  journals  and 
magazines,  and  written  many  popular  novels. 
Among  these  are :  '  While  It  Was  Morning ' 
(1859);  'Amy  Deane,  and  Other  Tales'  (1862); 
'The  Well  in  the  Rock,'  etc.  (1863);  <  The  Battle- 
Fields  of  our  Fathers'  (1864);  'Janet  Strong' 
(1865);  'Darryl  Gap'  (1866);  'The  Hollands' 
(1869);  'One  Woman's  Two  Lovers'  (1872); 
'Elizabeth  Tudor'  (1874);  'Only  Girls'  (1876); 
'Six  in  All'  (1878);  and  'Our  Presidents '(1888). 

Toy,  Crawford  Howell.  An  American  Uni- 
tarian clergyman  and  scholar ;  born  in  Norfolk, 
Va.,  March  23,  1836.  He  has  been  professor  of 
Hebrew  at  Harvard  University  since  1880.  He 
has  written  :  '  History  of  the  Religion  of  Israel' 
(1882);  'Quotations  in  the  New  Testament' 
(1884);  'Judaism  and  Christianity:  Progress  of 
Thought  from  the  Old  Testament  to  the  New ' 
(1890);  'Commentary  on  Proverbs'  (1889). 

Traill,  Catherine  Parr  (Strickland).     An 

English  writer,  sister  of  Agnes;  born  in  London, 
Jan.  9,  1802;  died  at  Lakeville,  Can.,  Aug.  29, 


TRAILL  —  TRESCOT 


531- 


1S99.  She  removed  to  Canada  in  1833,  and  made 
her  home  for  many  years  at  Lakeville,  Ont. 
Among  her  works  are:  <The  Backwoodsof  Canada) 
(London,    1835);    'Canadian  Crusoes*   (1852); 

<  J  amblings  in  the  Canadian  Forests>  ( 1854); 
Lffar  in  the  Forest>  (1869);  'Studies  of  Plant 
Lfe)  (1884);  <Pearls  and  Pebbles)  (1895). 

Traill,  Henry  Duff.  An  English  journalist  and 
man  of  letters;  born  at  Blackheath,  Aug.  I4,  1842; 
died  in  London,  Feb.  21,  1900.  Graduated  from 
St.  John's,  O.xford,  1864.  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1868,  but  soon  took  to  literature.  He 
wrote  'Lives)  of  Strafford  (a  very  original  work 
with  a  new  view),  William  IH.,  Sterne,  Cole- 
ridge, and  others ;  also  'Central  Government) 
(l88t);  'Recaptured  Rhymes)  (1882);  'The 
New  Lucian>  ( 1884);  'Two  Proper  Prides; )  etc. 
He  lately  edited  'Social  England:  A  Record  of 
the  Progress  of  the  People,)  in  six  large  volumes; 
and  became  (1897)  editor  of  the  weekly  review 
Literature. 

Train,  Elizabeth  Phipps.  An  American 
novelist;  born  in  1856.    Among  her  works  are: 

<  Dr.  Lamar* ;  'Autobiography  of  a  Professional 
Beauty);  'A  Social  Highwayman);  'A  Marital 
Liability* ;  and  translations  from  the  French,  'The 
Shadow  of  Dr.  Laroque  '  ;  .<  Recollections  of  the 
Court  of  the  Tuileries  > ;  *  A  Queen  of  Hearts.* 

Train,  George  Francis.  An  American  lect- 
urer and  writer,  noted  for  his  eccentricities ; 
born  in  Boston,  March  24,  1829 ;  traveled  ex- 
tensively in  early  life ;  lectured  in  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  returning  to  this  country  in  1862. 
He  has  written  :  'An  American  Merchant  in 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Australia*  (1857);  'Young 
America  Abroad*  (1857);  'Young  America  in 
Wall  Street*  (1858);  'Spread-Eagleism*  (1859); 
'  Every  Man  his  own  Autocrat  *  ( 1859) ;  <  Observ- 
ations on  Street  Railways  * ;  '  Union  Speeches  * 
(i8b2);    'Downfall    of    England*    (1865);    and 

<  Ciuunpionship  of  Woman.*     iJied,  N.  Y.,  1904. 

Treat,  Mrs.  Mary  Lea  Adelia  (Davis) 
(Allen),  An  American  naturalist;  bom  1835. 
She  has  written:  'Chapters  on  Ants*;  'Home 
Studies  in  Nature  * ;  '  Injurious  Insects  of  the 
Farm  and  Garden  * ;  <  My  Garden  Pets.) 

Treitschke,  Heinrich  Gotthard  von  (trltsh'- 
ke).  A  German  historian;  born  at  Dresden, 
Sept.  15,  1834;  died  at  Berlin,  April  28,  1896. 
He  wrote:  'The  Science  of  Society)  (1859). 
His  chief  work  is  '  German  History  in  the  19th 
Century)  (5  vols.,  1879-94).  He  wrote  also: 
'Historical  and  Political  Disquisitions)  (1S65); 
'Socialism  and  its  Supporters*  (1878);  'A  Word 
on  our  Jewry*  (1890);  'Biographical  and  His- 
torical Discussions*  (1897). 

Trelawny,  Edward  John.  An  English  au- 
thor of  celebrity;  born  in  London,  Nov.  13, 
1792;  died  at  Sompting,  Sussex,  Aug.  13,  1881. 
He  is  remembered  as  a  picturesque  and  some- 
what theatrical  adventurer  (supposed  to  be 
drawn  by  Byron  In  'The  Corsair),  the  friend 
of  Byron,  Shelley,  etc.,  and  Byron's  companion 
(1823)    in    the    Greek   war  of   liberation.     He 


wrote  a  novel  called  'Adventures  of  a  Younger 
Son*  ( 1830);  but  his  best-known  work  is  '  Recol- 
lections of  the  Last  Days  of  Shelley  and  Byron* 
(1858),  reissued  in  1878  as  'Records  of  Byron, 
Shelley,  and  the  Author.*  His  body  was  cre- 
mated, and  the  ashes  interred  near  Shelley's 
at  Rome.  His  portrait  is  preserved  in  Millais's 
painting  'The  Northwest  Passage.) 

TrembecM,  Stanislav  (trem-bets'ke).  A 
Polish  poet ;  born  near  Cracow,  about  1723 ; 
died  at  Tulczyn  in  Podolia,  Dec.  12,  1812.  His 
most  considerable  poem,  '  Zofijovka,*  is  a  de- 
scription of  a  park  laid  out  by  the  poet's  patron, 
Count  Potocki,  for  his  wife  Sophia. 

Trench,  Richard  Chenevix.  An  eminent 
British  philologist  and  essayist;  bom  in  Dub- 
lin, Sept.  5,  1807 ;  died  in  London,  March  28, 
1886.  He  was  dean  of  Westminster  1856-63; 
archbishop  of  Dublin  from  1864.  He  was  noted 
in  philology,  on  which  he  wrote  '  Deficiencies 
in  our  English  Dictionaries.)  Among  many 
other  works  may  be  mentioned  :  '  Poems  from 
Eastern  Sources*  (1842);  'Elegiac  Poems* 
(1846);  'Poems  Collected  and  Arranged  Anew) 
(1865);  'Notes  on  the  Parables  of  our  Lord* 
(1841;  15th  ed.  1884);  'Notes  on  the  Mir- 
acles of  our  Lord*  (1846,  13th  ed.  1886);  'On 
the  Study  of  Words*  ( 1851,  15th  ed.  1874); 
'English  Past  and  Present*  (1855-81);  'The 
Authorized  Version  of  the  New  Testament,  in 
Connection  with  some  Recent  Proposals  for  Its 
Revision*  (1858);  'Select  Glossary  of  English 
Words  Used  Formerly  in  Senses  Different  from 
their  Present*  (1859);  'Studies  on  the  Gospels* 
(1867);  'Lectures  on  Mediaeval  Church  His- 
tory* (1877).  He  edited  several  volumes  of 
poetry,  and  '  Remains  of  the  Late  Mrs.  Richard 
Trench,*  his  mother  (1862). 

Trendelenburg,  Friedrich  Adolf  (tren'de- 
len-borG").  A  German  philosopher;  bom  at 
Eutin,  Nov.  30,  1802;  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  24, 
1872.  He  set  forth  the  ethical  aspect  of  his 
philosophy  in  the  treatise  '  The  Ethical  Idea 
of  Right  and  Law,*  and  the  aesthetic  aspect  in 
'  Niobe  *  ( 1846 )  and  '  The  Cathedral  of  Cologne  * 
(1853).  He  wrote  also  'Natural  Justice  on  the 
Ground  of  Ethics*  (2d  ed.  i860). 

Trent,  William  Peterfield.  An  American 
man  of  letters,  dean  of  the  department  of  arts 
and  sciences  and  professor  of  English  and  of 
history  in  the  University  of  the  South ;  born 
1862.  He  has  made  a  special  study  of  Southern 
men  and  times,  and  has  published  : '  1  ife  of  Wil- 
liam Gilmore  Simms  * ;  <  English  Culture  in  Vir- 
ginia * ; '  Southern  Statesmen  of  the  Old  Regime  * 
(1897); '  History  of  American  I  iterature.* 

Trescot,  William  Henry.  An  American 
diplomatist ;  born  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  Nov.  10, 
1822.  He  was  thiited  States  counsel  at  the 
Halifax  Fishery  Commission  in  1877;  special 
envoy  to  South  America  in  1881 ;  and  pleni- 
potentiary with  General  Grant  to  negotiate  a 
treaty  with  Mexico  in  1882.  He  is  the  author 
of  'Foreign  Policy  of  the  United  States*  (1849); 
'Diplomacy   of   the    Revolution*    (1852);   <Aa 


532 


TREVELYAN— TROUBETZKOI 


American  View  of  the  Eastern  Question  >  (1854); 
< Diplomatic  History  of  the  Administrations  of 
Washington  and  Adams>  (1S57);  besides  various 
memoirs,  addresses,  and  pamphlets.    Died  1898. 

Trevelyan.  Charles  Edward,  Sir.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman  and  writer ;  born  April  2,  1S07 ; 
died  in  London,  June  19,  18S6.  He  was  Assist- 
ant Secretary  to  the  Treasury,  1840;  finance 
minister  in  India,  1862-65.  He  married  Lord 
Macaulay's  sister.  He  wrote:  'Education  of 
the  People  of  Ireland  >  (1838);  <The  Irish 
Crisis  >  (1848);  <The  Purchase  System  in  the 
British  Army>  (1867);  <The  British  Army  in 
iS68>  (1869);  <  Christianity  and  Hinduism  > 
(1881);  etc. 

Trevelyan,  George  Otto,  Sir.  An  English 
statesman  and  author,  son  of  Sir  Charles  Tre- 
velyan and  Hannah  Macaulay ;  born  at  Rothley 
Temple,  Leicestershire,  July  20,  1838.  He  was 
secretary  for  Scotland,  1885-86,  and  again  1892- 
95.  Among  his  writings  are  :  <  Letters  of  a  Com- 
petition Wallah >  (1864);  <Cawnpore>  (1865); 
*^he  Ladies  in  Parliament,  and  Other  Pieces  > 
(1869);  <Life  of  Lord  Macaulay  >  (1876);  <  Early 
History  of  Charles  James  Fox '  ;  <  The  American 
Revolution. > 

Trochu,  Louis  Jules  (trS-shii').  A  distin- 
guished French  soldier ;  born  at  Falais  in 
Morbihan,  May  12,  1815;  died  at  Tours,  Oct. 
7,  1896.  He  wrote  :  <  The  Empire  and  the  De- 
fense of  Paris  >  (1872);  <  For  Truth  and  Justice  > 
(1873);  <  Politics  and  the  Siege  of  Paris  >  (1874); 
•Society,  the  State,  and  the  Army>  (1896). 

Trogus    Pompeius,    or    Pompeius    Trogus 

(tro'gus  pom-pe'us).  A  Roman  historian  of 
the  Augustan  age.  Drawing  principally  on 
Greek  sources,  he  wrote  a  universal  history 
from  Ninus  to  his  own  time,  which  he  called 

<  Philippian  Histories,*  because  the  fortunes  of 
Philip  of  Macedon  and  his  line  formed  the 
central  point  of  the  narrative  :  all  that  remains 
of  its  44  books  is  the  table  of  contents  and 
some  few  fragments. 

Trollope,  Anthony.  A  distinguished  Eng- 
lish novelist;  bom  in  London,  April  24,  1815; 
died  there,  Dec.  6,  1882.  He  published :  <  The 
Macdermotsof  Ballydoran>  (1847);  <The  Kellys 
and  the  0'Kellys>  (1848);  <La  Vendue  >  (1850); 
<The  Warden >  (1855);  'Barchester  Towers' 
(1857);  <The  Three  Clerks  >  (1857);  <  Doctor 
Thome  >  (1858);  <The  Bertrams  >  (1859);  <The 
West  Indies  and  the    Spanish   Main>    (1859); 

<  Castle  Richmond >  (i860);  <  Framley  Parsonage  > 
(i86i);  < Tales  of  All  Countries'  (1861);  <Orley 
Farm>  (1862);  <The  Stmggles  of  Brown,  Jones, 
and  Robinson >  (1862);  <North  America'  (1862); 
'Rachel  Ray>  (1863);  <The  Small  House  at 
Allington>  (1864);  <The  Belton  Estate'  (1864); 
♦Hunting  Sketches'  (1864);  <  Can  You  Forgive 
Her?'  (1865);  <Miss  Mackenzie'  (1865);  'Cler- 
gymen of  the  Church  of  England'  (1866); 
'Traveling  Sketches'  (1866);  <Lotta  Schmidt, 
and  Other  Stories'  (1867);  'The  Claverings' 
(1867);  <The  Last  Chronicle  of  Barset'  (1867); 
'Nina  Balatka'  (anonymous:  1867);  'Linda 
Tressel'  (do.:  1868);  < British  Sports  and  Pas- 


times' (edited:  1868);  'Phineas  Finn,  the  Irish 
Member'  (1869);  'He  Knew  He  Was  Right' 
(1869);  'Sir  Harry  Hotspur  of  Humblethwaite' 
(1870);  'An  Editor's  Tales '  (1870);  'The  Vicar 
of  Bullhampton '  (1870);  'Caesar's  Comment- 
aries' (edited:  1870);  'Mary  Gresley'  (1871); 
'Ralph  the  Heir'  (1871);  'The  Eustace  Dia- 
monds' (1872);  'The  Golden  Lion  of  Gran- 
pere'  (1872);  'Australia  and  New  Zealand' 
(1873);  'Phineas  Redux'  (1873);  'Harry  Heath- 
cote  of  GangoiP  (1874);  'South  Australia  and 
Western  Australia,'  '  Victoria  and  Tasmania,' 
and  'New  South  Wales  and  Queensland'  (all 
1874);  'Lady  Anna'  (1874);  'The  W'ay  we 
Live  Now'  (1875);  'The  Prime  Minister'  (1876); 
'The  American  Senator'  (1877);  'South  Africa' 
(1877);  'Is  he  Popenjoy?)  (1878);  'John  Cal- 
digate'  (1879);  'An  Eye  for  an  Eye'  (1879); 
'Cousin  Henry'  (1879);  'Thackeray'  in  'Eng- 
lish Men  of  Letters'  (1879);  'The  Duke's 
Children'  (1880);  'Life  of  Cicero'  (1880); 
'Ayala's  Angel'  (1881);  'Dr.  Wortle's  School' 
(1881);  'Why  Frau  Frohmann  Raised  her 
Prices,  and  Other  Stories'  (1881);  'The  Fixed 
Period'  (1882);  'Kept  in  the  Dark'  (1882); 
'Lord  Palmerston'  in  'English  Political  Lead- 
ers' (1882);  'Marion  Fay'  (1882);  'Mr.  Scar- 
borough's Family'  (1883).  Posthumously  ap- 
peared: his  'Autobiography'  (1883);  'The 
Land  Leaguers'  (1883,  unfinished);  and  'An 
Old  Man's  Love'  (1884). 

Trollope,  Frances  M.  An  English  author, 
mother  of  Anthony;  born  in  Hampshire,  about 
1780;  died  in  Florence,  Italy,  Oct.  6,  1863.  In 
1829  she  visited  America,  and  afterwards  pub- 
lished a  volume  entitled  '  Domestic  Manners  of 
the  Americans'  (1831).  She  followed  this  with 
the  novel  'The  Refugee  in  America'  (1832). 
Among  har  other  works  are  :  <  The  Abbess ' 
(1833);  'Tremordyn  Cliff'  (1835);  '  The  Barna- 
bys  in  America'  (1843);  'Life  and  Adventures 
of  a  Clever  Woman'  (1854);  and  '  Fashionable 
Life;  or,  Paris  and  London'  (1856). 

Trollope,  Thomas  Adolphus,  elder  brother 
of  Anthony;  born  April  29,  1810 ;  died  at  Clif- 
ton, Nov.  II,  1892.  He  was  a  constant  con- 
tributor to  English  periodicals,  and  was  Italian 
correspondent  of  the  New  York  Tribune. 
Among  his  many  books  are :  '  A  Summer 
in  Brittany'  (1840);  'A  Summer  in  Western 
France'  (1841);  'La  Beata'  (1861);  'Marietta' 
(1862);  'Beppothe  Conscript'  (1864);  '  Lindis- 
farn  Chase'  (1864);  'History  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  Florence'  (4  vols.,  1865);  'Dream 
Numbers'  (1868);  <A  Siren'  (1870);  'Life  of 
Pius  IX.'  (1877);  'Sketches  from  French  His- 
tory)  (1878);  'What   I   Remember'   (1887-89). 

Trou'betzkoy,  Mrs.  Amelie  (Rives)  (Chanlen 
(tro-bets^koi).  An  American  novelist;  born 
in  Virginia,  Aug.  23,  1863.  She  has  lived  abroad 
since  her  second  marriage.  She  has  written : 
'A  Brother  to  Dragons,  and  Other  Tales'  (1888); 
'The  Quick  or  the  Dead?'  (1888);  'Barbara 
Dering';  'The  Witness  of  the  Sun';  'Herod 
and  Mariamne :  Drama';  'Virginia  of  Vir- 
ginia'; '  Athelwold  ' ;  '  Augustine  the  Mah.' 


TROWBRIDGE  —  TUCKER 


533 


Trowbridge,  John  Townsend.  An  Amer- 
ican poet,  novelist,  and  general  writer ;  born  in 
Ogden,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  i8,  1827.  His  first  poems, 
<The  Vagabonds,)  <At  Sea,>  <The  Pewee,> 
etc.,  appeared  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  also  the 
story  <  Coupon  Bonds. >  Among  his  numerous 
novels,  tales  of  adventure,  etc.,  are :  <  Father 
Brighthopes>  (1853);  <  Hearts  and  Faces  >  (1853); 

<  Martin  Merrivale>  (1855);  <  Neighbor  Jack- 
wood>  (1857);  <The  Old  Battle-Ground >  (1859); 
<The  Drummer  Boy>  (1863);  *  Cudjo's  Cave> 
(1864);  <  The  Three  Scouts  >  (1865);  <  Lucy  Arlyn  > 
(1866);  'Coupon  Bonds >  (1866);  < Neighbors' 
Wives >  (1867);  <  The  Story  of  Columbus >  (1867); 
<The  Jack  Hazard  Series  >  {1871-75);  <The 
Emigrant's    Story,    and   Other   Poems >  (1875); 

<  The  Silver  Medal  Series  >  (1877-82);  <  The  Book 
of  Gold,  and  Other  Poems>  (1878);  <  A  Home  Idy],> 
etc.   (1881);    <The  Tide-Mill  Series  >   (1882-8,7); 

<  The  Lost  Earl )  ( 1888) ;  <  My  Own  Story  >  ( 1903). 

True,  Charles  Kittridge.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  historical  writer ;  born  in  Portland, 
Me.,  Aug.  14,  1809 ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  20,  1878.  He  was  pastor  of  various  Metho- 
dist churches,  and  subsequently  professor  of 
intellectual  philosophy  at  Wesleyan  University 
(1849-60).  He  was  the  author  of  <  Elements  of 
Logic  >  (1840);  <Shawmut;  or.  The  Settlement 
of   Boston*    (1845);    <John  Winthrop>    (1875); 

<  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  >  (1878);  <Life  and  Times 
of  John  Knox>  (1878);  <  Memoirs  of  John  How- 
ard >  (1878);  <The  Thirty  Years'  War>  (1879); 

<  Heroes  of  Holland  >  (1882). 

Trueba  y  Coslo,  Telesforo  de  (trwa'ba  e 
kos'yo).  A  Spanish  poet;  born  at  Santander, 
1798;  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  4,  1835.  He  wrote 
several   comedies,   as   <  The    Fickle   One  >   and 

<  Marrying  on  60,000  Duros.>  He  wrote  in  Eng- 
lish   several    historical    novels,    among    them 

<  Gomez  Arias*  (1828),  and  <The  Castilian> 
(1829);  and  also  in  English,  < Lives  of  Cortes 
and  Pizarro>  (1830)    and  the  historical  drama 

<  The  Royal  Delinquent.*  The  most  successful 
of  his  works  was  <  Paris  and  London*  (1833), 
a  portraiture  of  manners  and  morals. 

Trumbull,  Gurdon.  An  American  ornitholo- 
gist, brother  of  H.  C.  and  J.  H. ;  born  in 
Stonington,  Conn.,  May  5,  1841.  He  has  pub- 
lished < American  Game  Birds;  or,  Names  and 
Portraits  of  Birds,  with  Descriptions.     Died  1903. 

Trumbull,  Henry  Clay.  An  American  edi- 
tor, author,  and  lecturer;  bom  in  Stonington, 
Conn.,  June  8,  1830.  He  was  army  chaplain 
1862-65 ;  afterwards  secretary  of  the  American 
Sunday  School  Union,  1865-72 ;  and  after  1875 
editor  of  the  Sunday  School  Times.  He  pub- 
lished many  books,  including:  <  Army  Ser- 
mons* (1864);  <The  Knightly  Soldier*  (1865); 
<A  Useful  Life,*  etc.  (1866);  <The  Captured 
Scout  *  ( 1869) ;  <  Children  in  the  Temple  *  ( 1869) ; 
<A  Model  Superintendent*  (1880);  <  Kadesh- 
Bamea*  (1884);  <  Teaching  and  Teachers* 
(1884);  <The  Blood  Covenant*  (1885);  'Yale 
Lectures  on  the  Sunday  School  *  (1888);  <  Studies 
ia  Oriental  Social  Life.*    Died  Dec.  8,  1903. 


Trumbull,  James  Hammond.  An  American 
philologist  and  librarian,  brother  of  H.  C. ;  born 
in  Stonington,  Conn.,  Dec.  20,  1821 ;  died  in 
Hartford,  Aug.  5,  1897.  He  v.'as  Secretary  of 
State  of  Connecticut  during  the  War,  1861-64, 
and  held  many  honorable  posts  connected  v/ith 
historical  and  educational  associations.  He 
was  president  of  the  American  Philological 
Association  1874-75.  He  made  the  Indian 
languages  of  North  America  a  special  study ; 
is  the  acknowledged  authority  on  the  Algonkin 
tongues ;  and  published  many  essays  on  Indian 
philology.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
proceedings  of  historical  societies.  Among  his 
works  are :  <  The  Colonial  Records  of  Con- 
necticut* (1850-59);  <  Historical  Notes  on  some 
Provisions  of  the  Connecticut  Statutes*  (1860- 
61);  <The  Composition  of  Indian  Geographical 
Names*  (1870);  < Historical  Notes  on  the  Con- 
stitution of  Connecticut*  (1872);  <The  True 
Blue-Laws  of  Connecticut,*  etc.  (1876).  He 
edited  <The  Memorial  History  of  Hartford 
County*  (1886).  His  knowledge  of  books  was 
vast;  as  a  shrewd  collector  and  book-buyer 
he  had  few  superiors ;  and  his  name  is  asso- 
ciated with  the  sale  of  the  <<  Brinley  Library,** 
and  with   the  Watkinson  Library  at  Hartford. 

Trumbull,  John.  An  American  poet  and 
lawyer,  famous  in  his  day  as  a  satirist ;  born 
in  Westbury,  Conn.,  April  24,  1750;  died  at 
Detroit,  Mich.,  May  10,  1831.  He  wrote  with 
Timothy  Dwight  a  series  of  essays  in  the  Spec- 
tator style,  which  first  drew  attention  to  his  abil- 
ity. In  <The  Progress  of  Dulness*  (1772-73)  he 
satirized  contemporary  methods  of  education ; 
but  he  won  his  greatest  fame  with  <  McFingal  * 
(1775-82),  a  satire  on  the  loyalists  of  the 
Revolution  time,  written  in  Hudibrastic  verse. 
Thirty  pirated  editions  are  said  to  have  been 
sold ;  and  some  of  its  lines  are  still  <<  familiar 
quotations  **  popularly  credited  to  <  Hudibras.* 
Later  he  was  associated  with  Joel  Barlow  and 
others  in  the  production  of  <  The  Anarchiad  * 
(1786-87).  His  <  Poetical  Works*  were  pub- 
lished at  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1820. 

Trumpp,  Ernst  (tromp).  A  German  Ori- 
entalist ;  born  at  Ilsfeld,  Wiirtemberg,  March 
13,  1828;  died  at  Munich,  April  5,  1885.  His 
principal  work  is  <  The  Adi  Granth ;  or,  The 
Holy  Scriptures  of  the  Sikhs,  Translated  from 
the  Original  Gurmukhi*  (1877).  He  wrote 
also :  *■  The  Language  of  the  so-called  Caffres 
in  the  Hindu  Caucasus*;  <Sindi  Literature: 
The  Divan  of  Abd-ul-Latif '  (1866);  <The  Bap- 
tism Book  of  the  Ethiopian  Church*  (1876). 

Tschudi,  Johann  Jakob  von  (tshb'de).  A 
Swiss  naturalist  and  traveler;  born  at  Glarus, 
July  25,  1818;  died  at  Jakobshof  in  Lower 
Austria,  Oct.  8,  1889.  He  traveled  extensively 
in  South  America  in  1838-43,  and  again  in 
1857-61.  He  wrote  :  <  The  Kechua  Language  * 
(1853);  <  Peru  :  Sketches  of  Travel  *  (1846);  <  Pe- 
ruvian Antiquities*  (1851);  < Travels  in  South 
America*  (5  vols.,  1866-69). 

Tucker,  George.  An  American  lawyer,  ed- 
ucator, and  author;  born  in  Bermuda  in  1775; 


534 


TUCKER  — TURNBULL 


died  in  Albemarle  County,  Va.,  April  lO,  l86i. 
He  was  a  M^moer  of  Congress,  1819-25.  For 
twenty  years  he  was  professor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy in  the  University  of  Virginia  (1825-45). 
He  wrote  for  many  journals  and  periodicals: 
was  the  author  of  <  Letters  on  the  Conspiracy 
of  Slaves  in  Virginia  >  (1800);  <  Essays  on  Sub- 
jects of  Taste,>  etc.  (1822);  <The  Valley  of  the 
Shenandoah >  (1824),  a  novel;  < Principles  of 
Rent,  Wages,  and  Profits  >  (1837);  <Life  of 
Thomas  Jefferson>  (1837);  'History  of  the 
United  States  from  their  Colonization  to  1841  > 
(4  vols.,  1856-58):  <  Banks  or  No  Banks  >  (1857); 
and  <  Essays,  Moral  and  Philosophical  >  (i860). 

Tucker.  William  Jewett.  An  American 
educator  and  clergyman;  born  at  Griswold, 
Conn.,  July  13,  1839.  He  was  professor  at  Ando- 
ver  Seminary  until  1893,  and  since  then  presi- 
dent of  Dartmouth  College.      He  has  written 

<  The  New  Movement  in  Humanity* ;  <  From  Lib- 
erty to  Unity.' 

Tuckerman,  Bayard.  An  American  writer; 
born  in  New  Vork  in  1855.  His  works  include 
<A  History  of  English  Prose  Fiction*  (1882); 

<  Life  of  Lafayette* ;  <  William  Jay  and  the  Abo- 
lition of  Slavery  * ;  <  Life  of  Peter  Stuyvesant* 

Tuckerman,  Henry  Theodore.  An  Amer- 
ican author  and  critic,  of  much  note  in  his 
day ;  born  in  Boston,  April  20,  1813 ;  died  in 
New  York,  Dec.  17,  1871.  His  works  include : 
<The  Italian  Sketch  Book*  (1835);  < Isabel; 
or,  Sicily*  (1839);  'Rambles  and  Reveries* 
(1841);  < Thoughts  on  the  Poets*  (1846);  <Artist 
Life*  (1847);  'Characteristics  of  Literature* 
(1849-51);  <The  Optimist*  (1850);  'Poems* 
(1851);'  Memorial  of  Horatio  Greenough  >  (1853); 
'Bibliographical  Essays*  (1857);  'Art  in  Amer- 
ica* (1858);  'The  Book  of  the  Artists*  (1867); 
'The  Collector:  Essays*  (1868).  He  edited 
with  William  Smith  <A  Smaller  History  of 
English  and  American  Literature*  (1870). 

Tulloch,  Jobn.  A  Scottish  educator  and 
ecclesiastical  writer ;  born  near  Tibbermuir, 
Perthshire,  June  i,  1823 ;  died  at  Torquay,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  13,  1886.  He  published:  'Leaders 
of  the  Reformation*  (1859);  'English  Puri- 
tanism and  its  Leaders*  (1861);  'Beginning 
Life*  (1862);  'The  Christ  of  the  Gospels  and 
the  Christ  of  Modern  Criticism  * ;  <  Lectures 
on  Renan's  Life  of  Jesus'  (1864);  'Theology 
and  Greek  Philosophy  in  England  in  the  17th 
Century*  (1872);  <  Pascal*  (1878);  'Movements 
in  Religious  Thought  in  Britain  during  the 
19th  Century*  (1885);  and  several  volumes  of 
sermons.  He  gained  the  second  Burnett  prize 
of  ;^6oo  for  an  essay  '  On  the  Being  and  Attri- 
butes of  God,*  which  was  published  under  the 
title  <  Theism :  The  Witness  of  Reason  and 
Nature  to  an  All-Wise  and  Beneficent  Creator* 
(1855).  He  also  did  much  review  work,  and 
wrote  'The  Wigtown  Martyrs  Proved  to  be 
Myths.* 

Tupper,  Martin  Farquhar.  An  English 
poet;  born  in  London,  July  17,  1810;  died  at 
Albury,  Surrey,  Nov.  29,  1889.  In  1838  he 
issued  the  work  by  which  he  is  best  known, 


<  Proverbial  Philosophy,*  which  had  an  im- 
mense circulation.  He  wrote  other  volumes 
of  prose  and  verse  :  '  Hactenus :  A  Budget  of 
Lyrics*;  'Ballads  for  the  Time*;  'Stephen 
Langton ;  or,  The  Days  of  King  John  > ;  '  Prob- 
abilities * ;  'An  Aid  to  Faith  > ;  '  My  Life  as  an 
Author.'  He  twice  visited  the  United  States, 
and  in  1875  wrote  a  drama  in  honor  of  the 
centenary  of  American  independence. 

Tupy,  Eugen(to'pe).  ["  Voleslavjablonsky."] 
A  Czech  poet;  born  at  Kardasch-Rzetschitz, 
Jan.  14,  1813;  died  at  Cracow,  March  1881.  He 
is  one  of  the  foremost  of  Bohemian  lyrists,  and 
his  <  Love  Songs '  in  particular  are  held  in  great 
popular  favor.  He  also  wrote  the  didactic  poem 
'The  Father's  Wisdom.^ 

Turgeneff,  Ivan  (tor-gan^^f)-  A  celebrated 
Russian  novelist;  born  in  Orel,  Nov.  9,  1818; 
died  in  Bougival,  near  Paris,  Sept.  3,  1883. 
His  works  include:  'Poems'  (1841);  '  Para- 
scha'  (1843);  'Improvidence'  (1843);  'Andrei 
Kolosov'  (1844);  'Andrei'  (1845),  a  volume 
of  poems;  'The  Conversation'  (1845);  'The 
Landlord    '(1846);    'Three    Portraits'    (1846); 

<  Khor  and  Kalinych '  ( 1847.) ;  <  The  Bully  *  ( 1847); 
'Dimitri  Rudin'  (1852);  'Two  Friends'  (1853); 
'Quiet  Life'  (1854);  'Rudin'  (1856);  'Faust* 
(1856);  'Asja'  (1858);  <A  Nest  of  Noblemen* 
(1859),  also  translated  as  'Lisa';  'First  Love' 
(i860); '  Hamlet  and  Don  Quixote'  (i860);  'On 
the  Eve'  (1862);  'Fathers  and  Sons*  (1862); 
'Visions'  (1863);  'The  Dog'  (1863?);  'Story 
of  Lieutenant  Jergunov '  (1864);  'The  Brig- 
adier' (1866);  'Smoke'  (1867);  'An  Unfortu- 
nate' (1868);  <A  Strange  Tale*  (1869);  'A  King 
Lear  of  the  Steppe*  (1870);  'Knock!  Knock! 
Knock!'  (1870);  'Pegasus*  (1871);  'Chertopcha- 
nov's  End*  (1872); '  Punin  and  Baburin*  (1874); 
'The  Living  Skeleton*  (1875);  *  The  Watch' 
(1875);  'Some  One  Knocks'  (1875);  'The 
Dream'  (1876);  'New'  (1877),  also  translated 
as  <  Virgin  Soil ' ; '  Father  Alexei's  Story  >  ( 1877) ; 
'Song  of  Triumphant  Love'  (18S1);  'The  Old 
Portraits*  (18S2);  'The  Despairing  One'  (1882); 
'Poems  in  Prose*  (1882);  <  Klara  Milich*  (1883); 
<The  Conaagration  at  Sea*  (1883). 

Turgot,  Anne  Robert  Jacques,  Baron  de 
I'Aulne  I  tor-go').  An  eminent  French  polit- 
ical economist  and  statesman ;  born  at  Paris, 
May  10,  1727;  died  there,  March  8,  1781.  He 
was  minister  of  finance  under  Louis  XVI.  In 
political  economy  he  was  one  of  the  chief  rep- 
resentatives of  the  Physiocrat  school  (see  Ques- 
nay).  It  was  he  who  said  of  Franklin  (in  a 
Latin  hexameter),  "  he  wrested  the  lightning 
from  the  sky  and  the  sceptre  from  tyrants." 

Turnbull,  Robert.  A  Scottish-American  Bap- 
tist pastor,  editor,  and  author;  bom  in  Scot- 
land, Sept.  10,  1809 ;  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1833 ;  died  Nov.  20,  1877,  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
where  he  was  many  years  a  pastor.  He  was 
editor  of  the  Christian  Review  for  two  years. 
Among  his  many  books  are :  '  The  Theatre ' 
(1840);  'Olympia  Morata'  (1842);  'The  Genius 
of  Scotland'  (1847);  'The  Genius  of  Italy' 
(1849);  'Theophany'   (1851);   'Pulpit  Orators 


TURNER  —  TYNDALL 


535 


of  France  and  Switzerland >  (1853);  <The  Stu- 
dent Preacher  >  (1854);  <The  World  We  Live 
In>  (1855);  <  Christ  in  History  >  (1856);  <Life 
Pictures;  or,  Sketches  from  a  Pastor's  Note- 
Book)  (1857). 

Turner,  Charles  Tennyson.  An  English 
poet,  brother  of  Alfred  Tennyson ;  born  at  Soni- 
ersby,  Lincolnshire,  July  4,  1808 ;  died  at  Chel- 
tenham, April  25,  1879.  He  assumed  the  name 
of  Turner  (1835)  by  royal  license,  having  in- 
herited some  property  from  his  great-uncle, 
Rev.  Samuel  Turner.  Besides  <  Poems  of  Two 
Brothers,*  written  in  collaboration  with  Alfred, 
he  wrote  :  < Sonnets  and  Fugitive  Pieces'  (1830); 
< Sonnets*  (1864);  <  Small  Tableaux*  (1868); 
< Sonnets,  Lyrics,  and  Translations*  (1873); 
< Collected  Sonnets,  Old  and  New*  (1880). 

Turner,  Sharon.  An  English  historian  ;  born 
at  London,  Sept.  24,  1768;  died  there,  Feb.  13, 
1847.  He  wrote  :  <  History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons* 
(4  vols.,  1799-1805;  7th  ed.,  3  vols.,  1852);  <  His- 
tory of  England  during  the  Middle  Ages*  (3 
vols.,  1814-23;  7th  ed.,  4  vols.,  1853);  <  Modern 
History  of  England,*  comprising  <  The  Reign 
of  Henry  VIIL*  (1826)  and  <The  Reigns  of 
Edward  VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth  >  (1829);  <  Sa- 
cred History  of  the  World*  {3  vols.,  1832);  and 
a  volume  of  miscellaneous  essays,  poems,  etc. 

Tusser,  Thomas.  An  English  poet ;  born  at 
Rivenhall,  Essex,  about  1515 ;  died  in  London, 
about  April  1580.  He  was  the  author  of  <  Five 
Hundred  Points  of  Good  Husbandry,  United 
to  as  many  of  Good  Housewifery,*  etc.  (i573), 
in  verse,  with  metrical  autobiography ;  chiefly 
valuable  for  its  picture  of  the  manners  and 
domestic  life  of  the  English  farmer. 

Tuttiett,  Mary  G.  (tut'i-et).  [« Maxwell 
Gra.**]  An  English  novelist;  born  m  the  Isle 
of  Wight,  18 — ,  and  resides  there.  She  has 
written:*  The  Broken  Tryst*  (1879);  <The  Silence 
of  Dean  Maitland  >  (1886);  <  The  Reproach  of 
Annesley  *  (1889)  ;  <  Richard  Rosny  '  (1903). 

Twain,  Mark.    See  Clemens. 

Twesten,  Karl  (tves'ten).  A  German  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  bom  at  Kiel ;  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Oct.  14,  1870.  He  wrote :  <  Schiller  in  his 
Relation  to  Science*  (1863);  <  Machiavelli  * 
(1868);  <The  Religious,  Political,  and  Social 
Ideas  of  the  Civilized  Peoples  of  Asia  and 
Eg)Tt'  (2  vols.,  1872). 

Twichell,  Joseph  Hopkins.  An  American 
Congregational  clergyman,  and  writer  of  bio- 
graphy; born  in  Connecticut,  183-.  He  has 
published  <Life  of  John  Winthrop*;  and  ed- 
ited <  Some  Old  Puritan  Love  Letters.* 

Twiss,  Sir  Travers.  A  celebrated  English  writer 
and  authority  on  international  law;  born  in  Lon- 
don, March  19,  1809;  died  there,  Jan  14,  189-. 
He  resigned  all  his  important  offices  in  1872.  He 
published:  <View  of  the  Progress  of  Political 
Economy  since  the  i6th  Century*  (1847);  <Lec- 
tures  on  International  Law*  ( 1856);  <The  Law  of 
Nations'  (1861);  < Law  of  Nations  in  Times  of 
War*  (1863);  <Monumenta  Juridica*  (1871-76); 
^Belligerent  Right  on  the  High  Seas*  (1884). 


Tycho  Brahe  (ti'ko  bra'e).  An  illustrious 
Danish  astronomer;  born  at  Knudstrup,  Dec. 
24,  1546;  died  at  Prague,  Oct.  24,  1601.  In 
<On  the  New  Star*  (1573)  he  treats  of  the 
star  discovered  by  him  in  Cassiopeia.  His  other 
writings,  most  of  which  were  published  post- 
humously, include  :  <  Astronomical  Works  * ;  <  Me- 
chanical Astronomy  * ;  <  Astronomical  Letters.* 

Tychsen,  Olaus  Gerhard  (tich'sen).  A  Ger- 
man Orientalist ;  born  at  Tondern,  Dec.  14, 
1734;  died  at  Rostock,  Dec.  30,  1815.  His 
greatest  work  is  <  Leisure  Hours  at  Biitzow  > 
(6  vols.,  1766-69),  a  valuable  repertory  of  Jew- 
ish   history    and    erudition.      He    also    wrote : 

<  Elements  of  Arabic*  (1792);  <  Elements  of 
Syriac*  (1793);  <Syriac  Natural  Science*  (1795). 

Tychsen,  Thomas  Christian.  A  German 
Orientalist ;  born  at  Horsbyll,  Silesia,  May  8, 
1758;  died  Oct.  23,  1834,  at  Gottingen,  where 
he    was    professor    of    theology.      He    wrote: 

<  Principles  of  Hebrew  Archreology*  (1789); 
'Grammar  of  Literary  Arabic*  (1823);  and 
several  essays  on  <  Numismatics,*  <  Palaeogra- 
phy,* <  The  Poetry  of  the  Arabs,*  etc. 

Tyler,  Moses  Coit.  An  American  educator 
and  author;  born  in  Griswold,  Conn.,  Aug.  2, 
1835;  died  at  Ithaca,  N.Y.,  Dec.  25,  1900.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1857;  and  was  pastor  of  a 
Congregational  church  1860-62.  From  1867  to 
1 88 1  he  was  professor  in  the  University  of 
Michigan;  and  after  that  was  professor  of  Ameri- 
can history  in  Cornell  University.  He  published: 
<Brawnville  Papers*  (1868);  'History  of  Amc  i- 
can  Literature*  (1878)  ;  'Manual  of  English 
Literature*  (1879);  'Life  of  Patrick  Henry* 
(1887);  'Literary  History  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution, 1763-83*  (2  vols.,  1887);  'Three  Men 
of  Letters*  (1895). 

Tyler,  Royall.  An  American  jurist  and  au- 
thor; born  in  Boston,  1757;  died  in  Brattle- 
boro,  Vt.,  Aug.  16,  1826.  In  1794  he  was  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Vermont,  and  in  1800 
Chief  Justice.  He  wrote  the  first  American 
play  to  be  acted  by  regular  comedians :  '  The 
Contrast,*  produced  in  1786  at  New  York, 
He  also  wrote  :  '  May-Day  :  A  Comedy*  (1787); 
'  The  Georgia  Spec. ;  or.  Land  in  the  Moon  * 
(1797);  'The  Algerine  Captive*  (1799);  'Moral 
Tales  for  American  Youths  * ;  '  The  Yankee 
in  London*;  and  contributed  many  sketches, 
verses,  and  essays  to  various  journals  and  mag- 
azines. 

Tylor,  Edward  Burnett.  An  English  writer 
on  the  early  history  of  civilization ;  bom  at 
Camberweil,  Oct.  2,  1832.  He  wrote :  '  Ana- 
huac;  or,  Mexico  and  the  Mexicans*  ( 1861 ); 
'  Early  History  of  Mankind  and  of  Civilization* 
(1865;  3d  ed.  1878);  'Primitive  Culture:  Re- 
searches into  the  Development  of  Mythology, 
Philosophy,  Religion,  Art,  and  Custom*  (1871; 
3d  ed.  1891);  'Anthropology*  (1881). 

Tyndall,  John.  A  British  physicist  and 
writer  on  science ;  bom  at  Leighlin  Bridge,  near 
Carlow,  Ireland,  Aug.  2,  1820;  died  at  Hasle- 
mere,  Surrey,  England,  Dec.  4, 1893.   He  studied 


536 

in  Germany;  in  1850  he  published  in  the  Philo- 
sophical Magazine  <  Discoveries  in  Magnetism.^ 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
in  1852 ;  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the 
Royal  Institution  in  1853,  and  in  1867  its  super- 
intendent He  was  the  first  to  climb  the  Weiss- 
horn,  and  subsequently  reached  the  summit  of 
the  Matterhorn ;  and  published  :  <  Philosophical 
Transactions  in  Glaciers  of  the  Alps>  (i860); 
•Mountaineering  in  1861  >  (1862);  and  <  Hours 
of  Exercise  in  the  Alps>  (1871).  <Heat  Con- 
sidered as  a  Mode  of  Motion  >  appeared  in 
1S63;  <Dust  and  Disease,*  1870.  In  1872 
he  lectured  in  the  United  States :  the  profits 
he  devoted  as  a  fund  « in  aid  of  students 
who  devote  themselves  to  original  research." 
Besides  the  works  mentioned,  he  published : 
<  Sound :  A  Course  of  Eight  Lectures  >  (2d  ed. 
1875);  < Faraday  as  a  Discoverer'  (1868);  <Nine 
Lectures  on  Light*  (1870);  < Essays  on  the 
Use  and  Limit  of  the  Imagination  in  Science* 
(1871);  <The  Forms  of  Water  in  Clouds  and 
Rivers,  Ice  and  Glaciers*  (1872);  <  Essays  on 
the  Floating  Matter  of  the  Air*  (1881);  and 
'New  Fragments*  (1892);  besides  many  others. 
He  received  honorary  degrees  from  the  Univer- 
sities of  Cambridge  and  Edinburgh,  and  was 
made  D.  C.  L.  by  Oxford. 

Tyng,  Stephen  Higginson.  A  prominent 
American  clergyman,  long  rector  of  St.  George's 
Church,  New  York;  born  in  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  March  I,  1800 ;  died  in  Irvington,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  4,  1885.  For  several  years  he  edited  the 
Episcopal  Recorder,  the  Protestant  Church- 
man, etc.,  and  he  published  in  book  form  many 
volumes;  among  them:  'Lectures  on  the  Law 
and  Gospel*  (1832);  'Sermons*  (1839-52); 
'Recollections  of  England*  (1847);  'The  Israel 
of  God*  (1854);  'Christ  Is  All*  (1852);  'The 
Rich  Kinsman*  (1856);  'Forty  Years'  Experi- 
ence in  Sunday  Schools*  (i860);  'The  Prayer 
Book*  (1863-67). 

Tyrtaeus  (tir-te'us).  A  Greek  lyric  poet; 
he  fiourished  at  the  time  of  the  second  Messe- 
nian  war  in  the  latter  half  of  the  seventh  cen- 
tury B.C.  Fragments  only  of  his  poems  have 
been  preserved. 

Tyrwhitt,  Thomas  (ter'it).  An  English 
classical  scholar  and  writer;  born  in  London, 


TYNG  — UBICINI 


March  27,  1730 ;  died  there,  Aug.  15,  1786. 
Among  his  works  are :  '  Observations  on  Some 
Passages  of  Shakespeare*  (1766);  a  celebrated 
edition  of  Chaucer  (1773);  editions  of  Isaeus's 
'  Orphica  *  and  Aristotle's  '  Poetics  * ;  critical 
dissertations  on  Babrius,  Euripides,  Aristoph- 
anes, and  Strabo.  He  was  the  original  editor 
of  <  Rowley's  Poems,*  for  which  he  furnished 
a  preface  and  glossary,  and  subsequently  added 
an  appendix  to  prove  that  they  were  written 
by  Chatterton. 

Tytler,  Alexander  Fraser,  Lord  Wood- 
houselee.  A  Scottish  historical  writer;  born 
in  Edinburgh,  Oct.  15,  1747 ;  died  there  Jan.  5, 
1813.  He  wrote,  besides  many  other  works, 
'  Essay  on  the  Principles  of  Translation*  (1791- 
1813);  'The  Elements  of  General  History, 
Ancient  and  Modem*  (1801),  which  was  long 
an  authoritative  text-book ;  '  Life  of  Lord 
Kames*  (1807);  and  'Life  of  Petrarch*  (1810). 

Tytler,  Patrick  Fraser.  A  Scottish  histo- 
rian and  biographer,  son  of  Alexander  F.;  born 
in  Edinburgh,  Aug.  30,  1791 ;  died  at  Great 
Malvern,  England,  Dec.  24,  1849.  His  prin- 
cipal works  were :  Lives  of  James  Crichton 
of  Cluny,  commonly  called  "The  Admirable 
Crichton**  (1819),  Sir  Thomas  Craig  of  Ric- 
carton  (1823),  and  John  Wicklyff  (1826);  'Scot- 
tish Worthies*  (1832-33);  'Sir  Walter  Raleigh* 
(1833);  'An  Historical  View  of  the  Progress  of 
Discovery  on  the  Northern  Coasts  of  America,* 
etc.  (1832);  'History  of  Scotland  from  1149  to 
the  Union  of  the  Crowns  in  1613*  (9  vols., 
1828-43;  5th  ed.  1866). 

Tzetzes,  Joannes  (tzet'zes).  A  Greek  gram- 
marian and  poet;  bom  about  1 1 10;  died  about 
1 180.  Among  his  works  are:  'The  Book  of 
Histories,*  a  philosophico-historical  didactic 
poem ;  <  Iliacs,*  a  poem  in  continuation  of 
Homer's  Iliad ;  and  several  other  poetical  com- 
positions, 

Tzschirner,  Heinrlch  Gottlieb  (cher'ner). 
A  German  theological  writer;  born  at  Witt- 
weida  in  Saxony,  Nov.  14,  1778 ;  died  February 
1828,  at  Leipsic,  where  he  was  professor  of  the- 
ology. He  wrote:  'Protestantism  and  Cathol- 
icism from  the  Standpoint  of  Politics  *  (4th  ed. 
1824);  'The  Fall  of  Gentilism*  (1829);  and  a 
continuation  of  Schrockh's  'Church  History.* 


u 


Ubaldlni,  Petruccio  (6-bal-de'ne).  An  Ital- 
ian historian;  born  at  Florence,  about  1524; 
died  at  London,  about  1600.  He  wrote  :  <  Life 
of  Charlemagne*  (1581);  'Description  of  Scot- 
and  and  its  Isles*  (1588);  'Lives  of  Illustrious 
Ladies  of  England  and  Scotland*  (1591)-  'Pre- 
-epts,  Moral,  Political,  and  Economic*  (1592). 

Uberti.  Fazio  (or  Bonifacio)  degll  (6-bar'te). 
An  Italian  poet;  born  in  Florence;  died  about 
1367.    He  was  a  grandson  of   Uberti,  one  of 


the  Florentine  leaders  of  the  Ghibelline  faction, 
and  was  driven  into  exile  by  the  Guelphs.  He 
wrote  an  unfinished  descriptive  poem  called 
'The  News  of  the  Worid,*  which  was  quite 
celebrated. 

Ubicini,  Jean  Henri  Abdolonyme  (ii-be- 
se-ne').  A  French  publicist;  born  at  Issou- 
dun,  1818 ;  died  at  Vernon-sur-Brenne,  Oct.  27, 
1884.  He  wrote  :  <  Memoirs  Justifying  the  Rou- 
manian   Revolution*     (1849);    'The     Eastern 


UCHARD  — UJESKI 


537 


Question  Confronting  Europe'  (1854);  <The 
Serbs  in  Turkey  >  (1865);  <  Eastern  Rumelia  since 
the  Treaty  of  Berlin'  (1880);  <  Sources  of  Roman 
History >  (1886). 

Uchard,  Bernardin,  Seigneur  de  Monspey 

(U-shar').  A  French  poet  of  the  first  half  of 
the  17th  century.  He  is  noted  for  two  poems 
written  in  Southern  French  patois  :  <  The  Groans 
of  the  Poor  Farm  Laborer  over  the  Dread  He 
Has  of  War>  (1615),  and  <The  Woman  of  Pied- 
mont' (1619). 

Uchard,  Mario.  A  French  playwright  and 
story-writer;  born  at  Paris,  Dec.  28,  1824;  died 
there,  July  31,  1893.  Among  his  dramatic  com- 
positions are :  *The  Husband's  Return'  (1858); 
'Second  Youth'  (1859);  <A  Burgomaster's  Pros- 
perity' (1864);  <The  Charmers'  (1864).  His 
novels  include:  <Raymon'  (1862);  <  Gertrude's 
Marriage'  (1862);  <  Countess  Diana'  (1864); 
<A  Last  Passicn'  (1866);  <  My  Uncle  Barbas- 
sou'  (1876);  <My  Cousin  Antoinette'  (1891). 

Uda,  Felice  (o'da).  An  Italian  poet  and 
publicist,  brother  of  Michele ;  born  at  Cagli- 
ari  in  Sardinia,  Feb.  25,  1832.  He  wrote : 
'Wishes  and  Hopes'  (1852),  a  volume  of  verses, 
and  'Memories  and  Affections'  (1862),  both  of 
which  were  received  with  great  favor ;  also 
'Literary  Sketches'  (1863);  a  series  of  essays 
on  '  Leopardi  and  Poerio ' ;  '  Dante  and  Mod- 
em Poetry ' ;  the  comedies  '  The  Heart  and 
the  Age '  and  '  Every-Day  Saints ' ;  and  '  Miguel 
Cervantes,'  a  literary  study  (1873). 

Uda,  Michele.  An  Italian  dramatist  and 
novelist ;  bom  at  Cagliari,  1830.  At  20  he  joined 
a  band  of  strolling  players,  and  wrote  or 
adapted  comedies  for  them.  Among  his  origi- 
nal compositions  are  the  comedies  '  The  Wid- 
ow's Suitors,'  played  by  Ristori  with  great 
success,  and  'Mask  and  Face';  and  the  dra- 
mas 'In  the  Coffin'  and  'The  Workingman 
and  his  Family.'  His  finest  work  is  the  brill- 
iant comedy  'The  Renegados'  (1858).  Among 
his  novels  are  'A  Poor  Devil,'  and  '  From  Herod 
to  Pilate.' 

Udall,  Nicholas  (u'dal).  An  English  dra- 
matist;  bom  in  Hampshire,  in  1505;  died  in 
1556.  He  was  a  Fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  master  of  Eton.  His  school- 
books  were  very  popular;  but  he  is  chiefly  re- 
membered as  the  author  of  <  Ralph  Royster 
Doyster,'  the  first  regular  comedy  in  the  Eng- 
lish language,  which  was  certainly  in  existence 
as  early  as  1551.  The  best  edition  is  one  pre- 
pared for  the  Shakspere  Society,  by  William 
Durrant  Cooper  (1847). 

Ueberweg,  Friedrich  von  (ii'ber-vec).  A 
Cemian  philosopher  ;  born  in  Leichlingen,  Jan. 
22,  1626;  died  at  Konigsberg,  June  9,  1871.  His 
chief  works  are:  'Outline  of  the  History  of 
Philosophy,'  published  in  many  editions,  the 
first  1863-66;  and  'System  of  Logic  and  His- 
tory of  Logical  Science.' 

Uechtritz,  Friedrich  (iich'trets).  A  German 
dramatist  and  novelist ;  born  at  Gorlitz,  Sept.  12, 


1800 ;  died  there,  Feb.  15,  1875.  Among  his 
tragedies  are :  <  Rome  and  Spartacus,'  and 
'Rome  and  Otto  III.'  (1823); 'Alexander  and 
Darius'  (1827);  '  The  Sword  of  Honor' ; '  Rosa 
mund'  (1833).  His  dramatic  poem  'The  Bab- 
ylonians in  Jerusalem'  (1836J  is  notable  for 
elevation  of  thought  and  lyric  grandeur.  Among 
his  novels  are  : '  Albrecht  Holm'  (5  vols.,  1851- 
53); 'The  Bride's  Brothers'  (3  vols.,  i860);  and 
'Eleazar'  (3  vols.,  1867),  a  story  of  the  great 
Jewish  war. 

Ughelli,  Ferdinando  (o-gel'le).  An  Italian 
historian ;  born  at  Florence,  1595 ;  died  1670. 
He  was  a  Cistercian  monk  and  abbot.  His 
principal  work  is  <  Italia  Sacra '  (9  vols., 
1642-48),  an  account  of  all  the  episcopal  sees 
of  Italy,  with  lists  of  the  bishops  and  a  great 
deal  of  general  information  regarding  the  his- 
tory of  Italy.  He  wrote  also  'Christian  Gaul' 
(1656). 

Ugoni,  Camillo  (o-g5'ne).  An  Italian  his- 
torian of  literature ;  born  at  Brescia,  1784 ; 
died  there,  1855.  He  wrote  'Italian  Literature 
in  the  Second  Half  of  the  l8th  Century'  (1856). 

Uhland,  Ludwig.  A  celebrated  German 
lyric  poet ;  born  at  Tubingen,  April  26,  1787 ; 
died  Nov.  13,  1862.  His  ballads  and  songs 
are  classic ;  first  collected  in  1815,  the  60th 
edition  (1875),  posthumous,  gathered  the  pieces 
found  among  his  papers.  Besides  these  he 
wrote  two  dramas:  'Ernest,  Duke  of  Suabia' 
(1817),  and  '  Ludwig  the  Bavarian '  (1819).  In 
prose  he  wrote  :  'The  Old  French  Epos'  (1812); 
'  Walther  von  der  Vogelweide'  (1822);  'The 
Myth  of  Thor,  according  to  Norse  Tradition ' 
(1836).  He  made  a  valuable  collection  of 
'  Ancient  High  and  Low  German  Folk  Songs ' 
(1844-45). 

Uhlhorn,  Gerhard  (ol'horn).  A  German 
theological  writer ;  born  at  Osnabriick,  Feb.  17, 
1826.  Among  his  works  are :  '  The  Grounds 
of  Tertullian's  Chronology'  (1852);  'The  Basi- 
lidian  System'  (1855);  'Christmas  Customs  and 
Usages'  (1869);  'The  Struggle  of  Christianity 
with  Heathenism'  (1874);  'Catholicism  and 
Protestantism  in  Face  of  the  Social  Problem ' 
(1887);  'The  Church's  Care  of  the  Poor  as 
related  to  the  Present  Time  '  (1892).    Died  1901. 

Uhlich,  Leberecht  (6'lich).  A  German  church 
reformer;  bom  at  Cothen,  Feb.  27,  1799;  died 
at  Magdeburg,  March  23,  1872.  He  founded 
the  independent  ecclesiastical  organization 
styled  "  Free  Parishes."  Among  his  writings  are  : 
'Christianity  and  Church'  (2d  ed.  1846);  'The 
Little  Book  of  the  Kingdom  of  God'  (1845); 
'Thrones  in  Heaven  and  on  Earth'  (1845). 

UJeski,  Cornell  (o-yes'ke).  A  Polish  poet; 
born  in  Galicia,  1823.  After  terminating  his 
studies  in  his  native  country,  he  went  to  Paris, 
there  devoting  himself  to  the  study  of  ancient 
and  modern  literature.  Most  of  his  own  poetry 
is  inspired  by  love  of  his  country,  whose  mis- 
fortunes he  deplores.  Among  his  works  are : 
'Lamentations  of  Jeremiah'  (1847),  considered 
one  of  the   masterpieces  of   Polish  literature; 


538 


UJFALVY  — ULRICI 


•The  Sons  of  Solomon >  (1840;;  < Odorless 
Flowers >  (184S);  <Marathon,>  a  poem;  «A  Fear- 
ful Night  > ;  etc. ;  as  well  as  collections  of  shorter 
poems. 

UJfalvy,  Karl  Eugen  von  (o-i-fal've),  Mezb- 
Kbvesd.  An  Austrian  philologist  and  anthro- 
pologist; born  at  Vienna,  xMay  16,  1842.  He  is 
author  of  :<  French  Scientific  Expedition  to  Rus- 
sia, Siberia,  and  Turkestan  >  (6  vois.,  1878^80 K 

<  Researches  in  Biblical  Ethnography  >  (1872); 
'Anthropological  Results  of  a  Visit  to  Central 
Asia>  (iSSoj;  <  Parsees  and  Brahmins  >  (1887). 

UJfalvy,  Maria,  wife  of  Karl  Eugen.  She 
wrote  <From  Paris  to  Samarcand>  (1881),  and 

<  Travels  of  a  Parisian  in  the  Western  Hima- 
layas.> 

Ukert,  Frledrich  August  (o'kart).  A  Ger- 
man classical  scholar ;  born  at  Eutin  in  Lubeck, 
1780;  died  1851.  Among  his  writings  are: 
'How  the  Ancients  Determined  Distances) 
(1813);  'Homer's  Geography)  (1815);  'Geogra- 
phy of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  >  (3  vols.,  1816- 
46);  'Demons,  Heroes,  and  Genii >  (1850). 

Ulbach,  Louis  (iil-bak').  A  French  poet  and 
political  writer;  born  in  Troyes  (Aube)  in  1822. 
He  became  editor  of  the  Revue  de  Paris  in 
1853.  He  published  a  volume  of  poems  en- 
titled 'Gloriana>  (1844);  several  tales;  and  po- 
litical letters  distinguished  for  their  verve  and 
causticity. 

Ule,  Otto  (b'le).  A  German  writer  on  natural 
science  ;  born  at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  Jan.  22, 
1820;  died  at  Halle,  Aug.  6,  1876.  His  principal 
works  are:  'The  Universe*  (3  vols.,  3d  ed. 
1859);  'Wonders  of  the  Starry  World >  (1861); 
'Popular  Natural  Science >  (1865-67);  'The 
Earth  according  to  its  Superficial  Phenomena  > 
(1873-76). 

Ulfllas,  or  Wulfila  (ul'fi-las).  The  Gothic 
translator  of  the  Bible;  born  about  310,  in  the 
country  of  the  Goths  north  of  the  Danube ; 
died  about  381,  at  Constantinople.  He  was  the 
first  bishop  of  the  Arian  Visigoths.  He  trans- 
lated the  whole  of  the  Bible,  except  the  books 
of  Kings,  into  Gothic.  Of  this  translation  there 
are  extant  a  considerable  part  of  the  Gospels, 
Corinthians  complete,  fragments  of  the  other 
epistles  and  of  Ezra  and  Nehemiah,  and  a  few 
passages  of  Genesis,  Ezekiel,  and  Maccabees. 
The  most  considerable  MS.  copy,  called  Codex 
Argenteus,  is  in  the  library  of  the  University  of 
Upsala. 

UlUac-Tr^mandeure,  Sophie  (ii-yak'-tra- 
moii-dfer').  A  French  story-writer;  bom  at 
Lorient,  1794;  died  at  Paris,  1862.  Among  her 
stories,  all  intended  for  youthful  readers,  are : 
'The  Fowler >  (1825);  'Old  Daniel's  Sundays > 
( 1833) ; '  The  Little  Hunchback  >  ( 1833) ; '  Mother 
Goose's  Stories'  (1842):  some  of  her  stories  were 
crowned  by  the  Academy.  She  wrote  also  '  An 
Old  Woman's  Reminiscences'  (2  vols.,  1861). 

Ullmann,  Karl  (ol'man).  A  German  theo- 
logical writer;  bom  at  Epfenbach  in  the  Palati- 
nate, March  15,  1796 ;  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Jan.  12, 


1865.  He  was  appointed  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Heidelberg  in  1826.  Among  his  works 
are:  'Gregory  of  Nazianzus>  (1825);  'Reform- 
ers before  the  Reformation'  (2  vols.,  1841); 
'Historical  or  Mythical?'  (1838),  a  critique  of 
Strauss's  '  Life  of  Jesus.' 

Ulloa,  Alfonso  de  (bl-y5'a).  A  Spanish 
writer  of  history  who  lived  in  the  i6th  century; 
died  about  1580.  His  principal  works  are : 
'  Life  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.'  (1560);  'Life 
of  the  Emperor  Ferdinand'  (1565);  'History 
of  the  Capture  of  Tripoli  in  Barbary'  (1566); 
'History  of  Europe,  1564-66'  (1570). 

Ulloa,  Antonio  de.  A  Spanish  statesman 
and  writer  of  history ;  born  at  Seville,  Jan.  12, 
1716;  died  near  Cadiz,  July  5,  1795.  He  spent 
many  years  in  North  and  South  America,  and 
was  governor  of  Louisiana  in  1766.  Among  his 
writings  are :  '  Account  of  a  Voyage  to  South 
America'  (1748);  'American  Notes:  Physico- 
Historical  Talks  on  South  America  and  Eastern 
North  America'  (1772);  'Secret  Information 
concerning  America'  (1826),  confidential  reports 
made  to  the  Spanish  ministry. 

Ulloa,  Martin  de.  A  Spanish  philologist  and 
historical  writer;  born  at  Seville,  1730;  died 
at  Cordova,  1800.  He  wrote :  '  Memoir  on 
the  Origin  and  Genius  of  the  Castilian  Lan- 
guage' (1760);  'Dissertation  on  the  Origin  of 
the  Goths  '  (1781);  '  Researches  on  the  First  In- 
habitants of  Spain'  (1789);  'Dissertation  on 
Duels'  (1789). 

Ulloa  y  Pereira,  Luis  de  (61-yoa'  e  pa-ra'e- 
ra).  A  Spanish  poet;  bom  at  Toro  in  Leon, 
about  1590;  died  1660.  His  most  notable  work 
is  'Rachel'  (1569),  a  poem  on  the  amours  of 
Alfonso  VIII.  and  a  fair  Jewess  of  Toledo. 

Ulpian  (ul'pi-an)  —  Lat.  Ulpianus  (ul-pi- 
a'nus),  Domitius.  An  eminent  Roman  jurist; 
born  about  170  A.  D.  (?)  in  Tyre ;  killed  228  A.  D. 
Alexander  Severus  made  him  his  secretary  and 
prostorian  prefect ;  the  prgetorian  soldiers  mu- 
tinied and  murdered  him.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  work  entitled  '  Ad  Edictum,'  and  other 
legal  treatises  greatly  valued,  all  now  lost  but 
a  few  fragments. 

Ulrich  von  Lichtenstein  (ol'rich  fon  lidh'- 
ten-stln).  A  Middle  High  German  lyric  poet; 
born  about  1200;  died  about  1275.  He  belonged 
to  a  noble  family  of  Styria,  and  was  long  in- 
carcerated as  the  leader  of  an  unmly  faction 
there.  His  principal  works  are  :  '  Court  to  the 
Ladies,'  describing  his  amours  and  adventures 
from  1222  to  1255  ;  and  <  The  Ladies'  Book,' 
from  1257 :  both  valuable  monuments  of  the 
manners  and  morals  of  the  age. 

Ulrici,  Hermann  (bl-re'tse).  A  German 
scholar,  critic,  and  philosopher ;  born  at  Pfbrte, 
Saxony,  March  23,  1806;  died  at  Halle,  where 
he  was  professor,  Jan.  il,  1884.  He  published 
in  1833  his  'Characteristics  of  Ancient  His- 
toriography.' This  was  followed  by  his  '  His- 
tory of  Poetic  Art  in  Greece '  (2  vols.,  1835), 
and   a  'Treatise   on   Shakespeare's    Dramatic 


ULSTEDT  —  URLICHS 


539 


Art'  (1839),  which  was  received  with  great 
favor.  His  philosophical  works  include  <On 
the  Principle  and  Method  of  Hegel's  Philoso- 
phy' (1841),  and  <God  and  Nature'  (1862). 

Ulstedt,  Pbillpp  (ol'stet).  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man alchemist  of  the  first  half  of  the  i6th  cen- 
tury. He  wrote  :  <  The  Philosopher's  Heaven ; 
or,  The  Secrets  of  Nature,  by  Philippus  Ul- 
stedt, Patrician  of  Nuremberg'  (1528). 

Umbrelt,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Karl  (om'brit 
A  German  theological  writer ;  born  in  Saxom 
April  II,  1795  ;  died  June  11,  i860.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  theology  in  the  University  of  Heidel- 
berg. Among  his  writings  are :  <  Philological, 
Critical,  and  Philosophical  Commentary  on  the 
Proverbs  of  Solomon'  (1826);  < Fundamental 
Points  of  the  Old  Testament'  (1843). 

Umpfenbach,  Karl  Friedrich  (omp'fen-bach). 
A  German  political  economist ;  born  at  Giessen, 
June  5,  1832 ;  professor  of  political  economy  in 
the  University  of  Konigsberg.  His  principal 
works  are:  <  Text-Book  of  the  Science  of  Fi- 
nance' (2  vols.,  1859-60);  <  Doctrine  of  National 
Economy'  (1867);  'Capital  as  related  to  Civ- 
ilization' (1879);  <  Old-Age  Insurance  and  State 
Socialism'  (1883). 

Underwood,  Benjamin  Franklin.  An  Amer- 
ican editor  and  author ;  born  in  1839.  He  was 
editor  of  the  Index  in  Boston ;  and  wrote  <  In- 
fluence of  Christianity  upon  Civilization,'  and 
<  Essays  and  Lectures.' 

Underwood,  Francis  Henry.  An  American  man 
of  letters;  born  in  Enfield,  Mass.,  Jan  12,  1825; 
died  at  Leith,  Scotland,  Aug.  7,  1894.  He  was 
an  active  abolitionist;  clerk  of  the  Massachusetts 
Senate  in  1852;  afterward  literary  adviser  of 
Phillips,  Sampson  &  Co.  He  originated,  and 
assisted  in  the  early  management  of  the  Atlantic 
Monthly;  was  elected  clerk  of  the  superior  court 
in  Boston,  which  position  he  held  for  eleven  years. 
In  1885  he  was  appointed  United  States  Consul 
at  Glasgow  ;  in  1888  the  University  of  Glasgow 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  His 
works  include  a  <  Hand-Book  of  American  Lit- 
erature' (1872);  <  Cloud  Pictures,'  a  series  of 
imaginative  stories  musical  in  theme  (1877); 
'Lord  of  Himself,'  a  novel  of  old  times  in 
Kentucky  (1874);  <  Man  Proposes'  (1880);  <The 
True  Story  of  Exodus,'  an  abridgment  of 
Brugsch  Bey's  work  (1880);  and  biographical 
sketches  of  Longfellow  (1882),  Lowell  (1882), 
andWhittier  (1883). 

Underwood,  Lucien  Marcus.  An  American 
educator  and  botanist ;  born  in  New  York,  1853. 
He  is  professor  of  botany  at  Syracuse  University 
since  1883,  and  has  published :  <  Systematic 
Plant  Record'  (1881);  <Our  Native  Ferns,  and 
How  to  Study  Them'  (1881);  < North  American 
Hepaticae'  (1884);  <Our  Native  Ferns  and 
their  Allies  '  (1888).     He  died  in  1907. 

Unger,  Franz  fong'er).  An  Austrian  bota- 
nist and  pakeontologist ;  bom  at  Leutschach  in 
Styria,  Nov.  30,  1800;  died  at  Gratz,  Feb.  13, 
1870.    Among  his  works  are  :  <  On  the  Influence 


of  Soil  on  the  Distribution  of  Plants'  (1836); 
<The  Primordial  World '  (1851);  < Anatomy  and 
Physiology  of  Plants'  (1855);  <  Scientific  Mem- 
orabilia of  a  Tour  in  Greece  and  the  Ionian 
Islands'  (1862);  <The  Island  of  Cyprus'  (1865). 

Upham,  Charles  W.  A  Unitarian  minister 
and  writer ;  born  in  St.  John,  N.  B.,  in  1802. 
He  published  <  Lectures  on  Witchcraft,'  etc. 
(1831);  <  Life  of  Sir  Henry  Vane'  in  Sparks's 

<  American  Biography ' ;  and  made  numerous 
contributions  to  the  North  American  Review, 
Christian  Examiner,  etc.    He  died ,  1875. 

Upham,  ■  Thomas  Cogswell.  An  American 
Unitarian  clergyman  of  Salem,  Mass.;  born  in 
Deerfield,  N.  H.,  Jan.  30,  1799;  died  in  New 
York  city,  April  2,  1872.    Among  his  works  are  : 

<  Outlines  of  Imperfect  and  Disordered  Mental 
Action'  (1840);  <Life  of  Madame  Guyon,'  etc. 
(1847);  <Life  of  Faith'  (1848);  'American  Cot- 
tage Life,'  a  series  of  poems  (1850);  'Letters 
from  Europe,  Egypt,  and  Palestine'  (1855); 
<Life  of  Catherine  Adorna'  (1856);  and  'Christ 
in  the  Soul'  (1872). 

Upton,  George  Putnam.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  musical  critic;  bom  in  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  Oct.  25,  1834 ;  removed  to  Chicago,  1855, 
and  has  since  been  identified  with  musical 
journalism.  He  has  published :  '  Letters  of 
Peregrine  Pickle'  (1869);  'The  Great  Fire' 
(1872);  'Memories'  (translated  from  Max 
Miiller,  1879);  'Woman  in  Music,'  an  essay 
(1880);  'Lives'  of  Hayden,  Liszt,  and  Wagner 
(1883-84);  'The  Standard  Operas'  (1885);  'The 
Standard  Oratorios'  (1886);  'The  Standard 
Cantatas'  (1887);  'The  Standard  Symphonies' 
(1888)  ;  <  Life  of  Theodore  Thomas  >  (1905)- 

Urbanski,  Ladislas  (or-ban'ski).  A  Polish 
dramatist  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in 
Lithuania,  1796 ;  died  at  Warsaw,  1857.  Among 
his  more  noteworthy  writings  are :  '  The  Sor- 
cerers,' a  poem  (1831); '  Paradoxes  against  Lib- 
erty' (1833);  'Venice  Saved,'  a  tragedy  (1834); 
'Poland,  Historical,  Poetical,  and  Literary' 
(1836);  'Sketch  of  the  Manners  of  Country  Peo- 
ple' (1841);  'Russia  from  the  Point  of  View  of 
European  Civilization'  (1841). 

Urfe,  Honore  d'.  A  noted  French  romance- 
writer;  bom  in  Marseilles,  Feb.  il,  1568;  died 
in  Villefranche,  June  I,  1625.  He  is  celebrated 
for  his  immensely  popular  bucolic  and  allegori- 
cal romance  'Astrde'  (first  part,  1610).  It  in- 
troduces us  to  a  sort  of  ideal  world,  in  which 
elegant  ladies  and  gentlemen  appear  clad  as 
shepherds  and  shepherdesses,  and  make  pretty 
observations  on  topics  of  the  period.  He  left 
it  unfinished,  and  the  conclusion  was  supplied 
by  his  secretary. 


Urlichs,  Ludwig  von  (or 

archaeologist  and  philologist ; 
Nov.  9,  1813;  died  Nov.  3, 
where  he  was  professor  of 
and  of  aesthetics.  His  chief 
lotte  von  Schiller  and  her 
1860-65);  *  Contributions  to 


Tiks).  A  German 
born  at  Osnabriick, 
1889,  at  Wiirzburg, 
classical  philology 
works  are  :  '  Char- 
Friends '  (3  vols., 
a  History  of  Art' 


54© 


URMY  — VACQUERIE 


(1885);  'Elements  and  History  of  Classical 
Archaeology*  (18S6). 

Urmy,  Clarence  [Thomas].  An  American 
musician  and  versifier;  born  in  California,  1858. 
He  has  written  <  The  Rosary  of  Rhyme,>  and 
•A  Vintage  of  Verses.> 

Urslns.  Jean  Jouvenel  des  (Ur-san').  A 
French  historian ;  born  1388,  at  Paris ;  died 
1473,  at  Rheinis,  of  which  he  was  archbishop. 
His  great  work  is  <  History  of  Charles  VI.  and 
of  the  Memorable  Things  which  Happened  dur- 
ing 42  Years  of  his  I\eign,  from  1380  to  142?  > 

Usener,  Hermann  Karl  (o'ze-ner).  A  Ger- 
man classical  philologist ;  born  at  Weilburg  on 
the  Lahn,  Oct.  13,  1834;  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Bonn.  Among  his  works  are :  <  Phi- 
lology and  the  Science  of  History*  (1882);  'An- 
cient Greek  Versification*  (1887);  'Researches 
in  the  History  of  Religion*  (1889);  'Names  of 
Gods:  An  Attempt  to  Account  for  Religious 
Concepts*  (1895). 

Ussher,  James.  An  Irish  divine  and  church 
historian,  archbishop  of  Armagh,  nephew  of  the 
preceding  archbishop;  born  in  Dublin,  Jan.  4, 
1580-1;  died  March  21,  1O56.  He  was  the  first 
student  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  ordained 
1601.  In  1612  he  published  'The  Unbroken 
Succession  of  Christian  Churches,  Especially 
in  the  West.*  In  1615  he  was  employed  to 
draw  up  the  articles  for  the  Irish  Established 
Church.  He  corresponded  extensively  with 
European  scholars,  and  employed  persons  to 
visit  the  East  for  the  purchase  of  manuscripts ; 
two  of  the  most  valuable  obtained  were  the 
Samaritan  Pentateuch  and  the  Old  Testament 
in  Syriac.  In  1639  he  printed  his  'Antiquities 
of  the  British  Churches.*  His  principal  other 
works  are  :  '  Tracts  on  Episcopacy  * ;  '  The 
Power  of  the  Prince  and  the  Obedience  of  the 
Subject  * ;  'Annals  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment,* containing  his  famous  scheme  of  Biblical 
chronology, —  followed  without  authority,  by  the 
printers  of  the  Authorized  Version  of  the  Bible. 
The  volume  entitled  'A  Body  of  Divinity  * 
(1654,  folio)  was  compiled  without  his  consent 
from  his  sermons  and   notes.     He  was  buried 


in  Westminster  Abbey.    His  library  was  given 
to  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 

Ussieuz,  Louis  d'  (U-sye').  A  French  dram- 
atist and  historian;  born  at  Angouleme,  1747; 
died  at  Chartres,  1805.  Among  his  works  are : 
'  History  of  the  Discovery  and  Conquest  of  the 
Indies  by  the  Portuguese*  (1770);  'The  French 
Heroes ;  or,  The  Siege  of  St.-Jean-de-Losne,*  a 

)rose  drama  (1770);  'The  French  Decameron* 

2  vols.,  1774). 

Ussing,  Ludvig.  A  Danish  archaeologist ;  born 
at  Copenhagen,  April  10,  1820.  He  wrote : 
'Greek  Travels  and  Studies*  (1857);  'Educa- 
tion among  the  Greeks  and  Romans*  (1863); 
'Greek  and  Roman  Metre*  (1893);  'Remarks 
on  Vitruvius's  Work  on  Architecture*  (1896). 

Usteri,  Johann  Martin  (os'ter-e).  A  Swiss 
poet ;  born  at  Ziirich,  1763 ;  died  there,  July  29, 
1827.  He  excels  in  narratives  and  idyls,  writ- 
ten  in  the  dialect  of  Ziirich;  among  these  his 
'Vicar*  holds  the  foremost  place.  In  High 
German  he  wrote:  'Enjoy  Life*  (1793),  which 
became  a  popular  song;  and  a  novel,  'Ad- 
ventures of  a  Zuricher*  (1877). 

Uz,  Johann  Peter  (ots).  A  German  poet; 
born  at  Ansbach,  Oct.  3,  1720 ;  died  there.  May 
12,  1796.  He  wrote  several  spirited  popular 
songs  and  ballads;  'Lyric  Poems*  (1749);  a 
comic  poem  in  Alexandrine  verse, '  The  Victory 
of  the  God  of  Love*;  a  didactic  poem,  'The 
Art  of  being  Always  Cheerful*  (1760);  and  a 
number  of  'Epistles,*  some  of  them  entirely 
in  verse. 

Uzanne,  Louis  Octave  (ii-zan').  A  French 
writer  on  bibliography  and  miscellaneous  sub- 
jects ;  born  at  Auxerre,  Sept.  14,  1852.  He  was 
editor  successively  of  three  periodicals  devoted 
to  bibliography,  the  last  being  Le  Livre  Mo- 
derne.  Among  his  works  are  monographs  on 
'The  Fan,*  'The  Umbrella,*  etc.;  also  'The 
Caprices  of  a  Book-Lover*  (1877);  <  Her  High- 
ness, Woman*  (1884);  'Our  Friends,  Books; 
Talks  on  Curious  Literature*  (1886);  'Modern 
Bindings  * ;  '  Physiology  of  the  Quays  of  Paris  * 
(1890);  'The  Bachelor's  Prayer-Book*  (1890). 


Vachell,  Horace  Annesley.  A  novelist  now 
residing  in  California;  born  in  England,  1861. 
He  was  formerly  an  officer  in  the  English  serv- 
ice. He  has  written  :  '  The  Romance  of  Judge 
Ketchum*;  'The  Model  of  Christian  Gay*; 
'  The  Quicksands  of  Pactolus  * ; '  An  Impending 
Sword  > ;  'The  Pinch  of  Prosperity* ; '  Brothers.* 

Vacherot,  ftienne  (vash-ro').  A  French 
philosopher ;  bom  at  Langres,  July  29,  1809. 
He  wrote  a  'Critical  History  of  the  School  of 
Alexandria*  (3  vols.,  1846-51);  'Democracy* 
(1859); '  Metaphysic  and  Science*  (2  vols.,  1858); 


'Essays  in  Critical  Philosophy*  (1864);  'Re- 
ligion* (1868);  'Science  and  Conscience*  (1870); 
'The  External  Policy  of  the  Republic*(i88i);<The 
New  Spiritualism  *  (1884).    D.  July  28,  1897. 

Vacquerie,  Auguste  (vak-re').  A  French 
dramatist  and  journalist ;  bom  at  Villequier  in 
Seine-Inf^rieure,  Nov.  19,  1819;  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  19,  1895.  Besides  two  volumes  of  miscel- 
laneous poems,  he  wrote  the  comedies  'Tra- 
galdabas'  (1848),  'Man  Changes  Oft*  (1859), 
and  'Jean  Baudry*  (1863);  'Jealousy*  (1888), 
a  drama  in  verse  ;  'Crumbs  of  History*  (1863); 


VAILLANT—  VAMBfiRY 


541 


<My  Early  Years  in  Paris  >  (1872);  <  To-day  and 
To-morrow  >  (1875);  <  The  Future>  (1890J. 

ValUant,  Fran9oi8  (vi-yah').  A  celebrated 
French  traveler  and  ornithologist;  born  in 
Paramaribo,  Dutch  Guiana,  in  1753;  died  near 
Suzanne,  November  1824.  He  passed  many 
years  in  France  and  Germany,  from  1764  on, 
studying  the  habits  of  birds.  He  spent  1780-84 
in  South  Africa,  exploring  among  the  Kaffirs, 
etc.;  and  returning  to  France,  published  the 
interesting  <  Journey  in  the  Interior  of  Africa  > 
(2  vols.,  1790-96).  He  barely  escaped  death  in 
the  Terror,  1793.  He  published  a  <  Natural  His- 
tory of  the  Birds  of  Africa >  (6  vols.,  1796-1812), 
and  several  minor  works  on  birds. 

Vald^s.  Armando  Palacio  (val-das').  A  con- 
temporary Spanish  novelist  and  critic,  residing 
at  Oviedo,  Spain.  A  representative  of  the  new 
realistic  school  of  Spanish  fiction,  he  is  best 
known  to  English  readers  by  the  powerful 
novels  <Maximina>  (1888)  and  <  Sister  St.  Sul- 
pice>  (1890),  translated  by  N.  H.  Dole.  Next 
in  importance  are:  <The  Marquis  of  Pefialta* 
(English  translation  1886);  <  Idyl  of  an  Invalid ' ; 
<Jos^>;  <Riverita>  (of  which  <Maximina>  is  a 
sequel);   <Froth.>     His  critical  works  include: 

<  The  Athenian  Orators  > ;  *■  Spanish  Novelists  * ; 

<  New  Journey  to  Parnassus.* 

Valdes,  Gabriel  de  la  Concepcioii  (val'des) 
(known  as  Placido).  A  Cuban  poet  (colored); 
born  in  Havana,  1809;  died  there,  June  28,  1844. 
He  spent  his  early  years  in  poverty,  ^n  1836 
he  resided  in  Matanzas,  and  publishea  many 
poems  in  newspapers  and  reviews;  some  of 
them  cost  him  several  months'  imprisonment. 
In  1844  he  was  falsely  accused  of  implication 
in  a  conspiracy  of  blacks  against  whites,  and 
was  shot  as  a  traitor  with  nineteen  others.  He 
is  one  of  the  most  popular  of  Spanish-Ameri- 
can poets :  his  poems  have  passed  through 
numerous  editions  at  home  and  abroad ;  the 
best  is  his  prayer  composed  on  the  eve  of  death 
and  recited  on  the  way  to  execution,  translated 
into  English  by  Mary  Webster  Chapman. 

Valentini,    Philipp    Joliann   Joseph.     An 

American  archaeologist ;  born  in  Pennsylvania, 
1828.  His  studies  were  confined  to  Mexican 
archasology,  among  his  works  being:  <The  Landa 
Alphabet :  A  Spanish  Fabrication);  <Mexican 
Copper  Tools*;  <The  Olmecas  and  the  Tultecas.> 
He  died  in  1899. 

Valentinus  (val-en-ti'nus).  An  Alexandrian 
gnostic  philosopher;  died  about  160  A.  D.  Of 
the  systems  of  gnosis  his  is  the  most  profound, 
as  judged  by  the  fragments  of  his  works  con- 
tained in  the  writings  of  his  orthodox  Christian 
adversaries,  and  especially  in  the  supposititious 
work  of  Origen,  <  The  Teachings  of  the  Philos- 
ophers.* 

Valera,  Juan.  A  Spanish  poet  and  novelist ; 
bom  at  Cabra  in  the  province  of  Cordova,  Oct. 
18,  1824.  He  wrote:  <  Poems  >  (1858);  <  Critical 
Studies*  (1864-84);  <Pepita  Jimenez,*  a  novel 
(1874);  'The  Illusions  of  Doctor  Faustino* 
(1876);  <The  Commendador  Mendoza*  (1877); 


<Dona    Luz*    (1878);    <New    Studies*    (18S4); 

<  Songs,  Romances,  and  Poems  *  ( 1885) ;  *■  Stories, 
Dialogues,  and  Fantasies*  (1887);  <A  Good 
Reputation.*     Died  at  Madrid,  April  19, 1905. 

Valerius  Antias  (va-le'ri-us  an'ti-as).  A 
Roman  annalist  who  lived  in  the  first  century 
B.C.      He  wrote   75  books,  sometimes    called 

<  Annals,*  sometimes  <  Histories,*  beginning  witL 
the  founding  of  the  city  of  Rome ;  they  survive 
only  in  fragments. 

Valerius  Cato,  Publius.  A  Latin  poet  and 
grammarian  of  the  first  century  B.  C.  He 
wrote  a  short  epic,  <  Diana*  or  <  Dictynna,*  and 

<  Lydia,*  an  erotic  poem.  To  him  is  ascribed 
the  authorship  of  two  poems  in  hexameters, 
both  styled  <  Portents.* 

Valerius  Maximus.  A  Roman  anecdotist 
and  rhetorician  of  the  first  century  A.  D.  He 
wrote  nine  books  of  <  Memorable  Doings  and 
Sayings*  of  historical  characters,  Roman,  Gre- 
cian, and  barbarian,  all  still  extant. 

Valla,  Lorenzo  or  Laurentius  (val'la).  An 
Italian  classical  scholar  and  critic ;  born  about 
1407 ;  died  Aug.  I,  1457.  Among  his  writings 
are :  <  Elegancies  of  the  Latin  Language  * 
(1471);  <0f  Pleasure*;  a  tractate  <Against  the 
Donation  of  Constantine,*  alluding  to  the  fabled 
concession  of  the  district  of  Rome  to  the  popes. 

Valle  y  Caviedes,  Juan  del  (val'ya  e  ka-ve- 
a'THas).  A  Peruvian  satirical  poet;  bom  at 
Lima,  1652 ;  died  there,  1692.  He  wrote  <  Par- 
nassus's  Tooth,*  a  model  of  biting  satire. 

Vallentine,  Benjamin  Bennaton.     A  New 

York  journalist,  dramatist,  and  critic ;  born  in 
England  in  1843.  He  has  written  the  play  <A 
Southern  Romance,*  and  published  :  <  The  Fitz- 
noodle  Papers* ;  <  Fitznoodle  in  America* ;  <  The 
Lost  Train.* 

Valmiki  (val-me'ke).  Believed  to  be  the 
author  of  the  <  Ramayana*  (ForUmes  of  Rama), 
a  celebrated  Indian  epic. 

Valvasoni,  Erasmo  di  (val-va-so'ne).  An  Ital 
ian  poet;  born  in  Friuli,  15 — ;  died  in  1593. 
He  wrote  <  Angeleida,*  a  poem  on  the  war 
among  the  angels  (1590);  and  <The  Chase,* 
an  admired  didactic  poem  on  hunting  (1591). 

Vambery,  Arminius  or  Armin  or  Hermann 

(vam-ba're).  A  noted  Hungarian  traveler.  Ori- 
entalist, and  historian,  now  professor  at  Buda- 
Pesth ;  bom  at  Szerdahely,  March  19,  1832.  He 
lived  many  years  in  Constantinople,  and  trav- 
eled largely  in  Asia.  Among  his  works  are : 
<Travelsin  Central  Asia*  (1865);  'Wanderings 
and  Adventures  in  Persia*  (1867);  < Sketches 
of  Central  Asia*  (1868);  <  History  of  Bokhara* 
(1873);  *  Central  Asia  and  the  Russian  Boundary 
Question  * ;  <  Islam  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  * 
(1875);  <  Manners  in  Oriental  Countries*  (1876); 

<  Primitive  Civilization  of  the  Turko-Tartar 
People*  (1879);  < Origin  of  the  Magyars*  (1882); 
<The  Future  Contest  for  India*  (1886);  and 
various  linguistic  works,  including  a  'German' 
Turkish  Dictionary,*  and  <  Etymological  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Turko-Tartar  Languages*  (1878). 


542 

van  Anderson,  Mrs.  Helen.  [«  Van  Metre.»] 
An  American  lecturer,  and  minister  of  Boston ; 
born  in  Iowa,  iSS9-  She  has  written:  <The 
Right  Knock  >;  <  It  Is  Possible  >;  <  The  Story 
of  Teddy  >;  <  Journal  of  a  Live  \\oman.> 

Vanbrugh,  Sir  John  (van-bro').  An  English 
dramatist;  born  about  1663-4;  died  at  London, 
March  26,  1726.  Among  his  dramatic  compo- 
sitions are:  <The  Relapse >  (1697);  <^sop> 
(i6Q7J-<The  Provoked  Wife>  (1697);  <TheFalse 
Friend>  (1702);  <The  Confederacy)  (1705);  <A 
Journey  to  London,>  left  unfinished  at  his  death, 
but  completed  by  CoUey  Gibber  (1728). 

Van  Buren,  Martin.  An  American  states- 
man;  eighth  President  of  the  United  States; 
born'at  Kinderhook,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  5.  1782;  died 
there,  July  24,  1862.  He  wrote  <An  Inquiry 
into  the  Origin  and  Course  of  Political  Parties 
in  the  United  States'  (1867),  and  many  State 
papers. 

Vancouver,  George.  A  British  navigator; 
born  about  1758 ;  died  at  London,  May  10,  1798. 
He  wrote  :  <A  Voyage  of  Discovery  to  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean  and  Round  the  World  >  (1798)- 

Vandegrift,  Margaret.     See  Janvier. 

Vandenboff,  George.  An  actor,  elocutionist, 
and  writer ;  born  in  England,  Feb.  18,  1820.  He 
came  to  America  in  1842 ;  and  after  success  on 
the  stage  became  famous  as  a  teacher  of  elo- 
cution. He  was  the  author  of  :  <  The  Art  of 
Elocution'  (1846);  < Dramatic  Reminiscences' 
(1S59);  'Leaves  from  an  Actor's  Note-Book' 
(1862);  < Clerical  Assistant'  (1862);  < Rules  for 
Reading  Aloud'  {1862). 

Van  Deusen,  Mrs.  Mary  (Westbrook).  An 
American  novelist  and  verse-writer,  living  at 
Rondout,  N.  Y. ;  born  in  New  York,  1829.  She 
has  published:  <  Rachel  Dumont';  <  Gertrude 
Willoughby ' ;  <  Colonial  Dames  of  America'; 
and  a  volume  of  verse,  <  Voices  of  my  Heart' 

Van  Dyke,  Henry.  An  American  Presby- 
terian clergyman,  pastor  of  Brick  Church,  New 
York  city;  born  in  Pennsylvania,  1852.  Among 
his  numerous  works  are :  <  The  Story  of  the 
Psalms ' ;  <  The  Poetry  of  Tennyson ' ;  <  The 
Christ  Child  in  Art';  <  Little  Rivers';  <  The 
Builders,  and  Other  Poems.' 

Van  Dyke,  John  Charles.  An  American 
art  critic,  scholar,  and  author;  born  in  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  April  21,  1856.  He  studied 
art  abroad  (1883-88),  and  has  written :  <  Books, 
and  How  to  Use  Them'  (1883);  <  Principles  of 
Art'  (1887);  <Howto  Judge  a  Picture'  (1888); 

<  Art  for  Art's  Sake ' ;  <  History  of  Painting ' ;  <  Old 
Dutch  and  Flemish  Masters ' ;  <  The  Open  Door.' 

Van  Dyke,  Theodore  Strong.  An  American 
lawyer  and  writer  on  out-door  sports;  born  in 
New  Jersey,  1842.  He  resides  in  Southern  Cali- 
fornia, and  has  written  :  <  Rifle,  Rod,  and  Gun, 
in  California'  (i88i);<The  Still  Hunter'  (1883); 

<  Game  Birds  at  Home ' ;  <  Southern  California, 
t'K-  Itnlv  of  America  >  (1887);  'Studies  in  Pictures.' 


VAN  ANDERSON  — VARIN 


Van  Lennep,  Henry  John.     An 

missionary   in   Asia    Minor;    born   i 


American 
Smyrna, 
March  8,  1815 ;  died  in  Great  Barrington,  Mass., 
Jan.  II,  1889.  He  traveled  extensively  through 
the  East,  was  familiar  with  many  Oriental  dia- 
lects, and  published  :  <  Ten  Days  among  Greek 
Brigands';  'Travels  in  Asia  Minor'  (1870); 
'Bible  Lands'  (1879);  'The  Oriental  Album.' 

Van  Loon,  Gerard  (van  Ion).  A  Dutch  his- 
torian and  antiquary ;  born  in  Leyden  in  1683. 
He  published  among  other  works  a  '  History  of 
the  Netherlands  from  1555  to  1716'  (4  vols., 
1723),  which  is  considered  an  authoritative  work. 

Van  Ness,  Thomas.  An  American  Unitarian 
clergyman  and  author ;  born  in  Maryland,  1859. 
He  has  published  :  <  The  Coming  Religion  ' ; 
'The  Ideal  Commonwealth';  'My  Visit  to 
Count  Tolstoy';  <  The  Coming  Age.' 

Van  Ness,  William  Peter.  An  American 
jurist  and  author;  born  in  Ghent,  N.  Y.,  in  1778; 
died  in  New  York  city,  Sept.  6,  1826.  He 
was  the  friend  of  Burr,  took  his  challenge  to 
Hamilton,  and  was  one  of  Burr's  seconds.  Un- 
der the  pen-name  of  "  Aristides  "  he  published  : 
'Examination  of  Charges  against  Aaron  Burr' 
(1803);  with  John  Woodworth  edited  '  Laws  of 
New  York'  (2  vols.,  1813);  also  wrote  'Concise 
Narrative  of  Gen.  Jackson's  First  Invasion  of 
Florida'  (1826). 

Van  Rensselaer,  Mrs.  Mariana  (Griswold). 
An  American  author  and  art  critic  ;  born  in  New 
York  city,  Feb.  23,  1851.  She  has  contributed 
largely  to  current  periodicals  on  art  and  archi- 
tecture, and  published  the  valuable  books  : '  Art 
Out  of  Doors ' ; '  English  Cathedrals ' ; '  Ameri- 
can Etchers'  (1886);  '  Henry  Hobson  Richard- 
son and  his  Works'  (1888);  and  'One  Man 
who  was  Content,  and  Other  Stories';'  Niagara.' 

Van    Zile,    Edward    Sims.      An   American 

journalist  and  novelist ;  born  in  New  York, 
1863.  He  has  written : '  Wanted  — A  Sensation ' ; 
'The  Last  of  the  Van  Slacks';  'A  Magnetic 
Man';  'Don  Miguel,  and  Other  Stories'; 
'  The  Manhattaners ' ;   and  '  A  Crown  Prince.' 

Vapereau,  Louis  Gustave  (vap-r5').  A  noted 
French  scholar  and  compiler ;  born  at  Orleans, 
April  4,  1819.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy 
at  the  College  of  Tours  for  ten  years ;  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1854,  and  about  the  same 
time  made  editor  of  the  famous  '  Universal 
Dictionary  of  Contemporaries'  (1858;  6th  ed. 
1891-93).  Among  his  other  important  works 
are:  'Literary  and  Dramatic  Year'  (11  vols., 
1859-69);  'Universal  Dictionary  of  Literatures' 
(1876);  'Historical  Elements  of  French  Litera- 
ture' (2  vols.,  1883-85).  He  was  Inspector- 
General  of  Public  Instruction  in  1877,  and  re- 
ceived the  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in 
1878. 

Varin,  Charles  (var-an').  A  French  vaude- 
ville writer;  born  at  Nancy,  1793;  died  at  Paris, 
1869.  Among  his  productions  are  :  '  Borrowed 
Wives'  (1832);  'A  Ball  in  High  Life'  (1836); 
'My  Sister  Mirette'  (1861);  'The  Ill-Guarded 
Girls'  (1865);  'Madame  Ajax>  (1866);  etc 


VARNHAGEN  —  VATTEL 


543 


Varnliagen,  Francisco  Adolpho  de, Viscount 
of  Porto  Seguro  (varn-a'gen).  A  celebrated 
Brazilian  diplomatist  and  historian ;  born  at  Sao 
Joao  de  Ypanema  (Sao  Paulo),  Feb.  17,  1816; 
died  at  Vienna,  Austria,  June  29,  1878.  His 
youth  was  passed  in  Portugal;  on  his  return 
to  Brazil  in  1841,  he  was  appointed  to  diplo- 
matic positions  in  Lisbon,  Paraguay,  Peru, 
Vienna,  and  other  places.  He  is  indisputably 
the  first  of  Brazilian  historians,  his  works  being 
distinguished  by  profound  research  and  lucid 
style.  Chief  among  them  are :  <  General  His- 
tory of  Brazil  >  (2  vols.,  1854-57);  <  History  of  the 
Struggles  with  the  Dutch  in  Brazil  >  (2d  ed.  1874); 
<  Anthology  of  Brazilian  Poetry  >  (1850^53); 
biographical  studies ;  monographs  on  Amerigo 
Vespucci ;  etc. 

Varnhagen  von  Ense,  Karl  A.  (varn-a'gen 
fon  en'se).  A  distinguished  Prussian  diplo- 
matist and  author,  regarded  as  one  of  the  best 
of  German  prose- writers ;  born  in  Diisseldorf, 
Feb.  21,  1785 ;  died  in  Berlin,  Oct.  10,  1858.  In 
1814  he  married  Rahel  Levin,  an  accomplished 
Jewess,  and  became  conspicuous  in  Berlin  so- 
ciety. His  numerous  works  consist  mainly  of 
biographical  studies, —  including  two  memorials 
of  his  wife,  who  died  in  1833),— tales,  criticisms, 
^nd  poems.  Of  his  < Diaries'  several  volumes 
have  appeared. 

Varro,  Marcus  Terentius  ( var'ro).  The  most 
universally  learned  of  ancient  Roman  scholars ; 
born  in  116  B.  C.  at  Reate  in  the  Sabine 
Territory,  and  hence  surnamed  Reatinus ;  died 
about  27  B.  C.  His  special  object  of  research 
was  Roman  antiquity, —  language,  usages,  laws, 
public  institutions,  etc.  Among  his  poetical 
writings  were  150  books  of  joco-serious  <  Menip- 
pean  Satires,'  in  prose  and  verse,  after  the  style 
of  Menippus  the  Cynic.  He  wrote  among 
others,  76  books  of  <  Logistorics,'  or  notes  on 
the  education  of  children ;  41  books  on  <  Roman 
Antiquities';  15  books  of  'Portraits'  of  700 
notabilities,  with  a  prose  biography  and  a  met- 
rical eulogium  of  each ;  9  books  of  <  Sciences,' 
an  encyclopaedic  work  ;  treatises  <  On  the  Latin 
Language,'  and  <On  Farming.'  Of  all  his  writ- 
ings there  now  remain  only  the  treatise  <  On 
Farming';  six  books  of  the  < Latin  Language,' 
in  an  imperfect  state ;  and  numerous  other  frag- 
ments. 

Varro,  Publius  Terentius,  surnamed  Ata- 
cinus  from  Atax  in  Narbonese  Gaul,  his  birth- 
place. A  Roman  poet ;  born  about  82  B.  C; 
died  about  37  B.  C.  His  works,  of  which  but 
small  fragments  remain,  are  :  <  The  Sequanian 
War,'  an  epic  celebrating  the  exploits  of  Caesar 
in  Gaul;  some  <  Satires,'  of  which  Horace 
speaks  slightingly  ;  <  The  Argonauts,'  an  epic  in 
imitation  of  Apollonius  Rhodius,  highly  praised 
by  Ovid ;  a  number  of  other  imitations  of  Greek 
poets,  among  them  <  Chorography,'  a  didactic 
Doem  on  geography,  and  <  Ephemeris,'  a  poem 
on  weather  prognostics. 

Vasari,  Giorgio  Cavaliere  (va-sa're).  An 
Italian   painter   and    writer ;    born   in   Arezzo, 


1512;  died  in  1574.  He  studied  under  Michael 
Angelo  and  other  masters ;  he  was  then  patron- 
ized by  the  Medici  family  at  Florence,  where 
Cardinal  Farnese  employed  him  to  write  the 
lives  of  artists.  He  published  these  in  1550  with 
the  title  of  <  Lives  of  the  most  Eminent  Painters, 
Sculptors,  and  Architects '  in  two  volumes,  fre- 
quently reprinted.  An  English  translation  by 
Mrs.  Jonathan  Foster  was  published  in  London, 
1850-53. 

Vasconcellos,  Carolina  Wilhelmina  Mich- 
aelis  de.  A  German-Portuguese  litterateur, 
wife  of  J.  A.;  born  at  Berlin,  March  15,  1851. 
She  is  a  contributor  to  the  leading  literary 
magazines  and  reviews  of  Germany  and  Portu- 
gal, and  has  written :  <  Studies  on  the  Meanings 
of  Spanish  Words '  (1886);  < Romance  Studies' 
(1891);  'History  of  Portuguese  Literature' 
(1893);  'Etymological  Fragments'  (1894). 

Vasconcellos,  Fonseca  e,  Joaquim  Antonio 
da  (vas"k5n-serios).  A  Portuguese  biographer 
and  historian ;  born  at  Oporto,  Feb.  10,  1849 ; 
professor  of  German  language  and  literature 
in  the  Lyceum  there.  His  principal  works  are  : 
<The  Musicians  of  Portugal'  (1870);  'Reform 
in  the  Teaching  of  the  Fine  Arts'  (3  vols., 
1877-79);  'Albert  Durer  and  his  Influence  in 
the  Peninsula'  (1877);  'Francis  the  Hollander' 
(1879);  <  Go'^siana,' 4  vols.  1877-81. 

Vasey,  George.  An  English  botanist  and 
physician  ;  born  near  Scarborough,  Feb.  28, 1822. 
He  is  now  connected  with  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  at  Washington.  His  published 
works  include:  'The  Philosophy  of  Laughing 
and  Smiling';  'Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the 
Native  Forest  Trees  of  the  United  States' 
(1876);  'The  Grasses  of  the  United  States' 
(1883);  'Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Grasses 
of  the  United  States'  (1885);  aftd  'Grasses 
of  the  South'  (1887). 

Vasfi,  Kefevi,  Sheik  (vas'fe).  A  contempo- 
rary Turkish  poet,  critic,  and  litterateur  of  con- 
siderable repute  in  his  own  country.  Besides 
numerous  translations  of  philosophical  maxims, 
moral  anecdotes,  etc.,  from  the  Arabic  and  Per- 
sian, he  has  written  two  volumes  of  original 
poems, '  Djdzebaad '  and  '  Feizabad,'  which  are 
imbued  with  the  Oriental  mysticism. 

Vasili,  Compte  Paul.  A  pseudonym  of  Ma- 
dame Edmond  Adam.    See  Lamber. 

Vassar,  Jobn  Guy.  An  American  philan- 
thropist, nephew  of  Matthew  Vassar  the  founder 
of  Vassar  College ;  born  in  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y.,  June  15,  1811;  died  there,  Oct.  27,  1888. 
He  was  one  of  the  trustees  of  Vassar  College ; 
traveled  extensively,  and  wrote  :  'Twenty  Years 
around  the  World'  (1861). 

Vattel,  Emerich  (va-tel').  A  celebrated 
Swiss  publicist  and  jurist;  born  at  Couvet, 
Neuchatel,  April  25,  1714;  died  Dec.  28,  1767. 
His  great  work  is  'The  Law  of  Nations;  or. 
Principles  of  the  Law  of  Nature  applied  to  the 
Affairs  of  Nations  and  Sovereigns'  (2  vols., 
1758).    He  wrote  also:  'Philosophical  Leisure 


544 


VAUBAN  — VEITCH 


Hours >  (1747);  <  Literary,  Moral,  and  Political 
Miscellanies  >  (I757) ;  <  Questions  of  Natural 
Right;  or.  Observations  on  Wolf's  Treatise  on 
the  Law  of  Nature>  (1762). 

Vauban,  S^bastlen  Le  Prestre  de  (vO-bon'). 
A  great  hrench  military  engineer;  born  at  St. 
Leger  de  Foucher  Burgundy,  May  15,  1633; 
died  at  Paris,  Marv:h  30,  1707.  He  published 
nothing  during  his  life,  but  since  his  death 
some  of  his  MSS.  have  been  printed  at  various 
times;  among  them:  < Notes  for  Instruction  in 
the  Conduct  of  Sieges  and  the  Defense  of 
Places*  (1740);  < Marshal  de  Vauban's  Hours  of 
Idleness*  (3  vols.,  1842);  <  Military  Works*  (3 
vols.,  1793);  'Attack  and  Siege  of  Strong  Places.* 

Vaudoncourt,  Frangois  Guillaume  de. 
Baron  (,vo-d6n-kor'j.  A  French  general  and 
military  writer ;  born  at  Vienna,  Sept.  24,  1772 ; 
died  at  Passy  near  Paris,  May  2,  1845.  His 
works  comprise :  <  History  of  the  Campaigns 
of  Hannibal  in  Italy*  (1812);  histories  of  Na- 
poleon's campaigns  in  Russia,  Germany,  and 
Italy;  and  < Fifteen  Years  of  Exile*  (4  vols., 
1835)- 

Vaughan,  Charles  JohJi.  An  English  Broad 
Church  clergyman,  religious  writer,  and  commen- 
tator; bom  at  Leicester  in  1816;  died  at  Llandafi, 
Wales,  Oct.  15,  1897.  He  was  head-master  of 
Harrow,  1844-59;  Master  of  the  Temple,  1869- 
94;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  Queen.  Among 
his  works  are:  'Memorials  of  Ilan-ow  Sundays) 
(1859);  <  Sundays  in  the  Temple)  (1S71); 
'Heroes  of  Faith*  (1876),  lectures;  'Temple 
Sermons*  (18S1);  'University  Sermons*  (1888); 
single  sermons,  addresses,  pamphlets,  etc. 

Vaughan,  Henry.  A  British  poet,  known  as 
"  The  Silurist,'*  from  the  ancient  Silures  of  his 
birthplace ;  born  in  Newton,  Brecknockshire, 
Wales,  in  1622;  died  in  April,  1695.  His  works 
are  :  '  Olor  Iscanus  :  Select  Poems  * ;  '  The 
Bleeding  Heart,*  sacred  poems ;  '  Ejaculations  * ; 

<  The  Mount  of  Olives ;  or,  Solitary  Devotions  * ; 
and  <  Thalia  Rediviva.* 

Vaugban,  Robert.  An  English  clergyman, 
editor,  and  historian ;  born  in  1795  ;  died  at  Tor- 
quay, June,  1868.  He  was  a  professor  of  his- 
tory in  London  University ;  president  of  the  Lan- 
cashire Independent  College,  Manchester,  1842- 
57 ;  and  originator  and  for  twenty  years  editor 
of  the  British  Quarterly  Review.  He  published 
several  important  historical  works,  among  which 
are:  'Life  of  John  de  Wycliffe*  (2  vols.,  1828); 
'The  Protectorate  of  Cromwell*  (1838);  'His- 
tory of  England  under  the  House  of  Stuart* 
(2  vols.,  1840);  <  The  Age  of  Great  Cities  *  (1842); 
•Revolutions  in  English  History*  (1859-60). 

Vauvenargues,  Luc  de  Clapier,  Marquis  de 
(vovnarg').  A  French  moralist;  born  at  Aix, 
Aug.  6,  1715;  died  March  9,  1747.  He  wrote  a 
valuable  '  Introduction  to  a  Knowledge  of  the 
Human  Mind*  (1746);  to  which  are   appended 

<  Reflections  >  and  <  Maxims.*  His  moral  philos- 
ophy inclines  toward  the  Stoic  school. 

Vazoff,  Ivan  fva'zof).  A  notable  Bulgarian 
author ;  born  in  Sopot,  1850.    Besides  numerous 


poems,  he  has  written  '  Under  the  Yoke  *  and 
other  widely  read  novels. 

Veeder,  Mrs.  Emily  Ellzabetli  (Ferris).    A 

novelist  and  verse-writer  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.; 
born  in  New  York,  1841.  She  has  written: 
'  Her  Brother  Donnard  * ;  '  Entranced  * ;  <  The 
Unexpected  * ;  'In  the  Garden,  and  Other 
Poems.* 

Vega,  Lope  de  (Lope  Felix  de  Vega  Carpio). 

A  celebrated  Spanish  dramatist;  born  in  Mad- 
rid, Nov.  25,  1562;  died  Aug.  21,  1635.  He  is 
credited  with  1,500  comedies,  of  which  over 
500  are  extant  and  340  well  known ;  '  King 
and  Peasant*  is  most  frequently  acted.  He 
also  wrote  two  narrative  poems,  'Angelica  * 
and  '  Jerusalem  Conquered  * ;  five  mythological 
poems,  <  Circe,*  'Andromeda,*  '  Philomela,' 
<  Orpheus,*  and  '  Proserpine  * ;  three  historical 
poems,  '  San  Isidro,*  '  The  Dragon,*  and  '  The 
Maid  of  Almudena*;  and  a  comic-heroic  poem, 
*Gatomachy*  (War  of  Cats);  besides  sonnets, 
and  several  novels,  including  'Journey  through 
my  Country.* 

Vega  de  la  Ventura  (va'ga  da  la  van-to'ra). 
An  Argentine  poet ;  born  in  Buenos  Ayres, 
July  14,  1807 ;  died  in  Madrid,  Spain,  in  1865. 
After  political  imprisonment  he  held  places 
in  the  Spanish  government;  was  secretary  tc^ 
Queen  Maria  Christina,  and  in  1856  was  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  Royal  Conservatory. 
He  wrote:  'The  Song  of  Songs*  (Madrid, 
1826);  'An  Epithalamic  Cantata  *  (1827);  'Agi- 
tation,* an  ode  (1834);  'The  l8th  of  June* 
(1837);  'The  Defense  of  Seville,*  an  ode  (1838); 
'The  Man  of  the  World,*  a  comedy  (1840); 
and  the  tragedies  'The  Death  of  Caesar* 
(1842);  'Don  Fernando  de  Antequera*  (1845). 
He  is  considered  one  of  the  best  modern 
Spanish  poets. 

Vegetius  Renatus,  Flavius  (ve-je'te-us  re- 
na'tus).  A  Latin  writer  on  the  art  of  war, 
fourth  and  fifth  centuries.  He  compiled  in 
four  books  an  <  Epitome  of  the  Military  Art.* 
There  is  an  ancient  treatise,  <  On  the  Veteri- 
nary Art,*  credited  to  him. 

Vehse,  Karl  Eduard  (va'ze).  A  German 
historian ;  born  at  Freiburg,  Saxony,  Dec.  18, 
1802 ;  died  at  Striesen  near  Dresden,  June  18, 
1870.  He  was  archivist  in  Dresden,  1825; 
later  settled  in  Berlin ;  but  was  imprisoned 
and  banished  for  his  <  History  of  the  German 
Courts  since  the  Reformation*  (48  vols.,  185 1- 
58).  Besides  this  monumental  work,  he  wrote : 
'History  of  the  Emperor  Otho  the  Great* 
(1828);  'Tables  of  Universal  History*  (1834); 
'Course  of  Universal  History*  (1842);  and 
'  Shakespeare  as  Protestant,  Politician,  Psy- 
chologist, and  Poet*  (2  vols.,  1851). 

Veitch,  Jolin.  A  Scottish  poet,  litterateur, 
and  philosophical  writer ;  born  in  Peebles,  1829 ; 
died  there,  Sept.  3,  1894.  A  memoir  of  his 
friend  Sir  William  Hamilton  first  brought  Lim 
into  notice ;  but  he  will  be  best  remembered 
for  his  poetical  and  literary  works :  <  Hillside 
Rhymes  *  ( 1872) ; '  The  Tweed  and  Other  Poems  > 


VELEZ-HERRERA  —  VERNE 


545 


(1875);  'The  History  and  Poetry  of  the  Scottish 
Border*  (1878;  new  ed.  1893J,  a  monumental 
work  ;  <  Merlin,  and  Other  Poems  > ;  <  The  The- 
ism of  Wordsworth  > ;  <  The  Feeling  for  Nature 
in  Scottish  Poetry,'  a  delightful  book. 

Velez-Herrera,  Bam6n  (va'leth-a-ra'ra).  A 
Cuban  author;  born  in  Havana  in  1808;  died 
there  in  1887.  He  abandoned  law  for  literature. 
The  first  collection  of  his  poems  was  published 
at  Havana  in  1833,  a  second  in  1837,  and  a 
third  in  1838.  He  also  published:  < Elvira  de 
Oquendo  > ;  <  The  Two  Bridegrooms,'  a  comedy 
(1848);  <Autumn  Flowers,'  a  collection  of  poems 
(1849);  < Cuban  Romances'  (1856);  <  Napoleon 
in  Berlin,'  a  tragedy  (i860);  and  < Flowers  of 
Winter,'  poems  (1882). 

Velleius  Paterculus  (vel-e'yus  pa-ter'kii- 
lus).  A  Latin  historian  of  the  first  century. 
He  wrote  a  <  History  of  R'ome,'  a  synopsis  of 
Roman  history  from  the  fabled  migration  of 
^neas  to  30  A.  D.  The  latter  half  of  the 
work  is  not  without  value  for  the  early  empire. 

Venable,  William  Henry.  An  American 
author ;  born  in  Warren  County,  Ohio,  April  29, 
1836.  He  began  to  teach  at  17,  and  taught 
until  1886,  afterward  devoting  himself  to  liter- 
ature and  lecturing.  He  has  published:  <June 
on  the  Miami,  and  Other  Poems'  (1871);  <A 
History  of  the  United  States'  (1872);  <The 
School  Stage,'  a  collection  of  juvenile  acting 
plays  (1873);  <  Melodies  of  the  Heart,  and  Other 
Poems'  (1884);  <  Footprints  of  the  Pioneers  in 
the  Ohio  Valley'  (1888);  <  Biography  of  William 
D.  Gallagher'  (1888);  several  pamphlets,  ad- 
dresses, etc.  He  edited  <  The  Dramatic  Actor,' 
a  collection  of  plays  (1874);  and  <  Dramatic 
.Scenes  from  the  Best  Authors' ;  'Sago  of  the  Oak.' 

Venables.  Edmund.  An  English  clergyman 
and  archaeologist ;  born  in  London,  July  5,  1819  ; 
died  in  Lincoln,  March  5,  1S95.  He  was  canon 
1)1  Lincoln  Cathedral  from  1S67,  and  wrote  much 
on  architecture  and  archeology,  among  his  works 
being  :  <  Walks  through  the  Streets  of  Lincoln,' 
widely  popular;  <  History  of  the  Isle  of  Wight' 
liSfao);  <The  Church  of  England:  Its  Plant- 
ing, Settlement,  Reformation,  Renewed  Life ' 
(1886);  <Bunyan'  (1888). 

Venedey,  Jakob  (ven'e-di).  A  German  mis- 
cellaneous writer;  bom  at  Cologne,  May  24, 
1805;  died  at  Badenweiler,  Feb.  8,  1871.  He 
wrote  :  <  Days  of  Travel  and  Rest  in  Normandy ' 
(1838);  <  France,  Germany,  and  the  Holy  Al- 
liance' (1842);  <  Germans  and  Frenchmen  ac- 
cording to  their  Languages  and  their  Proverbs ' 
(1842);  <John  Hampden'  (1843);  <  Ireland' 
(1844);  'History  of  the  German  People'  (4 
vols.,  1854-62);  <  Machiavelli,  Montesquieu,  and 
Rousseau'  (2  vols.,  1850);  'Frederick  the  Great 
and  Voltaire'  (1859);  'Biographies'  of  Wash- 
ington (1862),  Franklin  (1863),  Stein  (1868); 
'The  German  Republicans  under  the  French 
Republic'  (1870). 

Vennor,  Henry  George.  A  Canadian  mete- 
orologist and  writer;  born  in  Montreal,  Dec. 
30,    1840;    died   there,   July   8,    1884.    He   was 

35 


attached  to  the  Geological  Survey  office  till 
1881.  He  published  '  Vennor's  Almanac'  from 
1876,  which  attained  a  large  circulation;  and 
wrote  'Our  Birds  of  Prey'  (1875)  and  many 
reports  for  the  Geological  Survey  and  the  Ca- 
nadian Naturalist. 

Ventlgnano,  Cesare  Delia  Valle,  Duke  of 

(ven-ten-ya'  no).  An  Italian  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  born  in  Naples,  1777 ;  died 
about  i860.  Among  his  works  are  the  trage- 
dies 'The  Siege  of  Corinth'  and  'Medea';  an 
<  Essay  on  the  Education  of  the  Aristocracy 
and  the  Laboring  Classes ' ;  and  a  '  Philo- 
sophic View  of  the  History  of  the  Human 
Race'  (1853). 

Verdy  du  Vernois,  Julius  von  (var-de'da 
var-nwa').  A  Prussian  soldier;  born  at  Frei* 
stadt  in  Silesia,  July  19,  1832.  He  was  made 
general  of  infantry  in  1888,  and  in  1889  Prus- 
sian minister  of  war.  He  wrote :  '  The  Second 
Army  in  the  Campaign  of  1866';  'Studies  in 
the  History  of  War'  (1876);  'Contribution  to 
the  Game  of  War'  (1876);  'Studies  on  War' 
(1891-92);  'Personal  Reminiscences  of  the  War 
of  1870-71'  (1895).  His  tragedy  'Alaric'  was 
played  at  Strasburg  in  1894. 

Vere,  Aubrey  Thomas  de.     See  De  Vere. 

Verena,  Sophie  (ve-ra'na).  Pseudonym  of 
Sophie  Alberti,  a  German  miscellaneous  writer ; 
born  in  Potsdam,  Aug.  5,  1826;  died  there, 
Aug.  15,  1892.  She  wrote  the  popular  novel 
'A  Son  of  the  South'  (1859),  and  a  collection 
of  tales  entitled  'Old  and  New'  (1879). 

Verga,  Giovanni  (var'ga).  A  celebrated 
Italian  poet  and  novelist;  bom  in  Sicily,  1840. 
His  works  include:  'Story  of  a  Cricket' 
(1872); 'Eva'  (1873); 'Stories'  (1874); 'Nedda> 
(1874);  'Eros'  (1875);  'Royal  Tiger'  (1876); 
'  Helen's  Husband'  (1877);  'Life  in  the  Fields* 
(1880);  'I  Malavoglia'  (1881),  translated  as 
'The  House  under  the  Medlar  Tree';  'Rustic 
Tales'  (1883);  'Rustic  Chivalry'  (1884),  from 
which  the  libretto  of  Mascagni's  famous  opera 
'Cavalleria  Rusticana'  was  derived;  'The 
How,  the  When,  and  the  Wherefore ' ;  etc 

Verlaine,  Paul  (var-lan').  A  French  poet 
and  story-writer ;  bom  at  Metz,  March  30, 
1844;  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  8,  1896.  He  led  a 
life  of  vagabondage,  vibrating  between  prison 
and  hospital.  He  wrote:  'Saturnine  Poems' 
( 1866) ;  <  Gay  Festivals '  ( 1869) ;  'Accursed  Poets  > 
(1884);  'Of  Old  and  of  Late'  (1885).  Among 
his  stories  are:  'Louise  Leclercq '  (1886); 
'  Memoirs  of  a  Widower'  (1887);  'Stories  With- 
out Words'  (1887);  'Love'  (1888);  'Dedica- 
tions' (1890);  'Good  Luck'  (1891);  'My  Hos- 
pitals' (1891). 

Verne,  Jules  (varn).  A  French  writer;  bom 
in  Nantes,  Feb.  8,  1828.  He  has  written  a 
comedy  in  verse  entitled  'The  Falling-Out' 
followed  by  '  Eleven  Days  at  Li&ge,'  and  '  The 
Uncle  from  America,'  and  several  comic  operas ; 
but  his  fame  rests  chiefly  on  his  more  than 
sixty  romances  of  science  and  adventure,  many  of 


VERPL ANCK  -  VICTOR 


them  translated  into  many  other  languages  even 
Japanese  and  Arabic.  The  first  was  «  Five  \\  eeks 
in  a  Balloon'  (1863).    Among  the  others  are: 

<  A  Journev  to  the  Centre  of  the  Earth  >  (iS/2), 
•Twenty  Thousand  Leagues  under  the  Sea 
(,871);  <Meridiana>;  < Around  the  \\ord  in 
Eightv  Days>  (1874);  <  The  Mysterious  Island  > 
(,S7S):  'Michael  Strogo{f>  (1S76)  ;  <  The  Pur- 
chase of  the  North  role.>    Died,  March,  1905. 

Verplanck,  Gullan  C.  An  American  scholar 
and  writer;  boni  in  New  York  in  1786;  died 
March  1S70.  He  published  anonymously  in 
isig  a  brilliant  satirical  work,  entitled  <The 
State  Triumvirate.>  In  1825  he  was  elected  to 
Congress,  and  published,  1827-30,  conjointly 
with  William  Cullen  Bryant  and  Robert  C. 
Sands,  a  miscellany  entitled  The  Talisman. 
Among  his  other  works  are  his  address  before 
the  New  York  Historical  Society  entitled  <The 
Early  European  Friends  of  America >  (1818); 
'Essays  on  the  Nature  and  Uses  of  the  Evi- 
dences of  Revealed  Religion>  (1824);  and  'Dis- 
courses and  Addresses  on  Subjects  of  American 
History,  Art,  and  Literature >  (1833).  In  1846 
he  brought  out  his  edition  of  Shakespeare, 
with  notes,  esteemed  one  of  the  best  that  had 
ever  appeared. 

Vertot  d'Auboeuf,  Rene  Aubert  de  (var-tS' 
do-bef).  A  French  priest  and  historian;  born 
at  Chateau  Benetot  (Eure),  Nov.  25,  1655;  died 
in  Paris,  June  15,  1735.  He  was  historiographer 
of  the  Order  of  Malta.  He  published  a  <  His- 
tory of  the  Revolutions  of  PortugaP  (1689); 
'History  of  the  Revolutions  of  Sweden'  (1696); 

<  History  of  the  Revolutions  of  the  Roman  Re- 
public' (1719);  '  History  of  the  Order  of  Malta  > 
(1726);  all  more  dramatic  and  fluent  than  re- 
liable. 

Very,  Jones.  An  American  poet;  bom  in 
Salem,  Mass.,  in  1813 ;  died  May  8,  1880.  He 
published  some  essays  and  poems  in  1839,  and 
was  a  contributor  to  the  Christian  Register,  a 
monthly  religious  magazine,  and  other  jour- 
nals. A  complete  edition  of  his  essays  and 
poems,  with  a  biographical  note  of  the  author, 
was  published  by  James  Freeman  Clarke,  Bos- 
ton, 1886. 

Very,  Lydia  Louisa  Anna.  An  American 
poet,  sisterof  Jones  Very  ;  born  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Nov.  2,  1823;  died  there,  Sept.  10,  1901.  She 
wrote  many  poems,  and  her  writings  appeared 
in  book  form  under  the  title  '  Prose  and 
Verse.' 

VesaliUB,  Andreas  (ve-sa'le-us).  A  cele- 
brated physician,  founder  of  the  modern  sci- 
ence of  anatomy ;  born  at  Brussels,  Dec.  31, 
1514;  lost  at  sea  in  shipwreck  off  the  isle  of 
Zante,  on  the  return  from  a  pilgrimage  im- 
posed by  the  Inquisition  in  lieu  of  death,  Oct. 
15,  1564.  His  great  work  'Of  the  Structure  of 
the  Human  Body,'  in  seven  books,  illustrated 
with  magnificent  plates  by  Calcar,  a  pupil  of 
Titian,  was  published  at  Basle  (3d  ed.  1568). 
(Complete  works,  edited  by  Boerhaave  and 
Albinus,  2  vols.,  1727.) 


Vespucci,  Amerigo,  Latinized  AmerlcuB 
Vespucius  (ves-po'che).  The  celebrated  Ital- 
ian navigator,  epon)Tnus  of  the  New  World; 
born  at  Florence,  March  9,  1451 ;  died  at  Se- 
ville, Feb.  22,  1512.  His  <  Letters  >  (1502),  giving 
an  account  of  his  voyages,  especially  of  the  voy- 
age of  1501,  were  translated  into  Latin,  Italian, 
French,  and  German,  and  were  widely  circu- 
lated. He  wrote  a  diary  called  'The  Four 
Journals,'  after  his  fourth  voyage.  The  sugges- 
tion to  name  the  newly  discovered  continent 
"America"  was  first  offered  by  Martin  Wald- 
seemiiller  of  St.  D\6  in  Lorraine,  in  his  work 
'Introduction  to  Cosmography'  (1507). 

Veuillot,  Louis  (ve-yo').  An  eminent 
French  journalist;  born  in  Boynes  (Loiret), 
1813;  died  in  Paris,  April  7,  1883.  His  works 
include:  'Pilgrimages  in  Switzerland'  (1839); 
'Rome  and  Loretto'  (1841);  'The  Virtuous 
Woman'  (1844);  'The  French  in  Algeria' 
(1845);  < Free-Thinkers >  (1848);  'Vindex  the 
Slave'  (1849);  'The  Day  after  the  Victory' 
(1850);  'The  Droit  du  Seigneur  in  the  Middle 
Ages'  (1854);  'The  Perfume  of  Rome'  (1861); 
'The  Odors  of  Paris'  (1866);  'Paris  during  the 
Two  Sieges'  (1871);  <  Moli&re  and  Bourdaloue» 
(1877);  'Poetic  Works'  (1878);  etc. 

Viardot,  Louis  (vyar-do').  A  French  his, 
torian  and  art  critic;  born  at  Dijon,  July  31, 
1800;  died  at  Paris,  May  5,  1883.  He  wrote; 
'  History  of  the  Arabs  and  Moors  of  Spain ' 
(2  vols.,  1851);  'The  Traditional  Rise  of  Mod- 
ern Painting  in  Italy'  (1840);  'The  Museums 
of  France'  (1855);  'Spain  and  the  Fine  Arts' 
(1866);  'Wonders  of  Painting'  (2  vols.,  1868- 
69). 

Viaud,  Louis  Marie  Julien.     See  Loti. 

Viaud,  Tbeopliile  de  (ve-5').  A  French  sa- 
tirical poet;  born  in  1590;  died  in  1626.  He 
wrote  elegies,  tragedies,  etc.  In  1623  he  was 
accused  of  atheism  and  condemned  to  death, 
but  escaped,  and  the  sentence  was  afterward 
annulled. 

Vicente,  GiL    See  Gil  Vicente. 

Victor,  Mrs.  Frances  Auretta  (Fuller) 
(Barrett).  An  American  poet  and  author, 
sister  of  Metta  V.,  with  whom  she  published 
an  early  volume  of  poems.  She  wrote  '  The 
River  of  the  West'  (1865);  'Life  and  Ad- 
ventures in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Oregon  > 
(1870);  'The  New  Penelope  and  Other  Stories.' 
She  has  also  contributed  chapters  on  the  his- 
tory of  Oregon  for  H.  H.  Bancroft's  'Pacific 
Coast  Histories.' 

Victor,  Mrs.  Metta  Victoria  (Fuller).    An 

American  poet,  novelist,  and  sketch-writer,  wife 
of  O.  J. ;  born  near  Erie,  Pa.,  March  2,  1831 ; 
died  in  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  June  26,  1886.  She 
published  a  story, '  The  Silver  Lute,'  at  13;  with 
her  sister  Frances,  '  Poems  of  Sentiment  and 
Imagination'  (1851);  alone  but  anonymously, 
'Fresh  Leaves  from  W^estern  Woods'  (1853); 
<  The  Senator's  Son  :  A  Plea  for  the  Maine  Law^ 
( 1853),  which  had  a  great  circulation  in  England 


VICTOR  —  VILLA  VERDE 


547 


and  America ;  and  <  Two  Mormon  Wives  :  A  Life 
Story  >  (1856).  She  edited  the  Home  Monthly 
Magazine  in  1856.  She  wrote  many  dime  novels. 
The  comic  sketches  <  Miss  Slimmens's  Window* 
and  <  Miss  Slimmens's  Boarding  House  >  (1859), 
and  the  story  <Too  True,'  were  reprinted  from 
periodicals.  She  wrote  also  the  novels  <  Figure 
Eight  >  and  <The  Dead  Letter  >;  <  Passing  the 
PortaP  (1877);  <The  Bad  Boy's  Diary>  (1880); 
<The  Rasher  Family  >  (1884);  <The  Naughty 
Girl's  Diary  >  (1884);  <  Blunders  of  a  Bashful 
Man>  (1885). 

Victor,  Orville  James.  An  American  jour- 
nalist, editor,  and  author;  born  in  Sandusky, 
O.,  Oct.  23,  1827.  He  edited  the  Art  Journal ; 
the  United  States  Journal ;  the  <  Dime  Bio- 
graphical Library,'  for  which  he  wrote  many 
books;  Beadle's  Magazine  (1866-67):  and  pub- 
lished <  History  of  the  Southern  Rebellion'  (4 
vols.,  1862-65);  *  Incidents  and  Anecdotes  of 
the  War'  (1863);  and  <  History  of  American 
Conspiracies'  (1864);  <  Biographies.' 

Victoria,  full  name  Alexandrina  Victoria. 
Queen  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  Em- 
press of  India;  born  in  London,  May  24,  1819, 
the  only  child  of  the  Duke  of  Kent,  fourth  son 
of  George  III.  She  succeeded  to  the  throne 
June  20, 1837,  on  the  death  of  her  uncle,  William 
IV.,  third  son  of  George  III.,  and  was  crowned 
June  28,  1838;  married  Albert,  prince  of  Saxe- 
Coburg-Gotha  (who  died  Dec.  14,  1861),  Feb. 
10,  1840.  She  is  author  in  part  of  <  Leaves 
from  the  Journal  of  Our  Life  in  the  Highlands ' 
(1868),  and  <  More  Leaves  from  the  Journal  of 
a  Life  in  the  Highlands'  (1884).  She  super- 
vised the  preparation  of  lives  of  the  Prince  Con- 
sort.    She  died  at  Osborne  House,  Jan.  22,  1901. 

Vicufla-Mackenna,  Benjamin  (ve-kon'ya). 
\  Chilian  historian ;  born  in  Santiago  in  1831 ; 
\lied  in  Santa  Rosa  del  Colmo,  Jan.  25,  1886. 
He  was  concerned  in  many  revolutions,  trav- 
eled extensively,  and  held  many  political  posi- 
tions. In  1870  he  acted  as  war  correspondent 
during  the  Franco-German  war ;  later  as  corre- 
spondent of  the  Mercurio  in  Berlin  and  Paris.  At 
the  opening  of  the  war  with  Peru  he  became 
editor  of  El  Nuevo  Ferrocarril ;  and  after  the 
conclusion  of  the  war,  his  description  of  it  be- 
came well  known  for  its  impartiality.  He  wrote  : 
<The  Siege  of  Chilian  in  1813'  (1849);  <  History 
of  Santiago'  (2  vols.,  1868);  <  Francisco  Moydn  ; 
or.  What  the  Inquisition  in  America  Meant' 
(1868);  several  books  on  the  mineral  riches  of 
Chili  (1883);  < Album  of  the  Glory  of  Chili' 
(1883);  <  Dolores'  (1883);  <  The  Isles  of  Juan 
Fernandez'  (1884);  <At  a  Gallop'  (1885);  <The 
War  in  Spain'  (1887);  and  many  others. 

Vida,  Marco  Girolamo  (ve'da).  A  modern 
Latin  poet ;  born  at  Cremona,  about  1489 ; 
died  at  Alba,  Sept.  27,  1566.  In  his  early 
manhood  he  won  a  European  reputation  with 
his  two  didactic  poems  in  Latin,  <The  Game 
of  Chess '  and  <  The  Silkworm.'  Among  his 
other  poems  are  :  <  On  the  Art  of  Poetry  '(1527); 
'The    Christiad'    an    epic    (1535).     He    also 


wrote  a  dialogue  ^  On  the  Republic,'  in  which 
the  interlocutors  are  Vida  and  several  cardi- 
nals whose  society  he  enjoyed  at  the  Council 
of  Trent. 

Viehoff,  Heinrich  (ve'hof).  A  German  his- 
torian of  literature ;  born  at  Biittgen  near 
Neuss,  April  28,  1804;  died  at  Treves,  1886. 
He  wrote  :  <  Introduction  to  the  Art  of  Poetry ' 
(i860);  < Goethe's  Poems:  with  Notes'  (2  vols., 
3d  ed.  1874);  <  Manual  of  German  National 
Literature'  (3  vols.,  i6th  ed.  1881);  <Life  and 
Works  of  Goethe'  (2  vols.,  5th  ed.  1887); 
< Schiller's  Poems:  with  Notes'  (3  vols.,  6th  ed. 
1887);  <Life  of  Schiller'  (3  vols.,  2d  ed.  1888); 

<  Odysseus  and  Nausicaa,'  a  tragedy  in  five  acts, 
an  amplification  of  Goethe's  play.  He  made 
many  metrical  translations  of  all  of  Racine's 
plays,  three  of  MoliSre's,  eleven  of  Shakes- 
peare's,   all    the    plays    of    Sophocles,   Scott's 

<  Lady  of  the  Lake,'  Longfellow's  <  Evangeline,' 
and  Ausonius's  <The  Moselle.' 

Vigny,  Alfred  Victor,  Comoe  de  (ven-ye'). 
A  French  writer,  member  of  the  Academy ; 
born  in  Loches,  March  27,  1799;  died  in  Paris, 
Sept.  18,  1863.  He  left  military  service  for 
literature  ;  and  his  romance  <  Cinq-Mars'  (1826) 
went  through  several  editions.  He  also  wrote 
several  plays;  his  translation  of  < Othello'  was 
acted  in  1829,  and  his  <  Chatterton '  was  a  com- 
plete triumph.  In  1843  he  published  several 
poems  in  the   Revue  des  Deux  Mondes.     His 

<  Consultations  of  Dr.  Noir '  appeared  in  1856. 

Villani,  Giovanni  (ve-la'ne).  An  Italian  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Florence  about  1275 ;  died  there 
of  the  plague,  1348.  He  began  a  history  of 
his  native  city,  but  had  only  brought  it  down 
to  1346  at  his  death.  It  was  continued,  first 
by  his  brother  Matteo  (died  1363,  also  of  the 
plague),  and  by  Matteo's  son  Filippo,  who 
lived  into  the  early  15th  century. 

Villari,  Pasquale  (ve-la're).  An  Italian  his- 
torian; bom  at  Naples,  1827.  His  principal 
works  are :  <  History  of  Girolamo  Savonarola 
and  his  Times'  (2  vols.,  1859-61;  new  and 
much  improved  ed.  1887-88);  <  Niccolo  Machi- 
avelli  and  his  Times'  (3  vols.,  1877-82;  new 
ed.  3  vols.,  1895);  < Ancient  Legends  and  Tradi- 
tions Illustrating  the  Divine  Comedy'  (1865); 

<  Essays  Critical,  Historical,  and  Literary' 
(1868);  <  Teaching  History'  (1869);  <  The  School 
and  the  Social  Question  in  Italy'  (1872);  'A 
Treatise  on  the  Social  Question  in  Italy  '  ( 1902). 

Villaverde,  Cirilo  (vel-ya-var'da).  A  Cuban 
author;  born  in  San  Diego  de  NuKez  in  1812. 
He  graduated  in  law  at  Havana,  but  devoted 
himself  to  literature  and  teaching.  He  was 
condemned  to  death  for  political  action  in 
1849,  but  escaped  to  the  United  States,  and 
contributed  to  literary  periodicals.  He  pub- 
lished  :  <  El  Espetori  de  Oro ' ;  <  Los  Dos  Amo- 
res'  (1837);  (El  Guajiro'  (1840);  <La  Pimeta 
Calada';  <La  Tejedora  de  Sombreros'  (1840- 
45);  and  <Cecilia  Vald^s'  (1881),  his  master- 
piece, a  genuine  Cuban  novel,  highly  praised 
Ijy  the  most  competent  critics  of  Spain  and 
Spanish- America. 


548 


VILLEGAS  — VINCENT  OF  LERINS 


Vlllegaa.  Estevan  Manuel  de  (vel-ya'gas).  A 
celebrated  Spanish  lyric  poet;  bom  in  Old  Cas- 
tile in  1596;  died  in  1069.  He  published  a  col- 
lection of  poems  entitled  <Amatorias>  (1620); 
he  also  translated  Horace  and  Anacreon  into 
Spanish  verse,  and  made  a  prose  translation  of 
bocthius. 

VUlehardouln,  Geoffrey  de  (vel-ar-dwari')- 
A  Trench  diplomatist  and  historian;  born  at 
Arcis-sur-Aube  about  1165;  died  about  1213. 
He  participated  in  the  Fourth  Crusade  and 
the  sack  of  Constantinople,  and  wrote  a  most 
valuable  account  of  it,  entitled  <  The  History  of 
the  Capture  of  Constantinople  by  the  French 
and  Venetians.'  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  oldest 
prose  history  in  the  French  language. 

Vlllemaln,  Abel  Fran50i8  (vel-mari').  A 
Frcuh  V, Titer;  born  in  Paris,  June  II,  I790;died 
th.re.  May  8.  1870.  He  filled  the  chair  of 
rhetoric  at  the  Lyc^e  Charlemagne,  1810-16,  and 
of  French  eloquence  at  the  Sorbonne,  1816-26. 
With  Cousin  and  Guizot  he  formed  the  famous 
trio  known  as  "  the  three  professors."  He  won 
the  prize  offered  by  the  Academy  in  1812  with 
his  essay  <  Eulogy  of  Montaigne  > ;  again  in 
1814  with  'Advantages  and  Drawbacks  of  Criti- 
cism'; and  in  1816  with  'Eulogy  of  Montes- 
quieu.' The  French  Academy  elected  him  a 
member  in  1821.  His  three  greatest  works  are  : 
<  Course  of  French  Literature :  A  View  '  f  the 
i8th  Century';  <A  View  of  Christian  Eloquence 
in  the  4th  Century';  <  History  of  Gregory  VII.,' 
a  posthumous  publication  (1873). 

Villemarqu6,  Theodore  Hersart,  Vicomte 
de  la  (vel-mar-ka').  A  French  philologist  and 
antiquarian  ;  born  at  Quimpert6,  June  17,  1819. 
He  is  author  of  <  Barzaz-Breiz  :  Popular  Songs 
of  Brittany'  (1840);  <  Popular  Tales  of  the 
Ancient  Bretons'  ( 1856)  ;<  Celtic  Legends  of 
Ireland.  Wales,  and  Brittany'  (1859)  <  Stories 
of  the  Round  Table  '  ;  <  Breton  Poems  of  the 
Middle  Ages'  (1879). 

Villena,  Enrique  de  Aragon,  commonly 
styled  Marques  de  (vel-ya'na).  A  Spanish 
scholar  and  poet;  born  1384;  died  at  Madrid, 
Dec.  15,  1434.  He  wrote:  <The  Troubadour's 
Art';  <The  Art  of  Carving';  <The  Labors  of 
Hercules'  (1483);  < Treatise  on  Consolation'; 
<Fascinology>  (on  the  evil  eye);  <0n  Leprosy.' 
He  also  translated  the  ^neid  and  the  <  Divine 
Comedy.' 

Villers,  Charles  Fran90is  Dominique  de 
(ve-la').  A  French  writer  of  history  ;  born  at 
Boulay  in  Lorraine,  Nov.  4,  1765;  left  France 
at  the  Revolution,  settled  in  Germany  and 
died  at  Gottingen,  Feb.  26,  1815.  He  wrote: 
'Kant's  Philosophy;  or.  Fundamental  Princi- 
ples of  Transcendental  Philosophy'  (2  vols., 
1802);  <An  Essay  on  the  Spirit  and  Influence 
of  Luther's  Reformation'  (1804);  <  General 
View  of  the  Universities'  (x8o8). 

Villon,  Fran90l8  (vel-lon'),  true  name  prob- 
ably Fran90l8  Montcorbier.  A  noted  French 
poet;  born  1431 ;  died  about  146-  (?).  He 
wrote:  <The   Greater  Testament'   (1456),  and 


the  'Smaller  Testament:  Its  Codicil'  (1461) 
both  in  eight-line  stanzas,  with  ballads  and 
rondeaus  interposed  ;  a  volume  of  <  Ballades ' ; 
and  a  collection  of  poems  in  a  jargon  to-day 
unintelligible,  'Jargon.' 

Vilmar,  August  Friedrich  Christian  (vel- 
mar').  A  German  theological  writer  and  his- 
torian of  literature ;  born  at  Solz  in  Lower 
Hesse ;  died  at  Marburg,  July  30,  1868.  He 
was  professor  of  Lutheran  theology  at  Marburg, 
and  a  resolute  opponent  of  rationalism  in 
theology.  He  wrote  :  <  The  Theology  of  Facts 
versus  the  Theology  of  Rhetoric'  (1856);  'His- 
tory of  German  Civilization  in  Most  Recent 
Times'  (3  vols.,  1858-67);  <A  Little  Handbook 
for  the  Friends  of  the  German  Folk-Song' 
(1867);  'Exposition  of  the  Augsburg  Confes- 
sion' (1870);  'Moral  Theology'  (1871);  'Dog- 
matic Theology'  (1874);  'History  of  German 
National  Literature'  (1845;  24th  ed.  1894). 

Vincent,  Arvede  (van-san')  [Varine].  A 
French  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  17,  1840.  She  wrote  :  '  Essays  and  Fan- 
tasies'  (1887);  'Princesses  and  Great  Ladies: 
Maria  Mancini,  Christina  of  Sweden,  the 
Duchess  of  Maine,'  etc.  (1890);  'Bernardin  de 
St.  Pierre'  (1891);  <A.  de  Musset'  (1893). 

Vincent  of  Beauvais,  Latinized  Vincentius 
Bellovacensis.  A  great  mediaeval  encyclo- 
pedist; bom  about  1190;  died  about  1264.  He 
was  a  Dominican  friar.  His  voluminous  works 
cover  the  whole  field  of  mediseval  science. 
The  chief  is  'The  Greater  Mirror'  (Speculum 
Majus),  a  vast  encyclopaedia  of  fables,  science, 
literature,  etc.,  in  three  huge  volumes  of  80 
books  and  9,885  chapters ;  it  comprises  Natural, 
Doctrinal,  Historical ;  another  part.  Moral,  is 
by  another  hand.  Part  i.  (ed.  1473-76)  con- 
tains 848  folio  pages,  and  treats  of  the  whole 
visible  world,  and  even  of  the  Creator,  angels, 
etc.;  part  ii..  Doctrinal,  is  a  summary  of  the 
scholastic  philosophy,  liberal  and  useful  arts, 
government,  grammar,  arithmetic,  theology,  etc. 
The  third  part  gives  the  Bible  account  of  crea- 
tion, the  world's  secular  history  down  to  Con- 
stantine,  and  histories  of  the  German,  Frank, 
English,  and  other  nations. 

Vincent  of  Lerins,  or  Vincentius  Lerinensls. 

An  ecclesiastical  writer  of  the  first  half  of  the 
fifth  century ;  he  was  a  native  of  Gaul  and  a 
monk  of  the  monastery  of  Lerinum,  an  island 
(now  St.  Honorat)  opposite  Cannes.  He  is  au- 
thor of  a  '  Warning  against  the  Profane  Novel- 
ties of  all  Heretics.'  In  that  work  is  for  the  first 
time  laid  down  formally  the  test  of  Catholicity 
of  doctrine,  which  is  that  the  Catholic  doctrine 
is  "what  every^vhere,  what  always,  what  by 
all  hath  been  believed"  (quod  ubique,  quod 
semper,  and  quod  ab  omnibus  creditum  est). 
He  is  by  some  critics  believed  to  be  also  the 
author  of  a  treatise  favoring  the  heretical  opin- 
ions of  the  Semipelagians,  which  is  the  subject 
of  Prosper  the  Aquitanian's  '  Replies,  on  behalf 
of  Augustine's  Teaching,  to  the  Heads  of  the 
Vincentian  Objections.' 


VI  iVCENT  — VIRGIL 


549 


Vincent,  Frank.  An  American  traveler  and 
writer;  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  April  2,  1848. 
Yale,  his  alma  mater,  gave  him  an  A.  M.  in 
1875.  He  is  a  member  of  many  geographical, 
ethnological,  and  archaeological  societies,  and 
has  received  decorations  from  the  kings  of 
Burmah,  Cambodia,  and  Siam.  He  has  pub- 
lished <The  Land  of  the  White  Elephant* 
(1874);  < Through  and  Through  the  Tropics > 
(1876);  <Two  Months  in  Burmah  >  (1877);  <  The 
Wonderful  Ruins  of  Cambodia  >  (1878);  <  Norsk, 
Lapp,  Finn>  (1881);  <Around  and  About  South 
America  >  (1888);  and  <  The  Republics  of  South 
America >  (1889);  <  Actual  Africa*   (1895). 

Vincent,  Jobn  Heyl.  An  American  cler- 
gyman, bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church ;  and  founder  of  the  Chautauqua  Assem- 
bly. He  was  born  Feb.  23,  1832,  at  Tuscaloosa, 
Ala. ;  educated  at  the  Wesleyan  Institute,  and 
began  to  preach  at  18.  He  was  pastor  at  Ga- 
lena, 111.,  and  Chicago,  and  in  1865  established 
the  Sunday  School  Quarterly,  and  in  1866  the 
Sunday  School  Teacher,  which  contained  the 
lesson  system  since  become  international.  He 
was  general  secretary  of  the  Methodist  Sunday 
School  Union,  and  also  of  the  Tract  Society. 
In  1874,  with  the  Hon.  Lewis  Miller  of  Akron, 
O.,  he  established  the  Chautauqua  Assembly, 
and  has  been  superintendent  of  instruction  and 
chancellor  up  to  the  present  time.  In  1888  he 
became  bishop,  with  residence  at  Topeka,  Kan. 
Among  his  published  works  are :  <  Little  Foot- 
prints in  Bible  Lands  >  (1861);  <The  Chautau- 
qua Movement*  (1886);  <The  Home  Book* 
(1886);  <The  Modem  Sunday  School*  (1887); 
< Better  Not*;  a  series  of  Chautauqua  text- 
books (1887);  <The  Church  at-Home.* 

Vincent,  Marvin  Richardson.  An  American 
clergyman ;  born  in  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  Sep- 
tember, 1834.  With  Charlton  T.  Lewis,  he  trans- 
lated Johann  Albrecht  Bengel's  <  Gnomon  of 
the  New  Testament*  (2  vols.,  1860-62).  He 
has  since  published,  besides  tracts,  sermons, 
and  review  articles,  <Amusement  a  Force  in 
Christian  Training*  (1867);  <The  Two  Prodi- 
gals* (1876);  <  Gates  into  the  Psalm  Country,* 
a  series  of  descriptions  (1878);  <  Stranger  and 
Guest*;  (1879);  <  Faith  and  Character*  (i88oj; 
<The  Minister's  Handbook*  (1882);  <  Christ  as 
a  Teacher  *  (1886) ;  and  <  Word  Studies  in  the  New 
Testament*  (3  vols.,);  <  The  Inferno  of  Dante.* 

Vinci,  Leonardo  da  (vinche').  A  great  Ital- 
ian painter,  one  of  the  greatest  artists  of  the 
world ;  born  at  the  castle  of  Vinci  in  Tuscany, 
1452 ;  died  in  France,  May  2,  1519,  at  the  court 
of  Francis  I.  He  lived  at  Florence ;  but, 
brought  by  an  invitation  from  Ludovico  il 
Moro  about  1489  to  settle  in  Milan,  he  there 
painted  his  famous  <  Last  Supper.*  His  por- 
trait, painted  by  himself,  is  in  the  Royal 
Library,  Turin.  A  < Treatise  on  Painting* ;  and 
his  various  works  on  the  art  of  perspective 
and  on  the  laws  of  architecture  and  mathe- 
matics are  well  known.  A  series  of  over  two 
hundred  drawings  of  his  now  belonging  to  the 


Royal  Academy  in  London,  illustrates  in  detail 
the  anatomy  of  the  human  body. 

Vincke,  Karl  Frledrlch  Gisbert,  Freiherr 
von  (vink'e).  A  German  story- writer  and  poet ; 
born  at  Hagen,  Sept.  6,  1813;  died  at  Freiburg, 
Baden,  Feb.  6,  1892.  He  wrote  <  Legends  and 
Pictures  of  Westphalia*  (1856);  <  Poems*  (i860); 
< Comedies*  (2  vols.,  1869  and  1881);  <A  Little 
List  of  Sins*  (4th  ed.  1889);  and  adapted  some 
of  Shakespeare's  plays. 

Vinet,  Alexandre  Rodolphe  (vena).  A 
Swiss  Protestant  theologian  and  historian  of 
literature  ;  born  at  Ouchy,  Vaud,  June  17,  1797 ; 
died  at  Clarens,  May  4,  1847.  He  wrote :  <A 
Memoir  in  Favor  of  Freedom  of  Worship* 
(1826);  <  History  of  Preaching  in  the  Reformed 
Churches  of  France  in  the  17th  Century*  (i860); 
'Studies  on  Blaise  Pascal*  (1848);  < Studies  on 
the  Literature  of  France  in  the  l8th  Century* 
(2  vols.,  1853);  <  Moralists  of  the  i6th  and  17th 
Centuries*  (1859);  < Poets  of  the  Age  of  Louis 
XIV.*  (1861). 

Vlollet-le-Duc,  Eugene  Emanuel  (ve-6-la'- 
le-diic).  A  French  architect  and  historian  of 
art;  born  at  Paris,  Jan.  27,  1814 ;  died  Sept. 
17,  1879.  He  made  special  and  profound  study 
of  medi3eval  architecture  in  Italy  and  South- 
ern France  ;  and  became  professor  in  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Arts,  1863.  His  great  work  is  <  Dic- 
tionary of  French  Architecture  from  the  nth 
to  the  i6th  Century*  (10  vols.,  1854-69).  His 
other  chief  works  are  :  <  Essay  on  the  Military 
Architecture  of  the  Middle  Ages*  (1854); 
<  Dictionary  of  French  House  Furniture  from 
the  Carlovingian  Epoch  to  the  Renaissance ' 
(6  vols.,  1854-75);  <  Discourses  on  Architecture* 
(2  vols.,  1858-72);  <  Chapels  of  Notre  Dame  de 
Paris*  (1867-69);  'Memoir  on  the  Defense  of 
Paris*  (1872);  'History  of  a  House,*  'History 
of  a  Fortress,*  '  History  of  Human  Dwelling- 
Places,*  <  History  of  a  City  Mansion  and  of  a 
Cathedral*  (4  vols.,  1873-78). 

Virchow,  Rudolf  (fer'cho).  A  distinguished 
German  pathologist;  born  at  Schievelbein,  in 
Prussia,  Oct.  13,  1821.  Among  his  numerous 
writings  are :  'Collected  Essays  on  Scientific 
Medicine*  (1856)  ;  'Four  Discourses  on  Life 
and  Disease*  (1862);  'On  the  Education  of 
Woman  for  her  Calling*  (1865);  <0n  Certain 
Tokens  of  Lower  Human  Races  in  the  Cranium* 
(1875);  'Freedom  of  Science  in  the  Modern 
SUte.*     Died  Sept.  5,  1902. 

Virgil,  Polydore.  A  celebrated  writer  and 
ecclesiastic;  born  in  Urbino,  Italy,  about  1470; 
died  about  1550.  He  was  sent  about  1502  to 
England  by  Pope  Alexander  VI.  to  collect  the 
tax  called  "  Peter's  Pence,**  and  continued  to 
reside  there  for  the  greater  part  of  his  life. 
He  was  successively  created  archdeacon  of 
Wells ;  prebendary  in  the  Cathedral  of  Here- 
ford, Lincoln,  and  St.  Paul's.  His  principal 
works  are  his  'History  of  Inventions*;  'His- 
toria  Anglica,*  a  history  of  England  brought 
down  to  the  end  of   the  reign  of   Henry  VIL; 


55° 

and  a  treatise  against  divination,  entitled  <  De 

Prodigiis.* 

Virgil,  or  more  properly  Vergil  — Publius 
VtrgllluB  Maro.  The  greatest  of  Roman 
epic  poets;  born  at  Andes,  a  little  village  near 
Mantua.  Oct.  5.  70  B.  C. ;  died  at  Brundismm, 
Sept.  21,  19  B.C.  He  wrote  the  epic  ^neid, 
in  12  books;  several  <Kclogues>  or  <Bucolics,> 
pastoral  poems  in  imitation  of  the  idylls  of 
Theocritus ;  and  the  <  Georgics,>  a  didactic  poem 
on  husbandry,  in  four  liooks,  and  <  Moretum.' 

Vlscontl,  Ennlo  Qulrino  (vis-kon'te).  An 
Italian  arclia-ologist ;  born  at  Rome,  Nov.  i, 
1751 ;  died  Feb.  7,  1818.  In  his  14th  year  he 
translated  into  Italian  verse  the  <  Hecuba  >  of 
Euripides.  His  greatest  work  is  <  Grecian  Ico- 
nography* (3  vols.,  1808).  He  visited  London 
at  the  invitation  of  Lord  Elgin  to  inspect  the 
Elgin  Marbles,  1817,  and  wrote  <  Memoirs  on  the 
Works  of  Sculiiture  from  the  Parthenon  >  (1818). 

Vltet,  Ludovic  (ve-ta').  A  P"rench  states- 
man, poet,  and  author,  member  of  the  Acad- 
emy; born  in  Paris,  Oct.  18,  1802;  died  there, 
June  5,  1873.  While  a  journalist  on  L'Univers, 
he  wrote  three  dramatic  poems,  <  The  Day  of 
the  Barricades'  (1826),  <The  States  of  Blois> 
(1827),  and  the  <  Death  of  Henri  III.>  (1829), 
which  gave  him  reputation.  Subsequently  he 
held  official  posts  until  the  revolution  of  1848. 
Of  his  later  works  the  best  known  are :  <  Frag- 
ments and  Melanges  >  (1846),  artistic,  literary, 
and  archccological  criticisms ;  <  Studies  of  the 
History  of  Art>  (1864);  'Letters  on  the  Siege 
of  Paris'  (1870-71). 

Vltruvlus  Pollio  (ve-tro've-us  pol'le-o).  A 
celebrated  Roman  military  engineer  and  writer 
on  architecture.  He  lived  in  the  Augustan  age, 
and  wrote  ten  books  <Of  Architecture,'  treat- 
ing of  the  construction  of  temples  and  public 
and  private  buildings,  as  also  of  waterworks, 
sun-dials,  various  machines,  etc.  The  work  is 
still  extant. 

Vivien  de  St.  Martin,  Louis  (viv-yeh'  de 
sah  mar-tan').  A  French  geographer;  born  at 
Caen,  May  22,  1802.  He  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  Paris  Geographical  Society,  and  from 
1863  to  1876  edited  the  Geographical  Year, 
an  annual  review  of  geographical  exploration. 
He  wrote:  <  Description  of  Asia  Minor'  (2 
vols.,  1845);  <  Study  on  the  Grecian  and  Roman 
Geography  of  India '  (3  vols.,  1858-60);  <  Study 
on  the  Geography  of  the  Primitive  Peoples  of 
Northwestern  India  according  to  the  Vedic 
Hymns'  (i860);  <The  North  of  Africa  in  Gre- 
cian and  Roman  Antiquity' (1863);  <New  Dic- 
tionary of  Universal  Geography'  (1876-93); 
'  Universal  Atla^  of  Geography,  Modern,  An- 
ient, and  Mediaeval'  (1877).     Died  Jan.  3,  1897. 

VizeteUy,  Henry.  An  English  publisher, 
journalist,  and  author;  born  in  London,  July 
30,  1 820;  died  at  Tilford  near  Farnham,  Jan. 
X,  1894.  He  was  the  first  publisher  to  intro- 
duce to  English  readers  <  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin' 
and  the  works  of  Poe,  Zola,  and  Tolstoy;  and 
in  1843  founded  the  Pictorial  Times,  one  of  the 


VIRGIL— VOGT 


pioneer  journals  of  the  British  pictorial  press. 
He  acted  as  Paris  correspondent  of  the  Illustrated 
London  News  (1866-76),  and  represented  the 
government  at  foreign  expositions.  His  earliest 
work,  <  The  Story  of  the  Diamond  Necklace ' 
(1867),  a  sketch  of  the  Countess  de  la  Motte, 
was  followed  by  a  translation  of  Topin's  <  Man 
with  the  Iron  Mask'  (1879);  <  Berlin  under  the 
New  Empire'  (1879);  < Paris  in  Peril'  (1882), 
a  vivid  account  of  the  siege  of  1870-71 ;  <A 
History  of  Champagne,'  a  monograph  on  wines ; 
<  Glances  Back  through  Seventy  Years '  (1893). 

Vlacbos,  Angelos  (vlak'os).  A  Greek  states- 
man ;  born  at  Athens,  1838.  Among  his  writings 
are:  <The  Homeric  Question'  (1866);  'New- 
Greek  Chrestomathy '  (1870);  <  Comedies '  (1870); 
♦Modern  Greek-French  Dictionary'  (187 1);  < Lyric 
Poems '  (1875) ;  <  Critics  on  New-Greek  Poets.' 

Vogel,  Hermann  Wilhelm  (fo'gel)  A  Ger- 
man photographer  and  spectrum-analyst;  bom 
at  Dobrilugk,  Prussia,  March  26,  1834.  He 
wrote :  <  From  the  New  Witches'  Caldron : 
Sketches  of  Spiritism'  (1880);  'Photographs 
after  Nature'  (1882);  'Progress  of  Photography 
since  1879'  (1883);  'Chemical  Action  of  Light 
and  Photography'  (2d  ed.  1883);  'Photography 
of  Colored  Objects'  (1885); '  Practical  Spectrum 
Analysis  of  Terrestrial  Objects'  (1889);  'Artistic 
Photography  '  (1890).    He  died  Dec.  17, 1898. 

Vogel,  Jakob,  styled  Vogel  von  Glarus.  A 
Swiss  poet;  born  at  Glarus,  Dec.  11,  1816.  He 
is  a  noted  connoisseur  and  collector  of  the 
poetry  of  Switzerland.  His  works  are:  'Beau- 
ties and  Terrors  of  the  Swiss  Alpine  World,' 
prose  (1868);  'Pictures  from  the  Alps,'  poems 
(1874); '  Reminiscences  of  the  Klonthal '  (1878); 
'Poems'  (14th  ed.  1890);  'My  Home:  Selected 
Poems  of  Nature  '  (1893).    Died  Dec.  7,  1896. 

Vogel,  Otto.  A  Plattdeutsch  dialect  poet; 
born  at  Greifswald,  Jan.  3,  1838.  Among  his 
Plattdeutsch  lays  are :  '  Mirror  of  Pomerania  : 
From  Every  Age'  (1869)  and  '  Rose-Leaves,  en 
Strammel  Plattdeutsch.'  In  High  German  he 
wrote  '  Reproaches  :  A  Garland  of  Lays'  (1887). 

Vogelweide,  Walther  von  der.  See  Walther 
von  der  Vogelweide. 

Vogl,  Johann  Nepomuk  (fo'gel).  An  Aus- 
trian lyric  poet ;  born  in  Vienna  in  1802.  He 
published:  'Ballads  and  Romances';  'Soldier 
Songs' ;  'Lyric  Poems';  and  other  works.   D.  1866. 

Vogt,  Karl  (fokt).  A  German  naturalist; 
born  at  Giessen,  July  5,  1817;  died  May  5,  1895. 
He  was  associated  with  Agassiz  in  the  writing 
of  the  works  on  '  Fossil  Fishes,'  '  Studies  on 
Glaciers.'  and  'Natural  History  of  Freshwater 
Fishes.'  Among  his  independent  writings  are  : 
'  Text-Book  of  Geology  and  Petrifactions  > 
(1846);  'Physiological  Letters'  (3  parts,  1846); 
'The  Ocean  and  the  Mediterranean'  (1848); 
'  Researches  on  Beast-States,'  a  political  satire 
(1851 );  '  Old  and  New  from  the  Life  of  Animals 
and  Men '  ( 1859) ; '  Implicit  Faith  and  Science  :  A 
Polemic  against  Rudolf  Wagner'  (4th  ed.  1856); 
'  Text-Book  of  Practical  Comparative  Anatomy^ 
(1888). 


VOGUE  — VOLLMAR 


551 


VogU6,    Charles   Jean  Melcliior,   Marquis 

de  (v6-gii-a').  A  French  archaeologist;  born  at 
Paris,  Oct.  18,  1829.  His  studies  are  mainly  in 
the  departments  of  the  history  of  religion  and 
Oriental  art.  He  is  author  of :  <  The  Churches 
of  the  Holy  Land>  (1859);  <The  Temple  of 
Jerusalem  '  (1864);  <  Civil  and  Religious  Architec- 
ture in  Central  Syria,  from  the  First  to  the  Sixth 
Century*  (2  vols.,  1865-77);  <  Semitic  Inscriptions  > 
(1869-77);  <  Memoirs  of  Villars  >  (1884-93). 

Vogue,  Eugdne  Melctiior,  Vicomte  de.    A 

French  diplomatist  and  writer,  cousin  of  Charles ; 
born  Feb.  25.  1849.  He  was  in  the  diplomatic 
service,  but  left  it  in  1881  to  devote  his  time 
to  literature.  He  has  published :  <  Syria,  Pal- 
estine, Mount  Athos>  (1876);  <  Oriental  Histo- 
ries >  (1879);  <  The  Son  of  Peter  the  Great  >  ( 1884) ; 
<The  Russian  Romance'  (1886);  <  Souvenirs  and 
Visions  >  (1887);  *  Remarks  on  the  Centennial  Ex- 
position >  (1889);  *  Pages  of  History  >  (1902).  He 
is  a  member  of  the  French  Academy. 

Voigt,  Georg  (voit).  A  German  historian; 
born  at  Konigsberg,  April  5,  1827;  died  at 
Leipsic,  where  he  was  professor  of  history, 
Aug.  18,  1891.  His  chief  works  are :  <  The 
Renaissance  of  Classic  Antiquity  ;  or.  The  First 
Century  of  Humanism  >  (1859);  <Enea  Silvio 
de'  Piccolomini  as  Pope  Pius  II.,  and  his 
Times'  (3  vols.,  1856-63);  <  Memorabilia  of  Gior- 
dano de  Giano  the  Minorite  >  (1870);  <  Histori- 
ography of  the  Expedition  of  Charles  V.  against 
Tunis,  1535'  (1872);  <  Maurice  of  Saxony,  1541- 
47  >  (1876). 

Voigt,  Johannes.  A  German  historian, 
father  of  Georg;  born  at  Bettenhausen,  in 
Saxe-Meiningen,  Aug.  27,  1786;  died  at  Konigs- 
berg, Sept.  23,  1863.  He  is  author  of  <  Hilde- 
brand  as  Pope  Gregory  VII.,  and  his  Times  > 
(1815),  in  which  he  regards  the  reign  of  Greg- 
ory VII.  as  one  of  the  most  noteworthy  phe- 
nomena of  the  Middle  Ages,  and  Gregory 
himself  as  a  great  reformer ;  <  History  of  the 
Lombard  League  and  its  Struggle  with  the 
Emperor  Frederick  I.>  (1818);  <  History  of  Prus- 
sia from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Downfall 
of  the  Domination  of  the  Teutonic  Order  >  (9 
vols.,  1827-39);  <  The  Westphalian  Vehmgerichte 
as  related  to  Prussia*  (1836);  < Margrave  Al- 
brecht  Alciblades  of  Brandenburg-Kulmbach> 
(1852);  < History  of  the  Teutonic  Order  in  its 
Twelve  Circles  in  Germany*  (2  vols.,  1857-59). 

Voit,  Karl  von  (foit).  A  German  physiolo- 
gist; bom  at  Amberg,  Bavaria,  Oct.  31,  1831. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  physiology  in  the 
University  of  Munich  in  1863.  His  first  mem- 
orable scientific  researches  (1854)  demonstrated 
the  presence  of  urea  in  the  muscular  tissues 
of  cholera  patients;  since  then  he  has  studied, 
almost  exclusively  the  questions  of  digestion  and 
assimilation.  His  principal  works  are  :  <  Physio- 
logico-Chemical  Researches  >  (Part  i.,  1857);  <  Re- 
searches on  the  Effects  of  Common  Salt,  Coffee, 
and  Muscular  Action,  on  Digestion*  (i860);  <Laws 
of  Nutrition  in  Carnivora  >  ( i860);  <  Manual  of  the 
Physiology  of  Assimilation  and  Nutrition  *  (1884). 


Voiture,  Vincent  (vwa-tur').  A  French  poet ; 
born  in  Amiens,  1598 ;  died  May  26,  1648.  His 
letters  are  the  chief  basis  of  his  literary  repu- 
tation. He  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Cardinal 
Mazarin,  and  through  his  patronage  attained 
the  zenith  of  his  reputation,  and  enjoyed  large 
pensions. 

Volkelt,  Johannes  Immanuel  (folk'elt).  A 
German  philosopher ;  born  at  Lipnik  in  Galicia, 
July  21,  1848.  He  was  made  professor  of  phi- 
losophy in  the  University  of  Basle,  1883,  and 
in  that  of  Leipsic,  1894.  In  his  studies  he  has 
sought  to  reconcile  the  contradiction  between 
the  ancient  and  the  modern  schools  of  philos- 
ophy in  their  respective  theories  of  the  universe. 
His  chief  writmgs  are :  <  The  Unknown  and 
Pessimism*  (1873);  <  Immanuel  Kant's  Theory 
of  Cognition  Analyzed  in  its  Fundamental 
Principles*  (1879);  <  Experience  and  Thought* 
(1886);  <  Esthetic  Questions  of  the  Times* 
(18951;  <  x\rthnr    Schopenhauer*    (1900). 

Volkmann,  Axfred  Wilhelm  (folk'man).  A 
German  physiologist ;  born  at  Leipsic,  June  i, 
1801 ;  died  April  21,  1877,  at  Halle,  where  he 
was  professor  of  physiology.  He  made  special 
studies  of  the  nervous  system  and  the  sense  of 
sight.  Among  his  works  are :  <  Anatomy  of 
Animals,    Illustrated    with    Plates*    (1831-33); 

<  Contributions  to  the  Physiology  of  the  Sense 
of  Sight*  (1836);  <The  Independence  of  the 
Sympathetic  System  of  Nerves*  (1842);  <  Dy- 
namics of  the  Blood*  (1850);  <  Physiological 
Researches  in  the  Department  of  Optics* 
(1863-64);  <  Elasticity  of  Muscles*  (1856). 

Volkmann,  Richard  von.  [«  Richard  Lean- 
der.**]  A  German  surgeon,  story-writer,  and 
poet;  born  at  Leipsic,  Aug.  17,  1830;  died  Nov. 
28,  1889,  at  Jena,  where  he  was  professor  of 
surgery.     Among  his  professional  writings  are  : 

<  Diseases  of  the  Motor  Organs*  (1865);  <Man- 
ual  of  Surgery*  (1865);  <  Contributions  to  Sur- 
gery* (1875).  He  wrote  also:  < Reveries  at 
French  Firesides,*  a  series  of  tales  (1871;  22d 
ed.    1894);    <From     Student    Times*     (1876); 

<  Poems*  (3d  ed.  1885);  <  Short  Poems*  (2d  ed. 
1889);  <01d  and  New  Troubadour  Songs*  (2d 
ed.  1890). 

Volkmar,  Gustav  (folk'mar).  A  German 
theological  writer ;  born  at  Hersfeld,  Hesse,  Jan. 
II,  1809;  died  Jan.  10,  1893.  He  was  professor 
of  theology  in  the  University  of  Zurich.  His 
principal  works  are  :  an  edition  of  <  The  Gospel 
of  Marcion*  (1852);  <  Justin  Martyr  and  his 
Relation  to  our  Gospels*  (1853);  < Sources  of  the 
History  of  Heresies  down  to  the  Nicene  Council,* 
vol.  i.,  •  Hippolytus  and  the  Philosophumena  > 
(1853);  <  Religion  of  Jesus  and  its  First  Develop- 
ment* (1857);  < Origin  of  our  Gospels*  (1866); 

<  Life  and  Works  of  Zwingli  *  (1870);  <  Myths  of 
the  Popes*  (1873);  <The  Synoptics  and  the  His- 
torical Facts  of  the  Life  of  Jesus*  (1877);  <  Jesus 
of  Nazareth  and  the  Early  Christian  Times* 
(1882);  <  Paul  from  Damascus  to  the  Epistle  to 
the  Galatians*  (1887). 

Vollmar,  Georg  von  (fol'mar).  A  German 
socialist,  agitator,  and  author ;  born  at  Munich, 


55* 


VOLLMOLLER  -  VOSMAER 


March  7.  1850.  He  wrote:  <The  Isolated  So- 
cialist State'  (1S80);  «The  Next  Task  of  the 
Social  Democracy'  (1891);  <  On  State  Social- 
ism* (lSc,2\. 

Vollmoller.  Karl  Gustav  (foi'mel-er).  A 
German  philologist;  born  at  Ilsfeld  in  Wur- 
teml.erg.  Oct.  ib.  1848.  He  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  Romanic  and  English  philology  in 
the  University  ot  Gottingen,  1S81.  He  has 
written  <  Kurenberg  and  the  Nibelungen  >  (i»74); 
'Munich's  Brutus'  (1877);  <  Poem  of  the  Cid> 
1 1870);  «Octavianus>  (1883);  <  Monuments  of 
tlie  Knglish  Language  and  Literature  from  the 
lOth  to  the  iSth  Century'  (1883).  He  edits  the 
Critical  Annual  of  the  Progress  of  Romanic 
Philology  (commenced  1892). 

Volney,  Constantln  de,  Count  (vol-ne'); 
family  name  Chasseboeuf  (shas-bef)  A  dis- 
tinguished French  philosopher,  author,  and 
traveler;  bom  in  Craon  (Mayenne),  February 
1757 ;  died  in  April  1820.  He  published  in 
17S9  his  'Travels  in  Egypt  and  Syria'  (2  vols.), 
the  best  description  of  them  to  that  date.  In 
1789  he  was  elected  a  deputy  to  the  States- 
General.  In  1791  he  produced  a  work  still  re- 
membered, and  on  which  his  fame  rests,— 
<  Ruins ;  or.  Meditations  on  the  Revolutions  of 
P^mpires.'  Imprisoned  in  1793,  on  his  release 
he  passed  two  years  in  the  United  States,  pub- 
lishing in  1803  his  <  Description  of  the  Climate 
and  Soil'  of  the  country.  Among  his  other 
works  are:  <  The  Natural  Law;  or.  Physical 
Principles  of  Morality'  (i793);  and  < Researches 
in  Ancient  History'  (3  vols.,  1S14). 

Voltaire,  Frangois  Marie  Arouet  de  (vol- 
tar').  The  renowned  French  writer,  whose  name 
of  Voltaire  was  assumed ;  born  in  Paris,  Nov. 
21,  1694;  died  there,  May  30,  1778.  His  works 
include:  <CEdipus>  (1718);  'Artemire'  (1721); 
<Mariamne>  (1722);  <La  Henriade'  (1723),  ori- 
ginally published  as  <The  League;  or,  Henry 
the  Great';  <Historyof  Charles  XII.>  (1730?); 
'  Letters  on  the  English'  (1731);  <Brutus>(i73i); 
'  Philosophical  Letters'  (1732  ?);  <  Zaire  >  (1732); 
'  Eriphyle  >  (1732);  'Adelaide  Duguesclin '  (1734); 
iThe  Temple  of  Taste'  (1734  ?);  'The  Death 
Df  Caesar'  (1735?);  'Elements  of  Newton's 
Philosophy >  (1735);  'The  Maid  of  Orleans' 
(1736);  <Alzire>  (1736);  'Zulime'  (1740);  <Ma- 
homet>  (1741);  'The  Prodigal  Son'  (1742?); 
'Mdrope'  (1743);  'Discourse  on  Man';  'The 
Princess  of  Navarre'  (1746);  'Semiramis'; 
'Rome  Saved'  (174-);  'Orestes'  (1750);  <Na- 
nine>;  'Century  of  Louis  XIV.'  (1751);  'Dia- 
tribe of  Doctor  Akakia'  (1752);  <Am^lie> 
(1752);  'Poem  on  Natural  Law'  (1756); 'Can- 
dide'  (1758);  'History  of  Russia  under  Peter  I.' 
(1759);  'Republican  Ideas'  (1762);  'On  Toler- 
ation' (1763);  'Catechism  of  the  Honest  Man' 
''763);  'Tales'  (1763); 'Commentary  on  Cor- 
neille'  (1764?);  'Agathocles'  (1764?);  'Julius 
Cxsar'  (1764),  "a  translation  from  the  English 
of  \V.  Shakespeare"  (1764);  'Irene';  'Tan- 
crSde'  (1765);  'Socrates'  (1765  ?); 'The  Bible  at 
Last  Explained'  ('1766);  <  PjTrhonism  of  His- 
tory ' ;  <  Century  of  Louis  XV.'  (1766  ?).    The  au- 


thor's habit  of  secret  and  anonymous  publication 
makes  his  bibliography  difficult  of  compilation. 
The  dates  of  'Zadig';  <  Micromegas  > ;  'Jean- 
not  and  Colin  > ;  '  The  Ingenuous  One  > ;  and 
'The  Princess  of  Babylon,'  are  in  doubt. 

Vondel,  Joost  van  den  (von'del).  A  Dutch 
dramatic  poet ;  born  in  Cologne,  Nov.  17,  1587 ; 
died  in  Amsterdam,  1679.  His  is  the  greatest 
name  in  Dutch  literature,  and  he  has  often 
been  called  "  The  Dutch  Shakespeare."  He 
began  his  literary  career  with  the  drama  '  Het 
Pascha,'  produced  in  1612  before  the  Rhetori- 
cal Chamber,  of  which  he  was  a  member.  He 
wrote  the  tragedy  '  Palamedes,'  and  '  The  Am- 
sterdam Hecuba,'  a  free  version  of  Seneca 
(1625);  many  translations  from  the  classics  and 
versions  of  classical  originals.  The  dramatic 
poem  '  Lucifer,'  the  greatest  of  his  works,  is 
considered  by  many  Dutch  critics  to  be  an 
allegorical  account  of  the  revolt  of  the  Nether- 
lands against  Philip  of  Spain.  His  collected 
works,  together  with  a  life  of  the  poet,  were 
published  at  Amsterdam  (1850-69)  in  twelve 
volumes. 

Von-Visin,  Denis  Ivanovich  (fon-fes'in). 
A  Russian  poet ;  born  at  Moscow,  April  14, 
1744 ;  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  1792.  He  wrote  : 
'The  Brigadier,'  a  comedy  (1766),  which  won 
for  him  instant  -celebrity ;  it  was  followed  by 
his  masterpiece,  the  comedy  <  Mother's  Darling 
Son'  (1782);  and  the  same  year  appeared  his 
'Questions  to  Catherine  11.'  He  left  an  un- 
finished autobiography,  <  Frank  Confession  of 
my  Thoughts  and  Doings.' 

Vorosmarty  or  Voeroesmarty,  Mihily  (vo- 
rosh-mar'ty).  A  celebrated  Hungarian  writer 
and  patriot ;  born  in  the  county  of  Fejervar  in 
1800 ;  died  in  1855  while  engaged  on  a  trans- 
lation of  Shakespeare.  He  published  <  King 
Solomon,'  a  drama  in  1821,  which  was  followed 
by  a  poem,  'The  Triumph  of  Fidelity'  (1827); 
'King  Sigismund,'  a  drama  (1824);  'The 
Flight  of  Zalan,'  an  epic  poem ;  the  tragedy 
'Kont'  (1825).  His  narrative  poems  entitled 
'Cserhalom,'  and  'The  Enchanted  Valley ,>  es- 
tablished his  reputation  as  the  first  Hungarian 
poet  of  his  time.  He  was  a  contributor  to 
Kisfaludy's  Aurora,  and  was  for  several  years- 
editor  of  a  journal  called  The  Repository  of 
Science.  In  1830  he  published  a  patriotic 
l>Tic  entitled  'The  Appeal,'  for  which  he  re- 
ceived from  the  Hungarian  Academy  a  ducat 
a  line. 

Vosmaer,  Carl  (vos'mar).  A  Dutch  jour- 
nalist, novelist,  artist,  and  writer  on  art;  born  at 
The  Hague,  March  20,  1826;  died  at  Montreux. 
Switzerland,  June  12,  1888.  He  is  best  known 
outside  of  his  own  country  as  the  author  ol 
■'The  Amazon'  (1881),  a  novel,  which  was 
translated  into  English,  French,  and  other  lan- 
guages. Other  works  are :  '  Studies  on  War 
and  Art'  (1856);  'Sketches'  (i860),  verse;  'Life 
of  Rembrandt'  (1869);  'Franz  Hals'  (1874); 
'Our  Contemporary  Artists'  (l88i)-,  a  transla- 
tion of  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey, 


VOSS— WAGE 


553 


Voss,  Gerhard  Johann  (fos),  usually  styled 
Vossius.  A  celebrated  Dutch  philologist; 
horn  near  Heidelberg  1577 ;  died  at  Amster- 
dam, March  17,  1649.  In  certain  departments 
of  archseophilology  he  made  valuable  original 
researches ;  and  he  was  the  first  to  indicate  the 
historical  evolution  of  the  Latin  language. 
Among  his  writings  are  :  <  Essays  on  Rhetoric ; 
or,  The  Institutes  of  Oratory,*  his  greatest  work 
(1606);  <The  Greek  Historians  >  (1624);  <The 
Latin  Historians  >  (1627);  <Aristarchus ;  or.  On 
the  Art  of  Grammar  >  (1635);  <0f  Errors  of 
Speech  and  Latino-Barbarous  Terms  >  (1640); 
•Heathen  Theology >  (1642);  <The  Times  of 
the  Ancient  Poets  >  (1654);  <  Etymology  of  the 
Latin  Language  >  (1662).  The  <  Correspondence 
of  Vossius  with  Eminent  Men>  was  published 
in  1691. 

Vos,  Heinrich.  A  German  philologist,  son 
of  Johann  H.;  born  at  Otterndorf,  Oct.  29, 
1779;  died  Oct.  20,  1822,  at  Heidelberg,  where 
he  was  professor  of  philology,  in  succession 
to  his  father.  He  was  a  warm  friend  of  Jean 
Paul  Richter,  and  his  literary  executor.  He 
completed  his  father's  translation  of  yfilschy- 
lus  (1826);  this  work,  as  also  the  < Corre- 
spondence between  Heinrich  Voss  and  Jean 
Paul  >  and  <  Communications  regarding  Goethe 
and  Schiller,  in  Letters  by  Heinrich  Voss,> 
appeared  after  his  death. 

Vos,  Isaak  V.,  son  of  Gerhard  J. ;  born  at 
Leyden,  1618;  died  at  Windsor,  England,  where 
he  held  a  canonry,  Feb.  21,  1689.  Among  his 
writings  are  :  <  The  Seventy  Interpreters  :  Their 
Translation  and  Their  Chronology'  (1661);  <  Of 
the  Singing  of  Poems  and  the  Power  of  Rhythm  > 
(1653);  <A  Book  of  Various  Observations' 
(1685). 

Voss,  Johann  Heinrich.  A  German  poet; 
born  in  Sommersdorf,  Mecklenburg,  Feb.  20, 
1751 ;  died  at  Heidelberg,  March  29,  1826.  His 
principal  original  work  is  the  idyl  <  Luise,' 
published  in  complete  form  in  1795.  His  fame 
is  based  principally,  however,  upon  his  trans- 
lations of  the  classical  writers,  particularly  of 
Homer.  He  translated  the  Odyssey  (1781); 
the  Iliad,  together  with  a  revised  version  of 
the  Odyssey  (1793) ;  Virgil  (1799) ;  Horace  and 


Hesiod  (1806);  Theocritus,  BioH,  and  Mos- 
chus  (1808);  Tibullus  (1810);  Aristophanes 
( 1821 ).  He  is  also  the  author  of  a  number  of 
lyrical  poems.  His  complete  poetical  works 
were  published  in  Leipsic,  1835. 

Voss,  Julius  von.  A  German  story-writer; 
bom  at  Brandenburg,  Aug.  24,  1768;  died  at 
Berlin,  Nov.  i,  1832.  His  rapidity  of  literary 
production  was  almost  without  a  parallel.  His 
best  story  is  <  The  Schildburger  >  (The  Fool- 
townite :  1823).  He  wrote  a  great  many  com- 
edies, farces,  and  satirical  parodies.  In  <The 
Strahlow  Haul  of  Fish>  (1822),  a  popular 
piece  with  songs,  in  the  Berlin  patois,  he  gives 
the  first  example  of  the  Berlinese  farce. 

Voss,  Richard.  A  German  poet ;  born  at 
Neugrape  in  Pomerania,  Sept.  2,  1851.  Among 
his  dramatic  compositions  are:  < Savonarola* 
(1878);  <Magda'  (1879);  <The  Patrician  Dame> 
(i88i);<Luigia  Sanfelice  >  (1882);  <Father  Mo- 
destus>  (1883);  <The  Czar's  Moor>  (1883),  after 
a  fragment  by  Pushkin  ;  <  Woe  to  the  Besieged  > 
(1889);  <Eve>  (1889);  <  Betwixt  Two  Hearts* 
(1893);  <At  Sedan*  (1895).  In  narrative  verse 
he  wrote:  <A  Hill  Asylum*  (1882);  <  Roman 
Village  Tales*  (1884);  <Messalina>  (1881). 
Among  his  novels  are  :  <  Life  Tragedy  of  an  Ac- 
tress *  (1883) ;  <  The  New  Romans  >  (i88s); '  Child- 
ren of  the  South  *  (1888);  <  Villa  Falconieri  *  (1S95); 

<  Roman  Fever*  (1902) ;  <  The  People  of  Valdare.* 
He  excels  in  description  of  Italian  lowly  life. 

Vraz,  Stanko  (frach).  A  Croatian  poet ;  born 
at  Zerovec  in  Lower  Styria,  June  30,  1810 ;  died 
at  Agram,  May  24,  1851.  Among  his  works 
are  :  a  collection  of  Slovenian  folk-songs  from 
Styria,  Ukraine,  Carinthia,  and  Western  Hun- 
gary (1839);  and  <  Rose-Apples*  (1840),  a  collec- 
tion of  love-songs. 

Vulpius,  Christian  August  (vol'pe-us).  A 
German  writer ;  born  in  Weimar,  1762 ;  died  in 
1827.  He  was  a  brother-in-law  of  Goethe,  under 
whose  direction  he  became  secretary  of  the 
court  theatre  at  Weimar.  He  published  :  <  Ri- 
naldo    Rinaldini*    (1799),    a    robber    romance; 

<  Dramatic  Histories  of  Former  Times*;  and 
a  number  of  dramatic  works.  He  was  sub- 
sequently first  librarian  and  overseer  of  the 
cabinet  of  coins  at  Weimar. 


w 


Waagen,  Gustav  Friedrich  (va'gen).  A 
German  historian  of  art;  born  at  Hamburg, 
Feb.  II,  1794;  died  at  Copenhagen,  July  15, 
1868.  He  wrote  :  <Art  Works  and  Artists  of 
England  and  Paris*  (3  vols.,  1837-39);  'Art 
Works  and  Artists  of  Germany  *  (2  vols.,  1843- 
45);  <The  Treasures  of  Art  in  Great  Britain* 
(3  vols.,  1854);  <The  Most  Notable  Art  Monu- 
ments in  Vienna*  (2  vols.,  1866-67);  'The  Col- 
lection of  Paintings  in  the  Imperial  Hermitage 
at  St.  Petersburg*  (1867). 


Wace,  Robert.  A  Norman-French  trouvSre, 
calling  himself  simply  Master  Wace;  bom  in 
the  island  of  Jersey  about  lioo;  died  about 
1180.  His  celebrated  works  are  two  long  ro- 
mances, the  'Roman  de  Brut*  (Brutus),  and 
the  <  Roman  de  Rou*  (Rollo),  both  in  Norman 
French.  The  <  Roman  de  Brut  >  is  in  octosyl- 
labic couplets,  is  presumably  founded  on  Geof- 
frey of  Monmouth's  chronicle,  and  is  of  com- 
manding literary  importance  as  the  source,  or 
supposed  source,  from  which  many  subsequent 


554 


WACHENHUFEN  — WAGNER 


p<.cts  drew  their  Merlin  and  King:  Arthur  tales. 
1  he  <  Roman  de  Rou,>  mostly  octosyllabic  also,  is 
a  chronicle  of  the  Norman  dukes  up  to  1106. 

Waclienliuseii,  Hans  (vach'en-ho-sen).  A 
German  iniscfllane(nis  writer  ;  born  at  Treves, 
lanuarv,  1,  182?;  died  at  Marburfr,  March  23, 
i8q8.  He  wrote  :  <  The  New  Paris)  (1855); 
(pictures  of  Travel  in  Spain  >  (1857);  <  Journal 
of  the  Austro-halian  War)  (uSsg);  <  Crescent 
and  Double  Eagle  )  ( i860);  <  Rome  and  Sahara, 
a  novel  {3d  ed.  1867)  ;  <  P^^ris  Photographs) 
(1 868);  <The  Poor  Egyptian  Man  >  (l»7l)- 
Among  liis  stories  are  :  <  The  Heart's  Golgotha  ) ; 
« ( )nly  a  Woman  ) ;  <  A  Woman's  Guilt.) 

Wachler,  Johann  Friedrich  Ludwig  (vach'- 
ler).  A  German  historian  of  literature  ;  born  at 
Gotha.  April  15,  1767;  died  at  Breslau,  April  4, 
iS^.  His  principal  writings  are  :  <  Manual  of  the 
History  of  Literary  Culture >  (2  vols.,  1804-5); 
<  Lectures  on  the  History  of  German  Literature) 
(2  vols.,  1818-19);  <  History  of  Historical  Re- 
search and  Art  from  the  Renaissance)  (2  vols., 
1812-20). 

Waclismutli,  Ernst  Wimelm  Gottlieb 
fvachs'mot).  A  German  historian ;  born  at 
Hildesheim,  Dec.  28,  1784;  died  at  Leipsic,  Jan. 
23,  1866.  Among  his  works  are :  <  Outline  of  a 
Theory  of  History)  (1S20);  <  Hellenic  Antiquity ) 
(4  vols.,  1826-30);  <  History  of  European  Morals) 
(5  vols.,  1831-39);  <  History  of  the  Age  of  the 
Revolution)  (4  vols.,  1846-48);  <  History  of  Ger- 
man Nationality )  (3  vols.,  1860-62). 

Wacbsmutli,  Kurt.  A  German  antiquarian; 
born  at  Naumburg  on  the  Saale,  April  27,  1837. 
He  became  professor  at  Marburg  in  1864,  and 
at  Leipsic  in  1886.  His  principal  works  are : 
<Timon  the  Phliasian,  and  Other  Greek  Satir- 
ists) (1859);  <The  Doctrine  of  the  Stoics  on 
Divination  and  Daemons)  (i860);  <01d  Greece 
in  the  New)  (1864);  <The  City  of  Athens  in 
Antiquity)  (2  vols.,  1874-90);  < Introduction  to 
the  Study  of  .\ncient  History  >  (1895). 

Wackenroder,  Willielin  Heinrich  (viik'en- 
roderl.  A  German  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
at  Berlin,  1773;  died  there,  Feb.  13,  1798.  His 
works  are :  <  Heart  Outpourings  of  an  Art- 
Loving  Friar)  (1797),  written  in  collaboration 
with  Ludwig  Tieck,  and  received  with  great 
favor  by  the  German  artists  at  Rome ;  <  Franz 
Sternbald's  Wanderings )  (1798);  'Fantasias  on 
Art*  (1799). 

Wackernagel.  Jakob  ( vak'er-na-gel).  A 
Swiss  philologist;  born  at  Basle,  Dec.  11,  1853. 
He  became  professor  of  Greek  language  and 
literature  in  the  University  of  Gottingen,  1902. 
I  le  wrote  :  <  Origin  of  Brahmanism  )  ( 1877);  'The 
Study  of  Classical  Antiquity  in  Switzerland ) 
(1891);  <  PalDE-lndian  Grammar)  (1896). 

Wackernagel,  Wilhelm.  A  Swiss  linguist 
and  antiquarian ;  born  at  Berlin,  April  23, 
1806;  died  Dec.  21.  1869,  at  Basle,  where  he 
was  professor  of  German  language  and  lit- 
erature. His  principal  writings  are:  'German 
Dictionary)  (5th  ed.  1878);  'History  of  Ger- 


man Literature)  (1848-55);  <  Land  Laws  of  the 
SchwabenspiegeP  (1840);  <01d  German  Ser- 
mons and  Prayers)  (1876)-  'The  Little  Book 
of  Wine)  (1845);  and  other  volumes  of  poems. 

Waddington.  William  Henry  (wod'ing-ton; 
Ft.  pron.  va-dafi-ton').  A  French  diplomat, 
statesman,  and  archseologist ;  born  of  English 
parentage  at  St.  Remi  in  Eure-et-Loir,  Dec. 
II,  1826;  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  13,  1894.  He  was 
ambassador  to  England,  1883-93.  Among  his 
writings  are  :  <  Travels  in  Asia  Minor  in  the  In- 
terest of  Numismatics)  (1852);  'Archaeological 
Travels  in  Greece  and  Asia  Minor)  (6  vols., 
1847-77);  'Greek  and  Latin  Inscriptions  from 
Syria)  (1870). 

Wade,  Tbomas.  An  English  poet;  born  in 
1805 ;  died  Sept.  19,  1875.  He  was  an  advanced 
Liberal.  His  chief  works  are  :  '  Tasso  and  the 
Sisters)  (1825);  'Woman's  Love)  (played  at 
Covent  Garden  in  1828,  and  published  in  1829); 
'The  Jew  of  Arragon)  (1830),  a  tragedy; 
'Mundi  et  Cordis  Carmina)  (1835),  afterwards 
reprinted  under  the  English  title,  'Songs  of 
the  Universe  and  Heart.)  The  last-named  con- 
tained his  best  work. 

Waechter,  Karl  Georg  von  (vech'ter).  A 
German  jurist ;  born  at  Marbach  on  the  Neckar, 
Dec.  24,  1797 ;  died  at  Connewitz  near  Leipsic, 
Jan.  15,  1880.  He  is  author  of :  '  Disquisitions 
on  Criminal  Law)  (1835);  'The  German  Com- 
mon Law,  Especially  Criminal  Law)  (1844); 
a  commentary  on  the  'Pandects)  of  the  Jus- 
tinian Code  (2  parts,  1880-81). 

Waechter,  Oskar  von.  A  German  jurist  and 
publicist;  son  of  Karl  G.;  born  at  TUbingen, 
April  29,  1825.  He  wrote :  <  Copyright  Syste- 
matically Laid  Down  according  to  the  German 
Common  Law)  (1875);  'Copyright  in  Works  of 
Plastic  Art,  Photographs,  etc.)  (1877);  'Ency- 
clopaedia of  the  Laws  of  Exchange)  (1879-80); 
'Vehmgericht  and  W'itchcraft  Trials)  (1882); 
'  Old  Gold  in  German  Proverbs)  ( 1883) ;  <  Johann 
Jakob  Moser)  (1885). 

Wagenaar,  Jan  (va'gen-ar).  A  Dutch  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Amsterdam,  Oct.  3,  1709 ;  died 
there,  March  1773.  His  best-known  work  is 
'History  of  the  Fatherland)  (21  vols.,  1749-^): 
the  work  reaches  down  to  the  year  1751.  He 
wrote  also :  '  Description  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces of  the  Netherlands)  (12  vols.,  1739); 
'Description  of  Amsterdam)  (3  vols.,  1760-67). 

Wagener,  Hermann  (va'gen-er).  A  German 
writer  on  political  subjects ;  born  at  Segelitz 
near  Neu-Ruppin,  March  8,  1815;  died  at  Berlin, 
April  22,  1889.  He  edited  a  '  Lexicon  of  the 
State  and  Society)  (23 vols.,  1858-67);  and  wrote 
'The  Policy  of  Frederick  William  IV.)  (1883); 
•My  Memoirs  of  the  Periods  between  1848  and 
1866,  and  from  1873  till  Now>  (1884). 

Wagner,  Adolf  (vag'ner).  A  German  polit- 
ical economist,  son  of  Rudolf;  born  at  Er- 
langen,  March  25,  1835.  The  more  important 
of  his  writings  are  :  '  Contributions  to  the  Study 
of  Banking)  (1857);  'Abolition  of  Private  Land- 
ownership)    (1870);   'Law   in   the   Apparently 


WAGNER  -^  WALCH 


5S5 


Arbitrary  Doings  of  Man'  (1864);  < Text-Book 
of  Political  Economy,'  written  in  collaboration 
with  other  economists  (Vol.  i.,  1876;  Vol.  vii., 
'Finance,'  1880),  in  which  he  upholds  socialistic 
views,  favoring   State   ownership  of  railways; 

<  The  Science  of  Finance  and  State  Socialism ' 
(18S7) ;  <  My  Conflict  with  the  Baron  von  Stumm- 
Halberg'  (1895),  the  last  two  in  defense  of  social- 
ism ;  <  Agrarian  and  Industrial  State  '  (1902). 

Wagner,  Ernst.  A  German  novelist ;  born 
at  Rossdorf,  Feb.  2,  1769;  died  at  Meiningen, 
Feb.  25, 1812.  Among  his  more  successful  novels 
are:  <  Willibald's  Views  of  Life'  (1804);  <  The 
Traveling  Painters'  (1806);  Usidora'  (1814). 
He  wrote  also  <  Journeys  from  Abroad  Home- 
ward' (1808). 

Wagner,  Heinricli  Leopold.  A  German 
poet ;  born  at  Strasburg,  Feb.  19,  1747 ;  died 
at  Frankfort  on  the  Main,  March  4,  1779.  He 
wrote:  <  Prometheus  and  Deucalion'  (1775),  a 
farce  ridiculing  the  critics  who  carped  at  Goe- 
the's <Werther';  <  Voltaire  on  the  Eve  of  his 
Apotheosis,'  a  dramatic  satire  (1778);  'Re- 
pentance After  the  Act,'  a  drama  (1775);  *The 
Child-Murderess,'  a  tragedy  (1779). 

Wagner,  Hermann.  A  German  geographer 
and  statistician,  son  of  Rudolf;  born  at  Er- 
langen,  June  23,  1840,     Among  his  works  are : 

<  The  Earth's  Population ' ;  <■  Wall  Map  of  Ger- 
many' (1879 J;  < Text-Book  of  Geography'  (2 
vols.,  1894-95);  <  Methodical  School  Atlas'  (lOth 
ed.  1902). 

Wagner,  Moritz.  A  German  traveler  and 
naturalist,  brother  of  Rudolf ;  born  at  Ba>Teuth, 
Oct.  3,  1813;  died  by  his  own  hand  at  Munich, 
May  30, 1887.  He  traveled  in  Algeria,  the  coast- 
lands  of  the  Black  Sea,  the  Caucasus,  Armenia, 
Kurdistan,  Persia,  North  and  Central  America, 
and  the  West  Indies.    Among  his  writings  are  : 

<  Travels  in  the  Regency  of  Algiers '  (3  vols., 
1841);  <The  Caucasus  and  the  Land  of  the  Cos- 
sacks '  (2  vols.,  1847);  < Journey  to  Colchis' 
(1850);  'Journey  to  Ararat  and  the  Armenian 
Highlands'  (1848);  'Travels  in  Persia  and  in 
the  Land  of  the  Kurds'  (2  vols.,  1851);  'Scien- 
tific Travels  in  Tropical  America'  (1870);  'The 
Darwinian  Theory,  and  the  Law  of  Migration 
of  Organisms'  (1868). 

Wagner,  Paul.  A  German  agricultural  chem- 
ist; born  at  Liebenau  in  Hanover,  March  7, 
1843.  He  was  named  professor  of  agricultural 
chemistry  in  the  University  of  Darmstadt,  1881. 
He  is  author  of :  <  Text-Book  of  the  Manufac- 
ture of  Manures'  (1877);  'Introduction  to  Ra- 
tional Manuring  with  Phosphoric  Acid'  (1889); 
'Nitrate  Manuring'  (1892). 

Wagner,  Richard.  The  German  musical 
composer  and  poet ;  born  in  Leipsic,  May  22, 
1813;  died  in  Venice,  Italy,  Feb.  13,  1883.  In 
addition  to  the  musical  compositions  upon 
which  his  fame  is  founded,  he  has  written : 
'The  Judaic  in  Music'  (1852);  'Music  of  the 
Future'  (i860);  'State  and  Religion'  (1864); 
'  Letters' ;  '  Reminiscences  from  My  Life.' 


Wagner,  Rudolf.  A  distinguished  German 
physiologist  and  anthropologist ;  born  at  Bay- 
reuth,  June  30,  1805 ;  died  May  13,  1864,  at  Got- 
tingen,  where  he  had  been  professor  since  1840. 
Among  his  writings  are :  '  Text-Book  of  Com- 
parative Anatomy'  (1834);  'Text-Book  of 
Physiology'  (1839); '  Hand-Dictionary  of  Physi- 
ology' (4  vols.,  1842-53);  'Creation  of  Man 
and  Soul  Substance'  (1854);  'Of  Knowledge 
and  Belief,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  P'u- 
ture  of  the  Soul'  (1854);  'The  Struggle  Over 
the  Soul'  (1857);  '  Zoologico-Anthropological 
Researches'  (1861);  'Preliminary  Studies  to- 
ward a  Scientific  Morphology  and  Physiology 
of  the  Human  Brain  as  an  Organ  of  Soul ' 
(two  parts,  1860-62). 

Wahrmund,  Adolf  (var'mont).  A  German 
Orientalist;  born  at  Wiesbaden,  June  10,  1827. 
His  principal  works  are  :  '  Hand-Dictionary  of 
the  Arabic  and  German  Languages'  (3  vols., 
1874-77) ;  <  Poems '  ( 1880) ;  <  Babylonianism,  Juda- 
ism, and  Christianism  >  (1882); '  Practical  Manual 
of  the  Osmanli-Turkish  Language '  (2ded.  1885); 
'The  Christian  School  and  Judaism'  (1885); 
'Practical  Manual  of  Modern  Arabic'  (3d  ed. 
1886);  'The  Law  of  Nomadism'  (1887);  'The 
War  of  Civilization  between  Asia  and  Europe ' 
(1887);  'Monsieur  Jourdan,  the  Paris  Botanist, 
in  the  Kara-Bagh  :  A  Comedy  in  Modern  Per- 
sian' (1889);  'Abhasa:  A  Tragedy'  (1890). 

Waiblinger,  Wilhelm  Friedrich  (vib'liiig-er). 
A  German  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Heil- 
bronn,  Nov.  21,  1804;  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  17, 
1830.  His  tales,  'Four  Stories  from  Greece' 
(1821),  and  'Three  Days  in  the  Nether  World' 
(1826);  and  his  'Poems,'  were  received  with 
extraordinary  favor.  He  wrote  also  :  '  Pocket 
Book  of  Italy  and  Greece'  (1829);  'The  Britons 
in  Rome,'  a  humorous  story  (1844);  *  Poems 
from  Italy.' 

Waitz,  Georg  (vltz).  A  great  German  his- 
torian ;  born  at  Flensburg,  Oct.  9,  1813 ;  died 
at  Berlin,  May  24,  1886.  He  became  professor 
at  Gottingen,  1849.  Among  his  very  numer- 
ous writings  are  :  '  History  of  the  Formation  of 
Germany'  (8  vols.,  1843-78;  revised  ed.  1893), 
his  greatest  work.  '  The  Life  and  Teaching 
of  Ulfilas'  (1840);  'Researches  in  German 
History'  (1862);  'German  Emperors  from 
Charlemagne  to  Maximilian'  (1872). 

Waitz,  Theodor.  A  distinguished  German 
psychologist  and  anthropologist ;  bom  at  Gotha, 
March  17,  1821  ;  died  May  21,  1864,  at  Marburg. 
His  more  notable  works  are :  an  edition  of 
Aristotle's  'Organon'  (2  vols.,  1844-46) ;  'Prin- 
ciples of  Psychology'  (1846);  'Text-Book  of 
Psychology'  (1849);  'Anthropology  of  Savage 
Peoples'  (6  vols.,  1859-72),  his  greatest  work; 
'The  Noith-Aincrican   Indians'  (1865). 

Walcb,  Johann  Georg  (valch).  A  German 
theological  writer;  born  at  Meiningen,  June 
17.  1693 ;  'iied  Jan.  13,  1775.  Among  his  works 
are:  'Patristic  Library'  (1770);  'Philosophical 
Lexicon'  (2  vols.,  1726);  'Introduction  to  the 


5S6 

Theological  Sciences'  ( 1747 ) ;  an  edition  of 
the  <  Works  of  Luther  >  (24  vols.,  1740-51)- 

Walcott,  Cliarles  Melton.  An  English  actor 
and  dramatic  writer;  born  in  London,  in  1815; 
died  in  Philadelphia,  in  May  1868.  Besides 
f)€ing  an  excellent  comedian,  he  has  written 
many  plays,  among  which  are  :  <  The  Course  of 
True  Love>  (1S39);  <  Washington;  or.  Valley 
Forgc>  ( 1842) ;<  Edith  >  {1846);  <The  Custom  of 
the  Country'  (184S);  <The  Haunted  Man> 
(1848);  <  David  Copperrield'  (1848);  <  Hoboken> 
(1S49);  <One  Cast  for  Two  Suits'  (1854);  <  Hia- 
watha' (1855);  <A  Good  Fellow'  (1857).  He 
wrote  the  songs,  <  My  Love  is  a  Sailor  Boy' 
and  <  My  Own  Little  Rose.' 

Waldau,  Max  (viil'dou),  pseudonj-m  of  Rich- 
ard Georg  Spiller  von  Hauenschild.  A  German 
poet ;  bom  in  Breslau,  March  24,  1822 ;  died  at 
Tscheidt,  Upper  Silesia,  Jan.  20, 1855.  He  early 
rose  to  prominence  through  his  scholarly  at- 
tainments, but  as  a  poet  he  has  made  his 
name  known  -wherever  German  poetry  is  read. 
<.\  Fair)'  Fable,'  < Leaves  in  the  Wind,'  and 
<  Rahab :  Pictures  of  Bible  Women,'  are  con- 
spicuous among  his  volumes  of  verse.  <  Cor- 
dula'  is  a  poem  admired  for  its  rich  metrical 
effects.  He  also  wrote  <  After  Nature,'  a  novel 
that  enjoyed  quite  a  run. 

Waldls,  Burkard  (val'dis).  A  German  rhjTii- 
ing  fabulist;  born  about  1490;  died  about  1557. 
He  was  a  Franciscan  friar,  but  on  returning 
from  a  pilgrimage  to  Rome,  embraced  the 
doctrines  of  Luther.  He  wrote  a  charming 
drama  in  Low  German,  <The  Parable  of  the 
Prodigal  Son ' ;  translated  the  Psalter  into  Ger- 
man verse ;  and  wrote  <^sopus,'  a  collection  of 
about  400  rhymed  fables  and  drolleries. 

WaldmuUer,  Robert  (vald'mel-ler),  pseu- 
don)-m  of  Charles  Edouard  Duboc.  A  Ger- 
man poet  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  in 
Hamburg,  Sept.  17, 1822.  His  best  work  is  <  Vil- 
lage Idylls'  (i860).  Other  works  are:  <  Travel 
Studies'  (i860);  'Sorrow  and  Joy,'  a  romance 
(1874);  'Brunhild,' a  drama  (1874). 

Waldo,  Samuel  Putnam.  An  American 
writer  and  biographer ;  born  in  Connecticut  in 
1780 ;  died  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  March  1826. 
He  wrote :  <  Narrative  of  a  Tour  of  Observa- 
tion by  President  Monroe '  (1818);  'Memoirs  of 
Andrew  Jackson '  (1820);  'Life  of  Stephen  De- 
catur' (1821);  'Biographical  Sketches  of  Nich- 
olas Biddle,  Paul  Jones,  Edward  Preble,  and 
Alexander  Murray'  (1823).  He  edited  'Jour- 
nal of  the  Brig  Commerce  upon  the  W'estem 
Coast  of  Africa.' 

Waldsteln,  Charles.  An  eminent  American 
arclixologist  and  writer;  bom  in  New  York 
in  1856,  and  graduated  at  Columbia  College. 
He  was  for  a  time  director  of  the  Fitzwilliam 
Museum  at  Cambridge,  England,  which  position 
he  resigned  in  order  to  take  the  directorship  of 
the  American  School  of  Archaeology  at  Athens. 
While  in  this  office  he  was  a  lecturer  on  Greek 
anthology  at  Cambridge.  He  is  now  a  fellow  of 
King's  College,  and  a  doctor  and  professor  a^ 


WALCOTT  -  WALKER 


Cambridge  University.  He  has  written  : '  Exca. 
vations  at  the  Heraion  of  Argos  > ; '  The  Balance 
of  Emotion  and  Intellect  > ; '  Essays  on  the  Art 
of  Phidias  > ;  '  The  Work  of  John  Ruskin' ;  'Study 
of  Art  in  Universities' ; '  The  Argive  Haraeum.' 

Waldstein,  Louis.  An  American  author, 
elder  brother  of  Charles;  born  in  New  York, 
1853.  He  has  written  a  notable  book,  'The 
Subconscious  Self  (1897). 

Walewskl,  Alexandre  Florian  Joseph  Co- 
lonna,  Duke  de  (va-lev'ske).  A  French  states- 
man ;  born  at  Walewice  in  Poland,  May  4,  1810; 
died  at  Strasburg,  Sept.  27,  1868.  He  wrote  :  <  A 
Word  on  the  Question  of  Algiers'  (1837);  'The 
English  Alliance'  (1838);  a  comedy,  'The 
School  of  the  World ;  or.  The  Coquette  Without 
Knowing  it'  (1849). 

Walford,  Mrs.  Lucy  Bethia.  A  British  nov- 
elist, essayist,  and  biographer;  bom  in  Scotland, 
1845.  She  has  contributed  to  Blackwood's  Mag- 
azine and  other  periodicals.  She  has  written : 
'Mr.  Smith'  (new  ed.  1875); '  Pauline'  (last  ed. 
1885);  'Cousins'  (new  ed.  1885);  'Troublesome 
Daughters'  (new  ed.  1885);  'Dick  Netherby' 
(new  ed.  18S5);  'Four  Biographies'  (Jane  Tay- 
lor, Elizabeth  Fry,  Hannah  More,  and  Mary 
Somerville  :  1888);  '  Her  Great  Idea,  and  Other 
Stories'  (1888);  'Baby's  Grandmother';  etc. 

Walker,  Alexander  Joseph.  An  Amer- 
ican journalist  and  editor;  born  in  Virginia  in 
1819;  died  in  1893.  He  successively  edited 
the  New  Orleans  Delta,  Times,  Jeffersonian, 
Herald,  and  Picayune,  and  subsequently  the 
Cincinnati  Enquirer.  He  published  'Jackson 
and  New  Orleans'  (1856);  'Life  of  Andrew 
Jackson';  'History  of  the  Battle  of  Shiloh'; 
<  Butler  at  New  Orleans ' ;  and  '  Duelling  in 
Louisiana.' 

Walker,  Amasa.  An  American  reformer, 
merchant,  statesman,  and  political  economist; 
born  at  Woodstock,  Conn.,  May  4,  1799;  died 
at  North  Brookfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  29,  1875.  He 
was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Transactions 
of  the  Agricultural  Society  of  Massachusetts  (7 
vols.,  1848-54);  and  published  his  great  work 
on  political  economy, '  The  Science  of  Wealth,' 
in  1866. 

Walker,  Francis  Amasa.  An  American  sol- 
dier, educator,  and  political  economist  ;  born 
in  Boston,  July  2,  1840;  died  there  Jan.  5,  1897. 
He  edited  'Census  Reports'  (3  quarto  vols.); 
compiled  a  'Statistical  Atlas  of  the  United 
States'  (1874);  and  published  'The  Indian 
Question '  (1874);  <  The  Wages  Question '  (1876); 
'  Money'  (1878);  'Money,  Trade,  and  Industry' 
(1879);  'Political  Economy'  (1883);  'Land  and 
its  Rent '  (1883 1;  '  History  of  the  Second  Army 
Corps'  (1886);  'Life  of'Ceneral  Winfield  S. 
Hancock'  (1894);  and  'The  Making  of  the 
Nation'  (1895).  He  was  president  of  the  In- 
stitute of  Technology  at  Boston  at  the  time  of 
his  death. 

Walker,  George  Leon.  An  American  writer 
and  Congregational  clergyman  ;  born  •  at  Rut- 
land, Vt.,  April,   30,    1850;    died  at   Hartford, 


Walker — Wallace 


55'/ 


Conn.,  Martii  14,  1900.  He  wrote :  'History 
of  the  First  Church  in  Hartford*  (1633-1883); 

<  Thomas  Hooker,  Preacher,  Founder  [of  Con- 
necticut], Democrat' ;  < Aspects  of  the  Religious 
Life  of  New  England.* 

Walker,  James.  A  distinguished  American 
Unitarian  divine  and  educator;  born  at  Bur- 
lington, Mass.,  Aug.  16,  1794;  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Dec.  23,  1874.  He  was  president 
of  Harvard  University,  1853-60;  and  editor  of 
the  Christian  Examiner  1831-39.  Besides  ser- 
mons and  addresses,  editing  the  works  of  Dugald 
Stewart,  Dr.  Thomas  Reid,  etc.,  he  published 
a  <  Memoir  of  Josiah  Quincy>  (1867),  and  de- 
livered   lectures    on    <  Natural    Religion  >    and 

<  The  Philosophy  of  Religion.*  He  was  famous 
as  a  pulpit  orator. 

Walker,  James  Barr.  An  American  clergy- 
man, journalist,  and  author ;  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, July  29,  1805 ;  died  at  Wheaton,  111.,  March 
6,  1887.  Besides  editorial  work,  he  has  written 
the  following:  < The  Philosophy  of  the  Plan 
of  Salvation*  (1855),  a  book  which  commanded 
wide  acceptance ;  <  God  Revealed  in  Nature 
and  in  Christ*  (1855);  < Philosophy  of  Scepti- 
cism and  Ultraism*  (1857);  <The  Philosophy 
of  the  Divine  Operation  in  the  Redemption  of 
Man*  (1862);  and  <The  Living  Questions  of 
the  Age*  (1869). 

Walker,  Jobn.  An  English  actor,  teacher, 
lecturer,  and  dictionary-maker ;  bom  at  Colney 
Hatch  near  London,  March  18,  1732;  died  in 
London,  Aug.  i,  1807.  His  books  are  a  <  Rhym- 
ing Dictionary  *  (1775);  <  Elements  of  Elocution  * 
(1781);   < Rhetorical   Grammar*    (1785);   and   a 

<  Critical  Pronouncing  Dictionary  and  Expositor 
of  the  English  Language*  (1791),  which  was 
long  the  standard  work  of  its  class,  running 
through  forty  editions. 

Walker,  Mrs.  Katharine  Kent  (Child).  An 
American  story- writer  and  translator;  bom  in 
Pittsfield,  Vt,  about  1840.  She  wrote  a  famous 
article  for  the  Atlantic  Monthly  on  <  The  Total 
Depravity  of  Inanimate  Things*  (Sept.,  1864); 
and  has  published  a  version  of  Bunyan  en- 
titled < Pilgrim's  Progress  for  Children*  (1869); 
<From  the  Crib  to  the  Cross*  (1869);  and  a 
<Life  of  Christ*  (1869). 

Walker,  William.  An  American  adventurer ; 
born  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  May  8,  1824;  shot  at 
Trujillo,  Honduras,  Sept.  12,  i860.  He  studied 
law  in  Nashville,  and  medicine  in  Germany.  In 
1850  he  was  an  editor  in  California,  and  in  1853 
organized  an  expedition  against  Sonora,  Mexico, 
but  was  defeated.  He  landed  in  Nicaragua  in 
1855  with  62  followers,  captured  the  city  of 
Granada,  and  established  a  government ;  but 
was  driven  from  power  and  surrendered  to  the 
U.  S.  government  in  May,  1857.  In  June  i860 
he  invaded  Honduras,  was  captured,  tried  by 
court-martial,  and  shot.  He  published  <The 
War  in  Nicaragua*   (i860). 

Walker,  William  Sidney.  A  British  poet ; 
bora  at  Pembroke,  Wales,  Dec.  4,  1795 ;  died  in 
London,  Oct.  15,  1846.     He   was   a  fellow   of 


Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (1822-29),  becom 
ing  blind  during  that  time.  Besides  translating 
a  <  Corpus  Poetarum  Latinorum  *  (Collection  of 
Latin  Poets  :  new  ed.  1854),  he  wrote  <  Gustavus 
Vasa*  (1813),  an  epic  poem;  < Shakspeare's 
Versification*  (3d  ed.  1859);  < Critical  Examina- 
tion of  the  Text  of  Shakspeare*  (3  vols.,  1859). 
<  Poetical  Remains,*  with  a  memoir,  appeared 
in  1852. 

Walker,  Williston.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  historical  writer,  son  of  George  L. ; 
bom  in  Maine,  i860.  He  has  been  professor 
of  history  in  Hartford  Theological  Seminary 
since  1880.  His  works  include:  <The  Creeds 
and  Platforms  of  Congregationalism  * ;  <  On 
the  Increase  of  Royal  Power  under  Philip 
Augustus*;  'History  of  the  Congregational 
Church  in  the  United  States  * ;  <  John  Calvin.* 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russel.  A  celebrated  Eng- 
lish naturalist ;  born  at  Usk  in  Monmouthshire, 
Jan.  8,  1823,  He  traveled  in  Brazil,  exploring 
the  Amazon  and  its  tributaries  ( 1848-52 ),  and 
on  his  return  to  England  published  'Travels 
on  the  Amazon  and  Rio  Negro*  (1853).  He 
then  visited  the  Malay  archipelago,  where  he 
spent  nearly  eight  years.  One  of  the  fruits  of 
his  researches  there  was  the  paper  <0n  the 
Tendencies  of  Varieties  to  Depart  Indefinitely 
from  the  Original  Type,*  which  was  published 
almost  simultaneously  with  Darwin's  first  an- 
nouncement of  his  theory  of  natural  selection. 
'The  Malay  Archipelago,*  2  vols.,  was  pub- 
lished 1869.  He  wrote  also  '  On  the  Geograph- 
ical Distribution  of  Animals  *  ( 2  vols.,  1876 ) ; 
'  Tropical  Nature  *  ( 1878  ) ;  <  Darwinism  :  An 
Exposition  of  the  Theory  of  Natural  Selection* 
(1889).  He  is  author  also  of  '  Miracles  and  Mod- 
ern Spiritualism  *  (1875); '  Land  Nationalization  : 
Its  necessity  and  Aims  *  (1882)  ;  <  Darwinism.* 

Wallace,  Horace  Binney.  An  American 
author  and  law  editor;  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Feb.  26,  1817 ;  died  in  Paris,  Dec.  16,  1852.  In 
addition  to  contributing  to  literary  periodicals, 
he  published  anon>-mously  a  novel,  <  Stanley ; 
or.  The  Recollections  of  a  Man  of  the  Worid* 
(1838);  and  edited,  in  conjunction  with  Judge 
Hare,  'American  Leading  Cases  in  Law*  (2 
vols.,  1847;  3d  ed.  1852);  Smith's  'Leading 
Cases*  (4th  American  ed.  2  vols.,  1852);  and 
White  and  Tudor's  'Leading  Cases  in  Equity* 
(2d  American  ed.  3  vols.,  1852),  all  copiously 
annotated.  He  helped  Rufus  W.  Griswold  in 
his  'Napoleon  and  the  Marshals  of  the  Em- 
pire* (2  vols.,  1847).  'Art  and  Scenery  in 
Europe,  with  Other  Papers*  (1855),  and  'Lit- 
erary Criticisms,  and  Other  Papers*  (1856),  are 
posthumous  publications. 

Wallace,  Lewis.  An  American  general,  law- 
yer, and  novelist;  bom  at  Brookville,  Ind., 
April  10,  1827.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  War 
as  lieutenant,  and  in  the  Civil  War  attained 
the  rank  of  major-general.  He  was  Minister 
to  Turkey  1881-85.  His  works  include:  'The 
Fair  God>  (1873);  'Ben-Hur*  (1880);  'The 
Life  of  Gen.  Benjamin  Harrison*  (1888); 
'Commodus:  A  Tragedy*   (1889);  'The  Bqv- 


558 

hood  of  Christ  >  riSSo);  'The  Prince  of  India  > 
( 1893).     Died,  Crawfordsville,  Feb.  15,  1905.  * 

Wallace,  Mrs.  (Susan  Arnold  Elston).  An 
American  descriptive  and  story  writer,  wife  of 
General  Lewis  Wallace;  born  at  Crawfords- 
ville, Ind.,  1S30.  Besides  contributing  to  peri- 
odicals and  reviews,  she  has  published :  <  The 
Storied  Sea>  (1883);  <Ginevra>  (1886);  <The 
Land  of  the  Pueblos'  (i888j;  <The  Repose  in 
Lt:vpt  >  (  iSSS):  etc.     She  died  in  1907. 

Wallace,  William  Ross.  An  American  law- 
yer and  poet;  born  in  Kentucky,  1819;  died  in 
1881.  He  has  written:  <Perdita*;  <Alban>; 
'Meditations  in  America,  and  Other  Poenis.> 
'The  Liberty  BelP  is  his  best-known  poem. 

Wallack,  Lester  [John].  An  American  ac- 
tor and  manager,  son  of  James  William  Wal- 
lack, the  actor  and  manager;  born  in  New 
York,  Jan.  i,  1820 ;  died  in  Stamford,  Conn., 
Sept.  6, 1888.  He  conducted  Wallack's  Theafte, 
New  York  city,  for  twenty-four  years.  He  was 
identified  with  the  American  stage  for  more 
than  forty  years;  and  on  his  retirement  in  May 
1S88,  was  the  recipient  of  an  unequaled  dra- 
matic testimonial.  He  wrote  the  plays  <The 
Veteran  >  and  '  Rosedale.*  His  autobiography, 
'Memoirs  of  Fifty  Years,'  was  published  the 
year  after  his  death. 

Walloth,  Wimelm  ( val'Iot),  A  German 
stor)'-writer ;  born  at  Darmstadt,  Oct.  6,  1856. 
He  wrote :  *  The  King's  Treasure  House '  (3 
vols.,  1883);  'Paris  the  Mime>  (1886);  'The 
Gladiator >  (1888);  'Tiberius'  (2  vols.,  1889); 
'The  Demon  of  Envy>  (1889),  'There  Came 
a  Hoar  Frost'  (1893),  'Love's  Fools'  (1894), 
three  stories  of  modern  life ;  and  some  dramas, 
as  'Countess  Pusterla,'  'John  of  Suabia,' 
'  Marino  Falieri ' ;  <  The  Sacrifice  ' ;  '  Alboin.' 

Waller,  Edmund.  An  English  poet  and  par- 
liamentarian ;  born  at  Coleshill,  March  3,  1606; 
died  at  Beaconsfield,  Oct.  21,  1687.  He  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  poems  in  1645,  and  again 
in  1664,  which  ran  through  many  editions. 
Of  the  25  or  more  editions  of  his  poems,  those 
of  the  greatest  value  are  the  one  of  171 1,  ed- 
ited by  Bishop  Atterbury,  with  two  portraits 
of  the  poet;  and  the  one  of  1729,  with  a  life 
by  Fenton  and  a  portrait  by  Vertue.  The 
eighteentli  century  considered  him  the  first  cor- 
rect versifier,  using  the  heroic  couplet  with 
masterful  smoothness. 

Waller,  John  Francis.  An  Irish  poet  and 
man  of  letters,  descendant  of  Edmund  Waller ; 
born  at  Limerick  in  1810;  died  Jan.  9,  1894. 
He  graduated  from  Trinity  College.  He  wrote 
for  the  Dublin  University  Magazine  'The 
Slingsby  Papers,'  over  the  signature  of  "Jon- 
athan Freke  Slingsby."  These  were  collected 
in  a  volume  in  1852 ;  his  '  Poems '  were  pub- 
lished in  1854;  he  was  at  his  best  as  a  lyric 
poet.  He  edited  the  works  of  Goldsmith, 
Moore,  etc.,  together  with  the  'Imperial  Dlc- 
tionar>'  of  I'niversal  Biography.' 

WalUch,  Nathanael  (val'lik).  A  Danish 
botanist ;   born   at  Copenhagen,  Jan.  28,  1787 ; 


WALLACE  —  WALSH 


died  at  London,  April  28,  1854.  From  1815 
till  1S47  he  was  director  of  the  botanic  garden 
at  Calcutta.  He  wrote :  'An  Essay  on  the 
Flora  of  Nepal'  (1824-26);  'Rare  Asiatic 
Plants'  (3  vols.,  1830-32). 

Wallin,  Johan  Olof  (viil-len').  A  Swedish 
poet;  born  in  Dalarna,  Oct.  15,  1779;  died  at 
Upsala,  archbishop  of  that  see,  June  30,  1839. 
His  hymns  and  religious  songs  are  in  high  re- 
pute in  Sweden,  and  he  was  called  "Sweden's 
Harp  of  David."  His  finest  production  is  <  The 
Angel  of  Death.'  He  was  a  notable  pulpit 
orator. 

Wallon,  Alexandre  Henri  (va-loii').  A 
French  historical  writer ;  born  at  Valenciennes, 
Dec.  23,  1812.  His  principal  writings  are  con- 
cerned with  the  life  of  Christ,  and  the  writings 
of  the  apostles  and  evangelists.  He  wrote 
'The  Life  of  Jesus  and  its  New  Historian' 
(1864);  'Memoirs  on  the  Years  of  Jesus  Christ'; 
and  other  works  designed  to  counteract  the 
effects  of  Kenan's  writings.  He  is  author  also 
of  <  Political  Geography  of  Modern  Times ' 
(1839);  'Slavery  in  Ancient  Times'  (3  vols., 
1847);  'Joan  of  Arc'  (2  vols.,  i860);  'Richard 
II.'  (2  vols.,  1864);  'The  Reign  of  Terror'  (2 
vols.,  1873);  'St.  Louis  and  his  Times'  (2  vols., 
1875);  'History  of  the  Paris  Revolutionary 
Tribunal,  with  the  Journal  of  the  Actors  '  (6  vols., 
1880-82)  ;<  The  Ixevolution  of  May  30th.' 

Wain,  Robert  (wal).  An  American  and  satir- 
ical writer;  born  in  1794;  died  in  1825.  He 
wrote  'The  Hermit  in  America'  (1819  ) ;  'Amer- 
ican Bards  :  A  Satire ' ;  '  Sisyphi  Opus,'  etc. ; 
'Life  of  Lafayette'  (1824). 

Walpole,  Horace,  later  Earl  of  Orford.     An 

English  author,  letter-writer,  and  dilettante ; 
born  in  London,  Sept.  24,  1717;  died  there, 
March  2,  1797.  On  an  estate  he  bought  near 
Twickenham,  in  a  mansion  he  built,  he  es- 
tablished a  library  and  museum,  and  set  up 
a  private  press  ( 1757  ),  on  which,  with  others, 
he  printed  his  own  works.  He  compiled  <A 
Catalogue  of  the  Royal  and  Noble  Authors  of 
England'  (1758) ;  'Anecdotes  of  Painters  in 
England'  (1761-71);  'Historic  Doubts  on  the 
Life  and  Reign  of  Richard  III.'  (1768);  and 
other  works.  He  wrote  : '  The  Castle  of  Otranto, ' 
a  romance  ( 1764) ;  '  The  Mysterious  Mother,'  a 
tragedy  (1768);  'Memoirs  of  the  Last  Ten 
Years  of  the  Reign  of  George  II.'  (1822);  and 
other  works.  His  many  interesting  letters  are 
his  'chief  title  to  literary  fame.  They  were 
published  in  9  vols.,  1857-59. 

Walpole,  Spencer.  An  English  historian; 
born  Feb.  6,  1839.  He  has  held  several  gov- 
ernment positions,  and  has  also  devoted  him- 
self to  history.  Among  his  books  are  :  his  great- 
est work,  <A  History  of  England  from  the 
Conclusion  of  the  Great  W^ar  in  1815'  {1878- 
86 ) ;  '  The  Electorate  and  the  Legislature ' 
(1881);  'Life  of  Lord  John  Russell'  (1889). 
and  <  The  Land  of  Home  Rule  '  (1893.)    D.  1907. 

Walsh,  Robert.  An  American  lawyer,  jour- 
nalist, and  author;  born  at  BaltiiHore,  Md.,  in 


WALSH  —  WANG-CHI-FOU 


559 


1784;  died  Feb.  7,  1859,  at  Paris,  where  he  had 
been  consul,  1845-51.  He  wrote  for  Dannie's 
Portfolio,  and  edited  the  American  Review  of 
History  and  Politics,  the  first  American  quar- 
terly (22  vols.,  1827-37);  most  of  the  articles 
were  from  his  pen.  Others  of  his  publications 
are :  <  Correspondence  respecting  Russia  be- 
tween R.  G.  Harper  and  Robert  Walsh,  Jr.> 
(1813);  <An  Essay  on  the  Future  State  of  Eu- 
rope* (1813);  biographical  prefaces  to  an  edi- 
tion of  the  English  Poets  in  fifty  small  volumes ; 
<An  Appeal  from  the  Judgments  of  Great 
Britain  respecting  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica >  (181Q).  He  conducted  the  American 
Register  (1817-18),  the  National  Gazette  (1821- 
37),  and  the  Museum  of  Foreign  Literature  and 
Science  (Vol.  i.,  1822);  and  edited  < Didactics: 
Social,  Literary,  and  Polidcal,*  a  collection  of 
aphorisms  (2  vols.,  1836). 

Walsh,  William  Shepard.  An  American 
journalist  and  editor;  born  in  Paris,  Feb.  i, 
1854.  He  was  connected  with  J.  B.  Lippin- 
cott  &  Co.  from  1876,  and  in  1886  became  edi- 
tor of  Lippincott's  Magazine.  He  has  written 
many  essays,  also  juveniles,  and  historical  and 
scientific  books  for  the  young;  and  has  pub- 
lished a  critical  commentary,  <  Faust :  The 
Legend  and  the  Poem>  (1887),  and  'Paradoxes 
of  a  Philistine)  (i888j. 

Walter,  Ferdinand  (val'ter).  A  German 
jurist;  born  at  Wetzlar,  Nov.  30,  1794;  died  at 
Bonn,  Dec.  13,  1879.  His  principal  works  are  : 
< Text-Book  of  Canon  Law'  (1822);  < Ancient 
German  Law'  (3  vols.,  1824);  <  History  of 
Roman  Law  down  to  Justinian'  (1840);  <  His- 
tory of  German  Law'  (1853);  < Sources  of  An- 
cient and  Modern  Ecclesiastical  Law'  (1862); 
<  Natural  Law  and  Politics  in  the  Light  of  the 
Present'  (1863). 

Walters,  William  Thompson.  An  American 
merchant  and  art  virtuoso ;  born  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1820 ;  died  1891.  He  was  educated  as  an 
engineer;  became  identified  with  the  coal  and 
iron  industry ;  was  art  commissioner  from  the 
United  States  at  the  Paris  Expositions  (1867- 
78),  at  Vienna  (1873),  and  trustee  of  the  Cor- 
coran Gallery  at  Washington,  D.  C.  His  private 
art  gallery  is  tlie  most  extensive  and  valuable 
(especially  in  Oriental  ceramics)  in  this  country. 
He  has  published:  <Barye>  (1885);  <The  Per- 
cheron  Horse'  (1886);  and  <  Notes  upon  Certain 
Masters  of  the  XlXth  Century'  (1886). 

Walther  von  der  Vogelweide  (val'ter  fon 
der  fo'gel-vi-de).  "The  greatest  lyric  poet  of 
Germany  before  Goethe,  and  the  first  supremely 
great  lyric  poet  that  the  nations  of  modern 
Europe  produced,"  flourished  in  the  early  part 
of  the  thirteenth  century.  The  best  critical  edi- 
tion of  his  poems  is  K.  Lachmann's  (1827). 

Walton,  Brian.  An  English  bishop  and 
biblical  scholar;  born  at  Seymour,  Yorkshire, 
1600 ;  died  in  London,  Nov.  29,  1661.  He  was 
made  chaplain  to  Charles  II.  and  bishop  of 
Chester  at  the  Restoration.  His  greatest  work 
is  'Biblia  Sacra  Polyglotta'  (6  vols.,  folio  1657), 


including  the  Hebrew  original  of  the  Old 
Testament,  the  Samaritan  Pentateuch,  the 
Chaldee,  Syriac,  Arabic,  Persian,  and  L,atin 
Vulgate,  with  various  readings,  notes,  etc. ;  still 
thought  to  be  «the  most  complete  Biblical 
apparatus  in  any  language."  He  wrote  in  1658 
his  <  Dissertation  on  the  Antiquity  and  Author- 
ity of  his  Texts,'  in   later  editions  called  the 

<  Prolegomena,'  under  which  name  it  was  pub- 
lished in  the  original  Latin  (2  vols.,  1827-28). 
<The  Considerator  Considered,'  etc.  (1659),  was 
written  in  answer  to  Dr.  John  Owen's  <  Vindi- 
cation of  the  Purity  and  Integrity  of  the  Hebrew 
and  Greek  Texts,'  etc.  which  was  a  criticism 
upon  his  great  Biblical  work. 

Walton,  Izaak.     The  celebrated   author  of 

<  The  Compleat  Angler ' ;  born  at  Stafford,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  9,  1593;  died  at  Winchester,  Dec. 
15,  1683.  He  wrote  the  following  biographies, 
known  as  'Walton's  Lives' :  of  Dr.  John  Donne 
(1640),  Sir  Henry  Wotton  (1640),  Richard 
Hooker  (1662),  George  Herbert  (1670),  and 
Dr.  Robert  Sanderson  (1678).  <  The  Compleat 
Angler;  or,  The  Contemplative  Man's  Recre- 
ation' (1653)  is  one  of  the  great  English  clas- 
sics. 

Walworth,  Clarence  Alphonsus.  An  Amer- 
ican clergyman  ;  born  in  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  May 
30,  1820.  At  first  a  lawyer,  afterwards  an  Epis- 
copalian clergyman,  he  united  with  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  and  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Congregation  of  St.  Paul ;  since  1864 
rector  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
He  has  written:  <  The  Gentle  Sceptic'  (i860); 
<The  Doctrine  of  Hell>  (1874);  <Andiatoroct6,  and 
Other  Poems.'     Died  at  Albany,  Sept.  19,  1900. 

Walworth,  Jeannette  Ritchie  (Hadermann). 
An  American  novelist ;  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Feb.  22,  1837.  She  has  written  for  periodicals, 
and  published  a  number  of  works,  among  them: 
<The  Silent  Witness'  (1871);  'Nobody's  Busi- 
ness' (1878);  <The  Bar  Sinister'  (1885);  'South- 
ern Silhouettes'  (1888). 

Walworth.  Mansfield  Tracy.  An  American 
novelist,  son  of  Chancellor  Walworth ;  born  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  3,  1837 ;  died  in  New  York 
city,  June  3,  1873.  Abandoning  the  law  for  lit- 
erature, he  became  connected  with  The  Home 
Journal,  and  subsequently  wrote  many  novels 
and  romances.  He  was  shot  by  his  son,  who 
was  acquitted  on  the  ground  of  insanity.  He 
wrote:  'Mission  of  Death';  <Lulu>  (i860); 
'Hotspur'  (1861);  'Warwick'  (1868);  'Beverly' 
(1873);  and  two  posthumous  works,  'Married 
in  Mask'  (1888)  and  'Tahara'  (1888).  He 
had  completed  a  'Life  of  Chancellor  Living- 
ston > ;  and  was  writing  '  Lives  of  the  Chancel- 
•lors  of  New  York  State.' 

Wang-Chi-Fou  (wang-che-fo').  One  of  the 
greatest  Chinese  dramatic  poets;  lived  in  the 
13th  century.  He  was  the  creator  of  the  Chi- 
nese opera  (called  Thsa-Khi,  lyrical  dramas), 
and  is  placed  by  his  countrymen  among  the 
ten  Thsdi-tseu,  or  writers  of  genius.  He  com- 
posed thirteen  plays,  of  which  only  two  sur- 
vive :  '  Si-siang-ki  >  (Western  Pavilion)  like  all 


560 

Chinese  plays  a  sort  of  novel  in  dialogue— his 
best  work,— which  obtained  and  still  holds 
great  popularity  with  the  Chinese;  and  the 
comedy  <The  State  Minister's  Feast.>  The 
former  was  partly  translated  into  French  by 
Stanislas  Julien  in  *  Europe  Littdraire  >  (Literary 
Europe). 

Wangemaim,  Hermann  Theodor  (vang'e- 
man).  A  German  traveler;  born  at  Wilsnack 
in  Brandenburg,  March  27,  1818;  died  there, 
June  18,  1S94.  He  was  for  several  years  a 
director    of    Lutheran    missions.      He    wrote: 

<  Short  History  of  Evangelical  Hymnology> 
(iS55);<A  Year's  Travel  in  South  Africa  >  (1869); 

<  Pictures  of  Life  in  South  A.frica  >  (1871);  <  South 
Africa  and  its  Inhabitants)  (1881J;  <Historyof 
the  Berlin  Missionary  Society  in  South  Africa  > 
(1S86);  <W.  Posselt,  the  KafHr  Missionary* 
(1S8S);  <The  Present  Lutheran  Church  in  its 
Relation  to  the  Una  Sancta'  (7  vols.,  1883-84) 
<The  Church  Politics  of  William  nL>  (1884J 

Wangemann,    Otto.     A    German    musician 
born  at  Loitz  on  the  Peene,  Jan.  9, 1848.    Author 
of  <  Sketch  of  the   History  of   Music  >  (i 

<  History  of  the  Organ  >  (3d  ed.  1891);  <  History 
of  the  Oratorio  >  (1882);  <  The  Organ  and  its 
Construction)  (3d  ed.  1895);  < Choral  Songs  for 
Gymnasiums*  (3d  ed.  1892). 

Wappseus,  Joliann  Eduard  (vap-pa-os').  A 
German  geographer  and  statistician ;  born  at 
Hamburg,  May  17,  1812;  died  at  Gottingen, 
professor  in  the  university  there,  Dec.  16,  1879. 
He  edited  and  largely  wrote  the  Stein-Horschel- 
niann  < Manual  of  Geography  and  Statistics* 
(10  vols.,  1871).  He  also  wrote:  < Researches 
on  the  Geographical  Discoveries  of  the  Portu- 
guese under  Henry  the  Navigator*  (1842);  <The 
Republics  of  South  America*  (1843);  < German 
Emigration  and  Colonization*  (1846). 

Warburton,    Eliot    Bartbolomew    George. 

An  Irish  barrister  and  author  ;  born  at  Aughrim, 
County  Galway,  1810;  lost  in  the  burning  of 
the  steamer  Amazon,  off  Land's  End,  Jan.  4, 
1852.  His  works  are:  <The  Crescent  and  the 
Cross ;  or,  Romance  and  Reality  of  Eastern 
Travel*  (2  vols.,  1844);  < Memoirs  of  Prince 
Rupert  and  the  Cavaliers  *  (3  vols.,  1849) ;  <  Regi- 
nald Hastings*  (3  vols.,  1850),  a  novel  of  the 
great  rebellion;  < Memoirs  of  Horace  Walpole 
and  his  Contemporaries*  (2  vols.,  1851);  <  Da- 
rien ;  or.  The  Merchant  Prince :  An  Historical 
Romance*  (3  vols.,  1851);  and  <A  Memoir  of 
Charles  Mordaunt,  Earl  of  Peterborough*  (3 
vols.,  1853). 

Warburton,  Peter  Egerton.  An  Australian 
explorer;  born  at  Nortliwich,  England,  Aug.  15, 
1813;  died  near  Adelaide,  Nov.  16,  1889.  He 
wrote:  <  Major  Warburton's  Diary*  (1866); 
'Journey  Across  the  Western  Interior  of  Aus- 
tralia* (1875). 

Warburton.  William.  An  English  author; 
bom  at  Newark-upon-Trent,  Dec.  24, 1698  ;  died 
June  7,  1779.  He  became  bishop  of  Gloucester. 
His  defense  of  Pope's  < Essay  on  Man*  against 
the  charge  of  atheism  won  the  gratitude  of  the 


WANGEMANN  —  WARD 


poet,  who  made  the  bishop  his  literary  executor. 
Warburton  thereupon  brought  out  an  edition  o! 
Pope  (1751).  He  published:  <  Miscellaneous 
Translations  in  Prose  and  Verse*  (1723);  <An 
Inquiry  into  the  Causes  of  Prodigies  and  Mira- 
cles* (1727);  <  Alliance  between  Church  and 
State*  (1736J;  < Divine  Legation  of  Moses  Dem- 
onstrated, on  the  Principles  of  a  Religious  Deist, 
from  the  Omission  of  the  Doctrine  of  the  Future 
State  of  Reward  and  Punishment  in  the  Jewish 
Dispensation*  (1738-41;  loth  ed.  3  vols.,  1846); 
an  edition  of   Shakespeare  (very  poor,  1747); 

<  Julian ;  or,  A  Discourse  Concerning  the  Earth- 
quake and  Fierj'  Eruption  which  Defeated  the 
Emperor's  Attempt  to  Rebuild  the  Temple  at 
Jerusalem  *  (1750);  <  View  of  Bolingbroke's  Post- 
humous Writings*  (1754);  and  *  The  Doctrine 
of  Grace  *  (1762). 

Ward,  Adolphus  William.  An  English  edu- 
cator, literary  historian,  and  biographer ;  born 
at  Hampstead,  London,  Dec.  2,  1837.  In  addi- 
tion to  being  professor  of  history  and  princi- 
pal of  Owens  College,  Manchester,  and  coit 
tributing  to  the  'Encyclopaedia  Britannica* 
and  leading  English  reviews,  he  is  the  author 
of  <  The  House  of  Austria  in  the  Thirty  Years' 
War*  (1869);  < Dramatic  Literature  of  the 
Age  of  Elizabeth*  (2  vols.,  1875);  <  Lives*  of 
Chaucer    (1879)    and    Dickens    (1882)    in    the 

<  English  Men  of  Letters  *  series ;  translator  of 
Curtius's  <  History  of  Greece  *  (5  vols.,  1868-74); 
and  editor  of  < Pope's  Poems*  (Globe  edition, 
1869),  andof 'Byron's  Poems  *  (Chetham  Society's 
edition);  <  Great  Britain  and  Hanover  *  (1899). 

Ward,  Artemus.  See  Browne,  Charles  Far- 
rar. 

Ward,  Elizabeth  Stuart  (Phelps).  An  Amer- 
ican novelist  and  poet  ;  bom  at  Andover, 
Mass.,  August  1844.  In  1888  she  married 
Herbert  D.  Ward,  with  whom  she  sometimes 
collaborates.  Among  her  books  are :  <  The 
Gates  Ajar*  ( 1868),  one  of  the  most  successful 
of  American  stories;  <Men,  Women,  and 
Ghosts*  (1869);  <The  Silent  Partner*  (1870); 
<The  Trotty  Book*  (1870);  <The  Story  of 
Avis*  (1877);  <01d  Maid's  Paradise*  (1879); 
<Beyond  the  Gates*  (1883);  <  Dr.  Zay*  (1884); 

<  The  Gates  Between*  ( 1887 ) ;  <  The  Master  of 
the  Magicians*  (1890);  and  <Come  Forth* 
( 1890").    Jointly  with  her  husband   she  wrote  : 

<  Poetic  Studies,*  verse  ( 1885 ) ;  <  Songs  of  the 
Silent  World  >  (1885)  ;  and  <  The  Struggle  for  Im- 
mortality *  (1889),  a  volume  of  essays.  Her  most 
recent  work  is  <  The  Story  of  Jesus  Christ  *  (1897); 
<Trixy  *  (1904)  ;<The  Man  in  the  Case  *(i906). 

Ward,  Herbert  Dickinson.    An   American 

writer  of  juvenile  books ;  bom  in  Massachu- 
setts in  1861.  He  has  published  :  <The  Captain 
of  the  Kittie  Wink  * ;  <  A  Dash  to  the  Pole  * ; 

<  The  New  Senior  at  Andover  * ;  <  The  V/hite 
Crown,*  etc. ;  <  The  Burglar  who  Moved  Para- 
dise * ;  <  The  Last  Hero  * ;  <  A  Dash  to  the  Pole.* 

Ward,  Mrs.  Humphry  (Mary  Augusta  Ar- 
nold). An  English  novelist  of  great  celebrity; 
born  at  Hobart  Town,  Tasmania,  in  1851.  She 
is  a  granddaughter  of  Dr.  Arnold  of  Rugby,  and 


WARD  — WARING 


561 


was  married  in  1872  to  Thomas  Humphry  Ward. 
Her  books  are  :  <  Milly  and  Ollie  >  ( 1881  j ;  <  Miss 
Bretherton'  (1884);  a  translation  of  <Amiel's 
Journal  >  (1885);  <  Robert  Elsmere>  (1888),  a 
story  of  religious  doubt,  stirring  up  a  great  in- 
terest and  having  an  enormous  circulation ; 
<The  History  of  David  Grieve  >  (1892);  <  Mar- 
cclla>  (1894);  and  <The  Story  of  Bessie  Cos- 
trelP  (1895).  She  helped  to  establish,  and 
still  takes  an  active  interest  in,  University  Hall, 
a  social  settlement  among  the  London  poor. 

Ward,  Nathaniel.  An  English-American 
lawyer,  clergyman,  and  author;  born  at  Haver- 
hill, England,  about  1578;  died  at  Shenfield, 
Essex,  about  October,  1652,  While  a  pastor 
in  Massachusetts  he  wrote  the  <  Body  of  Lib- 
erties,' adopted  December  1641,  the  first  code 
of  laws  established  in  New  England.  His  other 
writings  are :  <  The  Simple  Cobler  of  Aga- 
wam>  (1647);  <A  Religious  Retreat  Sounded  to 
a  Religious  Army>  (1647);  <A  Sermon  Before 
Parliament*  (1647);  and  <  Mercurius  Anti-Me- 
chanicus ;  or.  The  Simple  Cobler's  Boy,  with 
his  Lap-full  of  Caveats'  (1648). 

Ward,  Robert  Plumer.  An  English  writer 
of  fiction  and  miscellaneous  works;  born  in 
London,  1765 ;  died  1846.  His  novels,  <  Tre- 
maine  *  (1825),  and  <  De  Vere  >  (1827),  published 
anonymously,  were  exceedingly  popular.  His 
other  works  include  treatises  on  the  law  of 
nations  and  essays  on  juristic  topics. 

Ward,  Thomas.  An  American  writer  and 
litterateur  of  New  York  city ;  born  1807 ;  died 
1873.  He  was  the  author  of :  <A  Month  of 
Freedom ' ;   <  Passaic  > ;   < A   Group  of   Poems  > ; 

<  Flora :  A  Pastoral  Opera  > ;  <  War  Lyrics.' 

Ward,  William  Hayes.  An  American  editor, 
clergyman,  and  eminent  AssjTiologist ;  born  in 
Abington,  Mass.,  Jan.  25, 1835.  He  was  a  pastor 
of  the  Congregational  church  and  professor  at 
Ripon  College,  1860-68,  when  he  became  editor 
of  the  Independent.  In  1884  he  went  to  Bab- 
ylon in  charge  of  an  expedition.  He  has  written 
much  on  Oriental  archaeology  for  the  Bibli- 
otheca  Sacra,  and  other  journals,  and  prepared 
the  report  of  the  exploring  expedition  of  1884, 
and  published  *  Notes  on  Oriental  Antiquities.' 

Warden,  David  Baillie.  An  Irish-American 
scholar;  born  in  1788;  died  in  Paris,  Oct. 
•9,  1845.  He  graduated  at  the  New  York  Med- 
ical College,  was  United  States  secretary 
'of  legation  at  Paris,  and  subsequently  consul 
from  1804  to  his  death.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  French  Institute,  and,  published  :  <  Inquiry 
concerning  the  Intellectual  and  Moral  Facul- 
ties and  Literature  of  the  Negroes'  (1810); 
''  Origin  and  Nature  of  Consular  Establish- 
ments'  (1816);  'Description  of  the  District  of 
Columbia'  (1816);  <  Statistical,  Political,  and 
Historical  Account  of  the  United  States  '  ( 1819) ; 

<  L'Art  de  verifier  les  dates:  Chronologie  His- 

torique  de  I'Amdrique  '  (lo  vols.,  Paris,  1826-44); 

*  Bibliotheca    Americana    Septentrionalis,'  etc. 

(1820);  <  Recherches  sur  les  Antiquiles  de 
I'Am^rique  Septentrionale  '  (1827);  and  <  Bibli- 
otheca Americana  •  (1831}. 

36 


Warden,  Florence.  Pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
George  E.  James.  An  English  novelist ;  born 
Florence  Alice  Price,  1857.  She  won  note  with 
'The  House  on  the  Marsh'  (1882),  which  had 
a  wide  sale.  She  has  since  published :  '  At  the 
World's  Mercy ' ;  <  A  Vagrant  Wife  ' ;  <  A  Prince 
of  Darkness ' ;  <  A  Dog  With  a  Bad  Name  ' ; 
<  Doris's  Fortune ' ;  '  Scheherazade  :  A  London 
Night's  Entertainment ' ;  <  Morals  and  Tvlillions.' 

Ware,  Henry,  Jr.  An  American  clergyman 
and  religious  writer ;  born  at  Hingham,  Mass., 
April  21, 1794 ;  died  at  Framingham,  Mass.,  Sept. 
22,  1843.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Unitarian  movement.  Among 
his  writings  are :  <  Hints  on  Extemporaneous 
Preaching'  (1824);  'Recollections  of  Jotham 
Anderson'  (about  1824);  'On  the  Forma- 
tion of  the  Christian  Character'  (1831);  'Life 
of  the  Saviour'  (1832;  new  ed.  1868);  'The 
Feast  of  the  Tabernacle,'  an  oratorio  poem 
(1837);  'Memoirs'  of  Rev.  Dr.  Parker  (1834), 
Dr.  Noah  Webster,  Dr.  John  Priestley,  and 
Oberlin ;  and  '  Scenes  and  Characters  Illustrat- 
ing Christian  Truth'  (2  vols.,  1837).  Selections 
from  his  writings  were  published  in  4  vols., 
1846-47. 

Ware,  Mrs.  Katharine  Augusta  (Rhodes). 
An  American  poet ;  born  in  Quincy,  Mass., 
in  1797 ;  died  in  Paris,  in  1843.  She  edited 
The  Bower  of  Taste,  and  published  a  volume 
of  poems,  <  Power  of  the  Passions,'  etc.  (1842). 

Ware,  William.  An  American  clergyman, 
editor,  and  author;  bom  at  Hingham,  Mass., 
Aug.  3,  1797 ;  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Feb. 
19,  1852.  In  addition  to  his  pastorates,  and  his 
editorship  of  the  Christian  Examiner,  he  wrote 
the  following:  'Letters  from  Palmyra'  (1837), 
first  published  in  the  Knickerbocker  Magazine, 
subsequently  republished  as'Zenobia;  or.  The 
Fall  of  Palmyra'  (new  ed.  1868);  'Probus;  or, 
Rome  in  the  Third  Century'  (1838),  republished 
as  'Aurelian'  (new  ed.  1868);  'Julian;  or.  Scenes 
in  Judea'  (1841);  'Sketches  of  European  Cap- 
itals' (1851);  'Lectures  on  the  Works  and 
Genius  of  Washington  Allston'  (1852);  and  a 
'  Life  of  Nathaniel  Bacon,'  in  Sparks's  series. 
He  edited  'American  Unitarian  Biography' 
(1850). 

Warfield,  Catharine  Ann  (Ware).  An 
American  poet  and  novelist ;  bom  near  Natchez, 
Miss.,  June  6,  1816 ;  died  in  Kentucky,  May  21, 
1877.  She  published,  with  her  sister  Eleanor, 
'The  Wife  of  Leon,  and  Other  Poems'  (1844); 
'The  Indian  Chamber,'  etc.  (1846):  and  wrote 
'The  Household  of  Bouverie  '  (i860);  'The  Ro- 
mance of  the  Green  Seal'  (1867);  'Miriam  Mon- 
fort'  (1873);  'Hester  Howard's  Temptation' 
(1875);  <A  Double  Wedding'  (1875);  'Sea  and 
Shore'  (1876);  'The  Romance  of  Beausein- 
court'  (1876);  'Feme  Fleming'  (1877);  'The 
Cardinal's  Daughter'   (1877). 

Waring,  George  Edwin.  An  American  sani- 
tary engineer,  author  and  lecturer.  Bom  in 
Poundridge,  N.  Y.,  July  4,  1833  ;  died  in  New 
York  city,  Oct.  28,  1898.  He  was  colonel  of  the 
6th  Missouri  Cavalry  in  the  Civil  War.     He  wa* 


^62 


-^ARTTECK  —  WARREN 


superintendent  of  the  street-cleaning  depart- 
ment of  New  Yorlc  city,  1895-9S.  Soon  after 
the  War  he  published  very  spirited  stories 
of  armv  experience,  and  has  since  published 
many  works  on  drainage  and  sanitary  science ; 
also '<  A  Fanner's  Vacation,>  <The  Bride  of  the 
Rhine,*  <  Village  Improvement,*  etc. 

Warneck,  Gustav  Adolf  (var'nek).  A  Ger- 
man theological  writer;  born  at  Naumburg, 
March  6,  1S34.  He  wrote:  <  Missions  in  the 
Light  of  the  Bible*  (1878);  <The  Relations 
between  Missions  and  Modem  Civilization* 
(1879);  <The  Mission  in  Pictures  from  its  His- 
tory* (1884);  <  Sketch  of  the  History  of  Mis- 
sions from  the  Reformation  to  the  Present 
Time';  'The  Ultramontane  Art  of  Fence* 
(1889);  'The  Romanism  of  To-day  in  the  Light 
of  its  Missions  to  the  Heathen*  (1889);  <The 
Evangelical  Alliance  and  its  Opponents  *  (1889); 
•Position  of  the  Evangelical  Mission  Toward 
tlie  (Juotion  of  Slavery  '  ;  <  Doctrine  of  Evan- 
gelical Misb'nns.* 

Warner,  Anna  Bartlett.  f«Amy  Lothrop**] 
An  American  autiior ;  born  in  New  York  in 
1820.  In  conjunction  with  her  sister,  Susan 
Warner,  she  published  the  novels  <  Say  and 
Seal*  (i860);  <Wych  Hazel*  (1876);  and  <The 
Gold  of  Chickaree*  (1876).  Among  her  sepa- 
rate works,  published  under  her  pen-name 
« Amy  Lothrop,**  are  :  <  Dollars  and  Cents  * 
(1853);  <My  Brother's  Keeper*  (1855);  'Sto- 
ries of  Vinegar  Hill  *  (1871);  'The  Fourth  Watch  *; 
'  The  Blue  Flag,*  etc.  (1879)  ;  <  The  Other  Shore*; 

<  Three  Little  Spades,*  a  child's  book ;  and 
•  Gardening  by  Myself* ;  <  Wayfaring  Hymns.* 

Warner,  Charles  Dudley.  An  American 
man  of  letters  and  novelist ;  born  in  Plaintield, 
Mass.,  Sept.  12,  1829  ;  died  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
Oct.  20,  1900.  He  graduated  at  Hamilton  Col- 
lege in  1851,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1856, 
and  practiced  in  Chicago  till  i860,  when  he  re- 
moved to  Hartford,  Conn.,  became  editor  of  the 
Press  in  1861,  and  of  the  Courant  in  1867.  He 
was  connected  with  Harper's  Monthly  Maga- 
zine, as  the  contributor  of  an  editorial  depart- 
ment, from  1884.  His  literary  work  began 
while  in  college,  in  contributions  of  stories  to 
the  Knickerbocker  and  Putnam's  Magazine. 
His  first  book  was  a  compilation  for  the  use  of 
students  in  schools,  called  '  A  Book  of  Elo- 
quence *  (1853).  In  1870  he  published  '  My  Sum- 
mer  in    a    Garden,*   which    was    followed    by 

<  Saunterings*  (1872); '  Backlog  Studies  *  (1872); 
'The  Gilded  Age*  (with  S.  L.Clemens,  1873); 
'Baddeck,  and  That  Sort  of  Thing*  (1874); 
'  Mummies  and  Moslems  *  (1876 — re-issued  under 
the  title  'My  Winter  on  the  Nile*);  <  In  the 
Levant*  (1877);  <  Being  a  Boy*  (1877);  <  In  the 
Wilderness*  (1878);  'The  American  News- 
paper* (1879); 'Studies  of  Irving*  (with  W.  C. 
Bryant  and  George  P.  Putnam,  1880);  'Life  of 
Washington  Ir^-ing*  (1881);  edited  'American 
Men  of  Letters*  (of  this  series  'Washington 
Ir\'ing,>  1881,  was  the  initial  volume;  the  thir- 
teenth volume,  <  George  William  Curtis,*  by  Ed- 
ward Gary,  appeared  in  1894);  'Captain  John 
Smith,  Sometime    Governor   of  Virginia,  and 


Admiral  of  New  England  :  A  Study  of  his  Life 
and  Writings*  (1881);  <  A  Roundabout  Journey* 
(1883);  'Papers  on  Penology*  (with  others; 
Reformatory  Press,  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  1886);  'Their 
Pilgrimage*  (i886);  'On  Horseback:  A  Tour 
in  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  Tennessee, 
Published  with  Notes  of  Travel  in  Mexico  and 
California*  (1888);  'Studies  in  the  South  and 
West,  with  Comments  on  Canada*  (1889);  <A 
Little  Journey  in  the  World  :  A  Novel*  (1889); 
<  Looking  Forward :  The  Dual  GoYemment 
Realized*  (1890);  'Our  Italy,  Southern  Cali- 
fornia* (1890);  'As  We  Were  Saying*  (1891); 
'Washington  Irving*  (1892);  'The  Work  of 
Washington  Irving*  (1893);  <  As  We  Go  *  (1893); 
'The  Golden  House:  A  Novel*  (1894);  'The 
Relation  of  Literature  to  Life*  (1896);  'The 
People  for  Whom  Shakespeare  Wrote*  (1897); 
edited  '  A  Library  of  the  World's  Best  Litera- 
ture* (1896-98). 

Warner,  Susan.  An  American  novelist; 
born  in  New  York,  July  11,  1819;  died  at 
Highland  Falls,  N.  Y.,  March  17,  1885.  Her 
books  are:  'The  Wide,  Wide  World*  (1850); 
'Queechy*  (2  vols.,  1852);  a  theological  treatise, 
'The  Law  and  the  Testimony*  (1853);  'The 
Hills  of  the  Shatemuc*  (1856);  'Lyrics  from 
the  Wide,  Wide  World  * ;  <  The  Golden  Ladder* 
(1862);  'The  Old  Helmet*  (1863);  <Wych 
Hazel*  (1876);  and  an  essay,  '  American  Fe- 
male .Patriotism.*  Her  pen-name  was  "  Eliza- 
beth Wetherell.** 

Warner,  William.  An  English  lawyer  and 
poet;  born  in  London,  about  1558;  died  at 
Amwell,  March  9,  1609.  He  wrote  :  'Pan  his 
Syrinx*  (1584),  a  pastoral  novel;  and  'Albion's 
England,  a  Continued  History  of  the  Same 
Kingdom  from  the  Originals  of  the  First  Inhab- 
itants Thereof,*  etc.  (1586),  a  poem,  in  rhjTned 
fourteen-syllable  lines,  of  history,  legend,  and 
anecdote,  very  popular  in  his  day,  running 
through  nine  editions,  the  last  being  that  of 
1810. 

Warren,  Gouverneur  Kemble.  An  Ameri- 
can general ;  born  in  Cold  Spring,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
8,  1830;  died  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  Aug.  8,  1882. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1850.  He  was 
a  member  of  many  scientific  associations,  and 
contributed  to  their  journals.  His  published 
works  include :  '  Explorations  in  the  Dacota 
Country*  (1855-56);  'Explorations  in  Nebraska 
and  Dakota*  (1858);  and  a  pamphlet,  'The 
Battle  of  Five  Forks*  (1866),  in  which  he  had 
a  notable  part. 

Warren,  John  Bjirne  Leicester.  See  De 
Tabley. 

Warren,  Mercy  Otis.  An  American  poet, 
historian,  and  patriot ;  born  at  Barnstable,  Mass., 
Sept.  25,  1728;  died  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  Oct. 
19,  1814.  An  ardent  patriot,  she  corresponded 
with  the  leaders  of  the  Revolution,  among  them 
Samuel  and  John  Adams,  and  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son. The  '  Correspondence  of  John  Adams 
and  Mercy  Vk^arren*  was  published  by  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society  in  1878.  She 
wrote  dramatic  and  satirical  poems  against  the 


WARREN -WATSON 


563 


royalists  (1773-75),  which  were  included  in  her 
volume  of  <  Poems,  Dramatic  and  Miscellane- 
ous* (1790).  She  published  <A  History  of  the 
Rise,  Progress,  and  Termination  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  Interspersed  with  Biographical, 
Political,  and  Moral  Observations'  (3  vols., 
1805). 

Warren,  Samuel.  A  celebrated  English  nov- 
elist; born  in  Wales,  1807;  died  in  London, 
1877.  He  was  by  profession  a  lawyer.  He 
contributed  to  Blackwood's  the  story  <  Blucher  > 
when  he  was  in  his  seventeenth  year.  His 
later  works  include  :  <  Passages  from  the  Diary 
of  a  Late  Physician'  (1830-31);  <Ten  Thou- 
sand a  Year'  (1839);  <Now  and  Then' (1847); 
<  Miscellanies'  (1854).  He  wrote  several  legal 
works,  and  also  an  attack  on  the  Catholic 
Church,  entitled  <  The  Queen  and  the  Pope' 
(1850). 

Warren,  William  Fairfield.  An  American 
clergyman  and  educator;  born  at  Williams- 
burg, Mass.,  March  13,  1833.  He  wrote  :  <  True 
Key  to  Ancient  Cosmology  and  Mythological 
Geography'  (1882);  <  Paradise  Found:  The 
Cradle  of  the  Human  Race  at  the  North  Pole' 
(1885),  a  very  curious  speculation;  <The  Quest 
of  the  Perfect  Religion'  (1887);  <In  the  Foot- 
steps of  Arminius  >  (1888);  'The  Story  of  Gottlieb,' 
a  studyofideals(i89i); 'Constitutional  Law  Ques- 
tions in  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  > ;  '  The 
Religion  of  the  World  and  the  World-Religion.' 

Warriner,  Edward  Augustus.  An  Ameri- 
can clergyman  and  writer;  bom  in  Massa- 
chusetts in  1829.  He  has  written:  < Victor  La 
Tourette' ;  <  Kear :  A  Poem  > ;  <  I  Am  That  I  Am  : 
A  Metrical  Essay' ;  <  The  Gate  Called  Beautiful.' 

Warton,  Joseph.  An  English  clergyman, 
critic,  and  editor;  born  at  Dunsford  in  1722; 
died  at  Wickham,  Feb.  23,  1800.  He  wrote : 
<Odes  on  Various  Subjects'  (1746);  a  poeti- 
cal translation  of  the  <  Eclogues  and  Georgics 
of  Virgil'  (1753);  twenty-four  critical  papers 
to  the  Adventurer  (1753-56);  an  'Essay  on 
the  Genius  and  Writings  of  Pope'  (2  vols., 
1856-82).  He  edited  the  works  of  Pope  (9 
vols.,  1797) ;  and  the  works  of  Dryden  (4  vols., 
1811;  completed  after  his  death). 

Warton,  Thomas.  An  English  clergyman, 
who  was  poet-laureate  (1785);  born  at  Basing- 
stoke in  1728;  died  at  Oxford,  May  21,  1790. 
He  wrote  :  <  Observations  on  the  Faerie  Queene 
of  Spenser'  (1754);  'The  Life  of  Sir  Thomas 
Pope'  (1772);  'History  of  English  Poetry' 
(3  vols.,  1774-81)  ;  and  several  occasional 
poems,  collected  in  1777.  He  edited  the  '  Greek 
Anthology'  (1766);  the  works  of  Theocritus 
(2  vols.,  1770) ;  and  the  '  Minor  Poems  of  Mil- 
ton' (1785). 

Washburn,  Charles  Ames.  An  American 
editor,  historian,  and  novelist;  born  at  Liver- 
more,  Me.,  March  16,  1822 ;  died  in  New  York, 
Jan.  26,  1889.  He  was  editor  and  proprietor  of 
the  Alta  California,  and  the  San  Francisco 
Daily  Times  (1858-61)  ;  minister  to  Paraguay 
(1861-65),  residing  in  that    country  also  from 


1866  to  1868.  Pie  wrote  <  History  of  Paraguay ' 
(2  vols.,  1871);  the  novels  'Philip  Thaxter' 
(1861),  'Gomery  of  Montgomery'   (1865);  etc. 

Washburne,  Elihu  Benjamin.  An  Ameri- 
can statesman ;  born  in  Maine,  1816  ;  died  1887. 
He  was  made  minister  to  France  by  President 
Grant,  and  remained  at  his  post  in  Paris  dur- 
ing the  Commune,  a  fact  which  imparts  special 
interest  to  his  '  Recollections  of  a  Minister  to 
France  — 1869-77 '  (1887). 

Washburn,  William  Tucker.  An  American 
novelist  and  versifier  ;  born  in  Boston,  Aug.  15, 
184I.  He  has  written :  'Fair  Harvard,'  a 
typical  college  novel  of  Plarvard  University ; 
<The  Unknown  City:  A  Story  of  New 
York  ;  and  'Spring  and  Summer,'  a  volume  of 
verse  ;  and  <  Poems  '  (1905). 

Washington,  George.  The  first  President  of 
the  United  States ;  born  at  Pope's  Creek,  West- 
moreland County,  Va.,  Feb.  22,  1732;  died  at 
Mt.  Vernon,  Va.,  Dec.  14,  1799. 

Wasielevski,  Wilhelm  Joseph  von  (va-se-a- 
lev'ske).  A  German  violinist;  born  at  Gross- 
Leesen  near  Dantzic,  June  17,  1822 ;  died  Dec, 
13,  1896.  He  wrote :  '  The  Violin  and  its 
Masters'  (1869);  <  R.  Schumann:  A  Biography' 
(1858);  'The  Violin  in  the  17th  Century  and 
the  Beginnings  of  Instrumental  Composition ' 
(1874);  *  History  of  Instrumental  Music  in  the 
i6th  Century'  (1878);  < Schumanniana '  (1883); 
'Beethoven'  (2  vols.,  1888);  'The  Violoncello 
and  its  History'  (1889). 

Wasilewski,  Edmund  (va-se-lev'ske).  A  Pol- 
ish poet ;  bom  at  Rogozna,  1814 ;  died  1846. 
The  hardships,  misfortunes,  and  sorrows  of  his 
life  are  reflected  in  the  irony,  doubt,  despair, 
resignation,  and  spiritual  revolt  of  his  verse. 
Among  his  best  productions  were :  '  The  Cra- 
covians'  (1840);  'Child  of  Folly'  (1845);  'The 
Cathedral  on  the  Wesel  >  (1846) ;  etc.  ('  Various 
Poems,'  Cracow,  1839.) 

Wasson,  David  At  •wood.  An  American 
clergyman,  peet,  and  essayist ;  bom  at  Brooks- 
ville,  Me.,  May  14,  1823;  died  Jan.  21,  1887. 
He  wrote  chiefly  for  periodicals,  but  his  works 
were  collected  as  'Bugle  Notes,'  'Seen  and 
Unseen,'  '  Ideals,'  etc. 

Waters,  Mrs.  Clara  Erskine  (Clement). 
An  American  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  St 
Louis,  Mo.,  Aug.  28,  1834.  In  1883-84  she  made 
a  tour  round  the  world.  The  first  of  her  many 
publications  was  the  <  Simple  Story  of  the 
Orient'  (1869).  'Legendary  and  Mythological 
Art'  (1871);  'Artists  of  the  Nineteenth  Century 
and  their  Works,'  with  Laurence  Hutton  (1879); 
'Eleanor  Maitland,'  a  novel  (1S81);  'Stories  of 
Art  and  Artists  >  (1886);  'Woman  in  tlie  Fine  Arts' 
(1904);  and  a  translation  of  <  Dusia's  Daughter,' a 
novel  by  Henri  Grdville.are  included  in  Jier  works. 

Watson,  Henry  Clay.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  writer  of  historical  stories;  born  in 
Baltimore,  1831 ;  died  in  Sacramento,  Cal.,  July 
10,  1869.  He  was  the  author  of : '  Camp-Fires 
of  the  Revolution'  (1851);  'Nights  in  a  Block- 
House'   (1852);  <01d   Bell  of   Independence' 


5^4 

0852)  •  <  The  Yankee  Teapot  >  (1853);  'Heroic 
Women  >  (1853) ;  <  The  Masonic  Musical  Manual> 
(1855);  <Camp  Fires  of  Napoleon  >  (1856);  and 
•  Lives'  of  the  Presidents  >  (1858). 

Watson,  John.  [«  Ian  Maclaren."]  A  noted 
Scottish  Presbyterian  preacher,  and  novelist; 
bom  in  Essex,  1850.  Since  1880  he  has  been 
settled  over  the  Sefton  Park  Church,  Liver- 
pool He  has  published :  <  The  Days  of  Auld 
Lang  Syne>  (1893),  <  Beside  the  Bonnie  Briar 
Bush  >  (illustrated  ed.,  1896),  both  very  popular ; 
<The  Upper  Room>  (1895);  'Kate  Carnegie > 
(1896);  'The  Cure  of  Souls >  (1896);  <  Home 
Making >;  'The  Mind  of  the  Master >  (1896); 
<  Ideals  of  Strength >  (1897);  'The  Potter's 
M  lieel  >  f  1897) ;  etc.    Died  May  6,  1907. 

Watson,  John  Whittaker.  An  American 
journalist  and  poet ;  born  in  New  York  city, 
Oct  14,  1824;  died  there,  July  18,  1890.  He 
wrote  many  stories  for  periodicals,  and  is  one 
of  the  many  authors  of  the  poem,  <  Beautiful 
Snow,>  contained  in  <  Beautiful  Snow  and 
Other  Poems'  (1869). 

Watson,  Paul  Barron.  An  American  lawyer 
and  historical  writer.  Pie  was  born  in  Morris- 
town,  N.  J.,  March  25,  1861.  He  has  published  : 
'Bibliography  of  the  Pre-Columbian  Discover- 
ies of  America'  (1881);  'Life  of  Marcus  Aure- 
lius>  (1884);  and  'The  Swedish  Revolution 
under  Gustavus  Vasa.> 

Watson,  Richard.  An  English  theologian; 
born  at  Barton-upon-PIumber,  Feb.  22,  1781 ; 
died  in  London,  Jan  8,  1833.  His  principal 
works  are:  'Theological  Institutes*  (6  parts, 
1823-28);  <  The  Life  of  Rev.  John  Wesley  >  (1831); 
'  A  Biblical  and  Theological  Dictionary'  (1831); 
'An  Exposition  of  the  Gospels  of  Matthew 
and  Mark>  (1833). 

Watson,  Rosamund  Marriott.  An  English 
poet,  writing  sometimes  under  the  pseudonyms 
"  Graham  R.  Tomson  "  and  "  R.  Armytage  »  ; 
born  in  London,  1863.  She  has  contributed  to 
English  and  American  periodicals,  and  has 
edited  several  anthologies.  Her  works  include  : 
'The  Bird  Bride'  (1889);  <A  Summer  Night, 
and  Other  Poems'  (1891);  'After  Sunset' 
(1903);'  The  Heart  of  a  Garden '  (1904). 

Watson,  Thomas.  An  English  poet;  born 
in  London  about  1557 ;  died  in  1592.  His 
poems,  pastoral  and  amatory,  equaled  in  pop- 
ularity those  of  his  friends  Spenser  and  Sid- 
ney. He  translated  Sophocles's  'Antigone' 
into  Latin  (1581);  and  wrote:  ' Ekatompathia ; 
or.  Passionate  Century  of  Love'  (15S2);  <  Meli- 
boeus,  Thomae  Watsoni ;  sive,  Ecloga  in  Obitum 
Domini  Francisci  Walsinghami  Equitis  Aurati ' 
(1590);  'The  Tears  of  Fancie ;  or.  Love  Dis- 
dained' (1593). 

Watson,  William.  An  English  poet;  born 
at  Wharfedale,  Aug.  2,  1858.  His  works  include: 
•The  Prince's  Quest'  (1880);  'Epigrams  of 
Art'  (1884);  in  the  National  Review,  a  series  of 
political  sonnets,  '  Ver  Tenebrosum'  (1885); 
'Wordsworth's  Grave,  and  Other  Poems'  (1891J; 


WATSON  —  WAUGM 


'Lachrymae  Musarum>  (1892),  an  elegy  on 
Tennyson;  'Poems'  (1893);  'Excursions  in 
Criticism'  (1893);  'The  Eloping  Angels'  (1893); 
'Odes,  and  Other  Poems'  (1894);  and  'The 
Purple  East '  ( 1896),  an  attack  on  the  British  gov  - 
ernment  for  its  failure  to  act  against  Turkey  for 
the  Armenian  massacres  ;  'For England'  (IQ03). 

Wattenbach,  Wilhelm  (vat'ten-bach).  A 
German  historian  and  palteographist ;  born  at 
Ranzau,  Sept.  22,  1819  ;  died  at  Frankfort,  Sept. 
20,  1897  ;  became  professor  of  history  at  Heidel- 
berg, 1862,  and  1873  in  Berlin  University.  He 
was  author  of  'Contributions  to  the  History  of 
the  Christian  Church  in  Bohemia  and  Moravia' 
(1849);  'Introduction  to  Greek  Palaeography' 
(1867);  'Introduction  to  Latin  Palaeography' 
(1869);  'Writing  in  the  Middle  Ages>  (1871); 
<  Vacation  Travels  in  Spain  and  Portugal)  ( 1869); 
'The  Transylvanian  Saxons'  (1870);  'The  In- 
quisition against  the  Waldenses  in  Pomerania 
and  in  the  Mark  of  Brandenburg'  (1886);  <  The 
Sect  of  the  Brethren  of  the  Free  Spirit'  (1887); 
'History  of  the  Roman  Papacy'  (1876), 

Watterson,  Henry.  An  American  journalist ;. 
born  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  16,  1840.  His 
first  work  as  journalist  was  with  the  Democratic 
Review,  and  The  States,  in  Washington,  D.  C. 
He  edited  the  Republican  Banner,  Nashville,, 
Tenn.,  before  and  after  the  War,  in  the  interim 
serving  with  distinction  in  the  Confederate 
army.  He  edited,  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  the  Louis- 
ville Journal  (1867-68);  and  has  edited  the 
Louisville  Courier-Journal  since  1868.  He  has 
published,  'Odditiesof  Southern  Life  and  Charac- 
ter,' and  'History  of  the  Spanish-American  War.' 

Watts,  Alaxic  Alexander.  An  English  edu- 
cator, poet,  and  journalist ;  born  in  London,, 
March  16,  1799;  died  at  Kensington,  April  5, 
1864.  His  journalistic  work  was  done  with  the 
Manchester  Courier,  the  London  Standard,  and 
the  United  Service  Gazette.  He  edited  a  series 
of  annual  volumes,  'Literary  Souvenir'  (1825- 
35 ).  He  published  :  '  Poetical  Sketches '  (1822) ; 
and  'Lyrics  of  the  Heart'  (1851). 

Watts,  Isaac.  An  English  clergyman  and 
hymn-writer ;  born  at  Southampton,  July  17, 
1674;  died  at  Theobalds,  Newington,  Nov.  25, 
1748.  He  wrote  many  religious  and  educa- 
tional treatises,  among  which  are :  '  Logic ;  or, 
The  Right  Use  of  Reason  in  the  Inquiry  after 
Truth'  (1725);  and  'The  Improvement  of  the 
Mind  >  ( 1741).  His  <  Psalms  and  Hymns '  have 
given  him  a  place  in  the  hymnals  of  all  Eng-. 
lish  -  speaking  denominations. 

Waugh,  Edwin.  An  English  dialect-writer  v: 
born  at  Rochdale,  Lancashire,  Jan.  29,  1817 ;, 
died  at  New  Brighton,  April  30,  1890.  He: 
wrote  '  Sketches  of  Lancashire  Life  and  Local- 
ities '  ( 1855 ;  4th  ed.  1869 ) ;  '  Poems  and  Lan- 
cashire Songs'  (1859);  'Rambles  in  the  Lake' 
Country  and  its  Borders'  (1862);  'Tufts  ot 
Heather  from  the  Lancashire  Moors'  (1864);-, 
'  Irish  Sketches ' ; '  Home  Life  of  the  Lancashire: 
Factory-Folk'  (1866);  '  Sancno's  Wallet';  'The: 
Chimney    Corner'   (1879);    etc.     'Posies    fronu 


WAYLAND  —  WECKHERLIN 


56S 


a  Country  Garden  >  (2  vols.,  1865)  is  a  selec- 
tion from  his  poems. 

Wayland,  Francis.  An  American  clergy- 
man, educator,  and  author ;  born  in  New  York 
city,  March  11,  1796;  died  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
Sept.  30,  1865.  He  graduated  at  Union  College, 
1813,  was  pastor  in  a  Baptist  church  in  Boston 
1821-26,  and  president  of  Brown  University 
1827-55.  His  works  include :  <  Elements  of 
Moral  Science'  (1835);  < Elements  of  Politi- 
cal Economy'  (1837);  <The  Limitations  of 
Human  Responsibility*  (1838);  < Thoughts  on 
the  Present  Collegiate  System'  (1845);  'Do- 
mestic Slavery  considered  as  a  Scriptural  Insti- 
tution' (1845);  <  Memoirs'  of  Harriet  Ware 
(1850)  and  Adoniram  Judson  (1853);  *  Elements 
of  Intellectual  Philosophy'  (1854);  < Sermons 
to  Churches'  (1858);  <  Memoir  of  Thomas 
Chalmers'  (1864). 

.  Webb.  Charles  JBenry.  r«John  Paul."]  Ati 
Aitiericati  barik^i",  jopriialist,  and  humorist; 
l50fil  at  Rouse's  t^diiit,  N.  ¥.,  Jail.  24,  1834.  His 
journalistic  work  was  done  on  the  ISlew  /ork 
Times  (1860-63);  the  Caljfornian,  San  Fran- 
tisco  .{1863-66); ,  and  the  New  York  Tribune, 
for  which,  mainly,  his  humorous  articles  were 
written.  He  invented  an  adding  machine,  li^ 
■y^ote  several  burjesque  dramas;  <John  Paul's 
Book'  (i85;4);  <ParodieSi  Prose  and  Verse' 
(iS?6)!  and  *  Vagrom  Verse.'     Died,  TO05. 

We'bb,  James  Watson.  An  American  soldier, 
journalist,  and  diplomat ;  bom  at  Claverack, 
N.  Y..  Feb.  8,  l802;  died  in  New  York  city, 
June  7,  1884.  In  journalism  he  was  connected 
with  the  Mortiihg  CoUriet,  New  York  (1827-29); 
The  Morning  Courier  and  New  York  Etiquiter 
(1829-59).  He  is  the  author  of:  <Altowan;  or. 
Incidents  of  Life  and  Advehture  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains'  (2  vols.,  1846);  'Slavery  atid  its 
Tendeiicies'  (1856);  and  a  pamphlet  on  'Na- 
tional Currency'  (1875)* 

Webb,  Sidney.    An  English  socialist,  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Fabian  Society;  bom  in 
London,    July    13,    1859.      He    has    written: 
<  Socialism    in    England'    (1889);    <  The   Eight 
Hours'  Day'  (1891),  in  collaboration  with  Har- 
old Cox;   and  'The  London  Program'  (1892). 
His  Wite,  Beatrice  (Potter),  has  written  'The 
Co-operative  Movement  in  Great  Britain,'  and 
together  they  have  written  the  noted  <  History 
of  Trades-Unionism  in  England'  and  'Indus- 
trial Democracy.'  <  History  of  Liquor  Licensmg.' 
Weber,  Georg  (va'ber).    A  German  educator 
.•and  historian ;  born  in  Bavaria,  Feb.  10,  1808 ; 
.died  at  Heidelberg,  Aug.  10,  1888.    His  works 
are:  'Text-Book  of  General  History'  {2  vols.); 
'History    of    German    Literature';    'General 
History  of  the  World  for  the  Educated  Classes' 
(15   vols.,    1857-80);    and    with    M.    H.    Holtz- 
mann,  a  history  of  the  Hebrew  people  and  the 
origin  of  Christianity. 

Weber,  Karl  Julius,  A  German  miscellane- 
ous writer;  bom  at  Lasgenburg,  April  16,  1767; 
died  at  Kupferzell,  July  20,  1832.  He  wrote: 
tMonasticism'  (3  vols.,  t|T  8-20);  'Knighthood' 


(3  vols.,  1822-24);  <  Germany;  or.  Letters  of  a 
German  Traveling  in  Germany'  (4  vols.,  1826- 
28);  '  Democritus;  or.  The  Literary  Remains  of 
a  Laughing  Philosopher'  (5  vols.,  1832-35):. the 
last  two  works  being  satires  on  German  society. 

Weber,  Max  Maria  von.  A  German  rail- 
way engineer,  son  of  the  celebrated  music  com- 
poser, Karl  Maria  von  W. ;  born  at  Dresden, 
April  25,  1822;  died  at  Berlin,  April  18,  1881. 
Besides  numerous  technological  works,  he  wrote  : 
'Karl  Maria  von  Weber:  A  Life  Picture'  (3 
vols.,  1864-66);  'From  the  World  of  Work' 
(1868);  'Works  and  Days'  (1869);  'Looking 
and  Doing'  (1878). 

Webster,  Albert  Falvey.  An  American  short- 
story  writer ;  born  in  Boston,  1848 ;  died  at  sea, 
Dec.  27,  1876.  His  best  stories  were  printed 
in  Scribner's,  Appleton's,  and  the  Atlantic 
Monthly,  and  include:  'Our  Friend  Sullivan'; 
'Little    Majesty';   'An  Operation  in  Money'; 

<  My  Daughter's  Watch  > ;  <  Miss  Eunice's  Glove.' 

Webster,  Julia  Axigasta  ( Davies) .  An  English 
poet  and  dramatist;  born  at  Poole,  Dorsetshire, 
Jan.  30,  13J7;  died  at  Kew,  Sept.  5,  1894.  She 
was  daughter  of  Vlte-Adtoiral  George  Davies. 
She  wrote  :  'Blanche  Lisle  and  other  Poems,  by 
Cicci!  Hoine'  (i860);  <A  Woman  Sold,'  etc. 
(I867);  <ln  a  Day)  (1882);  dramas  and  trans- 
lations of  Greek  tragedies,  etc. 

Webstei-,  Daiiiel.  The  celebrated  American 
statesman  and  orator ;  borh  in  Salisbury,  N.  H,, 
Jan.  18,  1782;  died  in  Marshfield,  Mass.,  Oct 
24,  1852. 

Webster,  Jobn.  An  English  dramatist ;  bom 
near  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century.  He 
helped  Dekker,  Chettle,  Drayton,  Marston,  Row- 
ley, Middleton.  Munday,  Heywood,  and  Went- 
worth  Smith,  in  writing  some  of  their  plays. 
Some  of  his  own  dramas  are:  'The  White 
Devil;  or,  Vittoria  Corombona'  (1612);  'The 
Duchess  of  Malti'  (1623);  'Appius  and  Vir- 
ginia' (1624);  and  'The  Devil's  Law  Case.' 

Webster  Noah.  A  celebrated  American  lexi- 
cographer; bom  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Oct.  16, 
1758-  died  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  May  28, 
1843'  He  published  :  <  A  Grammatical  Institute 
of  the  English  Language,  etc.,  in  Three  Parts' 
(lygo-gc)  which  was  spelling-book,  grammar, 
and  reader  combined;  'A  Compendious  Dic- 
tionary of  the   English   Language'   (1807);    a 

<  Philosophical  and  Practical  Grammar  of  the 
English  Language'  (1807);  and  then  his  great 
work  'American  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language'  (2  vols.,  4to,  1828).  He  superin- 
tended the  publication  of  the  second  edition  of 
his  dictionary  (1840-41). 

Weckherlln,  Georg  Rudolf  (vek'har-len).  A 
German  poet;  born  at  Stuttgart,  about  1584; 
died  at  London,  in  i653-  He  was  essen- 
tially a  court  poet,  and  wrote  only  for  the  nobil- 
ity. He  was  the  first  to  introduce  into  German 
literature  the  ode,  sonnet,  eclogue,  and  epigram ; 
his  finest  pieces  are  the  '  Love  Songs  to  Myrta  ' 
He  had  his  complete  poetical  works  publishea 
twice  at  Amsterdam  (2  vols.,  1641,  1648V. 


566 

Wedderburn,  James.  A  Scotch  psalraodist; 
ho.  11  ;u  Dundee,  about  1495:  died  m  France, 
about  1563.  With  his  brother  Robert,  he  edited: 
«Ane  Compendious  Buike  of  Godly  and  Spirit- 
ual! Sangs,  Collcctit  Out  of  Sundrie  Partes  of 
the  Scripture,  wyth  Sundrie  of  Uther  Ballates 
Changed  Out  of  Prophane  Sangs,  for  Avoyd- 
ing  of  Sinne  and  Harlotrie>  (about  1548).  This 
was  the  principal  psalmbook  used  in  Scotland. 
He  is  the  reputed  author  of  <  The  Complaynt 
of  Scotland >  (1548),  "the  only  classic  work  in 
old  Scottish  prose." 

Wedmore,  Frederick.  An  English  journalist, 
novelist,  and  art  critic  ;  born  at  Clifton,  July 
9,  1844.  He  has  written  considerably  for  tliC 
magazines.  Among  his  works  are  :  <A  Snapt 
Gold  Ring>  (1871),  a  novel ;  <  Two  Girls  >  (1874); 
•Studies  in  English  Art>  (1876);  < Pastorals  of 
France '( 1877 );< Four  Masters  of  Etching>  ( 1883 ) ; 
the  novel  <  The  Collapse  of  the  Penitent.> 

Weech,  Frledrich  von  (vadh).  A  German 
historian;  born  at  Munich,  Oct.  16,  1837.  He 
has  written :  <  The  Emperor  Ludwig  of  Bava- 
ria and  King  John  of  Bohemia  >  (i860);  *■  Baden 
under  the  Grand-Dukes  Karl  Friedrich,  Karl, 
and  Ludwig >  (1864);  'History  of  the  Baden 
Constitution  >  (1868);  <  The  Germans  since  the 
Reformation  >  (1878);  <  History  of  Baden  > 
(1890);  <  Karlsruhe:  History  of  the  City  > 
(1893);  'Journeys  to  Rome  >  (1896). 

Weed,  Thurlow.  An  American  journalist 
and  politician;  born  at  Cairo,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  15, 
1797;  died  in  New  York  city,  Nov.  22,  1882. 
He  founded  the  Agriculturist  at  Norwich,  N.  Y.; 
the  Evening  Journal,  Albany,  N.  Y.  (1830); 
and  edited  the  Commercial  Advertiser,  New 
York  city  (1867-68).  His  books  are:  'Letters 
from  Europe  and  the  West  Indies  >  (1866);  and 
an  autobiography,  edited  by  his  daughter,  and 
published  in  1882.  He  wrote  <  Reminiscences  > 
for  the  Atlantic  Monthly. 

Weeden,  William  Babcocli:.  An  American 
soldier  and  ethical  and  historical  writer ;  born 
at  Bristol,  R.  L,  Sept.  i,  1834.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Union  army  during  the  Civil 
War.  He  has  written  : '  Morality  of  Prohibitory 
Liquor  Laws>  (1875);  'Social  Law  of  Labor* 
(1882);  'Economic  and  Social  History  of  New 
England'  (2  vols.,  1890),  his  chief  work. 

Weeks,  Edwin  Lord.  An  American  artist; 
born  in  Massachusetts  in  1849.  He  has  written 
a  work  of  travel,  <  From  the  Black  Sea  through 
Persia  and  India.'     Died  Nov.  17,  1903. 

Weeks,  Robert  Kelley.  An  American  poet ; 
born  in  New  York  city,  Sept.  21,  1840;  died 
April  13,  1876.  He  graduated  from  Yale  in 
1862,  from  the  Columbia  Law  School  in  1864, 
and  entered  the  New  York  bar  the  same  year, 
hut  afterwards  left  it  to  devote  himself  to 
literarv  pursuits.  He  published' Poems  >  (1866); 
and  'Episodes  and  Lyric  Pieces'  (1870). 

Weems,  Mason  Locke.  An  American 
biographical  writer  and  Episcopal  clerg>-man; 
born  in  1759 ;  died  in  1825.    His  chief  work  is 


WEDDERBURN  —  WEILL 


'A  History  of  the  Life  and  Death,  Virtues  and 
Exploits, of  General  George  Washington'  (1800), 
an  entertaining  but  unreliable  and  inaccurate 
book.  He  also  wrote:  'Biographies'  of  Gen- 
eral Francis  Marion  (1816);  Franklin  (1817);  and 
William  Penn  (1829). 

Wegele,  Franz  Xaver  (va'ge-16).  A  Geiman 
historian;  bom  at  Munich,  Oct.  28,  1 823;  died 
at  Wilrzburg,  Oct.  16,  1 89  7.  He  was  appointed 
professor  of  history  in  the  University  of  Wiirz- 
burg,  1851.   He  wrote:  'Karl  August  of  Weimar> 

S1850);  <Life  and  Works  of  Dante  Alighieri' 
3d  ed.  1879);  'Sources  of  Thuringian  History) 
(1854);  'Frederick  the  Peaceful,  Margrave  of 
Meissen'  (1870);  'Goethe  as  a  Historian'(  1875  ); 
'History  of  German  Historiography  since  the 
Rise  of  Humanism'  (1885). 

Wegscheider,  Julius  August  Ludwig  (vag- 
shi-der).  A  German  theological  writer;  born 
at  Kiibbelingen  in  Brunswick,  Sept.  17,  1771 ; 
died  at  Halle,  Jan.  27,  1849.  His  principal  work 
is  <  Institutes  of  Christian  Dogmatic  Theology' 
(1815):  this  work  may  be  regarded  as  the  clas- 
sical dogmatic  treatise  of  rationalism. 

Wehl,  Feodor  von  (val).  A  German  novelist 
and  poet ;  born  at  Kunzendorf,  Silesia,  Feb. 
19,  1821 ;  died  at  Hamburg,  Jan.  22,  1890.  He 
wrote  the  lyrico-dramatic  poem  '  Holderlin's 
Love'  (1852);  a  volume  of  verses,  'From 
Heart  to  Heart'  (1867);  'Fifteen  Years  in  the 
Directorship  of  the  Stuttgart  Court  Theatre' 
(1886).  His  plays  were  published  in  6  volumes, 
1882.  He  wrote  also  : '  Hamburg's  Literary  Life 
in  the  i8th  Century'  (1856);  'In  Leisure  Hours' 
(1867);  'At  the  Roaring  Loom  of  Time'  (1869); 
'Time  and  Men'  (1889). 

Weil,  Guatav  (vil).  A  German  Orientalist 
and  historian;  born  at  Sulzburg,  Baden,  April 
25,  1808;  died  at  Freiburg  in  Breisgau,  Aug. 
30,  1889.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  Ori- 
ental languages  in  the  University  of  Heidelberg, 
1861.  He  wrote :  '  The  Poetry  of  the  Arabs ' 
(1837);  a  learned  'History  of  Mohammed  the 
Prophet'  (1843);  ' Historico-critical  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Koran'  (1844);  'Biblical  Legends 
of  the  Mussulmans'  (1845);  'History  of  the 
Khalifs'  (5  vols.,  1846-62);  'History  of  the  Is- 
lamitic  People  from  Mohammed  to  the  time  of 
the  Sultan  Selim'  (1866).  He  made  the  first 
German  translation  of  the  'Thousand  Nights 
and  a  Night'  (4  vols.,  1837-41). 

Weilen,  Joseph  von  (vi'len).  A  German 
educator  and  dramatist;  born  at  Tetin,  Bohe- 
mia, Dec.  28,  1828;  died  in  Vienna,  July  3,  1889. 
His  works  are:  'Fantasies  and  Songs'  (1853); 
'Men  of  the  Sword'  (1855);  'Tristan'  (i860); 
'Edda'  (1865);  'Drahomira'  (1867);  'Count 
Horn'  (1871);  and  'The  New  Achilles'  (1872). 

Weill,  Alexandre  (vil  or  val).  A  French 
journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  at 
Schiroff  in  Alsace,  181 1.  He  spent  his  youth  in 
Germany  as  teacher,  editor,  and  author.  He 
wrote  a  series  of  'Alsatian  Tales'  that  were 
very  popular;  'The  Peasants'  War'  (1847),  a 
historical    study ;    '  Republic    and    Monarchy  > 


WEINGARTEN  — WELBY 


567 


(1849);  <  Village  Tales >  (1853);  <  Mismorismes  : 
Hymns  of  the  SouP  (i860);  <  My  Youth,  My 
Adolescence,  etc.>  (1870),  an  autobiography; 
•Parisian  Romances>  (1874);  < Genius  of  Uni- 
versal History >  {1876);  etc. 

Weingarten,  Hermann  (vin'gar-ten).  A 
German  church  historian ;  born  at  Berlin,  March 
12,  1834;  died  April  25,  1892,  near  Breslau, 
where  he  was  professor  of  church  history. 
Among  his  works  are :  <  Pascal  as  an  Apolo- 
gist of  Christianism  >  (1863);  <The  Revolution 
Churches  of  England  >  (1868);  <  Chronological 
Tables  and  General  Views  of  Church  His- 
tory' (1870);  <Rise  of  Monachism  in  the  Post- 
Constantine  Age*  (1887). 

Weinhold,  Karl  (vin'holt).  A  German  anti- 
quarian; born  at  Reichenbach,  Silesia,  Oct.  26, 
1823;  died  at  Bad,  Manheim,  Germany,  Aug.  15, 
1901.  He  held  the  chair  of  German  philology  in 
various  universities, — Breslau,  Cracow,  Gratz, 
Kiel,  and  Berlin.  He  wrote:  <Christmas  Plays 
and  Carols  of  Southern  Germany  and  Silesia> 
( 1853);  < Researches  in  German  Dialects'  (1853) ; 
<Ancient  Norse  Life>  (1856);  <The  Giants  of 
German  Myth>  (1858);  <Heatlien  Burial  in  Ger- 
many' (1859);  'German  Womankind  in  the 
Middle  Ages'    (2  vols.,  2d  ed.  18S2). 

Weir,  Arthur.  A  Canadian  poet;  born  at 
Montreal,  1864.  He  was  for  several  years  a 
journalist,  then  an  analytical  chemist,  and  is 
now  a  banker.  He  has  written  <  Fleurs  de  Lys ' 
(1887);  <The  Romance  of  Sir  Richard,'  etc. 
(1890);  etc. 

Weir,  Harrison  William.  An  English  illus- 
trator and  writer  for  young  people ;  born  at 
Lewes,  May  5,  1824.  He  is  noted  for  his  en- 
gravings of  animals,  and  was  one  of  the  origi- 
nal members  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water-Colors.  He  has  written :  <  The  Poetry 
of  Nature'  (1865);  <  Funny  Dogs  with  Funny 
Tales';  <  The  Adventures  of  a  Bear';  <  Bird 
Stories';  <Our  Cats';  etc.:  some  of  which  he 
illustrated  himself.     Died  Jan.  4,  1906. 

Weir,  James.  An  American  romance-writer ; 
bom  in  Kentucky,  1821.  He  has  published 
<  Lonz  Powers ;  or,  The  Regulators ' ;  <  Simon 
Kenton  ' ;  *■  Winter  Lodge.'    Died  in  1906. 

Weise,  Christian  fvi'ze).  A  German  educa- 
tionist and  poet ;  born  at  Zittau,  April  30,  1642  ; 
died  there,  1708.  He  wrote  admirable  text-books 
for  school  instruction ;  <  Curious  Thoughts  on 
German  Verse'  (2  vols.,  1691-95);  several 
dramas  and  romances ;  a  volume  of  poems ; 
•Overflowing  Thoughts  of  Early  Youth'  (1668). 
His  best  works  are  his  satirical  tales,  as  <  The 
Three  Chief  Arch-Fools  > ;  <  The  Bavarian  Ma- 
chiavel ' ;  <  Kathrine  the  Shrew.' 

Weismann,  August  (vis'man).  A  celebrated 
German  zoologist;  bom  at  Frankfort  on  the 
Main,  Jan.  17,  1834.  He  became  professor  at 
Freiburg  (1871).  He  denies  the  possibility  of 
the  inheritance  of  acquired  characters.  He  is 
one  of  the  leading  minds  engaged  in  tlie  study 
of  evolution ;  his  writings  have  provoked  much 


discussion,  and  been  a  great  stimulation  to  re- 
search. Among  his  principal  works  are  :  <  Stud- 
ies in  the  Theory  of  Descent'  (1880);  <  Essays 
on  Heredity'  (London,  1888-92);  <Genn  Plasm' 
(London,  1893);  etc. 

Weiss,  Bernhard  (vis).  A  German  theologi- 
cal writer;  born  at  Konigsberg,  June  20,  1827. 
He  was  made  professor  of  theology  at  Kiel, 
1863,  and  at  Berlin,  1877.  His  principal  writings 
are:  <Text-Book  of  Biblical  Theology'  (1868); 
<Life  of  Jesus'  (2  vols.,  1882);  <  Introduction  to 
the  New  Testament '  ;  <  Religion  of  tlie  New 
Testament.' 

Weiss,  John.  An  American  clergyman,  re- 
former, and  author  ;  born  in  Boston,  June  28, 
1818;  died  there,  March  9,  1879.  He  has  pub- 
lished :  <^sthetic  Prose'  (1845),  a  translation  of 
Schiller's   philosophical    and    aesthetic    essays; 

<  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Theodore  Parker' 
(2  vols.,  1864);  < American  Religion'  (1871); 
<Wit,  Humor,  and  Shakespeare'  (1880).  He 
was  a  disciple  of  the  Transcendental  philosophy, 
an  earnest  abolitionist,  an  advocate  of  woman's 
political  enfranchisement,  and  a  defender  of 
reason  in  religion. 

Weisse,  Christian  Felix  (vl'se).  A  Ger- 
man poet  and  writer  for  the  young;  bom  at 
Annaberg,  Jan.  28,  1726;  died  at  Leipsic,  Dec. 
16,  1804.  He  wrote:  < Sportive  Lays'  (1758),  in 
the  Anacreontic  vein ;  <  Lays  of  the  Amazons ' 
(1760) ;  and  several  tragedies  and  comedies;  he 
was  less  successful  with  these  than  with  his 
comic  operas,  which  for  a  long  time  held  the 
boards  of  the  Leipsic  theatre.  He  wrote  also 
< Songs  for  Children'  (1776). 

Weisse,  Christian  Hermann.  A  German 
philosopher,  grandson  of  Christian  F. ;  born 
at  Leipsic,  Aug.  10,  1801 ;  died  there,  Sept. 
19,  1866;  he  was  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Leipsic  from  1845.  He  vsTote :  *■  The  Idea, 
the  Treatment,  and  the  Sources  of  Mythology  > 
(1828);  < System  of  Esthetics  as  a  Science' 
(2  vols.,  1830);  'The  Idea  of  Godhead'  (1833); 
•Theodicy  in  German  Rhymes'  (1834);  •Prin- 
ciples of  Metaphysic'  (1835);  'The  Gospel  His- 
tory Treated  Critically  and  Philosophically'  (2 
vols.,  1838);  <  Luther's  Christology'  (1852). 

Weizsacker,  Karl  Heinrich  (vlts'sak-er).  A 
German  Protestant  theologian;  bom  at  Oehrin- 
gen.'^Viirtemberg,  Dec.  II,  1822;  died  at  Tubin- 
gen, Aug.  13, 1897.  He  was  court  chaplain  at  Stutt- 
gart, 1851;  member  of  the  superior  consistory 
there,  1859;  professor  of  theology  at  Tubingen, 
1861;  chancellor  of  the  university,  1S90;  privy 
councilor,  1894.  Among  his  chief  works  are:  •Re- 
searches in  Evangelical  History'  (2d  ed.  1891); 

<  The  Apostolic  Age  of  the  Christian  Church ' 
(2d  ed.  1892;  English  translation  1894);  etc. 
His  translation  into  German  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament (7th  ed.  1894)  has  been  greatly  liked. 

Welby,  Amelia  (Coppuck).  [••Amelia."] 
An  American  poet ;  born  at  St.  Michael's,  Md., 
Feb.  3,  1819;  died  May  3,  1852.  Her  collected 
poems  were  published  in  Boston  (1844),  in  New 
York  (1850),  and  a  final  collection  after  her 
death,  in  i860. 


568 


WELCH  —WERGEL  AND 


Welch,  Philip  Henry.  An  American  humor- 
ist; born  at  Angelica,  N.  Y.,  March  i,  1849; 
died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  24,  1889.  He 
has  the  distinction  of  being  the  maker  of  in- 
numerable newspaper  jokes,  and  short  dia- 
logues, the  writing  of  which  he  made  a  pro- 
fession. His  books  are :  <  The  Taylor-Made 
Girl>  (1888);  and  <Said  in  Fun>  (1889). 

Welch,  Sarah.  An  Australian  poet.  Her 
home  is  at  Adelaide,  South  Australia.  She  is 
a  nurse  by  profession.  She  has  written  <  The 
Dying  Chorister,  and  the  Chorister's  Funeral ' 
(1879). 

Welcker,  Friedrlch  Gottlieb  (vel'ker).  A 
celebrated  German  classical  scholar  and  ar- 
chaeologist ;  born  at  Griinberg,  Hesse,  Nov.  4, 
1784;  died  at  Bonn,  Dec.  17,  1868.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  archaeology  at  Giessen,  1809;  Got- 
tingen,  1816 ;  at  Bonn,  1819.  Besides  editing 
editions  of  a  number  of  Greek  authors,  he 
wrote:  < The  yEschylean  Trilogy'  (1824;  sup- 
plement, 1826);  <  Greek  Tragedy  Arranged  with 
Regard  to  the  Epical  Cyclus>  (3  vols.,  1841), 
an  epoch-making  work ;  < Ancient  Monuments' 
(5  vols.,  1849-64);  <Greek  Mythology'  (3  vols., 
1862);  <The  Epical  Cyclus>  (1865-82);  etc. 

Welhaven,  Johan  Sebastian  Cammer- 
meyer  (vd'ha-ven).  A  Norwegian  journalist, 
patriot,  and  poet ;  born  at  Bergen,  Dec.  22, 
1807 ;  died  in  Christiania,  Oct.  21,  1873.  He 
founded  a  weekly  paper,  Vidar  (1833),  which 
was  changed  into  the  daily  Constitutionelle 
(1836).  He  wrote  <  Poetic  Art  and  Character 
of  Henrik  Wergeland  >  (1832),  which  awakened 
a  great  controversy ;  and  <  Norges  Daemring  > 
(Norway's  Twilight:  1834),  political  sonnets 
stirring  up  great  strife  of  thought.  Collections 
of  his  unpolemical  poems  appeared  in  1851 
and  in  1863. 

Welldon,  James  Edward  Cowell.  An  Eng- 
lish educator;  born  at  Tunbridge,  April  25, 
1854.  He  was  head-master  of  Dulwich  College, 
1883,  and  Harrow  School,  1SS5.  Besides  stand- 
ard translations  of  Aristotle's  <  Politics,*  <  Rhet- 
oric,' and  'Nicomachean  Ethics,'  he  has  pub- 
lished 'Sermons  Preached  to  Harrow  Boys' 
(1887),  and  <The  Spiritual  Life  and  Other  Ser- 
mons' (1888);  <The  Revelation  of  the  Holy  Spirit.' 

Wells,  Charles  Jeremiah.  An  English  poet ; 
born  in  1800 ;  died  in  France,  Feb.  17,  1879. 
He  left  England  in  1840,  afterwards  living 
chiefly  in  Marseilles,  where  he  practiced  law. 
He  was  a  friend  of  Keats,  Home,  and  Hazlitt. 
His  best  work  is  the  dramatic  poem,  <  Joseph 
and  his  Brethren,'  published  in  1824  under  the 
pseudonym  of  *'  H.  L.  Howard,"  and  reprinted 
in  1876  with  an  introduction  by  Swinburne. 
He  also  wrote  a  little  volume  called  <  Stories 
After  Nature'  ( 1822),  now  out  of  print.  Some 
of  these  tales  were  after\vards  reprinted  in  the 
Illustrated  Family  Journal,  and  in  Linton's 
Illuminated  Magazine. 

Wells,  David  Ames.  An  American  political 
economist;  bom  at  Springfield,  Mass., 
June  17,  1828;  died  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Nov.      5,      1898.       He      edited      the    <An- 


nual  of  Scientific  Discovery '  ( 16  vols.,  1850- 
65).  Some  of  his  earlier  works  are  <  Familiar 
Science'  (1856);  'Elements  of  Natural  Philoso- 
phy'(1857);  and  a  widely  circulated  political 
pamphlet,  <Our  Burden  and  Our  Strength' 
( 1864).  Among  his  financial  and  economic  books 
are:  <  The  Creed  of   the   Free-Trader'    {1875); 

<  Production  and  Distribution  of  Wealth'  (1875); 
'Robinson  Crusoe's  Money'  (1876);  'The  Sil- 
ver Question'  (1878);  'Our  Merchant  Marine,' 
etc.  (1882);  « A  Primer  of  Tariff  Reform'  (1884); 
'Practical  Economics'  (1886);  <A  Study  of 
Mexico'  (1887);  <A  Short  and  Simple  Cate- 
chism' (1888);  and  'Relation  of  the  Tariff  to 
Wages.' 

Wells,  H.  G.  An  English  novelist;  bom  at 
Bromley,  Kent,  1868.  Starting  as  a  teacher  in 
London,  he  is  now  a  journalist  there.  He  has 
written:  'The  Time  Machine'  (1895);  'Select 
Conversations  with  an  Uncle'  (1895);  'The 
Wonderful  Visit'  (1895),  a  humorous  satire; 
'The  Island  of  Dr.  Moreau'  (1896);  'The 
Wheels  of  Chance'  (1896);  'Thirty  Strange 
Stories'   (1897);  'The   Invisible   Man'   (1897); 

<  The  Food  of  the  Gods  > ;  <  A  Modern  Utopia.' 

Wells,  Mrs.  Kate  Gannett.  An  American 
essayist  and  novelist;  born  (Catherine  Boott 
Gannett)  in  1838.  She  is  the  daughter  of  a 
Unitarian  clergyman  of  Boston.  She  has  writ- 
ten chiefly  for  periodicals.  Her  works  have 
been  collected  in  volumes  :  <  In  the  Clearings ' ; 

<  Miss  Curtis ' ;  <  Two  Modern  Women ' ;  'About 
People ' ;  etc. ;  also  some  Sunday-school  manuals. 

Welsh,  Herbert.  An  American  philanthro- 
pist; born  in  Philadelphia,  Dec.  4,  1851.  He 
is  the  Indians'  friend  and  founder  of  the  In- 
dian Rights  Association.  Among  his  writings  are : 
'  Four  Weeks  among  Some  of  the  Sioux  Tribes  of 
Dakotah ' ;  and  <  Report  of  a  Visit  to  the  Navajo. 
Pueblo,  and  Hualapai  Indians  of  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona '  ;  <  The  Other  Man's  Country.' 

Wemyss,  Francis  Courtney  (weems).  An 
actor,  manager,  and  theatrical  writer;  born  in 
London,  May  13,  1797  ;  died  in  New  York,  Jan. 
5,  1859.  He  acted  in  London,  1821 ;  at  Phila- 
delphia, 1822 ;  was  manager  of  theatres  in  sev- 
eral American  cities,  and  secretary  of  the 
Dramatic  Fund  Association  from  1852.  Among 
his  works  are  :  '  Twenty-Six  Years  as  Actor  and 
Manager '  ( 1847  ) ;  <  Chronology  of  the  Amer- 
ican Stage '  ( 1852  ) ;  and  <  Theatrical  Biogra- 
phy.' He  edited  'The  Minor  Drama'  (7  vols., 
1848-52). 

Wendell,  Barrett.  An  American  author  and 
educator;  born  in  Boston,  Aug.  23,  1855.  He 
has  published:  'English  Composition'  (1891); 
'Cotton  Mather'  (1891),  in  '  Makers  of  America' 
series;  and  the  novels  'The  Duchess  Emilia' 
(1885).  and  'Rankell's  Remains'  (1886).     His 

<  Stelligeri,  and  Other  Essays  concerning  Amer- 
ica' (1893),  ^iid  <  William  Shakspere  :  A  Study* 
(1894); 'The  France  of  To-day'  (1907),  are  widely 
known.     He  is  American  editor  of  Literature. 

Wergeland,  Henrik  Arnold  (ver'g6-land). 
A  Norwegian  poet ;  bom  at  Christiansand,  June 
17,  1808;  died  Aug.   12,  1845.     His  works  are; 


WERNER  —  WHARTON 


569 


<  The  Creation,  Man,  and  the  Messiah,>  a  lyric 
poem  (1830);  'The  Jew>;  <Jan  van  Huysum's 
Flower-Piece > ;  <The  English  Pilot>  (1845); 
and  many  tragedies,  vaudevilles,  farces,  etc. 
He  has  had  a  great  influence  on  Norwegian 
literature  and  civilization. 

Werner,  Franz  von  (var'ner).  [«Murad 
Effendi.')]  An  Austrian  poet  and  diplomatist; 
bom  in  Vienna,  May  30,  1836 ;  died  Sept.  12, 
1881.  In  1877  he  became  resident  minister  at 
The  Hague  and  Stockholm,  and  in  1880  was 
named  minister  plenipotentiary  and  envoy  ex- 
traordinary. He  wrote:  <  Through  Thuringia* 
(1870);  <  Marino  Falieri>  (1871);  <  Inez  de  Cas- 
tro) (1872);  <Mirabeau>  (1875);  <East  and 
West,*  poems  (1877);  *  Ballads  and  Pictures  > 
(1879).  His  dramatic  works  were  collected  in 
1881. 

Werner,  Friedrich  Ludwig  Zacharias.    A 

German  dramatist  and  clergyman ;  bom  at 
Konigsberg,  Nov.  18,  1768 ;  died  in  Vienna,  Jan. 
17,  1823.  His  works  are  :  <  Sons  of  the  Valley  > 
(1800),  inspired  by  Masonic  enthusiasm ;  <  Cruise 
in  the  German  Ocean*  (1804),  set  to  music  by 
Hoffmann;  <  Martin  Luther*;  and  <The  24th 
of  Febmary,*  which  made  a  great  sensation. 
Besides  the  dramas  named,  he  wrote  the  trage- 
dies <  Attila,*  <  Wanda,*  <  Kunegunde,*  <  The 
Mother  of  the  Maccabees*;  and  lyrical  poems, 
hymns,  sermons,  etc. 

Wesley,  Charles.  An  English  clergyman 
and  poet;  born  at  Epworth,  Lincolnshire,  De- 
cember 1701 ;  died  in  London,  March  29,  1788. 
He  was  « the  poet  of  Methodism,**  and  many  of 
his  hymns  are  to  be  found  in  the  hymn-books 
of  all  Protestant  denominations. 

Wesley,  John.  The  founder  of  Methodism ; 
an  English  preacher  and  WTiter;  born  at  Ep- 
worth, June  1703;  died  March  2,  1791.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford.  His  works  were  as 
follows:  <  Primitive  Physic*  (1747);  'Explana- 
tory Notes  on  the  New  Testament*  (1755); 
♦Doctrine  of  Original  Sin*  (1757);  'Survey  of 
the  Wisdom  of  God  in  Creation  *  (1763);  'Notes 
on   the    Old    and    New   Testaments*    (1764); 

<  Preservative  against  Unsettled  Notions  in  Re- 
ligion *  (1770);  'A  Calm  Address  to  Our  Ameri- 
can Colonies*  (1775).  His  journals  are  among 
his  best  works.  He  also  edited,  with  his 
brother  Charles,  several  collections  of  hymns. 

Wesley,  Samuel,  Sr.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  sacred  poet;  bom  at  Winterborn- 
Whitchurch,  Dorset,  1662;  died  at  Epworth, 
April  22,  1735.  He  was  the  father  of  Charles 
and  John,  and  of  Samuel,  Jr.  He  wrote  '  Life 
of  Christ:  An  Heroic  Poem,*  'Eupolis's  Hymn 
to  the  Creator,*  etc.  He  is  best  known  by  the 
two  hymns  to  be  found  in  Methodist  hymn- 
books,  'Behold  the  Saviour  of  Mankind,*  and 

<  O  Thou  who  when  I  did  Complain.* 

Wesley,  Samuel,  Jr.  An  English  educator 
and  sacred  poet,  son  of  Samuel;  born  in  London, 
Feb.  10,  1690-1;  died  at  Tiverton,  Nov.  6,  1739. 
He  was  head-master  of  BiundcH's  free  gram- 
mar-school at  Tiverton.  1732-39.     He  remained 


with  the  old  High  Church  party,  and  did  not 
embrace  Methodism  with  his  brothers.  Edi- 
tions of  his  poems  have  been  published  in 
1736,  1743,  and  1862  (with  a  Life,  by  William 
Nichols).  He  is  best  known  by  his  h>'mns  m 
the  Methodist  h>'mn-book,  and  a  poem  begin- 
ning "  The  moming  flowers  display  their 
sweets,'*  written  on  the  death  of  a  young 
lady. 

Wesselhoeft,  Mrs.  Lily  F.  (Pope)  (wes'sel- 

hooft).  An  American  writer  of  juvenile  stories; 
bom  in  Massachusetts,  1840.  Among  her  works 
are  :  <  Jerry  the  Blunderer  * ;  '  Sparrow  the 
Trump  * ;  <  Flipwing  the  Spy  * ;  '  Old  Rough 
the  Miser*;  'The  Winds,  the  Woods,  and  the 
Wanderer  * ;  '  Frowzle  the  Runaway.* 

Westcott,  Brooke  Foss.  A  distinguished 
English  clergyman  and  Biblical  scholar;  born 
near  Birmingham,  Jan.  12,  1825;  died  July  28, 
1901.  He  was  professor  of  divinity  at  Cam- 
bridge University,  1 870;  honorary  chaplain  to 
the  queen,  1875;  bishop  of  Durham,  1 890. 
Among  his  works  are:  'tleneral  View  of  the 
History  of  the  English  Bible*  (2ded.  1879); 
'History  of  the  Canon  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment' (5th  ed.  1881);  'Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  the  Gospels*  (6th  ed.  18S2);  'The 
Gospel  of  the  Resurrection*  (5th  ed.  1884); 
'The  Bible  in  the  Church*  (9th  ed.  1885);  etc. 
With  Dr.  Hart  he  edited  the  Greek  New  Testa- 
ment (2  vols.,  1881). 

Westenrieder,  Lorenz  von  (vest'en-re-der). 
A  German  historian ;  bom  at  Munich,  Aug. 
I,  1748;  died  there,  March  15,  1829.  He  was 
professor  of  poetry  at  Landshut,  1774;  and  of 
rhetoric  at  Munich,  1776;  literary  censor,  1776; 
clerical  senator,  1786;  raised  to  the  nobility, 
1813.  He  did  much  for  the  elevation  of  the 
German  language.  His  statue  was  erected  at 
Munich  in  1854.  He  wrote  'History  of  Ba- 
varia* (2  vols.,  1785);  'Contribution  to  the  Na- 
tional History,  Geography,  Statistics,  and  Agri- 
culture* (10  vols.,  1785-1817);  etc. 

Wetherell,  Elizabeth.    See  Warner,  Susan. 

Weyman,  Stanley  John  (wi'm.in).  An  Eng- 
lish novelist ;  bom  at  Ludlow,  Shropshire,  Aug. 
7,  1855.  He  was  educated  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford;  was  classical  instmctor  in  the  King's 
School,  Chester,  1878 ;  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1881,  and  practiced  until  1890.  He  contributed 
to  periodicals  in  1883,  and  published  in  book 
form  the  historical  romances:  'The  House  of 
the  Wolf*  (li^go);  'Francis  Cludde*  (1801); 
'The  New  Rector*  (1891);  'A  Gentleman  of 
France*  (1893);  '  Under  the  Red  Robe*  (1804); 
'My  Lady  Rotha  '  (1894);  '  Count  Hannibal'; 
'  The  Long  Night.'  Several  of  his  stories  have 
been  dramatized.  His  books  deal  with  charac- 
ter and  incident  not  previously  written  upon 
and  are  fresh,  original,  and  popular. 

Wharton,  Anne  HolUngsworth.  An  Amer- 
ican story-writer;  born  in  renns\lvaiiia  about 
1S45.  Among  her  books  are:  <  The  Wharton 
Family'  (18S0I;  <  Virgilia*;  'St.  Bartholomew's 
Eve ' ;  '  Colonial  Days  and  Dames ' ;  <  Through 


570 


WHARTON  -  WHICHCOTE 


CTolonial  Doorways  > ;  •  Martha  Washington  : 
A  Biography* ;  'Italian  Days  and  Ways.> 

Wharton,  Thomas.  An  English  statesman ; 
born  about  1040;  died  in  London,  April  12, 
1715.  His  name  is  associated  with  literature 
liy  his  being  the  reputed  author  of  tlie  famous 
Irish  ballad,  <  Lilliburlero.> 

Wharton,  Thomas.  An  American  journal- 
ist, dramatist,  and  critic ;  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  I,  1S50;  died  April  6,  1S96.  He  was  an 
editorial  writer  on  Philadelphia  journals,  and 
contributed  largely  to  various  periodicals.  He 
published  the  novels  <A  Latter-Day  Saint  > 
and  <  Hannibal  of  New  York  > ;  .ind  wrote  the 
famous  and  popular  short  story,  <  Bobbo.* 

Whately,  Richard.  An  eminent  English 
clergyman  and  educator,  archbisliop  of  Dublin  ; 
born  in  London,  Feb.  I,  1787;  died  in  Dublin, 
Oct.  I,  1S63.  He  was  regarded  as  one  of 
the  <'  Broad  Church  >>  party  in  the  Church  of 
England.  He  was  a  voluminous  writer;  among 
his  works  are :  <  The  Use  and  Abuse  of  Party 
Feeling  in  Matters  of  Religion>  (1S22);  <  Ele- 
ments of  Logic >  (1S26);  <View  of  the  Script- 
ure Revelations  concerning  a  Future  State  * 
(1S20);  < Bacon's  Essays,  with  Annotations' 
(1856);  "A  General  View  of  the  Rise,  Progress, 
and  Corruptions  of  Christianity  >  (1S60);  and 
•Miscellaneous  Lectures  and  Reviews*  (1864). 

Wheatley,  Henry  Benjamin.  An  English 
jiliilologist  and  bibliographer;  born  at  Chelsea, 
May  2,  iS.^S.  He  has  been  an  official  of  vari- 
ous London  literary  and  other  societies.  Be- 
sides editing  a  number  of  works,  he  has  wTitten  : 
<.\nagrams>  (1S62);  <  Round  About  Piccadilly 
and  Pall  MalP  (1870):  <  Samuel  Pepys  and 
the  World  he  Lived  In*  (iSSo);  < Decorative 
Art>  (1S84V,  <IIow  to  Form  a  Library*  (1SS6); 
*  How  to  Catalogue  a  Library'  (1SS7);  'Liter- 
ary Blunders'  (1803);*  Historical  Portraits.' 

Wheaton,  Henry.  An  eminent  American 
jurist,  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Nov.  27,  17S5 ; 
died  in  Dorciioster,  Mass.,  March  11,  1848.  He 
graduated  at  Brown  University,  1802 ;  practiced 
law  at  New  York,  1812,  and  edited  die  Na- 
tional Advocate.  He  was  a  reporter  of  the 
I'nited  States  Supreme  Court,  1816  to  1827, 
and  then  became  chargd-il'affaires  to  Denmark 
(1827-35),  ^"*^1  i"  1835-46  minister  to  Berlin.  His 
chief  writings  are:  'Digest  of  Maritime  Law' 
(1815);  'Life  of  William  Pinckney'  (1S26); 
'Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Supreme  Court'  (12 
vols.,  1827);  'History  of  the  Northmen'  (1831); 
'Elements  of  International  Law'  (1836);  'His- 
tory of  the  Law  of  Nations'  (1841). 

Wheeler,  Andrew  Carpenter.  [«Nym 
Crinkle."]  An  American  journalist,  critic, 
nnd  dramatic  writer  ;  born  in  New  York,  June 
4,  1835.  Uc  wrote  for  the  New  York  Times 
and  World,  Milwaukee  Sentinel,  and  other 
journals — and  was  also  a  war  correspondent. 
He  wrote:  'The  Chronicles  of  Milwaukee' 
(1860;  'The  Twins:  .\  Comedv'  (1862);  and 
'The  Primrose  Path  of  D.-illiance'.'  He  died  at 
Mousey,  N.  V.,  March  10,  1903. 


Wheeler,  Crosby  Howard.  An  Americrt 
writer,  who  was  a  missionary  to  Turkey;  bo;n 
in  Maine  in  1823.  His  writings  comprise:  <  Little 
Children  in  Eden ' ;  '  Letters  from  Eden ' ; 
'  Ten  Years  on  tlie  Euphrates ' ;  <  Odds  and 
Ends.'     He  died  in  1896. 

Wheeler,  William  Adolphus.  An  Ameri- 
can lexicographer;  born  at  Leicester,  Mass., 
Nov.  14,  1833  ;  died  at  Roxbur)-,  Mass.,  Oct.  28, 
1S74.  He  was  assistant  superintendent  of  the 
Boston  Public  Library  in  1867.  Besides  assist- 
ing in  the  composition  of  'Worcester's  Dic- 
tionary' and  of  the  new  illustrated  edition  of 
'Webster's  Dictionary'  (1864),  and  editing 
Hole's  'Brief  Biographical  Dictionary'  (1866) 
and  a  'Dickens  Dictionary'  (1S73),  he  wrote 
'Dictionary  of  the  Noted  Names  of  Fiction' 
(1865);  'Who  Wrote  It?'  an  index  to  anony- 
mous literature,  left  unfinished  by  him,  but 
completed  by  Charles  G.  Wheeler  (1881);  and 
'Familiar  Allusions'  (18S2),  left  unfinished. 

Wheelwright,  John.  An  English-American 
clerg)Tnan,  who  was  a  classmate  of  Oliver 
Cromwell  at  Cambridge  University ;  born  in 
Lincolnshire,  about  1592;  died  at  Salisbury, 
N.  IL,  Nov.  15,  1679.  A  brother-in-law  of  Anne 
Hutchinson,  and  defender  of  her  religious 
opinions,  he  was  banished  from  Massachusetts 
for  seditious  preaching,  and  founded  Exeter 
on  the  Squamscott.  He  published,  answering 
Thomas  Welde, '  Mercurius  Americanus ;  or.  Ob- 
servations on  a  Paper  entitled  'Of  the  Rise, 
Reign,  and  Ruin  of  the  Familists,  Libertines, 
etc.,  in  New  England'  (1654);  and  a  'Vindi- 
cation' (1654). 

Wheelwright,  John  Tyler.  An  American 
novelist  and  story-writer;  born  at  Boston,  1856. 
He  has  written  :  *  New  Chance  Acquaintance  > 
(iSSo);  <  RoUo's  Journey  to  Cambridge'  (1880, 
with  F.  J.  Stimson);  'The  King's  Men'  (1882, 
with  F.  J.  Stimson,  John  Boyle  O'Reilly,  and 
Robert  Grant);  <  .\  Child  of  the  Century' 
(1887);' A  Bad  Penny'  (1895). 

Whewell,  William.  A  celebrated  English 
scientist  and  philosopher;  bom  at  Lancaster, 
May  24,  1794 ;  died  at  Cambridge,  March  6, 
1S66.  He  was  professor  of  mineralogy  at  Cam- 
bridge University,  1828-32,  and  of  moral  the- 
ology and  casuistical  divinity,  1838-55 ;  master 
of  Trinity  College  in  1S41.  He  wrote  :  'Astron- 
omy and  Physics  with  Reference  to  Natural 
Theology'  (1S33);  'History  of  the  Inductive 
Sciences'  (1837);  '  Philosophy  of  the  Inductive 
Sciences'  (1840); '  Elements  of  Morality '  (1845); 
'Lectures  on  Political  Economy'  (iS6i);etc. 

Whichcote,  Benjamin.  A  distinguished  Eng- 
lish clergyman  and  religious  and  ethical  writer; 
born  in  Shropshire,  May  4,  1009;  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, May  1683.  He  was  provost  of  King's 
College  (1644);  a  leader  in,  if  not  the  founder  of, 
the  latitudinarian  school  of  English  divines;  a 
famous  preacher,  and  one  of  the  Cambridge 
Platonists.  His  works  were  all  published  post- 
humously:  'Observations  and  Apophthegms' 
(it)88);  'Moral  and  Religious  Aphorisms  '  (1703; 
new  ed.  1753);  '  Sermons,' etc.  (1751). 


WHIPPLE  — WHITE 


571 


Whipple,  Edwin  Percy.  An  American  liter- 
ary critic;  born  at  Gloucester,  Mass.,  March  8, 
1819;  died  in  Boston,  June  16,  1886.  He  pub- 
lished: <  Essays  and  Reviews  >  (2  vols.,  1848-49); 

<  Lectures  on  Subjects  connected  with  Literature 
and  Life>  (1849);  <  Character  and  Character- 
istic Men>  (1867);  <The  Literature  of  the  Age 
of  Elizabeth*  (1868);  <  Success  and  its  Con- 
ditions'   (1871);   and   posthumously   published 

<  Recollections  of  Eminent  Men>  (1887);  < Amer- 
ican Literature  and  Other  Papers'  (1887);  and 
'Outlooks  on  Society,  Literature,  and  Politics  > 
(1888). 

Whistler,   James   Abbott   McNeill.     An 

American-English  artist;  born  in  Lowell,  Mass., 
1834.  He  was  eminent  in  figure,  landscape,  and 
portrait  painting,  and  in  etcliing.  He  has  been 
much  written  about.  He  wrote  '  The  Gentle 
Art  of  Making  Enemies.'      Died,  London,  1903. 

Whitaker,  Alexander.  An  Episcopal  clergy- 
man and  author;  born  in  England,  1588;  died 
in  Virginia  after  1613.  He  baptized  Pocahon- 
tas, and  officiated  at  her  wedding.     He  wrote 

<  Good  Newes  from  Virginia,'  one  of  the  first 
books  written  in  the  colonies. 

Whitaker,  Mrs.  Mary  Scrimgeour  (Furman) 
(Miller).  An  American  verse-writer  and  author; 
born  in  South  Carolina  in  1820.  She  has  written  : 
< Poems';    and    < Albert   Hastings:    A    Novel.' 

White,  Andrew  Dickson.  An  American 
scholar  and  di])l()mat,  former  minister  to  Berlin  ; 
born  at  Homer,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  7,  1832.  He  was 
the  first  president  of  Cornell,  to  which  he  has 
given  his  historical  library  of  about  20,000 
volumes  and  10,000  pamphlets,  and  many  rare 
manuscripts.  He  has  written :  <  Outlines  of 
Lectures  on  Mediasval  and  Modern  History' 
(1861-72);  <The  Plan  of  Organization  for  Cor- 
nell University'  (1868);  <The  New  Education' 
(i868);  < Report  on  Co-education  of  the  Sexes' 
(1871);  and  his  great  work,  <The  Warfare  of 
Science'  (new  ed.,  much  enlarged,  2  vols., 
1895);  and  an  <  Autobiography  '  (1905). 

White,  Eliza  Orne.  An  American  writer  of 
juvenile  tales;  bom  in  New  Hampshire,  1856. 
She  has  written  :  <  Miss  Brooks' ;  <  When  Molly 
was  Six';  < Winterborough';  <A  Little  Girl  of 
Long  Ago  ' ;  <  A  Borrowed  Sister.' 

White,  Gilbert.  An  English  clergyman  and 
naturalist;  born  at  Selborne,  July  18,  1720 ; 
died  there,  June  26,  1793.  He  wrote:  <The 
Natural  History  and  Antiquities  of  Selborne 
in  the  County  of  Southampton'  (1789);  and  a 
posthumous  work  edited  from  his  papers,  <  The 
Naturalist's  Calendar,  with  Observations  in 
Various  Branches  of  Natural  History'  (1795). 
Many  naturalists  have  published  editions  of  his 
works  with  annotations.  John  Burroughs  writes 
an  introductory  to  the  latest  edition  (1895,  2 
vols.).  His  <  Letters '  were  published  in  1876.  * 

White.  Greenough.  An  American  educator 
and  Episcopal  clergyman;  born  in  Massachu- 
setts, 1863.  He  was  professor  of  literature  and 
of  ecclesiastical   history  at  the   University  of 


the  South,  Sewanee,  Tenn.,  1885-94.  He  wrote: 
Sketch  of  the  Philosophy  of  American  Litera- 
ture'; <The  Rise  of  Papal  Supremacy';  'Outline 
of  the  Rise  of  the  Philosophy  of  English  Litera- 
ture.'    He  died  July  2,  1901. 

White,  Henry  Alexander,  an  American  his- 
torian;  born  April  15,  1861  ;  since  1902,  professor 
at  Columbia,  S.  C.  Theological  Seminary.  His 
numerous  publications  include  <  The  Pentateuch 
in  the  Light  of  the  Ancient  Monuments  '  (1894); 

<  History  of  the  United  States  '  (1904);  <  Begin- 
ners of  the  History  of  the  United  States  '  (1906) ; 

<  Life  of  Stonewall  Jackson  '  (1907). 

White,  Horace.  An  American  journalist  and 
editor;  born  in  Colebrook,  N.  IL,  Aug.  10,  1834. 
Pie  settled  in  Chicago,  was  editor  of  the  Chi- 
cago Tribune  (1864-74),  ^^^'^  subsequently  be- 
came connected  with  the  New  York  Evening 
Post.  He  has  written  many  pamphlets  and 
essays  upon  political,  social,  and  financial  topics, 
the  best  known  being:  <The  Silver  Question'; 

<  The  Tariff  Question ' ;  <  Coin's  Financial  Fool ' ; 

<  Money  and  ]>anking  Illustrated  by  American 
History';  <The  Gold  Standard';  and  has  ed- 
ited Luigi  Cossa's  <  Scienza  delle  Finanze ' 
(1888),  and  Frdd^ric  Bastiat's  <  Sophismes  Eco- 
nomiques'  (1889). 

White,  John  Blake.  An  American  artist, 
lawyer,  and  dramatist;  born  Sept.  2,  1781,  near 
Eutaw  Springs,  S.  C. ;  died  in  Charleston,  S.  C, 
Aug.  24,  1859.     His  dramatic  writings  include : 

<  Foscan ;  or.  The  Venetian  Exile '  (1805);  <  Mys- 
teries of  the  Castle'  (1806);  'Modern  Honor' 
(1812);  'Triumph  of  Liberty'  (1819);  'Intem- 
perance' (1839). 

White,  Joseph  Blanco.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  controversialist ;  born  at  Seville,  Spain, 
July  II,  1775;  died  at  Liverpool,  May  20,  1841. 
He  edited  in  England,  in  the  interests  of  Span- 
ish independence,  a  monthly  journal.  El  Es- 
paiiol  (1810-14);  also  Las  Variedades  (1822-25); 
and  the  London  Review  (1829).  He  evolved 
from  a  Catholic  priest  through  the  Church  of 
England  into  a  Unitarian  minister.  Some  of 
his  publications  are :  '  Letters  from  Spain,  by 
Leucadio  Doblado'  (1822);  'Practical  and 
Internal  Evidence  against  Catholicism' (1825); 

<  The  Poor  Man's  Preservative  against  Popery  > 
(1825);  'Second  Travels  of  an  Irish  Gentle- 
man in  Search  of  a  Religion '  (2  vols.,  1833). 
Coleridge  pronounced  his  'Night  and  Death' 
the  finest  sonnet  in  the  English  language. 

White,  Richard  Grant.  An  American  jour- 
nalist, critic  and  Shakespearean  scholar;  born 
in  New  York  city.  May  22,  1822 ;  died  there, 
April  8,  1885.  His  journalistic  work  was  in 
connection  with  the  New  York  Courier  and 
Enquirer  (1851-58),  and  World  (1860-61);  and 
the  London  Spectator  (1863-67),  for  which  he 
wrote  <  Yankee  Letters.'  Among  his  published 
books  are:  'Biographical  and  Critical  Hand- 
Book  of  Christian  Art'  (1853);  'Shakespeare's 
Scholar'  (1854);  'National  Hymns:  A  Lyrical 


WHITEFIELD  -  WHITNEY 


57» 

and  National  Study  for  the  Times  >  (1861); 
•  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  William  Shakespeare, 
with  an  Essay  towards  the  Exprtss.on  of  his 
Geniu.s>  etc.  (1865);  <  Poetry  Ot  the  Cv.l  \\ar 
(i86t))-  'Words  and  their  Uses>  (1870);  <Lng' 
land  Without  and  Within)  (1881);  <Thc  River- 
side Shakespeare,)  with  biography,  mtroductions, 
and  notes  (1883,  3  vols.);  an  annotated  edition 
of  Shakespeare  (1857-65, 12  vols.).  He  published 
one  novel,  < The  Fate  of  Mansfield  Humphreys) 
<iS84). 

WWtefleld.  George.  A  famous  English 
Methodist  preacher;  bom  at  Gloucester,  Dec. 
27,  1714;  died  at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  Sept.  30, 
1770  One  of  the  founders  of  Methodism,  he 
was  one  of  the  greatest  sacred  orators  the 
Anglo-Saxon  race  has  produced,  speaking  often 
three  and  once  seven  times  a  day  lo  itortiense 
multitudes,  and  causing  many  conversions.  He 
visited  America  seven  times. 

"Wliltehead,  Charles.  An  English  poet  and 
'novelist,  a  close  friend  of  Dickens;  bom  in 
Xondon  ia  1804 ;  died  in  Melbourne,  Australia, 
July  5,  1862.  He  became  a  journalist  in  Aus- 
ftralia,  but  fell  into  poverty  and  died  in  a 
'hospital.  He  wrote  many  poems,  pla>-s,  and 
sk*itches.  His  first  published  work  was  <The 
^Solitary)  {1831).  Other  well-known  ones  were  : 
<The  Autobiography  of  Jack  Ketch  > ;  <  Richard 
Savage)  (1842),  which  D.  G.  Rossetti  called 
«a  remarkable  book>) ;  and  <The  Cavalitr,' 
a  drama  produced  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre, 
London. 

Whitehead,  Charles  Edward.  An  Ameri- 
can Nvriter  of  hunting  stories;  born  in  r^ew 
York  in  1829.  He  has  published  <The  Camp- 
ifires  of  the  Everglades ;  or.  Wild  Sports  in  the 
South.* 

Vllitetead,  William.  An  English  poet  and 
tlramatist ;  bom  in  Cambridge,  1715;  died  April 
!i4,  1785.  tie  was  educated  at  Winchester  and 
Ce  mbif<lge,  w-as  secretary  and  registrar  of  the 
•Ordej'  of  the  Bath,  and  became  poet-laureate 
in  I757>  succeeding  Colley  Gibber.  He  wrote 
••The  Roman  Father,)  a  tragedy;  <The  School 
for  Lovers,)  a  comedy;  and  other  dramas  and 
poems. 

Whitelock,  L.  Clarkson.  An  American 
story-writer.  She  has  written  <A  Mad  Ma- 
donna, and  Other  Stories  > ;  <  Indian  Summer.) 

Whiting,  Charles  Goodrich.  An  American 
journalist;  born  in  1842.  His  published  works 
include  :  <  The  Saunterer ) ;  <  Essays  on  Nature.) 

Whiting,  Henry.  A  U.  S.  army  officer, 
poet,  and  author ;  bom  in  Lancaster,  Mass., 
in  1790 ;  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept  16,  1851. 
He  served  with  credit  in  many  grades,  and 
retired  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  by 
brevet.  His  published  works  include  :  <  Otway  : 
A  Poem)  (1822);  <Sannillac:  A  Poem)  (1S31); 
<  The  Age  of  Steam  > ;  <  Life  of  Zebulon  Mont- 
S:omery  Pike.>  He  was  co-author  of  <  Histor- 
ical and  Scientific  Sketches  of  Michigan) 
(1834),  and  edited  <  Washington's  Revolutionary 


Orders,)  selected  from  the  MSS.  of  John  Whit- 
ing, his  father  (1844). 

Whiting,  Lilian.  A  Boston  journalist ;  bora 
in  New  York  about  1855.  She  has  written  :  <  The 
World  Beautiful,)  two  series;  <  From  Dream- 
land Sent,)  poems;  and  <  After  her  Death:  The 
Story  ui  a  Summer  > ;  *  Italy,  the  Magic  Land.' 

Whitman,  Safah  Helen  Power.  Aii  Atti^f- 
ican  poet ;  born  in  Providence,  R.  I,  in  iSo^ ; 
died  June  27,  1878.  She  married  John  W.  Whit- 
man, a  Boston  lawyer.  She  was  once  engaged 
to  Edcrar  Allan  Poe.  afterwards  vwiting  a  de- 
fense of  him  entitled  <  Edgdr  A.  Poe  and  his 
Critics)  (i860).  She  was  noted  for  her  con- 
versational Ipowers.  She  published  several 
volumes  of  poems,  among  them  being  the 
volume  <  Hours  of  Life,  and  Other  Poems  > 
(1853);  also  <  Fairy  Ballads,)  written  with  her 
sister,  Anna  M.  Power. 

Whitmaa,  Walfc>     A   celebrated   Americafi 
poet;  born  ht  West  Hills,  L.  X:,  May ,31,  iSi^? 
died   fet  Camden,  N.  J.,   March  26,  J892.    He 
published:  < Franklin  EvdftS',  or.  The  Inebri- 
ate:  A  Tale   bt   the   Times)   (18-12);  < Voices 
from  tli'e  Press:  A  Collection  of  Sketches, ^Ef; 
saj's,  and  Poems,  by  Practical  PrinVei-s*  (vVait 
Whitman,   Woodworthj  Willis,  Bayard  Taylor 
and  others)  (iS^O);  <  Leaves  of  Grass,)  12  poems 
(1855);   do.,  32  poems  (1856)',  do.,  154  poenli 
(1860-61);   do.,    178    poems    (186?)-;    iic.,    249 
poems  (1871);  4o-.  288  i^oems  (1876);  do.,  283 
poems  (188! )•  '^Drum  Taps)  (1865);  <  Passage 
to   ttidia')  (1871);  < Democratic  Vistas)  (1871); 
After  All  Not  to  Create  Only)  (1871);  <As  a 
Strong  Bird  on  Pinions  Free,  and  Other  Poems  * 
(1872);  < Memoranda  during  the  War*  (i87S)l 
<Two    Rivulets)  (1876),  includihg   poems   pre^ 
viously  printed;  'Specimen  Days  and  Collect* 
(1882-83);  < November  Boughs)  (1888);  'Leaves 
of  Grass,  with  Sands  at  Seventy  and  a  Back- 
ward   Glance    o'er    Traveled    Roads'    (1889); 
<  Good-Bye,  My  Fancy  >  (1891).    The  <  Complete 
Works)  (1897-98)  are  published  under  the  su- 
pervision of  Whitman's  literary  executors. 

Whitney,  Adeline  Dutton  (Train).  An 
American  poet  and  novelist;  bom  at  Boston, 
Sept.  15,  1824.  Besides  writing  a  great  dea^ 
for  magazines,  she  has  published :  <  Footsteps 
on  the  Seas:  A  Poem*  (1857);  'Mother  Goose 
for  Grown  Folks'  (i860;  revised  ed.  1882);  'The 
Boys  at  Chequasset'  (1862);  'Faith  Gartney's 
Girlhood)  (1863);  'The  Gay-worthies:  A  Story 
of  Threads  and  Thrums )  ( 1865) ;  '  A  Summer 
in  Leslie  Goldthwaite's  Life)  (1866);  'Patience 
Strong's  Outings)  (1868);  '  Hitherto  :  A  Story  of 
Yesterday)  (1869);  'Real  Folks*  (1872);  'Pan- 
sies)  (1872),  verse;  'The  Other  Girls)  (1873); 
'Sights  and  Insights'  (1876);  < Bonnyborough ) 
(1885);  'Homespun  Yams)  (1887);  and  two 
volumes  of  poems,  'Bird  Talk)  (1887)  and 
'Daffodils)  (18S7).     Died  March  21, 1906. 

Whitney,  William  Dwight.  An  American 
professor,  eminent  as  a  philologist  and  editor; 
born  in  Northampton,  Mass.,  Feb.  g,  1827 ;  died 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  June  7»  1894,  He  graduated 


WHITTAKER  —  WICKEDE 


573 


at  Williams  College,  1845 ;  spent  some  years 
abroad  in  study ;  in  1854  was  made  professor 
of  Sanskrit  at  Yale,  in  1870  of  comparative 
philology,  holding  both  positions  till  death. 
His  writings  are  authority  on  all  philological 
questions,  and  his  rank  as  a  Sanskrit  scholar 
is  of  the  first  order.  From  1849  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Oriental  Society,  and  its 
president  from  1884.  His  contributions  to  the 
North  American  Review,  the  New  Englander, 
and  other  periodicals,  were  numerous  and 
varied.  His  earliest  work  was  the  preparation, 
in  company  with  Rudolf  Roth  of  Tubingen,  of 
an  edition  of  the  Atharva  Veda  Sanhita  (Ber- 
lin, 1856).  Among  his  other  works  are :  <  Lan- 
guage and  the  Study  of  Language  >  (1867);  <On 
Material  and  Form  in  Language  >  (1872);  <  Dar- 
winism and  Language  >  (1874);  <  Logical  Consist- 
ency in  Views  of  Language  >  (1880);  <  Mixture  in 
Language  >  (1881);  <The  Study  of  Hindoo  Gram- 
mar and  the  Study  of  Sanskrit*  (1884);  <The 
Upanishads  and  their  Latest  Translation  > 
(1886).  He  has  also  written:  'Compendious 
German  Grammar*  (1869);  < German  Reader 
in  Prose  and  Verse*  (1870);  < Essentials  of  Eng- 
lish Grammar*  (1877);  <  Sanskrit  Grammar* 
{1877);  and  <  Practical  French  Grammar*  (1886). 
Professor  Whitney  was  the  superintending 
editor  of  the  < Century  Dictionary*  (1889-91), 
and  assisted  in  the  preparation  of  <  Webster's 
Dictionary*  (1864). 

Whittaker,  Frederick.  An  American  story- 
writer  and  journalist,  formerly  an  ofificer  in  the 
United  States  service ;  born  in  1838.  He  has 
written :  <  A  Defense  of  Dime  Novels,  by  a 
Writer  of  Them*;  <  Life  of  General  Custer*; 
<  Cadet  Button :  A  Tale  of  American  Army 
Life*;  <BeI  Rubio :  A  Novel.* 

Whittemore,  Thomas.  A  distinguished  Uni- 
versalist  clergyman  and  religious  writer ;  born 
at  Boston,  Jan.  i,  1800 ;  died  at  Cambridge, 
March  21,  1861.  He  was  joint  editor  of  the 
Universalist  Magazine,  sole  editor  and  pro- 
prietor of  the  Trumpet  (1828-57);  member  re- 
peatedly of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature ; 
president  of  the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts 
railroad.  He  wrote  :  <  Modern  History  of  Uni- 
versalism  *  (enlarged  ed.  i860);  <  Autobiography  > 
(1859).  besides  commentaries,  hymns,  biogra- 
phies, etc. 

Wliittier,  Elizabetli  H.  An  American  poet, 
sister  of  John  Greenleaf  Whittier ;  died  at  Ames- 
bury,  Mass.,  Sept.  3,  1864.  Several  of  her  poems 
can  be  seen  in  her  brother's  <  Hazel  Blossoms  * 
(1875),  or  under  that  title  in  any  collection  of 
his  works. 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf.  A  famous  Amer- 
ican poet;  born  at  Haverhill,  Mass.,  Dec.  17, 
1807  ;  died  at  Hampton  Falls,  N.  H.,  Sept.  7, 
1892.  A  Quaker  in  religion,  he  was  remarka- 
ble for  his  consistency  and  the  purity  of  his 
life ;  he  was  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  in- 
fluential abolitionists,  several  times  mobbed  for 
his  opinions.  He  was  at  different  periods  edi- 
tor of  several  journals,  among  them  (1838-40) 


the  Pennsylvania  Freeman,  an  abolition  publi- 
cation, and  the  leading  contributor  to  the 
Washington  National  Era,  1847-59;  was  mem- 
ber of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature,  1835-36; 
one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  American  Anti- 
Slavery  Society,  1836.  He  took  great  inter- 
est in  politics.  His  home,  after  1840,  was  at 
Amesbury,  Mass.  Among  his  best-known  poems 
are:  'Skipper  Ireson's  Ride*  (i860);  <  My 
Playmate*  (i860);  'Barbara  Frietchie*  (1863); 
<Laus  Deo*  (1865);  <My  Birthday*;  'Snow- 
Bound*  (1866);  'Maud  Muller*  (1866);  'The 
Tent  on  the  Beach*  (1867).  Perhaps  no  other 
of  our  poets,  not  even  Longfellow,  has  so 
reached  the  popular  heart. 

Whymper,  Edward.  An  English  artist,  trav- 
eler, and  descriptive  writer;  born  in  London, 
April  27,  1840,  He  is  famous  as  a  mountain 
climber, —  was  the  first  to  ascend  the  Matter- 
horn  and  other  great  Alpine  peaks,  and  has 
ascended  several  of  the  greatest  of  the  Andes; 
traveled  in  Greenland.  He  has  published,  and 
himself  illustrated,  'Swiss  Pictures*  (1866); 
'Scrambles  among  the  Alps*  (1869);  'Travels 
amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the  Equator  *  (1892). 

Whymper,  Frederick.  An  English  writer 
of  travels,  brother  of  Edward ;  bom  in  London, 
July  20,  1838.  He  has  written  '  Travels  and 
Adventures  in  Alaska*  (1869),  and  'Heroes  of 
the  Arctic  and  their  Adventures*  (1875);  and 
compiled  '  The  Sea :  Its  Stirring  Story  of  Ad- 
venture, Peril,  and  Heroism'  (4  vols.,  1878-81). 

Whyte,  Violet.    See  Stannard. 

Whyte-Melville,  George  John.  An  English 
novelist ;  bom  near  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  1821; 
died  Dec.  5,  1878.  A  captain  in  the  Coldstream 
Guards,  he  retired  from  the  army  (1849),  but 
served  in  the  Turkish  cavalry  during  the 
Crimean  war.  Among  his  works  were  :  <  Cap- 
tain Digby  Grand*  (1853);  'The  Gladiators* 
(1863); '  Sarchedon*  (1871);'  Katerfelto*  (1875); 
etc.  He  wrote  also  a  volume  of  'Songs  and 
Verses  *  and  translated  Horace's  <  Odes.* 

Wichert,  Ernst  Alexander  August  Georg 

(vich-ert).  A  German  dramatist  and  novelist; 
bom  in  Insterburg,  March  11,  1831.  He  wrote  : 
'  Our  General  York  *  (1858);  <  Light  and  Shade ' 
(1861);  'The  Fool  of  Luck*  (1869),  which  took 
the  prize  at  the  Vienna  Burg  Theatre,  and 
turned  the  public  attention  to  him ;  several 
novels,  among  them  being  '  Behind  the  Scenes' 
(1872),  'The  Green  Gate*  (1875),  'A  Strong 
Heart*  (1878);  some  historical  works,  as  'Hein 
rich  von  Plauen*  (1883);  and  'The  Great  Elector 
in  Prussia*  ( 1 886).     He  died  Jan.   21,  1902. 

Wickede,  Julius  von  (vik'e-d6).  A  German 
military  v/riter  and  litterateur;  born  in  Meek 
lenburg,  July  il,  1819.  He  has  written:  <A 
History  of  the  War  between  Germany  and 
France  in  the  Years  1870  and  1871*  (1873)1 
<  A  History  of  the  Wars  of  France  against  Ger- 
many in  the  Last  Two  Centuries*  (1874);  'A 
Prussian  Officer*  (1873);  <  A  German  Trooper's 
Life*  (1861);  etc.     He  died  March  22.  1896. 


574 

Wlcksteed.  Philip  Henry.  An  English  cler- 
pvr.an,  economic  writer,  and  critic;  bom  at 
J  t-eds,  Oct.  25,  1844.  He  was  lecturer  on  so- 
ciology at  Oxford  University.  He  has  pub- 
lished •  <  Dante:  Six  Sermons >  (18S0);  <  Alpha- 
bet of  Economic  Science  >  (1888);  <  Henrik 
Ibsen:  Four  Lectures>  (1892);  besides  transla- 
tions from  the  Dutch  and  French. 

Wldmann,  Joseph  Viktor  (vid'man).  A  Swiss 
poet;  born  in  Moravia,  Feb.  20,  1842.  He 
studied  theology  in  Heidelberg  and  Jena,  and 
in  1866  became  organist  and  musical  drector 
in  Liestal ;  in  1807  he  was  made  assistant  pastor 
at  Thurgau;  in  1868  became  director  of  the 
Girls'  School  in  Bern,  but  resigned  this  posi- 
tion in  1880,  becoming  associate  editor  of  the 
Bern  Bund.  He  wrote:  <  Iphigenia  in  Delphi  > 
(1865),  a  drama;'  Buddlia:  AnEpic  I'oeni' (iS(a)); 
<  CEno'ne  >  (1880),  a  play  ;  <  The  iMuse  of  Aretin.> 

Wied,  Prince  Alexander  Philipp  Maximil- 
ian von  (ved).  A  German  naturalist  and  trav- 
eler; born  at  Neuwied,  Sept.  23,  1782;  died 
Feb.  3,  1867.  He  became  major-general  in  the 
Prussian  Army,  but  left  it  for  scientific  pursuits. 
He  traveled  in  Brazil,  1815-17,  and  in  1833  went 
on  a  tour  through  the  United  States.  As  a 
result  of  these  trips  he  wrote :  <  Travels  in 
Brazil >  (1820);  'Descriptions  of  the  Natural 
History  of  Brazil  >  (1824-33);  and  <A  Journey 
through  North  America  >  (1833-43). 

Wieland,  Christopher  Martin  (ve'lant).  A 
German  poet  and  prose-writer ;  born  in  Ober- 
holzheim,  Suabia,  Sept.  5,  1733;  died  Jan.  20, 
1813.  He  established  two  periodicals,  the  Ger- 
man Mercury,  and  the  Attic  Museum.  His 
most  famous  work  is  the  poem  '  Oberon>  (1780). 
Other  principal  works  are:  <Agathon>  (1766- 
67);  <The  New  Amadis>  (1771);  'The  Golden 
Mirror  >  (1772).  He  also  translated  the  greater 
part  of  Shakespeare  into  German. 

Wlflfen,  Jeremiah  Holmes.  An  English  edu- 
cator, poet,  and  translator;  born  at  Woburn 
in  1792;  died  at  Woburn  Abbey,  May  2,  1836. 
He  made  poetical  translations  of  Garcilaso  de 
la  Vega  (1823),  Tasso's  'Jerusalem  Delivered' 
(2  vols.,  1824-25),  and  from  the  Welsh  '  Triads.> 
Besides  contributing  poems  to  the  annuals,  he 
published  several  volumes  of  original  verse. 

Wiggin,  Kate  Douglas.  An  American  story- 
writer;  born  (Smith)  in  Philadelphia,  Sept.  28, 
1857.  Her  youth  was  spent  in  Hollis,  Me., 
and  she  attended  Abbott  Academy  in  Andover, 
Mass.  She  went  to  California  in  1876,  where 
she  studied  the  kindergarten  system  in  Los 
Angeles;  later,  she  taught  a  year  in  Santa 
Barbara  College ;  then  went  to  San  Francisco, 
where  she  organized  the  first  free  kindergar- 
ten in  the  West.  In  1880  she  organized  the 
California  Kindergarten  Training  School,  with 
her  sister  Nora  A.  Smith,  and  Mrs.  S.  B. 
Cooper.  In  1880  she  married  S.  B.  Wiggin,  a 
lawyer,  and  they  moved  to  New  York,  where 
Mr.  Wiggin  died  in  1889.  In  1895  Mrs.  Wiggin 
married  Geo.  C.  Riggs.  She  has  written  many 
stories  and  books  on  and  for  the  kindergarten 


WICKSTEED  —  WILBOUR 


among  them  being  <  The  Story  of  Patsy,'  <  The 
Birds'  Christmas  Carol, >  '  Polly  Oliver's  Prob- 
lem,' 'The  Story  Hour,'  and  'Kindergarten 
Principles  and  Practice  »  ; '  Finding  a  Home.> 

Wigglesworth,  Michael.  An  American  Con- 
gregational clergyman  and  poet ;  born  in  Eng- 
land, 1631 ;  died  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  June  10, 
1705.  His  best-known  work,  <  The  Day  of 
Doom'  (1662),  was  a  popular  poem  in  New 
England  for  a  long  period.  He  published : 
<  God's  Controversy  with  New  England '  and 
'  Meat  Out  of  the  Eater,'  in  verse ;  and  also 
'  A  Discourse  on  Eternity.' 

Wight,  Orlando  Williams.  An  American 
biographer,  editor,  and  translator ;  born  at  Cen- 
treville,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  19,  1824;  died  at  Detroit, 
Mich.,  Oct.  19, 1888.  A  Universalist  minister  ori- 
ginally, he  practiced  medicine  in  Wisconsin, 
where  he  was  appointed  State  geologist  and 
surgeon-general  in  1874 ;  health  commissioner 
of  Milwaukee,  1878-80 ;  later  he  was  health  offi- 
cer of  Detroit.  He  wrote  '  Lives  and  Letters 
of  Abdlard  and  H^loise  >  (new  ed.  1861);  <  Max- 
ims of  Public  Health'  (1884);  'People  and 
Countries  Visited' (1888),  travels ;  edited  'Phi- 
losophy of  Sir  William  Hamilton'  (1853); 
'Standard  French  Classics'  (12  vols.,  1859); 
'The  Household  Library'  (18  vols.,  1859);  and 
translated  Cousin's  '  History  of  Modern  Phi- 
losophy' (1852,  with  F.  W.  Ricord);  'Lectures 
on  the  True,  the  Beautiful,  and  the  Good ' 
(1854);  Martin's  'History  of  France'  (1863, 
with  Mary  L.  Booth). 

Wilberforce,  Samuel.  An  English  bishop; 
born  at  Clapham,  Sept.  7,  1805;  killed  by  a 
fall  from  his  horse,  near  Dorking,  July  19,  1873. 
He  wrote :  '  Note-Book  of  a  Country  Clergy- 
man' (1833);  '  Eucharistica'  (1839);  'Sermons 
Preached  Before  the  University  of  Oxford'  (2 
series,  1839-62),  and  other  volumes  of  sermons; 
'The  Rocky  Island  and  Other  Parables'  (1840); 
'  A  History  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
of  America'  (1844);  'Heroes  of  Hebrew  His- 
tory' (1870);  'Speeches  on  Missions'  (1874); 
and  many  miscellaneous  publications. 

Wilberforce,  William.  An  English  states- 
man and  reformer ;  born  at  Hull,  Aug.  24,  1759 ; 
died  in  London,  July  29,  1833,  and  was  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  as  he  had  wished,  "  side 
by  side  with  Canning,  at  the  feet  of  Pitt,  and 
within  two  steps  of  Fox  and  Grattan."  His 
great  work,  achieved  by  almost  twenty  years 
of  effort,  was  abolishing  the  slave  trade  through- 
out the  British  Empire.  He  published  a  volume, 
'  A  Practical  View  of  the  Prevailing  Religious 
System  of  Professed  Christians  in  the  Higher 
and  Middle  Classes  of  this  Country,  Contrasted 
with  Real  Christianity'  (1797).  His  sons  wrote 
the  '  Life  of  William  Wilberforce '  (5  vols.,  1838); 
and  edited  his  'Correspondence'  (2  vols.,  1840). 

Wilbour,  Charles  Edwin.  An  American 
Egyptologist,  journalist,  and  author;  born  in 
Rhode  Island,  March  17,  1833;  died  in  1896.  He 
was  associated  with  the  New  York  journals  up 
to  1872,  when  he  began  the  study  of  Egyptian 


WILBRANDT  — WILKINS 


575 


antiquities ;  and  was  afterwards  the  companion 
of  Brugsch  Bey  and  Maspero  in  many  explor- 
ing expeditions  in  Upper  Egypt.  He  has  pub- 
lished translations  from  the  French  :  <  Rachel  in 
the  New  World,'  from  L^on  Beauvallet  (1856); 
Victor  Hugo's  <  Les  Mis^rables>  (1862-63);  and 
Renan's  <Life  of  Jesus>  (1863). 

Wilbrandt,  Adolf  (vel'brant).  A  German 
poet  and  dramatist ;  born  at  Rostock,  Aug.  24, 
1837.  Among  his  dramas,  which  have  been 
successfully  presented  in  all  the  principal  the- 
atres of  Germany,  are  :  <  Graf  Hammerstein  > 
(1870),  < Gracchus*  (1872),  <Arria  and  Messa- 
lina>  (1874),  'Giordano  Bruno>  (1874),  <Nero> 
(1876),  <Kriemhild>  (1877),  tragedies  ;<  Youthful 
Love>  (1872),  and  <  Natalie  >  (1878),  comedies. 
He  has  treated  the  great  social  and  literary 
questions  of  his  day  in  the  three  novels  <  Adam's 
Sons' (1890), <  Hermann  Ifinger>  (1892),  and<The 
Thorny  Path  >  (1894);  <  Villa  Maria  >  (1902). 

Wilcox,  Ella  Wheeler.  An  American  poet ; 
born  at  Johnstown  Centre,  Wis.,  about  iSSS- 
She  has  contributed  much  to  current  period- 
icals, and  her  poems  are  widely  copied.  Some 
of  her  volumes  are:  <Maurine*  (1882);  <  Poems 
of  Passion*  (1883);  and  <  Poems  of  Pleas- 
ure* (1888).  She  has  published  a  novel,  <Mal 
Moulee  >  (1885);  and  <  A  Woman  of  the  World.* 

Wilde,    Jane    Francesca    Elgee,    Lady. 

f<<  Speranza.**]  An  Irish  poet  and  author, 
mother  of  Oscar;  born  in  Wexford,  1826;  died 
in  Chelsea,  England,  Feb.  3,  1896.  She  wrote : 
<Ugo  Bassi*  (1857);  <  Poems*  (1S64);  <  Drift- 
Wood  from  Scandinavia*  (1884);  'Ancient 
Legends,  etc.,  of  Ireland*  (2  vols.,  1886);  'The 
Glacier  Land.' 

Wilde,  Oscar  Fingal  OTlahertie  Wills.  An 
Irish  poet  and  author;  bom  in  Dublin, Oct.  15, 
1856  ;  died  in  Paris,  Nov.  30,  1900.  He  wrote: 
'Poems*  (i88o);  'The  Picture  of  Dorian  Gray,> 
a  novel ;  'The  Happy  Prince,  and  Other  Tales> 
(1888);  'Guido  Ferranti)  (1890),  and  'The 
Duchess  of  Padua,>  tragedies ;  'Intentions,) 
essays  (1891);  'Lord  Arthur  Savile's  Crimes, 
and  Other  Stories*  ( 1891 ) ;  'Lady  Windermere's 
Fan,*  'A  Woman  of  No  Importance,*  and 'The 
Importance  of  Being  Earnest,*  etc. 

Wilde,  Richard  Henry.  An  American 
lawyer  and  author;  born  in  Dublin,  1789; 
died  in  New  Orleans,  1847.  He  published : 
'  Conjectures  and  Researches  concerning  the 
Love,  Madness,  and  Imprisonment  of  Torquato 
Tasso*  (1842);  and  wrote  many  popular  lyrics, 
the  best-known  one  being  <  My  Life  Is  Like 
the  Summer  Rose.* 

Wlldenbruch,  Ernst  von  (veld'en-broch).  A 
German  soldier,  lawyer,  and  dramatist ;  born  at 
Beyrlit,  Syria,  Feb.  3,  1845.  His  dramas  have 
been  played  with  great  success  in  most  German 
cities.  Some  of  them  are :  '  Fathers  and  Sons  * 
(1882);  'Harold*  (4th  ed.  1884;  English  trans- 
lation 1891);  'Christopher  Marlowe*  (1884); 
'The  Mennonite*  (3d  ed.  1886);  'The  Carlo- 
vingians*  (4th  ed.  1887); '  The  Quitzows  >  (1888); 


'The  New  Master*  (1891').  He  has  also  pub- 
lished a  number  of  short  stories  ana  novels, 
the  best  of  which  is  'The  Master  of  Tai  agra* 
(1880).  In  his  'Lays  and  Songs*  (1877)  and 
'Poems  and  Ballads*  (1884),  are  some  great 
ballads  and  hymns,  the  most  popular  of  which 
is '  The  Witches'  Song.*    He  died  in  1909. 

Wilder,  Alexander.  An  American  physi- 
cian, and  medical  and  archaeological  writer ; 
born  at  Verona,  N.  Y.,  May  13,  1823.  He  was 
president  of  the  Eclectic  Medical  College, 
New  York  (1867);  lecturer  on  physiology  and 
physiological  medicine  (1873-77);  professor  of 
physiology  and  of  psychological  science  in  the 
United  States  Medical  College.  Besides  tech- 
nical works,  he  has  written  <  The  Worship  of 
the  Serpent  *  (1877);  <  Plato  and  his  Doctrines  *; 
<  Evil  * ;  <  History  of  Medicine.* 

Wildermuth,  Madame  Ottilie  (vel'der-mbt). 
A  German  novelist;  born  (Ronschiitz)  at  Rot- 
tenburg,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  22,  1817 ;  died  July 
12,  1877.  She  wrote  many  novels  of  home  life 
and  stories  for  the  young,  among  which  are : 
'In  Daylight*  (1S61);  'Augusta*  (1865);  'From 
Mountain  and  Valley*  (1867);  etc.  'In  the 
Child  World*  was  published  after  her  death. 

Wilhelmine,  [Friederike  Sophie]  (vil-hel- 
me'ne).  Margravine  of  Bayreuth.  A  distin- 
guished German  writer  of  memoirs ;  born  at 
Berlin,  July  3,  1709;  died  October  1758.  She 
was  the  favorite  sister  of  Frederick  the  Great. 
She  wrote  'Memoirs*  (new  ed.  1845). 

Wilkes,  Charles.  An  American  admiral,  ex- 
plorer, and  scientist ;  born  in  New  York,  1801 ; 
died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  8,  1877.  In 
command  of  an  exploring  expedition,  he  vis- 
ited South  America,  the  Fiji,  Samoan,  Ha- 
waiian, and  other  islands  in  the  Pacific,  the 
Antarctic  regions,  the  western  coast  of  North 
America,  etc.;  captured  the  Confederate  com- 
missioners Mason  and  Slidell,  on  the  British 
steamer  Trent  (1861);  became  commodore  in 
1862,  and  admiral  in  1866.  He  wrote  a  'Nar- 
rative* of  his  expedition  (6  vols.,  1845);  'West- 
ern America*  (1849);  etc. 

Wilkes,  George.  An  American  journalist, 
born  in  New  York  city  in  1820;  died  there, 
Sept.  23,  1885.  He  was  editor  of  the  Spirit  of 
the  Times  from  1850,  and  well  known  as  a 
politician  and  a  traveler.  He  wrote  a  'Plistory 
of  California*  (1845);  and  a  book  of  travel, 
'Europe  in  a  Hurry*  (1852). 

Wilkie,  William.  A  Scottish  poet ;  born  at 
Dalmeny,  West  Lothian,  Oct.  5,  1721 ;  died  Oct. 
10,  1772.  He  was  professor  of  natural  philos- 
ophy at  the  university  of  St.  Andrews,  1759. 
He  wrote:  'The  Epigoniad*  (2d  ed.  1759),  an 
epic  on  the  taking  of  Thebes,  which  won  for 
him  the  title  of  the  Scottish  Homer;  and 'Fa- 
bles* (1768). 

Wilkins,  John.  An  English  clergyman  and 
scientist;  born  at  Fawsley,  Northamptonshire, 
1614 ;  died  in  London,  Nov.  19,  1672.  He  was 
bishop  of  Chester  (1668),  and  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the   Royal  Society  (1645).     His  works 


576 

were  one  of  the  most  effective  agents  in  the 
spread  of  the  Copemican  system  mErigland 
He  wrote  :  <  Discovery  of  a  New  World  >  ( 1638) , 

•  Discourse  concerning  a  New  Planet  >  (1640); 

<  Mercury;  or,  The  Secret  and  Swift  Messenger, 
Showing  How  a  Man  May  Communicate  his 
Thoughts  to  a  Friend  at  Any  Distance  >  (1641); 
•Mathematical  Magic >  (1648);  <  Essay  toward 
a  Real  Character  and  a  Philosophical  Lan- 
guage >  (1668);  'Principles  and  Duties  of  Nat- 
ural Religion  >  (1675);  etc. 

Wllklns.  Mary  Eleanor.  An  American  au- 
thor; borii  at  Randolph,  Mass.  Her  works, 
studies  of  New  England  country  life,  are : 
<The  Adventures  of  Ann>  (1886),  <A  Humble 
Romance  >  (1887),  <A  New  England  Nun  > 
(1891),  and  <  Young  Lucretia>  (1892),  collec- 
tions of  short  stories;  < Giles  Corey,  Yeoman > 
(1893),  a  play;  <Jane  Field'  (1893),  •Pem- 
broke >  (1894),  novels  ;  <  The  Long  Arm  >  (1895); 

*  The  Clivers  '  ( 1904 1;  <  Doc  Gordon  >  {1906). 
Wilkinson,  Sir  John  Gardner.    An  English 

Egyptologist ;  born  at  Haxendale,  Oct.  5,  1797 ; 
died  at  Llandover,  Wales,  Oct.  29,  1875.  His 
principal  work  is  •  Manners  and  Customs  of 
the  Ancient  Egyptians'  (two  series,  6  vols., 
1837-41),  still  valuable,  and  reissued  in  1879. 
Others   are;   'Materia    Hieroglyphica>   (1828); 

<  The    Topography    of    Thebes,    and    General 
View  of  Egypt'  (1835);   < Modern   Egypt  and 
Thebes'  (2  vols.,   1843),  republished   as  'Mur- 
ray's Handbook  for  Travelers  in  Egypt'  (1847) 
•Dalmatia   and    Montenegro'    (2   vols.,    1848) 
•The  Architecture  of  Ancient   Egypt'  (1850) 
•The   Fragments   of  the   Hieratic   Papyrus  at 
Turin'  (1851);  and  <The  Egyptians  in  the  Time 
of  the  Pharaohs'  (1857), 

Wilkinson,  William  Cleaver.  An  Ameri- 
can educator  and  Baptist  clerg>Tnan ;  born  in 
Westford,  Vt.,  Oct.  19,  1833.  He  is  dean  of 
the  department  of  literature  and  art  in  the 
Chautauqua  University,  for  which  he  has  pre- 
pared many  text-books.  Among  his  works 
are:  <The  Dance  of  Modern  Society'  (1869); 
•A  Free  Lance,'  etc.,  (1874);  •The  Baptist 
Principle'  (1881);  < Webster:  An  Ode>  {1882); 
•Poems'  (1883);  essay  on  < Edwin  Arnold' 
(1884);  and  <  College  Greek  Course  in  English.' 

Willard,  Emma  (Hart).  An  American  edu- 
cator and  author;  born  in  Berlin,  Conn.,  Feb. 
23,  1787;  died  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  April  15,  1870. 
She  did  much  for  bettering  the  education  of 
women.  Her  books,  educational  and  general, 
include :  •  A  Plan  for  Improving  Female  Edu- 
cation' (1819);  *A  History  of  the  United 
States'  (1828);  <  Poems'  (1830),  containing  the 
popular  song  <  Rocked  in  the  Cradle  of  the 
Deep ' ;  <  Journal  and  Letters  from  France 
and  Great  Britain'  (1833);  < Universal  His- 
tory* (1835);  <  Respiration  and  its  Effects'; 
and  < Morals  for  the  Young'  (1857). 

Willard.  Frances  Elizabeth.  An  Ameri- 
can educator,  editor  and  reformer ;  bom  at 
Churchville,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  28,  1839;  died  in 
New  York  city,  Feb.  18, 1898.     She  was  presi- 


WILKINS- WILLIAMS 


dent  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  from  1879,  and  founded  the  World's 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  in  1883. 
She  was  editor-in-chief  of  the  Union  Signal,  the 
official  organ  of  the  woman's  temperance  move- 
ment. Besides  contributing  to  leading  periodi- 
cals, she  published  :  'Nineteen  Beautiful  Years' 
(1S64),  a  life  of  her  deceased  sister; 'Glimpses  of 
Fifty  Years>  (1889);  <A  Great  Mother)  (1894). 

William  of  Malmesbury.  A  celebrated  Eng- 
lish monk  and  historian;  born  about  1095;  died 
at  Malmesbury,  about  1142.  He  was  librarian 
of  the  monastery  at  Malmesbury.  He  wrote : 
•  History  of  the  English  Kings,'  and  its  con- 
tinuation '  Modern  History,'  the  two  being  the 
source  from  which  all  subsequent  histories  of 
England  have  drawn ;  <  History  of  the  Prelates 
of  England ' ;  <  Lives '  of  St.  Patrick,  St.  Dun- 
stan,  St.  Wulfstan ;  several  books  of  miracles ; 
etc. 

William  of  Tyre.  A  Syrian  historian ;  born 
about  1 137.  He  was  archbishop  of  Tyre  (n7SX 
He  wrote  'History  of  the  Sovereigns  of  the 
East,'  and  'History  of  Events  in  the  Lands 
across  the  Sea,'  a  fine  record  of  the  Crusades 
from  1 127  to  1 184,  first  printed  in  1549.  There 
are  German  and  French  translations  of  the 
latter. 

Williams,  Alfred  Mason.  An  American  jour- 
nalist, editor,  and  poet ;  bom  at  Taunton,  Mass., 
Oct.  23,  1S40;  died  at  St.  Kitis,  W.  I.,  Mar.  9, 
1896.  ^Vas  editor  of  the  Providence  Journal. 
Published:  'The  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Ireland'; 
'Studies  in  Folk-Song  and  Popular  Poeti-y';  'Sam 
Houston  and  theWar  of  Independence  in  Texas'. 

Williams,  Mrs.  Annie  (Bowles).  An  Ameri- 
can juvenile-story  writer ;  born  in  Connecticut, 
1840.  She  has  published  :  '  Birchwood ' ;  •  The 
Fitch  Club ' ;  '  Professor  Johnny  > ;  <  Rolf  and 
his  Friends';  'Who  Saved  the  Ship?';  'The 
Giant  Dwarf';  'The  Riverside  Museum.' 

Williams,    Mrs.    Catharine   R.    (Arnold). 

An  American  author;  born  in  Providence, 
R.  L,  about  1790 ;  died  there,  Oct.  11,  1872.  She 
was  the  author  of  'Original  Poems'  (1828); 
•Religion  at  Home'  (1829);  'Tales,  National 
and  Revolutionary'  (1830-35);  'Aristocracy,'  a 
novel  (1832);  •Fall  River'  (1833);  •Biography 
of  Revolutionary  Heroes'  (1839);  and  •Annals 
of  the  Aristocracy  of  Rhode  Island'  (2  vols., 
1843-45)- 

Williams,  Francis  Howard.  An  American 
dramatic  writer  and  poet,  residing  in  Phila- 
delphia; bom  in  Pennsylvania,  1844.  Among 
his  plays  are :  <  The  Princess  Elizabeth  :  A 
Lyi:ic  Drama ' ;  '  The  Higher  Education ' ;  <  A 
Reformer  in  Ruffles';  'Master  and  Man.' 
He  also  wrote  'Theodora:  A  Pastoral';  'At- 
man :  A  Story ' ;  <  The  Flute  Player,  and  Other 
Po'ems ' ;  <  Pennsylvania  Poets  of  the  Provincial 
Period ' ;  <  At  the  Rise  of  the  Curtain.' 

Williams,  George  Washington.  An  Amer- 
ican negro  writer  and  soldier ;  born  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1849.    He  served  in  the  Northern  army 


WILLIAMS— WILMER 


577 


in  the  Civil  War,  and  subsequently  as  an  offi- 
cer in  the  army  of  Mexico  (1865-67).  He  was 
minister  to  Hayti,  1885-86.  He  wrote:  'His- 
tory of  the  Negro  Race  in  America  >;  <  The 
Negro  Troops  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  > ; 
•History  of  Reconstruction.' 

Williams,  Isaac.  A  British  clergyman  and 
religious  poet ;  born  at  Cwmcynfelin,  near 
Aberystwith,  Wales,  Dec.  12,  1802;  died  at 
Stinchcombe,  England,  May  i,  1865.  With 
Keble,  Newman,  and  Pusey,  he  was  active  in 
the  Tractarian  movement.  He  wrote :  <  The 
CathedraP  (1838),  in  verse;  <  Hymns'  (1S39J; 
•Thoughts  in  Past  Years*  (1842);  <  The  Christ- 
ian Scholar*  (1849);  < Autobiography*  (1892); 
besides  other  purely  religious  works. 

Williams,  Jesse  Lynch.  An  American  writer 
of  stories  for  the  young;  born  in  Illinois,  1S71. 
He  has  published  :  <  Princeton  Stories  > ;  <  The 
I'reshman  > ;  <  The  Day-Dreamer  * ;  <  The  Stolen 
Story.* 

Williams,  John.  ["Anthony  Pasquin.»l  An 
English  writer,  journalist,  and  dramatist;  born 
in  London  about  1765 ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
Nov.  23,1818.  Because  of  his  scurrilous  political 
writings  he  was  declared  in  1797  to  be  "a 
common  libeler,*'  and  soon  after  came  to  the 
United  States.  He  was  connected  with  the 
press,  wrote  several  plays,  also  a  volume  of 
poems  (1789);  < Legislative  Biography'  (1795); 
•Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton'  (1804);  and  the 
•Dramatic  Censor'  (iSil). 

Williams,  John.  An  English  missionary ; 
born  at  Tottenham,  June  29,  1796 ;  killed  and 
eaten  by  cannibals,  at  Erromanga,  New  Heb- 
rides, Nov.  20,  1839.  His  adventurous  and  gen- 
erally successful  life  as  a  missionary  extended 
over  a  period  of  more  than  twenty  years  (1816- 
39).  He  wrote  that  famous  classic  of  mis- 
sionary literature,  •  A  Narrative  of  Missionary 
Enterprises  in  the  South  Sea  Islands'  (Lon- 
don and  New  York,  1837;  56th  thousand, 
1865). 

Williams,  Martha  McCulloch.  An  Ameri- 
can miscellaneous  writer.  Besides  several  sto- 
ries and  poems  in  Harper's  Bazar  and  Monthly, 
and  a  book  on  botany,  she  has  published  <  Field- 
Farings  '  (1892),  a  collection  of  essays  ;  <  Two  of  a 
Trade  >  ;  •  A  Black  Settlement ' ; '  Sarsaparilla.* 

Williams,  Roger.  An  English-American 
clergjTnan,  and  founder  of  the  State  of  Rhode 
Island ;  born  about  1604 ;  died  about  1683. 
His  chief  distinction  is  in  his  founding  the 
first  State  in  which  there  is  an  absolute 
guarantee  of  liberty  of  conscience  to  every 
man, —  the  government  having  no  authority  in 
ni:itters  of  religion.  He  published  :  <  Key  into 
the  Language  of  America ;  or.  An  Help  to  tlie 
Language  of  the  Natives  in  that  Part  of  Amer- 
ica Called  New  England,'  etc.  (1643;  new 
ed.  1820);  <Mr.  Cotton's  Letter,'  etc.  (1644); 
and  <The  Bloudy  Tenent  of  Persecution  for 
Cause  of  Conscience,  Discussed  in  a  Conference 
between  Truth  and  Peace,'  etc.  (1644);  <The 
Bloody  Tenent  yet  More  Bloody,'  etc.  (1652); 
•The  Hireling  Ministry  None  of  Christ's,'  etc. 
37 


(1652);  <  Experiments  of  Spiritual  Life  and 
Health,*  etc.  (1652);  <  George  Fox  Digg'd  Out 
of  his  Burrowes,*  etc.  (1676);  and  'A  New 
England  F'ire-Brand  Quenched,'  etc.  (1679). 

Williams,  Samuel  Wells.  An  American 
philologist  and  distinguished  Chinese  scholar; 
born  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  1812 ;  died  in  New  Haven, 
Feb.  17,  1884.  He  assisted  in  preparing  a 
Chinese,  and  afterwards  a  Japanese,  diction- 
ary; was  interpreter  for  Commodore  Perry  in 
Japan,  1853-54;  was  secretary  of  legation  in 
China,  1855-57,  and  again  1862-76.  He  was 
professor  of  Chinese  at  Yale,  1876-84,  and  was 
president  of  the  American  Oriental  Society. 
He  published:  <Easy  Lessons  in  Chinese' 
(1842),  followed  by  'Chinese  and  English  Vo- 
cabulary* (1843),  and  <  Tonic  Dictionary  of 
the  Chinese'  (1874).  His  greatest  work  is 
•The  Middle  Kingdom'  (2  vols.,  1883),  which 
has  done  excellent  service  in  making  Chinese 
history  and  conditions  known  to  the  public. 

Williamson,  Julia  May,  An  American  writer, 
living  at  Augusta,  Me. ;  born  1859.  She  has 
written  the  volumes  of  poetry  •Echoes  of 
Time  and  Tide,'  and  <The  Choir  of  the 
Year  ' ;  <  Star  of  Hope  and  Other  Songs.' 

Willis,  Nathaniel  Parker.  An  Americau 
poet  and  journalist ;  born  at  Portland,  Me., 
Jan.  20,  1806;  died  at  Idlewild  on  the  Hud- 
son, N.  Y.,  Jan.  20,  1867.  His  chief  journal- 
istic work  was  with  the  New  York  Mirror 
(1823-42).  Among  his  numerous  writings  are: 
•Inklings  of  Adventure'  (3  vols.,  1836);  <Loi- 
terings  of  Travel'  (3  vols.,  1840) ;  •  Letters  from 
Under  a  Bridge'  (1840);  •  Poems'  (1846);  •Peo- 
ple I  Have  Met'  (1850);  •  Hurrygraphs'  (1851); 
•A  Health  Trip  to  the  Tropics'  (1854);  •Fa- 
mous Persons  and  Places'  (1854);  and  <The 
Convalescent,  his  Rambles  and  Adventures' 
(1859). 

Willoughby,  Eliza  Maria,  Baro^^ss  Mla- 
dleton.  An  English  poet.  She  is  daughter  of 
Sir  A.  P.  Gordon-Cumming ;  married  D.  W.  B. 
Willoughby  (1869),  who  became  Baron  Middle- 
ton  in  1877.  She  has  published  :  <  On  the  North 
Wind,  Thistledown'  (1874),  and  <  Ballads' 
(1878). 

Wills,  W.  R.  An  Australian  poet ;  bom  1837. 
He  has  published  :  •A  Bunch  of  Wild  Pansies' 
(1885);  'Blossoms  of  Early  Life';  •Songs  for 
the  Weary.' 

Wills,  William  Gorman.  An  Irish  painter 
and  dramatist;  born  in  County  Kilkenny,  1830; 
died  in  London.  Dec.  14,  1891.  He  is  the  author 
of  •Notice  to  Quit'  (3  vols.,  1861);  •The  Life's 
Evidence'  (3  vols.,  1863);  and  the  dramas 
•Charles  the  First'  (1872),  •Eugene  Aram' 
(I87':;),  •Marie  Stuart'  (1874),  *Jane  Shore > 
(1S76 1,  •Olivia  Sedgemoore'  (1881),  •  Claudian' 
(1885),  •A  Royal  Divorce'  (1891),  and,  in  con- 
junction with  Sidney  Grundy,  •  Madam  Pompa- 
dour.* 

Wilmer,  Lambert  A.  An  American  editor 
and  author;  born  about  1805 ;  died  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  v.,  Dec.  21,  1863.     He  was  editor  of  several 


57S 

newspapers,  and  author  of :  <A  New  System  of 
Grammar >  (1S51);  <The  Quacks  of  Helicon' 
(1851);  <The  Life  of  De  Soto>  (1858);  <  Our 
Press  Gang;  or,  An  Exposition  of  the  Corrup- 
tions of  American  Newspapers'  (1859). 

Wllmshurst,  Zavarr.  A  journalist  and 
autlior ;  born  in  England,  Nov.  25,  1824 ;  died 
in  Brooklyn,  Jan.  27,  1887.  He  came  to  the 
United  States  and  was  editorially  connected 
with  several  journals  in  New  York  city.  His 
plays  include  a  drama  on  Hawthorne's  <  Scarlet 
Letter';  and  <Nitocria,'  a  tragedy.  His  other 
writings  are:  <The  V'iking,'  an  epic  (1849); 
<The  Winter  of  the  Heart,'  etc.  (1874);  <  The 
Siren'  (1876);  and  < Ralph  and   Rose'  (1879). 

Wilson,  Alexander.  A  Scotch-American 
ornithologist;  bom  at  Paisley,  Scotland,  July  6, 
1766;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Aug.  23,  1813. 
In  early  life  he  was  a  weaver  and  teacher.  He 
published  a  volume  of  poems  in  1790,  but  be- 
ing sentenced  for  a  lampoon  in  1793,  emigrated 
to  America.  He  was  employed  as  editor  of 
tlie  American  edition  of  Rees's  <  Cjxlopredia ' ; 
but  in  his  wanderings  as  peddler,  he  learned 
to  love  birds,  and  set  about  writing  an  orni- 
tholog}'.  At  his  death  seven  volumes  of  this  work 
had  been  published ;  the  eighth  and  ninth  vol- 
umes were  edited  by  George  Ord,  and  a  con- 
tinuation by  Charles  Lucien  Bonaparte  (4  vols., 
1825-33).  Volumes  of  his  poems  were  published 
at  Paisley  in  1816,  and  at  Belfast  in  1857. 

Wilson,  Mrs.  Augusta  Jane  (Evans).  An 
American  novelist ;  born  at  Columbus,  Ga. , 
May  8,  1835.  She  lived  some  years  in  Texas; 
afterwards  at  Mobile,  Ala.  Her  works  at  one 
time  had  great  popularit)-.  They  include : 
•Inez'  (1856);  <Beulah>  (1859);  <Macaria' 
(1864);  <SL  Elmo'  (1866);  <Vashti'  (1869); 
<  Infelice  > ;  <  At  the  Mercy  of  Tiberius ' ;  <  Devota.' 

Wilson.  Sir  Daniel.  A  Canadian  educator 
and  arcnaro.-^ist;  born  at  Edinburgh,  1816; 
died  at  Toronto,  Aug.  6,  1892.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  Toronto  University  from  1881.  He 
wrote  :  <  Memorials  of  Edinburgh  in  the  Olden 
Time'  (1846-49);  < Oliver  Cromwell  and  the 
Protectorate'  (1848);  <  Prehistoric  Man'  (1862); 
'Archaeology  and  Prehistoric  Annals  of  Scot- 
land' (revised  ed.  1863);  <Chatterton'  (1869); 
'  Reminiscences  of  Old  Edinburgh '  ( 1878) ;  <  The 
Lost  Atlantis'  (1892),  poems;  etc. 

Wilson,  Henry.  ^Original  name  Jeremiah 
Jones  Colbath.]  A  distinguished  American 
statesman ;  born  at  Farmington,  N.  H.,  Feb. 
16,  i8i2;  died  at  Washington,  Nov.  22,  1875. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Vice-Presidency  of  the 
United  States  in  1872,  and  died  while  holding 
this  office.  His  works  are:  <  History  of  the 
Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power  in  America' 
(3  vols.,  1872-75);  <  History  of  the  Anti-Slavery 
Measures  of  the  37th  and  38th  Congresses' 
(1864);  and  'History  of  the  Reconstruction 
Measures  of  the  39th  and  40th  Congresses' 
(1868);  besides  many  addresses  and  speeches. 

Wilson,  Henry  Bristow.  An  English  clergy. 
man  and  educator ;  bom  in  London,  1803 ;  died 


WILMSHURST  —  WILSON 


at  Lee,  Kent,  Aug.  10,  1888.  He  was  professor 
of  Anglo-Saxon  at  Oxford.  He  was  one  of 
the  seven  authors  of  the  famous  volume  of 
< Essays  and  Reviews'  (i860);  his  contribution 
being  <  The  National  Church.'  He  wrote  :  <  The 
Communion  of  Saints :  An  Attempt  to  Illustrate 
the  Principles  of  Church  Union'  (1851),  the 
Bampton  lecture  contributed  to  <  Oxford  Es- 
says ' ;  etc. 

Wilson,  Horace  Hayman.  An  English  Ori- 
entalist; born  in  London,  Sept.  26,  1786;  died 
there.  May  8,  i860.  Going  to  India  in  the 
service  of  the  East  India  Company  (1808),  he 
was  employed  in  the  Calcutta  mint;  was  sec- 
retary of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  181 1; 
professor  of  Sanskrit  at  Oxford,  1832  ;  libra- 
rian at  the  East  India  House,  1836;  and 
director  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society.  Besides 
a  Sanskrit  dictionary  and  grammar,  transla- 
tions of  the  <  Meghaduta,'  the  <  Vishnu  Purana,' 
part  of  the  <  Rig  Veda,'  etc.,  he  published : 
<  Select  Specimens  of  the  Theatre  of  the  Hin- 
dus' (2d  ed.  1835);  'Religious  Sects  of  the 
Hindus'  (1828-32);  'History  of  British  India' 
(1844-48);  etc. 

Wilson,  James  Grant.  An  American  author, 
editor,  and  soldier,  who  served  with  distinction 
in  the  Civil  War ;  born  in  New  York,  April 
28,  1832.  Besides  numerous  addresses,  essays, 
and  articles  in  periodicals,  he  has  pub- 
lished :  <  Biographical  Sketches  of  Illinois  Offi- 
cers'  (1862-63);  <Love  in  Letters,  Illustrated 
in  the  Correspondence  of  Eminent  Persons' 
(1867);  < Life  of  General  Grant'  (1868-85);  'Life 
of  Fitz-Greene  Halleck'  (1869);  'Sketches  of 
Illustrious  Soldiers'  (1874);  < Poets  and  Poetry 
of  Scotland'  (1876);  'Centennial  History  of 
the  Diocese  of  New  York,  1775-1885'  (1886); 
< Bryant  and  his  Friends'  (1886);  'Commodore 
Isaac  Hull  and  the  Frigate  Constitution'  (1889). 
He  is  the  editor— with  John  Fiske  — of  'Apple- 
ton's  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biography'  (6 
vols.,  1886-89). 

Wilson,  James  Harrison.  An  American  au- 
thor, and  soldier  of  distinction;  bom  near 
Shawneetown,  111.,  Sept.  2,  1837.  He  is  the 
author  of  '  China :  Travels  and  Investigations  in 
the  Middle  Kingdom'  (1887).  '  Life  of  Andrew 
J.  Alexander'  (1887) ;  and,  in  conjunction  with 
C.  A.  Dana,  'Life  of  General  U.  S.  Grant' 
(1868). 

Wilson,  John.  ["  Christopher  North."]  A 
Scotch  essayist,  poet,  novelist,  and  editor ;  born 
at  Paisley,  May  18,  1785;  died  in  Edinburgh, 
April  3,  1854.  The  son  of  a  rich  manufacturer, 
he  was  educated  at  Glasgow  University  and 
at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  noted  as  a  scholar 
and  athlete ;  settled  in  Cumberland,  and  became 
one  of  the  "Lake  Group"  with  Wordsworth, 
De  Quincey,  Southey,  and  Coleridge.  Losing 
most  of  his  inherited  fortune,  he  removed  to 
Edinburgh  and  studied  law.  From  the  starting 
of  Blackwood's  Magazine  in  1817  he  was  a 
chief  contributor,  and  was  for  many  years  its 
generally  accredited  head.  For  it  he  wrote 
(with  Maginn  and  others,  but  largely  alone) 


WILSON  —  WINSLOW 


579 


the  <  Noctes  Ambrosianat,'  b)'  which  he  is  best 
remembered,  —  imaginary  dialogues  at  Am- 
brose's tavern  in  Edinburgh,  between  the  lead- 
ing contributors  to  the  magazine ;  a  selection 
from  these  was  published  in  1S76.  He  also 
wrote,  among  other  things  :  <  The  Isle  of  Palms  * 
(1812),  and  <The  City  of  the  Plague  >  (1816), 
poems;  < Lights  and  Shadows  of  Scottish  Life' 
(1822);  <The  Trials  of  Margaret  Lindsay > 
(1823);  <The  Foresters'  (1825);  and  'Essay  on 
the  Genius  and  Character  of  Burns'  (1S41). 
He  was  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Edin- 
burgh University  from  1820  to  near  the  end  of 
his  life. 

Wilson,  John  Mackay.  A  Scottish  story- 
writer;  bom  at  Tweedmouth,  1804;  died  at 
Berwick-on-Tweed,  Oct.  2,  1835.  He  edited 
for  several  years  the  Bersvick  Advertiser.  He 
was  the  editor  and  principal  author  of  '  Tales 
of  the  Borders'  (1835-40;  last  ed.,  enlarged 
and  revised,  24  vols.,  1869),  of  which  150,000 
copies  have  been  sold. 

Wilson,  Robert  Burns.  An  American  poet 
and  artist ;  born  in  Pennsylvania,  Oct.  30,  1850. 
He  resides  in  Frankfort,  K)-.  He  has  pub- 
lished a  volume  called  <  Life  and  Love.' 

Wilson,  Sir  Robert  Thomas.  An  English 
soldier  and  military  writer;  bom  in  London, 
1777;  died  there,  ^Iay  9,  1849.  He  served  in 
the  Peninsular  war ;  was  British  military  com- 
missioner at  the  Russian  and  allied  headquar- 
ters, 1812-14 ;  Member  of  Parliament  and 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  1842-49.  He  wrote  : 
*  History  of  the  British  Expedition  to  Egypt ' 
(i8o2j;  <  Sketch  of  the  Campaigns  in  Poland' 
(1810);  'Military  and  Political  Power  of  Rus- 
sia' (1817);  'Narrative  of  Events  During  the 
Invasion  of  Russia,  l8i2>  (i860);  <  Diary' 
(1861);  etc. 

Wilson,  William.  A  Scotch-American  jour- 
nalist, publisher,  and  poet ;  born  in  Perthshire, 
Dec.  25,  1801 ;  died  in  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  25,  i860.  He  edited  the  '  Scottish  Songs, 
Ballads,  and  Poems '  of  Hew  Ainslie  (1855), 
and  several  other  volumes.  His  <  Poems,'  edited 
by  Benson  J.  Lossing,  appeared  in  1870,  revised 
and  enlarged  editions  in  1875  and  1884. 

Wilson,  Woodrow.  An  American  educator 
and  author ;  bom  at  Staunton,  Va.,  1856.  He 
has  written  much  on  political  and  literarj-  top- 
ics for  the  magazines  and  reviews.  His  books 
are  :  <  Congressional  Government :  A  Study  of 
American  Politics'  (1885),  a  work  popular  at 
home  and  much  used  by  foreign  publicists ; 
<  The  State  :  Elements  of  Historical  and  Prac- 
tical Polities'  (18S91;  'Division  and  Reunion,' 
in  'Epochs  of  American  History'  (1893);  and 
<A  History  of  the  American  People'  (1902). 
He  is  now  president  of  Princeton  University. 

Wilton,  Richard.  An  English  clergvTuan ; 
born  at  Doncaster,  Dec.  25,  1827.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  took  orders  in  1852. 
He  published  : '  Wood-Notes  and  Church-Bells  > 
(1873);   'LjTics,   Sj'lvan   and    Sacred'    (1878); 


<  Lyra  Pastoralis.'  Many  of  his  verses  have  been 
set  to  Music. 

Winchell,  Alexander.  An  American  geolo- 
gist, author,  and  educator;  born  in  Dutchess 
Count}-,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  31,  1824;  died  in  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich.,  Feb.  19,  1891.  He  lectured  ex- 
tensively and  contributed  to  many  journals. 
His  writings  include:  <  Sketches  of  Creation* 
(1870);  'Geological  Chart' (1870) ;  'The  Doc- 
trine of  Evolution'  (1S74);  *  Science  and  Re- 
ligion' (1877);  <  Preadamites '  (1880);  'Sparks 
from  a  Geologist's  Hammer'  (1S81);  'World 
Life'  (1883);  'Geological  Studies'  (1886);  and 
'Walks  and  Talks  in  the  Geological  Field' 
(1886). 

Winckelmann,  Johann  Joachim  (vink'el- 
manj.  A  German  critic  and  archaeologist,  the 
founder  of  scientific  archaeology  and  of  classic 
art  historj'  as  a  critical  science ;  born  in  Sten- 
dal,  Dec.  9,  1717;  died  at  Trieste,  June  8,  1768, 
He  was  the  first  to  consider  the  masterpieces 
of  classical  antiquity  as  representative  of  a 
stage  in  the  development  of  taste,  and  to  form- 
ulate the  theory  of  evolution  in  art.  He  seems 
to  have  obtained  his  first  clue  from  some  ob- 
ser\'ations  of  Velleius  Paterculus  and  Quin- 
tilian.  His  greatest  work  is  a  '  Histor}-  of  the 
Art  of  Antiquity'  (1764),  afterwards  supple- 
mented by  '  Observations  on  the  History  of 
Art'  (1767).  He  also  published:  'Thoughts 
on  the  Imitation  of  Greek  Works  in  Painting 
and  Sculpture'  (1755);  'Architecture  of  the 
Ancients'  (1762);  'Unknown  Memorials  [or 
Monuments]  of  Antiquity'  (1767);  and  many 
essays  and  pamphlets. 

Wines,  Enoch  Cobb.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  philanthropist ;  born  in  Hanover, 
N.  J.,  Feb.  17,  1806;  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Dec.  10,  1879.  He  was  noted  as  secretarj-  of 
the  N.  Y.  State  Prison  Association  in  1862,  and 
after^vards  devoted  his  life  to  the  promotion  of 
reform  in  the  administration  of  criminal  law 
and  treatment  of  criminals.  His  wTitings  in- 
clude :  '  Two  Years  and  a  Half  in  the  Navy ' 
(1832);  <A  Trip  to  China'  (1832);  <  Hints  on 
Popular  Education'  (1838) ;  'Commentaries  on 
Laws  of  Ancient  Hebrews'  (1S52) ;  'Adam 
and  Christ'  (1855);  'Prisons  and  Reforma- 
tories in  the  United  States  and  Canada'  (1867) ; 
'  State  of  Prisons  and  Child-Saving  Institu- 
tions'  (iSSo.) 

Winslow,  Mrs.  Catherine  Mary  (Reignolds). 

An  American  actress  and  public  reader ;  born 
in  183-.  She  has  written  '  Yesterdays  with 
Actors  > ;  '  Readings  [with  notes]  from  the  Old 
English  Dramatists.' 

Winslow,  Edward.  A  Mayflower  emigrant 
and  governor  of  Ph-mouth  Colony ;  born  at 
Droitwich,  England,  Oct.  18,  1595 ;  died  at  sea, 
between  San  Domingo  and  Jamaica,  May  8, 
1655.  He  was  a  hostage  to  Massasoit,  his  ac- 
count of  which  was  in  George  Morton's  '  Re- 
lation' (1622 J.  He  was  the  author  of  'Good 
Newes  from  New  England,'  etc.  (1624),  printed 
in   full   in  Young's  '  Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrim 


58o 

Fathers>  (1841);  'Brief  Narration;  or,  Hypoc- 
risie  Unmasked,*  etc.  (1646),  reissued  as  <  The 
Danger  of  Tolerating  Levellers  in  a  Civill 
State,*  etc.  (1649,  printed  in  part  in  Young's 
•Chronicles');  <Ne\v  England's  Salamander,* 
etc.  (1647);  <The  Glorious  Progress  of  the 
Gospel  amongst  the  Indians  of  New  England  > 
(1649);  and  <A  Platform  of  Church  Discipline 
in  New  England*  (165.^). 

Wlnslow,  Miron.  An  American  missionary ; 
born  at  Williston,  Vt.,  Dec.  11,  1789;  died  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Oct.  22,  1864.  He  went 
as  a  missionary  to  Ceylon,  1819;  founded  the 
Madras  mission,  1836;  was  president  of  the 
native  college  at  Madras,  1840;  translated  the 
Bible  into  Tamil,  1835.  He  wrote:  < Memoir 
of  Mrs.  Harriet  Winslow*  (1835),  his  wife,  re- 
published in  England,  and  translated  into  French 
and  Turkish ;  and  <A  Tamil  and  English  Dic- 
tionary* (1862),  his  great  work,  containing  over 
67,000  Tamil  words. 

Wlnslow,  William  Copley.  An  American 
archieologist  and  journalist ;  born  at  Boston, 
Jan.  13,  1840.  He  is  an  Episcopal  clergyman ; 
assisted  in  founding  the  University  Quarterly, 
1861  ;  edited  the  Hamiltonian,  1862 ;  was  as- 
sistant editor  of  the  New  York  World  1862-63, 
and  editor  of  the  Christian  Times  1863-65 ; 
vice-president,  secretary,  and  treasurer  for 
many  years  of  the  Egypt  exploration  fund  for 
the  U.  S.;  lecturer  on  archaeological  subjects 
and  colonial  history.  He  has  written  :  <  Israel 
in  Egypt  * ;  <  The  Store  City  of  Pithom  *  ( 1885);  <  A 
Greek  City  in  Egypt  >  (1887);  <  The  Egyptain  Col- 
lection in  Boston  *  (1890);  <  The  Pilgrim  Fathers 
in  Holland  *  (iSgi)  ;<Papyri  in  the  United  States.* 

Winsor,  Justin.  An  American  historian  and 
librarian  ;  born  at  Boston,  Jan  2,  1831  ;  died  at 
Cambridge,  Oct.  22,  1897.  He  was  librarian 
of  the  Boston  Public  Libraiy,  1868-77,  and  of 
Harvard  University,  1877-97.  He  published  : 
<  Bibliography  of  Original  Quartos  and  Folios  of 
Shakespeare*  (1875);  'Reader's  Handbook  of 
the  American  Revolution*  (1880);  'Memorial 
History  of  Boston*  (edited:  4  vols.,  1880-82); 
'Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America* 
(edited:  8  vols.,  1884-89);  <  Christopher  Columbus* 
(1891);  'From  Cartier  to  Frontenac*  (1894); 
•  The  Mississippi  Basin  > ;  and  '  The  Struggle  in 
America  between  England  and  France*  (1895). 
He  was  the  highest  authority  on  the  early 
history  of  North  America. 

Winter,  John  Strange.    See  Stannard. 

Winter,  William.  An  American  journalist 
and  dramatic  critic;  born  at  Gloucester,  Mass., 
July  15,  1836.  He  has  done  journalistic  work 
on  the  Saturday  Press,  Vanity  Fair,  the  Albion, 
Weekly  Review ;  and  has  been  dramatic  critic 
for  the  New  York  Tribune  since  1865.  He  has 
written 'The  Convent,  and  Other  Poems*  (1854); 
'The  Queen's  Domain*  (1858),  and  'My  Wit- 
ness* (1871),  poems;  'Life  of  Edwin  Booth* 
(1872);  'Thistledown  *  (1878),  poems; '  Poems.* 
complete  edition  ( 1881 ) ;  <  The  Jeffersons  >  ( 1881 ) ; 
» English  Rambles*  {1883);  'Life  of  Henry  Ir- 


WINSLOW— WISE 


ving*  (1885);  'Shakspere's  England*  (1886); 
<  Stage  Life  of  Mary  Anderson  *  (1886),  and '  The 
Wanderers  >  (1888); '  The  Lives  of  Actors.* 

Wintber,  Rasmus  Villads  Christian  Ferdi- 
nand (vin'ter).  A  Danish  poet;  born  in  Fens- 
mark,  July  29,  1796;  died  in  Paris,  Dec.  30, 
1876.  While  not  the  greatest  Danish  poet,  he 
is  one  of  the  truest  interpreters  of  the  Danish 
national  character.  Some  of  his  numerous  pub- 
lications are  :  'Song  and  Legend*  (1841);  'Lyr- 
ical Poems*  (1849);  'New  Poems*  (1850);  'The 
Flight  of  the  Hart*  (1856),  a  lyric  romance  of 
the  Danish  Middle  Ages,  his  greatest  work. 

Winthrop,  John,  Governor.  Born  near 
Groton,  Suffolk,  England,  Jan.  12,  1587-8;  died 
at  Boston,  March  26,  1649.  He  was  the  first 
colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts,  after  the 
government  was  transferred  to  America,  hold- 
ing the  office,  with  but  slight  interruption,  from 
1629  to  1649.  He  wrote  a  '  History  of  New 
England  from  1630  to  1649*  (2d  ed.  Boston, 
1853),  the  MS.  of  which  was  left  by  him  in 
the  form  of  a  journal  correspondence  to  be 
found  in  his  '  Life  and  Letters  *  (2  vols.,  1864- 
67),  by  Robert  C.  Winthrop;  <A  Modell  of 
Christian  Charity ' ; '  Arbitrary  Government  De- 
scribed.* 

Winthrop,  Theodore.  An  American  soldier, 
poet,  and  novelist ;  born  at  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Sept.  22,  1828 ;  killed  at  the  head  of  an  assault 
ing  column  of  Northern  troops  at  Big  Bethel, 
Va.,  June  10,  1861.  The  1861  Atlantic  Monthly 
contained  sketches  from  him  of  early  War 
scenes.  He  left  completed  material  for  five 
volumes  of  novels  and  essays:  'Cecil  Dreeme^ 
(1861);  'John  Brent*  (1862);  'Edwin  Brother- 
croft*  (1862);  'The  Canoe  and  the  Saddle > 
(1862) ;  and  '  Life  in  the  Open  Air,  and  Other 
Papers*  (1863).  His  sister  published  < Life  and 
Poems  of  Theodore  Winthrop*  (1884). 

Wirt,  William.  An  American  lawyer  and 
author;  born  at  Bladensburg,  Md.,  Nov.  8, 
1772 ;  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  18,  1834. 
His  w^ritings  are :  '  Letters  of  a  British  Spy,* 
which  first  appeared  in  the  Virginia  Argus 
(1803);  'The  Rainbow*  (1804),  which  was  writ- 
ten for  the  Richmond  Enquirer;  and  his  chief 
work,  <  Sketches  of  the  Life  and  Character  of 
Patrick  Henry*  (1817). 

Wise,  Daniel.  An  editor,  Methodist  clergy- 
man, and  author;  born  in  Portsmouth,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  10,  1813  ;  died  at  Englewood,  N.  J., 
Dec.  19,  1898.  He  was  editor  of  Zion's  Herald 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  and  various  Sunday-school 
publications,  and  published  many  works  on 
varied  subjects,  mostly  under  the  pen-names  of 
"  Francis  Forrester »  and  "  Laurence  Lance- 
wood.**  Among  these  are  :  '  Personal  Effort  * 
(1841);  'Life  of  Ulric  Zwingli*  (1850);  'My 
Uncle  Toby's  Library*  (12  vols.,  1853);  'Van- 
quished Victors*  (1876);  'Heroic  Methodists* 
(1882);  'Boy  Travelers  in  Arabia'  (1885); 
<  Men  of  Renown  *  (i886j  ;  etc. 

Wise,  Henry  Augustus.  An  American  naval 
officer   and  author;    bom  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 


T 


WISE  —  WITWICKIE 


May  12,  1819;  died  at  Naples,  Italy,  April  2, 
1869.  Under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Harry  Gringo, >> 
he  wrote  <  Los  Gringos ;  or.  An  Interior  View 
of  Mexico  and  California,  with  Wanderings  in 
Peru,  Chili,  and  Polynesia'  (1849);  < Tales  for 
the  Marines  >  (1855) ;  <Scampavias,  from  Gibel- 
Tasek  to  StambouP  (1857) ;  <The  Story  of  the 
Gray  African  Parrot  >  (1856),  a  book  for  child- 
ren; and  'Captain  Brand  of  the  Centipede' 
(i860). 

Wise,  Isaac  Mayer.  A  Jewish  rabbi  and 
author;  bom  at  Steingrab,  April  3,  1819  ;  died 
at  Cincinnati,  March  26,  1900.  He  settled  in 
New  York  city  in  1846.  Resided  in  Cincin- 
nati, O.,  after  1854,  and  was  president  of  the 
Hebrew  Union  College.  He  was  a  leader  of 
the  reform  movement  in  American  Judaism  ; 
and  besides  editing  the  Israelite,  he  wrote 
extensively.  Among  his  works  are  :  *  His- 
tory of  the  Israelidsh  Nation  >  (1854)  ;  <Es- 
sence  of  Judaism  >  (i860);  <  Judaism :  its 
Doctrines  and  Duties  >  (1862)  ;  <  The  Martyr- 
dom of  Jesus  of  Nazareth  >  (1874)  ;  <  The  Cos- 
mic God>  (1876)  ;  etc. 

"^"Wiseman,  Nicholas  Patrick  Stephen.  An^ 
English  cardinal  and  archbishop ;  born  at  Se-  ) 
ville,  Spain,  Aug.  21,  1802;  died  in  London, 
Feb.  15,  1865.  Among  his  books  are :  <  Horse 
Syriacae'  (1828);  <  Lectures  on  the  Connection 
between  Science  and  Revealed  Religion*  (2 
vols.,  1836);  < The  Real  Presence'  (1836);  < Lect- 
ures on  the  Doctrines  and  Practices  of  the 
Catholic  Church'  (2  vols.,  1836);  < Three  Lect- 
ures on  the  Catholic  Hierarchy'  (1850);  <  Essays 
on  Various  Subjects'  (3  vols.,  1853);  <Fabiola; 
or.  The  Church  of  the  Catacombs »  (1855);  <  Rec- 
ollections of  the  Last  Four  Popes'  (1858); 
t Sermons'  (2 vols.,  1864);  <The  Witch  of  Rosen- 
burg:  A  Drama  in  Three  Acts'  (1866);  and 
•Daily  Meditations'  (1868). 

Wissmann,  Hermann  von  (ves'man).  A  Ger- 
man African  explorer;  bom  at  Frankfort  on 
the  Oder,  Sept.  4,  1853.  He  crossed  the  African 
continent,  1880-82 ;  commanded  an  expedition 
sent  out  by  Leopold  II.,  1884-85 ;  as  imperial 
German  commissioner,  suppressed  the  Arab 
revolt  under  Bushiri ;  failed  in  an  attempt  to 
take  two  steamers  to  Lake  Victoria  via  Nyassa 
and  Tanganyika,  1892;  was  governor  of  Ger- 
man East  Africa,  1895 ;  president  of  the  Berlin 
Geographical  Society,  1897.  He  has  written : 
'In  the  Interior  of  Africa'  (3d  ed.  1891);  < Under 
the  German  Flag  across  Africa' (latest  ed.  1891); 
*My  Second  Crossing  of  Equatorial  Africa*  (1891); 
'  Africa :  Descriptions  and  Advice  '  (1895);  *  ^^ 
the  Wilds  of  Africa  and  Asia.' 

Wister,  Annis  Lee  (Furness).  An  American 
translator ;  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1830.  She  has 
made  many  translations  of  note,  among  them ; 
E.  Marlitt's  <The  Old  Mamselle's  Secret' 
(1868),  <Gold  Else'  (1868),  <The  Countess 
Gisela'  (1869),  <The  Little  Moorland  Princess' 
(1873),  and  <The  Second  Wife'  (1874);  Wil- 
helmine  von  Hillern's  <  Only  a  Girl'  (1870); 
Hacklander's  '  Enchanting  and  Enchanted  > 
(1871);  Volkhausen's  <  Why  Did  He  Not  Die?' 


(1871);  Von  Auer's<It  Is  the  Fashion'  (i872> 
and   Fanny  Lewald's  <  Hulda ;  or,  The  Deliv^ 
erer'  (1874). 

Wister,  Owen.  An  American  short-story 
writer  and  lawyer  of  Philadelphia,  son  of  Sa- 
rah B.;  born  in  i860.  Besides  stories  for  the 
periodicals  and  magazines,  he  has  written : 
<  The  New  Swiss  Family  Robinson ' ;  <  The 
Dragon  of  Wantley,'  a  romance  ;  <  Red  Men  and 
White';  <  The  Virginian';  <  Mother';  <The 
Seven  Ages  of  Washington.' 

Wister,  Mrs.  Sarah  (Butler).  An  Ameri- 
can writer  and  translator,  daughter  of  Fanny 
Kemble ;  born  in  Pennsylvania,  1835.  She  has 
published  a  poem,  <  The  Boat  of  Glass ' ;  and 
translations  from  the  French  of  Alfred  de 
Musset. 

Wither,  George.  An  English  soldier  and 
poet;  born  at  Brentworth,  June  li,  1588;  died 
in  London,  May  2,  1667.  For  a  volume  of 
metrical  satires  on  the  manners  of  the  time, 
'Abuses  Stript  and  Whipt'  (1613),  he  was  cast 
into  prison,  where  he  wrote  '  The  Shepherd's 
Hunting'  (1615),  and,  perhaps,  'Fidelia.' 
Some  of  his  volumes  are  :  'The  Motto'  (1618); 
'Philar^te'  (1622);  'Hymns  and  Songs  of  the 
Church'  (1623);  and  'Hallelujah'  (1641).  His 
best-known  song  is  '  Shall  I,  Wasting  in  De- 
spair.' 

Witherspoon,  John.  An  American  Presby- 
terian divine  and  educator;  born  at  Yester, 
Haddingtonshire,  Scotland,  Feb.  5,  1722;  died 
near  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Sept.  15,  1794.  He  was 
president  of  Princeton  College,  1768 ;  delegate 
for  six  years  from  New  Jersey  to  the  Continental 
Congress ;  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence. He  wrote  :  '  Ecclesiastical  Char- 
acteristics'  (1753);  'Nature  and  Effects  of  the 
Stage'  (1757) ;  'Essays  on  Important  Subjects* 
(1764);  'Considerations  on  the  Nature  and  Ex- 
tent of  the  Legislative  Authority  of  the  British 
Parliament'  (1774);  etc.  ('Works,'  9  vols., 
Edinburgh,  1804.) 

Withrow,  William  Henry.  A  Canadian 
iVlethodist  divine  and  miscellaneous  writer ; 
born  at  Toronto,  Aug.  6,  1839.  Since  1874  he 
has  been  editor  of  the  Methodist  Magazine, 
Toronto.  He  has  written :  '  Catacombs  of 
Rome'  (1874);  'History  of  Canada'  (1878); 
'Lawrence  Temple'  (1881),  a  novel;  'Valeria, 
the  Martyr  of  the  Catacombs'  (1884);  'Life 
in  a  Parsonage'  (1885);  'Men  Worth  Know- 
ing' (1886);  'Canada:  Scenic  and  Descriptive' 
(1889);  'China  and  its  People'  (1893);  etc. 

Witwickie,  ftienne  (vit'vits-ki).  A  Polish 
poet,  novelist,  and  dramatist;  born  at  Krzemie- 
nietz;  died  at  Rome,  1847.  After  the  revolution 
of  1831  he  resided  in  France.  He  was  a  roman- 
ticist. Among  his  works  were:  'Polish  Altar* 
(with  Mickiewicz  and  B.  Zalecoski) ;  'Towian- 
skism,'  a  famous  book  in  defense  of  Catholicism ; 
'Ballads  and  Romances'  (1824);  'Edmund' 
(1S29);  'Idyllic  Poems'  (1830);  '  Soirdes  of  a 
Pilgrim'  (1S37-42);  the  drama  'A  Spoilt  Re- 
venge' (1835);  etc. 


5»« 

Wolcot  or  Wolcott,  John,  f «  Peter  Pindar."] 
An  English  dert'yniau,  physician,  and  satirical 
poet;  bom  at  Dodbrooke,  in  May  1738;  died 
in  London,  Jan.  14,  1819.  His  satires  involved 
him  in  many  quarrels.  So  effective  were  his 
attacks  upon  the  king-,  that  the  ministry  silenced 
him  with  a  pension  of  £2P0  per  annum.  He 
was  an  art  critic  of  taste  and  penetration  far 
beyond  his  time;  his  yearly  reviews  in  verse 
of  the  Academy  Exhibitions  are  much  the  best 
of  his  work,  and  still  instructive.  Some  of 
his  satires  are:  <  Lyric  Odes';  <  An  Epistle  to 
the  Reviewers  > ;  <  Peeps  at  St.  James  > ;  <  Royal 
V.sits';  and  <The  Lousiad.> 

Wolf,  Emma.  An  American  novelist.  She 
has  written  :  <  Other  Things  Being  Equal  >  (1892); 
<A  Prodigal  in  Love>  (1894);  <The  Joy  of  Life> 
(i8q6|;  <  Heirs  of  Yesterday  '  (1900).      , 

Wolf,  Friedrlcli  August  (volf).  A  German 
educator  and  classical  scholar;  bom  at  Hayn- 
rode,  Prussia,  Vch.  15,  1759 ;  died  at  Marseilles, 
France,  Aug.  8,  1824.  Among  his  very  many 
books  are  his  edition  of  Demosthenes's  <Lep- 
tinea'  (1790);  Plato's  <  Sj'Tnposium,' <  Apology,' 
<  Pha^do,*  <  Crito  > ;  Hesiod's  <  Theogony  > ; 
Cicero's  <  Tusculan  Disputations,*  and  other 
works ;  and  Aristophanes's  <  Clouds.*  What 
gave  him  his  greatest  notoriety  is  his  <  Prole- 
gomena in  Homerum*  (i795)>  ^.n  attempt  to 
prove  that  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  are  not  the 
work  of  one  Homer,  but  a  compilation  from 
several  sources. 

Wolf,  Theodore  Frelinghuysen.  An  Amer- 
ican physician  and  litterateur ;  bom  in  New 
Jersey,  1847.  His  books:  <A  Literary  Pilgrim- 
age among  the  Haunts  of  Famous  British 
Authors*;  and  <  Literary  Shrines  :  The  Haunts 
of  Famous  American  Authors,*  are  among  the 
popular  works  of  the  day.  His  professional 
writings  include  works  on  tetanus  and  anaes- 
thesia. 

Wolfe,  Charles.  An  Irish  cIerg>Tnan  and 
poet ;  born  at  Dublin,  Dec.  14,  1791  ;  died  at 
Cove  of  Cork  (now  Queenstown),  Feb.  21,  1823. 
His  title  to  literary  immortality  is  his  <  Burial 
of  Sir  John  Moore.*  ("Not  a  drum  was  heard, 
not  a  funeral  note.**)  His  < Poetical  Remains, 
with  a  Brief  Memoir  of  his  Life*  was  pub- 
lished by  Archdeacon  John  A.  Russell  in  1825 
(8th  ed.  1846). 

Wolff,  Albert  V.  (volf).  A  German-French 
journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at 
Cologne,  Dec.  31,  1835.  He  settled  in  Paris  in 
1857,  becoming  secretary  to  Alexandre  Dumas, 
p&re ;  wrote  for  the  Gaulois,  Figaro,  Charivari, 
etc.  Some  of  these  articles,  collected  in  book 
form,  were  after\vards  published  as  <  Memoirs  of 
the  Boulevard*  (1866);  <The  Two  Emperors* 
(1871);  <Victorien  Sardou  and  Uncle  Sam* 
(1873);  etc.  He  wrote  also  several  novels  and 
farces. 

Wolff,  Julius.  A  German  poet;  born  in 
Qut-dlinburg  in  the  Ilarz  Mountains,  Sept.  16, 
1834.  In  1869  lie  founded  the  Harz  News.  He 
joined  the   army  at  the  time   of  the   Franco- 


WOLCOT  —  WOLSELEY 


German  war,  and  won  the  Iron  Cross.  After 
this  he  returned  to  Berlin,  later  removing  to 
Charlottenburg.  His  chief  works  are  :  <  War 
Songs*  (1871);  <  Tyll  Eulenspiegel  Redivivus  * ; 

<  The  Ratcatcher  of  Hameln,*  <  Lingul  the  Rat- 
catcher's Songs* ;  <  The  Wild  Huntsman  *  (1877); 

<  Tannhauser  * ;  <  Lurlei  * ;  <  The  Robber  Count  * ; 
(The  Bachi-lor's  Law*  (1887);  <  The  Flying 
Dutchman.' 

Wolff,  Oskar  Ludwig  Bernhard.  A  German 
novelist  and  satirist ;  born  at  Altona,  July  26, 
1799 ;  died  at  Jena,  Sept.  16,  1851.  He  was 
professor  of  modern  languages  at  Weimar,  1826, 
and  of  modern  languages  and  literature  at 
Jena,  1832.  He  wrote  < Pictures  and  Songs* 
(1840),  (Natural  History  of  the  German  Stu- 
dent* (2d  ed.  1842),  (Bubbles  and  Dreams* 
(1844),  (The  Minor  Ills  of  Human  Life*  (1846), 
(History  of  the  Novel*  (2d  ed.  1850),  etc.; 
and  edited  ( Treasury  of  National  Poetry  *  (4th 
ed.  1853),  (Treasury  of  German  Prose*  (nth 
ed.  1875),  (The  German  People's  Treasury  of 
Poetry*  (28th  ed.  1884),  etc. 

Wolfram  von  Eschenbach  (volf'ram  fon 
esh'en-bach).  Next  to  Walther  von  der  Vogel- 
weide  the  greatest  of  Middle  High  German 
poets;  died  about  1220.  He  was  poor  and  with 
a  family,  and  could  neither  read  nor  write ; 
but  knew  French  and  was  of  noble  birth, 
which  enabled  him  to  frequent  the  court  of 
Hermann  of  Thuringia.  His  chief  works  were 
three  epic  poems:  (Parzival*  (about  1210),  the 
greatest  of  German  court  epics ;  (  Titurel  *  (about 
1210?),  left  unfinished;  (Willehalm*  (begun 
betore  1216),  left  unfinished;  both  afterward 
completed  by  other  hands.  He  wrote  also 
lyrics,  among  which  were  four  ( Day  Songs.* 

Wollstonecraft,  Mary  (Mrs.  William  God- 
win). The  noted  author  of  the  (Vindication 
of  the  Rights  of  Women*;  born  in  1759; 
died  1797.  She  was  the  mother  of  Mary  Godwin, 
the  poet  Shelley's  second  wife.  She  published  : 
(Thoughts  on  the  Education  of  Daughters* 
(1787);  (Original  Stories*  (1788);  (Vindication 
of  the  Rights  of  Men*  (1790);  (Vindication  of 
the  Rights  of  Women*  (1792);  (Historical  and 
Moral  Views  of  the  French  Revolution*  (1794); 
(Letters  Written  in  Norway*  (1796).  Her 
(Posthumous  Works*  appeared  in  1798. 

Wolseley,  Garnet  Joseph,  First  Viscount 
Wolseley.  A  distinguished  British  soldier ;  born 
at  Golden  Bridge  House,  County  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, June  4,  1833.  He  entered  the  army  as 
ensign  in  1852 ;  served  in  the  Crimean  War,  in 
India  at  the  relief  of  Lucknow,  and  elsewhere  ; 
held  chief  command  in  the  Red  River  expe- 
dition of  1870,  and  the  Ashanti  war  of  1873- 
74;  was  administrator  of  Natal  in  1870 ;  com- 
missioner and  commander  in  Cyprus,  1878 
governor  of  Natal  and  the  Transvaal,  1879-80 , 
gained  the  victory  of  Tel-el-Kebir,  1882;  com- 
manded the  expedition  for  the  relief  of  Gor- 
don, 1884-85;  became  commander-in-Chief  of  the 
British  Army,  1895.  Besides  technical  military 
works,  he  has  written  :  ( Narrative  of  the  War  ; 
with  China  in  i860  *  (i860);  (Marley  Castle '  (1877),  | 
a  novel ;  ( The  System  of  Field  Manoeuvres,* 


WOLZOG-EN  —  WOODS 


583 


Wolzogen,  Ernst  von,  Baron  (vol-tso'gen). 
A  German  novelist,  dramatist,  and  critic,  some- 
what of  a  realist ;  born  at  Breslau,  April  23, 
1855.  He  has  written  the  novels  <  One  o'Clock 
Christmas  Eve  >  (6th  ed.  1896);  <  Mr.  Thad- 
deus's  Tenant  >  (1885),  <Basilla>  (1887),  <  Red 
Francis >  (1888),  <The  Photographs  >  (1890), 
humorous  sketches ;  <The  Mad  Countess  >  {1890), 
etc.;  the  dramas  <The  Last  Pigtail  >  (1884), 
<An  Unwritten  Lea{>  (1896),  etc.;  the  critical 
studies,  <  George  Eliot  >  (1885),  <  Wilkie  Collins  > 
(1885);  the  pamphlet  <An  Earnest  Warning  to 
the  Ruling  Classes  >  (4th  ed.  1895);  *  Biography 
of  Hans  von  Schweinichen*  (1885). 

Wolzogen,  Earoline  von.  A  German  novel- 
ist ;  born  at  Rudolstadt,  Feb.  3,  1763 ;  died  at 
Jena,  Jan.  11,  1847.  She  was  a  sister  of  Schil- 
ler's wife,  and  his  intimate  friend ;  and  her 
<Life  of  Schiller  >  is  a  charming  and  trustworthy 
biography.  She  published  two  romances,  <Agnes 
von  Lilien*  (2  vols.,  1798),  for  a  time  thought 
to  be  Goethe's  work  by  the  most  eminent 
critics;  and  < Cordelia'   (2  vols.,   1840). 

Wood,  Anthony,  called  Anthony  a  Wood. 

An  English  antiquary ;  born  at  Oxford,  Dec. 
17,  1632 ;  died  there,  Nov.  28,  1695.  He  spent 
most  of  his  life  in  collecting  data  relating  to 
the  history  of  Oxford  University.  He  wrote : 
<  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  University  of 
Oxford*  (translated  into  Latin,  1674;  published 
afterwards,  rewritten  in  2  vols.,  1786-90  and 
1792-96);  <  An  Exact  History  of  all  the  Writers 
and  Bishops  who  have  had  their  Education  in 
the  University  of  Oxford,  from  1500  to  1690  > 
(last  ed.  1813-20)  ;<  Modus  Salium  :  A  Collection 
of  Pieces  of  Humor  >  (1751);  and  <  The  Ancient 
and  Present  State  of  the  City  of  Oxford'  (1773). 

Wood,  Charlotte  Dunning.  ["Charlotte 
Dunning.*']  An  American  novelist;  born  at 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  1858.  Her  works  include  : 
<Upon  a  Cast'  (1885);  'Cabin  and  Gondola' 
(1886);  <A  Step  Aside'  (1886). 

Wood,  Ellen  (Price)  or  Mrs,  Henry  Wood. 

An  English  novelist ;  born  at  Worcester,  Jan. 
17,  1814;  died  Feb.  10.  1887.  She  edited  the 
Argosy  in  1867;  and  published  many  novels, 
among  which  are:  <  East  Lynne'  (1861);  <The 
Channings'  (1862);  <  The  Shadow  of  Ashlydyat' 
and  <  Verner's  Pride'  (1863);  the  'Johnny  Lud- 
low' stories  (1874-80);  'Count  Netherleigh' 
(1881);  and  'About  Ourselves'   (1883). 

Wood,  George.  An  American  writer  and 
chief  of  a  division  in  the  U.  S.  Treasury  De- 
partment; born  in  Newburyport,  Mass.,  in 
1799;  died  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  24,  1870. 
He  published:  'Peter  Schlemihl  in  America' 
( 1848) ; '  The  Modern  Pilgrim '  (1855); '  Marrying 
Too  Late'  (1856);  'Future  Life'  (1858),  re- 
issued as  'The  Gates  Wide  Open'  (1869). 

Wood,  John  George.  An  English  writer  on 
natural  history ;  bom  in  London,  1827 ;  died 
at  Coventry,  March  3,  1889.  He  was  a  clergy- 
man of  the  Church  of  England;  edited  The 
Boy's  Own  Magazine,  and  Every  Boy's  Maga- 
zine.   He  wrote  the  'Illustrated  Natural  His- 


tory' (new  ed.  1865-66),  with  1,500  origina' 
illustrations ; '  Homes  Without  Hands  >  (1864-65); 
'A  Popular  Natural  History'  (1866);  'Natural 
History  of  Man'  (2  vols.,  1868-70);  <  Bible  Ani- 
mals' (1869);  'The  Modern  Playmate'  (1870), 
a  book  of  games ; '  Man  and  Beasts,  Here  and 
Hereafter'  (1874);  <  Horse  and  Man '  (1886);  etc. 

Wood,  John  Seymour.  An  American  lawyer 
and  litterateur  of  New  York  city ;  born  in 
New  York,  1853.  He  is  editor  of  the  Bachelor 
of  Arts,  and  has  published  :  '  Gramercy  Park  : 
A  Story  of  New  York ' ;  <  College  Days :  Yale 
Yarns ' ;  <  A  Coign  of  Vantage ' ;  '  A  Daughter 
of  Venice';  'An  Old  Beau,  and  Other  Stories.' 

Wood,  Mrs.  Julia  Amanda  (Sargent).    An 

American  writer  of  religious  stories ;  born 
in  New  Hampshire,  1826.  She  has  written : 
'  Myrrha  Lake ' ;  <  Hubert's  Wife ' ;  <  Annette ' ; 
'  Strayed  from  the  Fold ' ;  '  From  Error  to 
Truth';  'The  Brown  House  at  Duffield.' 

Wood,  Mrs.  Sarah  Say  ward  (Barrel!) 
(Keating).  An  American  writer  of  fiction; 
born  in  Maine,  1759 ;  died  in  1855.  Her  works 
include  :  '  Duval ' ;  '  Ferdinand  and  Almira ;  or, 
The  Influence  of  Virtue ' ;  '  Tales  of  the  Night' ; 
and  <  The  Illuminated  Baron.' 

Woodberry,  George  Edward.  An  American 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Bev- 
erl)',  Mass.,  May  12,  1855.  He  was  professor  of 
English  literature  in  Nebraska  State  Univer- 
sity 1877-78  and  1880-82 ;  in  Columbia  College, 
1892.  Besides  numerous  articles  in  magazines 
and  reviews,  he  has  written  a  <  History  of 
Wood  Engraving'  (1883); '  Life  of  Edgar  Allan 
Poe'  (1885);  and  'The  North  Shore  Watch, 
and  Other  Poems'  (1890).  He  has  published 
also  an  edition  of  Shelley  (1894),  and  one  of  Poe 
(1895),  with  E.  C.  Stedman,  and '  Great  Writers.' 

Woodrow,  James.  A  distinguished  Ameri- 
can Presbyterian  clergyman  and  educator;  born 
at  Carlisle,  England,  May  30,  1828.  He  edited 
the  Southern  Presbyterian  Review,  1861-65, 
and  since  1865  has  been  editor  of  the  Southern 
Presbyterian.  After  filling  several  professor- 
ships in  various  Southern  colleges,  he  became 
president  of  South  Carolina  College  in  1891. 
He  has  published  many  review  articles,  in- 
cluding: 'Geology  and  its  Assailants'  (1862); 
'  An  Examination  of  Certain  Recent  Assaults 
on  Physical  Science'  (1873);  <A  Further  Ex- 
amination >  (1874);  etc.    He  died  in  1907. 

Woods,  Mrs.  Kate  (Tannatt).  An  American 
writer  of  juvenile  tales;  born  in  New  York, 
1838.  Among  her  books  are  :  '  Six  Little  Reb- 
els';  'Out  and  About';  <  Dr.  Dick';  'The 
Wooing  of  Grandmother  Grey  > ;  '  Grandfather 
Grey ' ;  '  Children's  Stories  ' ;  <  Toots  and  his 
Friends' ; 'The  Duncans  on  Land  and  Sea.' 

Woods,  Katharine  Pearson.     An  American 

writer  of  fiction ;  born  in  West  Virginia,  1853, 
Her  published  works  include:  'The  Crowning 
of  Candace ' ; '  A  Tale  of  King  Messiah  > ;  <  From 
Dusk  to  Dawn';  '  A  Web  of  Gold ';  '  Metzerott 
Shoemaker:  A  Protest  against  Social  Injustice  ' 
'  The  True  Story  of  Captain  John  Smith.' 


584 


WOODS—  WORDSWORTH 


Woods,  Margaret  L.  A  noted  English  novel- 
ist; born  at  Rugby.  1859.  She  is  daughter  of 
Dean  Bradley  of  Westminster,  and  wife  ot 
President  Woods  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford.  She 
has  written  :  <A  Village  Tragedy)  (1888);  <Esther 
Vanhomrigh>  (1891);  <Vagabonds>  (l894);<Lyncs 
and  Ballads  > ;  <  The  Princess  of  Hanover.* 

Woodworth,  Samuel.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  poet ;  born  at  Scituate,  Mass.,  Jan. 
13,  1785 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  9,  1842. 
During  the  war  of  1812-15  he  edited,  in  New 
York  city,  The  War,  a  weekly  journal,  and 
The  Halcyon  Luminary,  a  Swedenborgian 
monthly.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
New  York  Mirror  (1823-24);  edited  the  Parthe- 
non (1827);  wrote  a  romantic  history  of  the 
tt-ar,  called  <The  Champions  of  Freedom)  (2 
vols.,  1816),  and  several  dramatic  pieces.  His 
poetical  works  were  published  in  2  vols,  in 
1861.  His  famous  poem  is  <The  Old  Oaken 
Bucket.) 

WooUey,  Mrs.  Cella  (Parker).  An  American 
author  and  Unitarian  minister  at  Geneva,  TIL; 
born  in  Ohio,  1848.  She  has  written:  <  Roger 
Hunt) ;  <A  Girl  Graduate ) ;  <  Rachel  Armstrong ; 
or.  Love  and  Theology);  <The  Western  Slope.) 
Woolman,  John.  A  Quaker  preacher  and 
anti-slavery  writer;  born  in  Northampton,  N.  J., 
August,  1720;  died  in  York,  England,  Oct. 
5,  1772.  His  writings  contain  the  earliest  pro- 
test published  in  America  against  the  slave 
trade.  His  works  include  :  <  Some  Considera- 
tions on  the  Keeping  of  Negroes)  (Philadel- 
pnia,  1753  and  1762);  <  Considerations  on  Pure 
Wisdom,)  etc.  (1768);  'Considerations  on  the 
True  Harmony  of  Mankind,)  etc.  (177°); 
<  Epistles  to  Quarterly  Meetings  of  Friends,) 
etc.  (1772).  His  'Journal  of  Life  and  Travels) 
was  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1775,  and 
edited  by  Whittier,  1871. 

Woolner,  Thomas.  An  English  sculptor  and 
poet ;  born  at  Hadleigh,  Dec.  17,  1825 ;  died  in 
l>ondon,  Oct.  7,  1892.  He  made  busts  of  Car- 
lyle  and  Tennyson,  and  a  medallion  portrait 
of  Tennyson,  engraved  for  a  frontispiece  to  the 
Moxon  edition  of  Tennyson.  He  was  a  Pre- 
Raphaelite  ;  and  his  popular  poem  <  My  Beauti- 
ful Lady)  (1863)  first  appeared  in  the  Pre- 
Raphaelite  journal  The  Germ.  His  other 
volumes  are:  <  Pygmalion)  (1881);  <Silenus> 
(1884);  and  <Tiresias)  (1886). 

Woolsey,  Sarah  Chauncey.  An  American 
author;  born  at  Cleveland,  O.,  about  1845. 
Under  the  pen-name  "Susan  Coolidge))  she 
is  a  popular  writer,  especially  for  children. 
Some  of  her  writings  ar-e  :  <  The  New  Year's 
Bargain)  (1871);  <What  Katy  Did)  (1872); 
<Verses)  (1880);  <A  Guernsey  Lily)  (i88i);<A 
I^ittle  Country  GirP  (1885);  and  <A  Short  His- 
tory of  the  City  of  Philadelphia)  (1887).  She 
edited :  <  The  Diary  and  Letters  of  Mrs.  De- 
laney'  (1878);  and  <  The  Diary  and  Letters  of 
Madame  D'Arblay.>     Died  April  9,  1905. 

Woolsey,  Theodore  Dwight.  An  American 
educator;  born  in  New  York  city,  Oct.  31,  1801 ; 


died  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  July  i,  1889.  He 
edited  the  <Alcestis)  of  Euripides  (1833);  the 
♦Antigone)  (1835),  and  the  <Electra)  of  Soph- 
ocles (1837);  the  <  Prometheus)  of  ^schy- 
lus  (1837);  and  the  <Gorgias)  of  Plato  (1842). 
He  published  his  inaugural  address,  'College 
Education)  (1846);  'Historical  Discourse  upon 
Yale  College)  (1850);  'Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  International  Law)  (i860);  'An  Essay 
on  Divorce  and  Divorce  Legislation)  (1869); 
a  book  of  sei-mons,  <  The  Religion  of  the  Present 
and  the  Future)  (1871).  He  re-edited  Prof. 
Francis  Lieber's  'Civil  Liberty  and  Self-Gov- 
ernment)  (1874),  and  his  'Manual  of  Political 
Ethics)  (1874).  He  also  published  a  work  on 
'Political  Science)  (1877),  and  one  on  'Com- 
munism and  Socialism)   (1879). 

Woolson,  Mrs.  Abba  Louisa  (Goold).  An 
American  lecturer  and  author;  born  in  W'ind- 
ham,  Me.,  April  30,  1838 ;  died  at  Venice,  Jan. 
23,  1894.  She  gave  many  lectures  on  literary, 
social,  historical,  and  dramatic  subjects  ;  and  be- 
sides contributing  to  periodicals  published  :  <W\)- 
men  in  American  Society  >  (1873);  ^Browsing 
among  Books'  (1881);  'George  Eliot  and  her 
Heroines  >  (1886);  and  <  Dress  as  it  Affects  the 
Health  of  Women  >  (1874),  a  series  of  lectures. 
Woolson,  Constance  Fenimore.  An  Amer- 
ican novelist  and  poet ;  born  at  Claremont, 
N.  IL,  March  5,  1848;  died  at  Venice,  January 
1894.  Her  principal  books  are  :  '  Castle  No- 
where)  (1875);  'Rodman  the  Keeper)  (1880); 
'Anne)  (1882);  'For  the  Major)  (1883);  'East 
Angels)  (1886);  'Jupiter  Lights)  (1889);  and 
'Horace  Chase)  (1894). 

Worcester,  Joseph  Emerson.  A  famous 
American  lexicographer,  author  of  'Worces- 
ter's Dictionary ) ;  born  in  Bedford,  N.  H.,  Aug. 
24,  1784 ;  settled  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1820, 
and  died  there,  Oct.  27,  1865.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  181 1,  and  very  shortly  began  his  life 
work  as  a  dictionary-maker.  His  first  publi- 
cation was:  'A  Geographical  Dictionary,  or 
Universal  Gazetteer)  (1817,  revised  1823);  fol- 
lowed by '  Gazetteer  of  the  United  States )  (1818); 
'Elements  of  Geography)  (1819);  'Sketches  of 
the  Earth  and  its  Inhabitants)  (1823);  <  Elements 
of  History)  (1826).  In  1830  he  published  the 
<  Comprehensive  Pronouncing  and  Explanatory 
English  Dictionary )  (enlarged  editions  appeared 
1847-49-55).  In  i860  he  published  the  great 
quarto,  'Dictionary  of  the  English  Language) 
(Illustrated),  a  standard  authority  wherever  the 
English  tongue  is  spoken. 

Wordsworth,  William.  A  great  English  poet; 
born  at  Cockermouth,  Cumberland,  April  7, 
1770;  died  at  Rydal  Mount,  April  23,  1850. 
He  was  poet-laureate,  1843.  A  resident  of 
the  lake  district  in  W'estmoreland  and  Cum- 
berland, he  was  one  of  the  celebrated  "  Lake 
School))  or  "Lake  Poets,))  which  included 
also  Coleridge  and  Southey.  Among  his  best- 
known  works  were:  'An  Evening  Walk) 
(1793);  'Lyrical  Ballads)  (1798);  two  volumesof 
'Poems)  (1807);  'The  Excursion)  (1814);  new 
edition  of 'Poems)  (1815);  'The  White  Doe  of 


WORK  — WRIGHT 


585 


Kylstone>  {1815);  <  Thanksgiving  Ode>  (1816); 

<  Peter    BelP    and    <The    Waggoner>     (1819); 

<  Yarrow  Revisited,  and  Otlier  Poems  >  (1835); 
< Sonnets)  (1838);  < The  Prelude >  (1850);  etc. 

Work,  Henry  Clay.  A  leading  American 
song-writer;  born  in  Middletown,  Conn.,  Oct. 
I,  1832;  died  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  June  8,  1884. 
He  was  highly  popular  in  three  different  classes 
of  songs  :   of  the  War,  as  <  Kingdom  CominV 

<  Wake  Nicodemus, '  <  Babylon  is  Fallen, ' 
'Marching  Through  Georgia*;  of  temperance, 
as  <  Father,  Dear  Father,  Come  Home  with 
Me  Now*;  sentimental,  as  <  My  Grandfather's 
Clock)  and  <  Lily  Dale.> 

Workman,  Mrs.  Fanny  (Bullock).  An 
American  writer  of  travels ;  born  in  Massachu- 
setts, 1859.  She  has  written :  'Algerian  Memo- 
ries * ;  <  A  Bicycle  Tour  over  the  Atlas  to  the 
Sahara* ;  <  Ice-bound  Heights  of  the  Mustagh.> 

Wormeley,  Katharine  Prescott.  An  Amer- 
ican author,  and  prominent  translator  from  the 
FVench;  born  in  Suffolk,  England,  July  14, 
1832.  She  is  most  widely  known  as  a  trans- 
lator of  Honore  de  Balzac's  novels  ;  and  has 
written:  «The  Cruel  Side  of  War*  (1881)  ; 
'Life  of  Balzac*;  <The  U.  S.  Sanitary  Com- 
mission* (1863). 

Wornum,  Ralph  Nicholson.  An  English 
writer  on  the  fine  arts ;  born  at  Thornton, 
North  Durham,  Dec.  29,  18 12;  died  at  I  lamp- 
stead,  Dec.  15,  1877.  lie  was  keeper  and  sec- 
retary of  the  National  Gallery  (1855).  He 
wrote:  'Analysis  of  Ornament*  (1856);  'Sketch 
of  the  History  of  Painting*  (4th  ed.  1861); 
'Epochs  of  Painting*  (1864);  'Life  of  Hol- 
bein' (1867). 

Worsaae,  Jens  Jakob  Asmussen  (vor'sa-e). 
A  Danish  historian ;  born  at  Veile,  Jutland, 
March  14,  1821 ;  died  near  llolbak,  Aug.  15, 
1885.  He  was  director  of  the  Museum  of 
Northern  Antiquities,  Copenhagen,  from  1866; 
minister  of  public  worship  1874-75.  He  wrote : 
'Primeval  Antiquities  of  Denmark*  (1843); 
'  Account  of  the  Danes  in  England,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland*  (1851);  'The  Danish  Conquest  of 
England  and  Normandy*  (1863);  etc. 

Wotton,  Henry,  Sir.  An  English  diploma- 
tist, poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at 
Boughton,  Malherbe,  Kent,  March  30,  1568; 
died  at  Eton,  December  1639.  After  spending 
twenty  years  almost  continuously  in  the  diplo- 
matic service,  he  became  provost  of  Eton  in 
1625.  He  wrote :  '  Poems,*  which  have  been 
piany  times  reprinted,  generally  with  those  of 
Raleigh;  '  Reliquia  Wottonianre*  (Wotton's 
Remains:  1651),  his  best-known  work,  edited 
with  a  life  by  his  friend  Izaak  Walton;  'Ele- 
ments of  Architectuie*;  'State  of  Christen- 
dom * ;  etc. 

Wotton,  William.  An  English  clergyman  and 
scholar;  bom  at  Wrentham,  Suffolk,  Aug.  13, 
;666;  died  at  Buxted,  Essex,  Feb.  13,1726.  He 
was  prebendary  at  Salisbury  1705.  lie  wrote 
'  Reflections  upon  Ancient  and  Modern  Learn- 
ing '  (3'i  ed.  1795),  'History  of  Rome  *  (1701), 


etc.;  and  edited  the  <  Laws  of  Howe!  the  Good* 
(1730),  in  Welsh  and  Latin,  with  glossary. 

Wraxall,  Sir  Nathaniel  William.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman  and  historian ;  born  at  Bristol, 
April  8,  1751 ;  died  at  Dover,  Nov.  7,  1831. 
Going  to  India  in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company  in  1769,  he  remained  there  till  1772; 
then  spent  several  years  traveling;  was  Mem- 
ber of  Parliament  in  1780.  He  wrote  :  '  Kings 
of  France  of  the  House  of  Valois*  (1777); 
'History  of  France*  (1795);  'Memoirs  of  the 
Courts  of  Berlin,  Dresden,  Warsaw,  and  Vienna  * 
(1799J;  '  Historical  Memoirs  of  my  Own  Time  * 
(new  ed.  5  vols.,  1884);  etc. 

Wright,  Carroll  Davidson.  An  American 
statistician,  lecturer,  and  writer  on  political  econ- 
omy ;  born  in  Dunbarton,  N.  II.,  July  25,  1840. 
After  distinguished  service  in  the  Civil  War, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Legis- 
lature, 1871-72;  afterwards  chief  of  the  State 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  lecturer  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, and  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Labor  from  1885.  He  is  professor  of  political 
science  in  the  Catholic  I'niversity  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  Besides  numerous  addresses,  pam- 
plilets,  and  articles  in  reviews,  he  has  published  : 
<  Reports  of  Massachusetts  Bureau  of  Labor  > 
(15  vols.,  1873-88);  'Census  of  Massachusetts* 
(1876-77);  'The  Factory  System  of  the  United 
States*  (1882);  Reports  of  the  U.  S.  Commis- 
sioner of  Labor,  including  '  Industrial  Depres- 
sions* (1886), 'Convict  Labor*  (1886), '  Strikes 
and  Lockouts' (1887),  'Railroad  Labor*;  and 
'  Battles  of  Labor.'  He  has  writen  much  on 
social  economy  and  is  authority  on  statistics. 

Wright,  Elizur.  An  American  reformer,  jour- 
nalist, and  author;  born  in  South  Canaan, 
Conn.,  Feb.  12,  1804 ;  died  in  Medford,  Mass., 
Nov.  21,  1885.  He  graduated  at  Yale,  1826; 
taught  school,  and  was  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  Western  Reserve  College,  1829-33. 
He  was  identified  with  the  Anti-Slavery  move- 
ment in  1833;  was  editor  of  the  newspapers 
The  Emancipator,  and  Human  Rights,  and 
the  quarterly  Anti-Slavery  Magazine.  He  pub- 
lished several  works  on  life  insurance, '  Savings 
Banks  Life  Insurance*  (1872),  'The  Politics 
and  Mysteries  of  Life  Insurance'  (1873),  etc.; 
and  was  Insurance  Commissioner  of  Massa- 
chusetts. He  wrote  an  introduction  to  Whit- 
tier's  poems  (1844);  and  published  a  translation 
in  verse  of  <La  Fontaine's  Fables*  (1859.) 

Wright,  Fanny.     See  D'Arusmont. 

Wright,  George  Frederick.  An  American 
geologist  and  author;  born  in  Whitehall,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  22,  1838.  He  was  a  Congregational  cler- 
gyman (1862-72),  and  professor  of  Harmony 
of  Science  and  Revelation  in  Oberlin  Col- 
lege. Since  1884  he  has  been  connected  with 
the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  His  works  in- 
clude :<  The  Logic  of  Christian  Evidence*  (1880); 
'Studies  in  Science  and  Religion*  (1882);* The 
Relation  of  Death  to  Probation*  (1882);  'The 
Glacial  Boundary  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Ken- 
tucky*   (1884);  'The  Divine  Authority  of  the 


586 

Bible  >  (1884) ;  <The  Tee  Age  in  North  America'; 

<  Man  and  Glacial  Period  > ;  <  Asiatic  Russia.> 

Wright,  Henrietta  Christian.  An  American 
writer  for  the  young.      Her  works  include  the 

<  Golden  Fairy  Series  >  (5  vols.,  1883 ;  published 
also  as  <  The  Little  Folk  in  Green,>  illustrated, 
1883) ;  <  Children's  Stories  of  American  Progress  > 
(1886);  <  Children's  Stories  of  the  Great  Scien- 
tists' (1888). 

Wright,  Mrs.  Julia  (McNair).  An  Ameri- 
can author  and  writer  of  temperance  tales; 
born  in  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  May  i,  1840.  Her 
books  are  anti-Catholic  in  tone,  and  include  : 

<  Priest  and  Nun>  (1869);  <Jug-or-Not>  (1870); 

<  Saints  and  Sinners'  (1873);  <  The  Early  Church 
in  Britain'  (1874);  < Bricks  from  Babel'  (1876); 
<The  Complete  Home'  (1879);  <A  Wife  Hard 
Won'  (1882),  etc.     Died  Sept.  2,  1903. 

Wright,  Mrs.  Mahel  (Osgood).  An  Ameri- 
can writer  on  nature ;  born  in  New  York,  1859. 
She  has  written:  <The  Friendship  of  Nature,' 
a  series  of  outdoor  studies ;  <  Birdcraft,'  a  book 
on  New  England  birds:  'Tommy- Anne:  A  Natu- 
ral History  Story' ;  <Citizen  Bird,'  a  book  for  be- 
ginners ;  <  Gray  Lady  and  the  Birds.' 

Wright,  Thomas.  An  English  antiquary 
and  historian;  born  near  Ludlow,  April  23,  1810; 
died  at  Chelsea,  Dec.  23,  1877.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  British  Archaeological 
Association,  and  directed  the  excavation  of  Uri- 
conium.  A  prolific  worker,  he  wrote  :  <  Queen 
Elizabeth  and  her  Times'  (1838);  < Essays  on 
the  Literature,  Popular  Superstitions,  and  His- 
tory of  England  in  the  Middle  Ages'  (1846); 
•Narrative    of    Sorcery    and    Magic'     (1851); 

<  Wanderings  of  an  Antiquary'  (1854);  < Essays 
on  Archaeological  Subjects'  (1861);  < Manners 
and  Sentiments  in  England  during  the  Middle 
Ages'  (1862);  <  Caricature  History  of  the 
Georges'  (new  ed.  1868);  *  Womankind  in  West- 
ern Europe'  (1869);  <  History  of  Caricature 
and  the  Grotesque'  (2d  ed.  1875);  <The  Celt, 
the  Roman,  and  the  Saxon'  (5th  ed.  1890);  etc. 
He  edited  <  Early  English  Poetry  >  (1836);  <  Piers 
Plowman'  (1842);  < The  Chester  Plays'  (1843- 
47);  <The  Canterbury  Tales'  (1847-51);  'Works 
of  James  Gillray'  (1873);  etc. 

Wright,  William  Aldis.  An  English  editor, 
noted  as  a  Shakespearean  scholar;  born  about 
1836.  He  was  the  principal  contributor  in  Bib- 
lical geography  and  biography  to  Dr.  Smith's 
'Dictionary  of  the  Bible'  (3  vols.,  1860-63), 
and  made  an  abridged  edition.  He  edited 
Bacon's  essays  (1862),  and  his  'Advancement 
of  Learning'  (i86g);  was  co-editor  with  W. 
Clark,  of  the  '  Cambridge  Shakspeare  >  (9  vols., 
1863-66),  and  the  'Globe  Shakspeare'  (i  vol., 
1864);  and  edited  the  'Bible  Word-Book'  (1866), 
Chaucer's  '  Clerk's  Tale,'  the  '  Metrical  Chroni- 
cle' of  Robert  of  Gloucester,  and  other  works. 

Wright,  William  Burnet.  An  American 
Congregational  clergyman ;  born  in  Ohio,  1836. 
Among  his  books  are :  '  Ancient  Cities  from 
the  Dawn  to  the  Daylight ' ;  <  The  World  to 


WRIGHT— WYCLIF 


Come  ' ;  'Master  and  Men' ;  <  The  Sermon  on  the 
Mountain  Practiced  on  the  Plain';  'Cities  of  Paul.' 
Wulflla.     See  Ulfilas. 

Wundt,  Wilhelm  Max  (vont).  A  distin- 
guished German  physiologist  and  philosopher; 
born  at  Neckarau,  Baden,  Aug.  16,  1832.  He 
has  been  professor  of  philosophy  at  Leipsic 
since  1875.  His  works  include :  '  Science  of 
Muscular  Motion'  (1858);  'Manual  of  Human 
Physiology'  (4th  ed.  1878);  'Ethics'  (2d  ed. 
1892);  'The  Human  and  the  Animal  Soul'  (2d 
ed.  1892;  in  English,  1894);  'Logic'  (2d  ed. 
1892-95);  'Elements  of  Physiological  Psychol- 
ogy '  (4th  ed.  1893) ;  '  System  of  Philosophy ' 
(2d  ed.  1897);  'Outline  of  Psychology'  (2d  ed. 
1897 ;  in  English,  1894) ;  etc.  As  a  physiolo- 
gist he  has  advanced  psychology  by  his  work. 
As  a  philosopher  he  has  introduced  the  in- 
ductive method  into  sciences  previously  purely 
speculative  {e.  g.,  logic  and  ethics),  and  sought 
to  advance  psychology  by  exact  measurements 
(as  of  the  time  needed  by  a  nerve  stimulation 
to  reach  consciousness  and  become  a  percept). 

Wuttke,  Emma  (vot'ke).  A  German  novelist, 
wife  of  Heinrich  Wuttke ;  born  at  Breslau, 
March  7,  1833.  Her  home  is  at  Dresden.  She 
became  known  under  her  maiden  name,  E. 
Biller,  as  a  writer  for  the  young.  Since  marry- 
ing, she  has  written  the  successful  historical 
romances  :  '  Barbara  Ittenhausen '  (6th  ed.  1896); 
'Barbara  of  Brandenburg'  (2d  ed.  1896); 
<  Under  the  Governess's  Sceptre '  (1888); '  Duty' 
(1896);  etc. 

Wuttke,  Heinrich.  A  German  historian  and 
politician;  born  at  Brieg,  Silesia,  Feb.  12,  1818; 
died  at  Leipsic,  June  14,  1876.  He  was  pro- 
fessor at  Leipsic  (1848),  and  member  of  the 
national  assembly ;  in  the  latter  capacity  he 
was  a  founder  and  prominent  representative 
of  the  "  Great  German "  party.  He  wrote : 
'King  Frederick  the  Great'  (1S42-43);  'Poles 
and  Germans'  (1847);  'The  Battle  of  Leipsic' 
(1863);  'German  Periodicals  and  the  Forma- 
tion of  Public  Opinion'  (3d  ed.  1876);  etc. 

Wyatt,  Sir  Thomas.  An  English  poet  and 
diplomatist ;  born  at  Arlington  Castle,  Kent, 
1503;  died  at  Sherborne,  Oct.  II,  1542.  He 
wrote  many  poems,  chiefly  love  sonnets,  in  the 
Italian  manner.  These  were  published  in  1557, 
and  have  been  often  reprinted.  The  best 
edition  of  his  complete  works  is  that  by  Rev. 
George  F.  Nott,  along  with  those  of  his  friend, 
the  Earl  of  Surrey  (2  vols.,  1815-16). 

Wycherley,  William.  An  English  dramatist ; 
born  at  Clive,  about  1640 ;  died  in  London, 
Jan.  I,  1716.  Some  of  his  plays  were :  '  Love 
in  a  Wood'  (1672);  'The  Gentleman  Dancing- 
Master'  (1673);  'The  Country  Wife'  (1675); 
and  'The  Plain-Dealer'  (1677).  A  volume  of 
'Poems 'was  published  in  1704.  His  comedies 
were  in  prose,  and  very  coarse.  His  '  Post- 
humous Works'  were  published  in  1728;  and 
his  collected  'Plays'  in  1712. 

Wyclif,  Wicklifife  or  Wiclif,  John.  Bom 
near  Richmond,  England,  probably  some  years 


WYNNE  — XENOPHON  OF  EPHESUS 


587 


before  1324;  died  Dec.  31,  1384.  His  great 
work  was  the  translation,  with  the  help  of  his 
pupils,  of  the  entire  Bible  into  English  (1382). 
Some  of  his  writings,  edited  by  different  hands, 
have  been  issued  from  1840  to  1880;  as:  <  Last 
Age  of  the  Church  >;  <  Apology  for  Lollard 
Doctrines  > ;  <  Three  Treatises  ( I )  of  the  Church 
and  her  members;  (2)  of  the  Apostacy  of  the 
Church;  (3)  of  Antichrist  and  his  Maynee'; 
•  English  Tracts  and  Treatises,'  with  <  Selections 
and  Translations  from  his  Latin  Works  > ;  <  Se- 
lect English  Works,*  including  many  sermons 
(3  vols.);  <  English  Works  Hitherto  Unpub- 
lished,' issued  in  1880.  Many  of  his  Latin  writ- 
ings remain  unpublished. 


Wynne,  Mrs.  Madelene  (Yale).  An  Amer- 
ican artist  and  story-writer,  daughter  of  Mrs. 
Catharine  Brooks  Yale ;  born  in  New  York 
State,  1847.  She  has  written  <  The  Little  Room, 
and  Other  Stories.' 

Wyss,  Johann  Rudolf  (vis).  A  Swiss  author ; 
born  at  Berne,  March  13,  1781 ;  died  there, 
March  31,  1830.  His  writings  are :  <  Lectures 
on  the  Supreme  Good'  (2  vols.,  1811);  <  Idylls, 
Folk-Songs,  Legends,  and  Narratives  from 
Switzerland'  (3  vols.,  1815-22);  and  *  Travels 
in  the  Bernese  Alps'  (1808).  He  edited  a  series 
called  <Alpenrose'  (20  vols.,  181 1-30).  His 
<  Swiss  Family  Robinson '  has  been  translated 
into  many  languages. 


Xacca,  Erasmus  (Ha'ka).  A  Sicilian  writer; 
born  about  1643 ;  died  about  1708.  He  was 
doctor  of  theology,  medicine,  and  laws,  and 
took  orders,  but  devoted  much  time  to  litera- 
ture. He  left  <An  Exposition  of  the  Psalms 
of  David,'  and  an  original  poem,  <A  Brief 
Narrative  of  the  Eruption  of  Mt.  Etna  in  the 
Year  1669,'  published  1671. 

Xanthos  (zan'thos).  A  Greek  lyric  poet, 
who  lived  probably  about  650  B.  C.  Nothing 
of  his  poetry  has  been  preserved,  but  he  is 
Jiighly  spoken  of  by  other  writers. 

Xanthos  of  Lydia.  A  Greek  historian ;  liv- 
ing about  the  sixth  century  B.  C,  contempo- 
rary with  Herodotus.  He  wrote  a  work  called 
<  Lydiaca,'  being  a  history  of  Lydia  from  heroic 
times  down,  and  giving  also  a  geographical 
description  of  the  country;  only  fragments  of 
it  have  been  preserved. 

Xarlffa.    See  Mrs.  Mary  Ashley  Townsend. 

Xavier,  Francisco  (zav'e-er).  The  Apostle 
of  the  Indies ;  born  at  Xaviero,  his  mother's 
castle  in  the  Basque  country,  April  7  (?),  1506; 
died  in  the  island  of  Sancian  near  China,  Dec. 
2  or  22,  1552.  His  works  comprise  :  <  Letters,' 
in  five  volumes,  published  at  Paris  in  1631 ;  a 
< Catechism';  and  some  short  treatises.  He 
played  a  prominent  part  in  the  foundation  of 
the  Jesuit  order,  and  was  canonized  in  1622. 

Xavier,  Jerome  (zav'e-er;  Span,  pron.,  Ha- 
ve-ar').  A  Spanish  Jesuit  missionary  and  writer; 
born  in  Navarre;  died  in  Goa,  16 — .  He  wrote 
both  in  Latin  and  in  Persian.  Among  his 
chief  works  are :  <  A  Treatise  on  the  Mysteries 
of  Christianity '  ( 1600) ;  a  <  Life  of  the  Apostles '; 
a  <  History  of  Jesus  Christ';  and  a  <  Directory 
of  Kings  for  the  Government  of  their  Sub- 
jects.' 

Xenarchus  (ze-nar'kus).  An  Athenian  comic 
poet  of  the  Middle  Comedy;  flourished  about 
350  to  330  B.  C.  Fragments  of  his  works  are 
extant. 


Xebocles  (zen'o-klez).  A  Greek  tragic  poet ; 
born  at  Athens,  about  the  fourth  century  B.  C, 
in  the  time  of  Philip  of  Macedon.  Little  is 
known  of  his  life,  but  he  obtained  a  prize  for 
four  plays,  <  CEdipus,'  <  Lycaon,'  the  <  Bacchan- 
tes,' and  <Athamas.' 

Xenocrates  (ze-nok'ra-tez).  A  Greek  writer 
and  philosopher ;  born  in  Chalcedon,  in  396 
B.  C;  died  314  in  Athens,  where  he  had 
removed  in  early  youth,  and  where  he  joined 
Plato.  He  was  for  some  years  scholarch,  or 
rector,  of  the  Academy.  His  writings  were 
numerous,  chiefly  on  metaphysics  and  ethics, 
laying  special  stress  upon  the  latter,  and  work- 
ing on  Platonic  lines.  He  is  said  to  have  first 
divided  philosophy  into  physic,  didactic,  and 
ethic. 

Xenophanes  (ze-nof'a-nez).  A  Greek  writer 
and  philosopher;  born  in  Colophon  about  the 
third  or  fourth  decade  of  the  sixth  century 
B.  C,  and  died  at  the  age  of  92,  at  Elea,  in 
Southern  Italy,  where,  exiled  from  his  Ionian 
home,  he  had  established  himself.  He  is  the 
reputed  founder  of  the  Eleatic  philosophy,  and 
his  teachings  found  expression  in  both  elegiac 
and  epic  poems,  the  most  important  being  <  On 
Nature  >  and  <  Satires.' 

Xenophon  (zen'o-fon).  The  famous  author 
of  the  <  Anabasis';  born  at  Athens,  about  430 
B.  C;  died  in  Corinth,  about  355  B.  C.  He  is 
the  author  of  the  'Hellenics';  'Anabasis'; 
'  Encomium  of  Agesilaus ' ;  <  Horsemanship ' ; 
<  Hipparchicus';  <  Cynegeticus ' ;  <  Lacedaemo- 
nian Polity';  <  Cyropsedeia ' ;  'Athenian  Fi- 
nance ' ;  <  Memorabilia  of  Socrates ' ;  <  Sympo- 
sium ' ;  <  Qiconomicus ' ;  <  Hieron ' ;  'Apology  of 
Socrates.*  <The  Polity  of  Athens'  is  now  re- 
garded as  an  anonymous  work  incorporated 
into  the  text  of  Xenophon,  but  probably  not 
his. 

Xenophon  of  Ephesus,  called  Xenophon 
the  Younger.  A  Greek  writer,  who  lived  in 
the  second  century  of  the  Christian  era.    Only 


588 

one  work  of  his  has  been  preserved,  a  story  iu 
five  books,  called  <  Ephesiaca ;  or.  The  Loves  of 
Abrocomas  and  Anthia,>  the  style  of  which 
is  pure,  elegant,  and  yet  simple,  and  the  action 
rapid. 

Xenos,  Stefanos  Theodores  (zen'os).  A 
modern  Greek  historical  writer.  He  resided 
for  many  years  in  London.  He  wrote:  <The 
Devil  in  Turkey ;  or,  Scenes  in  Constantinople  > 
(London,  1850);  <The  Heroine  of  the  Greek 
Revolution  >  (1861),  republished  in  America  as 
<Andronike>;  < East  and  West'  (1865). 

Xeres,  Francisco  (Har'as).  A  Spanish  his- 
torian, who  lived  in  the  sixteenth  century,  ac- 
companying Pizarro,  as  his  secretary,  to  Peru, 
about  1530.  Of  that  expedition  he  wTote  a 
detailed  history,  entitled  <A  True  Account  of 
the  Conquest  of  Peru>  (1549),  still  considered 
of  great  value  as  a  source  of  information. 

Xlmenes,  August  Louis  (ze-ma-nes').  A 
French  poet  of  Spanish  descent ;  born  at  Paris, 
1726 ;  died  1815.  Among  his  writings  are  sev- 
eral tragedies,  notably  one  called  <  Don  Car- 
los';  also  a  poem,  <C?esar  in  the  Senate,'  and 
critical  essays  of  value. 

Ximenes,  Enrico  Emilio  (ne-ma'nes).  An 
Italian  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Palermo, 
May  14,  1857.  He  founded,  in  1882,  the  daily 
journals  Vespers  and  Democracy  at  Palenno. 
He  has  written  <The  Sicilian  Vespers'  (1882), 
<Ninna-Nanna>  (18S4),  in  verse;  <  Critical  Study 
of  Garibaldian  Literature  >  (1885);  <  Correspond- 
ence of  Giuseppe  Garibaldi'  (2  vols.,  1886); 
< Syracuse  in  the  Past  and  Present'  (1887); 
<Anna  Bonanno,'  a  historical  romance;  <Two 
Years  of  History';  etc. 

Ximenes,  Jacques  (iie-ma'nes).  A  Spanish 
poet,  living  in  the  sixteenth  century.  Little  is 
known  of  his  life,  save  that  he  took  part  in 
the  war  in  the  Netherlands.  He  wrote  a 
poem,  <The  Invincible  Knight,  the  Cid  Ruy 
Diaz  of  Bivar'  (1579);  and  left  a  collection  of 
sonnets  (1669). 


XENOS  — YALE 


Ximenes,  Peter  (she-ma'nes).  A  Portuguese- 
Dutch  theologian ;  bom  at  Middelburg,  Hol- 
land, 1514;  died  1595.  He  wrote  in  Latin 
<  Demonstration  of  the  Catholic  Truth.' 

Ximenes,  Rodrigo.  A  Spanish  prelate  and 
historian,  who  died  1249.  He  took  part  in  the 
war  against  the  Moors,  and  wrote  a  <  History 
of  Spain  ' ;  <  History  of  the  Huns  and  Vandals' ; 
a  'History  of  the  Arabs';  and  a  < History  of 
Rome.' 

Ximenes  or  Jimenes,  de  Cisneros,  Francisco 
(da  thes-na'ros).  A  Spanish  churchman  and 
statesman ;  born  at  Torrelaguna  in  Castile, 
1436  (?);  died  at  Roa  about  1517.  He  became 
archbishop  of  Toledo  1495,  and  at  the  same 
time  was  appointed  grand  chancellor  of  Cas- 
tile ;  he  was  raised  to  the  Cardinalate  1507.  He 
founded  the  University  of  Alcald  de  Henares 
1500,  and  at  his  own  expense  procured  the 
printing  of  the  Complutensian  Polyglot  Bible, 
containing  the  original  Hebrew  and  Greek 
texts,  the  Septuagint  Greek  and  the  Vulgate 
Latin  translations,  and  the  Targum  of  Onkelos 
(6  vols.,  1514-17)- 

Ximeno  or  Jimeno,  Vicente  (ne-ma'no).  A 
Spanish  biographer;  born  at  Valencia,  about 
1700.  He  was  the  author  of  a  <  Literary  History 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Valencia'  (2  vols.,  1747-49). 

Xuares,  Gaspar  (nwa'ras).  A  South- Amer- 
ican botanist,  historian,  and  biographer;  born 
at  Santiago  del  Estero,  Paraguay ;  died  at 
Rome,  1804.  Belonging  to  the  order  of  Jesuits, 
he  devoted  himself  to  teaching  philosophy  and 
theology ;  after  the  suppression  of  his  order 
he  removed  to  Italy,  where  he  occupied  him- 
self with  botany.  He  wrote  :  <  History  of  Buenos 
Ayres,'  and  <  Dissertations,'  both  remaining  in 
MS.;  <Life  of  St.  Francis  Xavier';  etc. 

Xylander,  Joseph  Carl  August  (ksi-lan'der). 
A  German  officer  and  military  writer;  born  at 
Munich,  1794 ;  died  1854.  He  wrote  :  <A  Manual 
of  Tactics ' ;  <  Strategy  and  its  Application  > 
(1818);  and  many  other  works,  among  them  a 
<  History  of  the  War  in  Sweden  in  1808-9* 
(1825). 


Yakhontov,  Alexander  Nikolaiewich  (ya- 
kon-tof).  A  Russian  politician  and  poet;  born 
in  the  district  of  Pskov,  June  28,  1820.  He 
has  held  a  number  of  important  positions  in 
his  native  district.  He  has  written  for  Rus- 
sian journals  (1843-89)  a  mass  of  lyrical  and 
satirical  poems,  from  which  appeared  a  <  Col- 
lection '  in  1884.  He  has  published  also  sev- 
eral popular  historical  and  scientific  works  and 
translations,  and  translations  from  Goethe  and 
Leasing. 

Talden,  Thomas.  An  English  poet;  born  at 
Oxford,  1669-70;  died,  1736.    He  wrote  an  <Ode 


for  St.  Cecilia's  Day'  (1693);  'The  Temple  of 
Fame,'  on  the  death  of  the  Duke  of  Glouces- 
ter (1700);  <yEsop  at  Court,'  a  collection  of 
fables  (1702).  His  <  Hymn  to  Light'  is  the 
most  notable  of  his  poetical  compositions.  He 
is  best  remembered  as  Swift's  friend. 

Yale,  Mrs.  Catharine  (Brooks).  An  Ameri- 
can writer,  living  at  Deerfield,  Mass.  She  was 
born  in  Vermont  in  1818,  and  is  the  wife  ot 
Linus  Yale,  inventor  of  the  Yale  lock.  She 
has  written :  <  Story  of  the  Old  Willard  House 
of  Deerfield,  Mass.';  <Nim  and  Cum,  and  the 
Wonderhead  Stories,' 


YANGUAS-YONGE 


589 


Yanguas  y  Miranda  Joa^  (yan'gwas  e  me- 
ran'da).  A  Spanish  archaeologist ;  died  about 
i860.  His  principal  works  are  :<  Short  History 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Navarre  >  (1833);  <  History 
of  the  Conquest  of  the  Kingdom  of  Navarre, 
by  the  Duke  of  Alva  >  (1843);  *  Dictionary  of 
the  Antiquities  of  the  Kingdom  of  Navarre '  (4 
vols.,  1840-43). 

Yanoskl,  Jean  (ya-nos-ke').  A  French  writer 
on  history;  born  at  Lons-le-Saulnier,  1813;  died 
1851.  He  wrote:  'Christian  Africa,  and  the 
Domination  of  the  Vandals  in  Africa  >  (1844); 

<  Abolition  of  Ancient  Slavery  >;  <  National  Mil- 
itary Forces  from  the  Thirteenth  Century  to 
the  Reign  of  Charles  VII.> 

Yardley,  Edward,  Jr.  An  English  story  and 
verse  writer.  He  has  published :  <  Fantastic 
Stories  >  (1864);  <  Melusine,  and  Other  Poems  > 
(1867);  <  Supplementary  Stories  and  Poems  > 
(1870);  <The  Supernatural  in  Romantic  Fic- 
tion >  (1880);  besides  an  English  translation  of 
tour  books  of  Horace's  Odes  (1669). 

Yardley,  Mrs.  Jane.  An  American  novel- 
ist, who  has  written  in  the  <  No  Name '  series  : 
< Little  Sister'  (1882);  <A  Superior  Woman' 
(1885). 

Yarrell,  William.  An  English  naturalist; 
born  at  Westminster,  1784;  died  at  Yarmouth, 
September  1856.  He  is  author  of  <  The  History 
of  British  Fishes  >  (2  vols.,  1836),  and  <  The  His- 
tory of  British  Birds'  (2  vols.,  1843);  both 
written  in  an  elegant  and  popular  style,  and 
illustrated  artistically,  yet  without  impairing  the 
scientific  accuracy  of  the  exposition. 

Yates,  Edmund.  An  English  journalist  and 
novelist ;  born  at  Edinburgh.  1831  ;  died 
London,  May  20,  1894.  He  was  a  con- 
tributor to  All  the  Year  Round  for  several  years, 
and  from  1874  till  his  death  conducted  the  Lon- 
don society  journal.  The  World.  He  wrote : 
<My    Haunts    and   their   Frequenters'    (1854); 

<  Black  Sheep'  (1867);  <  Wrecked  in  Port' 
(1869);  <Dr.  Wainwright's  Patient'  (1871); 
<The  Yellow  Flag'  (1873);  <  Personal  Remi- 
niscences and  Experiences'  (2  vols.,  1884). 

Yazikov  (yii-ze-kof').  A  Russian  lyric  poet; 
born  at  Simbirsk,  1805 ;  died  1846.  He  was 
called  <<the  Russian  Anacreon."  His  earlier 
verse  was  notable  for  sweetness  and  melody ; 
his  later  work  was  more  serious  in  character. 

Yearsley,  Mrs.  Ann.  An  English  poetical  and 
dramatic  writer,  originally  a  milk-woman  ;  born 
in  Bristol,  about  1756;  died  1806.  She  was  be- 
friended by  Hannah  More,  and  under  her  aus- 
pices published  a  romance,  •  The  Royal  Cap- 
tives,' and  a  collection  of  poems. 

Yeats,  S.  Levett.  An  English  novelist.  He 
resides  in  India,  where  he  is  a  lieutenant  in 
the  Punjaub  Light  Horse.  He  has  written : 
^I'he  Honour  of  Savelli'  (1895);  *A  Galahad 
of  the  Creeks'  (1897);  <The  Chevalier  D'Au- 
riac'  (1897). 

Yeats,  William  Butler.  An  Irish  poet  and 
writer    of    romance ;    born    in    Dublin,    June 


13,  1865.  His  first  book  of  poems,  containmg 
the  <  Island  of  Statues,'  and  other  brief  plays 
and  poems,  is  included  in  his  later  volume, 
<The  Wanderings  of  Oisin'  (1887).  Three  vol- 
umes of  <  Irish  Folk  Lore,'  <  Fairy  Tales,'  and 

<  Irish  Stories,'  were  published  in  the  Camelot 
series.  He  has  also  written:  < Celtic  Twilight ' 
(1893);  *  Poems'  (1893);  and  <John  Sherman 
and  Dhoya'  (1893);  <The    Secret    Rose'   and 

<  The  Wind  among  the  Reeds' ;  <  The  Shadowy 
Waters  > ;  <  In  the  Seven  Woods ' ;  <  The  King's 
Threshold  ' ;  <  Deirdre ' ;  <  The  Hour  Glass ' ; 
<The  Unicorn  from  the  Stars'  ;  <  Catherine  Ni 
Houlihan';    <  Rosa    Alchemica';     <Mosada>; 

<  Countess  Cathleen ' ;  <  Golden  Helmet.'  A 
complete  edition  of  his  works  in  eight  volumes 
appeared  in  1909. 

Yelverton,   Maria   Theresa    (Longworth). 

An  English  writer  of  autobiography  and  trav- 
els, and  novelist.  Besides  <  Martyrs  to  Circum- 
stance' (1861),  and  <The  Yelverton  Corre- 
spondence' (1863),  both  relating  to  her  noto- 
rious marriage  with  Major  Yelverton,  she  has 
written:  <  Zanita :  A  Tale  of  the  Yosemite' 
(1871);  <  Fifty  Thousand  Miles  of  Travel  Round 
the  World'  (1874);  <Teresina  in  America' 
(1875). 
Yendis  or  Yendys.  See  Dotoell, 
Yepez,  Antonio  de  (ya'peth).  A  Spanish 
historian ;  born  at  Yenez ;  died  1621.  He  was 
a  Benedictine  monk,  and  wrote  a  valuable 
*  General  Chronicle  of  the  Order  of  St.  Benedict ' 
(7  vols.,  1609-21). 

Yepez,  Diego  de.  A  Spanish  historian ;  born 
at  Yepez,  near  Toledo,  1559;  died  at  Tarragona, 
1613,  of  which  see  he  was  bishop.  His  princi 
pal  works  are :  <  History  of  the  Persecution  in 
England  Since  1570'  (1599);  <  Memoir  on  the 
Death  of  Philip  11.'  (1607). 

Ymbert,  Jean  Albert  (ah-bar').  A  French 
writer  of  comedy ;  born  about  1786 ;  died  1846. 
He  wrote :  <A  Husband  Unknown  to  Him- 
self; <The  Art  of  Getting  Office'  (1817);  <A 
Bachelor's  Dinner'  (1820);  <The  Automaton 
Man'  (1820);  <The  Obliging  Man'  (1820); 
<The  Propertyless  Proprietor'  (1820);  <The 
Neutral  City ;  or.  The  Burgomaster  of  Neustadt ' 
(1825). 

Yonge,  Charles  Duke  (j'ung).  An  English 
historical  writer  and  classical  scholar ;  bom 
1812;  died  1891.  Pie  has  published  :<  An  Eng- 
lish-Greek Lexicon'  (1849);  <A  New  Gradus  ad 
Parnassum  of  the  Latin  Language'  (1850); 
< Three  Centuries  of  English  History'  (1872); 
< Three  Centuries  of  English  Literature'  (1872); 

<  A  Life  of  Marie  Antoinette,  Queen  of  France ' 
(1876);  etc. 

Yonge,  Charlotte  Mary.  An  English  novelist ; 
bom  at  Otterbourne,  Hampshire,  Aug  II,  1823; 
died  there  March  24,  1901.  She  published 
more  tlian  30  novels,  usually  of  <'  High  Church" 
tendencies,  the  most  popular  of  which  are : 
<The  Heir  of  Redclyffe'  (1853)  and  <  Daisy 
Chain  ;  or.  Aspirations'  (1856).  Among  herhis 
torical  and  bioffraphicai  works  are  :  <  The  Kings 


590 

of  England)  (1848);  'Landmarks  of  History, 
Ancient,  Middle  Age,  and  xModern  >  (1852-57); 
•The  Victorian  Half-Century >  (1887);  etc. 

Youatt,  William.  An  English  writer  on 
veterinary  subjects ;  born  in  1777 ;  died  in  Lon- 
don, 1847.  He  was  for  many  years  professor 
at  the  Royal  Veterinary  College,  and  co-editor 
of  the  Veterinarian,  established  1828.  He  pub- 
lished a  standard  work  on  <The  Horse  >  (1831), 
also  a  book  on  <The  Dog>  (1842),  and  others; 
all  considered  of  high  value  in  their  line. 

Youmans,  Edward  Livingston.  An  Ameri- 
can scientist  and  writer,  long  the  editor  of  the 
Popular  Science  Monthly ;  born  at  Coeymans, 
N.  v.,  1821 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  1887.  His 
chief  works  are :  'Alcohol  and  the  Constitution 
of  Man>  (1854);  <  Hand-Book  of  Household 
Science*  (1857);  'Correlation  and  Conservation 
of  Forces*  (1864);  < The  Culture  Demanded  by 
Modern  Life  >  (1S67);  etc. 

Youmans,  William  Jay.  An  American 
writer  and  chemist ;  born  at  Milton,  Saratoga 
County,  N.  Y.,  in  1838  ;  died  at  Mt.  Vernon, 
N.  v.,  April  10,  1901.      He  published  a  book, 

<  Pioneers  of  Science  in  America  >  ( 1895) ;  edited 
Huxley's  <  Lessons  in  Elementary  Physiology,' 
adding  a  second  part,  <  Elementary  Hygiene  > 
(1867 ) ;  many  years  editor  of  the  Popular  Science 
Monthly,  succeeding   his   brother,  Edward  L. 

Young,  Andrew  White.  An  American  writer 
on  government;  bom  at  Carlisle,  N.  Y.,  March 
2,  1802;  died  at  Warsaw,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  17,  1877. 
He  wrote :  '  Introduction  to  the  Science  of 
Government*  (1835);  'First  Lessons  in  Civil 
Government*  (1843);  'Citizen's  Manual  of  Gov- 
ernment and  Law*  (1851);  'The  American 
Statesman  :  A  Political  History  of  the  United 
States*  (1855);  'National  Economy:  A  History 
of  the  American  Protective  System*  (i860). 

Young,  Arthur.  A  distinguished  English 
writer  on  agriculture  and  social  economy ;  born 
1741 ;  died  1820.  He  made  a  practical  study  of 
agricultural  economy,  and  wrote  :  '  A  Course 
of  Experimental  Agriculture*  (1770);  accounts 
of  tours  of  observation  through  different  quar- 
ters of  England,  among  these,  '  A  Farmer's 
Letters  to  the  People  of  England*  (1768),  'A 
Farmer's  Tour  through  the  East  of  England* 
(1770);  'Travels  in  France*  (2  vols.,  1792),  a 
celebrated  book  which  reveals  the  true  state  of 
the  peasant  population  of  France  on  the  eve 
of  the  Revolution. 

Young,  Charles  Augustus.  An  American 
astronomer ;  born  in  Hanover,  Dec.  15,  1834. 
He  was  professor  at  Western  Reserve  College, 
Ohio,  1856;  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at 
Dartmouth  College,  1865-77,  and  of  astronomy 
at  Princeton  College  from  1878.  Besides  many 
contributions  to  scientific  journals  and  maga- 
zines, he  is  the  author  of  'The  Sun*  in  the 
'International  Scientific  Series*  (1882),  and  a 

<  Text-Book  of  General  Astronomy.*    Died  1908. 

Young,  Edward.  An  English  poet ;  born  at 
Upham,   Hampshire,    1683;  died  at  Welwyn, 


YOUATT— YOUNG 


April  5,  1765.  After  graduating  at  Oxford,  he 
entered  the  Church.  His  masterpiece  is  '  Night 
Thoughts*  (1742-46),  a  gloomy  but  fine  poem 
in  blank  verse.  He  also  wrote  tragedies,  among 
them  'Busiris*  (17 19),  and  'The  Revenge* 
(1721);  as  well  as  a  collection  of  satires  called 
'The  Love  of  Fame*  (1725-28). 

Young,  Edward  Daniel.  An  English  traveler ; 
born  1831.  He  explored  the  Lake  Nyassa  country 
in  1875,  and  wrote  '  Nyassa  *  (1877).     Died  1896. 

Young,  Frederick,  Sir.  An  English  philan- 
thropist, publicist,  and  writer  of  travels ;  bom 
1817.  He  aided  in  securing  Victoria  Park,  Lon- 
don, and  Epping  Forest  to  the  public,  and  in 
establishing  the  People's  Palace ;  has  taken 
great  interest  in  the  emigration  question ;  was 
one  of  the  earliest  advocates  of  imperial  fed- 
eration ;  etc.  He  has  written :  '  Long  Ago  and 
Now  * ;  <  New  Zealand  :  Past,  Present,  and  Fu- 
ture*; 'A  Winter. Tour  in  South  Africa*;  etc.; 
and  edited  'Imperial  Federation*  (1876). 

Young,  Jesse  Bowman.  An  American  Meth- 
odist clerg>'man,  author,  and  editor;  bom  in 
Pennsylvania,  1844.  He  has  been  editor  of 
the  Central  Christan  Advocate  from  1892,  and  has 
written  <  What  a  Boy  Saw  in  the  Army  * ;  '  Days 
and  Nights  on  the  Sea  *  ; '  The  Hungry  Christ.* 

Young,  John.  A  British  clergyman,  and  re- 
ligious and  philosophical  writer.  He  has  pub- 
lished : '  The  Province  of  Reason  >  (i860);  <  Evil 
and  Good*  (2d  ed.  London,  1861);  'The  Life 
and  Light  of  Men*  (1866);  'The  Christ  of 
History*  (6th  ed.  1870);  'The  Creator  and  the 
Creation  >  (1870). 

Tonng,  John  Russell.  An  American  writer 
and  journalist;  born  in  Downingtown,  Pa.,  Nov. 
20,  1841;  died  in  Washington,  Jan.  17,  1899. 
His  journalistic  career  was  notable,  including 
service  on  the  staffs  of  the  New  York  Herald  and 
Tribune.  His  most  famous  work  is  <  Around  the 
World  with  General  Grant  >  (2  vols.  1879);  and 
he  also  wrote  numerous  pamphlets  on  important 
subjects.  In  1897  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Mc  Kin  ley  Librarian  of  Congress,  which  office  he 
held  at  his  death. 

Young,  Mrs.  Julia  Evelyn  (Ditto).  An 
American  verse-writer  and  novelist,  of  Buffalo ; 
born  in  New  York,  in  1857.  She  has  written : 
'  Adrift :  A  Story  of  Niagara ' ; '  Glynne's  Wife  ■. 
A  Story  in  Verse  * ;  and  '  Thistle-Down,*  poems. 

Young,  Mrs.  M.,  formerly  Mrs.  Thomas  Pos- 
tans.  She  wrote  as  Mrs.  Thomas  Postans : 
'Cutch*  (1838),  sketches  of  Western  India; 
'Western  India  in  1838*  (2  vols.,  1839);  'Facts 
and  Fictions  Illustrative  of  Oriental  Character* 
(3  vols.,  1844).  As  Mrs.  Young:  'Our  Camp 
in  Turkey*  (2d  ed.  1855);  'Aldershot,  and  All 
About  It*  (2d  ed.  1858);  'The  Moslem  Noble* 
(1857). 

Young,  William,  Sir.  An  English  states- 
man and  historical  writer;  bom  in  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century;  died  about  1815. 
Among  his  writings  are:  'Travels  in  Italy* 
(1772);  'The  Spirit  of  Athens:  Political  and 


7PEY  — WON 


591 


Philosophical  Investigations  on  the  History  of 
that  Republic*  ( 1777) ;.<  Rights  of  Englishmen* 
(1793);  'The  Black  Caribs  of  the  Island  of 
St.  Vincent*  (1795);  <The  West  Indian  Com- 
mon-Place Book.* 

Ypey,  Amadeus  (e'pi).  A  Dutch  theological 
writer;  born  1760;  died  in  1831  at  Groningen, 
where  he  was  professor  of  church  history.  He 
wrote  a  <  Literary  History  of  Dogmatics*  (5 
vols.,  1793-98);  'History  of  the  Dutch  Lan- 
guage* (1812);  <  History  of  the  Dutch  Church* 
(4  vols.,  1820-27). 

Yriarte,  Charles  ^mile  (i-ri-art').  A  jour- 
nalist and  writer  of  Spanish  descent;  born  at 
Paris,Dec.  5,1832;  died  at  Philadelphia, April 8, 
1898.  Among  his  works  are:  < Spanish  Society* 
(1864);  <Parisian  Portraits*  (1865);  <The  Life  of 
a  Venetian  Patrician  in  the  Sixteenth  Century* 
(1874);  <Venice:  Its  History,  Art,  Industry,  the 
City  and  its  Life*  (1879);  ^Italian  Sculpture  in 
the  Fifteenth  Centurv*  (1885);  <Francesca  da 
Rimini)  (1882);  <Cesar  Borgia*  (1888). 

Yriarte  or  Iriarte,  Juan  de  (e-re-ar'ta).  A 
Spanish  scholar  and  writer ;  born  at  Orotava 
on  the  island  of  Teneriffe,  in  1702;  died  at 
Madrid,  1771.  He  was  chief  librarian  of  the 
Royal  Library ;  and  his  most  important  work 
was  <  Codices  of  the  Greek  MSS.*  (1769).  He 
also  wrote  epigrams  and  proverbs  in  Latin 
and  Spanish,  and  narrative  poems  in  Latin, 
published  in  four  volumes  (1774). 

Yriarte  or  Iriarte,  Tomas  de.  A  Spanish 
poet  and  dramatist ;  born  at  Orotava,  island 
of  Teneriffe,  1750;  died  in  Madrid,  1791.  His 
chief  works  are  an  excellent  didactic  poem, 
< Music*  (1780);  and  < Literary  Fables*  (1782), 
considered  the  best  fables  in  the  Spanish  lan- 
guage. He  also  wrote  the  first  regular  come- 
dies in  Spanish,  the  best  being  <The  Spoiled 
Child*  and  <The  Ill-Bred  Young  I>ady*;  be- 
sides publishing  Spanish  translations  of  French 
plays  and  some  of  the  Latin  poets. 

Ysabeau,  Victor  Frederic  Alexandre  (i-za- 
bo').  A  French  physician  and  writer  on  agri- 
culture ;  born  at  Rouen,  1793 ;  died  at  Paris, 
1873.  Among  his  works  are:  < Gardening;  or. 
The  Art  of  Forming  and  Managing  a  Garden  * 
(1854);  <  Elementary  Lessons  in  Agriculture* 
(1857);  <The  Vine  and  Fruit  Tree*  (1858) ; 
'Popular  Natural  History  of  France*  (1864); 
•Hygiene  and  Domestic  Economy*  (1870). 

Yule,  Henry,  Sir.  An  Anglo-Indian  writer 
and  scholar;  born  at  Inveresk,  Midlothian, 
Scotland,  1820 ;  died  1889.  He  entered  the 
East  India  Company's  military  school,  and  later 
was  employed  in  India  on  public  works;  but 
finally  retired  and  went  to  Italy.     His   chief 


books  are:  < Mission  to  the  Court  of  Ava' 
(1856);  <  Cathay  and  the  Way  Thither*  (1866); 
<The  Book  of  Ser  Marco  Polo*  (edited:  1891); 
<The  Diary  of  William  Hedges*  (1886);  etc. 

Yusuf  or  Yussuf,  Abu  Amru  (yos'of).  An 
Arabic  historian  and  commentator;  bom  at 
Cordova,  976;  died  at  Xativa,  1070.  He  was 
profoundly  versed  in  the  traditions  of  the 
Oriental     Mussulman     countries.      He    wrote: 

<  Behedjet-Almodjalisyn,*  a  collection  of  tales 
about  Mahomet,  etc.;  <Tamhyd,*  a  commentary 
on  one  of  the  chief  Mussulman  works  of  reli- 
gious and  civil  law ;  <  History  of  the  Opinions 
and  Doctrines  of  the  Principal  Mussulman 
Sects*;  < History  of  the  Wars  against  the 
Christians  * ;  etc. 

Yvan,  Melchior  (e-voh').  A  French  physi- 
cian and  publicist ;  born  at  Digne  (Basses- 
Alpes),    1803;  died  at  Nice,  1873.     He  wrote: 

<  China  and  the  Malay  Peninsula*  (1850);  <  Trav- 
els and  Stories*  (1852);  <The  Insurrection  in 
China*  (1853);  < From  France  to  China*  (1855). 

Yver,  Jacques  (e-var').  A  French  story  and 
verse  writer;  born  at  Niort,  1520 ;  died  there, 
1572.  He  wrote  :  <  The  Springtime  of  Yver  > 
(1572),  in  the  style  of  Boccaccio.  It  has  been 
a  number  of  times  republished. 

Yvert,  Eugene  (e-var').  A  French  journal- 
ist, poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer;  bom  at 
Marly-le-Roi,  1794;  died  at  Amiens,  Feb.  23, 
1878.  He  was  editor  of  the  Picardy  Gazette, 
1831.  He  wrote:  <  Parliamentary  Sketches* 
(1832),  in  verse;  <  Political  Custonis*  (1845); 
<A  Ghost*  (1852),  a  two-act  comedy  in  verse; 

<  Poetic  Fancies*  (1857);  <  Poetical  Miscellanies* 
(i860);  etc. 

Yves  d'Evreux,  Pierre  (ev  da-vr6').  A 
French-Brazilian  historian ;  bom  at  Evreux,  Nor- 
mandy, about  1577;  died  after  1620.  He  was  a 
Capuchin  missionary  at  Maranhao,  Brazil,  1612- 
14.  He  wrote :  <  History  of  the  Most  Memor- 
able Things  that  Happened  at  Maranhao  in 
the  Years  1613  and  1614*  (Paris,  1615;  2d  ed. 
1864),  a  continuation  of  the  history  of  Claude 
d'Abbeville ;  it  is  a  work  of  great  historical 
value. 

Yvon,  Claude  (e-v6n').  A  French  theolo- 
gian; bom  at  Mamers,  1714;  died  at  Paris,  1791. 
He  wrote  <  Letters  to  Rousseau*  (1763),  in 
answer  to  Rousseau's  letters  to  the  archbishop 
of  Paris;  earlier  in  life  he  had  been  associated 
with  Diderot  and  the  encyclopedists,  and  wrote 

<  Liberty  of  Conscience*  (1754),  in  which  he 
held  that  the  State  should  be  indifferent  in 
matters  of  religion.  Other  works  are  <  Agree- 
ment of  Philosophy  and  Religion*  (1776),  and 

<  Philosophical  History  of  Religion*  (1779). 


592 


ZABEL  —  ZACHER 


Zabel,  Eugen  (tsa'bel).  A  German  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  born  at  Konigsberg  in  Prussia, 
Dec.  23,  1851.  During  liis  extensive  travels  he 
formed  the  acquaintance  of  nearly  all  the  liter- 
ary celebrities  of  Europe.  Among  his  works 
are:  <  Berthold  Auerbach  >  (1882);  <  Ivan  Tur- 
genef  >  ( 1883) ;  <  Italian  Dramatic  Art  in  Ger- 
many >  (1892);  < Anton  Rubinstein:  An  Artist's 
Life>  (1892);  translations  of  several  of  Tur- 
genef's  novels,  and  of  French  and  Spanish 
dramas ;  some  novels,  among  them  <  Parted 
Hearts'  (1888);  and  several  comedies,  as  < The 
Midnight  Sun,'  <A  Missed  Vocation.* 

Zabensing,  Johann  Christoph  (tsa'ben-zing). 
A  German  dramatic  and  miscellaneous  writer ; 
bom  at  Augsburg,  1747;  died  near  the  end  of 
the  century.  He  was  by  profession  a  mer- 
chant, but  published  various  original  writings, 
among  them  a  book  on  the  life  and  writings 
of  Voltaire,  and  <The  Philosophers  a  la  Mode,> 
a  comedy  (1779);  <  The  Death  of  Abel,'  a  drama 
(1779);  and  < Elizabeth;  or.  The  Abduction,' a 
tragedy  (1781). 

Zablocki,  Frantizek  (za-blots'ke).  A  Polish 
dramatist;  born  1754;  died  1821.  He  is  looked 
upon  as  the  creator  of  Polish  comedy,  his 
plays  holding  the  stage  to  the  present  day. 
His  masterpiece  is  <  Sarmatyzin,'  and  others 
are :  •  The  Fop  who  Acts  the  Gallant  with  the 
Ladies ' ;  <  An  Irreparable  Loss.' 

Zaborowski  (za-bo-rov-ski')  or  Zaborowski- 
Moindron  (mwan-droiV).  A  French  publicist ; 
born  at  La  Creche,  1851.  He  is  secretary  of 
the  Paris  Anthropological  Society,  and  scientific 
editor  of  several  Paris  journals.  He  has  writ- 
ten :  <  On  the  Antiquity  of  Man '  (2  vols., 
1874);  < Prehistoric  Man'  (1878);  < Origin  of 
Language'  (1879);  < Scientific  News  and  Curi- 
osities' (1883);  etc. 

Zaccaria,  Francesco  Antonio  (dza-ka-re'a). 
An  Italian  Jesuit,  scholar,  and  historian;  born 
at  Venice,  1714 ;  died  1795.  He  was  professor 
of  ecclesiastical  history  at  the  college  La  Sapi- 
enza,  Rome.  He  wrote  :  <  Literary  History  of 
England'  (14  vols.,  1751);  'Literary  Annals  of 
Italy'  (3  vols.,  1762);  <  Numismatic  Institutes'; 
etc. 

Zaccone,  Pierre  (za-koh').  A  French  dra- 
matic and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Douai, 
1817  (?).  Early  in  life  he  entered  the  Post-Office 
service  at  Brest,  but  devoted  all  his  leisure  to 
literature,  and  was  befriended  by  Emile  Sou- 
vestre.  He  published  :  <  Tableaux  of  Universal 
Literary  History'  (1844);  < Memoirs  of  a  King' 
(1851);  etc.  Among  his  efforts  for  the  theatre, 
mostly  written  in  collaboration  with  others, 
are:  <The  Twenty-Fourth  of  February'  (1848); 
< Cousin  Verdure'  (1855);  and  <The  Sundays 
of  Pampette.' 


Zacbaria,  Heinrich  Albert  (tsa-ch'a-re'a). 
A  German  publicist ;  born  at  Herbsleben,  Saxe- 
Gotha,  Nov.  20,  1806 ;  died  at  Kannstadt,  April 
29,  1875,  being  then  professor  in  the  University 
of  Gottingen.  Among  his  works  are :  <  Ger- 
man States'  Rights  and  Federal  Rights'  (1841); 

<  Manual  of  German  Criminal  Procedure '  (i860); 

<  German  Constitutional  Laws  of  the  Present 
Time'  (1855);  <The  Question  of  the  Compe- 
tence of  the  Empire  in  View  of  the  Dogma 
of  Infallibility'  (1871). 

Zacharia,  Just  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  A  Ger- 
man poet  and  satirist ;  born  at  Frankenhausen, 
May  I,  1726 ;  died  at  Brunswick,  Jan.  30,  1777. 
He  was  professor  of  belles-lettres  in  the  Caro- 
linum,  Brunswick  (1761).  He  wrote:  <  The 
Brawler'  (1744),  the  first  burlesque  heroic 
poem  that  had  appeared  in  German ;  <  Phae- 
ton'; <The  Handkerchief;  <  Murner  in  Hell' 
(1757);  <  Fables  and  Tales'  (1771);  etc.;  and 
translated    into    German    hexameters    Milton's 

<  Paradise  Lost'  (1760).  (<  Poetical  Works,' 
9  vols.,  1763-65 ;  posthumous  writings,  with 
biography,  1781.) 

Zacharia   von    Lingenthal,    Karl   Eduard 

(tsa-cha-re'a  fon  ling'en-tiil).  A  German  writer 
on  jurisprudence  ;  born  at  Heidelberg,  Dec.  21, 
1812;  died  at  Grosskmehlen,  near  Merseburg, 
June  3,  1894.  H^  is  regarded  as  the  founder  of 
tiie  science  of  Gr^eco-Roman  jurisprudence. 
He  wrote  'Outline  of  a  History  of  Graeco- 
Roman  Jurisprudence'  (1839),  'History  of 
Gra;co-Roman  Private  Right'  (1864);  made  a 
collection  of  <  Grajco- Roman  Laws'  (1856-84); 
and  edited  Justinian's  'Novellae'  (1881). 

Zacharia  von  Lingenthal,   Karl   Salomo. 

A  German  jurist;  born  at  Meissen,  Saxony, 
Sept.  14,  1769;  died  March  27,  1843.  He  was 
professor  of  law  at  Wittenberg,  1797-1807,  and 
Heidelberg,  1807-43.  He  wrote :  '  The  Unity  of 
State  and  Church'  (1797);  'Forty  Books  on  the 
State '  (2d  ed.  7  vols.,  1839-43) ;  '  Hand-Book 
of  French  Civil  Law'  (8th  ed.  1894-95);  etc. 

Zachariasiewicz,  Jan  (tsa-cha-ri-as'ya-vich). 
A  Polish  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  in  East  Galicia,  about  1825.  At  vari- 
ous times  in  his  life  he  became  involved  in 
political  difficulties,  and  passed  several  years  in 
prison;  and  these  experiences  have  colored 
all  his  books.  His  first  publication  was  <  A 
Passage  from  the  Life  of  Unknown  People* 
(1853).  In  'The  Red  Cap'  and  'The  Secret 
P'und,'  he  describes  the  spy  system  of  the 
police  force;  and  of  like  nature  are  'Covered 
Cards'  (1875),  'A  Bad  Business'  (1876),  etc. 
He  has  also  written  a  few  art  novels. 

Zacher,  Ernst  Julius  August  (tsa'cher;.  A 
German  antiquary ;  born  at  Obernigk,  Feb, 
15,  1816;  died  March  23,  1887,  at  Halle  where 


Z  AHIR — Z  ANGWILL 


593 


]ie  was  professor  of  German  philology.  His 
principal  works  are :  *■  Ulfilas's  Gothic  Alpha- 
bet and  the  Runic  Alphabet  >  (1S55);  <  German 
Proverbs'  (1852);  'History  of  the  Palgravine 
Genoveva>  (i860);  < Pseudo-Callisthenes  >  (1867), 
dealing  with  the  Alexander  ni3'th. 

Zahir  (za'her).  An  Arabian  poet,  father  of 
the  poef  Ka'b ;  contemporary  with  Mahomet. 
He  was  the  author  of  one  of  the  seven  poems 
of  the  <  Mu'allak^t,*  published  by  Sir  William 
Jones,  with  an  English  version,  in  1782. 

Zahn,  Johanu  Karl  Willielm  (tsan).  A  Ger- 
man painter,  architect,  and  writer  on  art ;  born  at 
Rodenberg,  Schaumburg,  Aug.  21,  1800 ;  died 
at  Berlin,  Aug.  22,  1871.  He  was  professor  in 
the  Academy  of  Arts,  Berlin,  1829.  Among 
his  works  were :  <  The  Most  Beautiful  Orna- 
ments and  the  Most  Notable  Pictures  from 
Pompeii,  Herculaneum,  and  Stabiee'  (1828-30); 

<  Ornaments  of  all  Classical  Periods  of  Art* 
(1S32-39);  etc. 

ZaLn,  Theodor.  A  German  theological 
writer;  born  at  Mors,  Oct.  10,  183S.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  theology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Erlangen  1878,  and  is  author  of  <  Mar- 
cellus  of  Ancyra  >  (1867);  <The  Shepherd  of 
Hernias  >  (1868);  <  Ignatius  of  Antioch  >  (1873); 
<The  Acts  of  St.  John>  (1880);  <  Cyprian  of 
Antioch  and  the  German  Story  of  Faust '  (1882J; 

<  Researches  into  the  History  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament Canon*  (5  vols.,  1881-93);  'The  Gospel 
of  Peter  >  (1893);  <  Introduction  to  the  New 
Testament*  (1897). 

Zaleski,  Bolidan  (za-les'ski),  A  noted  Po- 
lish poet ;  born  at  Bohaterka  in  the  Ukraine, 
1802;  died  near  Paris,  1886.  He  passed  his 
childhood  in  immediate  intercourse  with  the 
Cossacks,  but  afterwards  studied  at  Warsaw. 
After  the  revolution  of  1830,  he  was  obliged 
to  leave  Poland,  and  went  to  France.  Many 
of  his  poems  depict  in  vivid  colors  the  scenery 
of  his  native  country.  His  chief  works  are : 
<The  Spirit  of  the  Steppes*  (1842);  <The  Most 
Holy  Family*;  and  collections  of  shorter  poems. 

Zalewski,  Casimir  (za-lev'ski).  A  Polish 
dramatist  and  journalist;  born  at  Plock,  1848. 
He  abandoned  law  for  literature;  founded  the 
journal  Wiek  (1865).  Among  his  successful 
dramas  are  :  <Dowerless*  (1868),  <As  the  World 
Moves*  (1873),  < Before  the  Wedding*  (1876), 
<Poor  Seed*  (1877);  the  tragedies  <  Marco 
Foscarini*  (1878),  < Article  264,*  etc. 

Zalokostas,  Georgios  (zal-6-k6s'tas).  A  dis- 
tinguished Greek  poet ;  born  at  Syrrhako,  Epi- 
rus,  April  17,  1805;  died  at  Athens,  Sept.  3, 
1858.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  fought  in  the 
insurrection  at  Missolonghi.  The  Greek  child- 
ren learn  his  songs.  Among  his  best-known 
poems  were  :  <  Missolonghi  * ;  <  Armatoles  and 
Klephts* ;  <  The  Entrance  ot  Frevesa' ;  '  Hours 
of  Leisure  * ;  <  Marco  Bozzaris  * ;  etc.  Several 
o\  his  pieces  have  been  translated  into  Italian, 
Spanish,  English,  German,  French,  and  Rus* 
iian.  (<  Poetical  Works,*  Athens,  i860.) 
38 


Zaluski,  Andrew  Chrysostom  (za-los'ke). 
A  Polish  statesman  and  pulpit  orator ;  bom  about 
1650 ;  died  1711.  He  was  bishop  of  Ermeland 
and   grand  chancellor  of    Poland.    He  wrote : 

<  Historico-Familiar  Epistles,*  an  interesting  and 
valuable  work. 

Zambelios,  John  (zam-be'li-os).  A  Greek 
poet ;  born  on  one  of  the  Ionian  isles,  1787 ; 
died  at  Corfu,  1856.  He  was  a  judge  at  Corfu. 
He  wrote  lyric  poems,  and  several  successful 
tragedies.     (<  Works,*  Athens,  1856-57.) 

Zambelli,  Andrea  (dzam-bel'le).  An  Italian 
historian ;  born  in  Lombardy,  1794 ;  died  at 
Paris,    1862.     His    chief   works   are   books   on 

<  War  *  and  on  <  Religion,*  in  which  he  attempts 
to  show  the  profound  difference  between  ancient 
and  modern  nations. 

Zamora,  Antonio  de  (tha-mo'rii).  A  Span- 
ish dramatist;  born  at  Madrid,  between  1660 
and  1664 ;  died  about  1722.  He  was  highly 
esteemed  by  his  contemporaries  as  a  lyric  and 
drarnatic  poet.  Among  his  best  works  are : 
'Everybody  is  his  Own  Pedigree*;  and  <  The 
Wag  of  Seville,*  on  wliich  is  based  the  libretto 
of  the  opera  of  <  Don  Juan.* 

Zanella,  Giacomo  (dza-nel'la).  An  Italian 
lyrical  poet ;  born  at  Chiampo,  1820 ;  died  at 
Vicenza,  1S88.  After  studying  for  the  priest- 
hood, he  became  professor  of  philosophy  and 
Italian  literature  at  the  seminary  in  Vicenza. 
His  work  is  noted  for  beauty  of  style  and  mas- 
tery of   form ;   his   most   popular  poem   being 

<  The  Fossil  Shell.*  His  first  volume  of  poems, 
'Verses,*  appeared  in  1868,  and  was  followed 
by  several  others.  Among  his  poetic  tales  are : 
<The  Little  Calabrese*  (1870);  'Robin  Red- 
breast' (1881);  etc. 

Zanetti,  Bernardino  (dza-net'te).  An  Italian 
historian  ;  born  near  Treviso,  1690 ;  died  1762. 
He  wrote  a  '  History  of  the  Lombards*  (2  vols., 
1753)- 

Zangemeister,  Karl  (tsang'e-mls-ter).  A  Ger- 
man classical  philologist;  born  at  Hallungen, 
in  the  Duchy  of  Gotha,  Nov.  28,  1837.  He  ed- 
ited the  fourth  volume  of  the  '  Corpus  Inscrip- 
tionum  Latinarum,*  comprising  the  parietal 
inscriptions  at  Pompeii,  Herculaneum,  and 
Stabise  (1871);  compiled  'Specimens  of  Latin 
MSS.  Written  in  Majuscule  Letters*  (1882),  and 
'  Fragments  of  the  Old  Saxon  Bible  Poem  of 
the  Palatine  Library*  (1894). 

Zangwill,  Israel.  An  English-Jewish  nov- 
elist ;  born  in  London,  1864.  He  began  life  as 
a  London  teacher,  and  while  teaching,  gradu- 
ated at  the  London  University.  He  has  pub- 
lished:  'The  Premier  and  the  Painter*  (1888, 
in  collaboration),  a  romance;  'The  Bachelors' 
Club*  (1891);  'The  Big  Bow  Mystery*  (1891); 
'The  Old  Maids'  Club*  (1892);  'Children  of 
the  Ghetto*  (1892),  a  collection  of  stories,  hia 
best  work  ; '  Merely  Mary  Ann  >  (1893);  *  Ghetto 
Tragedies*  (1893);  'The  King  of  Schnorrers' 
(1894);  'The  Master*  (1895),  a  novel;  <SiJ 
Persons,*  a  comedietta;  'Without  Prejudice' 
(1896),  published    originally,  under   the    same 


594 


ZANNOWICH  —  ZEISING 


title  as  <Causerie>  in  the  Pall  Mall  Magazine; 
and  the  drama  <  The  Melting  Pot>  (1909). 

Zannowicn.  Stefano  (zan'no-vich).  An  Al- 
banian writer;  born  1751 ;  died  17S5.  He  had 
a  wandering  and  very  adventurous  life,  but 
wrote  several  curious  books,  among  them: 
•  Turkish  Letters)  (1877);  <  Epistles  and  Love 
Songs  of  an  Oriental >  (1779);  and  (Fragment 
of  a  Chapter  of  <  The  Lame  Devil,>  Sent  from 
the  Other  World  by  Le  Sage>  (1782). 

Zanotti,  Jean  Pierre  (za-not'te).  A  painter 
and  poet;  born  of  a  Polish  family  at  Pans, 
1674 ;  died  at  Bologna,  1767.  He  left  a  num- 
ber of  noted  pictures;  and  published  <  Dido,> 
a  tragedy  (1718);  <  Poems  >  (1741);  and  various 
works  on  the  art  of  painting. 

Zapf,  Georg  Wiinelm  (tsapf).  A  Gernian 
antiquary  ;  born  at  Nordlingen,  1747 ;  died  1810. 
A  prolific  writer,  among  his  works  were  :  <  Bib- 
liography of  Ancient  and  Modern  History  > 
(1781);  <The  Lives  of  Celebrated  Savants  and 
Artists  of  All  Time>  (1806);  etc. 

Zappi,  Giovanni  Battista  (dzap'pe).  An 
Italian  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Imola, 
1540;  died  at  the  end  of  the  century.  He  pub- 
lished a  remarkable  book,  prose  mixed  with 
verse,  entitled  <  Field  of  Spiritual  Philosophy, 
in  which  is  Contained  the  Sum  of  Christian 
Living)  (1577),  treating  of  the  life  and  character 
of  Christ,  the  virtues  and  vices,  etc. 

Zappi,  Giovanni  Battista  Felice.  An  Ital- 
ian lyrical  poet ;  born  at  Imola,  about  1667 ; 
died  at  Rome,  1719.  He  studied  law  in  Rome, 
but  soon  became  noted  for  his  poetry,  which 
was  distinguished  by  elegance  and  grace  of 
style.  A  collection  of  his  poems  was  first  pub- 
lished in  1770,  and  consists  of  sonnets,  songs, 
cantatas,  and  other  verse. 

Zarate,  Agustin  de  (tha-ra'ta).  A  Span- 
ish historian  ;  born  about  1492  ;  died  at  Madrid 
(?)  about  1560.  He  was  comptroller  of  Cas- 
tile ;  accompanied  Nunez  Vela,  viceroy  of  Peru, 
to  South  America  in  1543;  was  afterward  treas- 
urer of  the  Spanish  Netherlands.  He  wrote : 
•History  of  the  Discovery  and  Conquest  of 
the  Province  of  Peru>  (i555)-  There  have  been 
many  later  editions;  and  it  has  been  trans- 
lated into  French  and  Italian. 

Zarate,  Antonio  Gil  y.  A  Spanish  dramatic 
poet ;  born  at  San  Loren7o  de  I'Escurial,  Spain, 
1795 ;  died  i860.  His  father,  an  excellent 
actor,  sent  him  to  study  in  Paris;  and  on  his 
return  to  Spain  he  became  professor  of  phys- 
ics in  Granada.  He  afterwards  wrote  dramas 
noted  for  striking  situations,  lively  dialogue, 
and  elegant  versification.  Among  them  are : 
<  Blanche  of  Bourbon>  (1835);  <  Guzman  the 
Brave  > ;  <  The  Czar  Demetrius ' ;  etc.  He  also 
l)ublished  a  much-esteemed  history  of  Spanish 
literature. 

Zarncke,  Friedrich  (tsarn'ke).  A  German 
antiquary ;  born  near  Briiel  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  July  7,  1825;  died  Oct.  15,  1891 ;  hav- 
ing been  since  1852  professor  in  the  University 


of  Leipsic.  Among  his  works  are :  <  The  Ger- 
man Cato)  (1852^  •.  <The  Nibelungen  Question* 
(1854);  (Contributions  to  the  Explanation  of  the 
Nibelungenlied )  (1857);  <The  Trojan  Legend 
of  the  Franks);  < German  Universities  in  the 
Middle  Ages)  (1857);  < Mediaeval  Proverbial 
Poetry)   (1863.) 

Zbylitowski,  Andre  (zbe-le-tov'ske).  A  Po- 
lish writer,  philosopher,  and  poet;  born  in 
Galicia,  1732;  died  1813.  He  was  doctor  of 
literature  and  philosophy  in  Cracow,  and  after- 
wards traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and  South 
America.  He  wrote  poetry  with  much  success ; 
some  of  his  idyls  being  noted  for  beauty  of 
coloring,  elegance,  and  grace.  Among  his 
works  are:  <  Rhythms  in  Polish  Verse)  (1763); 
<The  Marshal)  (historical);  <A  Beard,)  a  novel ; 
and  various  books  on  philosophical,  political, 
and  grammatical  themes. 

Zbylitowski,  Pierre.  A  Polish  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  in  the  palatinate  of 
Lublin,  1684 ;  died  in  Warsaw,  1757.  He  studied 
at  the  University  of  Warsaw,  and  later  trav- 
eled extensively  in  Europe  and  North  America, 
being  a  keen  observer  and  profound  critic.  As 
a  poet  he  was  a  disciple  of  the  French  school, 
using  sarcasm  and  irony  with  brilliant  effect. 
Among  his  writings  are  a  <  Collection  of  Satires* 
(1723);  <Porydia:  A  Poem)  (1734);  < Epigrams) 
(1735);  < Studies  on  Voltaire's  Works)  (i737); 
<  Lucie:  An  Erotic  Poem)  (l739);  etc. 

Zedlitz,  Baron  Joseph  Christian  von  (tsed'- 
lits).  An  Austrian  lyrical  poet  and  dramatic 
writer  ;  born  at  Johannisburg  in  Austrian  Silesia, 
1790;  died  in  Vienna,  1862.  He  was  educated 
at  Breslau,  and  afterwards  took  part  in  the 
campaign  of  1809.  Among  his  best  dramatic 
writings  are:  the  tragedies  <Two  Nights  in 
Valladolid)  (1825),  < The  Star  of  Seville)  (1830); 
and  the  drama  <  Prison  and  Crown)  (1834), 
treating  of  the  last  days  of  Tasso's  life.  Of 
poems,  he  has  published  a  collection,  <  Wreaths 
for  the  Dead);  a  celebrated  ballad,  <The 
Nightly  Review ) ;  and  poetical  tales. 

Zeise,  Heinrich  (tsi'ze).  A  German  poet 
and  translator;  born  at  Altona,  1822.  He  be- 
gan life  as  an  apothecary,  but  graduated  at 
the  university.  He  translated  a  number  of 
scientific  and  poetical  works  from  the  Danish 
into  German,  and  also  published  original  ef- 
forts, noted  for  poetical  coloring  and  beauty  of 
form,  among  them  a  collection  of  <  Poems ) 
(1847);  <  Battle  Songs  of  Schleswig-Holstein) 
(1848);  < Songs  of  Battle  and  Sword);  etc. 
also,  in  prose,  <  From  the  Life  and  Recollec- 
tions of  a  North  German  Poet)  (1888). 

Zeising,  Adolf  (tsi'zing).  A  German  writer 
on  art;  born  at  Ballenstedt,  Sept.  24,  1810; 
died  at  Munich,  April  27,  1876.  Ho  wrote: 
<New  Doctrine  of  the  Proportions  of  the  Hu- 
man Body )  (1854);  <iF:sthetic  Researches)  (1855); 
<  The  Metamorphoses  in  the  Ratios  of  the  Hu- 
man Figure)  (1859);  'Religion  and  Science, 
State  and  Church)  (1873);  and  several  novels. 


ZEISSBERG  — ZEVECOT 


595 


Zeissberg,  Heinrlch,  Baron  von  (zls'barc). 
An  Austrian  writer  of  history ;  born  at  Vienna, 
July  8,  1839.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
fiistory  in  the  University  of  Vienna,  1873.  His 
principal  writings  are  :  <  Arno,  First  Archbishop 
of  Salzburg*  (1863);  <  Polish  Historiography  in 
the  Middle  Ages>  (1873);  <  Minor  Sources  of 
Polish   History    in   the    Middle   Ages>    (1877); 

<  Belgium  under  the  General  Statthaltership  of 
the  Archduke  Karl  >  ( 1893).     Died  May  27, 1899. 

Zeleguy,  Zdenko  (tsel'eg-we).  A  Moravian 
poet,  writing  under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Franz 
Voneisen'*;  bom  in  Usetin,  Jan.  22,  1853.  His 
best-known  works  are  :  <  World-Pain  Voices  > 
(1887);  <  Nirvana  >  (1893);  and  <  Words  of  Love> 
(1894). 

Zeller,  Berthold.  Son  of  Jules  S. ;  born  at 
Rennes,  1848.  He  is  author  of  <  Henri  IV.  and 
Marie  de'  Medici  >  (1877);  <  Critical  Studies  on 
the   Reign  of   Louis  XIII.>  (2  vols.,  1879-80); 

<  Marie  de'  Medici  and  Villeroy>  (1897). 

Zeller,  Christian  Heinrich  (tsel'er).  A 
German  educator ;  born  near  Tiibingen,  March 
29,  1779;  died  at  Beuggen,  May  18,  i860.  His 
writings  are :  <  Teachings  of  Experience  for 
Christian  Teachers  of  Rural  and  Poor  Schools  > 
(3  vols.,  1827);  <  Soul-Doctrine,  Founded  on 
Scripture  and  Experience  >  (1846). 

Zeller,  Eduard.  A  noted  German  theologian, 
philosopher,  and  historian ;  born  at  Kleinbott- 
mar  in  Wiirtemberg,  1814.  He  studied  at  Tiib- 
ingen and  Berlin ;  and  despite  the  very  free 
tendencies  of  his  thought,  strongly  influenced 
by  that  of  Strauss,  he  was  professor  of  theology 
at  Bern,  and  later  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Heidelberg  and  at  Berlin.  Among  his  chief 
works  are:  'Platonic  Studies'  (1839);  <The 
Philosophy  of  the  Greeks*  (1844-52);  <The 
Story  of  the  vVpostles,  Critically  Investigated  > 
(1854);  <  David  Friedrich  Strauss  Depicted  in 
his  Life  and  Writings  >  (1874);  <  Frederick  the 
Great  as  a  Philosopher'  (1886);  etc. 

Zeller,  Jules  Sylvain  (zel-lar').  A  French 
historian  ;  born  at  Paris,  April  23,  1820  ;  died 
there  July  25, 1900.  He  became  professor  of  his- 
tory in  the  Polytechnic  School  in  1863,  and  in- 
spector of  higher  education  in  1876.  Among 
his  works  are  :  <The  Roman  Emperors  :  Char- 
acters and  Portraits)  (1863);  <  History  of  Ger- 
many) (1872-91 ) ;  <The  Tribunes  and  the  Revo- 
lutions in  Italy)  (1873);  <Pius  IX.  and  Victor 
Emmanuel  :  Contemporary  History  of  Italy) 
(1879);  'Short  History  of  Italy,  from  the  Fall  of 
the  Roman  Empire  to  our  Time)  (4th  ed.  li 


Zeno,  Apostolo  (dza'no).  An  Italian  drama- 
tist and  historian;  born  at  Venice,  1668;  died 
in  the  same  city,  1750.  He  has  been  called 
the  father  of  Italian  opera,  and  acquired  great 
fame  by  his  dramatic  works,  published  in  1744, 
in  many  volumes.  Among  his  other  works  are  : 
'Historical  Dissertations)  (1752-53);  and  < Epis- 
tles) (1785). 

Zeno  of  Elea.  A  Greek  philosopher ;  bom 
ftbout  the  fifth  century  B.C.;  the  date  of  his 


death  unknown.  He  spent  his  later  years  in 
Athens.  Aristotle  calls  him  the  father  of  dia- 
lectics ;  and  Pericles  was  among  his  pupils.  Of 
his  writings  in  prose  and  in  dialogue,  only 
fragments  have  been  preserved,  but  many  of 
them  are  known  to  have  been  on  the  philosophy 
of  motion. 

Zeno  the  Stoic  (ze'no).  A  Greek  philoso- 
pher; born  at  Citium,  a  Greek  colony  on  the 
island  of  Cyprus,  about  350  B.  C;  died,  as  is 
reported,  by  his  own  hand,  about  264  B.  C.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  merchant,  and  followed  his 
father's  profession,  not  visiting  Athens  till  his 
thirtieth  year.  He  then  read  Xenophon  and 
Plato,  and  later  founded  a  school  of  his  own. 
None  of  his  writings  have  been  preserved,  but 
he  is  known  to  have  combined  the  ethics  of 
the  Cynic  school  with  the  physics  of  Pythag- 
oras and  Heraclitus. 

Zerbi,  Rocco  de  (dzar'be).  An  Italian  pol- 
itician, journalist,  and  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  at  Reggio,  Calabria,  1843.  He  served  in 
the  army,  1860-66 ;  founded  the  influential 
Giornaletto  of  Naples,  1868 ;  became  member 
of  the  chamber  of  deputies,  1872.  He  has 
written  :  <  Aspirations)  (1865),  in  verse ;  '  Poetry 
and  Prose)  (1868),  'Without  Title)  (1870),  both 
romances;  'Political  Writings)  (1876);  'Vis- 
tilia)  (1877),  a  romance;  'Modern  Arf)  (1878); 
'Church  and  State)  (1878);  '  Faust  >  (1878),  a 
notable  critical  work;  etc. 

Zernitz,  Christian  Friedrich  (tsar'nets). 
A  German  didactic  poet ;  born  at  Tanger- 
miinde.  1717;  died  1744.  All  his  works  were 
posthumous.  His  'Didactic  Essays)  are  highly 
esteemed. 

Zesen,  Philipp  von  (tsa'zen).  A  German 
poet,  and  critical  and  satirical  writer;  born  at 
Priorau  near  Dessau,  1619;  died  at  Hamburg, 
1689.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  phil- 
ology and  poetry;  giving  special  attention  to 
perfecting  and  purifying  his  mother  tongue. 
Among  his  numerous  writings  in  prose  and 
verse  are  the  novels  '  Adriatic  Rosemund ) 
(1645)  and  'Samson);  and  the  poem  <  Priorau  ; 
or.  The  Praise  of  the  Fatherland,)  as  well  as 
some  excellent  short  verse. 

Zeuss,  Johann  Kaspar  (tsois).  A  German 
philologist  and  writer  of  history;  born  at 
Vogtendorf  in  Upper  Franconia,  July  22,  1806 ; 
died  there,  Nov.  10,  1856.  Among  his  works 
are  :  '  The  Germans  and  the  Neighbor  Stocks  > 
(1837);  'The  Descent  of  the  Bavarians  from 
the  Marcomanni)  (1839);  'Witzenburg  Tradi- 
tions and  Possessions)  (1842);  'The  Free  Im- 
perial City  of  Spires  from  its  Destruction) 
(1843);  'Celtic  Grammar)  (two  vols.,  1853), 
his  greatest  work. 

Zevecot,  Jacob  (za've-kof).  A  Dutch  poet 
and  dramatist,  considered  by  his  contemporaries 
the  greatest  Latin  poet  of  his  time ;  bom  at 
Gand,  1604 ;  died  1646.  Among  his  works  are  : 
'Elegies);  'Greek  Maria)  and  'Rosimunda,) 
tragedies ;  <  Esther,)  a  tragi-comedy ; '  The  Siege 


596 


ZEYER—  ZIMMERMANN 


of  Leyden>  (1626),  a  tragedy  written  in  Flem- 
ish ;  and  various  collections  of  shorter  poems. 

Zeyer,  Julius  (za'yer).  A  Gzech  novelist 
and  poet;  born  at  Prague,  1842.  After  travel- 
ing extensively  on  the  Continent,  he  spent  sev- 
eral years  teaching  in  Russia.  He  has  written 
in  prose  <Andrew  Cernysev,>  a  notable  ro- 
mance ;  <  Miss  Ol.vmpia  > ;  <  Count  Xavier ' ;  <  Ma- 
drana's  Adventure  > ;  <  Tales  of  Sosana  > ;  <  The 
True  Friendship  of  Amis  and  AmiP;  etc.:  and 
in  verse,  <Vysehrad,>  a  series  of  epic  poems, 
based  on  Bohemian  ancient  history. 

Zezschwitz,  Gerhard  von  (tsach'vits).  A 
German  theological  writer;  born  at  Bautzen, 
July  2,  1825 ;  died  July  20,  1886,  at  Erlangen, 
where  he  was  a  professor  in  the  university. 
Among  his  numerous  writings  are  :  <  The  Cate- 
chisms of  the  Waldensians  and  the  Bohemian 
Brethren)  (1863);  <The  Mediaeval  Drama,  from 
the  End  of  the  Roman  Empire*  (1878);  < Sys- 
tem of  Practical  Theology*  (3  vols.,  1876-78); 
< Manual  of  the  Theological  Sciences*  (1883); 
<Catechetics>  (1883). 

Zhukovski,  or  Joukovski,  sometimes  written 
Shukows  •  (zho-kof'ske),  Vasilii  Andreevicli. 
A  famous  Russian  poet ;  born  near  Bielev 
in  the  government  of  Penza,  1783;  died  1852. 
He  succeeded  Karamzin  as  editor  of  the  Viest- 
nik  Evropui,  1808 ;  was  preceptor  of  the  Empe- 
ror Alexande  II.  in  his  youth,  as  well  as  of 
Alexander's  mother.  A  monument  was  erected 
to  his  memory,  1852.  He  wrote  :  <  The  Minstrel 
in  the  Russian  Camp,'  a  collection  of  spirited 
war  ballads;  <  Ziudmina*;  <Svietlana,>  his  best 
work;  etc.;  and  a  number  of  prose  essays  and 
tales,  the  best-known  of  which  was  <  Mary's 
Grove.*  He  made  also  numerous  translations 
from  the  German,  English,  etc.;  his  translation 
of  Gray's  <  Elegy  *  being  one  of  the  finest  ever 
ma'le. 

Ziegler,  Carl  (tsec'lar).  An  Austrian  poet; 
born  at  St.  Martin  in  Upper  Austria,  1812; 
died  at  Vienna,  1877.  He  studied  philosophy 
at  the  Vienna  University,  but  takes  high  rank 
among  modem  Austrian  lyrical  poets,  both  as 
to  substance  and  form.  His  language  is  sim- 
ple, but  the  treatment  of  his  subjects  original, 
and  full  of  thought  and  depth  of  emotion.  He 
published :  <  Poems  *  ( 1843 ) ;  <  Heaven  and  Earth,* 
poems  (1856);  <Odes*  (1866);  and  a  collection 
of  hymns,  rhapsodies,  etc.,  many  of  them  full 
of  beauty  and  power. 

Ziegler,  Frledrlch  Wilhelm.  A  German 
actor  and  dramatist ;  born  at  Brunswick,  1760 ; 
died  at  Vienna,  1827.  He  played  at  the  Vienna 
Court  Theatre  with  steady  success  for  nearly 
forty  years.  Several  of  his  dramas  hold  the 
stage  to-day :  as  <  Party  Rage,*  and  <  The  Four 
TemperamentsV*  He  wrote  :  <  Dramatic  Works  > 
(5  vols.,  1791-94);  <The  Dramatic  Art*  (1821); 
<Man  with  Relation  to  the  Fine  Arts,  Partic- 
ularly the  Art  Dramatic*  (1825);  etc. 

Ziegler,  Theobald.  A  German  philosophical 
writer ;  born  at  Goppingen  in  Wiirtemberg,  Feb. 
9^  1846.    He  became  professor  of  philosophy 


in  the  University  of  Strasburg,  1886.  He  is 
author  of :  <  With  Regard  to  Strauss's  Book, 
<The  Old  Faith  and  the  New**  (1874);  < Text- 
Book  of  Logic  *  (1876) ;  <  Republic  or  Monarchy : 
Switzerland  or  Germany*  (1877);  <  History  of 
Ethics*  (1881);  <The  Social  Question  a  Moral 
Question*  (1891);  <The  German  Student  at 
the  End  of  the  Nineteenth  Century*  (6th  ed. 
1896). 

Ziegler  und  Kliphausen,  Heinrich  Anselm 
von  (tsec'lar  but  klip'hou-zen).  A  German 
romance-writer;  born  at  Radmeritz,  Jan.  6, 
1653;  died  near  Leipsic,  Sept.  8,  1697.  His 
prkicipal  work  <  The  Asiatic  Banise  *  (new  ed, 
1766),  in  the  heroic-gallant  style,  has  exerted 
great  influence  on  the  formation  of  the  taste 
of  several  generations  of  Germans. 

Ziel,  Ernst  (tsel).  A  German  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer ;  born  at  Rostock,  May  5, 
1841.  He  is  author  of  <  Literary  Rilievos : 
Poet  Portraits*  (4th  series,  1885-95). 

Zielinski,  Felix  (ze-lin'ski).  A  Polish  lawyer 
and  miscellaneous  writer ;  born  in  Volhynia, 
1732;  died  at  Warsaw,  1805.  He  was  marshal 
of  the  nobility  for  his  district.  He  wrote  :  <  The 
Old  and  the  New  Style*  (1763);  < Criticism  of 
Karamsin  *  1764);  <A  Critical  Glance  at  Pres- 
ent Society  *  (1772);  <  Happy-go-Lucky  Louise* 
(1771),  humorous;  <A  Rustic's  Mind*  (1775); 
< Critical  History  of  Polish  Literature*  (1776); 
'Critical  Glance  at  the  Works  of  Voltaire* 
(1782);  etc. 

Zimmermann,  Johann  Georg  (tsim'mer- 
man).  A  German  miscellaneous  writer;  born 
in  the  Swiss  canton  of  Bern,  1728 ;  died  1795. 
He  studied  and  practiced  medicine,  but  de- 
voted himself  to  literature  as  well ;  publishing 
a  book  <0n  Solitude*  (1784-85),  and  <0n  Na- 
tional Pride*  (1789).  His  style  is  rich  and 
vigorous  ;  and  his  books,  full  of  deep  sentiment 
as  well  as  eloquence,  have  been  translated  into 
many  other  languages. 

Zimmermann,  Karl.  A  German  theological 
writer ;  born  at  Darmstadt,  Aug.  23,  1803 ;  died 
there  June  12,  1877.  He  wrote  :  <  Life  of  Luther' 
(2d  ed.  1855) ;  <  Contributions  to  Comparative 
Homiletics*  (1866);  <The  Evangelical  Dia- 
spora *  ( 1868) ;  <  The  Gustavus  Adolphus  Society : 
Its  History,  its  Constitution,  and  its  Works' 
(1878). 

Zimmermann,  Willielm.  A  German  poet 
and  historian ;  born  at  Stuttgart,  1807 ;  died  at 
Mergentheim,  1878.  He  studied  theology  at 
Tubingen,  and  occupied  various  positions,  both 
as  a  professor  and  as  a  clergyman,  but  de- 
voted himself  largely  to  general  literature.  He 
published:  <Poems'  (1832);  a  tragedy,  <  Masa- 
niello*  (1832);  <  History  of  Wiirtemberg*  (1835); 

<  German  Wars  of  Liberation  against  Napoleon  * 
(1836);  <  History  of  the  Great  Peasant  War* 
(1840-44),  considered  Zimmermann's  best  work  ; 
♦History  of  the  Poetry  of  All  Nations'  (1856); 

<  Germany's  Heroic  Struggle  *  (1870-71))  ;<  Illus- 
trated History  of  the  German  Nation*  (1873-77). 


ZIMMERN — ZOCKLER 


597 


Zimmern,  Helen  (tsim'marn).  A  German- 
English  story-writer;  born  at  Hamburg,  March 
25,  1846.  From  childhood  she  lived  in  Eng- 
land. She  is  author  of  <  Stories  in  Precious 
Stones  >   (1873);    <Told   by   the    Way>    (1874); 

<  Half-Hours  with  French  Novelists>  (1881); 
'Stories  from  Foreign  Novelists*  (2d  ed.  1885). 
She  wrote  also  <  Schopenhauer,  his  Life  and 
Philosophy >  (1876);  <G.  E.  Lessing,  his  Life 
and  Works  >  (1878);  <  The  Hansa  Towns  >  (1889). 

Zimorowicz,  Simon  (ze-mo'ro-vich).  A  Pol- 
ish poet ;  born  at  Lemberg,  1604 ;  died  1629. 
His  work  shows  much  originality,  as  well  as 
variety.  Among  his  writings  are :  <  Russian 
Ladies'  (1654);  a  < Collection  of  Idyls >  (1654); 

<  Fortune)  (1655);  <  The  Polish  Venus >  (1665); 

<  Grief  >  (1777);  etc. 

ZinclEe,  Foster  Barham.  An  English  re- 
ligious and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  became 
vicar  of  Wherstead,  near  Ipswich,  and  chaplain- 
in -ordinary  to  the  Queen.  He  wrote  :  <Last 
Winter  in  the  United  States>  (1868)  ;  <The 
Egypt  of  the  Pharaohs  and  of  the  Khedive* 
(new  ed.  1873);  <A  Month  in  Switzerland* 
(  1873);  <The  Swiss  Germans'  (1874);  <A  Walk 
in  the  Grisons*  (1875);  <The  Flow  and  the 
Dollar.'     Died  Aug.  23,  1 893. 

Zingerle,  Ignaz  Vincenz  (tsing'arl-e).  An 
Austrian  poet  and  story-writer,  nephew  of  Pius ; 
born  at  Meran,  June  6,  1825 ;  died  at  Inns- 
bruck, Sept.  17,  1892.  He  was  made  professor 
of  the  German  language  and  literature  in  the 
University  of  Innsbruck,  1859.  Among  his 
poetical  works  are:  'Primroses'  (1848);  'From 
the  Alps';  'The  Miller's  Wife'  (1853).  He 
wrote  also  'Tyrolese  Legends'  (1850);  'The 
Tyrol's  Place  in  German  Mediaeval  Literature ' 
(1851);  'Children's  Stories  from  the  Tyrol' 
(1852); 'Alliteration  in  the  Middle-High-German 
Poets'  (1864);  'Oswald  von  Walkenstein' 
(1870). 

Zingerle,  Pius.  An  Austrian  theological 
writer  and  Orientalist;  born  at  Meran,  March 
17,  1801 ;  died  Jan.  10,  1881.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  the  Arabic  and  Syriac  languages  in 
the  Roman  University,  1862.  Among  works, 
whether  written  or  edited  by  him,  are :  '  Select 
Work  of  Ephrem  Syrus,  Translated  from  the 
Greek  and  Syriac'  (6  vols.,  1830-37);  'Genuine 
Acts  of  the  Eastern  Martyrs,'  from  the  Syriac 
(1836);  'Roses  of  Mary  from  Damascus'  (2d. 
ed.  1865);  'Life  and  Deeds  of  St.  Simeon  Sty- 
lites'  (1855);  'Syriac  Chrestomathy'  (1871); 
'  Syriac  Lexicon,'  for  use  with  his  '  Chresto- 
mathy' (1873);  'Oriental  Elements  in  German 
Poetry'  (1862). 

Zinkeisen,  Johann  Wilhelm  (tsink'I-zen). 
A  German  historian ;  born  at  Altenburg,  April 
II,  1803 ;  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  5,  1863.  He  edited 
at  Berlin  the  Official  Gazette  (Staats-Zeitung : 
1840-51).  He  wrote:  'History  of  the  Ottoman 
Empire  in  Europe'  (7  vols.,  1840-63);  'History 
of  Greece'  (1832-40);  etc. 

,    Zinkgref  or   Zincgref,   Julius  Willielm 

(tsink'gref).     A   German   hric  poet;   born  at 


Heidelberg,  June  >  1591 ;  died  at  St.  Gear, 
Nov.  12,  1635.  His  principal  work  was  'Ger- 
man Apothegms'  (later  ed.  1644),  a  collection 
of  epigrams,  anecdotes,  etc.;  'The  Soldier's 
Praise'  (1632),  his  best  poem,  an  imitation  of 
Tyrtaeus. 

Zintgraff,  Eugen  (tsint'graf).  A  German 
African  traveler ;  bom  at  Dusseldorf,  Jan.  16, 
1858.  He  spent  some  years  in  the  Congo  re- 
gion and  in  the  Cameroons  country,  and  wrote 
'  North  Cameroons :  An  Account  of  Travels  in 
l88M2>  (1895). 

Zitelmann,  Konrad  (tse'tel-man).  A  German 
poet  and  novelist;  born  at  Stettin,  1854.  He 
studied  law  at  Leipsic,  but  was  obliged  to 
settle  in  Southern  Europe  on  account  of  ill 
health.  He  has  published  the  collections  of 
poems  'In  Solitude'  (1876),  'Autumn  Days  in 
Meran'  (1876),  and  'From  Foreign  Lands' 
(1889);  the  novels  'At  Dawn'  (1880),  'Gods 
and  Idols'  (1884),  'The  Game  is  Over,'  'Ob- 
scure Lives'  (1886),  and  'Chords  and  Discords,' 
a  collection  of  short  stories  (1888).     Died  1897. 

Zittel,  Emil  (tsit'tel).  A  German  theological 
writer;  born  at  Lorrach  in  Baden,  Aug.  14, 
1831.  He  wrote :  'All  around  the  Jungfrau : 
A  Tourist's  Notes'  (1874);  'Dr.  Martin  Luther, 
1483-1517'  (1883);  'The  Origin  of  the  Bible' 
(1891);  'Bible  Knowledge'  (nth  ed.  1893); 
'  How  Jesus  of  Nazareth  Became  the  Messiah 
or  Christ'  (1893);  'The  Writings  of  the  New 
Testament  Translated  and  Explained  for  the 
German  People'  (1894).    Died  Jan.  23,  1899. 

Zittel,  Karl  Alfred.  A  German  geologist 
and  palaeontologist;  born  at  Bahlingen,  Sept. 
25,  1839.  He  became  professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Munich,  1866.  He  is  author  of  '  Travels 
in  Sweden  and  Norway'  (i860);  'From  Pri- 
mordial Times '  (2d  ed.  1875);  '  Letters  from  the 
Libyan  Desert' (1875);  'The  Sahara'  (1885). 

Ziver  Fasha  (ze-var'-pa-sha').  A  Turkish 
official  and  poet;  born  1793;  died  1862.  He 
was  director  of  the  Ministry  of  Marine,  mem- 
ber of  the  Council  of  Public  Instruction,  mem- 
ber of  the  Council  of  State  and  Justice,  etc.; 
and  became,  a  year  before  his  death,  a  function- 
ary of  the  first  rank.  He  held  the  title  of  im- 
perial poet ;  his  poetry  is  highly  esteemed  by 
the  Turks.  A  collection  of  it  was  published  at 
Constantinople,  under  the  title  of  the  '  Divan.' 

Zmaj.    See  Jovanovic. 

Zockler,  Otto  (tsek'ler).  A  German  theologi- 
cal writer;  born  at  Griinberg  in  Upper  Hesse, 
May  27,  1833.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
theology  in  the  University  of  Greifswald,  1866. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  : '  Natural  The- 
ology' (i860);  'Critical  History  of  Asceticism' 
(1863),  afterward  rewritten  and  entitled  'As- 
ceticism and  Monasticism'  (1897);  'The  Augs- 
burg Confession  as  the  Fundamental  Symbol 
of  the  German  Church  of  the  Reformation' 
(1870);  'God's  Witnesses  in  the  Kingdom  of 
Nature'  (1881);  'The  Apocrypha  of  the  Old 
Testament'  (1891). 


598 

Zogbaum,  Rufus  Falrcblld.  An  American 
artist ;  born  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  Aug.  28,  1849. 
He  was  educated  in  New  York,  studied  abroad ; 
has  been  successful  as  a  painter  of  military 
scenes ;  and  has  written  <  Horse,  Foot,  and  Dra- 
goons;'or,  Sketches  of  Army  Life.> 

Zogoskin  (zo-gos'kin),  or  Zagoskin,  or  Sa- 
goskin,  Mikhail  (za-gos'kin).  A  Russian  nov- 
elist and  dramatist;  born  in  the  government 
of  Penza,  1789;  died  at  Moscow,  1852.  His 
chief  work  is  <The  Russians  in  l8i2>  (1829). 
His  historical  novels  have  earned  for  him  the 
name  of  the  Russian  Walter  Scott. 

Zola,  ^mile  (zo'la).  A  celebrated  French 
novelist;  born  in  Paris,  April  2,  1840.  He 
wrote:  <  Tales  to  Ninon'  (1864);  <  Claude's 
Confession)  (1865);  <A  Dead  Woman's 
Vow>  (1866);  <My  Hatreds)  (1866);  <  My 
Salon)  (1866J;  <The  Mysteries  of  Mar- 
seilles) (1867);  <Edouard  Manef)  (1867);  *Th^- 
r&se  Raquin)  (1867);  <Madeleine  F^raf)  (1868); 
<The  Fortune  of  the  Rougons'  (1871);  <  La 
Cur^e)  {1872);  <The  Maw  [Ventre]  of  Paris) 
(1873);  <The  Conquest  of  Plassans'  (1874); 
<New  Tales  to  Ninon)  (1874);  *The  Sin  of 
Abbe  Mouref)  (1875);  <His  Excellency  Eugene 
Rougon)  (1876);  <L'Assommoir)  (1877);  <A 
Page  of  Love*  (1878);  <The  French  Republic 
and  Literature)  (1879);  <Nana)  (1880);  <  The 
Experimental  Novel )  (1880);  <  Literary  Docu- 
ments, Studies  and  Portraits)  (1881);  <Natural- 
ism  on  the  Stage)  (1881);  <Our  Dramatic  Au- 
thors) (1881);  <The  Realistic  Novelists)  (1881); 
<A  Campaign)  (1881);  <  Pot  Bouille)  (1882); 
<Good  Luck  to  the  Ladies)  (1883);  <The  Joy 
of  Living)  (1884);  <  Germinal )  (1885);  <Work) 
(<  L'CEuvre  > :  1886) ;  <  Earth )  (<  La  Terre );  1887) ; 

<  The  Dream)  (<  Le  Reve );  1888);  <  The  Human 
Brute)  (<La  Bete  Humaine);  1890);  < Money) 
(1891);  <The  Downfall)  (<  La  Debacle:  1892); 

<  Doctor    Pascal)    (1893);    <  Lourdes  >    (1894); 

<  Rome  >  (1895).     Died  in  Paris,  Sept.  29,  1902. 

ZoUer,  Edmund  von  (tsol'ler).  A  German 
miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Stuttgart,  May 
20,  1822.  He  is  author  of :  <  The  Science  of 
Library  Management)  (1846); 'Leopold  Rob- 
ert,) a  biography  (1863);  'German  and  Austrian 
Orders  and  Decorations)  (2d  ed.  1881);  <The 
Order  of  Tunis)  (1877);  <  The  Order  of  the 
Golden  Fleece)  (1879);  < The  Order  of  Charles 
HL)  (1888);  and  has  translated  several  poems 
from  French,  English,  Spanish,  Portuguese, 
Dutch,  and  other  languages.     He  died  1902. 

Zbller,  Hugo  (tsel-ler).  A  German  journal- 
ist and  traveler;  born  at  Oberhausen,  Prussia, 
Jan.  12,  1852.  He  was  for  a  number  of  years 
traveling  correspondent  of  the  Cologne  Ga- 
zette, and  explored  and  annexed  to  Germany 
various  tracts  of  country  in  West  Africa  (1884- 
85).  He  has  written:  <  Round  the  World) 
{1881);  <The  Panama  Canal )  (1882);  <The 
Germans  in  the  Brazilian  Primeval  Forest) 
(1883);  'Pampas  and  Andes)  (1884);  <The 
German  Possessions  on  the  West  African 
Coast)  (1885);  'German  New  Gumea'  {lOyi). 


ZOGBAVMt—  ZOPPRITZ 


ZoUing,  Theophile  (tso'ling).  A  miscella- 
neous writer;  bom  near  Naples,  Dec.  30,  1849; 
died  in  Berlin,  March  23, 1901.  He  was  educated 
in  German  Switzerland,  studied  history  and  phi- 
losophy in  Vienna,  and  later  lived  in  Paris  and 
Berlin.  He  is  known  as  a  lyrical  poet,  but  also 
wrote  a  satirical  epic  'The  Virgin  of  the  Chair) 
(1876);  a  drama  in  collaboration  with  Alphonse 
Daudet  'New  Love>  (1877);  the  novels  'Gossip> 
(1889)  and  'Madame  Love)  (1889);  etc. 

Zbllner,  Joliann  Karl  Friedrlch  (tsel'ner). 
A  German  astronomer  and  physicist;  born  at 
Berlin,  Nov.  8,  1834;  died  April  25,  1882,  at 
Leipsic,  where  he  was  professor  of  physical 
astronomy  in  the  university.  He  wrote  :  '  Out- 
lines of  a  General  Photometry  of  the  Heavens ) 
(1861);  'Photometric  Researches  with  special 
relation  to  the  Physical  Constitution  of  the 
Heavenly  Bodies)  (1865);  'The  Nature  of  the 
Comets)  (1871);  'Principles  of  an  Electro- 
dynamic  Theory  of  Matter)  (1876).  In  his  lat- 
ter years  he  turned  to  the  study  of  spiritism 
and  hypnotism ;  after  his  death  appeared  his 
work  'Are  There  Unconscious  and  Hereditarily 
Transmitted  Ideas?)  (1879). 

Zollogub  or  Sollogub  (zol'lo-gob),  written 
also  Zolloliub  (zori5-hob),  Vladimir  Alexan- 
drovicli.  A  popular  Russian  miscellaneous 
writer;  born  at  St.  Petersburg,  about  1815; 
died  June  16,  1882.  Besides  poems,  essays,  and 
dramas,  he  wrote  a  novel,  '  Tarantas,)  trans- 
lated into  English  and  German. 

Zonaras,  Joannes  (zon'a-ras).  A  Byzantine 
theologian  and  historian;  born  at  Constanti- 
nople, in  the  twelfth  century  of  the  Christian 
era.  He  was  the  author  of  '  Annals,)  from  the 
creation  down  to  his  own  times,  containing 
valuable  extracts  from  Josephus,  and  from  parts 
of  Dion  Cassius  that  are  now  lost. 

Zopfl,  Heinricb  Matthias  (tsepfl).  A  Ger- 
man jurist;  born  at  Bamberg,  April  6,  1807; 
died  at  Heidelberg,  July  4,  1877.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  public  law  at  Heidelberg,  1839.  He 
wrote :  '  On  High  Nobility  and  Equality  of 
Birth)  (1853);  'Antiquities  of  the  German 
Realm  and  Law)  (3  vols.,  i86<>-6i); ' Principles 
of  the  Common  German  Public  Law )  (2  vols., 
i860);  'History  of  German  Law>  (3  vols., 
1871-72);  'Outline  for  Lectures  on  the  Philos- 
ophy of  Law)  (1878),  published  posthumously; 
etc. 

Zoppio,  Melchiore  (dzop'yo).  An  Italian 
dramatist  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  bom  at 
Bologna,  about  1544  ;  died  1634.  By  profession 
a  physician,  he  devoted  his  leisure  to  philosophy 
and  literature,  publishing  two  comedies,  '  Di- 
ogenes Accused)  (1598),  and  'Julian) ;  and  four 
tragedies,  'Admetus,)  '  Medea,)  '  Creusa,)  and 
'Meander)  (1629);  as  well  as  various  philo- 
sophical writings. 

Zbppritz,    Karl    (tsep'prits).    A   German 

geographer ;  born  at  Darmstadt,  April  14,  1838 ; 

died  March  21,  1885.     He  is  author  of  'Pruys- 

senaere's  Travels  in  the  Region  of  the  Upper 

I  JMiie)  (1877};  'Hydro-dynamic  Problems  of  the 


I 


ZORN  — ZURITA 


599 


theory  of  the  Tides'  (1878);  <  Guide  to  Car- 
tography* (1884). 

Zorn,  Phllipp  (tsorn).  A  German  legist; 
born  at  Bayreuth,  Jan.  13,  1850.  He  became 
professor  in  the  University  of  Konigsberg, 
1877.  Among  his  writings  are :  <  State  and 
Church  in  Switzerland,'  written  in  collabora- 
tion with  Karl  Gareis  (2  vols  1877-78);  'State 
and  Church  in  Norway  to  the  Close  of  the  1  hir- 
teenth  Century '  (1875) ;  <  Public  Law  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire'  (2 vols.,  1880-83) ;  <  Text-Book  of 
Ecclesiastical  Law>  (1888);  <The  Modern  Ger- 
man Empire.*  ,  .      ,    , 

ZoroasVer  (zo'r6-as"ter).  Lived  600  years 
B.  C.  He  is  the  founder  of  the  Parsee  religion 
and  the  author  of  the  Avesta._    __  ,.  _      _    . 

Zorrilla  y  Moral,  Jose  (tho-rei  ya  e  mo-ral  ). 
A  Spanish  poet  ;  bom  at  Valladolid,  Feb.  21, 
1818;  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  23,  1893.  At  his 
father's  wish  he  studied  law,  but  early  showed 
his  talent  and  ambition  as  a  poet.  His  first  col- 
lection of  verse  appeared  in  1837  ;  and  another, 
< Songs  of  the  Troubadour  :  A  Collection  of  Leg- 
ends and  Traditions,)  1840-4I.  Then  followed 
a  drama,  <Don  Juan  Tenorio>  (1844),  reminis- 
cences of  (Faust>;  <Legend  of  the  Cid>  (1880); 
and  collections  of  shorter  verse. 

Zosimus  (z5s'i-mus).  A  Greek  historian, 
who  probably  lived  during  the  reign  of  the 
Emperor  Anastasius,  at  the  end  of  the  fifth 
century  of  the  Christian  era.  He  wrote  a 
<  Roman  History,'  composed  of  six  books,  in 
which  he  attributes  the  fall  of  the  empire  to 
the  Christians  alone. 

Zouch,  Thomas.  An  English  writer  of  prose 
and  verse;  born  in  York,  1737;  died  1815. 
Among  his  writings  are  :  <The  Crucifixion,'  e 
poem  (1765);  and  <  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney'  (1808). 

Zouche,  Richard  (zoch).  An  English  writer 
on  jurisprudence;  born  at  Anstey  in  Wiltshire, 
about  1590;  died  at  London,  March  I,  1661. 
Among  his  celebrated  treatises,  written  in  Latin, 
are:  <  Elements  of  Jurisprudence'  (1629);  <I)e- 
scription  of  Feudal  Law  and  Procedure  accord- 
ing to  the  Usages  of  Milan  and  Normandy,  to 
serve  as  Introduction  to  English  Jurisprudence  ' 
(1634);  <  Description  of  Ecclesiastical  Law  and 
Procedure  according  to  the  Canons  and  Con- 
stitutions of  England'  (1636);  <  Explication  of 
Fecial  Law  and  Procedure,  or  of  the  Law  of 
Nations '  (1650);  <  The  Competent  Judge  of  an 
Offending  Ambassador'  (1657). 

Zoukovski.     See  Zhukovski. 

Zrinyi,  Niklas,  Count  (zren'ye).  A  Hun- 
garian soldier  and  poet;  bom  1616;  died  1664. 
He  wrote  idyls  and  songs;  an  epic  poem,  the 
<Zrinyade>  (1651);  a,nd  essays  in  prose. 

Zschokke,  Johann.  Heinrich  Daniel  (tshok'- 
ke).  A  noted  Germ'an  novelist  and  miscella- 
neous writer;  born  at  Magdeburg,  1771 ;  died 
1848.  He  settled  in  Switzerland,  active  in 
politics.  He  produced  a  successful  drama, 
''^ballino  the  Bandit'  (1793),  followed  by  an- 


other, <  Julius  von  Sassen'  (1796)-  He  /las  writ- 
ten a  <  History  of  Bavaria'  (1813-18);  and  a 
<  History  of  Switzerland  for  the  Swiss  People' 
(1822);  but  his  fame  rests  upon  a  semi-religious 
work,  <  Hours  of  Devotion,'  and  his  novels, 
some  of  the  most  popular  of  which  are :  ^Ala- 
montade  the  Galley-Slave ' ;  <  The  Fool  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century';  <  Master  Jacob';  <The 
Goldmaker's  Village';  etc. 

Zumpt,  August  (tsompt).  A  German  clas- 
sical philologist,  nephew  of  Karl;  born  at 
Konigsberg,  Dec.  4,  1815 ;  died  at  Berlin,  April 
22,  1877.  His  studies  had  to  do  mainly  with 
Roman  epigi'aphy  in  its  relation  to  history. 
His  principal  works  are  :  <  The  Ancyran  Monu- 
ment'  (1845);  <  Epigraphical  Notes'  (2  vols., 
1850-54);  < Roman  Studies'  (1859);  < Criminal 
Law  under  the  Roman  Republic'  (4  vols., 
1865-69);  <The  Birth-Year  of  Christ'  (1869); 
<  Criminal  Trials  under  the  Roman  Republic' 

Zumpt,  Karl.  A  German  classical  philolo- 
gist; born  at  Berlin,  March  20,  1792;  died  at 
Karlsbad,  June  25,  1849.  He  was  appointed 
professor  of  Roman  literature  in  the  University 
of  Berlin,  1836.  His  greatest  work,  the  <  Latin 
Grammar'  (1818;  13th  ed.  1874),  was  translated 
into  English,  and  is  the  basis  of  several  of  the 
Latin  grammars  since  compiled  for  the  use  of 
schools.  He  also  prepared  annotated  editions 
of  several  of  the  Latin  classics ;  and  wrote : 
<Annals  of  Ancient  Kingdoms,  Nations,  etc.' 
(1819),  in  Latin;  <The  Roman  Knights  and  the 
Equestrian  Order'  (1840);  <0n  the  Duration  of 
the  Philosophic  Schools  at  Athens,  and  the 
Succession  of  the  Scholarchs'  (1843);  <0n  the 
Law  and  the  Proofs  of  Extortion'  (Repetun- 
darum;  1845);  <The  Personal  Liberty  of  the 
Roman  Citizen,  and  its  Legal  Guarantees '  (1846). 

Zunz,  Leopold  (tsdnts).  A  German  writer 
on  Jewish  religion  and  history;  bom  at  Det- 
mold,  Aug.  10,  1794;  died  March  17,  1886,  at 
Berlin,  where  he  was  head-master  of  the  Jew- 
ish normal  school  for  teachers.  He  is  the 
founder  of  the  «  Science  of  Judaism,"  the  plan 
of  which  was  laid  down  in  his  <A  Little  about 
Rabbinic  Literature'  (1818).  Very  important 
was  his  work  <  Jewish  Teachings  Regarding 
Worship'  (1892).  Among  his  other  works  are: 
<The  Synagogue  Poetry  of  the  Middle  Ages'; 
<The  Names  of  the  Jews'  (1836);  < Jewish  Re- 
quirements as  to  Oaths'  (1859). 

Zupitza,  Julius  (tso'pit-sa).  A  German  stu- 
dent of  English  speech;  born  at  Oberglogau 
in  Upper  Silesia,  Jan.  4,  1844 ;  died  July  6,  1895, 
at  Berlin,  where  he  was  professor  of  English 
language  and  literature  in  the  university.  Among 
his  works  are:  < Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Middle  High  German'  (1868);  <  Exercise  Book 
of  Old  and  Middle  English'  (1874);  <Alfric's 
Grammar  and  Glossary'  (1850);  < Specimens  of 
All  the  Accessible  Unprinted  MSS.  of  the  Can- 
terbury Tales'  (1890). 

Zurita,  Geronimo  (tho-re'ta).  A  Spanis'h 
historian  ;  bom  at  Saragossa,  1512  ;  died  1580. 


6oo 


ZWECKER  —  ZWINGLI 


His  <AnnaIs  of  the  Crown  of  Aragon'  (6  vols., 
1562-79)  are  of  great  value. 

Zwecker,  J.  An  English  writer  of  advent- 
ures. He  is  the  author  of  <Lost  among  the 
Afghans,*  illustrated  (new  ed.  1864). 

Zweers,  Philip  (zwars).  A  Dutch  poet ;  died 
1774.  He  was  a  notary  at  Amsterdam.  He 
wrote:  <Semiramis*  (1729),  a  tragedy;  other 
dramas ;  and  poems.  ('  Poetical  Works,'  Am- 
sterdam, 1759.) 

Zwlnger,  Theodore,  the  Elder  (tsving'er) 
(Lat.,  Zwingerus,  zwin-je'rus).  A  famous  Swiss 
physician  and  scholar;  bom  at  Basle,  1533; 
died  there,  1588.    He  was  professor  of  Greek 


at  Basle  (1565).    He  wrote  <  Theatre  of  Human 
Life>  (1565),  a  collection  of  anecdotes,  etc. 

Zwingli,  Ulrich  (tsving'le).  A  Swiss  church 
reformer ;  born  at  Wildhaus  in  the  canton  of 
St.  Gall,  Jan.  i,  1484;  fell  in  battle  near  Kap- 
pel,  Oct.  II,  1531.  Next  after  Calvin  he  was 
the  foremost  leader  of  the  Reformation  in 
Switzerland.  His  principal  works,  written  in 
Latin,  are :  '  Of  True  and  False  Religion  > 
(1525);  <The  Grounds  of  Faith  >  (1530);  <A 
Short  and  Clear  Exposition  of  Christian  Faith  > 
(1538).  He  wrote  in  German  :  <  Baptism,  Ana- 
baptism,  and  Piedobaptism  >  (1525);  <A  Clear 
Explanation  of  Christ's  Last  Supper  >  (1526). 


ADDENDA. 


Adier,  Hermann.  Chief  Rabbi  of  the  United 
Hebrew  Congregations  of  the  British  Empire; 
born  in  Hanover,  May  30,  1839.  Author  of 
'Jewish  Reply  to  Colenso,>  <  A  Volume  of  Ser- 
mons on  the  Old  Testament, >  <  Sabbath  Read- 
ings,' <  Soloman  ibn  Gebirol,  the  Poet  Philoso- 
pher,' and  other  works. 

Argyll,  John  Douglas  Sutherland  Campbell. 
Ninth  Duke  of;  born  in  London,  Aug.  6,  1845; 
married  H.  R.  H.  Princess  Louise  in  187 1.  He 
was  Governor-General  of  Canada  1878-83,  and 
M.P.  from  South  Manchesteri895-I900.  Author 
of  <The  United  States  after  the  War>  (l885|; 
♦Memoirs  of    Canada    and    Scotland    (1884); 

<  Canadian  Pictures'  (1885);  <  Life  of  Palmer- 
ston,'  <Life  and  Times  of  Queen  Victoria' 
(1901).      <  A  Gift  Book  for  the  Home.' 

Aston,  William  Oeorge.  An  English  author 
and  linguist;  born  near  Londonderry,  Ire.,  in 
184I.  He  was  appointed  student  interpreter  in 
Japan,  1864;  interpreter  and  translator  to  lega- 
tion at  Yedo,  1870,  and  was  successively  assist- 
ant Japanese  secretary  at  Yedo,  acting  consul  at 
Hiogo,  consul-general  for  Korea  and  Japanese 
secretary  to  TokiOo  Retired  on  pension  in  1889. 
Among  his  works  are :  <  A  Grammar  of  the 
Japanese  Spoken  Language,'  <  A  Grammar  of 
the  Japanese  Written  Language,'  <  History  of 
Japanese  Literature,*  besides  various  papers  for 
learned  societies. 

Atherton,  Mrs.  Gertrude  Franklin.  An  Amer- 
ican author;  bom  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  in 
18 — .  Among  her  published  works  are  :  <  The 
Doomswoman'(l892);<A  WhirlAsunder'(i895); 
<His  Fortunate  Grace'  (1897);.  <  American  Wives 
and  English  Husbands'  (1898);  <  The  Califor- 
nians>  (1898);  <The  Valiant  Runaways'  (1899); 

<  Senator  North  >  (1900);  <  The  Conqueror' 
(1902);  (Rulers  of  Kings  ' ;  <  Rezanov.' 

Bacheller,  Irving.  An  American  author  and 
journalist;  bom  in  Pierpont,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  26, 
1859.  He  was  actively  connected  with  the 
press  of  New  York  for  many  years  and  was  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  New  York  World.  His 
published  works  are  <  The  Master  of  Silence  > 
(1891);  <The  Still  House  of  O'Darrow' 
(1894);  <  Eben  Holden  '  (1900) ;  <  Dri  and  I ' 
(1901);  <Vergilins  '(1904) ;  *  Silas  Strong '(1906). 

Bagot,  Richard.  An  English  writer ;  born  in 
i860.  Among  his  published  works  are  :  <  A  Ro- 
man Mystery' ;  <The  Just  and  the  Unjust,*  <Casting 
of  Nets,'  <  Donna  Diana,'  <  Anthony  Cuthbert.' 

Barton,  William  Eleazar.  An  American  Con- 
gregational clergyman  and  author;  born  in 
Sublette,    111.,   June    28,    1861.      Among    his 


numerous  published  works  are  :  <  Life  in  the 
Hills  of  Kentucky  '  (1889) ;  <  A  Hero  in  Home- 
spun '  (1897);  <  The  Psalms  and  Their  Story' 
(1898);  <  When  Boston  Braved  the  King'  (1899)  ; 

<  Pine  Knot'  (1900) ;  <  The  Old  World  in  the  New 
Century '; 'History  and  Religion  of  the  Samari- 
tans.' 

Beard,  Daniel  Carter.  An  American  artist, 
author  and  illustrator;  born  in  Ohio  in  1850. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  What  to  Do  and  How 
to  Do  It,'  <  The  American  Boy's  Handy  Book,' 
<Six  Feet  of  Romance';  <  Moonlight';  <  Field 
and  Forest  Handy  Book.' 

Bell,  Lilian.  [Mrs.  Arthur  Hoyt  Bogue.] 
An  American  author;  born  in  Chicago,  111.,  in 
1867.  Among  her  works  are  :  <  Love  Affairs  of 
an  Old  Maid'  (1893);  <The  Under  Side  of 
Things '  (1896) ;  <  P>om  a  Girl's  Point  of  View  > 
(1897);*  As  Seen  by  Me'  (1900)  ;<  Yessum'  (1901); 
*■  Hope  Loring '  (1902);  <  Carolina  Lee.' 

Benjamin,  Judah  P.  A  jurist  and  politician 
of  Jewish  extraction;  born  in  St.  Croix,  West 
Indies,  Aug.  Ii,  181 1.  He  was  a  famous 
secessionist  and  was  known  as  «  the  brains  of 
the  Confederacy."  He  was  Secretary  of  War 
in  186 1  and  Secretary  of  State  of  the  Confed- 
eracy in  1862-65.  ^^  the  close  of  the  Civil  War 
he  fled  to  England,  where  he  won  fame  and 
fortune  in  the  practice  of  law.  His  works 
include  <  Digest  of  Decisions  of  Supreme  Court 
of  New  Orleans '  (1834);  <  Changes  in  the  Prac- 
tical  Operation   of    the   Constitution'    (i860); 

<  Defence  of  National  Democracy  '  ( i860).  His 
'  Law  of  Sale  '  (1883),  is  an  authority  in  Eng- 
lish courts.  He  died  in  Paris,  France,  May  7, 
1884. 

Black,  F.  Charlton.  An  American  writer  and 
educator  and  professor  of  English  at  Boston 
University;  born  in  Scotland  in  1861.  Author 
of :  <  Minor  Characters  in  Shakespeare,'  <  Recent 
Literary  Developments.' 

Blair,  Robert.  A  Scotch  poet  and  clergy- 
man; born  in  Edinburgh  in  1699.  He  was 
ordained  minister  at  Athelstaneford  in  1731. 
His  famous  poem,  <  The  Grave,'  was  published 
in  1743.     He  died  Feb.  4,  1745. 

Blanchard,  Amy  Ella.  An  American  writer  of 
juvenile  stories;  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in 
18 — .  Among  her  numerous  works  are  :  <  Wee 
Babies'  (1882);  <  My  Own  Dolly'  (1893);  (Two 
Girls'  (1894);  (Betty  of  Wye'  (1896);  <  Miss 
Vanity '(1899);  (Her  Very  Best '(1900);  (Twenty 
Little  Maidens  >;  (Four  Corners  in  California.* 

Boece  or  Boethius,  Hector.  A  famous  Scotch 
historian;  born   at    Dundee   about    1465.     His 


(601; 


602 


BOLTON — CA  RRYL. 


<  History  of  Scotland  >  ranks  among  the  best 
historical  works  of  that  period.  He  died  in 
1536. 

Bolton,  Charles  Knowles.  An  American  libra- 
rian and  author,  son  of  Sarah  K.  Bolton;  born 
in  Cleveland,  O.,  Nov.  14,  1867.  He  became 
librarian  of  the  Boston  Athenaeum  in  1 898. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  Saskia,  the  Wife  of 
Rembrandt,)  <The  Love  Story  of  Ursula  Wolcott,> 

<  The  Private  Soldier  under  Washington.  > 

Bonsai,  Stephen.  An  American  journalist  and 
author;  born  in  Virginia  in  1863.  He  served  as 
special  correspondent  for  the  New  York  Herald 
in  the  Bulgarian- Servian  War,  also  in  Macedo- 
nia, in  Morocco  and  in  Cuba.  He  was  in  the 
diplomatic  service  of  the  United  States  in 
Peking,  Madrid,  Tokio  and  Korea  (1890-96). 
Among   his   works   are  :    <  Morocco   as   It  is,> 

<  The  Real  Condition  of  Cuba,>  <  The  Fight  for 
Santiago.*;  *  The  Golden  Horse  Shoe.' 

Booth-Tucker,  Frederick  St.  George  de  Lautour. 

Commander  of  the  Salvation  Army  in  the  United 
States;  born  in  Bengal,  India,  March  21,  1853. 
He  held  positions  in  the  Indian  Civil  Service 
until  1881,  when  he  resigned  to  join  the  Salva- 
tion Army.  Among  his  published  works  are : 
<Life  of  Gen.  William  Booth  >  (1898);  <  In 
Darkest  India  and  the  Way  Out  >  (1899). 

Boyle,  Mrs.  Virginia  Frazer.  An  American 
author;  bom  near  Chattanooga,  Tenn.  In  1896 
she  wrote  the  Prize  Centennial  Ode  for  Tennes- 
see,and,  besides  many  short  stories  for  magazines, 
published  <  The  Other  Side)  (1893) ;  <  Broken- 
burne  >  (1897);  <  Devil  Tales  >  (1900);  <  Serena.' 

Bradstreet,  Mrs.  Anne.  An  English  poetess; 
bom  at  Northampton  in  1612.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Thomas  Dudley,  who  became  Gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  and  the  wife  of  Rev. 
Simon  Bradstreet,  a  non-conformist  clergyman, 
with  whom  she  came  to  New  England,  June  12, 
1630.  Her  book  of  poems,  <  The  Tenth  Muse,) 
was  published  in  1650.  She  was  considered  the 
most  celebrated  poet  of  her  time  in  America. 
Her  death  occurred  at  Andover,  Mass.,  Sept.  15, 
1672. 

Brady,  Cyrus  Townsend,  An  American  clergy- 
man and  author;  born  in  Allegheny,  Pa.,  Dec. 
20,  1 86 1.  He  was  ordained  to  the  Episcopal 
ministry  in  1890,  and  was  chaplain  of  the  ist  Pa. 
vol.  infantry  during  the  Spanish-American  War. 
Among  his  published  works  are  :  <  For  Love  of 
Country  »  (1898);  <  (The  Grip  of  Honor  >  (1899); 

<  Commodore  Paul  Jones  >  (1900);  <  An  Apostle  of 
the  Plains  * ;  <  The  Blue  Ocean's  Daughter.* 

Brooks,  John  Graham.  An  American  writer 
and  lecturer  on  economics  and  president  of 
National  Consumers'  League;  bom  in  Acworth, 
N.  H.,  July  19,  1846.  He  was  instructor  and 
lecturer  on  economic  subjects  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity and  at  University  of  Chicago,  and  was 
for  two  years  expert  in  United  States  Department 
of  Labor  at  Washington.  Author  of:  <  The 
Social  Unrest)  (1903). 


Budge,  Ernest  A.  'Wallis.  An  English  writer 
and  the  keeper  of  Egyptian  and  Assyrian  antiq- 
uities in  the  British  Museum;  born  in  18 — .  He 
has  published  over  75  books  on  Egyptian, 
Assyrian  and  various  historic  subjects,  as  well  as 
numerous  translations,  text-books  and  guides. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  Babylonian  Life  and 
History)  (1884);  <  The  Dwellers  on  the  Nile* 
(1885);  (History  of  Alexander  the  Great* 
(1889);  <A  Book  of  the  Dead)  (1895);  <A 
History  of  Egypt  >  (8  vols. ) ;  <  The  Gods  of  Egypt.) 

Buel,  James  William.  An  American  author; 
born  in  Golconda,  111.,  Oct.  22,  1849.  In  1882 
he  traveled  through  Siberia  and  visited  the  con- 
vict camps.  His  works  include  :  <  Exile  Life  in 
Siberia,)  <  The  Living  World,*  <  Story  of  Man,> 

<  Heroes  of  the  Dark  Continent,)  <  World's 
Wonders,)  <  Sea  and  Land,)  <  The  Great  Operas,* 

<  Library  of  American  History  >  ;  <  Hero  Tales.* 

Bullen,  Frank  Thomas.  An  English  author 
and  lecturer;  bom  in  Paddington,  Eng.,  April  5, 
1857.  He  went  to  sea  at  an  early  age  and  vis- 
ited all  parts  of  the  world,  serving  in  various 
capacities  up  to  and  including  that  of  chief 
mate.  Among  his  numerous  works  are  :  <  The 
Cruise  of  the  Cachalot  * ;  'Idylls  of  the  Sea  * ;  <The 
Men  of  the  Merchant  Service  ) ;  <  A  Whaleman's 
Wife  ) ;  <  Ocean  Freeholders  * ;  'Sea  Puritans.* 

Buigess,  Frank  Gelett.  An  American  writer 
and  illustrator;  bom  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan. 
30,  1866.  Author  of  <  The  Purple  Cow* 
(1897);  (  The  Lark  Almanac*  (1898);  <  Goops 
and  How  to  be  Them,*  <  Journey  Round  the 
Year  *(i900);<The  Romantic  Mood*  (1907}. 

Burton,  John  Hill.  A  Scotch  historian  and 
advocate;  bom  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  Aug.  22> 
1809.  His  works  include,  besides  antiquarian 
books  on  Scotch  law  and  history,  <  The  Life 
and   Correspondence  of  David   Hume*  (1846); 

<  Political  and  Social  Economy  *  (1849) ;  <  The 
History  of  Scotland  from  Agricola's  Invasion  to 
the  Revolution  of  1688)  (1867);  'History  of 
Queen  Anne's  Reign)  (1881);  <  The  Book 
Hunter)  (1882).  He  died  near  Edinburgh, 
Aug.  10,  1881. 

Capes,  Bernard,  An  English  author;  bom  in 
1 8 — .  Among  his  published  works  are  :  <  The 
Lake  of  Wine)  (1898);  <  The  Adventures  of  the 
Comte  de  la  Muette>(i898) ;  <Our  Lady  of  Dark- 
ness )  (1899);  'From  Door  to  Door*  (1900); 
'  Love  Like  a  Gypsy)  (1901);  '  Plots  )  (1901). 

Carnegie,  Andrew.  An  American  manufac- 
turer, philanthropist  and  author;  born  in  Dun- 
fermline, Scot.,  Nov.  25,  1837.  He  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1848  and  amassed  a  large 
fortune.  He  expended  many  millions  in  the 
endowment  of  a  great  number  of  free  libraries 
both  in  America  and  Scotland.  Among  his 
published  works  are  :  '  Triumphant  Democracy,) 
'  An     American     Four-in-Hand     in     Britain,' 

<  Round  the  World  * ; '  Wealth  * ;  <  Life  of  Watt.) 

Carryl,  Guy  "Wetmore.  An  American  author; 
bom  in  New  York  city,  March  4,  1 873.  He 
wrote    'Fables     for    the     Frivolous*    (1898); 


CASTLE — CONGREVE 


603 


'Mother  Goose  for  Grown-Ups>  (19CX))  ;  *Grim 
Tales  Made  Gay>  (1902).    Died  April  i,  1904. 

Castle,  Egerton.  An  English  author  and  jour- 
nalist; bom  March  12,  1858.  He  was  publisher 
and  part  owner  of  the  Liverpool  Mercury,  served 
on  the  staff  of  the  Saturday  Review,  1885-94; 
was  member  of  the  Council  and,  untii  1901,  of 
the  managing  committee  of  the  Society  of 
Authors.     Among    his   numerous   works    are  : 

<  Schools  and  Masters  of  Fence  >  (1884);  <  Con- 
sequences of  a  Novel  >  (1891);  <  La  Bella  and 
Others)  (1892);  <  The  Light  of  Scarthey  > 
(1895);  <  The  Jerningham  Letters  >  (1896); 
<The  Pride  of  Jennico  >  (1898);  <  The  Bath 
Comedy)  (these  last  two  novels  written  with 
his  wife,  Agnes  Castle) ;  <  Desperate  Remedies  > 
(a  play  written  for  Richard  Mansfield) ;  <  The 
Secret  Orchard)  (1900)  (dramatized  for  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Kendal);  <  The  House  of  Romance,)  <The 
Star  Dreamer  >   (1903);  <  If  Youth  but  Knew.> 

Chalmers,  Alexander.  A  Scotch  writer;  bom 
in  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  March  29,  1759.  He 
is  famous  as  the  author  of  a  General  Biograph- 
ical Dictionary,  in  thirty-two  volumes  (1812-17). 
Edited  Johnson's  <  British  Poets )  and  a  valuable 
collection  of  British  Essayists,  in  forty-five  vol- 
umes.    He   died  in  London,  Dec.  10,  1834. 

Chanler,  William  Astor.  An  American  trav- 
eler and  writer;  born  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  1867. 
Author    of    <  Through    Jungles   and    Deserts,) 

<  Travels  in  Eastern  Africa.  > 

Chant,  Mrs.  Lanra  Ormiston.  An  English 
preacher,  lecturer,  composer  and  writer;  born  in 
Chepstow,  1848.  She  taught,  nursed  in  hos- 
pitals and  took  up  public  advocacy  of  woman's 
suffrage,  temperance,  purity  and  liberal  politics; 
took  relief  to  the  Armenian  refugees  and  con- 
veyed nurses  to  the  Greek  frontier  and  Crete. 
Among  her  writings  are  :  <  Verona  and  Other 
Poems,)  <  Short  Stories,)  various  pamphlets  on 
temperance,  poor  law,  politics  and  purity,  besides 
a  number  of  hymns  and  songs. 

Chestnutt,  Charles  Waddell.  An  American 
lawyer  and  author,  of  African  descent;  bom  in 
Cleveland,  O.,  June  20,  1858.  Among  his 
published  works  are  :  <  The  Conjure  Woman  > 
(1899);  <The  Wife  of  His  Youth)  (1899); 
'Life  of  Frederick  Douglass)  (1899);  <  The 
House  Behind  the  Cedars  )  (1900). 

Chtirchill,  "Winston.  An  American  novelist; 
bom  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Nov.  10,  1871.  He 
graduated  from  the  United  States  Naval  Acad- 
emy in  1894,  and  contributed  naval  and  other 
stories  to  the  magazines.  His  published  works 
are  <  The  Celebrity)  (1898);  <  Richard  Carvel  > 
(1899) ;  <  The  Crisis  > ;  <  Coniston  > ;  <  Mr.  Crewe's 
Career.) 

Clark,  Imogen.  An  American  writer ;  born  in 
New  York  city  in  18 — .  Author  of  <  The  Victory 
of  Ezry  Gardner)  (1897);  <  Will  Shakespeare's 
Little  Lad)  (1897);  <  The  Heresy  of  Parson 
Medlicott)  (1900);  <  God's  Puppets)  (1901). 

Clarke,  Helen  Archibald.  An  American  editor, 
author  and  composer;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 


in  18 — .  Founder  and  editor  of  Poet  Lore, 
with  Charlotte  Porter,  in  1889,  and  collaborated 
with  her  in  editing  <  Browning's  Complete 
Works,)  <  Mrs.  Browning's  Complete  Works,) 
<The  Ring  and  the  Book'  ;  <  Browning's  Italy.) 

Cleveland,  Stephen  Grover.  The  Twenty- 
second  President  of  the  United  States;  bom  in 
Caldwell,  N.  J.,  March   18,   1837.     He  wrote 

<  The  Self-Made  Man  in  American  Life.)  D.  1908. 

Clews,  Henry.  An  American  financier  and 
writer;  bom  in  Staffordshire,  England,  1840. 
Author    of    <Wall    Street    and    the    Nation,) 

<  Twenty-eight  Years  in  Wall  Street,)  <The 
Wall  Street  Point  of  View.) 

Coe,  George  Albert.  An  American  author 
and  professor  of  philosophy  at  Northwestern 
University;  bom  in  Monroe  County,  N.  Y., 
March  26,  1862.  Besides  being  a  contributor  to 
philosophical  and  theological  magazines  he 
wrote  :  <  TheSpritual  Life;  Studies  in'the  Science 
of  Religion)  (1900);  <  The  Religion  of  a  Ma- 
ture Mind  > ;  <  Education  in  Religion  and  Morals.* 

Cohen,  Alfred  J.  [«  Alan  Dale.))]  An  Amer- 
ican dramatic  critic  and  author;  bom  in  Bir- 
mingham, Eng.,  May  14,  1861.  He  came  to 
the  United  States,  engaged  in  journalism  in 
New  York,  and  was  dramatic  critic  for  the  New 
York  Evening  World  and  the  New  York  Jour- 
nal. Among  his  published  works  are  :  <  Jon- 
athan's home,'  <  A  Marriage  Below  Zero,)  <  My 
Footlight  Husband,*  'Miss  Innocence,)  <A 
Moral  Busybody,)  <  Conscience  on  Ice,'  <  A  Girl 
Who  Wrote.) 

Collier,  Jeremy.  A  famous  English  theolo- 
gian and  non-conforming  bishop;  bom  at  Stow, 
Eng.,  in  1650.  He  suffered  persecution  for  his 
zeal  in  the  expression  of  his  opinions.  In  1698 
he  published  his  celebrated  work,  <  A  Short 
View  of  the  Profaneness  and  Immorality  of  the 
English  Stage,)  which  created  a  great  sensation 
in  the  literary  world  and  resulted  in  a  reform  of 
the  English  drama.    Among  his  other  works  are 

<  Essays )  on  moral  subjects.     He  died  in  1726. 

Colton,  Arthur  (WilUs).  An  American  author; 
born  in  Washington,  Conn.,  May  22,  1868.  He 
was  instractor  of  English  literature  at  Yale  Col- 
lege 1893-5,  ^^^  besides  being  a  contributor  to 
leading  magazines,  wrote  <  Bennie  Ben  Cree.) 

Colvin,  Sidney.  An  English  writer;  keeper 
of  prints  and  drawings  in  the  British  Museum; 
bom  in  Norwood,  Eng.,  June  18,  1845.  He 
contributed  largely  to  periodical  literature, 
chiefly  upon  subjects  relative  to  history  and  the 
fine  arts.  Among  his  works  are :  <  Life  of 
Walter  Savage  Landor  )  ( 1881);  <  Life  of  Keats' 
(1887)  in  Moreley's  'English  Men  of  Letters,> 
<A  Florentine  Picture  and  Chronicle)  (1898); 

<  Early  History  of  Engraving  in  England  > 
(I901).  He  edited  <  Letters  of  Keats  >  ('1887), 
and  <  Letters  of  R.  L.  Stevenson  )  ( 1899). 

Congreve,  Richard.  An  English  author  and 
educator ;  born  at  Leamington,  England, 
Sept.  4,  1818.  He  taught  at  Rugby  and 
later  became  a  disciple  of  Comte.     He  wrote 


6o4 


e©NNERY — DRESSER 


<  The  Catechism  of  Positivist  Rehgion>  (1858); 

<  Elizabeth  of  England)  (1862);  (Essays: 
Political,  Social  and  Religious  >  (1874).  He 
died  at  Hampstead,  England,  July  5,  1899. 

Connery,  Thomas  Bernard  Joseph.  An  Amer- 
ican author  and  journalist;  born  in  Ireland,  Oct. 
13,  1838.  He  sen-ed  on  the  editorial  staff  of 
the  New  York  Herald  from  1856-84,  after 
which  he  edited  successively  New  York  Truth, 
Once  a  Week,  and  Collier's  Weekly. 
Among  his  works  are:  < Black  Friday, >  <  That 
Noble  Mexican,)  <  My  Trip  to  Mars, ><  Violet 
Bland  ';<  Essays  on  Literary  Women  in  England.* 

Conrad,  Joseph.  An  English  author  and 
master  in  the  merchant  service;  born  in  18 — . 
Among  his  works  are:  <Almayer's  Folly  > 
(1895);   <An  Outcast  of   the   Island  >   (1896); 

<  Tales  of  Unrest  >  (1898);  <  Lord  Jim  >  (1900); 
(  Youth  and  Other  Tales*  (1902);  <Romance>(i903). 

Conway,  Sir  "William  Martin.  An  English 
author  and  Slade  professor  of  fine  arts  at  Cam- 
bridge; born  in  Rochester,  Eng.,  in  1856.  He 
traveled  extensively  and  explored  and  surveyed 
many  mountain  ranges,  ascending  the  most  dif- 
ficult peaks  in  the  Alps,  Andes  and  Himalaya 
mountains.  He  was  awarded  the  gold  medal 
for  mountain  surveys,  Paris  Exposition,  1900. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  Early  Flemish  Artists  > 
(1887);  <Dawn  of  Art  in  the  Ancient  World' 
(1891);  <  The  Alps  from  End  to  End)  (1895); 
'With  Ski  and  Sledge  over  Arctic  Glaciers* 
(l8q8);<  The  Bolivian  Andes*  fiQOi);  <  The  Do- 
main of  Art  *  (1902) ;  <The  Alps*  (1904). 

Corbin,  John.  An  American  author  and 
journalist;  born  in  Chicago,  111.,  May  2,  1870. 
After  graduating  from  Harvard  L^niversity  he 
spent  a  year  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and 
later  was  dramatic  critic  for  Harper's  Weekly 
and  served  on  the  editorial  staff  of  Harper's 
Magazine  and  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica. 
Rewrote:  <  The  Elizabethan  Hamlet*  (1895); 

<  Schoolboy  Life  in  England — An  American 
View  )  ( 1898) ;  <  An  American  at  Oxford  > 
( 1902) ;  <  The  Cave  Man  *  (1907). 

Cornish,  Francis  Warre.  An  English  writer, 
Vice-Provost  of  Eton  College;  bom  in  England, 
May  8,  1839.  Besides  contributing  to  various 
periodicals,  he  wrote  <  Life  of  Oliver  Cromwell,* 

<  Sunningwell,)  <  Chivalry.* 

Cotes,  Mrs.  Everard.  [«  Sara  Jeanette  Dun- 
can.**] An  English  author;  born  in  Brantford, 
Ont.,  in  1861.   Among  her  published  works  are: 

<  A  Social  Departure,*  <An  American  Girl  in 
London,**  The  Story  of  Tommy  Sahib,*  <  His 
Honor  and  a  Lady,*  <  The  Path  of  a  Star* 
(1897);  <  Those  Delightful  Americans  )  (1902). 

Coverdale,  Miles.  An  English  bishop,  reform- 
er and  celebrated  translator  of  the  first  com- 
plete English  Bible  ;  bom  in  Yorkshire, England, 
in  1488.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge, 
became  an  Augustine  monk  in  I5i4»  and  was 
one  of  the  first  Englishmen  who  adopted  tlie 
doctrines  of  the  Reformed  Church  of  England. 
In  1535  he  published  an  English  translation  of 


the  Bible,  which  was  reissued  in  1537  with  royal 
sanction.  This  was  the  first  entire  Bible  ever 
published  in  English.  He  translated  from  the 
works  of  Luther,  Calvin,  Bullinger  and  others. 
He  died  in  London  and  was  buried  Feb.  1 9, 
1568. 

Croker,  Mrs.  Bertha  M.  An  English  novelist; 
wife  of  Lieut. -Col.  John  Croker.  Among  hei 
works,  most  of  which  have  been  translated  into 
French  and  German,  also  into  Norwegian,  are: 
<  Proper  Pride*  (1882);  <  Pretty  Miss  Neville* 
(1883);  (Married  or  Single*  (1895);  (Beyond 
the  Pale*  (1897);  (Miss  Balmaine's  Past* 
(1898);  (  Peggy  of  the  Bartons*  (1898);  (Infat- 
uation >  (1899);  <Angel  *  ( 1901 );  ( The  Cat's  Paw.* 

Crowninshield,    Mrs.     Mary    Bradford.      An 

American  author;  born  in  Maine  in  1 854. 
Among  her  published  works  are  :  (Latitude  19°,' 
(Where  the  Trade  Wind  Blows,*  (All  Among 
the  Light- Houses,*  (Plucky  Smalls,*  (The 
Archbishop  and  the  Lady  * ;  (Valencia's  Garden.* 

Cushing,  Frank  Hamilton.  An  American 
ethnologist  and  author;  born  in  Northeast,  Pa., 
July  22,  1857.  He  lived  among  the  Zufii 
Indians  from  1878-81  in  order  to  study  their 
characteristics.  He  wrote  :  (  My  Adventures  in 
Zuni,*  (  Mental  Concepts:  or  Hand-Made  Mind,* 
(The  Myths  of  Creation,*  (  The  Arrow.*  He 
was  in  the  service  of  the  U.  S.  Government  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  April  10,  1900. 

Daskam,  Josephine  Dodge.  An  American 
writer  of  prose  and  verse;  born  in  Stamford, 
Conn.,  Feb.  17,  1876.  Besides  being  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  magazines,  she  has  pub- 
lished (  Smith  College  Stories  >  (1900) ;  (  Sister's 
Vacation  and  Other  Girl's  Stories*  (1900); 
(Whom  the  God's  Destroyed*  (1902);  (  Mad- 
ness of  Philip  and  Other  Tales  of  Childhood* 
(1902);  <  Memoirs  of  a  Baby*  (1904). 

Dawson,  A.  J.  An  English  novelist,  story 
writer  and  traveler;  born  in  Wandsworth  in 
1871.  Among  his  works  are:  (Middle  Grey- 
ness,*  (  Mere  Sentiment,*  (  God's  Foundling,* 
<The  Story  of  Robert  Kestrel,*  <  Half- Caste,* 
(  Hidden  Manna  * ;  (  Things  Seen  in  Morocco.* 

Dixon,  Thomas,  Jr.  An  American  clergy- 
man, writer  and  lecturer;  born  in  Shelby,  N.C., 
Jan.  II,  1864.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1886,  but  resigned  to  enter  the  Baptist  ministry 
and  was  ordained  in  1887.  Among  his  works 
are  :  <  Living  Problems  in  Religion  and  Social 
Science*  (i89i);(What  is  Religion*  (1892); 
'  Sermons  on  Ingersoll '  ( 1894) ;  ( The  Leopard's 
Spots*   (1902);  (The  Traitor*  (1906). 

Dodge,  Walter  Phelps.  An  American  author 
and  lawyer;  born  in  Syria  in  1869.  He  made 
his  residence  in  London  and  practiced  at  the 
English  bar.  He  wrote  :  (Three  Great  Tales*;  <  As 
the  Crow  Flies  * ;  ( A  Strong  Man  Armed  * ;  ( The 
.Sea  of  Love  * ;  ( The  Real  Sir  Richard  Barton.* 

Dresser,  Horatio  Willis.     An  American  author 
1  and   metaphysician;    born    in    Yarmouth,    Me., 


DROMGOOLE — FISHER 


60s 


Jan.  15,  1866.  He  was  editor  and  publisher  of 
the  <  Journal  of  Practical  Metaphysics  >  (1896- 
98),  and  a  lecturer  on  practical  philosophy  for 
many  years.  Among  his  numerous  works  are  : 
<The  Power  of  Silence  >  (1895) ;  <The  Perfect 
Whole  >  (1896);   <In  Search  of  a  Soul  >  (1897); 

<  Voices  of  Hope  >  (1898);  <  Living  by  the  Spirit'; 

<  Book  of  Secrets  > ;  <  Health  and  the  Inner  Life.' 

Dromgoole,  Will  Allen.  An  American  writer 
of  fiction;  bom  in  Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  in  i860. 
Among  her  published  works  are  <  The  Valley 
Path,'  <A  Moonshiner's  Son,'  <  Rare  Old 
Chums,'  <  A  Boy's  Battle,'  <  Harum-Scarum 
Joe ' ;  <  The  Best  of  Friends.' 

Drununond,  James.  An  English  clergyman 
and  author;  born  in  Dublin,  Ire.,  May  14,  1 835. 
He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Manchester 
New  College,  London,  from  1865  until  1885, 
when  he  became  principal.  Among  his  many 
published  works  are :  *  Spiritual  Religion ' 
(1870);*  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Theology,' 

<  The  Jewish  Messiah  >  (1887) ;  <  Philo-Judseus  ' 
(1888);  <  Life  and  Letters  of  Dr.  Martin  eau  > 
(in  union  with  Prof.  Upton)  (1902). 

Drysdale,  William.  An  American  author  and 
journalist;  born  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  July  11,  1852. 
He  was  twenty  years  on  the  staff  of  the  New 
York  Times  as  editor  and  foreign  correspondent. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  In  Sunny  Lands,'  <The 
Princess  of  Montserrat,'  <  The  Young  Reporter,' 
<The  Fast  Mail,'  <  The  Beach  Patrol,'  <  The 
Treasury  Club.'      Died  in  1901. 

Dunne,  Finley  Peter.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  author;  born  in  Chicago,  July  10, 
1867.  He  served  on  the  editorial  staffs  of  •vari- 
ous Chicago  newspapers  and  was  editor  of  the 
Chicago  Journal  from  1897  to  1900.      He  wrote 

<  Mr.  Dooley  in  Peace  and  War'  (1898);  <  Mr. 
Dooley  in  the  Hearts  of  His  Countrymen ' 
(1898);  <  Mr.  Dooley's  Philosophy  '  (1900). 

Eddy,  Mary  Baker  Glover.  The  discoverer 
and  founder  of  Christian  Science;  born  in  Bow, 
N.  H.,  in  1821.  She  began  teaching  Christian 
Science  in  1867,  organized  the  "Church  of 
Christ,  Scientist,"  Boston,  in  1879,  and  was 
ordained  to  the  ministry  in  188 1.  Founded 
Massachusetts  Metaphysical  College,  Boston, 
1881,  and  Christian  Science  Journal,  1883. 
Author  of  <  Science  and  Health,  with  Key  to 
Scriptures';  < Truth  versus  Error';  also  other 
works  and  text-books  on  this  subject. 

Eliot,  Max  (AnnaB. ).  [Mrs.  Granville  Alden 
Ellis.]  An  American  author,  critic  and  jour- 
nalist; bom  in  Ohio  in  18 — .  She  was  London 
correspondent  for  the  Boston  Herald,  dramatic 
critic  for  the  New  York  Dramatic  News,  and 
founded  and  edited  the  Amusement  Gazette 
(Boston),  1886-87.  Besides  contributing  to 
leading  American  and  English  magazines,  she 
wrote  :  <  Sketches  in  Bermuda,'  '  A  Tale  of 
Lily- Land,'  <  Prima  Donnas  of  To-day,'  <  A 
Tragic  Marriage,'  <  Part  of  a  Summer.' 

Elson,  Henry  William.  An  American  author 
and  lecturer  ;   born  in  Muskingum  County,  O., 


March  29,  1857.  He  entered  the  ministry  of 
the  Lutheran  Church,  but  resigned  from  it  in 
1895  and  became  writer  and  lecturer  of  the 
University  Extension  Society  of  Philadelphia. 
Author  of  :  <  Side  Lights  on  American  History  ' 
(1899-1900);  biographies  for  children  of  <  An- 
drew Jackson,'  <  U.  S.  Grant,'  'Daniel  Boone,' 
<  Frances  Willard '  (1899);  <  How  to  Teach 
History'  (1901);  <  Elson's  History  of  the  United 
States';  < Elson's  History'  (5  vols.,  1905). 

Emerson,  Edwin.  An  American  author, 
editor  and  joumalist  ;  born  in  Dresden,  Saxony, 
in  18 — .  He  served  on  the  editorial  staff  of 
various  newspapers,  went  abroad  as  foreign 
correspondent  of  the  Boston  Post,  and  was  war 
correspondent  for  Leslie's  Weekly  during  the 
Spanish-American  war.  He  joined  the  Rough 
Riders  in  Cuba  and  served  with  the  regiment  at 
San  Juan  and  Santiago.  He  wrote  the  <  College 
Yell  Book > ;  <  Peppy's  Ghost' (1898);  <  In  War 
and  Peace';  <  Tales  Drolatic';  <  Rough  Rider 
Stories ' ;  |<  The  Monroe  Doctrine  in  Venezuela.' 

Ericsson,  John.  A  famous  naval  inventor; 
bom  in  Sweden  in  1803.  He  invented  monitor 
vessels  and  was  the  first  to  apply  the  screw  pro- 
peller in  navigation.  Author  of  <  Movable  Tor- 
pedoes,' <  Solar  Investigations,'  'Contributions 
to  the  Centennial  Exhibition,'  <  Radiant  Heat.' 
Died  in  1889. 

Fea,  Allen.  An  English  historian  and  anti- 
quarian; born  May  26,  i860.  Besides  contrib- 
uting various  articles  to  magazines  he  wrote : 
<The  Flight  of  the  King,' <  Secret  Chambers 
and  Hiding  Places,'  <  King  Monmouth.' 

Femald,  Chester  Bailey.  An  American  author 
and  dramatist;  born  in  Charlestown,  Mass., 
March  18,  1869.  He  was  at  one  time  actively 
connected  with  the  building  of  war  vessels  at 
San  Francisco,  traveled  extensively  and  settled 
in  London.  He  wrote  :  <  The  Cat  and  the 
Cherub'  (1896);  <  Chinatown  Stories'  (1899), 
His  plays,  <  The  Cat  and  the  Chemb  '  and  <  The 
Moonlight  Blossom,'  have  been  successfully 
produced. 

Field,  Roswell  Martin.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  writer;  born  in  .St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept. 
I,  1851.  Author  of  Hn  Sunflower  Land'; 
<  Madeline.'  In  <  Echoes  from  a  Sabine  Farm' 
he  collaborated  with  his  brother,  Eugene  Field. 

Finn,  Francis  James.  An  American  Roman 
Catholic  clergyman  and  author;  born  in  Missouri 
in  1859.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Society 
of  Jesus  in  1879,  and  later  was  made  professor 
of  English  literature  at  St.  Xavier's  College, 
Cincinnati.  His  writings  are  mainly  for  young 
people  and  include:  <  Tom  Playfair,'  <  Claude 
Lightfoot' ;  'Old  Faces  and  New ' ;  <Ada  Merton'; 
*My  Strange  Friend' ;  'The  Haunt  of  the  Fairies.' 

Fisher,  Sidney  George.  An  American  lawyer 
and  author;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept.  II, 
1856.  His  published  works  include:  'The 
Making  of  Pennsylvania  '  (1896) ; '  The  Evolu- 
tion of  the  Constitution'  (1887);  'The  True 
Benjamin  Franklin '  (1899) ;  <  The  True  William 


6o6 


FISKE — GORKY 


Penu>    (1900);    <Tlie   True    History   of    the 
American  Revolution)  (1902). 

Rake,  Amos  Kidder.  An  American  author 
and  journalist ;  born  in  Whitefield,  N.  H.,  May 
12,  1842.  He  was  associated  with  George 
Ticknor  Curtis  in  the  preparation  of  the  <  Life 
of  Daniel  Webster,>  and  ser\'ed  for  many  years 
on  the  editorial  staff  of  leading  New  York 
papers.  Among  his  works  are  <  Midnight 
Talks  at  the  Club>  (1S90);  <  Beyond  the 
Boum>(l89i);  <The  Myths  of  Israel  >  (1897); 
<The  Story  of  the  Philippines)  (1898);  <  The 
West  Indies  >  (1899);  <  The  Modern  Bank  >  (1904)- 

Fiske,  Stephen.  An  American  journalist, 
author  and  dramatist;  born  in  New  Brunswick, 
N.  !•»  Nov.  22,  1840.  He  wrote :  <  English 
Photographs,)  <  Holiday  Tales,)  <  Ofthand  Por- 
traits of  ftominent  New  Yorkers,)  and  among 
his  plays  are  <  Martin  Chuzzlewit,)  <  My  Noble 
Son-in-Law,)  <  Robert  Rabagas. ) 

Flandreau,  Charles  Macomb.  An  American 
writer;  born  in  Miimesota  in  187-.  Author  of: 
♦  Harvard  Episodes,)  <The  Diary  of  a  Fresh- 
man ) ;  <  Unmarried.) 

Florio,  John.  An  English  philologist  and 
grammarian;  bom  in  London  about  1552  of 
Italian  parents.  He  is  best  known  for  his  Eng- 
lish translation  of  <  Montaigne's  Essays)  (1603). 
Among  his  other  works  are  :  <  A  Perfect  Induc- 
tion of  the  Italian  and  English  Tongues,)  and  an 
'Italian  and  English  Dictionary,)  published  under 
the  title  of  <  A  World  of  Words.)  He  died  at 
Fulham,  Eng.,  in  1623. 

Ford,  "Worthington  Chauncey,  An  American 
author  and  statistician;  brother  of  the  late  Paul 
Leicester  Ford;  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Feb. 
16,  1858.  He  was  chief  of  Bureau  of  Statistics 
at  Washington  1885-98,  and  lecturer  of  statistics 
University  of  Chicago  1901.  Author  of:  <  The 
Standard  Silver  Dollar)  (1884);  George  Wash- 
ington )  (1899). 

Fowler,  Ellen  Thomeycroft.  An  English  poet 
and  novelist;  bom  in  iS — .  Among  her  pub- 
lished works  are :  <  Verses  Grave  and  Gay  > 
(1891);  <Cupid's  Garden)  (1897);  <  A  Double 
Thread)  (1899);  <  Concerning  Isabel  Camaby  ) 
(1898);  <  The  Farringdons)  (1900);  <  Fuel  of 
Fire)  (1902)  ;  <  Place  and  Power >  (1903). 

Fraser,  Mrs.  Hugh.  An  English  novelist  and 
writer  of  travels;  bom  in  Rome,  Italy.  Sister  of 
Marion  Crawford  and  an  extensive  traveler. 
Author  of:  <  The  Brown  Ambassador)  (1895); 
<  Palladia)  (1896);  <  The  Looms  of  Time  > 
(1899);  <The  Splendid  Porsenna)  (1899);  <A 
Little  Gray  Sheep);  <The  Slaking  of  the  Sword.) 

Gallon,  Tom.  An  English  novelist  and  dram- 
atist; bom  in  London,  Dec.  5,  1866.  Among 
his  numerous  works  are  :  <  Tatterley  )  ( 1 897 ) ; 
•The  Kingdom  of  Hate  >  (1899);  <  Kiddy) 
(1900);  <A  Rogue  in  Love)  (1900);  <  The 
Dead  Ingleby)  (1902').  Plays:  <  The  Man 
Who  Stole  the  Castle )  (1900) ;  <  Memory's  Gar- 
den )  (1902);  <  Tatterley '  (1902);  <  The  Prodigal.' 


Garrison,  "Wendell  Phillips.  An  American 
author  and  editor  of  '  The  Nation;)  son  of 
William  Lloyd;  born  in  Cambridge,  Mass., 
June  4,  1S40.  Among  his  published  works  are: 
'Life    of    William    Lloyd    Garrison)    (1885); 

<  Parables  for  School  and  Home  )  (1897) ;  <  The 
New  Gulliver)  (1898).  Died  1907. 

Gilder,  Jeannette  Leonard.  An  American 
author,  journalist  and  critic,  sister  of  Richard 
Watson;  born  in  Flushing,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  3,  1849. 
She  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  Scribner's 
Monthly  (now  The  Century),  the  New  York 
Herald  and  The  Critic,  and  wrote  for  eighteen 
years  under  the  pen  name  of  <'  Brunswick,))  as 
New  York  correspondent  for  London,  Philadel- 
phia and  Boston  papers.  She  WTote  :  <  Taken 
by  Siege  >  (1886-96;  <  Autobiography  of  a  Tom- 
boy) (1900),  and  edited  with  Joseph  B.  Gilder 

<  Essays  from  the  Critic)  (1882);  <  Authors  at 
Home)  (1889);  with  Helen  Gray  Cone,  <  Pen 
Portraits  of  Literary  Women  )  (1887 ) ;  and  also 
'  Representative  Poems  of  Living  Poets )  ( i5 


Glasgow,  Ellen  Anderson  Gholson.  An  Amer- 
ican novelist;  born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  April  22, 
1874.  Author  of  <  The  Descendant)  (1897); 
'The  Phases  of  an  Inferior  Planet)  (1898); 
<The  Voice  of  the  People)  (1900);  <  The 
Battleground'  ( 1902);  <The  Wheel  of  Life  '  (1906). 

Glyn,  Mrs.  Clayton.  [«  Elinor  Glyn.»]  An 
English  writer  ;  born  in  Toronto,  Ont.,  in  18 — . 
Author  of  <  The  Visits  of  Elizabeth  > ;  <  Reflections 
of  Ambrosine  ) ;  <  The  Damsel  and  the  Sage.) 

Gordon,  Charles  W.  A  Canadian  clergyman 
and  author;  born  in  Canada  in  i860.  He  was 
missionary  to  the  miners  and  lumbermen  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  1890-93,  and  became  minis- 
ter of  St.  Stephen's  Church,  Winnipeg,  in  1894. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  Black  Rock,)  <  The 
Sky  Pilot,)  <  Quid  Michael,)  <  The  Man  from 
Glengarrj',)  <  Glengarry  Days,)  <  Glengarry 
School  Days  >    (1902);  <  The  Prospector)  (1904). 

Gordon-Stables,  William.  An  English  nov- 
elist and  journalist;  born  in  Banffshire,  N.  B., 
May  21,  1840.  He  served  for  nine  years  in  the 
Royal  Navy,  traveled  extensively  and  made 
cruises  to  the  Arctic  regions.  Author  of  114 
books,  among  them  <  The  Cmise  of  the  Snow- 
bird.) <  To  Greenland  and  the  Pole,)  <  Our 
Humble  Friends  and  Fellow  Mortals,)  <  Leaves 
from  the  Log  of  a  Gentleman  Gipsy)  (1898), 
and  many  boys'  books.  Also  <  Popular  Medi- 
cine and  Hygiene  )  (7  vols.). 

Goepp,  Philip  Henry.  An  American  musi- 
cian and  author  ;  born  in  New  York,  June  23, 
1864.  Composer  of  numerous  songs,  anthems, 
etc.  Author  of  <  Annals  of  Music  in  Philadel- 
phia )  (1896);  <  Symphonies  and  Their  Mean- 
ing) (1898-1902). 

Gorky,  Maxime.  [Alicksei  Maximovitch 
Pieshkov.]  A  Russian  novelist;  bom  in  Nizni 
Novgorod,  March  14,  1868.  During  his  early 
career  he  served  successively  as  peddler,  scul- 
lery-boy,gardener,  watchman  and  baker' s  appren- 
tice.    Among  his  numerous  works  are  :  <  S<mg 


GRAHAM HEINEMANN 


607 


of  the  Falcon,*  <  Twenty-six  and  One,'  <About 
the  Devil,)  <The  Reader,)  <  The  Outcasts  > 
(1902);  <  Three  Men'  (1902). 

Graham,  Kenneth.  An  English  author  and 
secretary  of  the  Bank  of  England;  born  in  18 — . 
He  wrote  :  <  The  Golden  Age  >  ( 1895) ;  <  Pagan 
Papers  >  (1893);  <  Dream  Days,>  <  The  Heads- 
woman  >  (1898). 

Gregg,  David.  An  American  Presbyterian 
clergyman  and  writer;  born  in  Pittsburg,  Pa. , 
March  25,  1846.  Among  his  published  works 
are*  From  Solomon  to  the  Captivity'   (1890); 

<  Our  Best  Moods  >  (1893);  <  The  Heaven  Life  > 
(1895V,  <  Makers  of  the  American  Republic' 
(1896); 'Between  the  Testaments'  (1907). 

Griggs,  Edward  Howard.  An  American  lec- 
turer and  author;  bom  in  Owatonna,  Mich., 
Jan.  9,  1868.  He  was  professor  of  English  lit- 
erature at  Indiana  University,  and  of  ethics  and 
education  at  the  Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,  Univer- 
iiity.    He  wrote  <The  New  Humanism  '  (1902). 

Guerber,  Helene  Adeline.  An  American 
educator  and  author  ;  born  in  New  York  in 
18 — .     Among  her  many  published  works  are 

<  Myths  of  Greece  and  Rome,'  <  Legends  of 
the  Rhine,'   <  Stories  of  the  Wagner  Operas,' 

<  The  Story  of  the  Thirteen  Colonies' ;  <  Legends 
of  Switzerland  ' ;  <  Yourself  ;  <  Cupid  and  Psyche.' 

Gulick,  John  Thomas.  An  American  Presby- 
terian missionary  and  writer;  bom  in  Kauai, 
Hawaiian  Islands,  March  13,  1832.  His  writ- 
ings, which  are  mostly  on  Darwinian  topics, 
include  <  Diversity  of  Evolution,'  <  Inconsist- 
encies of  Utilitarianism.) 

Guthrie,  William  Norman.  An  American 
Episcopal  clergyman,  lecturer  and  author  ;  bom 
in  Dundee,  Scotland.  March  4,  1868.  His 
published  works  are  <  Love  Conquereth,' 
{1890);  <  Modem  Poet  Prophets',  <  Essays 
Critical  and  Interpretive'  (1897-98);  <  To 
Kindle  the  Yule  Log,'  (1899);  <  Songs  of 
American  Destiny,  or  Vision  of  New  Hellas  ' 
(1900) ;  <  The  City  of  St.  Francis '  ( 1907). 

Hall,  Enth.  An  American  journalist  and 
writer;  born  in  Scoharie,  N.  Y.,  April  10,  1858. 
Besides  being  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  press 
she  wrote  :  <  In  the  Brave  Days  of  Old '  (1898); 
<The  Boys  of  Schooley)  (1899);  <  The  Black 
Gown  )  (1900);  <  Downrenter's  Son)  (1902). 

Hall,  Thomas  Winthrop.  [« Tom  Hall."] 
An  American  writer  of  prose  and  verse;  born  in 
Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  13,  1862.  Among 
his  prose  works  are  :  <  An  Experimental  Woo- 
ing,' <  Tales  by  Tom  Hall,' <  The  Fun  and 
Fighting  of  the  Rough  Riders,'  and  among  his 
verses  <  When  Hearts  are  Tramps,'  <  When 
Love  Laughs,'  <  When  Cupid  Calls.)  He  died 
in  Hannibal,  Mo.,  Aug.  21,  1900. 

Halstead,  Murat.  An  American  author  and 
joumahst ;  born  in  Ross  township^  Ohio, 
Sept.  2,  1829.  He  served  on  the  editorial 
%tafT  of  several  newspapers  and  went  to  the 
Philippines  as  special   correspondent  during  the 


war  with  Spain.  Among  his  works  are  <The 
Story  of  Cuba,'  <  Life   of  William   McKinley,) 

<  Our   Country  in  War,'  <The  Great  Century,) 

<  The  Boer  and  the  British  War.'    Died  1908. 

Hamblen,  Herbert  Elliott.  [«  Frederick  Ben- 
ton WUliams."]  An  American  engineer  and 
author;  born  in  Ossippee,  N.  H.,  Dec. 
24,  1849.  Among  his  published  works  are 
<0n  Many  Seas'  (1896);  <  Tom  Benton's 
Luck,'  (1898);  <  The  Story  of  a  Yankee  Boy' 
(1898);  <  We  Win)  (1899),  <  Yam  of  a  Bucko 
Mate*  (1899);  <The  Red  Shirts'  (1901). 

Hamilton,  Sir  "William.  One  of  be  most  dis- 
tinguished of  modern  metaphysicians;  bom  in 
Glasgow,  Scot.,  March  8,  1788.  In  1821  he 
became  professor  of  civil  history  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh,  and  in  1836  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  logic  and  metaphysics.  His  celebrated 
criticism  on  Cousin  (Edinburgh  Review,  1829) 
made  him  world  famous,  from  which  time  he 
continued  to  publish  many  essays,  lectures  and 
other  valuable  contributions  to  mental  philos- 
ophy and  literature.     He  died  May  5,  1 856. 

Harben,  WiUiam  Nathaniel.  [« Will  N."] 
An  American  author;  bom  in  Dal  ton,  Ga., 
July  5,  1858.  Besides  being  a  contributor  to 
leading  magazines  he  was  at  one  time  assistant 
editor  of  the  Youth's  Companion.  Among  his 
numerous    works    are  <  White   Marie'  (1889); 

<  Almost  Persuaded'  (1890);  <  The  Land  of 
the  Changing  Sun'  (1894);  <The  Carathers 
Affair'  (1899);  <  The  Woman  Who  Tmsted,' 
(1901);  <  Westerfelt)  (1901);  <Ann  Boyd.' 

Harrison,  Benjamin.  The  twenty-third  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States;  born  in  North  Bend, 
Ohio,  Aug.  20,  1833.  Author  of  <  This  Country 
of  Ours)  (1897).  He  died  in  Indianapolis, 
March  I3,  1901. 

Hazard,  Caroline.  An  American  author  and 
president  of  Wellesley  College;  bom  in  Peace 
Dale,  R.  I.,  June  10,  1856.  She  edited 
< Works  of  R.  G.  Hazard)  (1889);  and  wrote 

<  Life  of  J.  L.  Diman)  (1886);  <  Thomas  Haz- 
ard'  (1893);    <  Narragansett  Ballads'  (1894); 

<  The  Narragansett  Friends'   Meeting'  (1899). 

Hazelton,  George  Cochrane,  Jr.  An  American 
lawyer,  playwright  and  author;  bom  in  Boscobel, 
Wis.,  in  18 — .  He  wrote  plays  which  were  suc- 
cessfully produced,  entitled  <  Edgar  Allan  Poe  ) 
(1895),  and  <  Mistress  Nell '  (1899);  also,  <  The 
National  Capitol,  its  Architecture,  Art  and  His- 
tory' (1897);  <  Mistress  Nell.'. 

Heaton,  John  Langdon.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  author;  born  in  Canton,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
29,  i860.  He  wrote  <  The  Story  of  Vermont) 
(1889);  <  Stories  of  Napoleon'  (1895);  <  The 
Book  of  Lies'  (1896);  'The  Quilting  Bee' 
(1896). 

Heinemann,  William.  An  English  publisher 
and  dramatist;  bom  May  18,  1863.  He 
founded  the  publishing  house  which  bears 
his  name  in  1890;  married  in  1899  Magda 
Stuart  Sindici  [*Kassandra  Viviaria"].     Among 


6o8 


HERFORD — IDE 


his  dramatic  productions  are  :  <  The  First  Step  > 
(1895);  'Summer  Moths'  (189S);  <  War  > 
(1901). 

Herford,  Oliver.  An  American  humorist, 
artist  and  verse  writer.  He  wrote  <  The  Bashful 
Earthqualce>  (1898);  <  Alphabet  of  Celebrities  > 
(1898);  <  A  Child's  Primer  of  Natural  History  > 
(1896);  <  Wagner  for  Infants  >  (1900). 

Heme,  James  A.  An  American  actor  and 
playwright;  bom  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in  1839;  died 
in  New  York  City,  June  2,  1901.  Among  his 
published  plays  are:  <  Hearts  of  Oak,>  <  Mar- 
garet Fleming,)  <  Sag  Harbor,*  <  Drifting  Apart,> 

<  Shore  Acres.  > 

Hewlett,  Maurice  Henry.  An  English  author; 
born  in  Kent,  England,  Jan.  22,  1 861. 
Among  his  published  works  are:  <  Earthwork 
Out  of  Tuscany  >  (1895);  <  Songs  and  Medita- 
tions >   (1897);  <  The  Forest   Lovers  >    (1898); 

<  Pan     and    the    Young     Shepherd  >     (1898); 

<  Richard  Yea  and  Nay  >  (1900);  <  New  Can- 
terbury Tales  >  (1901);  <The  Road  in  Tuscany.> 

Hinton,  Richard  Josiah,  An  American  author 
and  journalist;  born  in  London,  Eng.,  Nov.  25, 
1830.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  185 1, 
served  in  the  Union  army  and  was  the  first  white 
man  legally  commissioned  to  recruit  and  com- 
mand colored  troops.  After  the  war  edited  sev- 
eral papers,  and  the  last  fifteen  years  of  his  life 
was  an  active  socialist.  Among  his  works  are  : 
<Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln,)  <  Life  of  William 
H.  Seward, >  <  English  Radical  Leaders,*  <  John 
Brown,)  <  The  Making  of  the  New  West.>  Died 
in  1901. 

Hodges,  George.  Dean  of  the  Episcopal 
Theological  School,  Cambridge,  Mass.;  born  in 
Rome,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  6,  1856.  Among  his  pub- 
lished writings  are  :  <  Beside  the  Cross  >  ( 1889) ; 

<  Christianity  Between  Sundays'  (1892);  <  The 
Heresy  of  Cain  >  (1894);  <The  Path  of  Life> 
( 1899)  ;<  The  Year  of  Grace  > ;  <Holdemess.) 

Holcombe,  Chester.  An  American  author  and 
diplomat;  born  in  Winfield,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  16, 
1844.  He  was  interpreter  and  secretary  U.  S. 
legation,  Peking,  China,  1871-85,  acting  min- 
ister during  six  years  and  was  prominent  in 
negotiating  various  important  treaties.  He  wrote 
(in    Chinese)    <  Mental    Arithmetic)    (1873); 

<  Life  of  Christ)  (1875);  'Translation  of  Dec- 
laration of  Independence.)  In  English,  <The 
Practical  Eifect  of  Confucianism  upon  the  Chinese 
Nation)  (1882);  'Travels  in  Western  China) 
(1875);  <The  Real  Chinaman)  (1895);  'The 
Real  Chinese  Question)  (iT 


Holland,  Clive.  An  English  author;  born  in 
Bournemouth,  Eng.,  April  23,  1866.  Besides 
being  a  frequent  contributor  to  English  and 
American  magazines,  he  was  also  on  the  staft'  of 
several  London  papers.  Among  his  numerous 
published  works  are  :  '  The  Golden  Hawk  > 
(1888);  <My  Japanese  Wife)  (1895);  'The 
Lure  of  Fame)  (1896);  '  A  Writer  of  Fiction  ) 
(1897);  <  The  Seed  of  the  Poppy)  (1898);  'The 
Heart  of  the  Geisha  >  (play )  ( 1901);  <  Paris  >  ( 1904). 


Hopkins,  Mrs.  Margaret  Sutton  Briscoe.  An 
American  author ;  bom  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
Dec  7,  1864.  Her  writings  include  :  '  Perchance 
to  Dream,  and  Other  Stories'  (1892);  'Links 
in  a  Chain)  (1893);  'Jimty  and  Others  )  (1898); 
'  The  Sixth  Sense,  and  Other  Stories  >  (1899). 

Homung,  Ernest  "WiUiam.  An  English  nov- 
elist; born  in  Middlesborough,  Eng.,  June  "J, 
1866.  Among  his  works  are:  '  A  Bride  from 
the  Bush)  (1890);  '  Under  Two  Skies  >  (1892);  ' 
'Tiny  Lutrrell  >  (1893);  <  The  Unbidden  Guest) 
(1894);  '  My  Lord  Duke)  (1897);  <  Dead  Men 
Tell  No  Tales)  (1899);  'The  Black  Mask> 
(1901 ) ;  <  The  Shadow  of  the  Rope )  (1902). 

Horton,  Edward  Augustus.  An  American 
Unitarian  clergjTnan  and  author;  born  in  Spring- 
field, Mass.,  Sept.  28,  1843.  Among  his  pub- 
lished works  are  '  Story  of  Israel,)  <  Scenes 
in  the  Life  of  Jesus,)  '  Beginning  of  Christi- 
anity,) <  Beacon   Lights  of  Christian   History.) 

Horton,  George.  An  American  author  and 
journalist;  born  in  Fairville,  N.  Y.,  in  1859. 
He  was  appointed  consul  at  Athens  by  President 
Cleveland,  and  later  edited  the  Chicago-Times 
Herald  and  the  Chicago  American  Saturday 
Literary  Supplement.  Among  his  works  are : 
'Songs  of  the  Lowly,)  'In  Unknown  Sea~  ' 
I  <  Aphroessa  > ;  <  A  Fair  Brigand'  (1898);  <Like  An- 
other Helen'  (1901);  'The  Edge  of  Hazard'  (1906). 

Hough,  Emerson.  ["  E.  Hough.)']  An 
American  traveler  and  writer;  born  in  Newton, 
la.,  June  28,  1857.  He  traveled  over  the 
wildest  parts  of  the  West  and  explored  the  Yel- 
lowstone Park  in  the  winter  of  1895.  The  Act 
of  Congress  protecting  the  Park  buffalo  was  due 
to  this  latter  trip.  Author  of:  'The  Singing 
Mouse  Stories  '  ( 1895 ) ;  '  The  Story  of  the  Cow- 
boy' (1895); 'The  Girl  at  Half- Way  House  > 
(iqoo);  <  The  Way  of  Man'  (1907). 

Hoyle,  Edmond.  An  English  writer  on 
games;  born  in  England,  1672.  He  was  the 
first  to  write  scientifically  on  whist,  or  on  any 
card  game.  Author  of  '  A  Short  Treatise  on 
the  Game  of  Whist'  (1742),  of  which  innum- 
erable editions  have  been  issued.  He  wrote 
treatises  on  chess,  backgammon,  piquet  and 
many  other  games.  He  died  in  London,  Aug. 
29,  1769. 

Hyatt,  Alpheus.  An  American  scientist  and 
author;  born  in  Washington,  D.  C,  April  5, 
1838.  He  was  curator  of  the  Boston  Society  of 
Natural  History  and  professor  of  zoology  in  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  Among 
his  works  are  '  Observations  on  Fresh  Water 
Polyzoa,'  'About  Pebbles,'  'Common  Hy- 
droids.'  He  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Jan. 
15,  1902. 

Ide,  Mrs.  Frances  Otis.  ["  Ruth  Ogden."] 
An  American  writer  of  juvenile  stories;  bom  at 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  1853.  Author  of  <  His 
Little  Royal  Highness'  "(1897);  'A  Little 
Queen  of  Hearts'  (1892);  'Courage'  (1894); 
<  Little  Homespun'  ( 1896);  '  Loyal  Hearts  and 
True  )  (1900);  *  The  Good  and  Perfect  Gift.' 


< 


IRELAND — KROPOTKIN 


609 


Ireland,  Alleyne.  An  English  author  and 
lecturer;  born  in  Manchester,  Eng.,  Jan.  19, 
1871.  He  traveled  extensively  from  1887-97, 
delivered  lectures  on  Tropical  Colonization,  at 
Cornell  University  in  1899,  and  was  appointed 
lecturer  on  politics  at  Chicago  University,  1900. 
Among  his  works  are  <  Demerariana  >  (1897) ; 
<  Tropical  Colonization'  (1899);  <  The  Anglo- 
Boer  Conflict  >  (1900) ;  <  China  and  the  Powers  > 
(1901);  <  The  Far  Eastern  Tropics*  (1905). 

Ireland,  John.  Roman  Catholic  Archbishop 
of  St.  Paul,  ]\Iinn. ;  bom  in  Ireland,  Sept. 
II,  1838.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in 
boyhood,  was  ordained  priest,  Dec.  21,  1861, 
and  was  chaplain  of  the  Fifth  Minnesota 
regiment  in  the  Civil  War.  He  was  consecrated 
Dec.  21,  1875,  and  became  Archbishop  of  St. 
Paul  in  1888.  Author  of  <  The  Church  and 
Modem  Society.' 

Ireland,  Krs.  Kary  B.  An  American  author 
and  translator;  bom  in  Calvert,  Md.,  Jan.  9, 
1834.  She  wrote:  <What  I  told  Dorcas > 
(1895);  < Grandma  Elliot's  Farm  House' 
(1900).  Among  her  numerous  translations  from 
the  German  are:  <  Betty's  Decision'  (1886); 
<The  Doctor's  Family'  (1896);  < Stolen  for 
Ransom'  (1901);  <  Eric's  Vacation'  (1901). 

Jacobs,  Joseph.  An  English  author  and  jour- 
nalist; bom  in  Sydney,  N.  S.  W.,  Aug,  28, 
1854.  He  edited  the  Literary  Year  Book  and 
the  Jewish  Year  Book;  late  secretary  of  the 
Russo- Jewish  Committee,  president  of  the  Jew- 
ish Historic  Society  and  literary  editor  of  the 
Jewish  Encyclopaedia.  Author  of :  <  English 
Fairy  Tales  '  (1890) ;  <  Jews  of  Angevin,  Eng- 
land '  (1893);  <  Literary  Studies'  (1895);  <  As 
Others  Saw  Him '  (a  Jewish  Life  of  Christ) 
(1895);  <  Wonder  Voyages'  (1896);  <A  Story 
of  Geographical  Discovery'  (1898),  and  many 
other  works. 

Jacobs,  William  "Wymark.  An  English  writer; 
bora  in  London,   Sept.  8,  1863.     Author  of: 

<  Many  Cargoes'  (1896);  <  The  Skipper's 
Wooing)  (1897);  <Sea  Urchins'  (1898);  <A 
Master  of  Craft'  (1900);  <  Light  Freights' 
(1901);  <The  Lady  of  the  Barge'  (1902). 

Jarris,  Thomas  Stinson.  An  American  nov- 
elist and  dramatic  critic;  bom  in  Ontario  in 
1854.  Among  his  published  works  are  :  <  Let- 
ters from  East  Longitudes,'  <  Geoffrey  Hamp- 
stead,'  <  Doctor  Perdue,'  <  The  Ascent  of  Life.' 

Jenks,  Tudor.  An  American  journalist  and 
author;  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  May  7,  1857. 
Editor  on  the  staff  of  the  St.  Nicholas  Magazine 
for  many  years.  Among  his  published  works 
are:  <  Imaginations,  or  Truthless  Tales '  (1900); 

<  Boy's  Book  of  Explorations  >  (1900) ;  <  Gipsy,  the 
Talking  Dog '  ( 1902);  <  When  America  was  New.' 

Johnson,  Clifton.  An  American  author  and 
illustrator  ;  born  in  Hadley,  Mass.,  Jan.  25,  1865. 
Among  his  published  writings  are  :  <  The  New 
England  Country'  (1892);  <The  Farmer's  Boy' 
(1894);  <  Country  Clouds  and  Sunshine'  (1896); 
♦Among  English  Hedgerows'  (1899);  <  Along 
French  Byways  *  (190c);  <  The  Land  of  Ileatlier.' 


Johnston,  Mary.  An  American  novelist;  bom 
in  Buchanan,  Va.,  Nov.  21,  1870.  She  wrote 
<  Prisoners  of  Hope  '  ( 1 898) ;  <  To  have  and  to 
Hold'  ( 1900) ;  < Audrey';  <The  Goddess  of  Reason.' 

Jones,  Henry.  [«  Cavendish."]  An  English 
writer  on  whist;  bom  in  London,  Nov.  2,  1 83 1. 
While  a  member  of  the  "  Cavendish"  Club,  he 
began  to  make  notes  upon  difficult  points  in 
whist  and  to  record  interesting  hands.  He  pro- 
duced in  1862  a  manual  entitled  <  Principles  of 
Whist  Stated  and  Explained  by  Cavendish,  > 
which  was  later  enlarged  and  appeared  in  many 
subsequent  editions.  <  Cavendish '  soon  came 
to  be  regarded  as  the  standard  authority  on 
whist.  He  edited  several  manuals  on  games 
and  was  the  author  of  guides  to  croquet,  euchre, 
tennis,  etc.   He  died  iu  London,  Feb.  10,  1899. 

Jowett,  Benjamin.  An  English  author  and 
educator;  born  at  Camberwell,  Eng.,  in  1817. 
He  became  master  of  Baliol  College  in  1870. 
His  most  famous  work,  which  is  considered  an 
English  classic,  is  <  The  Dialogues  of  Plato,' 
translated  into  English  with  analyses  and  intro- 
ductions. He  published  a  translation  of  <Thucy- 
dides'  (1881),  and  the  <  Politics  of  Aristotle' 
(1885).     He  died  at  Oxford,  Oct.  I,  1893. 

Ealer,  James  Otis.  [« James  Otis.»]  An 
American  writer  of  juvenile  tales;  born  in  Win- 
terport,  Me.,  March  19,  1848.  Among  his 
numerous  published  works  are  :  <  Raising  the 
Pearl,'  <A  Boy  Captain,'  <  Toby  Tyler,'  <  Mr. 
Stubbs's  Brother,'  <  Silent  Pete,'  <  The  Cast- 
aways,' <  When  Israel  Putnam  Served  the  King,* 
<  Little  Joe  > ;  <  The  Wreck  of  the  Ocean  Queen.» 

Keats,  Gwendoline.  [«Zack."]  An  English 
author;  born  in  18 — .  She  wrote :  <  Life  is 
Life'  {1898);  (On  Trial'  (1899);  < The  White 
Cottage,'  <  Tales  of  Dunstable  Weir'  (1900). 

Eidd,  Benjamin.  An  English  author  and 
sociologist;  born  Sept.  9,  1858.  His  famous 
work,  <  Social  Evolution,'  which  he  was  ten 
years  in  preparing,  published  in  1894,  was 
translated  into  seven  different  languages.  He 
also  wrote  :  <  The  Control  of  the  Tropics  > 
(1898);  (Principles  of  Westem  Civilization* 
(1902);  <  South  Atrica'  (1902). 

King,  William  Basil.  An  American  Episcopal 
clergyman  and  author ;  born  in  Charlottetown, 
Canada,  in  1859.  He  wrote  :  <  The  Daily  Song  >; 
(jThoughtson  the  Offices  for  Morning  and  Eve- 
ning Prayer'  ;<Griselda>;<The  Giant's  Strength.' 

Kitto,  John.  An  English  writer  and  Bible 
student ;  bom  at  Plymouth,  England,  Dec. 
4,  1804.  He  published  (The  Pictorial  Bible' 
(1838);  (  Pictorial  History  of  Palestine  '  (1843); 
(The  Lost  Senses'  (1845);  <The  Daily  Bible 
Illustrations,'  (8  vols.,  1849-53).  He  died  at 
Cannstadt,  Germany,  Nov.  25,  1854. 

KropotMn.  [Prince  Peter  Alexeivitch.  ]  A 
Russian  geographer,  author  and  socialist;  bom 
in  Moscow,  Dec.  9,  1842.  He  received  the 
gold  medal  of  the  Russian  Geographical  Society 
for  his  journey  across  Manchuria  in  1864,  and 
explored  the  glacial  deposits  in  Finland  and 


6io 


LANIER — MACGRATH 


Sweden,  1871.  He  joined  the  International 
Working  Men's  Association  in  1872  and  was 
arrested  and  confined  in  fortress  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul  in  1874.  Escaped  and  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  later  founded  at  Geneva  the  anarchist 
paper  Le  Revoke.  Expelled  from  SwiUer- 
land  in  1 88 1,  condemned  at  Lyons  to  five  years 
imprisonment  in  1884,  liberated  in  1886.  Among 
his  many  published  works  are :  <  Researches  on 
the  Glacial  Period  >(  1876);  <In  Russian  and 
French  Prisons  >  ( 1886);  <  L'Anarchie,  sa  Phil- 
osophic, son  Ideal  >  {1896);  <  Memoirs  of  a 
Revolutionist'  (1900);  <  Modem  Science  and 
Anarchism  >  (1902);  <The  Dessication  of  Asia.> 

Lanier,  Cliflford  Anderson.  An  American 
author;  born  in  Griffin,  Ga.,  April  24,  1844. 
Among  his  works  are  :  <  Thorn  Fruit,>  <  The 
Mate's  Race  with  the  Banshees, >  <  The  Doctor's 
Legend,)  <  Apollo  and  Keats  on  Browning  > 
(1902),  and  <  Dialect  Poems,>  with  Sidney 
Lanier. 

Law,  William  Arthur.  An  English  dramatic 
author;  bom  March  22,  1844.  He  served  eight 
years  in  the  army  and  then  took  up  the  profes- 
sion of  acting.  Among  his  many  dramatic 
works  are:  <A  Night  Surprise*  (1877);  <A 
Strange  Host  >  (1882);  <A  Mint  of  Money  > 
(1884);  (After  Long  Years)  (1886);  <  The  Mys- 
tery of  a  Hansom  Cab  >  (1888);  <  All  Abroad  > 
(1890) ;  'Culprits  >  (1890) ;  <  New  Year's  Morning  >; 

<  A  Country  Mouse  > ;  <  Bride  and  Bridegroom.' 

Lawrence,  William.  The  seventh  Protestant 
Episcopal  bishop  of  Massachusetts;  bom  in 
Boston,  May  30,  1850.  He  wrote  <  Life  of 
Amos  A.  Lawrence >  (his  father);  < Visions  and 
Service,)  <  Roger  Wolcott)  (1902). 

Lee,  Gerald  Stanley.  An  American  clergy- 
man, author,  lecturer  and  critic;  bom  in  Brock- 
ton, Mass.,  Oct.  4,  1861.  He  wrote  <  About  an 
Old  New  England  Church  >  (1893);  <  Lost  Art 
of  Reading'  (1902);  <  The  Shadow  Christ' 
(1896);  <  The  Voice  of  the  Machines  >  (1906). 

Lee,  Mrs.  Jennette.  An  American  novelist, wife 
of  Gerald  Stanley  Lee;  born  in  Bristol,  Conn., 
Nov.  10,  i860.  She  wrote,  besides  numerous 
magazine  stories  and  sketches,  <  Kate  Weth- 
erell'  (1900);  <  A  Pillar  of  Salt'  (1901);  <  Son 
of  a  Fiddler  >  (1Q02);  <  The  Ibsen  Secret'  (1907). 

Lempriire,  John,  D.  D.  An  English  author 
and  educator ;  born  in  the  Island  of  Jersey 
about  1765.  Among  his  works  are  a  world  famous 

<  Classical  Dictionary'  (1788);  <  Sermons  ' 
(1791);  (Dictionary  of  Universal  Biography' 
(1808).    He  died.in  London,  Feb.  i,  1824. 

Lewis,  Alfred  Henry.  [«  Dan  Quin."]  An 
American  joumalistand  author;  born  in  Ohio  in 
1842.  Editor  and  founder  of  The  Verdict  (a 
humorous  weekly),  and  author  of :  <  Wolfville,' 
(Episodes  of  Cowboy  Life,'  (  Sandburrs'  (1900). 

Lilly,  William  Samuel.  An  English  writer; 
secretary  to  Catholic  Union  of  Great  Britain; 
born  July  lOj  1840.  Among  his  works  are : 
< Ancient     Religion    and     Modern    Thought* 


(1884);  (Chapters  in  European  History'  (1886); 
(On  Right  and  Wrong'  (1890);  (The  Great 
Enigma'  (1893);  <  Four  English  Humorists  of 
the  Nineteenth  Century  '  (1895);  <  India  and  Its 
Problems';  (Christianity  and  Modern  Civih- 
zation.' 
Lincoln,  Mrs.  Jeanie,  Gould.     An  American 

author;  born  in  Tro)-,  N.  Y.,  in  18 — .  Among 
her  published  works  are :  (  A  Chaplet  of  Leaves' 
(verse)    (1869);   (Marjorie's    Quest  >    (1872); 

<  Her  Washington  Season  >  (1884);  (An  Unwill- 
ing Maid>  (1897);  (A  Pretty  Tory'  (1899). 

Lloyd,  John  Uri.  An  American  author,  bot- 
anist and  chemist;  bom  in  West  Blooinfield, 
N.  Y.,  April  19,  1849.     Among  his  works  are : 

<  The  Chemistry  of  Medicine,'  (Elixirs:  Their 
History,'  <  The  Right  Side  of  the  Car,'  and 

<  Stringtown  on  the  Pike. ' 

London,  Jack.  An  American  writer;  bom  in 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Jan,  12,  1876.  He 
led  a  life  of  adventure,  which  colors  his  writ- 
ings. His  published  works  include  <  The  Son 
of  the  Wolf  (1900);  (Cruise  of  the  Dazzlers> 
(1902)  ;<  Daughter  of  the  Snows  ' ;  (  The  Road.' 

Long,  John  Luther.  An  American  author-, 
born  in  1861.  He  wrote  (  Madam  Butterfly,' 
( Miss  Cherry-Blossom  of  Tokyo,'  (  Fox  Woman' 
( 1899 ) ;  ( The  Prince  of  Illusion  ' ;  (  Billy  Boy.' 

Loomis,  Charles  Battell.  An  American  writer; 
born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  1 6,  1 86 1. 
Author  of  (Just  Rhymes'  (1899);  (The  Four- 
masted  Cat-boat'  (1899);  (Yankee  Enchant- 
ments' (1900);  (Cheer  Up'  (1906). 

Lorimer,  George  Horace.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  author,  son  of  Rev.  George  C.  Lori- 
mer; born  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  Oct.  6,  1 868. 
Editor  of  the  Philadelphia  Saturday  Evening 
Post.  He  wrote  ( Behind  the  Veil  of  Isis,'  and 
(Letters  from  a  Self-made  Merchant  to  his  Son.' 

Lumholtz,  Carl  Sophos.  A  German  traveler 
and  writer;  bom  in  18 — .  He  made  extensive 
researches  among  the  primitive  peoples  of  many 
nations,  whom  he  studied  minutely.  Author  of : 

<  Among  Cannibals  >  (i  889) ;  ( Unlmown  Mexico' 
(1902). 

Ltish,  Charles  Eeeler.  An  American  journal- 
ist and  author;  born  in  La  Crosse, Wis.,  Dec.  5» 
1861.  He  wrote:  (  The  Federal  Judge  >  (1897). 

McManns,  Blanche.  [Mrs.  M.  F.  Mansfield.] 
An  American  author  and  illustrator;  bom  in 
Louisiana,  18 — .  Among  her  published  works 
are  ( The  True  Mother  Goose,'  <  Colonial  Mono- 
logues,' <Told  in  the  Twilight,'  (Bachelor 
Ballads';  *  Ramblers  in  Normandy  and  Brittany.* 

McMantis,  Setuuas.  An  Irish  writer  and  hu- 
morist; bom  in  Mount  Charles  County,  Donegal, 
Ire.,  in  18 — .  Among  his  published  works  are: 
<The  Bend  of  the  Road,' <  Through  Turf  and 
Smoke,'  (The  Bewitched  Fiddle,' (  A  Lad  o' 
the  O'Friels  '  (1903);  <  Donegal  Fairy  Tales.' 

MacGrath,  Harold.  An  American  journalist 
and  author;  bom  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4, 
XS71.    Besides  being  a  contributor  to  leadlog 


I 


MACKIE — MONROE 


6ii 


magazines  and  periodicals  he  wrote  <  Anns  and 
the    Woman ' ;    <  Hearts   and   Masks  >;    <  The 
Best  Man.> 
Mackie,  Mrs.  Pauline  Bradford,  (Hopkins.) 

An  American  writer  ;  born  in  Fairfield,  Conn., 
July  S,  1873.     Among  her  published  works  are 

<  Mademoiselle  de  Bemy  >  (1897);  <  Ye  Lyttle 
Salem  Maide,>  (1898);  <A  Georgian  Actress  > 
(1900);  <Story  of  Kate>;  <The  Girl  and  the  Kaiser.> 

Uajor  Charles.  [«  Edwin  Caskoden.»]  An 
American  lawyer  and  author;  bom  in  Indianap- 
lis,  Ind.,  July  25,  1856.  He  wrote  <  When 
Knighthood  Was  in  Flower  >  (1898);  <  Dorothy 
Vernon  of  Haddon  HalP(i902);  <  Yolanda.* 

Ualone,  Walter.  An  American  writer  of 
prose  and  verse;  born  in  De  Soto  County,  Miss., 
Feb.  10,  1866.  Among  his  published  works 
are:  <  Claribel  and  Other  Poems  >  (1882); 
'Narcissus  and  Other  Poems'  (1892);  <  Songs 
of  Dusk  and  Dawn  '  (1894) ;  <  The  Coming  of 
the  King  >  (1897) ;  <  Songs  of  North  and  South  > 
(iqoo);  <  Songs  of  East  and  West '  (1906). 

Marchmont,  Arthur  'Williams.  An  English 
novelist  and  journalist;  bom  at  Southgate,  Eng- 
land, in  1852.  He  engaged  in  journalism  in 
London  and  afterwards  in  the  provinces,  editing 
successively  the  North  Eastern  Gazette  and  Lan- 
cashire Daily  Post.  He  relinquished  journalism 
for  fiction  in  1894.  Author  of  <Isa>  (1887); 
<By  Right  of  Sword  >  (1897)  ;<  The  Greatest 
Gift>  (1899);  <In  the  Name  of  a  Woman  > 
(1900);  <  For  Love  or  Crown  >  (1901);  <  Sarita 
the  Carlist>  (1902);  <  The  Queen's  Advocate.* 

Mason,  Alfred  Edward  Woodley.  An  English 
novelist;  born  May  7,  1865.  Author  of:  <A 
Romance  of  Wastdale  >  (1895) ;  <  The  Courtship 
of  Morrice  Buckler  >  ( 1896) ;  <  The  Philanderers' 
(1897);  'Lawrence  Clavering>  (1897);  <Miranda 
of  the  Balcony)  (1899),   <  Clementina'   (1901); 

<  The  Four  Feathers  >  (1902). 

miason,  Urs.  Caroline  Atwater.  An  American 
author;  bom  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  July  10, 
1853.  Among  her  works  are:  <A  Titled 
Maiden,'  <  A  Minister  of  Carthage,'  <  The  Quiet 
King,'  <  A  Wind  Flower,'  <  A  Woman  of  Yes- 
terday '  (1900);  <  Wax  Wing '  (1905). 

Mathews,  Frances  Aymer.  An  American 
author  and  dramatist ;  bom  in  New  York  in 
18 — .  Among  her  published  works  are  :  <One 
Man   in   Ten   Thousand,'  <  A    Married   Man,' 

<  The  New  Yorkers;'  plays,  <  Joan  D'Arc,'  <A 
Little  Tragedy  at  Tientsin,  ><  Peg  Woffington,' 

<  The  Brazilian, >  <  Aaron  Burr.' 

McCatcheon,  George  Barr.  An  American 
journalist  and  author;  bora  in  Tippecanoe 
County,  Ind.,  July  26,  1866.  He  wrote  <Grau- 
starlc'  (1900);  <  Castle  Craneycrow  '  (1902). 

McHvaine,  Charles.  [«  Toby  Hodge. »]  An 
American  author  and  scientist;  bom  in  Chester 
County,  Fa.,  May  31,  1840.  Besides  being  a 
frequent  contributor  of  stories  and  articles  on  the 
subjects  of  natural  science  to  leading  magazines, 
he  wrote:  <A  Legend  of  Polecat  Hollow' 
(1884);  *  Americaa  Fungi '  (1 900). 


Mead,  William  Leon.  An  American  author 
and  joumalist;  born  in  Margaretville,  N.  Y., 
April  27,  1 861.  He  served  on  the  editorial 
staff  of  Truth,  Tom  Nast's  Weekly  and  Form 
Magazine,  besides  being  a  frequent  contributor 
to  well-known  periodicals.  Among  his  works 
are:  'In  Thraldom'  (1877);  <  Sky  Rockets' 
(1883) ;  <  The  Bow-Legged  Ghost  and  Other 
Stories  '  (1899);  <  Wild  Cat  Ledge'  (1901);  <  A 
Lost  Identity '  (1901) ;  <  Romance  of  R.  Fulton.* 

Medwin,  Thomas.  An  English  author,  cousin 
and  biographer  of  Shelley;  born  at  Horsham, 
Eng.,  March  20,  1 788.  He  was  intimately 
associated  with  Byron  and  upon  his  death  pub- 
lished a  '  Journal  of  the  Conversations  of  Lord 
Byron'  (1824),  which  was  translated  into 
French  and  German  and  excited  great  contro- 
versy. He  Was  the  author  of  several  dramatic 
poems,  but  is  best  known  for  <  The  Life  of 
Percy  Bysshe  Shelley'  (1847).  He  died  at 
Horsham,  Aug.  2,  1869. 

Merriman,  Henry  Seton.  [Nom  de  plume  of 
«  Hugh  Stowell  Scott. »]  An  English  novelist; 
born  in  18 — .     Among  his  numerous  works  are: 

<  From   One   Generation   to   Another '    (1892) ; 

<  The  Slave  of  the  Lamp  '  (1892);  <With  Edged 
Tools  '  (1897) ;  <  Flotsam '  (1896) ;  <The  Sowers' 
(1896) ;  ( In  Kedar's  Tents  '  (1897) ;  <  The  Vel- 
vet  Glove ' ;  <  The  Vultures.'    Died  Nov.  19, 1903. 

Mifflin,  Lloyd.  An  American  poet  and  artist; 
bom  in  Columbia,  Pa.,  Sept.  15,  1846.  His 
published  works  include  'The  Hills  '  (1896); 

<  At  the  Gates  of  Song'  (1897);  <  On  the  Slopes 
of  Helicon'  (1898);  'Echoes  of  Greek  Idyls' 
(1899);  <  My  Lady  of  Dream '  (1906). 

Miles,  Nelson  Appleton.  Lieutenant-General 
commanding  the  United  States  Army;  bom  in 
Westminster,  Mass.,  Aug.  8,  1839.  He  wrote 
'Personal  Recollections'  (1899),  besides  many 
military  reports  and  magazine  articles.  Ret.  1903. 

Miller,  Joseph.  [«Joe  Miller."]  An  Eng- 
lish actor  and  humorist;  bom  in  England  in 
1684.  His  name  has  long  been  a  synonym  for 
a  jest  or  witty  anecdote  of  ancient  flavor.  His 
chief  reputation  rests  upon  a  collection  of  witti- 
cisms attributed  to  him,  entitled  '  Joe  Miller's 
Jests,'  published  after  his  death  (1739)  by  John 
Mottley,  who,  however,  secured  a  part  of  the 
collection  from  other  sources.   He  died  in  1738. 

Miller,  James  Eussell.  An  American  Presby- 
terian clergyman  and  author;  bom  in  Harsha- 
ville.  Pa. ,  March  20,  1840.  Among  his  numer- 
ous works  are  :  '  Week  Day  Religion  '  ( 1880) ; 
'In  His  Steps'  (1885);  'Glimpses  Through 
Life's  Windows'  (1893);  <  Blessing  of  Cheerful- 
ness' (1898);  <  Loving  My  Neighbor'  (1900.) 

Monroe,  Harriet.  An  American  writer  of 
verse  ;  bom  in  Chicago,  111.,  Dec.  25,  i860. 
She  wrote  the  <  Columbian  Ode,'  which  was  read 
and  sung  at  the  dedicatory  ceremonies  of  the 
Columbian  Exposition,  Oct.  21,  1892.  Author 
of 'Valeria  and  Other  Poems'  (1892);  'John  Well- 
born Root,  a  Memoir' ;  <  Historical  Lutheranism.» 


6l2 


MOODY — OWEN 


Moody,  William  Vauglin.  An  American  writer 
of  verse  and  instructor  in  English  literature  at 
the  University  of  Chicago;  born  in  Spencer, 
Ind.,  July  8,  1869.  Author  of  <  The  Masque  of 
JudgTOcnt,)  a  lyrical  drama  (1900);  <  Poems  > 
(1901);  <  History  of  English  Literature>  (with 
R.M.Lovett>  (1902);  <  The  Great  Divide*  (1907.' 

Moore,  John  Trotwood.  An  American  author; 
bom  in  Marion,  Ala.,  Aug.  26,  1858.   He  wrote 

<  Songs  and  Stories  from  Tennessee  >  (1897); 
<01e  Mistis>  (1897);  <A  Summer  Hymnal  > 
(i90i;'<The  Bishop  of  Cottontown.> 

Morris,  Clara.  An  American  actress  and 
author;  bom  in  Toronto,  Can.,  in  1849.  Besides 
being  a  contributor  to  the  magazines,  she  wrote  : 

<  A  Silent  Singer,)  <  Little  Jim  Crow,>  <  Auto- 
biography of  Clara  Morris,  >  <A  Paste-Board 
Crown  > ;  <  Life  of  a  Star.> 

Morris,  Charles.  An  American  author  and 
compiler;  bom  in  Chester,  Pa.,  Oct.  I,  1833. 
Besides  being  editor  of  the  New  Science  Review, 
he  wrote  much  on  scientific  subjects.  Among 
his  works  are  :  <  Inverara,>  <  The  Aryan  Race,> 

<  King  Arthur  and  the  Knights  of  the  Round 
Table,)  <  Historical  Tales  )  (9  vols.),  <  Our  War 
with  Spain,)  <  Our  Island  Empire,)  <  Man  and 
His  Ancestor  > ;  <The  Old  and  the  New.) 

Munn,  Charles  Clark.  An  American  writer; 
bom  in  Southington,  Conn.,  in  1848.  Author 
of  < Pocket  Island)  (1900);  <  Uncle  Terry,  a 
Story  of  the  Maine  Coast  >  (1900);  <Rockhaven) 
(1902);  <  Boyhood  Days  on  the  Farm.) 

Mnnro,  Neil.  A  Scottish  author  and  journal- 
ist; bom  in  Inverary,  Scotland,  June  3,  1864. 
He  wrote  <  The  Lost  Pibroch,  a  Series  of  Celtic 
Tales  and  Sketches)  (1896);  <  John  Splendid,  a 
Highland  Romance)  (1898);  <  Gilian  the 
Dreamer)     (1899);    <  Doom    Castle)    (1901); 

<  The  Shoes  of  Fortune  >  (1901)  ;  <  Erchie  >(i904). 

Miinsterherg,  Hugo.    An  educator  and  author,  . 
and  professor  of  psychology  at  Harvard  College; 
bora   in  Danzig,  Germany,  June   I,    1 863.      He 
wrote  <  Psychology  and  Life  *  ( 1899);  <  American 
Traits)  11903);  'Science  and  Idealism)  (1905); 

<  Psychotherapy  >  (1909). 

Noble,  Edmund.  An  English  author  and  jour- 
nalist; born  in  Glasgow,  Scot.,  Jan.  8,  1S53. 
He  served  on  the  editorial  staff  of  various  Liver- 
pool and  London  papers  and  was  editor  of  the 
American  edition  of  <Free  Russia,)  1872-4. 
Besides  being  a  frequent  contributor  to  magazines 
on  ethical  and  philosophical  subjects,  he  wrote  : 

<  The  Russian  Revolt )  (1885) ;  <  Russia  and  the 
Russians*  (1900 1;  <  Before  the  Dawn  '  (1901). 

Norris,  Frank.  An  American  novelist  and 
journalist;  born  in  Chicago,  111.,  in  1870.  He 
was  war  correspondent  for  McClure's  Magazine 
during  the  Spanish-American  war,  and  for  the 
San  Francisco  Chronicle,  in  South  Africa,  during 
the  Uitlander  insurrection,  1895-96.  Among 
his  works  are  <  McTeague  )  (1897);  <  A  Man's 
Woman  >  (1898) ;  <The  Octopus  )  (1901) ;  <  The 
Pit)  (1903).  He  died  in  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
Oct.  25,  1902. 


Norris,  Mary  Harriott.     An  American  author 

and  educator;  born  in  Boonton,  N.  J.,  March 
16,  1848.  She  was  founder  and  principal  of 
a  private  school  in  New  York,  1870-98,  and 
dean  of  women,  at  Northwestern  University, 
1898-99.  Among  her  numerous  published  works 
are:  '  Fraulein  Mina)  (1872);  <  Ben  and 
Bentie  Series)  (1873-76);  <  Phebe  >  (1890); 
<  Afterward)  (1893);  <  John  Applegate,  Sur- 
geon) (1894);  <The  Gray  House  of  the  Quar- 
ries »(iS98);  <The  Veil)  (1907). 

North,  Sir  Thomas.  An  English  translator; 
bom  in  England  about  1535.  He  exerted  a 
powerful  influence  on  Elizabethan  writers  and 
has  been  called  "  the  first  great  master  of  Eng- 
lish prose."  He  is  most  famous  for  his  unri- 
valled translation  of  Plutarch's  <Lives,>  published 
in  1579.     He  died  in  1601. 

Nuttall,  Thomas.  An  English  naturalist  and 
writer;  born  in  Yorkshire,  Eng.,  Jan.  5,  1786. 
He  devoted  his  life  to  scientific  pursuits,  made 
extensive  explorations,  especially  in  the  United 
States,  where  he  visited  nearly  every  State  in 
the  Union  and  made  more  discoveries  than  any 
other  explorer  of  the  botany  of  North  America. 
He  was  professor  of  natural  history  at  Harvard 
University  1822-34.  Among  his  many  important 
works  are  :  <  Genera  of  North  American  Plants  ) 
(1817);  <  Geological  Sketch  of  the  Valley  of  the 
Mississippi,)  <  Manual  of  the  Ornithology  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  >  He  died  in  Eng- 
land, Sept.  10,  1859. 

Ollivant,  Alfred.  An  English  author;  bom  in 
1874.  He  was  commissioned  in  the  Royal  Artil- 
lery in  1893,  but  resigned  in  1895,  owing  to 
disability  caused  by  a  fall  from  a  horse,  and 
tumed  his  attention  to  literature.  He  wrote : 
<Owd  Bob,  Son  of  Battle  >  (1898);  <  Danny ) 
(1902). 

O'Meara,  Barry  Edwards.  Surgeon  to  Napo- 
leon and  historian  of  St.  Helena;  bom  in  Ireland 
in  1786.  He  accompanied  Bonaparte  into  exile 
and  was  his  intimate  associate  until  dismissed 
from  his  post  July,  1818,  as  a  consequence  of 
his  intense  partisanship  for  the  unfortunate 
Emperor.  His  published  works  include  many 
famous  and  valuable  reminiscences  of  Napoleon; 
among  them  are  <  Napoleon  in  Exile :  or  a 
Voice  from  St.  Helena,  >  <The  Opinions  and 
Reflections  of  Napoleon  >  2  vols.).  He  died  in 
London,  January  3,  1836. 

Overhury,  Sir  Thomas.  An  English  states- 
man and  author  ;  bom  at  Warwickshire,  Eng- 
land, in  1581.  He  wrote  <  Observations  Upon 
the  State  of  the  Seventeen  Provinces,)  and  a 
popular  volume  of  <  Characters, >  which  ap- 
peared posthumously.  His  death  occurred 
Sept.  15,  161 3,  in  the  Tower  of  London, 
where,  for  political  reasons,  he  had  been  sub- 
jected to  imprisonment  and  cruel  treatment. 

Owen,  Sir  Bichard.  An  English  naturalist, 
lecturer  and  author ;  born  in  Lancaster,  Eng- 
land, July  20,  1804.  Among  his  enormooi 
contributions  to  scientific  literature  are  <  Lee- 
tures  on  the  Comparative  Anatomj  and  Fbpi*- 


OXENHAM — POTTER 


613 


ology     of     Invertebrate     Animals  >      (1843); 

<  Odontography  >  ^1845);  *  The  Archetypes 
and  Homologies  of  the  Vertebrate  System  > 
(1848);  (Nature  of  Limbs >  (1849);  Paleon- 
tology) (1861).  He  died  at  Surrey,  England, 
Dec.  18,  1892. 

Oxenham,  John.  An  English  author;  bom  in 
18 — .  Among  his  published  works  are  :  <  God's 
Prisoner  >    (1889) ;    <  Rising   Fortunes  >   (1899) ; 

<  A  Princess  of  Vascovy  >  (igcx));  <  Our  Lady  of 
Deliverance'  (1901) ;  <  John  of  Gerisan  >  (1902) ; 

<  Underthe  Iron  Flail  >  (1902)  ;  <  Hearts  in  Fxile.* 

Oxley,  James  Macdonald.  A  Canadian  lawyer 
and  author;  born  in  Halifax,  N.  S.,  Oct.  22, 
1855.  Among  his  numerous  published  works 
are:  <Bert  Lloyd's  Boyhood >  (1887);  <The 
Wreckers  of  Sable  Island  >  (189O;  <  Diamond 
Rock>  (1893);  (Baffling  the  Blockade)  (1896); 
(Making  his  Way)  (1898);  (Trials  and  Tri- 
umphs) (1899);  (North  Overland  with  Frank- 
lin) (1900). 

Paine,  Albert  Bigelow.  An  American  author 
and  editor;  born  in  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  July 
10,  1861.  He  served  on  the  New  York  Herald 
and  the  St.  Nicholas,  and  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  magazines.     Among  his  works  are : 

<  The  Mystery  of  Eveline  Delorme)  (1894); 
(  Gobolinks )  (with  Ruth  McEmry  Stuart) 
(1896);  (The  Arkansaw  Bear)  (1898);  (The 
Deep  Woods)  (1899);  (The  Bread  Line) 
(1900);  (  A  Sailor  of  Fortune)  (1906). 

Palmer,  Anna  Campbell.  [« Mrs,  George 
Archibald.))]  An  American  author  and  jour- 
nalist; bom  in  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  3,  1854. 
Among  her  published  works  are  :  (Verses  from 
a  Mother's  Comer)  (1889);  ( The  Summerville 
Prize)  (1890);  (Lady  Gay  and  Her  Sister) 
(1891);  (Three  Times  Three)  (1899);  (Joel 
Dorman  Steele,  a  Biography)  (1900). 

Paterson,  William  Eomaine.  [« Benjamin 
Swift.)*]  An  English  novelist;  born  in  Glas- 
gow, Scotland,  July  29,  187 1.  Among  his  pub- 
lished works  are  :  (Nancy  Noon)  (1896);  (The 
Tormentor)  (1897);  (The  Destroyer)  (1898); 

<  Nude  Souls'  (19001;  'Ludus  Amoris*  (1902); 
'  In  Piccadilly  >  (1903). 

Peabody,  Josephine  Preston.  An  American 
writer  of  prose  and  verse  ;  bom  in  New  York 
in  1874.  Author  of  <  Old  Greek  Folk  Stories  > 
(1897);  < The  Wayfarers)  (1898);  (Fortune 
and  Men's  Eyes,)  (1900).  (  Marlowe)  (1901). 

Peary,  Robert  Edwin.  Lieutenant  and  civil 
engineer,  U.  S.  N.,  arctic  explorer  and  author; 
bom  in  Cresson,  Pa.,  May  6,  1856.  Describes 
his  arctic  experiences  in  his  book  ( Northward 
Over  the  Ice,)  (A  Narrative  of  Life  and  Work 
in  Northern  Greenland  in  1886  and  1891-97.) 

Penfield,  Frederick  Conrtland.  An  American 
author  and  diplomat;  bom  in  Connecticut,  April 
23,  1855.  He  was  appointed  United  States 
vice-consul-general  at  London,  1855,  and  was 
diplomatic  agent  and  consulting  general  to 
^SyP*  1893-97.  He  was  awarded  decorations 
by  many  foreign    governments,  among    them 


France  and  Turkey.  He  wrote  :  <  Present  Day 
Egypt)  (1899),  besides  many  articles  on  eco- 
nomic and  international  subjects. 

Phillpotts,  Eden.  An  English  novelist;  bora 
in  Aboo,  India,  Nov.  4,  1862.  Among  his 
numerous  works  of  fiction  are  :  <  The  End  of 
Life)  (1890);  (A  Tiger's  Cub  >  (1892);  (A 
Deal  with  the  Devil )  (1895);  (  Children  of  the 
Mist)  (1898);  (Loup  Garon)  (1899);  <  The 
Striking  Hours  >  (1901 );  (  The  River  >  (1902). 

Phillips,  Stephen.  An  English  poet;  bom  at 
Somerton,  near  Oxford,  July  28,  1868.  He 
studied  for  Civil  Service,  but  abandoned  it  to  go 
on  the  stage,  and  later  took  up  literature  as  a 
profession.  Among  his  published  works  are  : 
(Marpessa)  (1890);  (Eremus)  (1894);  (Christ 
in  Hades)  (1896);  (Herod)  (1900);  (Ulysses) 
(1902). 

Pidgin,  Charles  Felton.  An  American  author, 
librettist  and  statistician;  born  in  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  Nov.  I,  1844.  Besides  being  a  frequent 
contributor  to  periodicals,  he  wrote  many  lib- 
rettos for  cantatas,  operas  and  musical  comedies, 
and  was  also  an  inventor  of  considerable  note. 
His  novels  include  (  Quincy  Adams  Sawyer ) 
(1900);  (  Blennerhasset )  (1901);  <  The  Climax) 
(1902);  (  Stephen  Helton  *  (1902);  <  Theodosia.) 

Pier,  Arthur  Stanwood.  An  American  writer; 
bom  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  April  21,  1874.  He 
served  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Youths'  Com- 
panion, and  wrote  (The  Pedagogues  )  (1899); 
<  The  Sentimentalists)  (1901);  (The  Triumph) 
(1903);  ( The  Young  in  Heart*  (1907). 

Poole,  John.  An  English  dramatist  and 
humorist ;  bom  in  England  in  1792.  Among 
his  successful  dramas  and  farces  were  :  (  Paul 
Pry)  (1825);  (  Deaf  as  a  Post,)  (Turning  the 
Tables.)  He  wrote  novels,  essays  and  sketches, 
among  these  (  Little  Pedlington  and  the  Ped- 
lingtonians )  (1838),  attained  great  popularity. 
He  died  in  London,  Feb.  5,  1879. 

Poor,  Agnes  Blake.  [((Dorothy  Prescott.)>] 
An  American  writer  of  fiction.  Author  of 
(Brothers  and  Strangers)  (1894);  (Boston 
Neighbors '  (1898) ;  <Under  Guiding  Stars*  ( 1907). 

Porter,  Charlotte.  An  American  editor  and 
author;  born  in  Towanda,  Pa.,  in  1859.  She 
edited  Shakespeariana,  1886-88,  and  founded 
Poet  Lore  in  1889,  with  Helen  A.  Clarke. 
Author  of:  (Dramatic  Motive  in  Browning's 
Strafford)  (1897),  and  editor  of  (Browning's 
Complete  Poetical  Works,)  (Mrs.  Browning's 
Complete  Works,)  and  various  others  in  connec- 
tion with  Helen  A.  Clarke. 

Porter,  Horace.  An  American  soldier  and 
statesman  and  United  States  Ambassador  to 
France;  bom  in  Huntingdon,  Pa.,  April  15, 
1837.  He  was  orator  at  the  inauguration  of  the 
Washington  Arch,  New  York,  May  4,  1895, 
and  at  the  dedication  of  Grant's  Tomb,  New 
York,  April  27,  1897.  He  wrote  :  <  Campaign- 
ing with  Grant,)  (  West  Point  Life.) 

Potter,  Paul  M.  An  American  dramatist; 
born  at  Brighton,  Eng.,  June  3,  1852.    He  ytas 


6i4 


PRICHARD SANTAYANA 


foreign  correspondent  for  the  New  York  Herald 
and  afterwards  joined  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
Chicago  Tribune.  Among  his  numerous  plavs 
are  :  <  The  American  Minister  >  ( 1892) ;  <  The  Vic- 
toria Cross'  (1804I  ;  < The  Conquerors*  (1898); 
<  Under  Two  Flags'  (igoi);*  Nancy  Stair'  (1905) 
He  dramatized  -Trilby'  (Du  Maurier's  novelj. 

Prichard,  Sarah  Johnson.  ^\n  American 
author;  born  in  Waierbury,  Conn.,  Jan.  II, 
1 830.  Among  her  works  are  :  <  Martha' s  Hooks 
and  Eyes'  (1859);  'Nat's  Shoes'  (1S62);  <The 
Old  Stone  Chimney'  (1865);  (Rose  Marburj- ' 
(1870);  <  History  of  Waterbury  '  (1896);  <  The 
Only  Woman  in  the  Town'  (1S98). 

Prowse,  Richard  Orton.  An  English  novelist; 
bom  at  Woodbridge,  Suffolk,  England,  July  22, 
1862.    Author  of  <  The  Poison  of  Asps '  (1892) ; 

<  A  Fatal  Reservation '  (1S93);  <Voysey>  (1901). 

Prynne,  William.  A  famous  English  pam- 
phleteer; bom  in  England  in  1600.  He  was  a 
voluminous  writer  and  published  about  200 
books  and  pamphlets.  He  was  instrumental  in 
the  recall  of  Charles  II.,  for  whom  he  was 
appointed  Keeper  of  the  Records.  The  value 
of  his  work  lies  in  these  Records,  which  con- 
tain much  historic  matter  of  great  worth.  He 
died  Oct.  24,  1669. 

Pugh,  Edwin  "William.  An  English  novelist; 
bom  in  London,  Eng.,  Jan.  27,  1 874.  Among 
his  published  works  are  :  <  A  Street  in  Sub- 
urbia >    (1895);  <The   Man  of  Straw'  (1897); 

<  King  Circumstance'  (1S98);  <  Mother-Sister > 
(1900);  <  The  Heritage'  (  !qci);  '  Fruit  of  the  Vine.* 

Pullen,  Mrs.  Elizabeth.  [« Elizabeth  Car- 
azza.»]  An  American  author,  journalist  and 
musical  critic;  born  in  Portland,  Me.,  18 — . 
Among  her  writings  are  <  Don  Finimondone,' 
'  The  ^Ian  from  Aidone,'<  Rocco  and  Sidora,' 
besides  translations  from  the  Italian  and  the 
French. 

Eemington,  Frederick.  An  American  artist, 
sculptor  and  author;  bom  in  Canton,  N.  Y., 
Oct.  4,  1861.  Besides  being  famous  as  an  illus- 
trator he  wrote  <  Pony  Tracks, '  <  Crooked 
Trails,'  <  Frontier  Sketches  > ;  <  John  Ermine.* 

Eidge,  "William  Pett.  An  English  writer; 
bom  in  Chatham,  Eng.,  in  18 — .  Among  his 
published   works   are :    <  A    Clever  Wife '  and 

<  Minor  Dialogues'  (1895);  <  Second  Opportu- 
nity of  Mr.  Staplehurst '  (1896) ;  <  A  Son  of  the 
State'  (1899);  'London  Only'  (1901^;  (Lost 
Property  >  (1902); 'Next  Door  Neighbors'  (1904). 

Eisley,  Eichard  "Voorhees.  An  American 
author;  born  in  New  York,  Nov.  8,  1874.  Be- 
sides being  a  contributor  to  English  and  Amer- 
ican magazines,  he  wrote  :  (  The  Sentimental 
Vikings'  (1897);  (Men's  Tragedies'  (1899); 
'The  Sledge'  (1900);  (The  Anvil'  (1901); 
(  Life  of  a  Woman  '   (1Q02).     Died  1904. 

Eives,  HaUie  Erminie.  An  American  novel- 
ist, cousin  of  Amelie  Rives  Trouvetzkoy;  bom 
in  Christian  County,  Ky.,  May  2,  1876.  Author 
of:    (Smoking   Flax'    (1896);  <  As  the  Heart 


Panteth  >  (1896);  (A  Fool  in  Spots,*  (Singing 
Wire,'  <A  Furnace  of  Earth'  (1900);  (Hearts 

Courageous'  (1902). 

Robins,  Edward.  An  American  author  and 
critic;  bom  in  France  in  1862.  Among  his 
works  are  :  (  Echoes  of  the  Playhouse,  a  Review 
of  the  Old  Time  English  Thea'trical  Life,'  'The 
Palmy  Days  of  Nance  Oldfield,'  ( Benjamin 
Franklin,  Printer,  Statesman,  Philosopher  and 
Private  Citizen ' ;  ^  Romances  ol  Early  America.' 

Robinson,  Edith.  An  American  author;  bom 
in  Massachusetts  in  1858.  Among  her  pub- 
lished works  are  :  *  Porced  Acquaintances  * 
(1887);  (A  Little  Puritan  Rebel'  (189S);  (The 
Captain  of  the  School'  (1901) ;  (A  Puritan 
Knight  Errant  > ;  <  A  Little  Puritan  Cavalier.* 

Roe,  Yen.  Henry.  Archdeacon  of  Quebec, 
Canada;  born  in  Henryn-ille,  Province  of  Quebec, 
Feb.  22,  1829.  Among  his  works  are:  (The 
Place  of  Religious  Giving  in  the  Christian  Econ- 
omy' (1880);  (The  Place  of  Lavmen  in  the 
Spiritual  Work  of  the  Church'  (1887);  (The 
First  Hundred  Years  of  the  Diocese  of  Quebec ' 
(iS93). 

Rogers,  Robert  Cameron.  An  American  author; 
born  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  7,  1S62.  Among 
his  works  are  :  ( Wind  in  the  Clearing  and  Other 
Poems,'  (Will  o'  the  Wisp,'  (  Old  Dorset,*  (For 
the  King  and  Other  Poems  >  1 1899 1 ;  'The  Rosary.* 

Rood,  Henry  Edward.  An  American  author 
and  educator;  bom  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  June 
26,  1867.  He  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
Philadelphia  Press,  New  York  Herald  and  Har- 
per's Magazine.  Author  of  ( Hardwicke ' 
ri902l;  (In  Pasture?  ?n  ew  >  (1002). 

Eosehery,  Earl  of.  [Archibald  Philip  Prim- 
rose.] Prime  Minister  of  England;  bom  in 
London,  May  7,  1847.  He  occupied  many 
positions  of  honor  and  importance  before  becom- 
ing chief  executive  and  was  a  diplomatist  of  note. 
Author  of  (  Sir  Robert  Peel '  (1899) ;  (  The  Last 
Phase'  (1900). 

Rosenfeld,  Morris.  An  American  Jewish 
writer;  bom  in  Poland  in  1862.  Author  of : 
(  Songs  from  the  Ghetto.* 

Rostand,  Edmond.  A  French  author  and 
dramatist;  bom  in  Marseilles,  France,  in  1868. 
Among  hb  published  prose  works  are:  ( Les 
Romanesques'  (1894);  (Far  Away  Princess' 
(1895 1;  (La  Samaritaine  >  (1897);  (Cyrano  d 
|-5ergerac'  (iSqS)  ;  and  among  his  poems  nrr- 
(  Les  Musadises  >  and  (  L'Aiglon  *  (1900) ;  (The 
Chanticleer';  (  The  Lady  of  Dreams.' 

Runkle,  Bertha.  An  American  novelist;  bom 
in  Berkeley  Heights,  N.  J.,  in  18 — .  Her 
historical  novel,  (  The  Helmet  of  Navarre '  was 
published  190I  ;  ( The  Tmth  about  Tolna'  (1006). 

Santayana,  George.  An  American  writer 
and  assistant  professor  of  philosophy  at  Harvard 
College;  born  in  Spain  in  1863.  Among  his 
published  works  are  :  (  Sonnets  and  Other 
Poems  '  ( 1894) ;  (  The  Sense  of  Beauty  '  ( 1896) ; 
(Lucifer,  a  Theological  Tragedy'  ^1899); 
( Interpretations  of  Poetry  and  Religion '  ( 1900). 


SAUNDElwS — STOW 


615 


Saunders,  Margaret  Marshall.  [*  Marshall 
Saunders.'']  An  American  author;  born  in 
Milton,  Nova  Scotia,  in  1861.  Among  her 
numerous  works  are  :  <  Beautiful  Joe  >  ( 1894), 
for  which  she  was  awarded  the  prize  of  |200 
offered  by  the  American  Humane  Education 
Society;  <  The  House  of  Armour  >  (1897) ;  *  Her 
Sailor  >  (1899);    'For    His    Country)    (1900); 

<  Tilda  Jane>  (1901);  <  Beautiful  Joe's  Para- 
dise'(1902J;  <  Nita»  (1904);  'Alpatok'  (1906). 

Scidmore,  Eliza  Etihamah.  An  American 
author  and  corresponding  secretary  of  the 
National  Geographical  Society;  bom  in  Madi- 
son, Wis.,  Oct.  14,  1856.  Among  her  pub- 
lished works  are  <Jinriksha  Days  in  Japan' 
(1890);  <  From  East  to  West '  (1890);  <  China, 
the  Long-Lived  Empire '(1900);  'Jarva,the  Gar- 
den of  the  East  >  (1897);  <  Winter  India>  (1903)- 

Scribner,  Frank  Kimball.  An  American  author 
and  journalist;  bom  in  New  York,  Feb.  22, 
1867.  Among  his  published  works  are:  <The 
Honor  of  the  Princess'  (1897);  'The  Fifth  of 
November'  (1 898) ;  <  In  the  Land  of  the  Loom  ' 
(1899);  <  A  Continental  Cavalier'  (1900). 

Scudder,  Vida  Button.  An  American  author 
and  associate  professor  of  English  literature  at 
Wellesley  College;  bom  in  Southern  India,  Dec. 
15,  1861.  She  was  actively  connected  with  the 
formation  of  College  Settlements.  Among  her 
published  works  are  <  The  Witness  of  Denial ' 
(1896);  <  Social  Ideals  in  English  Letters' 
( 1898);  <  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  English 
Literature  '  (1901);  <  The  Disciple  of  a  Saint.' 

Searing,  Latira  Catherine  Redden.  [«  Howard 
Glyndon."]  An  American  author  and  journalist; 
born  in  Somerset,  Md.,  Feb.  9,  1840.  She  was 
Washington  correspondent  for  the  Missouri  Re- 
publican during  the  Civil  War,  wrote  <  German 
War  Gossip  '  for  the  New  York  Tribune  during 
the  Franco -Prussian  War  and  was  on  the  staff  of 
the    New   York    Mail,   1868-76.     She   wrote: 

<  Idyls  of  Battle,'  <  Sounds  from  Secret  Cham- 
bers,' <  Notable  Men  in  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives' (1864);  <  Of  El  Dorado'  (1897). 

Sharpless,  Isaac.  An  American  educator  and 
author;  president  of  Haverford  College,  Pa.; 
bora  in  Chester  County,  Pa.,  Dec.  16,  1848. 
Among  his  vorks,  which  are  on  educational  and 
historical  subjects,  are  <  A  Quaker  Experiment,' 

<  Quakers  in  the  Revolution,'  <  Two  Centuries  of 
Pennsylvania  History,'  <  English  Education  in 
Elementary  and  Secondary  Schools.' 

Sheldon,  Charles  Monroe.  An  American  Con- 
gregational clergyman  and  author;  bom  in 
Wellsville,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  26,  1857.  Among  his 
numerous  published  works  are  <  Richard  Brace  ' 
(1891);  <The  Cracifixion  of  Philip  Strong' 
(1893);  <  His  Brother's  Keeper'  (1895);  'Lend 
a  Hand'  (1897);  <  Bom  to  Serve  '  (1900);  <Who 
Killed  Joe's  Baby  ' ;  <  The  Heart  of  the  World.> 

Sherwood,  Mrs.  Mary  Martha.  An  English 
author  ;  bom  in  Worcestershire,  England,  May 
6,  1775.  She  was  the  writer  of  ninety  books, 
many   of    them    juvenile.      Among    them   are 


<  Little  Henry  and  His  Bearer,'  <  Henry  Mil- 
ner,'  <  Ermina,'  and  <  The  Lady  of  the 
Manor.'  She  died  in  Twickenham,  England, 
1851. 

Sherwood,  Mrs.  Mary  Elizabeth  "Wilson. 
[«Mrs.  John  Sherwood."  «  M.  E.  W.  S."] 
An  American  author;  born  in  Keene,  N.  H., 
in  1830.  Among  her  writings  are  '  The  Sar- 
casm  of    Destiny,'    <  A    Transplanted     Rose,' 

<  Manners  and  Social   Usages,'  <  Sweet    Briar.' 

<  Roxobel,'  etc.    Died,  N.  Y.  city,  Sept.  12,  1903. 

Smith,  Harry  Bache.  An  American  author, 
dramatist  and  critic;  born  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in 
i860.     Among    his    many   opera  librettos   are 

<  Robin  Hood,)  <  Rob  Roy,'  <The  Fortune 
Teller,'  (  Wizard  of  the  Nile,'  <  Foxy  Quiller ' 
and  <The  Casino  Girl.'  He  also  wrote  <  Will 
Shakespeare'  (a  comedy)  (1893);  <  Lyrics  and 
Sonnets'  (1894);  'Stage  Lyrics'  (1901). 

Snow,  Lorenzo.  President  of  the  Mormon 
Church;  born  in  Mantua,  O.,  April  13,  1814. 
He  founded  and  named  Brigham  City,  Utah, 
was  ordained  one  of  the  Twelve  Apostles  in 
1849  and  president  of  the  Twelve  in  1889. 
Among  his  published  works  are  :  <  The  Italian 
Mission,'  <The  Only  Way  to  be  Saved,' <  The 
Voice    of    Joseph.'     He    also    translated    the 

<  Book  of  Mormon '  into  Italian.  Died  in  Salt 
Lake  City,  Utah,  Oct.  lo,  1901. 

Soley,  James  Eussell.  An  American  lawyer 
and  author;  bom  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  I, 
1850.  He  was  professor  and  head  of  the 
department  of  history  and  law  United  States 
Naval  Academy  1876-90,  and  assistant  secre- 
tary of  the  navy  1890-3.  Among  his  works 
are :  <  Foreign  Systems  of  Naval  Education,' 
<The  Blockade  and  the  Craisers,'  <Boys  of 
1812,'  <  Sailor  Boys  of  i86l,>  <  Rescue  of  Gree- 
ley '  (with  Winfield  S.  Schley)  ;  <  Admiral  Porter.' 

Stephens,  fiohert  Neilson.  An  American 
author,  playwright  and  joumalist;  born  in  New 
Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  July  22,  1867.  His  plays 
include  <  An  Enemy  to  the  King,'  and  <  The 
Ragged  Regiment,'  and   among  his  novels  are 

<  An  Enemy  to  the  King '  ( 1897 ) ;  <  The  Conti- 
nental Dragoon'  (1898);  <  Philip  Winwood ' 
(1900); <  Captain  Ravenshawi.'  (1901).    Died  1906. 

Stevenson,  Burton  Egbert.  An  American 
joumalist  and  author;  born  in  Chillicothe,  O., 
Nov.  9,  1872.  Among  his  published  works  are  : 

<  At  Odds  with  the  Regent :  A  Story  of  the  Cel- 
lamore  Conspiracy'  (1900);  <  A  Soldier  of  Vir- 
ginia' (1901);  <  The  Heritage'  (1902);  'Tommy 
Remington's  Battle ' ;  <  That  Affair  at  Elizabeth.' 

Stow,  John.  A  celebrated  English  chronicler 
and  antiquarj-;  born  in  London  about  1525.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  considerable  part  of  <  Holin- 
shed's  Chronicles,'  and  the  world  of  letters 
owes  much  to  his  valuable  historic  works  and 
minute  researches.  He  was  the  most  accurate 
and  businesslike  of  English  chroniclers  of  the 
sixteenth    century.       Among    his    works    are : 

<  Summary  of  the  Chronicles  of  England,'  'Sur- 
vey of  London.)  He  died  in  extreme  poverty, 
April  6,  1605. 


6i6 


STRANG TODD 


Strang,  Lewis  Clinton.  An  American  writer 
and  dramatic  critic;  bom  in  Westfield,  Mass., 
Dec.  4,  1869.     His  published  works  include  : 

<  Famous  Actresses  of  the  Day>  (1899);  <  Cel- 
ebrated Comedians  of  Light  Opera  and  Musical 
Comedy  in  America  >  (1900). 

Stratemeyer,  Edward.  [«  Capt.  Ralph  Bone- 
hill, »  «  Arthur  M.  Winfield».]  An  American 
writer  of  juvenile  stories;  bom  in  Elizabeth, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  4,  1862.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are  <  Last  Cmiseof  the  Spitfire  >  ( 1894) ; 

<  Oliver  Bright' s  Search  >  (1895);  <  Young  Auc- 
tioneers >  (1897);  <  Under  Dewey  at  Manilla  > 
(1898);  <  Between  Boer  and  Briton  >  (1900);  <On 
to  Pekin  >  (1900);  <  The  Fall  of  Port  Arthur.> 

Stringer,  Arthur  J.  A  Canadian  writer;  born 
in  London,  Ont.,   Feb.    26,    1874.     Author  of 

<  Watchers  of  the  Twilight, >  <  Pauline  and  Other 
Poems, >  <  Epigrams,'  <  The  Loom  of  Destiny. > 

Sutherland,  Evelyn  Greenleaf.  An  American 
journalist  and  playwright;  bom  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  in  18 — .  For  many  years  dramatic  critic 
on  various  Boston  papers,  she  also  contributed 
widely  to  magazines  and  periodicals.  Author 
of:  <Po'  White  Trash  and  Other  One-Act 
Dramas*  (1899);  <  In  Office  Hours  and  Other 
Vaudeville  Sketches)  (1899);  also,  <  Fort 
Frayne  >  (with  Gen.  Charles  King) ,  and  adapter 
of  <  Monsieur  Beaucaire,*  with  the  author. 

Sutphen,  William  Gilbert  Van  Tassell.  An 
American  writer;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
May  II,  1861.  Author  of  <The  Golficide  > 
( 1898);  <  The  Golfer's  Alphabet  >(  1899) ;<  The 
Cardinal's  Rose  >  (1900);  <The  Golfer's  Calen- 
dar >;  <  The  Nineteenth  Hole> ;  <  The  Doomsman.> 

Tanner,  Benjamin  Tucker.  An  American 
Methodist  Episcopal  bishop  of  African  descent; 
born  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Dec.  25,  1835.  He  was 
for  many  years  editor  of  the  Christian  Recorder, 
and  was  founder  and  editor  of  the  A.  M.  E. 
Church  Review.  He  was  ordained  bishop  in 
1888.  Among  his  works  are:  <The  Origin  of 
the  Negro,>  <  Is  the  Negro  Cursed, >  <  A  Hint  to 
Ministers,'  <  The  Color  of  Solomon.' 

Tappan,  Eva  March.  An  American  author 
and  teacher;  born  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  Dec.  26, 
1854.  Among  her  published  works  are  <  Charles 
Lamb,  the  Man  and  the  Author'  (1896);  <In 
the  Days  of  Alfred  the  Great'  (1900);  <  Our 
Country's  Story '  (1902)  ;  <  America's  Literature.* 

TarMngton,  Newton  Booth.  An  American 
novelist;  born  in  Indiana,  July  29,  1869.  His 
writings  include  <  The  Gentleman  from  Indiana' 
(1899);  t  Monsieur  Beaucaire'  (1900);  <  Two 
Vanrevels>(i902);  < Foreign  Exchange'  (1909). 

Thompson-Seton,  Ernest.  A  Canadian  artist, 
writer  and  naturalist;  born  in  South  Shields, 
England,  Aug.  14,  i860.  Famous  as  an  animal 
artist  and  illustrator,  and  at  one  time  official 
naturalist  of  Manitoba;  his  works  include  <  Birds 
of  Manitoba,'  <  Mammals  of  Manitoba,'  <  Wild 
Animals  I  Have  Known,'  <  The  Biography  of  a 
Grizzly.  > 


Thompson,  Hugh  Miller.  Protestant  Episcopal 
bishop  of  Mississippi;  bom  in  Londonderry 
County,  Ire.,  June  5,  1830.  He  was  ordained 
priest  in  1856  and  consecrated  to  the  bishopric 
in  1883.  He  was  editor  of  the  American 
Churchman,  Chicago,  1860-70,  and  of  the 
Church  Journal,  New  York,  1870-77.  Among 
his  numerous  works  are  :  <  Unity  and  its  Resto- 
ration >  (1859);  <  First  Principles'  (1863);  <  The 
World  and  the  Kingdom  '  (1888);  <  More  Copy' 
(1897).    He  died  in  1902. 

Thompson,  Vance.  An  American  joumalist, 
author  and  playwright;  bom  April  7,  1863.  He 
was  editor  and  founder  of  M'lle  New  York 
(fortnightly  review),  and  published  a  number 
of  books  and  dramas.     Among  the  former  are  : 

<  Berwyn    Kennedy,'    <  A    Flash    of     Honor,> 

<  Writers  of  Young  France,'  <  Spinners  of  Life;* 
and  among  the  latter  <  In  Old  Japan,'  <  The 
Dresden  Shepherdess,'  <  Florian's  Dream.' 

Thorpe,  Francis  Newton.  An  American  au- 
thor and  lawyer;  bom  in  Swampscott,  Mass., 
April  16,  1857.  He  was  fellow-professor  of 
American  Constitutional  history  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  for  some  years,  and  wrote 
extensively  on  the  subject.  Among  his  works 
are  :  <  The  Government  of  the  People  of  the 
United  States  '  ( 1889  ) ;  <  The  Story  of  the  Con- 
stitution >  (1891 );  <The  Constitutional  History 
of  the  United  States,  1765-1895  > ;  <The  Spoils 
of  Empire.' 

Thorpe,  Mrs.  Rose  Hartwick.  An  American 
author;  born  in  Mishawaka,  Ind.,  July  18, 
1850.     Especially  well    known   for  her  poem, 

<  Curfew  Must  Not  Ring  To-night,'  she  also 
published  many  books  of  prose  and  verse. 
Among  the  former  are  <  Fred's  Dark  Days' 
ri88i);  <Nina  Bruce  '  (1886-);  <  The  Chester 
Girls '  (1887)  ;  and  her  verses  include  <  Temper- 
ance Poems'  (1887);  <Ringin£r  Ballads'  (1887); 
*  Sweet  Song  Stories' ;  <  White  Ladyof  Lajolia.' 

Todd,  Charles  Burr.  An  American  author  and 
journalist;  born  in  Redding,  Conn.,  Jan.  1 9, 
1849.  Among  his  published  works  are  :  <  Life 
and  Letters  of  Joel  Barlow'  (1886);  <  Story  of 
the  City  of  New  York'  (1895);  <  True  Aaron 
Burr' ;  <  The  Confessions  of  a  Railroad  Man.' 

Todd,  David  P.  An  American  author  and 
astronomer;  bom  in  Lake  Ridge,  N.  Y.,  March 
I9>  1855.  He  was  professor  of  astronomy  and 
director  of  the  observatory  at  Amherst  College, 
and  was  in  charge  of  various  eclipse  expeditions, 
including  those  to  Texas,  Japan,  West  Africa 
and  East  Indies.  Author  of  :  <  A  New  Astron- 
omy '  (1897);  <  Stars  and  Telescopes'  (1899). 

Todd,  Mrs.  Mabel  Loomis.  An  American 
author;  wife  of  David  P.  Todd,  born  in  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  in  1858.  Besides  being  a  fre- 
quent   contributor    to    magazines,    she    edited 

<  Poems  and  Letters  of  Emily  Dickinson  > 
(1890-94);  <A  Cycle  of  Sonnets'  (1896); 
'Steele's  Popular  Astronomy'  (1899);  and 
wrote  <  Footprints '  (1883);  <  Total  Eclipses  of 
the  Sun  '  (1894);  <Corona  and  Coronet  >  (1898). 


TOMLINSON WATERLOO 


617 


TomlioBon,  Ererett  Titsworth.  An  American 
Baptist  clergyman  and  writer  of  juvenile  tales; 
bom  in  Shiloh,  N.  J.,  May  23,  1859.  Among 
his  nmnerous  publications  are  *  The  Search  for 
Andrew  Field  >  (1894);  <  The  Boy  Soldiers  of 
1812)  (1895);  <  Three  Colonial  Boys)  (1895); 
•Two  Young  Patriots  *  (1898);  <In  the  Hands  of  the 
Redcoats '  (1901);  <  The  Fruit  of  the  Desert.' 

Townsend,  Edward  Waterman.  An  American 
journalist,  author  and  dramatist;  born  in  Cleve- 
land, O.,  Feb.  10,  1855.  He  engaged  in  news- 
paper work  on  the  New  York  Sun  and  became 
prominent  for  his  studies  of  the  life  and  dialect 
of  the  Bowery.  His  works  include  :  <  Chimmie 
Fadden,>   <A    Daughter    of    the   Tenements,* 

<  Major  Max, ><  Days  Like  These,*  besides  the 
dramatization  of  the  first-named  and  the  plays 
<The  Marquis  of  Michigan,*  <The  Sergeant,* 
'  Our  Constitution.' 

Townsend,  Luther  Tracy.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  author;  bom  in  Orono,  Me.,  Sept.  27, 
1838.  He  entered  the  Methodist  Epicopal 
ministry  in  1864,  and  was  professor  of  various 
branches  of  theology  at  Boston  University, 
1868-93.  Among  his  works  are:  < Credo* 
(1869);  <  Sword  and  Garment*  (1871);  <  Art  of 
Speech  '  (1880-81) :  <  Bible  Theology  and  Modern 
Thought  >  (1883) ;  <  Evolution  of  Creation  >  ( 1899) ; 

<  Anastasis  '  (1900);  <  Collapse  of  Evolution.* 

Tra«k,  Mrs.  Kate  Nichols.  [  «Katrina  Trask. »] 
An  American  author  and  contributor  to  leading 
magazines.  Among  her  works  are  <  Under  King 
Constantino*  (1891);  <  Sonnets  and  Lyrics* 
(1894);  (John  Laighton,  Jr.  >  (1898);  'Lessons 
in  Love  *  (1900J;  <  Night  and  Morning  >  (1906). 

Trine,  Ealph  "Waldo.  [«Mr.  Whitman.  *>] 
An  American  writer  and  lecturer  upon  social 
science;  bom  in  Mt.  Morris,  111.,  Sept.  9,  1866. 
Among  his  published  works  are  <  What  all  the 
World's  a-Seeking  *  ( 1 896);  <  In  Tune  with  the 
Infinite*  (1898);  <The  Greatest  Thing  Ever 
Known*  (1898);  < Character- Building  Thought 
Power*  (1900);  <In  the  Fire  of  the  Heart.' 

Trae,  John  Preston.  An  American  author; 
bom  in  Bethel,  Me.,  Feb.  13,  1859.  He  wrote: 
<  Their  Club  and  Ours  *  ( 1883) ;  <  The  Iron  Star* 
(1899) ;  <  Scouting  for  Washington  *  ( 1 900);  <0n 
Guard  Against  Tory  and  Tarleton  *  (1902), 

TnunboU,  Annie  Eliot.  An  American  author; 
bora  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  March  2,  1857. 
Among  her  published  works  are  <  An  Hour' s 
Promise,*  {1889);  <  White  Birches*  (1893); 
<A  Cape  Cod  Week*  (1898);  (Rod's  Salva- 
tion* (1898);  <  A  Masque  of  Culture*  (play), 
(1893);  (A  Wheel  of  Progress*  (play), 
(1897);  <  Life's  Common  Way*  (1903), 

Upham,  Grace  Le  Baron.  [(( Grace  Le 
Baron.**]  An  American  writer  of  juvenile 
stories;  bom  in  Lowell,  Mass.,  June  22,  1845. 
Among  her  numerous  published  works  are : 
(Little  Miss  Faith*  (1894);  <  The  Rosebud 
Club*  (1896);  (Queer  Janet  *  (1897);  ( 'Twixt 
You  and  Me  *  ( 1898);  (  Told  Under  the  Cherry 
Trees  >•  <  The  Children  of  Bedford  Court.' 


Tallentine,  Benjamin  Bennaton.  [<  Fitz- 
noodle.**]  An  American  author,  dramatist  and 
journalist;  bom  in  London,  Eng.,  Sept.  7,  1843. 
He  studied  for  the  English  bar  and  later  came 
to  the  United  States  and  entered  into  editorial 
work.  Was  one  of  the  founders  of  Puck, 
and  dramatic  critic  for  the  New  York  Herald. 
Among  his  works  are  :  ( The  Fitznoodle  Papers,* 
(The  Last  Train,*  (The  Last  Circle,*  and  a  num- 
ber of  plays. 

Van  Noppen,  Charles  Leonard.  An  American 
writer;  bom  in  Holland  in  1868.  He  made  the 
only  English  translation  of  ( The  Lucifer,*  by 
the  famous  Dutch  author,  Joost  Van  Vondel, 
whose  work  is  thought  to  have  greatly  influenced 
John  Milton  in  the  production  of  ( Paradise 
Lost.* 

Van  Bensselaer,  May  King  (Mrs.  John 
King).  An  American  writer  of  historical  fiction; 
born  in  New  York  city,  May  25,  1848.  Among 
her  published  works  are  (  Crochet  Lace  *  (1882) ; 
<The  Devil's  Picture  Books*  (1887);  (New 
Yorkers  of  the  Nineteenth  Century*  (1899). 
She  has  also  edited  (  A  Girl's  Life  Eighty  Years 
Ago.* 

Vivian,  Thomas  Jondrie.  An  American 
author  and  journalist ;  bom  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  3,  1855.  Lecturer  on  languages 
and  literature  at  the  University  of  California, 
Teachers'  Institute  Los  Angeles,  and  Columbia 
College,  New  York.  Among  his  published 
works  are  <  With  Dewey  at  Manila,*  ( The 
Fall  of  Santiago,*  (A  Life  Wasted,*  <01d 
Dudley's  Monument,*  (  Luther  Strong.* 

"Ward,  Mrs.  May  Alden.  An  American  author 
and  lecturer;  bom  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1853, 
She  wrote  :  (  Life  of  Dante  *  (1887) ;  (  Petrarch, 
a  Sketch  of  His  Life  and  Works*  (1891);  (Old 
Colony  Days*  (1896);  (  Prophets  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century  *  (1900). 

"Warman,  Cy.  An  American  author  and  jour- 
nalist; bora  in  Greenup,  111.,  June  22,  1855. 
He  was  introduced  to  public  notice  as  "  The 
Poet  of  the  Rockies,"  in  1892,  by  the  New 
York  Sun.  Rode  locomotive  from  New  York  to 
Chicago  and  wrote  his  first  railroad  story,  ( A 
Thousand  Miles  in  a  Night,*  for  McClure's 
Magazine.  Author  of:  (  Tales  of  an  Engineer  > 
(1895);  (The  Express  Messenger*  (1897); 
<  Frontier  Stories*  (18981;  (The  "White  Mail* 
(1899);  <  Short  Rails'  (1900)  ;  <  The  Last  Spike  » 
(1906). 

Washington,  Booker  Taliaferro.  An  American 
author  of  African  descent,  and  principal  of  the 
Tuskegee  Normal  Institute;  bom  near  Hale's 
Ford,  Va.,  1859.  Distinguished  as  a  writer 
and  speaker  on  racial  and  educational  subjects; 
among  his  published  works  are  ( Sowing  and 
Reaping*  (1900);  (Up  from  Slavery*  (1901); 
(  Character  Building  > ;  <  The  Nefjro  in  Business.* 

Waterloo,  Stanley.  An  American  author  and 
journalist;  bom  in  St.  Clair  County,  Mich.,  May 
21,  1846.  He  served  on  the  editorial  staff  of  sev- 
eral western  papers,  and  among  his  published 


0x8 


WATTS-DUNTON WILLBTS 


work!  are  <  A  Man  and  a  Woman,)  <  The  Story 
of  Ab.>  <  Honest  Money'  (1895);  <  The  Wolf'i 
Long  IIowl ' ;  <  The  Cassowary .> 

Watts-Dunton,  Theodore.  An  English  poet, 
novelist  and  critic.  He  was  educated  as  a  nat- 
uralist and  afterwards  for  the  law;  made  a 
special  study  of  folk-lore  of  the  East  Anglican 
and  Welsh  gypsies.  He  was  critic  on  the 
Examiner  and  Athenaeum.  Among  his  publica- 
tions are  :  <  Jubilee  Greeting  at  Spithead  to  Men 
of   Great   Britain   and  Other   Poems  >   (1897); 

<  The  Coming  of  Love  :  Rhoda  Boswell's  Story  > 
(1897);  <Aylwin>  (1898);  <  Snowdon  >  (1901); 
<The  Christmas  Dream:  a  Dramatic  Idyll  > 
(1901);  <The   Renascence  of  Wonder  >  (1902). 

Wella,  Carolyn.  An  American  writer;  bom 
in  Rahway,  N.  J.,  18— .  Author  of  <At  the 
Sign  of  the  Sphinx  >  (1896);  <  The  Jingle  Book> 
(1899);  <The  Story  of  Betty)  (1899);  <  Idle 
idyiis  >  (1900);  <  A  Folly  Anthology  >  (1907). 

Wells,  David  Dwight.  An  American  littera- 
teur; born  in  Norwalk,  Conn.,  April  22,  1 868, 
died  there  June  15,  1900.  He  wrote  <  Her 
Ladyship's  Elephant,)  <  His  Lordship's  Leop- 
ard ';  <  Parlous  Times.)     Died  1900. 

Westcott,  Edward  Noyes.  An  American 
banker  and  author;  born  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  27,  1847;  died  there  March  31,  1898.  His 
only  book,  <  David  Harum,'  published  after  his 
death,  in  1 899,  achieved  a  widespread  pop- 
ularity. 

Wharton,  Mra.  Edith  Newhold  (Jones).  An 
American  writer  of  fiction;  bom  in  New  York  in 
1862.  Author  of  <The  Greater  Inclination) 
(1889);  <The  Touchstone)  (1900);  <  Crucial 
Instances)  (1901);  <  Valley  of  Decision)  (1902). 

Webster,  Henry  Eitchell.  An  American 
writer,  bom  in  Evanston,  111.,  Sept.  7,  1855. 
Author  of :  <  The  Banker  and  the  Bear :  The 
Story  of  a  Comer  in  Land)  (1900);  <  Roger 
Drake,  Captain  of  Industry )  (1902),  and  (with 
Samuel  Merwin)  <  The  Short  Line  War)  (1899); 

<  Calumet  'K'  >  (1901);  <  Traitor  and  Loyalist.) 

Whipple,  Henry  Benjamin.  Protestant  Epis- 
copal bishop  of  Minnesota;  bom  in  Adams,  N. 
Y.,  Feb.  15,  1823.  He  was  active  in  work  for 
the  evangelization  of  the  Indians,  and  was  an 
authority  upon  the  Indian  question,  on  which  he 
wrote  extensively.  Author  of  <  Sermons  and 
Addresses,)  and  <  Lights  and  Shadows  of  a 
Long  Episcopate.)  Ha  died  at  Faribault, 
Minn.,  Sept.  16,  1901. 

White,  Percy.  An  English  novelist  and  jour- 
nalist; bom  in  London,  Eng.,  in  18 — .  He  was 
professor  of  English  language  and  literature  at 
a  French  college,  later  took  up  joumali.sm  and 
was  editor  of  Public  Opinion  for  ten  years. 
Among  his  works  are:  <  Mr.  Bailey -Martin  > 
(1893);  <A  King's  Diary)  (1894);  <A  Pas- 
sionate Pilgrim)  (1897);  < The  Heart  of  the 
Dancer  >  ( 1900) ;  <  The  New  Christians  >  (1902). 

White,  Tmmhnll.  An  American  author  and 
journalist;  bom  in  Winterset,   la.,   Aug.    12, 


1868.  He  was  engaged  in  active  editorial  work 
on  various  Chicago  papers,  was  in  charge  of 
news  service  during  the  Cuban  campaign,  1898, 
and  in  1899  was  correspondent  from  Russia,  Cen- 
tral Asia,  Turkestan   and  Siberia.     Author  of : 

<  Wizard  of  Wall  Street  >  (biography  of  Jay 
Gould)  (1892) ;  <  Reuben  and  Cynthia  at  the 
World's  Fair)  (1893);  <  War  in  the  East,  with 
History  of    China,  Japan  and  Korea)  (1895); 

<  Our  War  with  Spain  )  (1898) ;  <  Our  New  Pos- 
sessions )  (1899);  <  San  Francisco  Earthquake.* 

Whitely,  Mrs.  Isabel  Nixon.  An  American 
author;  bom  in  New  York  in  1859.  She  wrote  : 

<  The  Falcon  of  Langeac,)  <  For  the  French 
Lilies)  (1899). 

Whitman,  Sidney.  An  English  journalist  and 
political  writer;  bom  in  London,  Eng.,  in  18 — . 
He  represented  the  New  York  Herald  at  Con- 
stantinople during  the  outbreak  of  the  Armenian 
conspiracy  in  1896,  and  accompanied  the  Turk- 
ish mission  from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Medi- 
terranean, 1897-98.     Among    his   works    are  : 

<  Imperial  Germany)  (1888);  < Teuton  Studies > 
(1895);  <  A  Story  of  Austria)  (1898);  <  Life  of 
the  Emperor  Frederick)  (1900);  <  My  Reminis- 
cences of  Prince  Bismarck  >  (1902). 

Wilcox,  Marrion.  An  American  author  and 
journalist;  bom  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  April  3,  1858. 
He  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  New 
York  bar;  took  up  editorial  work  and  was  on 
the  staff  of  the  Philadelphia  Press,  New  Eng- 
lander  and  Yale  Review.  Besides  his  regular 
contributions  to  magazines  and  periodicals,  his 
works  include  :  <  Real  People)  (1886);  < Scenes 
in  General  Dayton's  Garden)  (1889);  <  A  Short 
History  of  the  War  with  Spain  )  (1898);  <  Har- 
per's History  of  the  War  in  the  Philippines' 
(1900). 

Wilkinson,  Henry  Spenser.  An  English  author 
and  journalist;  bom  in  Manchester,  Eng.,  May 
I,  1853.  In  1892  he  spent  the  winter  in  India, 
traveling  along  the  North  West  Frontier,  visiting 
the  camps  of  exercise  in  the  Punjab,  as  a  guest 
of  Lord  Roberts.  He  published  many  books 
on  military  subjects,  among  which  are  :  <  Citizen 
Soldiers)  (1884);  <  Essays  on  the  War  Game) 
(1887);  <  The  Command  of  the  Sea  >  (1894); 

<  Lessons  of  the  War)  (1900);  <War  and 
Policy)  (1900). 

Willard,  Ashton  Bollins.  An  American  author; 
bom  in  Montpelier,  Vt.,  April  14,  1858.  Be- 
sides being  a  writer  on  art  subjects  for  maga- 
zines, he  published:  <  Life  and  Work  of  Painter 
Domenico  Morelli>  (1895) ;  <  History  of  Modem 
Italian  Art  >  (1898);  <  Land  of  the  Latins.) 

Willets,  Gibson.  An  American  author,  jour- 
nalist and  traveler;  bom  in  Hempstead,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  10,  1869.  He  was  special  correspondent 
for  various  magazines  and  newspaper  syndicates 
during  the  Spanish- American  War,  and  in  1900 
went  to  India  and  journeyed  about  one  thousand 
miles  through  the  famine  district,  for  the  Chris- 
tian Herald  and  a  syndicate  of  200  newspapers. 
His    published  works    include :     <  Anita,    th« 


WILLIAMS — WYCKOFF 


619 


Cuban  Spy  ' ;  <  His  Neighbor's  Wife  > ;  <  The 
Iriumph  of  Yankee  Doodle*;  <The  Rulers  of 
the  World  at  Home*;  < Commercial  Invasion 
of  Europe.* 

Williams,  George  Forrester.  An  American 
author  and  journalist;  born  on  the  Rock  of  Gib- 
raltar in  184I.  He  joined  the  staff  of  the  New 
York  Times  in  i860,  served  actively  throughout 
the  Civil  War  and  acted  as  war  correspondent 
1864-65,  correspondent  during  the  Franco- 
Mexican  War  in  1 867,  managing  editor  of  the 
New  York  Times  1871-73,  and  of  the  New 
York  Herald  1874.  Author  of:  <  Bullet  and 
Shell,>  <  Lucy's  Rebel,>  <  The  Memorial  War 
Book,>  <  Unfair  in  Love  and  W^ar,>  <  Across  the 
Lines.* 

Wilson,  Francis.  An  American  actor  and 
author;  bom  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  7,  1854. 
He  wrote  <  The  Eugene  Field  I  Knew,' <  Re- 
collections of  a  Player,*  <  Going  on  the  Stage.' 

Wilson,  Marcius.  An  American  author;  bom 
at  West  Stockbridge,  Mass,,  Dec,  8,  1813. 
Among  his  published  works  are  :  <  Architectural 
Drawing)  (1837);  <  Civil  Polity  and  Political 
Economy*  (1840);  <  Grecian  History  and 
Mosaics  of  Bible  History  >  (1882-83) ;  *  Wonder- 
ful Story  of  Old  >  (1888). 

Winslow,  Helen  Maria.  An  American  writer 
and  journalist;  bom  in  Westfield,  Va.,  in  185 1. 
Editor  of  <  The  Club  Woman.'  and  prominently 
connected  with  leading  woman's  clubs  of  Boston 
and  vicinity.  Author  of  <  The  Shawsheen  Mills  * 
(1882)  ;<A  Bohemian  Chapter  >(  1887 );<Salome 
bhepard.  Reformer  '  (1894);  <  Concerning  Cats' 
(1900);  <  Literary  Boston  of  To-day  >  (1902). 

Wister,  Owen.  An  American  author  and 
lawyer;  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  14, 
i860.  Besides  being  a  frequent  contributor  of 
prose  and  verse  to  magazines,  he  wrote  :  <  The 
Dragon  of  Wantley,  His  Tail'  (1892);  <Red 
Men     and    White'    (1896);    <  Lin    McLean  > 


(1898);  <The  Jimmy  John  Boss*  ("1900);   <U.  S. 
Grant,  a  Biography*  (1900);  <  The  Virginian*; 

<  Mother ' ;  <  The  Seven  Ages  of  Washington.' 

Wood,  Henry.  An  American  writer  upon 
metaphysical  subjects;  bom  in  Barre,  Vt.,  Jan. 
16,  1834.  Among  his  works  are  :  <  Natural  Law 
in  the  Business  World  >  (1887);  <  God's  Image 
in  Man>  (1892);  <  Ideal  Suggestions'  (1893); 
'Studies  in  the  Thought  World'  (1896);  <  The 
Symphony  of  Life  '  ( 1901 ). 

Woods,  Vema.  An  American  educator  and 
author;  bom  in  Ohio,  in  1864.  Besides  being  a 
well-known  contributor  to  leading  magazines 
and  periodicals  she  wrote  :  <  A  Modem  Magda- 
len,'   <  The    Amazon,)    <  An    Elusive    Lover.i 

<  Jason   Hildreth's   Identity.)      Died  at  Sacra- 
mento,  Cal.,  March  5,  1 903. 

Wright,  Uarie  Bobinson.  An  American  author 
and  traveler;  born  in  Newnan,  Ga.,  in  1866. 
She  was  five  years  on  the  staff  of  the  New  York 
World,  was  commissioned  from  Georgia  to  the 
Paris  Exposition  in  1889,  the  first  woman  to 
receive  such  an  appointment,  and  was  decorated 
by  the  Mexican  Government  for  her  history  of 
that  country.     Author  of  <  Picturesque  Mexico  > 

<  Chili';  <The  New  Brazil  >  (1901);  <  Bolivia.' 

Wright,  Mrs.  Mary  Tappan.  An  American 
author;  bom  in  Steubenville,  Ohio,  Dec.  185 1. 
She  wrote  <  A  Tmce  and  Other  Stories '  (1895 ) ; 

<  Aliens  >  (1902); '  The  Tower*  (1906). 

WyckoflF,  Walter  Augustus.  An  American 
author  and  assistant  professor  of  political  econ- 
omy at  Princeton  University;  bom  in  Mainpuri, 
India,  April  12,  1865.  In  order  to  ascertain 
the  actual  conditions  surrounding  the  American 
workingman,  he  spent  two  years  in  toil  as  an 
unskilled  laborer,  and  worked  his  way  from 
Connecticut  to  California  to  carry  out  his  experi- 
ment. His  experiences  are  related  in  his  book, 
<The  Workers— East  and  West'  (1897-98). 


Cil^    i    *. 


' 

Date  Due 

^m    -: 

)d;^ 

.1  r  .''^ 

OCT  14  1 

9ii  "'^'^ 

7 

MOV  2  9  1 

S87 

Library  Bureau  Cat.   No.   1137 

UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


AA    001  283  498   2 


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